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Świętokrzyski National Park () is a National Park in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in central Poland. It covers the highest ridge of the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mountains – the Łysogory – with its two highest peaks: Łysica at and Łysa Góra ("Bald Mountain") at . It also covers the eastern part of the Klonowski Ridge and part of the Pokrzywianski Ridge. The park has its headquarters in Bodzentyn.
History
The history of efforts to protect this part of Poland dates back to the times before World War I. In 1921 a first forest reserve in the Swiętokrzyskie mountains was created – this was Józef Kostyrko's reserve on Chełmowa Góra (1.63 km2). The following year, two parts of the Łysogory with total area of 3.11 km2 also became protected. In 1932 the area of the reserve was officially expanded to 13.47 km2, but the National Park was not created until 1950. Its initial area was 60.54 km2, but it has since expanded to , of which 72.12 km2 is forested. There are five strictly protected zones with a total area of 17.31 km2.
Landscape
The Świętokrzyskie Mountains are the oldest in Poland. Elevated in three different tectonic periods, they spread out in the Małopolska Upland, between Pilica and the Vistula. Their outlines are gentle and their heights are small. However, they fascinate with the extremely original structure, varied vegetation and the animal world.
Flora
The park is famous for its trees, of which 674 are regarded as monuments of nature and as such are under protection. Park authorities successfully managed to reintroduce yew trees here – now there are around 1300 of them. Most of the park's area is forested, mainly with pines and beeches. Fir trees are less numerous as well as forests of mixed oak-fir character. Among the park's curiosities we must emphasize the endemic, unique only for this area, fir wilderness and areas of Polish larch on Chełmowa Góra.
Fauna
The park's fauna is represented by more than 4000 species of invertebrates and 210 species of vertebrae (including 187 protected). One of local animal's life most precious features is the fact that many of species are of mountainous kind. These usually thrive in the strictly protected areas and deep in the forests.
Architecture
Apart from nature, the park and its vicinity has a lot more to offer. There are several important architectural relics, most of which of sacral character. The most precious is the Benedictine Holy Cross Abbey from the first half of the 12th century, located on the peak of Łysa Góra. It is probable that here the oldest example of Polish writing was created – Kazania Świętoktrzyskie (Holy Cross Sermons). An interesting feature of the local landscape is the numerous roadside chapels.
Other fine examples of architecture are situated beyond the park's limits. These are: female monastery at Św. Katarzyna (1633), churches at Bielice (17th century) and Bodzentynów (15th century), ruins of a castle at Bodzentyn (14th century), parts of rampart around Łysa Góra (9th century) and museum of metallurgy at Słupia Nowa, where occasionally ancient method of producing steel is presented to tourists. The park has many historical monuments connected with Polish national uprisings and the time of Nazi occupation.
External links
University site
Official site
National parks of Poland
Parks in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Protected areas established in 1950
1950 establishments in Poland
Central European mixed forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski%20National%20Park |
National Institute of Technology (NIT) is now Everest Institute*, a system of for-profit colleges offering career training across several program areas.
'* The Long Beach, California campus is now WyoTech, a for-profit college offering education within the automotive, HVAC, and plumbing industries.
The schools are owned by Corinthian Colleges, Inc.
Controversy
In July 2007, the California Attorney General threatened to file suit against Corinthian Colleges, corporate parent of National Institute of Technology, unless it settled allegations that it has misrepresented its placement statistics; the school had been under investigation by the state attorney general's office for over 18 months. According to a case filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court, Corinthian Colleges "engaged in a persistent pattern of unlawful conduct" by overstating the percentage of those who obtained employment from its courses, inflated information on starting salaries and made misleading or false statements about which programs it was authorized to offer and which were approved by the California Department of Education. The suit stated that Corinthian's "own records show that a substantial percentage of students do not complete the programs and, of those who complete the program, a large majority do not successfully obtain employment within six months after completing the course." In late July, Corinthian Colleges agreed to pay $6.5 million to settle a lawsuit alleging that the chain engaged in unlawful business practices by exaggerating its record of placing students in well-paying jobs; the amount included $5.8 million in restitution to students as well as $500,000 in civil damages and $200,000 in court costs.
References
External links
National Institute of Technology
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Corinthian Colleges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20%28United%20States%29 |
Paolo Boi (1528–1598) was an Italian chess player. He is considered to have been one of the greatest chess players of the 16th century. In 1549, he beat Pope Paul III in a chess match.
Early life
He was born in Syracuse, Sicily (now Italy), and he was brought up for the church under the belief that Paolo would become a pope and a saint, because of a prediction. However, Paolo formed different plans: he started to learn chess, and a few years later he escaped to Greece, then to Saragossa, and finally returned to Sicily as a well-known chess player.
Career
He had played several times against Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona in Italy, and the two chess players were considered equal. Then Paolo Boi and Giovanni Leonardo Di Bona defeated the strongest chess player of their time, the famous Spanish player Ruy López de Segura, at the first known international Chess tournament in the court of Philip II of Spain at Madrid, in 1575. As a result, they became the strongest chess players of the era, and henceforth the two were called the "Light" and "Lustre" of the noble game.
The chess treatises created by Boi were not preserved. A small number of his chess games have survived to the present time, such as the opening of his game against the chess player Scovara, which gained fame, but only the first fourteen moves have survived.
He was the first who, without seeing the board, played three games at once, and at the same time conversed with other parties upon different topics. In France, Catherine de Medici, who was also adept at chess, showered favours upon him; and, in Portugal, he had the honour of having the King Don Sebastian for his adversary.
Death
Boi died in Naples. Historian H. J. R. Murray says he was poisoned by jealous rivals. Other sources say he caught a cold when hunting and died as a result of it. His body was buried in the church of Saint Francisco di Paolo; Prince Stigliano and many of the Neapolitan nobility followed him to the grave.
References
External links
1528 births
1598 deaths
Italian chess players
16th-century chess players
People from Syracuse, Sicily
Sportspeople from the Province of Syracuse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Boi |
Carl-Eduard Otto Wolfgang Jayme Anders, Prince of Bismarck, often known as Carl von Bismarck, is a German politician. A member of the CDU, he was a member of the Bundestag from 2005 to 2007.
Background and education
Born in Zurich, Switzerland, as Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Carl von Bismarck is a member of the princely House of Bismarck and the son of the lawyer and landowner Ferdinand von Bismarck and the Belgian countess Elisabeth Lippens. He is the great-great-grandson of the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck.
After receiving his Abitur in 1982, von Bismarck completed his two years of military service at the Bismarck Kasern in Wentorf, West Germany.
In 1985, von Bismarck concluded his training in capital markets investing at Citibank and worked for Shearson Lehman in New York. In 1988 he received his bachelor's degree in international business from UCLA.
Career
Business
In 1989, von Bismarck was requested by his father to return to West Germany. Between 1989 and 1992, he worked for the company Investor Treuhand in Düsseldorf. Since 1993 he worked for the Princely Bismarck Administration (Fürstlich von Bismarck'schen Verwaltung) in Friedrichsruh.
Politics
Bismarck became a member of the CDU in 1995, and was elected vice-chairman of the CDU in Lauenburg in 1999 (his ancestor, Otto von Bismarck, had been the nominal Duke of Lauenburg in the 1890s). When Peter Harry Carstensen became Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein, Bismarck replaced him in the Bundestag, the German parliament. In the 2005 federal election, he won his constituency with a plurality (44.4%) of the vote. Criticism arose, however, because after initial efforts he was only loosely exercising his mandate and rarely appeared in parliament. He resigned his mandate on 19 December 2007. If he had resigned in January, as planned, he would have been eligible for a pension, inciting more criticism.
Personal life
Von Bismarck was previously married to Mexican-American actress Laura Harring (1987–1989), Swiss heiress and humanitarian Celia Demaurex (1997–2004), and Canadian designer Nathalie Bariman (2004–2014). He then married Italo-Brazilian art writer and curator Alessandra Silvestri-Levy in 2016.
Von Bismarck has two children with Nathalie Bariman, i.e. a son and heir apparent to the princely title, Count Alexei von Bismarck-Schönhausen, and a daughter, Countess Grace von Bismarck-Schönhausen. Bariman is Jewish, and they married in a Jewish ceremony. German Chancellor Angela Merkel is reported to have told the couple, "You two have united history... the next Prince of Bismarck will be a mix of both religions."
See also
Gottfried von Bismarck (brother)
Mona von Bismarck
House of Bismarck
References
Members of the Bundestag for Schleswig-Holstein
Carl-Eduard
Living people
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
German people of Belgian descent
German people of Swedish descent
German people of English descent
German people of Hungarian descent
Princes of Bismarck
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20von%20Bismarck |
The Secretary of State of Illinois is one of the six elected executive state offices of the government of Illinois, and one of the 47 secretaries of state in the United States. The Illinois Secretary of State keeps the state records, laws, library, and archives, and is the state's corporation registration, vehicle registration and driver licensing authority. The current Secretary of State is Alexi Giannoulias, a Democrat who took office in 2023.
Duties
The Secretary of State, in accordance with the state constitution, is keeper of the official acts of the General Assembly, the official records of the executive branch, and the Great Seal of Illinois. These duties have remained unchanged since Illinois became a U.S. state in 1818. The office also registers corporations and lobbyists, commissions notaries public, and regulates the securities industry, among connected responsibilities.
The Secretary of State performs other duties prescribed by law. For instance, the Secretary oversees the state archives and the state library. The State Archives serves as the official depository of state agency and local government records that possess administrative, legal, or historic research value. The State Library houses more than 5,000,000 items, and other informational resources, and oversees a consortium of academic and regional libraries in the state. In addition, the Secretary is the custodian of the Illinois State Capitol and all state buildings.
By statute, the Illinois Secretary of State is also tasked with issuing licenses to Illinois drivers and registering motor vehicles operated in the state, effectively making the Secretary of State's office the department of motor vehicles, though that phrase is not used in Illinois. Enforcement of these duties has made the Secretary of State's office a key bureau in the enforcement of laws against driving under the influence. Illinois is one of only three states to put the secretary of state in charge of driver services, the other two being Maine and Michigan.
The Secretary of State is third (behind the Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General, respectively) in the line of succession to the office of Governor of Illinois.
Police
Secretary of State Police
The Secretary of State Police of Illinois is a statewide police force, established in 1913; it is responsible for enforcing the laws of the Illinois Vehicle Code such as regulating businesses involved with the sale of motor vehicles and vehicle parts. Its main purpose is to protect consumers against fraud through adherence to state statutes.
The Secretary of State Police also investigates identity theft, maintains statewide vehicle inspection stations, investigates statewide vehicle thefts, provides statewide school bus regulation, enforces traffic and parking violations and provides law enforcement to all Secretary of State facilities.
Illinois State Capitol Police
The Secretary of State Police also maintains the Illinois State Capitol Police, responsible for policing the Illinois State Capitol Complex in Springfield, including both the Capitol and 16 surrounding state buildings. The force was created following a 2004 incident in which an unarmed security guard was shot and killed. The force has an authorised strength of 60 officers.
Facilities
The Secretary of State's office occupies three buildings of the Illinois State Capitol Complex in Springfield. Many of the Secretary of State's workers assigned to motor vehicle and licensing duties work in the Howlett Building, south of the Capitol. The Howlett Building is named after former Secretary of State Michael Howlett. The State Archives are housed in the Norton Building, southwest of the Capitol. The Illinois State Library is located in the Brooks Library, east of the Capitol, which is named for longtime state Poet Laureate Gwendolyn Brooks, winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1950.
In addition, the Secretary of State operates 136 Driver Services license-issuing facilities statewide and maintains its own police force. Established in 1913, their duties include enforcement of the Illinois Vehicle Code on businesses regulated by the Secretary of State and maintaining public safety, traffic control and assisting other law enforcement agencies.
Officeholders
The Secretary of State, to be eligible to take the oath of office, must be a United States citizen of at least 25 years of age, and a resident of Illinois for at least three years preceding the election.
On January 9, 2023, Jesse White, a Democrat, completed his sixth term as the 37th Secretary of State, the first African-American in the position and by far longest-serving Secretary in Illinois history. Before being elected Secretary of State in November 1998, White had been an elected office-holder from Chicago since 1974. White, who decided to retire at the end of his sixth term at the age of 88, was succeeded by Alexi Giannoulias, who won the 2022 election and became the 38th Secretary.
The Secretary of State before White was George Ryan, a Republican from Kankakee, Illinois. He held the office from 1991 to 1999, when he became Governor of Illinois. Ryan's tenure as Secretary of State led to his downfall in the "licenses for bribes" scandal: after a major automobile accident in Wisconsin that killed six children, investigators discovered that unqualified truck drivers were receiving drivers licenses in exchange for bribes. Ryan chose not to run for re-election in 2002, and in 2006, he was convicted of fraud, including using his authority as Secretary of State to end his office's internal investigation after it discovered the scheme.
This is a list of all the people who have served as Illinois Territorial Secretary and people who have served as Illinois Secretary of State.
Seal of Illinois
The official motto of the state of Illinois is "State Sovereignty - National Union". The Illinois Secretary of State in 1867, Sharon Tyndale, as the keeper of the Great Seal of Illinois, had it re-engraved so that the word "sovereignty" was upside down. This 1867 seal redesign continues in use to this day, and can be seen, among other places, as the principal device on the flag of Illinois.
See also
Governor of Illinois
Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
Illinois Attorney General
Comptroller of Illinois
Treasurer of Illinois
References
External links
Motor vehicle registration agencies
State
1818 establishments in Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Secretary%20of%20State |
Brock McElheran (6 January 1918 – 23 September 2008) was a conductor and professor at the Crane School of Music at SUNY Potsdam and a published author.
Early life and education
McElheran was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the son of Robert and Irene McElherean. He moved with his family to Toronto in 1930 when his father became president of Wycliffe College in Toronto. He attended the University of Toronto, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1939 and a Bachelor of Music degrees in 1947. He studied conducting at the Royal Conservatory of Music.
Career
McElheran served in the navy during World War II as a meteorological officer. He then joined the faculty of the State of New York University at Potsdam.
In 1964 McElheran wrote the textbook Conducting Techniques for Beginners and Professionals, which is used today in several conducting classes around the world.
Besides conducting various ensembles at the Crane School of Music, McElheran was also a guest conductor for a number of ensembles, including the Philadelphia Orchestra.
For fourteen years, beginning in about 1970, McElheran directed the Saratoga-Potsdam Choral Institute, (SPCI), a three-week summer school held at Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York. He was also conductor of The Elgar Choir in Montreal from 1972 until about 1980.
McElheran conducted the orchestra and chorus at the closing ceremonies of the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. On July 1986, he conducted the Liberty Weekend Chorus on Governors Island in New York; the opening ceremony was televised on ABC.
In 1995 he published a book recalling his experiences in World War II, V-Bombs and Weathermaps. He also authored Music Reading by Intervals: A Modern Sight-Singing and Ear-Training Method for Singers, Conductors, and Teachers in 1998.
Brock had various compositions published too. During his active career he prepared choruses for many of the world's leading conductors, including Eugene Ormandy, Robert Shaw and Zubin Mehta. He died in Potsdam, New York in 2008.
Recently, Nelly Maude Case, a professor at Crane, wrote a biography on McElheran, Worry Early: The Life of Brock McElheran.
References
External links
Brock McElheran at The Canadian Encyclopedia
1918 births
2008 deaths
Male conductors (music)
Canadian writers about music
Musicians from Winnipeg
Writers from Winnipeg
State University of New York at Potsdam faculty
20th-century Canadian conductors (music)
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Canadian expatriates in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brock%20McElheran |
The Gum Nebula (Gum 12) is an emission nebula that extends across 36° in the southern constellations Vela and Puppis. It lies approximately 450 parsecs from the Earth. Hard to distinguish, it was widely believed to be the greatly expanded (and still expanding) remains of a supernova that took place about a million years ago. More recent research suggests it may be an evolved H II region. It contains the 11,000-year-old Vela Supernova Remnant, along with the Vela Pulsar.
The Gum Nebula contains about 32 cometary globules. These dense cloud cores are subject to such strong radiation from O-type stars γ2 Vel and ζ Pup and formerly the progenitor of the Vela Supernova Remnant that the cloud cores evaporate away from the hot stars into comet-like shapes. Like ordinary Bok globules, cometary globules are believed to be associated with star formation.
It is named after its discoverer, the Australian astronomer Colin Stanley Gum (1924–1960). Gum had published his findings in 1955 in a work called A study of diffuse southern H-alpha nebulae (see Gum catalog).
The Gum nebula was photographed during Apollo 16 while the command module was in the double umbra of the Sun and Earth, using high-speed Kodak film.
Popular culture
The Gum Nebula is explored by the crew of the Starship Titan in the Star Trek novel Orion's Hounds.
See also
CG 4
Barnard's Loop
References
External links
APOD: Gum Nebula, with mouse over (2009.08.22)
Galaxy Map: Entry for Gum 12 in the Gum Catalog
Galaxy Map: Detail chart for the Gould Belt (showing the location of Gum 12 relative to the Sun)
Encyclopedia of Science: Entry for the Gum Nebula (erroneously called Gum 56)
SouthernSkyPhoto.com
Emission nebulae
Puppis
Vela (constellation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum%20Nebula |
The Battle of Rocky Face Ridge was fought May 7–13, 1864, in Whitfield County, Georgia, during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. The Union army was led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman and the Confederate army by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. Confederates were forced to evacuate their strong position due to a Union flanking movement.
Battle
General Johnston had entrenched his army on the long, steep Rocky Face Ridge and eastward across Crow Valley. When Sherman approached, he demonstrated against this position with two columns while he sent a third one through Snake Creek Gap, to the south, to hit the Western & Atlantic Railroad at Resaca. The first two columns engaged the enemy at Buzzard Roost (Mill Creek Gap) and at Dug Gap while the third column, under Maj. Gen. James B. McPherson, passed through Snake Creek Gap and on May 9 advanced to the outskirts of Resaca, where it found Confederates entrenched. Fearing the strength of the enemy, McPherson pulled his column back to Snake Creek Gap. On May 10, Sherman decided to join McPherson in an effort to take Resaca. The next morning, Sherman's army withdrew from in front of Rocky Face Ridge. Discovering Sherman's movement, Johnston retired south towards Resaca on May 12.
Battlefield
In 2016, the American Battlefield Trust and its partners acquired, for purposes of preservation, 301 acres of the Rocky Face Ridge Battlefield, including surviving earthworks and the remains of a continuous entrenchment more than 2,000 feet long. That purchase expanded the total battlefield acreage acquired and preserved by the Trust and its partners to 926 acres.
Gallery
See also
Rocky Face, Georgia
Drums in the Deep South, a movie loosely based on this battle
Notes
References
National Park Service battle description
Atlanta campaign
Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
Union victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)
Battle of Rocky Face Ridge
Conflicts in 1864
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
May 1864 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Rocky%20Face%20Ridge |
Peter Overend Watts (13 May 1947 – 22 January 2017) was an English bass guitar player and founding member of the 1970s rock band Mott the Hoople.
Early life
Watts was born in Yardley, Birmingham, on 13 May 1947. He moved as a child to Worthing, Sussex, and then to Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire, where he started learning guitar while at Ross Grammar School. His middle name, Overend (which initially he did not use), came from that of a family ancestor.
Career
Watts began playing the guitar at the age of 13 and by 1965, he had switched to bass guitar, and became a professional musician alongside Mick Ralphs in a group, the Buddies, that played in German clubs. The group later became the Doc Thomas Group, and then Shakedown Sound, before finally changing their name to Silence and settling in London in 1969. The group then added singer Ian Hunter, became Mott the Hoople, and, taking the advice of manager Guy Stevens, Pete Watts adopted the stage name Overend Watts.
Following the departure of Ian Hunter and Mick Ronson from the band, in 1974, the remaining members of Mott the Hoople recruited relative unknowns Ray Major, on guitar, and Nigel Benjamin, on vocals. The name was abbreviated to Mott and a further two albums, Drive On (1975) and Shouting and Pointing (1976), were recorded with this line-up, before Benjamin quit.
Watts continued, with Dale "Buffin" Griffin, Morgan Fisher and Ray Major, in the Mott successor British Lions, recruiting former Medicine Head member John Fiddler. They released the albums British Lions, which reached No. 83 in the US (1977), and Trouble with Women (1982). He later became a record producer, producing albums for artists including Hanoi Rocks and Dumb Blondes.
Watts's bass of choice was a white Gibson Thunderbird, one of which was later sold to Wishbone Ash bassist Martin Turner.
Later career
In January 2009 it was confirmed that Watts and the other original members of Mott the Hoople would reform for three 40th anniversary reunion concerts in October 2009. The reunion at the HMV Hammersmith Apollo, London, England was extended to five shows due to popular demand.
In August 2009 American rock music group Mambo Sons released their double album Heavy Days featuring a song in tribute to him entitled "Overend Watts".
In November 2013 Mott the Hoople again reunited, with Martin Chambers once again sitting in (for an ailing Buffin) on drums, for a series of UK gigs in Birmingham, Glasgow, Newcastle and Manchester, before concluding at the o2 in London.
Before his death in 2017 Watts finally completed his solo album that he had been promising to deliver to his legion of fans for the past decade plus. In keeping with his legendary witty humour, he decreed that as the album would be released after his passing it would not be called "She’s Real Gone" as planned but changed to "He’s Real Gone".
Death
Watts died on 22 January 2017 from throat cancer at the age of 69.
Publication
Watts was known for his long-distance walks. His book, The Man Who Hated Walking, was published in 2013.
References
1947 births
2017 deaths
English bass guitarists
English male guitarists
Male bass guitarists
English record producers
Musicians from Birmingham, West Midlands
Mott the Hoople members
Glam rock musicians
People from Yardley
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in England
British Lions (band) members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20Overend%20Watts |
District 22 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Bosque, Ellis, Falls, Hill, Hood, Johnson, McLennan, Navarro, Somervell counties and portions of Tarrant county in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 22 is Brian Birdwell.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 22 has a population of 809,840 with 592,255 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 22 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2016
2012
2010
2006
2002
1998
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
22
Bosque County, Texas
Ellis County, Texas
Falls County, Texas
Hill County, Texas
Hood County, Texas
Johnson County, Texas
McLennan County, Texas
Navarro County, Texas
Somervell County, Texas
Tarrant County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2022 |
Adolph Herman Joseph Coors Sr. (February 4, 1847 – June 5, 1929) was a German-American brewer who founded the Adolph Coors Company in Golden, Colorado, in 1873.
Early life
Adolph Hermann Joseph Kuhrs was born in Barmen in Rhenish Prussia on February 4, 1847, the son of Joseph Kuhrs (circa 1820–1862) and Helena Heim (circa 1820–1862). He was apprenticed at age 13 to the book and stationery store of Andrea and Company in nearby Ruhrort from November 1860 until June 1862. His mother died on April 2, 1862. The Kuhrs family moved to Dortmund, Westphalia. In July 1862, Adolph was apprenticed for a three-year period at Kronen, a brewery owned by Heinrich Wenker in Dortmund. He was charged a fee for his apprenticeship, so he worked as a bookkeeper to pay for it. His father died on November 24, 1862. Orphaned, Adolph completed his apprenticeship and continued to work as a paid employee at the Wenker Brewery until May 1867. He then worked at breweries in Kassel, Berlin, and Uelzen in Germany.
Early in 1868, he came to the United States as an undocumented stowaway. He remained ashamed of that action for the rest of his life, and decreed that his family should never speak about it. The family never openly discussed the fact that the family patriarch had been a stowaway until his son's death in 1970. He sailed from Hamburg to New York City and then moved to Chicago, arriving on May 30, 1868. His name was changed from "Kuhrs" to "Coors". He worked in the spring as a laborer, and during the summer he worked as a brewer. In the fall and winter, he worked as a fireman, loading coal into the firebox of a steam engine. In the spring and summer of 1869, he worked as an apprentice bricklayer and a stone cutter. He became foreman of John Stenger's brewery on August 11, 1869, in Naperville, Illinois, about 35 miles west of Chicago.
He resigned from Stenger's brewery on January 22, 1872, and moved to Denver, arriving in April. He worked in Denver as a gardener for a month, and on May 1, 1872, he purchased a partnership in the bottling firm of John Staderman. In the same year, he bought and assumed control of the entire business.
Golden Brewery
On November 14, 1873, Coors and the Denver confectioner Jacob Schueler purchased the abandoned Golden City Tannery and converted it to the Golden Brewery. By February 1874, they were producing beer for sale. In 1880, Coors purchased Schueler's interest, and the brewery was renamed Adolph Coors Golden Brewery. When Prohibition began in Colorado in 1916, he converted his brewery to make malted milk. The company also manufactured porcelain and ceramic products made from clay mined in Golden. The Coors Porcelain division has since split off and is now known as CoorsTek.
Marriage and family
Immediate family
On April 12, 1879, Adolph Coors married Louisa Webber, the daughter of the superintendent of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad maintenance shops. They were married at the Coors home on the brewery grounds. Adolph and Louisa raised three sons and three daughters to adulthood, with two children dying in infancy. Louise was born on March 2, 1880, and was nicknamed Lulu among her many friends. Their second child was Augusta, born in 1881, and known by her nickname of Gussie. The fifth born and third surviving child was Adolph Coors Jr., on January 12, 1884. Bertha Coors was born on June 24, 1886, and Grover C. Coors was born in 1888. The last addition to the family, Herman Frederick Coors, was born on July 24, 1890, while the family was on vacation in Berlin.
All of the daughters attended the Wolcott School for Girls in Denver. Louise married Henry F. Kugeler at the Coors Mansion, and Augusta married Herbert E. Collbran there on October 5, 1905. At the time, Transcript editor George West wrote, "Miss Coors is a native Golden girl and proud of it. She is pretty and talented, and by her universally pleasant and courteous demeanor has endeared herself to all the people of her native town." Her husband and she moved to Korea, where his father was the nation's transportation adviser. Herbert Collbran held an important position with the government railways. The international shipping of Coors beer, beginning in Korea in 1908, possibly was related to the family's presence there.
Adolph Jr., Grover, and Herman all graduated from Cornell University, and returned to Denver to take positions in the family operations. Adolph Jr. was married to Alice May Kistler at the Kistler home, and the family lived in Denver. Grover married Gertrude at the Coors Mansion. Bertha, who became an accomplished equestrienne and safari hunter, married Harold S. Munroe on January 8, 1911, at the Coors Mansion. They moved to Mexico, where Harold worked in gold-mining operations. Grover Coors married Doreathea Clara Morse on May 25, 1916, in Tompkins, New York. Herman Coors married Janet Ferrin and remained in Golden, working in the family porcelain factory. In 1926, he moved to Inglewood, California, where he established the H.F. Coors China Company.
Siblings
Adolph Coors is known to have had at least two siblings, a sister and a younger brother, William Kuhrs, who was born in Dortmund, Germany, in 1849. William followed his brother to America in 1870 and took the same respelling of the family name. He made his way to Chicago, where he made a good living as a cabinetmaker and arrived in Golden by the mid-1870s. He took a good position of employment at his brother's brewery, where he remained employed for the rest of his life. Following further in his brother's footsteps, William married Louisa's sister Mary in 1881, and 10 years later moved to Denver, where he had charge of the Coors interests in that city. The couple had three daughters, two of whom were Mattie and Helena. William Coors died on December 30, 1923, and is buried at the Golden Cemetery. Upon his death, the Colorado Transcript described him as "a genial, accommodating man, and had many friends in Golden, Denver, and elsewhere." His oldest daughter married William J. Gilbert and the second married Charles Nitschke.
Death
On June 5, 1929, Adolph Coors fell or allegedly committed suicide by leaping from the sixth-floor window of the Cavalier Hotel in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
See also
Eberhard Anheuser
Jacob Best
Valentin Blatz
Adolphus Busch
August Anheuser Busch Sr.
Adolph Coors III
Pete Coors
Gottlieb Heileman
Frederick Miller
Frederick Pabst
Joseph Schlitz
August Uihlein
References
Further reading
Banham, Russ. Coors: A Rocky Mountain Legend (1998).
Baron, Stanley. Brewed in America
Baum, Dan. Citizen Coors: A Grand Family Saga of Business, Politics, and Beer (2001).
Bellant, Russ. Coors Connection: How Coors Family Philanthropy Undermines Democratic Pluralism (1990).
Dansky, Eli. "Coors, Adolph" American National Biography (2003) online
Downard, William L. Dictionary of the History of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries (1980).
Kostka, William. The Pre-Prohibition History of Adolph Coors Company 1873–1933 (1973)
Coors family
1847 births
1929 deaths
American brewers
American drink industry businesspeople
Deaths from falls
Prussian emigrants to the United States
People from the Denver metropolitan area
People from Golden, Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph%20Coors |
Baixo Mondego (; Lower Mondego in English) is a former Portuguese NUTS3 subregion that comprised the lower part of the Mondego River. It was abolished at the January 2015 NUTS 3 revision. It was a subregion of the Centro Region, centered on the historical city of Coimbra. With an area of 2,062 km² and a population of 336,376 inhabitants (of which half are in the cities of Coimbra and Figueira da Foz), the Baixo Mondego was a subregion with a mean density of 163/km². The subregion was named after the Mondego River and all this river area has been known as Baixo Mondego (Lower Mondego) since ancient times, even before the creation of the NUTS3.
Economy
Economically, the subregion is dominated by the presence of the city of Coimbra, that plays the role of capital and chief city of Portugal's Centro Region. Coimbra has a notable university, major hospitals, wide range of services, important technological-based companies, and diverse cultural attractions. There is also a strong industrial presence around the port city of Figueira da Foz that comprises a busy seaport, fishing harbour and summer tourism facilities. Along the shores of the Mondego River, there is important agriculture activity. The city of Cantanhede is the heart of an important wine region and an agriculture centre, and is a modern bioscience hub through the Biocantpark, a science park. The subregion is place for important forestry, fishing and livestock raising activities, and produces sizeable quantities of rice, corn, wine, olive oil, fruits and vegetables. Biosciences, engineering, pulp and paper, ceramics, information technologies and food, are the main industries.
Municipalities
The subregion comprises eight municipalities (municípios):
Cantanhede
Coimbra
Condeixa-a-Nova
Figueira da Foz
Mealhada municipality
Mira
Montemor-o-Velho
Penacova
Soure
The largest cities are Coimbra (106,000), Figueira da Foz (28,000), Cantanhede (9,000) and Mealhada (5,000).
References
Former NUTS 3 statistical regions of Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixo%20Mondego |
Profanity in Mandarin Chinese most commonly involves sexual references and scorn of the object's ancestors, especially their mother. Other Mandarin insults accuse people of not being human. Compared to English, scatological and blasphemous references are less often used. In this article, unless otherwise noted, the traditional character will follow its simplified form if it is different.
Sex
Penis
As in English, many Mandarin Chinese slang terms involve the genitalia or other sexual terms. Slang words for the penis refer to it literally, and are not necessarily negative words:
(, IM abbreviation: J8/G8) = cock (used as early as the Yuan Dynasty), also written 𣬠𣬶
(, IM: JJ/GG) = roughly equivalent of "thingy" as it is the childish version of the above.
(), baby talk, "tool".
() = roughly equivalent of "wee-wee" (lit. "little younger brother") IM: DD
() = roughly equivalent of "the package" (lit. "thing under crotch")
()= penis (scientific)
( or substituted by ) = dick (the same character also means to have sexual intercourse in Cantonese, alternatively written as )
() same as "", used in some southern areas such as Fujian and Guangdong. Also written as "" in Cantonese. It was misinterpreted as () by Mandarin speakers, though sometimes "" is used instead for euphemism.
() = penis (lit. "second in the family", "little brother")
() = penis, usually seen in novels/fictions. (lit. "That thing", "that matter")
() = used by people (mostly children) in Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore to mean penis (lit. "little bird"), often simplified to ()
() = turtle's head (glans/penis)
() = foreskin (literally: wrapper)
() = originally meant male pubic hair, but means an unprivileged nobody. Formerly Internet slang, now a popular word often used in self-mockery (lit. "dick silk/wire")
Note: One should note that in Middle Chinese the words for and were homophones. The fǎnqiè of "" () and the of "" () denoted the same pronunciation; both began with a voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop (/t/ in IPA and d in pinyin) and the same vowel and tone. Based on regular sound change rules, we would expect the word for bird in Mandarin to be pronounced , but Mandarin dialects' pronunciations of the word for bird evolved to an alveolar nasal initial, likely as a means of taboo avoidance, giving contemporary while most dialects in the south retain the Middle Chinese alveolar stop initial and the homophony or near homophony of these words.
Vagina
There appear to be more words for vagina than for penis. The former are more commonly used as insults and are also more aggressive and have negative connotations:
(, IM: B) = cunt (often used as an interjection instead of a noun)
() = cunt (Taiwanese Mandarin, near-homophone of Hokkien profanity chi-bai)
() = pussy (lit. "little younger sister", see. xiaodidi above)
() = pussy (lit. "abalone" due to its flesh having a superficial resemblance to a vulva)
(, IM: 2B) = idiot (Northern slang, lit. "two + cunt"; here, 二 does not mean the number two, but is rather an idiomatic adjective meaning "stupid"; some argue that this expression evolved from 二百五 (èr bǎi wǔ; see "miscellaneous" section below). 屄 is used as an interjection. This expression cannot be literally interpreted as "double-vagina")
() = stupid person (lit. "stupid cunt") IM: SB
() = bitch (lit. "lewd cunt")
() = stinking cunt
() = rotten cunt
() = vagina (scientific)
() = vulva (scientific)
() = vagina (lit. "garden of peach blossoms")
() = poser (lit. "pretending to be the cunt")
() = menstruation (Literally "The Eldest Aunt", almost never used derogatively; a popular mainland contemporary term which refers to menstruation. Comparable to 'A visit from Aunt Flo')
Brothel frequenter
() literally, lewd worms. Men who enjoy frequent sex with women.
() literally, old frequenter of prostitutes. There is actually a verb for frequenting prostitutes in Chinese.
Prostitution
In addition to the above expressions used as insults directed against women, other insults involve insinuating that they are prostitutes:
() = (female) prostitute
() = stinking whore
(; literally "selling tofu") is a euphemism for prostitution.
() = means "Miss" or "Small elder sister" in most contexts but, now in Northern China, also connotes "prostitute" to many young women, as it suggests expressions like () or (), which refers to bargirls who may also be prostitutes. This connotation does not apply outside of the People's Republic of China.
(; lit. "chick") = (female) prostitute
(; lit. "duck") = (male) prostitute
Mistress
() = mistress (lit. "little wife" or "little old women"). Note: when combined with other words, the character () does not always refer to age; for example, it is used in the terms (), (), (), (), (), including for important persons such as () or (). " () thus often carries with it a degree of familiarity.
(), lit., "little wife" (but definitely not to be mistaken for "the little woman", which can be a way of referring to a wife in English).
(), lit., "the second mistress" (means a concubine, a kept woman).
(), lit., "little three" (means a mistress, since she is supposed to be the third person in a relationship).
Breasts
(; literally cat's purring "meow meow") is a euphemism for breast.
(; literally "big tofu") slang for large breasts, more prevalent in Guangdong
(; literally "steamed bun") also refers to a woman's breasts; as mantou is typical of northern Chinese cuisine this term is used primarily in northern China.
(, literally "wave" or "undulating", but sometimes suggested to be derived from "ball" which has a similar pronunciation) = boobs. The typical instance is (), which refers to a woman with very large breasts.
(); lit. "happy long life"
() = boobies.
() = motorboating (lit. "facial cleanser", where "" serves as both slang for breasts and a thick liquid, and pressing one's head between a woman's breasts vaguely resembles washing one's face)
() (Beijing slang)
() = big tits, likely reborrowing from Japanese.
(; literally "airport") = flat breasts
() – literally "aircraft carrier", referring to a flat chest. Compare with (), meaning battleship, which refers to larger-sized "chimneys" of the chest.
() means Princess of Peace; this was the actual title of a real princess. However means great or extreme and means flat or level. Hence, this phrase is a double entendre, i.e., "Extremely Flat-Chested Princess."
Anus
(); literally "chrysanthemums") – anus. This term comes from the observation that the shape of an anal opening resembles a chrysanthemum flower, where the skin folds are comparable to the flower's small, thin petals. Although nowadays this usage is a commonplace amongst Chinese netizens, the euphemism as such has existed in Chinese literature from much earlier.
() – anal orifice, asshole
() – anus (medical term), literally "door of anus".
() – anus. literally "back yard".
Masturbation
Male masturbation, at least, has several vulgar expressions, in addition to two formal/scientific ones that refer to both male and female masturbation ( and ):
() = male masturbation (lit. "firing a handgun")
() = male masturbation (lit. "hitting an airplane"). A term which originated from the Cantonese language.
() = male masturbation (lit. "stroke the pipe")
() = male masturbation, also "stroking the pipe"
() = male masturbation (lit., "play with little brother")
() = male masturbation (lit. "five beating one")
() = male masturbation (lit. "to visit five girls", a reference to the fact that a human hand has five fingers)
() = masturbation (lit. private pleasure / enjoy yourself)
() = fingering
() = dildo (lit. fake penis)
() = vibrator (lit. massage stick)
Foreplay
() = oral intercourse (scientific); informally euphemized in text as "" ( due to its visual resemblance)
() = blowjob (lit. "blow service")
() = blowjob ("play flute")
() = Taiwanese slang for blowjob
() = deep throating
() = mouth fucking (a form of blowjob)
() = face fucking
() = teabagging
() = cunnilingus (scientific)
() = muff diving (lit. "licking vagina")
() = muff diving (lit. "evaluating jade")
() = eat pussy (borrowed from English)
() = facesitting
() = anilingus (scientific)
() = anilingus (lit. "drilling for poisonous dragons")
Sexual intercourse
() = to fuck (the first shown Chinese character is made up of components meaning "to enter" and "the flesh"; the second is the etymological graph, with the standard meaning being "to do exercise")
() = to do = to fuck, originally from Hokkien .
() = to do = to fuck (used in a similar fashion as 幹). This verb (as in "to do") originated from Cantonese, but is now widely used in Mandarin (especially PRC) both in its original meaning and to denote sexual intercourse.
() (lit. "to enter)" = to fuck. The meaning is obvious and in normal contexts is pronounced . But when it is used as a coarse expression, the "u" is elided. See , vol. 3, p. 3257. It is also commonly seen on internet websites and forums as , due to similar pronunciation and ease of input.
() = anal sex. (lit. burst the chrysanthemum (anus)), i.e., insert the penis into the anus
() = to ejaculate (lit. to fire the cannon)
() = Sexual orgasm (lit. high tide, also used to describe a climax point in other domains)
(）= to have sex (lit. to insert, to penetrate)
() = to have sex (lit. "making stir-fried rice")
() = to have sex (onomatopoeia for grunting noises made when exerting effort, heave-ho)
() = to have sex (lit. "a round of a fight", but usually made into number of rounds if having sex multiple times, such as "" or "round 3 of fighting" to mean "3rd time having sex")
() = rape
() = sodomy
() = to ejaculate (scientific)
() = female ejaculation; squirt (lit. "orgasm blow")
() = intermammary sex; tit-fuck (lit. "breast intercourse")
() = ejaculating on a woman's chest after intramammary sex; pearl necklace
() = moaning in bed
Insults
As in English, a vulgar word for the sexual act is used in insults and expletives:
cào () = fuck (the variant character was in use as early as the Ming dynasty in the novel Jin Ping Mei). 操 is often used as a substitute for 肏 in print or on the computer, because 肏 was until recently often not available for typesetting or input.
cào nǐ zǔzōng shíbā dài () = "Fuck your ancestors to the eighteenth generation"; the cào 肏, in modern Standard Chinese, is often substituted with 肏; the cào 肏 (fuck) has been substituted for 抄, which meant "confiscate all the property of someone and of his entire extended family." In China, ancestor worship is an important aspect of society, as a result of Confucianism, where filial piety and respect for one's ancestors is considered crucial; insulting one's ancestors is a sensitive issue and is generally confronting.
Mother
Insulting someone's mother is also common:
tā māde (, IM: TMD) Literally "[fuck] his mother's" but frequently used as "Shit!" (lit. "his mother's"; in the 1920s the famous writer Lu Xun joked that this should be China's national curse word)
tā mā bāzi ( his mother's clitoris. Lu Xun differentiates this expression from the previous one. This one can be said in admiration, whereas "tā māde" is just abusive. See his essay, "On 'His mother's'" (論他媽的).
tā māde niǎo () = goddamn it (lit. "his mother's dick"; literally is "bird", but used here as a euphemism for diǎo; ; "penis")
qù nǐ nǎinaide () = your mother (lit. "go to your grandma")
qù nǐ māde () = your mother (lit. "go to your mom")
qù nǐde () = fuck you, screw off, shut up (used jokingly and is considered mild and not insulting)
nǐ māde bī () = your mother's cunt
cào nǐ mā (, IM: CNM) / cào nǐ niáng () = fuck your mother
cào nǐ māde bī () = fuck your mother's cunt
gàn nǐ mā () / gàn nǐ lǎo mǔ () = fuck your mother (gàn is similar to the English euphemism do)
gàn nǐ niáng () = fuck your mother (Taiwanese Mandarin influenced by the regional vernacular Taiwanese Minnan 姦汝娘 (kàn-lín-nió); also "幹您娘")
Other relatives
nǐ èr dàyé de () = damn on your second uncle. This is a part of local Beijing slang.
lǎolao () = grandmother-from-mother-side. In Beijing dialect, this word is used for "Never!".
tā nǎinai de () = His grandmother-from-father-side!
Turtles and eggs
The 中文大辭典 Zhōng wén dà cí diǎn (Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Chinese Language)), discusses 王八 (wáng bā) in vol. 6 p. 281. "Wáng bā" is the term that is usually written casually for the slur that means something like "son of a bitch."
A "wángbādàn 忘/王八蛋" is the offspring of a woman lacking virtue. Another meaning of 王八 is 鼈 biē, fresh-water turtle. Turtle heads reemerging from hiding in the turtle's shell look like the glans emerging from the foreskin, and turtles lay eggs. So a "wang ba" is a woman who has lost her virtue, and a "wang ba dan" is the progeny of such a woman, a turtle product, but, figuratively, also a penis product. 龜頭 (guītóu, "turtle head") can refer to the glans of the penis.
"Wáng bā 王八" originally got switched over from another "忘八 wàng bā" (one that referred to any very unvirtuous individual) because of a man with the family name Wáng 王 who picked up the nickname 賊王八 zéi Wáng bā ("the thieving Wang Eight") but for being a dastard, not for being a bastard. The dictionary does not say, but he may have been the eighth Wang among his siblings. Anyway, he became "crook Wang eight" and the term stuck and spread just as "Maverick" did in English. There is a pun here because of the earlier expression 忘八 wàng bā used to describe (1) any person who forgets/disregards the eight virtues, (2) an un-virtuous woman, i.e., one who sleeps around. The first meaning applied to the dastardly Wang, but the family name got "stuck" to the second, sexual, term.
Illegitimacy
Many insults imply that the interlocutor's mother or even grandmother was promiscuous. The turtle is emblematic of the penis and also of promiscuous intercourse, because turtles were once thought to conceive by thought alone, making paternity impossible to prove. Eggs are the progeny of turtles and other lower animals, so the word dàn (蛋) is a metonym for offspring.
wángbā () / wàngbā () = softshell turtle; this was an insult as early as the Song Dynasty.
wángbādàn (, informal simplified: ) = bastard (lit. "softshell turtle egg")
wàngbāgāozi () = bastard (lit. "soft shell turtle's lamb"; 羔 generally means newborn lamb but can also refer to the young of certain animals - especially mammals - in general. Generally used in Northern slang.)
guī sūnzi () / guī érzi () = bastard (lit. "turtle grandson" and "turtle son")
dài lǜmàozi () = to be a cuckold (lit. "wear a green hat," supposedly because male brothel workers in the Tang Dynasty had to wear green hats)
zázhǒng () = mixed seed, half-caste, half breed, hybrid, illegitimate child. There are proper terms for children of mixed ethnicity, but this is not one of them.
hún dàn () = individual who has at least two biological fathers and one biological mother, the idea being that the mother mated with two or more males in quick succession and a mosaic embryo was formed.
hún zhang wángbā dàn () = similar to turtle egg, see above.
Suck up
chóngyáng mèiwài () Chinese who blindly worship foreigners; xenophiles.
fànjiàn () asking to be disrespected.
zhāo biǎn () asking to be kicked.
dīsānxiàsì () servile lickspittle (lit. "low three down four").
gǒutuǐzi () an accomplice to a villain (lit. a dog's leg).
pāi mǎ pì () to suck up, to be a toady (lit. patting a horse's butt).
Disability
References to various kinds of disability are sometimes used against both abled and disabled people as an insult.
shén jīng bìng () Lunatic/madman. Literally "neuropathy", or having problems with one's nervous system. The word 神經病 uesd in this context properly refers to 精神病 (jīng shén bìng, literally [person with] psychiatric disorder or schizophrenia); 神經病 is an anastrophe of the latter. There are many hypotheses for the reason why people rarely use 精神病 offensively; the most widely accepted interpretation of this idiomatic expression is that in China, imbalance of the nervous system has been historically associated with mental illness. In the 20th century, 神经衰弱 Shenjing shuairuo, literally "neurasthenia", is a more socially accepted medical diagnosis for someone who, in the West, would have normally been diagnosed with schizophrenia, due to the social stigma against mental illness in China). Simultaneously, tonal differences make 神經病 sound harsher than 精神病. Now the word is used quite generally when insulting someone whose actions seem insane, odd, rude, offensive, or inappropriate.
fāfēng () going insane.
biàntài () Perverted, deviant, abnormal.
nǎocán () lit. brain crippled. Intelligence or mental capacity.
bái chī () idiot, someone with mental retardation.
bái mù () stupid. Literally, white-eyed, blind. Here it means not understanding the situation and reacting in a wrong way as a result.
bèn dàn () Idiot (lit. stupid egg).
chǔn dàn () Stupid (lit. stupid egg).
chǔn zhū () Stupid (lit. dumb pig).
chǔn lǘ () Dumbass
dà nǎo jìn shuǐ () water leaked in the brain, a possible reference to hydrocephalus.
shǎ zi () Blockhead
zìbì () autistic. Neutral term for people who are actually autistic, but also used as an mildly offensive term for socially awkward people.
xǐhān () The term is coined by a Taiwanese NGO as a positive term for mentally disabled people, but has become a negative term when used on a neurotypical person.
zhìzhàng() short for , intellectually disabled.
cánfèi () crippled.
bǒzi () crippled.
quézi () crippled.
xiāzi () blind. The word is used either as an obsolete and politically incorrect term for visually impaired people, or as an insult when an abled person fails to see something.
lóngzi () deaf. Similar to the above but for hearing instead of vision.
Buttocks
While there are vulgar expressions in English referring to the buttocks or rectum, there are no real equivalents in Mandarin. Pìgu yǎn () or pìyǎnr (屁眼兒) one expression for anus, is not vulgar, but it occurs in various curses involving an imperforate anus
sǐ pì yǎn () damned asshole.
jiào nǐ shēng háizi méi pìgu yǎn () – literally, "May your child be born with an imperforate anus"; sometimes méi pìgu yǎn () is used as an epithet similar to "damned". This phrase is commonly heard in some TVB dramas in the Cantonese translation.
jiào nǐ shēng háizi zhǎng zhì chuāng (叫你生孩子长痔疮) – "May your child be born with hemorrhoids"
wǒ kào ( or – "Well fuck me!", "Fuck!", "Fuckin' awesome!" or "Holy shit!" (Originally from Taiwan, this expression has spread to the mainland, where it is generally not considered to be vulgar. 尻 originally meant "butt.")
Age
lǎo bù sǐde 老不死的 (literally "old [but] won't die") An angry comment directed against old people who refuse to die and so clog up the ladder to promotion in some organization. It is implied that they have outlived their usefulness, which conveys a deeper meaning of that person inconveniencing or hogging a resource or benefit that is beneficial to the insulter (such as a job promotion) by being alive; thus the insulter wishes for their death. The expression comes from the Analects of Confucius where the Master complains against those who engage in heterodox practices aimed at assuring them extreme longevity. In the original these individuals are described as "lǎo ér bù sǐ" (老而不死), i.e., it is said that they "are old but won't die."
lǎo zéi 老賊 = lǎo bù sǐde (literally "old thief")
lǎo tóuzi (), literally "old head," it refers in a somewhat slighting way to old men. Its usage is rather like such expressions as "old geezer" in English.
lǎo tài pó = 老太婆 (literally "old hag")
xiǎo guǐ = 小鬼," little devil/ghost", is used familiarly and (usually) affectionately (c.f. "rascal" in English).
xiǎo tù zǎizi 小兔崽子," little rabbit kitten," refers to someone young. Its usage is rather like such expressions as "little brat" in English.
rǔ xiù wèi gān () Literally "(the) smell (of) milk is not dry (=gone) yet," wet behind the ears.
lǎo wán gù 老顽固, an old, stubborn, arrogant man.
Promiscuity
As in the West, highly sexual women have been stigmatized. Terms for males who sleep around are rare.
chāng fù () = bitch/whore
húli jīng () = bitch (overly seductive woman or a golddigger; lit. "fox spirit")
sānbā () = airhead, braggart, slut (lit. "three eight"). Used to insult women. One derivation claims that at one point in the Qing Dynasty, foreigners were only permitted to circulate on the eighth, eighteenth, and twenty-eighth of each month, and the Chinese deprecated these aliens by calling them , but others claim refers to March 8: International Women's Day. In Taiwan, the term has less of a misogynistic connotation, and means "silly" or "airhead."
gōng gòng qì chē () = slut (lit. "public bus") used for a woman who sleeps around, as in "everyone has had a ride"
biǎozi () = whore, slut
jiàn nǚ rén () = bitch, cheap woman
huā huā gōngzǐ () = playboy, notorious cheater (lit. "Flower-Flower Prince")
sè láng () = womanizer, sex maniac (lit. "Coloured Wolf", in this context the adjective "colour" is a euphemism for "lewd")
sè guǐ () = pervert (lit. "Sex Ghost", 色 can be read as both 'Color' and 'Sex')
Positive connotations
Occasionally, slang words with a negative connotation are turned around and used positively:
wǒ cào () = An expression of impressed surprise or approval, akin to "fuck me", "holy fuck" or "holy shit!" in English (lit. "I fuck") Alternatively, "我靠" (wǒ kào, "I lean on". IM:KAO) or "哇靠" (wa kào) is used as a euphemism (similar to "frigging" "frick" in English) when the subject intends on being less obscene, such as when speaking in public.
niúbī (/) = fucking awesome (literally "cow cunt"; possibly influenced by the expression chuī niú pí; , which means "to brag"). This phrase also has many alternative forms, including NB, 牛B, 牛比, 牛鼻 ("cow's nose"), as well as euphemisms such as 牛叉/牛X niúchā. It can also just be shortened to 牛.
diǎo () / niǎo () = cock; this was an insult as long ago as the Jin Dynasty. Despite remaining a profane word in Cantonese, now it sometimes also means "fucking cool" or "fucking outrageous" in Mandarin. The positive expression is believed to have been invented by Sun Ta-Wei in an MTV Taiwan advertisement, but the pop star Jay Chou played a major role in its promotion. Because of the substitution of "niǎo" which means bird, sometimes English-speaking Chinese in Malaysia sometimes use "birdie" as a euphemism for "penis" for small children. Bird man sometimes has a derogative meaning as a "wretch", but also often used between close friends as affectionate appellation like "fellow".
diǎo sī () = originally meant to mean male pubic hair, but means an unprivileged nobody. Originally an Internet slang meaning "incel", now a popular word often used in self-mockery (lit. "dick silk/wire")
Mixed-up
Other insults include the word hùn (), which means "mixed-up", or hùn (), which means "muddy":
hùnzhàng () = bullshit, damn
hùndàn ( / ) = prick (lit. muddy egg)
hùnqiú () = jerk (lit. muddy ball)
mǎmǎhǔhǔ () = sloppy, careless (lit. horse-tiger)
Eggs
Perhaps due to the influence of wángbādàn (), dàn (; "egg") is used in a number of other insults in addition to hùndàn ():
bèndàn () = dummy, fool, idiot (lit. "dumb egg")
chǔn dàn () = dummy, fool
dǎodàn ( / ) = "to cause trouble"
gǔndàn () = get out of sight!
huàidàn () = a wicked person. Literally a bad egg.
hútú dàn () = confused/clueless person (a sucker)
qióngguāng dàn () = a poor/penniless person
chě dàn () = nonsense, bullshit, bollocks
Melons
The word guā (; melon or gourd) is also used in insults:
shǎguā (; also shǎzi, ) = dummy, fool, idiot. The term was in use as early as the Yuan Dynasty.
dāiguā (; also dāizi, ) = dummy, fool, idiot.
In addition to the senses listed above, the "melon" is a metonym for the womb, and a "broken melon" refers to a female's lost virginity.
Sticks
The noun gùn, stick/staff is often used to refer to someone who is morally corrupted.
ègùn (惡棍) = bad guy, bully, villain (lit. "evil stick")
shéngùn (神棍) = fake fortune teller (lit. "god stick")
dǔgùn (賭棍) = rogue gambler (lit. "gamble stick")
dégùn (德棍) = fascist (lit. "german stick")
Ghosts and spirits
The noun for "ghost" 鬼 is often used to mock someone with some bad habit. The mocking tone may not be very serious though.
jiǔguǐ (酒鬼) = drinker, alcoholic
zuìguǐ (醉鬼) = drunkard
xiǎoqì guǐ = tightwad, cheapskate; selfish
dǎnxiǎo guǐ (胆小鬼) = coward
精 "nonhuman spirit in a human's form" is usually for insulting some cunning people.
húli jīng () = vixen (overly seductive woman or a golddigger; lit. "fox spirit")
mǎpì jīng = flatterer (lit. "horse fart spirit")
lǎo yāo pó (老妖婆) = evil old witch
yāojing (妖精) = alluring woman; also fairy or goblin
yāoguài (妖怪) = monster, demon
rényāo (人妖) = shemale, trans woman (lit. "human demon")
tàiguó rényāo (泰國人妖) = Thai shemale (lit. Thailand human demon; usually used as a stronger insult than merely calling someone a shemale)
Useless
méiyòng () = useless
Fèi (, ; "(noun) waste/garbage, (verb) to waste, to throw away") appears in a number of insults:
wōnang fèi () = loser
fèi wù ()= good for nothing
fèirén () = useless person
fèihuà () = nonsense, bullshit, useless talk or chit-chat
liúmáng () = scoundrel, gangster or pervert (the word originally meant vagrant); often used by women to insult men who act aggressively.
nāozhǒng () = coward, useless, or weak person.
rén zhā () = Scum. Someone who is useless and unwanted as garbage.
wúyòng () = literally "useless"
fàntǒng () = useless person. Literally "rice bucket", the connotation being that, like a bucket, the person is only useful for storing food and nothing else.
Boasting
bàn píngzi cù (): literally "a half-empty bottle of vinegar", used to address a person with limited professional expertise.
chuīniú bī (): lit. inflating (blowing air into) a cow's vagina. Used to address bragging activities. Often bowdlerized to chuīniú () when speaking in public or in the presence of children.
chī bǎole chēng de (): lit. eats too much. Used to refer weird, nonsense or illogical deeds.
chī bǎo fàn méi shì gàn (吃飽飯沒事干) = same as chī bǎo le chēng de, but the literal meaning is different (lit. "just finished eating and there's nothing to do")
Cruelty
shārén bù zhǎyǎn () stone cold killer (lit. "kills people without blinking")
huǒyǎn xiéshén () evil spirit.
dà mó tóu () a very wicked and powerful man.
sàng xīn bìng kuǎng () crazy cruelty.
liáng xīn bèi gǒu chī le () conscience was eaten by dog.
Face
Because shame or "face" is important in Chinese culture, insulting someone as "shameless" is much stronger than in English:
bú yàoliǎn () = shameless, lit. "doesn't want face," i.e., "discards his face, does not seek to maintain a good status in society".
bú yào bīliǎn () = fuсking shameless, lit. "doesn't want сunt face," i.e., "discards his fuсking face"
Girlish
niángniangqiāng () is a pejorative used to describe Chinese males who are extremely effeminate in their speaking style. It is related to the term sājiào (, to whine), but is predominantly said of males who exhibit a rather "girlish" air of indecisiveness and immaturity. Adherents of both tend to lengthen sentence-final particles while maintaining a higher-pitched intonation all throughout.
niángpào () = same as (above)
tàijiàn () or gōnggong () – Eunuch. From the stereotypes of Imperial eunuchs seen in TV shows in China (with a high, feminine voice). Men with higher voices are called eunuchs.
nǚ qì (), female lifebreath. A man having the psychological attributes of a woman is said to exhibit "nǚ qì," i.e., is said to be effeminate.
pì jīng () roughly meaning ass fairy. It is often used as a derogatory for feminine gay people.
Boyish
nán rén pó () a female who behaves like a male. Tomboy.
mu ye cha () a female Yaksha, an ugly and rough female; often domineering in personality.
Inhuman
Other insults accuse people of lacking qualities expected of a human being:
chùsheng () = animal; it literally means "beast", a likely reference to the Buddhist belief that rebirth as an animal is the result of karma conditioned by stupidity and prejudice. The word is also used in Japanese, where it is pronounced "chikushō", often used as an expletive, akin to "hell!"
qín shòu () = beasts (lit.: "bird and animal"), often used as qín shòu bù rú () = worse than beasts
nǐ bú shì rén () = you're not human (lit.: "you are not a person"). This could also mean that the person is so mean/cruel that they are not human. In this instance, one can say "你还是人吗" nǐ hái shì rén ma (lit.: "are you still human")
nǐ shì shénme dōngxi () = you're less than human, literally: What kind of object are you? (compares the level of a person to that of an object)
nǐ búshì dōngxi () = you're less than human (implies less worth than an object)
bùyàoliǎn de dōngxi () = you're shameless and less than human (lit.: "you are a thing that has no shame")
jiànhuò () = lit. "cheap goods" ("[you] despicable creature!")
sāohuò () = lit. "lewd goods" ("[you] lewd creature!")
shuǐhuò () = lit. "parallel import"
Death
Sǐ (; "dead", "cadaverous," or, less precisely, "damn(ed)") is used in a number of insults:
sǐ guǐ () lit., "dead imp," "dead demon," "dead ghost". Used as a term of contempt.
sǐ sān bā () / chòu sān bā (), lit., stinking (derogatory term for woman) bitch
sǐ bù yào liǎn () = shameless (lit.: "[you] shameless corpse")
qù sǐ () = Lit. "Go die!", comparable to the English phrase "Go to hell!"
sǐ yā tóu 死丫頭, lit., dead serving wench. – This term is no longer in common use. It appears in early novels as a deprecating term for young female bondservants. The "ya" element refers to a hair style appropriate to youths of this sort.
gāi sǐ () damned, damn it! (lit. should die)
zhǎo sǐ (): literally "look [for] death" (i.e. "looking to die"). Roughly equivalent to the English phrase 'asking for trouble'.
Excrement
The words "" (shǐ) (= shit, turd, dung), "" (fèn) (= manure, excrement) and " (= stool, poop)" (dà biàn), all mean feces but vary from blunt four letter to family-friendly, respectively. They can all be used in compound words and sentences in a profane manner.
Originally, the various Mandarin Chinese words for "excrement" were less commonly used as expletives, but that is changing. Perhaps because farting results in something that is useless even for fertilizer: "fàng pì" (; lit. "to fart") is an expletive in Mandarin. The word "pì" (; lit. "fart") or the phrase is commonly used as an expletive in Mandarin (i.e. "bullshit!").
qù chī dà biàn () [Go] Eat shit! (By itself, is neither an expletive nor does it have the same effect as 'shit' in English.)
chī shǐ () = Eat shit!
shǐ dàn () Lit., "shit egg", a turd.
fàng pì () = bullshit, nonsense, lie (literally "to fart"; used as an expletive as early as the Yuan dynasty.
fàng nǐ mā de pì () = you are f—ing bullshitting (lit. "release your mother's fart")
'ge pì (个屁) = A common variation of 放屁, also meaning "bullshit" (as in lies, c.f. English "my ass!"). This term is used because "fang pi" can be taken literally to mean Flatulence. Often tacked on to the end of a sentence, as in "XYZ 个屁!"
méi pì yòng () = no damn use (lit. "to have no fart use")
yǒu pì yòng () = no damn use, to be of damn-all use (lit. "to have fart use")
pìhuà () = bullshit, nonsense (lit. "fart word")
nǐ zài jiǎng shén me pì huà () = What the shit/fuck are you saying
pì shì () = a mere nothing; also guānwǒpìshì ()= I don't give a damn, it means damn all to me
mǐ tián gòng () – A play on the writing of (the traditional form of (fen), also "kuso" in Japanese), referring to excrement.
qí yán fèn tǔ yě () – an expression in Classical Chinese that means, "His words are [nothing but] excrement." (See Giles, A Chinese-English Dictionary.)
yǒu huà kuài shuō, yǒu pì kuài fàng 有話快說，有屁快放 = an expression meaning to stop beating around the bush (lit. If you have something to say, hurry up and say it; if you have a fart, hurry up and let it out)
shǐ bǎ ba () – Children's slang term for faeces, similar to English "poo-poo" or "brownie". A variant of this term is 㞎㞎 (bǎ ba), while (biàn bian) is also used as a children's term, albeit less frequently used.
pìtóu () = fart.
Animals
In a 1968 academic study of Chinese pejorative words, more than a third of the 325-term corpus of abusive expressions compare the insulted person with an animal, with the worst curses being "animal" generally, "pig, dog, animal", or "animal in dress", which deny the person of human dignity. The expressions contain metaphorical references to the following domesticated animals: dogs, cows, and chickens (12 or 11 terms each), (8 times), horse (4), cat (3), and duck (2), and one each to sheep, donkey and camel. A variety of wild animals are used in these pejorative terms, and the most common are monkey (7 times) and tiger (5 times), symbolizing ugliness and power respectively.
Dogs
The fact that many insults are prefaced with the Mandarin Chinese word for dog attest to the animal's low status:
gǒuzǎizi () = dog pup (English equivalent: "son of a bitch")
gǒu pì () = bullshit, nonsense (lit. "dog fart"); in use as early as 1750 in the Qing Dynasty novel The Scholars.
nǐ ge gǒu pì () = what you said is bullshit. Also "nǐ ge pì"()or simply "pì"(). Generally appears at the end of sentences.
gǒu pì bù tōng () dog fart + does not (come out at the end of the tube) communicate = incoherent, nonsensical
fàng nǐ mā de gǒu pì () = what you said is fucking bullshit (lit. "release your mother's dog fart")
fàng nǐ mā de gǒu chòu pì () = what you said is fucking bullshit (lit. "release your mother's dog stinky fart")
gǒu niáng yǎng de () = son of a bitch (lit. "raised by a dog mother")
gǒurìde () = son of a bitch (from Liu Heng's story "Dogshit Food", lit. "dog fuck" 日 is here written for 入, which when pronounced rì means "fuck".)
gǒushǐ duī () = a person who behaves badly (lit. "a pile of dog shit"); gǒushǐ (), or "dog shit", was used to describe people of low moral character as early as the Song dynasty. Due to Western influence, as well as the similar sound, this has become a synonym for bullshit in some circles.
gǒuzázhǒng () = literally "mongrel dog", a variation on zázhǒng (), above.
zǒugǒu () = lapdog, often translated into English as "running dog", it means an unprincipled person who helps or flatters other, more powerful and often evil people; in use in this sense since the Qing Dynasty. Often used in the 20th century by communists to refer to client states of the United States and other capitalist powers.
gǒutuǐzi () / gǒutuǐ () = Variant of zǒugǒu (), lit. "dog thigh"
hǎ bā gǒu (哈巴狗) = someone who incessantly follows someone around, and is usually seen as a sycophant. (lit: "pug dog")
Rabbits
In at least one case, rabbit is part of an insult:
xiǎotùzǎizi () = rabbit kitten (quite ironically, this insult is often used by parents to insult their children)
Horse
mǎzi () = a derogatory word for girlfriend. (Possibly influenced by U.S. slang, "filly," used for any girl.)
Bird
The Chinese word for bird "niǎo"() was pronounced as "diǎo" in ancient times, which rhymes with () meaning penis or sexual organ. It also sounds the same as "penis" in several Chinese dialects. Thus, bird is often associated with 'fuck', 'penis' or 'nonsense'：
wǒ niǎo nǐ () = I give a shit about you (Beijing dialect)
wǒ niǎo tā de () = I give a shit about him
niǎo huà () = bullshit, fucking words ; nǐ zài jiǎng shénme niǎo huà () = What fucking words are you talking about?
niǎo rén () = bastard, asshole. This word commonly appears in Water Margin, a Ming dynasty Classical Chinese Novel.
niǎo shì () = mere nothing; also guān wǒ niǎo shì () = I don't care a damn, it means damn all to me
Tigress
A tigress or 母老虎 (Mǔ lǎohǔ) refers to a fierce woman, usually someone's strict wife.
Dinosaur
A dinosaur or 恐龙 (Kǒnglóng) has been used as Internet slang to describe an ugly girl.
Insect
wútóu cāngyíng (無頭蒼蠅) = someone running around with no sense of direction (lit: "headless fly", or similar to "chicken with its head cut off" in English)
hudu chong (糊涂虫) = absent-minded person, a scatterbrain (lit. "confused insect"), compare with wútóu cāngyíng
gēn pì chóng (跟屁蟲) = someone that aimlessly follows someone around, usually for the purpose of flattery (lit: "butt-chasing insect")
Contempt
Certain words are used for expressing contempt or strong disapproval:
qiáobùqǐ () = To look down upon or to hold in contempt.
wǒpēi () = I boo in disapproval. Pēi 呸 is a spoken onomatopoeia that represents the action of spitting.
Divinity
wēnshén () = troublemaker (literally "plague god"). Compares the insulted person to a disliked god.
wǒ de tiān a () = Oh my God (literally "Oh my sky").
Miscellaneous
Some expressions are harder to explain:
èrbǎiwǔ () = stupid person/idiot (see 250) Note that the number 250 would normally be pronounced liangbǎiwǔ.
shūdāizi, () roughly equivalent to "bookworm" or, possibly, "nerd". It is used to portray a studious person as lacking either hands-on experience or social skills. Often used academically to describe one who is too by the book, and unable to adapt to changing circumstances that invalidate book theory. Unlike "nerd", shūdāizi is rarely used in the context of hobbies.
bì zuǐ, () = Shut up!
Action specific
Some expressions represent offensive insults involving some kind of actions:
gǔnkāi () = go to hell/fuck off (lit. roll or roll away)
nǐgěiwǒgǔn () = get out of my sight! (lit. roll for me!)
gǔndàn () = scram, get out! (lit. "roll[ing] egg")
gǔnduzi () = get out of here. (lit. "Roll over, calf.")
gǔnnǐmādedàn() = get the fuck out of here! fuck off! (lit. "Roll your mother's egg.")
gǔnnǐmābī () = get the fuck out of here! fuck off! (lit. "Roll to your mother's c---.")
Region specific
Many locations within China have their own local slang, which is scarcely used elsewhere. Some of them have been listed above, but these are a few expressions that are not aforementioned:
nǐ yā tǐng de (你丫挺的) – Local slang from Beijing, meaning "you son of a bitch!"
gàn nǐ xiǎo BK de (干你小BK的) – Local slang from Tianjin, meaning "go fuck your 'thing'", where "BK" refers to male genitalia. However, when insulting females, "马B" is used instead.
xiǎo yàng le ba (小样了吧) – Originating from Southern China. Said upon someone's misfortunes, similar to "haha" or "suck that".
shén me niǎo () – From the northeastern Heilongjiang, although also used in the South. Used similar to "what the fuck?"
fāgé (发格) – Used in Shanghai, direct transliteration from English "fuck".
èrbǎdāo (二把刀) – Beijing slang for a good-for-nothing; klutz. Literally "double-ended sword", considered a concept which is useless.
xiǎomì (小蜜) – Beijing slang for a special female friend (literally translated as "little honey"), often used with negative connotations.
cènà (册那) – Shanghainese for "fuck", similar in usage to 肏 cào albeit less strong.
Racial euphemisms
Mandarin Chinese has specific terms and racial euphemisms for different ethno-racial groups around the world, and some discriminatory slurs against Chinese representatives from certain governments and backgrounds.
Against Mainlanders
zhīnà (支那) — A derogatory term for China (see Shina). It used to be a neutral historic name for China, but later it became a derogatory since it was extensively used by Japanese Invader during Sino-Japanese Wars.
zhīnàzhū (支那猪) — "Shina pigs", see zhīnà (支那). Mostly used by anti-China diaspora Chinese, Taiwanese and Hongkongers.
ālùzaǐ (阿陆仔) — Mainlander, a word originated from Southern Min language. A slang term used by Taiwanese people. The word itself is largely neutral, but it was often used in a negative context.
sǐālù/426 (死阿陆/426) — An alternation of ālùzaǐ (阿陆仔) ，literally means "dead Mainlanders". It is often written as 426, as in Southern Min the word sounds similar to 426. The slang is widely used by anti-China Taiwanese people online.
huángchóng (蝗虫) — Literally "Locust" or "Insect." The term is mainly used by Hong Kongers, Taiwanese, and Chinese Singaporeans and directed at mainland Chinese immigrants and tourists because they come in large numbers and supposedly end up consuming local resources at the expense of the host native populations.
Against Mainland Communists
gòngfei (共匪) — Literally "Communist bandits" referring to communists, or to a larger extent, all Mainlanders and non-Chinese communists. The term has been in use since the Chinese Civil War by the Kuomintang against the Chinese Communist Party, but today reflects the rifts in cross-strait relations.
gòngzei (共贼) — Literally "Communist thieves", referring to the Beijing government, people in the Communist Party, or all Mainlanders.
ā gòng zǐ (阿共仔) — Literally "Commie guy", a derogatory slang term used by Taiwanese against mainland Chinese, which refers to communism as an ad hominem.
gòngcǎndǎng (共慘黨) — By replacing the middle character with "慘", a near-homophone to "產", meaning sad and pitiful, the name of the Communist Party changes to mean "a party which causes everyone to suffer" (lit. "Everyone Suffers Party"). This term has seen increasing usage in internet communities critical of the Chinese Communist Party.
Against Westerners
baí pí zhū (白皮猪) — "white skin pigs" a slur for white people, as they regarded on the implication that Whites are perceived to be lazier and less diligent in comparison to their Han Chinese counterparts.
baí pí (白皮) — "white skins" a slur for white people.
yáng guǐzi (洋鬼子) — "Foreign devil", a slur for white foreigners.
guǐlǎo () — Borrowed from Cantonese "Gweilo", "devil" or "devil guy", a slur for Westerners in Hong Kong.
hóng máo guǐzi () — "Red fur devil", rude slang term for Caucasians, especially Caucasians from English speaking countries (see ang mo)
máo zi () – Ethnic slur against Russians. (Literally "fur".) Alternatively 红毛子 (hóng máo zi, red (communist) fur), 俄毛子 (é máo zi, Rus fur). Similar concept to "hóng máo guǐzi" above.
yáng lājī () – "Foreign trash", an ethnic slur for unemployed and uneducated foreigners, especially Caucasians from English speaking countries looking to seek jobs in China. The slur is similar to the term White trash, used in the United States.
mán zi () — Literally "foreign barbarians", this historical term, when mixed with the word "south" (南) is also used as an ethnic slur by northern Han Chinese against someone thought to be from southern China.
Against other East Asians
Against Hong Kongers
gǎng dú (港毒) — a pun on the homophone "港獨" (gǎng dú, literally "Hong Kong independence"), the definition of 毒 (dú) used is "poison". A slur for Hong Kong's people who advocate for Hong Kong's independence, literally meaning "poison of Hong Kong".
Against Taiwanese
tái wā / wā wā (台蛙 / 蛙蛙) — Literally "Taiwanese frogs." Taiwanese are seen as 井底之蛙 (Chinese idiom, literally means "a frog in a well", referring to a person with a very limited outlook and experience), and as often holding naïve beliefs about the mainland.
tái dú (台毒) — a pun on the homophone "台獨" (tái dú, literally "Taiwan independence"), the definition of 毒 (dú) used is "poison". A slur for Taiwanese people who advocate for Taiwanese independence, literally meaning "poison of Taiwan".
tái bāzi (台巴子) — Literally "Taiwanese penis shaft." A slur and slang term against the Taiwanese. The term originated from Mainland China as a pejorative directed at the Taiwanese.
Against Japanese
xiǎo Rìběn (小日本) "Japs" — Literally "little Japan[ese]". This term is still commonly used as a slur toward Japanese among Chinese but it has very little impact left. This term was historically by the Chinese associating the Japanese with dwarfism and the historical lower average stature of Japanese in comparison with the Han Chinese.
Rìběn guǐzi (日本鬼子) — Literally "Japanese devil". This is used mostly in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War, when Japan invaded and occupied large areas of China. This is the title of a Japanese documentary on Japanese war crimes during WWII.
dōngyáng guǐzi () — Literally "Oriental devil". An anti-Japanese variant of yáng guǐzi, and similar to Rìběn guǐzi above. (Note that whereas the term 東洋 has the literal meaning of "Orient" in the Japanese language, the characters themselves mean "eastern ocean", and it refers to Japan exclusively in modern Chinese usage—since Japan is the country which lies in the ocean east of China.)
Wō (倭) — This was an ancient Chinese name for Japan, but was also adopted by the Japanese. Today, its usage in Chinese is usually intended to give a negative connotation (see Wōkòu below). The character is said to also mean "dwarf", although that meaning was not apparent when the name was first used. See Wa (Japan).
Wōkòu (倭寇) — Originally referred to Japanese pirates and armed sea merchants who raided the Chinese coastline during the Ming Dynasty (see Wokou). The term was adopted during the Second Sino-Japanese War to refer to invading Japanese forces, (similarly to Germans being called Huns). The word is today sometimes used to refer to all Japanese people in extremely negative contexts.
Rìběn gǒu (日本狗) — Literally "Japanese dogs". The word is used to refer to all Japanese people in extremely negative contexts.
dà Jiǎopén zú (大腳盆族) — Ethnic slur towards Japanese used predominantly by Northern Chinese, mainly those from the city of Tianjin. Literally "big-feet-like-washbasins race", also punning on the English "Japan".
huáng jūn () — a pun on the homophone "皇軍" (huáng jūn, literally "Imperial Army"), the definition of 黃 (huáng) used is "yellow". This phrase 黃軍 ("Yellow Army") was used during World War II to represent Japanese soldiers due to the colour of their uniform. Today, it is used negatively against all Japanese. Since the stereotype of Japanese soldiers is commonly portrayed in war-related TV series in China as short men, with a toothbrush moustache (and sometimes round glasses, in the case of higher ranks), 黃軍 is also often used to pull jokes on Chinese people with these characteristics, and thus "appear like" Japanese soldiers.
zì wèi duì () — A pun on the homophone "自衛隊" (zì wèi duì, literally "Self-Defence Forces"), the definition of 慰 (wèi) used is "to comfort". This phrase is used to refer to Japanese (whose military force is known as "自衛隊") being stereotypically hypersexual, as "自慰队" means "Self-comforting Forces", referring to masturbation. The word 慰 (wèi) also carries highly negative connotations of "慰安婦" (wèi ān fù, "Comfort women"), referring to the use of sex slaves by the Japanese military during World War II.
wěi jūn (伪军）- Literally "pretender army." The word is used as an insult to collaborationist Chinese forces during World War II, but is occasionally used to refer to Japanese forces as well. It is used officially by Chinese historians, and is specifically spoken towards those people, making it a rare and ineffective insult against Japanese people in general.
Against Koreans
Gāolì bàng zǐ () — A neutral term used against all ethnic Koreans . 高丽/高麗 refers to Ancient Korea (Koryo), while 棒子 means "club" or "corncob", referring to how Korean security guards hired by the Japanese during WW2 were not given guns, only clubs/batons as they were untrustworthy. The term is modernized sometimes as 韓棒子 (hán bàng zǐ, "韓" referring to South Korea)
sǐ bàng zǐ (死棒子) — Literally "dead club" or "dead plank" with the sexual innuendo of a "useless or dead erection"; refer to 高丽棒子 above.
èr guǐ zǐ (二鬼子) — (See 日本鬼子) During World War II, 二鬼子 referred to Traitors among the Han Chinese hanjian and Koreans in the Imperial Japanese Army, as the Japanese were known as "鬼子" (devils) for massacring innocent children and women. 二鬼子 literally means "second devils". Today, 二鬼子 is used to describe ethnic Koreans who had been absorbed into Japan and joined the Japanese Imperial Army. It is rarely used as a slur in recent times.
Běihán gòngfěi (北韩共匪) – Literally "North Korean communist bandits". Used by the anti-communists in Taiwan towards the Workers' Party of Korea as well as the North Koreans.
Against South Asians
Against Indians
yìndù ā sān (印度阿三) — A euphemism to Indians. It means "Indian, Hassan".
ā chā (阿差) — A popular term common among the Cantonese in Hong Kong to refer to Indians. The term derives from the frequent uttering of ācchā 'good, fine' by (Northern) Indians (cf. Hindi अच्छा) Originally referring to the Punjabi "singhs" security force who used to work for the British government during colonial era. Nowadays, any South Asian is referred to as "ā chā". In Cantonese, "Ah" means "Dude", so "Ah Cha" means the dude called "Cha". It is not an ethnic slur, it is used because Cantonese cannot pronounce "Indian" as it derives from a Mandarin term that sounds too formal.
gālí rén (咖喱人) — Literally "curry person." A much more common contemporary term used to refer to Indians, derived from the use of curry in Indian cuisine and the perception that Indians eat food to some Chinese find to give off a strong smell, and to which Indians typically eat with their hands, a practice that many Chinese find to be dirty and unclean. For these two reasons, it is applied as a derogatory term to Indians.
Against Southeast Asians
Against Filipinos
Huanna () – a Hokkien term in literally meaning "foreigner or non-Chinese." Used by most Overseas Chinese to refer generally to indigenous Southeast Asians and Taiwanese Aborigines. In the Philippines, this term is used by Chinese Filipinos towards indigenous Filipinos.
Against Indonesians
yìnníbazi ( or ) — lit. "Indonesian mud", an ethnic slur towards that refers a play on "" (Indonesia) and "" (mud), where are homophones, thus associating Pribumi Indonesians as being primitive, backward, uncivilized, and dirty.
Against Vietnamese
lǎo yuè () – Literally "Old Vietnamese", or "Old Guy from Vietnam". It is not an anti-Vietnamese slur but rather a familial slang term for Vietnamese.
Xiǎo Yuenán () – Literally "little Vietnam[ese]". This can be used in a derogatory context, referring Vietnam's smaller geographical size than China, darker skin tone, and the lower average stature of Vietnamese in comparison with their Han Chinese counterparts.
Yuenán houzǐ () – Literally means "Vietnamese monkeys." A term used by the Han Chinese to derogatorily refer towards Vietnamese by associating them as being uncivilized, barbaric, dirty, primitive, and backward people. This term also alludes to the historical region of Nam Viet (南越 which in Chinese translates to "land of the southern barbarians"), a province that was ruled by the Han dynasty during the First Chinese domination of Vietnam; when mixed with the word "southern barbarian" (南蠻) is also used as an ethnic slur towards the Vietnamese by the Han Chinese.
Yuenán gòngfei or Yue gòngfei ( or ) – Literally means "Vietnamese communist bandits". A variation of gòngfei, this was directed at the Viet Cong by anti-communists during the Vietnam War. While rarely used today, this term is still also used by Taiwanese anti-communists to refer to the Communist Party of Vietnam, or Vietnamese Communists in general.
Other
lǎo mò (老墨) — Literally "Old Mexican", an ethnic slur used towards Mexicans. 墨 should not be confused with "ink", which bears the same character and pronunciation from "墨" in 墨西哥 (Mexico).
hēi guǐzi () or hēi guǐ () — Literally "Black devil", racial slur directed towards people of Sub-Saharan Black African descent. The term is similar to the English term "nigger" as an ethnic slur directed at blacks.
tǔbāozi () — Literally "Mud baozi/muddy baozi". An insult directed at those seen as uncultured or backward, implying that the insulted person comes from a peasant background. Roughly equivalent to the English phrases "country bumpkin" and "hayseed". The term can also be used without any negative connotations to denote someone who is new, unfamiliar and inexperienced in any profession or activity, roughly similar to the English internet gaming slang "noob."
xiāngjiāo rén () — 'Banana People' – a term used to refer to any person of Overseas Chinese ancestry who have assimilated in the Western world and have lost any true Chinese trait. As the insult implies, they are like bananas: Yellow (Chinese) on the outside while white (western) on the inside (akin to "Oreo" for African Americans or "coconut" for Hispanic-Americans).
Homosexuality
There are various circumlocutions in Mandarin Chinese for homosexual, and the formal terms are recent additions just as is the direct translation of "masturbation" (hand soiling). The words listed below are generally not regarded as being profane.
Duànxiù () — cut off sleeve, from the story of a ruler whose male favourite fell asleep on the sleeve of his jacket, so when the ruler had to get up to conduct some needed business he cut his sleeve off rather than awaken his lover (See Bret Hinsch, Passions of the Cut Sleeve, p. 53). An analogous story, of a sleeve being cut off so as not to disturb a sleeping cat, is told of both Confucius and Muhammad, and perhaps others.
Yútáo () — remains of a peach, from the story of a favourite who rather too familiarly offered his sovereign a peach of which he had already eaten half. (From Han Fei Zi, chapter 12)
Bōlí (), literally "glass", but implies "glass person". It comes from a passage in the Dream of the Red Chamber in which Phoenix is described as having a "crystal heart in a glass body," meaning that she was glistening, pure, clear, fastidious, etc. It stands as high praise for a lady, but comes off as an effeminate slur when referring to men. The English translation of Bai Xian-yong's novel about male homosexuals in Taiwan includes the term "crystal boys," derived from the same passage in the earlier novel, and also a rather gruff reference to the old photographer who befriends some of the boys as "you old glass," which, delivered by a female friend of his, comes out sounding about on the level of "you old fart," i.e., not really so very offensive, but indicating a passing mood of aggravation on the speaker's part. Nevertheless, the general meaning is probably closer to "old queer."
Nán fēng (), male custom, is homophonous with (, southern custom.) The first writing of the term would fairly easily be picked out as referring to sexual interactions, whereas the second term could just mean "the customs of the southern part of China."
Tóngzhì (; ) was recently adopted in Hong Kong and Taiwan to mean homosexual, and is sometimes used on the mainland. Literally the term means "one having same aspirations".
Tùzi (), used to refer to catamites (lit. rabbit). (See Herbert A. Giles, A Chinese-English Dictionary, entry 12,122) See also Tu Er Shen.
Since the success of Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain, duànbèi (, lit. "Brokeback") has also become popular.
See also
Baidu 10 Mythical Creatures
Cantonese profanity
Diu (Cantonese)
Grass Mud Horse
Chinese Internet slang
List of Internet phenomena in China
References
Footnotes
Sources and further reading
Oedipus Lex: Some Thoughts on Swear Words and the Incest Taboo in China and the West
Cool Jay
Chinese sex words, obscene language, curses and slang
Tianmi.info
Modern Chinese Slang at Thinking Chinese.
Huang, Frank and Wolfram Eberhard (1968), "On Some Chinese Terms of Abuse," Asian Folklore Studies 27.1: 25–40. Items gathered from Taiwan-Chinese of Fujian origin, Min-nan dialect group), but many also common in North China.
Sexual slang
Profanity
Profanity by language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin%20Chinese%20profanity |
Santiago (; previously Aiñiní) is a small town in Los Cabos Municipality in Baja California Sur, Mexico, located on Mexico's Highway 1, about an hour's drive north of San José del Cabo. Like Todos Santos it is almost directly on top of the Tropic of Cancer.
The Misión Santiago de Los Coras in Aiñiní was founded in 1724 by the Jesuit missionary, Ignacio Maria Napoli, and closed in 1795; the subsequent Church of Santiago Apostol was built nearby.
References
2010 census tables: INEGI
Populated places in Baja California Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago%2C%20Baja%20California%20Sur |
The Battle of New Hope Church (May 25–26, 1864) was a clash between the Union Army under Major General William T. Sherman and the Confederate Army of Tennessee led by General Joseph E. Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Sherman broke loose from his railroad supply line in a large-scale sweep in an attempt to force Johnston's army to retreat from its strong position south of the Etowah River. Sherman hoped that he had outmaneuvered his opponent, but Johnston rapidly shifted his army to the southwest. When the Union XX Corps under Major General Joseph Hooker tried to force its way through the Confederate lines at New Hope Church, its soldiers were stopped with heavy losses.
Earlier in May, Sherman successfully maneuvered Johnston's army into retreating from three separate defensive positions. However, when Sherman's army crossed the Etowah River and attempted to move around Johnston's left flank, the Confederate general anticipated his opponent's intentions. Sherman believed that the way was clear, when in fact, Johnston quickly shifted his army into a blocking position. At New Hope Church, Hooker's corps aggressively pressed forward but its attack received a stinging repulse from one division of John Bell Hood's Confederate corps, which was well-entrenched. Thwarted, Sherman next tried to move around Johnston's right flank.
Background
Union Army
On April 30, Sherman's host numbered 110,000 soldiers of which 99,000 were available for "offensive purposes". All of the Union army's 254 guns consisted of 12-pounder Napoleons, 10-pounder Parrott rifles, 20-pounder Parrott rifles, and 3-inch Ordnance rifles. The 25,000 non-combatants accompanying the army included railroad employees and repair crews, teamsters, medical staff, and Black camp servants. Sherman directed elements of three armies. The Army of the Cumberland led by Major General George H. Thomas counted 73,000 troops and 130 guns, the Army of the Tennessee under Major General James B. McPherson numbered 24,500 soldiers and 96 guns, and the Army of the Ohio commanded by Major General John Schofield had 11,362 infantry, 2,197 cavalry, and 28 guns.
Thomas' army consisted of the IV Corps under Major General Oliver Otis Howard, the XIV Corps under Major General John M. Palmer, the XX Corps under Major General Joseph Hooker, and three cavalry divisions led by Brigadier Generals Edward M. McCook, Kenner Garrard, and Hugh Judson Kilpatrick. McPherson's army comprised the XV Corps under Major General John A. Logan and the Left Wing of the XVI Corps under Brigadier General Grenville M. Dodge. The XVII Corps under Major General Francis Preston Blair Jr. did not join until June 8. Schofield's army was made up of the XXIII Corps under Schofield and a cavalry division led by Major General George Stoneman. The IV and XX Corps each counted 20,000 soldiers, the XIV Corps had 22,000, the XV Corps totaled 11,500, and the XVI and XVII Corps each numbered about 10,000 men.
Confederate Army
On April 30, Johnston's army counted 41,279 men present for duty in seven infantry divisions. There were 3,227 artillerymen present for duty serving 144 guns. Many of the guns were inferior to the Federal artillery pieces, but the crews were experienced. There were 10,000 cavalrymen, but only 8,500 present for duty and many horses were in poor condition. There were probably 8,000 non-combatants supporting the army, many of whom were disabled by wounds or otherwise unfit for combat. Johnston's Army of Tennessee included two infantry corps led by Lieutenant Generals William J. Hardee and John Bell Hood, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler. The army was soon joined by the corps of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk and the cavalry division of Brigadier General William H. Jackson. Hardee's corps consisted of the divisions of Major Generals Benjamin F. Cheatham, Patrick Cleburne, William H. T. Walker, and William B. Bate. Hood's corps included the divisions of Major Generals Thomas C. Hindman, Carter L. Stevenson, and Alexander P. Stewart. Polk's corps comprised the divisions of Major Generals William Wing Loring and Samuel Gibbs French, and Brigadier General James Cantey.
Operations
Sherman launched his campaign on May 7, 1864, with the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge during which he turned Johnston's western flank. This was followed by the Battle of Resaca on May 13–15 at which time Polk's corps began arriving. After Sherman turned his western flank again, Johnston withdrew. At the Battle of Cassville, Johnston tried to strike at Sherman's army, but the opportunity was fumbled. On May 19, Polk and Hood convinced Johnston to retreat to Allatoona Pass. Johnston conducted the withdrawal south of the Etowah River skillfully, leaving few stragglers behind. Schofield's corps passed through Cartersville and reached the Etowah to find the bridges burnt and the Confederates gone. The Western and Atlantic Railroad ran through a gorge at Allatoona Pass and Johnston posted his army there in an extremely strong defensive position.
Sherman planned to force Johnston's army to retreat behind the Chattahoochee River. To do this he decided to outflank Johnston's army on the west by marching to Dallas and then Marietta. On May 20, Sherman ordered his army to be ready to move on May 23. Since it would be leaving the railroad line, the army carried 20 days of supplies in its wagons and evacuated all its wounded and unfit men to the rear. Sherman was anxious about his railroad supply line which ran back to Chattanooga. Fearing the railroad might be damaged by Confederate cavalry raids, Sherman ordered Brigadier General John E. Smith's XV Corps division from Huntsville, Alabama, and nine XXIII Corps regiments from East Tennessee and Kentucky forward to guard the Western and Atlantic Railroad. To replace these units, he summoned northern state governors to recruit 100-day regiments to garrison the rear area railroads.
Sherman directed McPherson's two corps on his right wing to march from Kingston south to Van Wert and then east to Dallas. Since Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis' division (XIV Corps) was already to the west at Rome, it moved with McPherson. Thomas' three corps were ordered to march south through Euharlee and Stilesboro toward Dallas. Garrard's cavalry covered McPherson's wing, while McCook's horsemen scouted ahead of Thomas's center. Preceded by Stoneman, Schofield's left wing marched from Cartersville to the Etowah. Stoneman's cavalry found Milam's Bridge burned and a pontoon bridge was laid nearby. Hooker crossed his XX Corps ahead of Schofield's XXIII Corps and therefore was able to move ahead of Thomas' other two corps.
Unsure if Sherman was moving around his left flank, Johnston ordered Wheeler's cavalry to cross to the north bank of the Etowah to see if Sherman's army was still there. On May 24 Wheeler reported that Sherman's army was to the west near Kingston. Avoiding Kilpatrick's cavalry, which was patrolling the area, Wheeler's horsemen captured 70 wagons and burned others. Also on May 24, McPherson reached a point west of Dallas. Riding ahead, Garrard's troopers reported that Confederate infantry was at Dallas. Hooker reached Burnt Hickory ahead of Thomas' other corps; Schofield's corps was to the northeast. Alerted by reports from Jackson's cavalry division, Johnston deduced that the Union army was maneuvering to turn his left flank. That afternoon, McCook's horsemen captured a Confederate courier with a message that Johnston's army was moving toward Dallas. Nevertheless, Sherman remained confident that Johnston would not try to block him at Dallas; he ordered his army to press forward.
Battle
On the morning of May 25, Hardee's corps took position at Dallas, blocking the road to Marietta, with Polk's corps on its right flank. On the far right flank, Hood's corps moved into position near New Hope Church, northeast of Dallas. Hood posted Hindman's division on the left flank and Stevenson's division on the right flank. Stewart's division deployed in the center, reinforced by one of Stevenson's brigades. Hood's soldiers immediately dug rifle pits and piled up breastworks of logs and rocks. Confederate observers on Elsberry Mountain reported seeing dust clouds that indicated Sherman's troops were coming. That afternoon, Hood's troops captured a Union soldier who admitted that he belonged to Hooker's corps.
On May 25, McPherson's left wing took the road southeast from Van Wert to Dallas. Davis' division turned off to the east on a side road. Hooker's XX Corps marched on the road from Burnt Hickory to Dallas, with Brigadier General John W. Geary's division on the main road. The other divisions advanced on minor roads, with Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams to the right and Major General Daniel Butterfield to the left of the main road. The IV and XIV Corps marched to the right of Hooker's corps and Schofield's corps remained close to Burnt Hickory. At Pumpkinvine Creek, the Federals found some Confederates trying to set the bridge on fire. Hooker's cavalry escort drove off the bridge-burners and Geary's troops crossed the stream. At the left fork in the road near Owen's Mills, Geary's division took the route toward New Hope Church. As his column advanced, it was met by determined resistance by the 32nd Alabama and 58th Alabama Infantry Regiments and Austin's Sharpshooters under Colonel Bushrod Jones. Geary was compelled to deploy Colonel Charles Candy's brigade in an extended skirmish line in order to drive Jones' Confederates back.
Geary's troops took several prisoners who told them that Hood's corps was directly ahead. Both Thomas and Hooker were startled by this information because, like Sherman, they did not expect to run into major opposition so soon. Fearing that Geary's troops were exposed to a sudden attack, Thomas summoned the divisions of Williams and Butterfield to march rapidly to Geary's assistance. Having marched down the right fork toward Dallas, Williams' troops had to retrace their route to Owen's Mills, then turn right into the road Geary had taken. Between 4 pm and 5 pm, both Williams' and Butterfield's troops reinforced Geary. Still convinced that only minor Confederate forces were in the Dallas area, Sherman ordered Thomas to attack; Thomas passed the order to Hooker.
Soon after 5 pm, Hooker gave the order to attack, with Williams' division on the right and Butterfield's division on the left and Geary's division in support. Butterfield's line was slightly behind Williams in order to protect against a flank attack. All three divisions were formed in columns of brigades. That is, within each division, each brigade was deployed in line, one behind the other. All three divisions advanced about through dense woods and underbrush. In Williams' division, Hooker and Williams rode behind the first brigade. When the troops reached the bottom of a slope, they were greeted by a storm of rifle and artillery fire. The Union soldiers threw themselves to the ground behind whatever cover they could find and fired back. As they came under fire, Butterfield's and Geary's soldiers also lay down. The 4,000 Confederate defenders belonged to Stewart's division, with the brigades of Brigadier Generals Marcellus Augustus Stovall, Henry D. Clayton, and Alpheus Baker in the front line, from left to right, and Brigadier General Randall L. Gibson's brigade in reserve. Stewart's line was also supported by 16 cannons. Though facing 16,000 Federals, Stewart's entrenched soldiers had no trouble defending their position.
The Union generals hoped that their opponents would be caught in the open, but it became clear that the Confederates were protected by earth and log field fortifications. The only clearly visible target was a Confederate artillery battery, which took casualties. Williams' first brigade under Colonel James S. Robinson fired off its 60 rounds per man and was replaced in the battle line by Brigadier General Thomas H. Ruger's brigade. Brigadier General Joseph F. Knipe's brigade waited in the third line. Johnston, who arrived at Hood's headquarters that afternoon, asked Stewart if he needed reinforcements. Stewart replied, "My own troops will hold the position." The battle went on for three hours, and during the last hour a thunderstorm added its noise and rain to the din of battle. Hooker reported suffering 1,665 killed and wounded. The Union troops called the battlefield the "Hell Hole". As the defeated Federals slowly withdrew, the Confederates gave a cheer. Stewart reported losing 300–400 casualties. Another source stated there were 1,665 Union and 400 Confederate casualties.
Aftermath
Johnston and Hood both commended Stewart for his successful defense. On the other hand, Sherman was badly disappointed that his maneuver was so unexpectedly blocked. Sherman hated Hooker and unfairly criticized him for not immediately pushing ahead with Geary's division. Sherman believed that by waiting for his other two divisions to arrive, Hooker allowed the Confederates time to entrench. He hoped that he was only facing Hood's corps, but it was finally beginning to dawn on him that Johnston's entire army was in front of him. The sound of fighting was heard in Atlanta and caused a minor panic among the civilians there.
During the night, the Union army entrenched, and skirmishing continued throughout May 26. McPherson's wing and Davis' division occupied Dallas in the afternoon and established a position two miles farther east. The troops of Thomas and Schofield concentrated near New Hope Church. A gap existed between Thomas and McPherson, but it was concealed by the heavily wooded terrain. Likewise, there was a gap between Hardee's corps east of Dallas and the corps of Hood and Polk at New Hope Church. Johnston detached Cleburne's division from Hardee and added it to his right flank. Thwarted in his attempt to turn the Confederate left flank, Sherman decided to attack the Confederate right flank. His efforts resulted in the Battle of Pickett's Mill on May 27.
Battlefield
Much of the New Hope Church battlefield is today privately owned and is located at the intersection of Bobo Road and Hwy 381 (Dallas Acworth Hwy) in Dallas. The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have acquired and preserved almost five acres of the battlefield as of mid-2023.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
See also
This is an excellent map.
New Hope Church
New Hope Church
New Hope Church
New Hope Church
Paulding County, Georgia
New Hope Church
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
May 1864 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20New%20Hope%20Church |
District 23 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves a portion of Dallas county in the U.S. state of Texas. The current Senator from District 23 is Royce West.
In 1914, it was made up eleven counties in South Texas, including Duval County. Archie Parr represented it from 1915-1934.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 23 has a population of 813,699 with 576,192 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 23 from 1992.
Previous elections
2018
2014
2012
2008
2004
2002
1998
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
23
Dallas County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2023 |
William James Loudon (June 25, 1860 – September 27, 1951) was a Canadian geologist and amateur photographer in Ontario.
Mount Loudon (10, 568 ft./3,221 m) in Banff National Park, Alberta is named in his honour.
References
External links
William James Loudon archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
1860 births
1951 deaths
Canadian geologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20James%20Loudon |
"Under the Anheuser Bush" is a beer garden song commissioned by the Anheuser-Busch brewing company in 1903. With music by Harry Von Tilzer and words by Andrew B. Sterling, the title contains a pun on the surnames of the company's founders ("Busch" is the German word for "Bush").
Published by the Harry Von Tilzer Music Pub. Co., it followed on the success of Von Tilzer's 1902 beer garden composition, "Down Where The Wurzburger Flows".
The chorus lyrics below are as printed in the 1903 sheet music. The line "come and have a stein or two" is backed by the first bar of the German folk standard "Oh du lieber Augustin".
Come, come, come and make eyes with me
Under the Anheuser Bush
Come, come drink some "Budwise" with me
Under the Anheuser Bush
Hear the old German band... [followed by a bar of "Oh du lieber Augustin"]
Just let me hold your hand – Yah!
Do, do come and have a stein or two
Under the Anheuser Bush
Popular recordings were made by Billy Murray (1904), and as a duet by Collins and Harlan (1905). In the MGM movie Meet Me in St. Louis, set in 1903, the orchestra at the Christmas dance plays an instrumental version.
The song was adapted for a British music hall version called "Down at the Old Bull and Bush", written for Florrie Forde and made popular by her.
The tune was adapted for the political parody song "Down At The Old Watergate" during the Watergate scandal.
Notes
References
External links
"Under the Anheuser Bush", Billy Murray (1904), Monarch (Victor) Record label, at Library of Congress National Jukebox
"Under the Anheuser Bush", Collins and Harlan (1905), Victor Record label, at Library of Congress National Jukebox
Advertising campaigns
American advertising slogans
Jingles
Drinking songs
Songs about alcohol
Billy Murray (singer) songs
Anheuser-Busch
Anheuser-Busch advertising
1903 songs
1900s neologisms
Songs with music by Harry Von Tilzer
Songs with lyrics by Andrew B. Sterling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20the%20Anheuser%20Bush |
Silke Stokar von Neuforn (born 10 May 1953 in Kleinvollstedt) is a German politician (Greens). She has been a member of the German Parliament since 2002. From 1994 to 2002 she was a member of the Parliament of Lower Saxony. She is divorced and has one daughter.
External links
Bundestag biography
Official website
1953 births
Living people
People from Rendsburg-Eckernförde
Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony
Female members of the Bundestag
Members of the Landtag of Lower Saxony
21st-century German women politicians
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke%20Stokar%20von%20Neuforn |
Very Tall is a 1962 album by the jazz pianist Oscar Peterson and his trio, with the vibraphonist Milt Jackson.
This album marked the first recorded collaboration between Peterson and Jackson; they would later appear together on the albums Reunion Blues (1971), The Milt Jackson Big 4 (1975), Ain't But a Few of Us Left (1981), and Two of the Few (1983).
Reception
The initial Billboard review from January 27, 1962 praised Peterson and Jackson's "great sense of swing" and described the material as "a bit out of the ordinary", before concluding that album was "Strong jazz wax."
Down Beat magazine jazz critic Leonard Feather gave the album four stars in his April 12, 1963 review and stated: "This was an alliance as successful as it was logical. Peterson and Jackson have far more in common musically than their regular contexts might imply."
Scott Yanow on Allmusic.com gave the album four stars out of five. Yanow described the pairing of Peterson and Jackson as "...so logical that it is surprising it did not occur five years earlier...Fortunately O.P. and Bags would meet up on records many times in the future (particularly during their Pablo years) but this first effort is a particularly strong set."
Track listing
"On Green Dolphin Street" (Bronislaw Kaper, Ned Washington) – 7:32
"Heartstrings" (Milt Jackson) – 5:43
"Work Song" (Nat Adderley, Oscar Brown, Jr.) – 7:35
"John Brown's Body" (Traditional) – 7:49
"A Wonderful Guy" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 4:57
"Reunion Blues" (Jackson) – 7:22
Personnel
Oscar Peterson – piano
Milt Jackson – vibraphone
Ray Brown – double bass
Ed Thigpen – drums
References
1961 albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Milt Jackson albums
Oscar Peterson albums
Verve Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very%20Tall |
The Battle of Pickett's Mill (May 27, 1864) was fought in Paulding County, Georgia, between Union forces under Major General William Tecumseh Sherman and Confederate forces led by General Joseph E. Johnston during the Atlanta Campaign in the American Civil War. Sherman sent Brigadier General Thomas J. Wood's division, supported by other formations, to turn Johnston's right flank, but the Federals were repulsed with heavy casualties when they ran into tenacious Confederate opposition. Author Ambrose Bierce, an eyewitness, later wrote an account of the battle titled The Crime at Pickett's Mill.
Earlier in May 1864, Sherman's army successfully compelled the Confederate Army of Tennessee to fall back to a strong defensive position at Allatoona Pass. Unwilling to attack Johnston's lines frontally, Sherman attempted a wide sweep around the Confederate western flank. Johnston quickly shifted his army southwest to block the move, and Sherman's first thrust at his opponent's defenses was defeated at New Hope Church. Both sides entrenched their positions. A day after Sherman's troops were beaten at Pickett's Mill, the Confederates launched an attack on the Union right flank which was repelled at Dallas. The two armies faced each other in the New Hope Church and Dallas lines until Sherman extended his left flank toward the railroad, compelling Johnston to retreat to a new position on June 4.
Background
Union Army
In the Atlanta campaign, William T. Sherman commanded a force made up of three armies drawn from the Military Division of the Mississippi. On April 30, 1864, the Army of the Cumberland led by Major General George H. Thomas included 73,000 troops and 130 guns, the Army of the Tennessee under Major General James B. McPherson numbered 24,500 soldiers and 96 guns, and the Army of the Ohio directed by Major General John Schofield reported 11,362 infantry, 2,197 cavalry, and 28 guns. Sherman's forces were supported by 25,000 non-combatants consisting of railroad employees and repair crews, teamsters, medical staff, and Black camp servants. Thomas' army was made up of Major General Oliver Otis Howard's IV Corps, Major General John M. Palmer's XIV Corps, Major General Joseph Hooker's XX Corps, and the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Cavalry Divisions led by Brigadier Generals Edward M. McCook, Kenner Garrard, and Hugh Judson Kilpatrick, respectively. McPherson's army consisted of Major General John A. Logan's XV Corps and Brigadier General Grenville M. Dodge's Left Wing of the XVI Corps. Major General Francis Preston Blair Jr.'s XVII Corps joined McPherson's army on June 8. Schofield's small army included his own XXIII Corps and a cavalry division led by Major General George Stoneman. The IV and XX Corps each counted 20,000 soldiers, the XIV Corps had 22,000, the XV Corps numbered 11,500, and the XVI and XVII Corps each included about 10,000 men.
Confederate Army
Johnston's Army of Tennessee consisted of two infantry corps led by Lieutenant Generals William J. Hardee and John Bell Hood, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler. Johnston's army was soon reinforced by the corps of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk and the cavalry division of Brigadier General William Hicks Jackson from the Army of Mississippi. Hardee's corps included the divisions of Major Generals William B. Bate, Benjamin F. Cheatham, Patrick Cleburne, and William H. T. Walker. Hood's corps was made up of the divisions of Major Generals Thomas C. Hindman, Carter L. Stevenson, and Alexander P. Stewart. Polk's corps had the divisions of Major Generals Samuel Gibbs French and William Wing Loring, and Brigadier General James Cantey. On April 30, 1864, Johnston's Army of Tennessee reported 41,279 infantry, 8,436 cavalry, and 3,227 artillerymen serving 144 guns. Battles and Leaders calculated Johnston's reinforcements as follows: Brigadier General Hugh W. Mercer's brigade (2,800) on May 2, Cantey's division (5,300) on May 7, Loring's division (5,145) on May 10–12, French's detachment (550) on May 12, Jackson's cavalry (4,477) on May 17, French's division (4,174) on May 19, Brigadier General William Andrew Quarles' brigade (2,200) on May 26, and a 643-man detachment of Jackson's cavalry on June 10. Other reinforcements came from two Georgia state regiments (1,200), men returned from furlough, recruits, and returned deserters. There were about 8,000 non-combatants supporting Johnston's army, mostly men unfit for combat.
Operations
The Atlanta campaign began with the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge on May 5–9, 1864, when Sherman sent McPherson's two corps to turn Johnston's defenses from the west while Thomas and Schofield demonstrated frontally. Outflanked, Johnston retreated and fought the Battle of Resaca on 13–16 May, by which time Polk's corps began arriving. With his western flank menaced, Johnston withdrew again and Union troops captured Rome. At the Battle of Cassville on May 19, Johnston planned to counterattack part of Sherman's widely-spread army, but timing was ruined when McCook's cavalry appeared in an unexpected location. Johnston then took up a defensive position south of Cassville. Hood and Polk argued that the Cassville line was vulnerable to Union artillery fire, so Johnston retreated to Allatoona Pass on the night of May 19–20. Finding Johnston's position too strong to directly attack, Sherman decided to make another maneuver around Johnston's western flank. After pausing operations for three days, Sherman sent McPherson's right wing south to Van Wert and then east toward Dallas. Thomas's army formed Sherman's center and Schofield's corps his left.
At the start of the latest Union maneuver, Sherman ordered 20 days rations be carried in his wagons because they were leaving the proximity of the railroad. Thomas' army crossed the Etowah River and marched through Euharlee and Stilesboro, while Brigadier General Jefferson C. Davis' 2nd Division, XIV Corps, which was detached at Rome, joined the movement of McPherson's wing. Blair's XVII Corps was approaching from the north, but had not yet joined Sherman. Garrard's cavalry preceded McPherson's columns, McCook's cavalry covered Thomas' front, Stoneman's cavalry headed Schofield's columns, and Kilpatrick's cavalry watched the railroad north of the Etowah. Johnston received news of Sherman's move from Jackson's cavalry, and on the afternoon of May 23, he ordered Hardee's corps to march to Dallas and Polk's corps to follow. On May 24, Johnston ordered Hood's corps to join the others. By May 25, Johnston's army was positioned so that Hardee's corps was on the left near Dallas and Hood's corps was on the right at New Hope Church. Polk's corps was posted to the left of Hood, with a lightly defended gap between Polk and Hardee.
Hooker's XX Corps led the advance of Thomas' Army of the Cumberland. When it reached Pumpkinvine Creek at Owen's Mill, the Federals drove off some Confederates who were trying to burn the bridge. Strongly resisted by three Confederate regiments, Brigadier General John W. Geary's 2nd Division pressed forward until it came into contact with Hood's corps at New Hope Church. It was 5 pm before Hooker was able to reinforce Geary with the divisions of Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams (1st) and Major General Daniel Butterfield (3rd). Each of the three divisions were formed into brigade columns, that is, with the leading brigade deployed and the two other brigades of the division directly behind it. In the Battle of New Hope Church on May 25, Hooker's divisions repeatedly assaulted the ridge that Hood's troops defended, but without success. The battle lasted three hours, and during its last hour a thunderstorm rumbled overhead. Hooker admitted sustaining losses of 1,665 killed and wounded in a place the Union troops began calling the "Hell Hole". Stewart's division, which was the main defending force, reported losing 300–400 casualties.
The leading unit of Howard's IV Corps, which was Brigadier General John Newton's 2nd Division, arrived in the area of New Hope Church at 6 pm and was placed in line on the left of Hooker's corps. By the morning of May 26, Howard's entire corps was fully deployed. Regarding Palmer's XIV Corps, Brigadier General Absalom Baird's 3rd Division was assigned to guard Thomas' wagon train at Burnt Hickory and Brigadier General Richard W. Johnson's 1st Division was placed in reserve behind Hooker. On the morning of May 26, McPherson's two corps occupied Dallas and confronted Hardee's corps about farther east. McPherson deployed Logan's XV Corps on the right, Dodge's XVI Corps in the center, and Davis' XIV Corps division on the left. Between Davis and Hooker, there was a lightly defended area. Schofield's XXIII Corps left Brigadier General Alvin Peterson Hovey's division to watch the wagon train and proceeded with the divisions of Brigadier Generals Jacob Dolson Cox and Milo S. Hascall. Schofield's corps reached the battlefield after an all night march in the rain. During the night, Schofield was injured when his horse fell into a ravine, so Cox temporarily assumed command of the corps. In the morning, Sherman directed the corps to the left of Howard's corps and, after marching by compass through thick woods, it came into line near Brown's saw-mill. At this point, the XXIII Corps and the left of the IV Corps made a right wheel to face toward the Confederate defensive positions. On May 26, both sides entrenched and the day was notable for the continuous skirmishing that took place between the two sides.
Battle
The maneuver
Sherman decided to turn Johnston's right flank. Aware of his numerical superiority, and with both armies entrenched, Sherman decided that he could assemble some of his troops and use them to outflank the Confederate defenses. In addition, by extending his left flank northward, Sherman was able to get closer to the railroad line. Also on May 26, McCook's cavalry bested Wheeler's horsemen in a skirmish, capturing 50 Confederates. This clash seemed to indicate that Johnston's right flank was only defended by cavalry.
On May 27, the artillery of Schofield, Howard, and Hooker bombarded the Confederate defenses starting at dawn, and the opposing batteries replied. Sherman wanted Howard, supported by Schofield's divisions, to thrust at what he believed to be Johnston's right flank while McPherson pressed back the Confederate left flank. At dawn, Howard withdrew Thomas J. Wood's division (IV Corps) from its newly-dug trenches and replaced it with David S. Stanley's division. As Wood's division marched north, Thomas and Howard conducted a reconnaissance of the location where Sherman wanted to attack. Finding that the assault would have to cross an open field subject to Confederate cross fire, Thomas instructed Howard to shift the assault location farther north, to the left of Schofield's lines. Thomas also detached Johnson's 1st Division from XIV Corps so that it could support Wood's attack. Furious that first Davis' and now Johnson's divisions were taken away from him, Palmer threatened to resign command of XIV Corps, and Thomas had to talk him out of it.
At 11 am, Wood's division was formed into a column of brigades with each brigade formed into two lines, so that the division was deployed into six lines, one behind the other. Johnson's division was formed into a similar column. The Union divisions marched through forests so dense that Wood gave the colonel of his leading regiment a compass to guide the movement. After marching , Howard ordered Wood's and Johnson's columns to turn to the right and prepare to attack. Wood's skirmishers went forward and discovered entrenched Confederates in front, so Howard decided to attack farther north. Howard ordered Brigadier General Nathaniel McLean's brigade to support Wood's right flank; McLean's command was the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps. The crucial defense of McLean's brigade at the Second Battle of Bull Run may have prevented a Union catastrophe, but bad blood existed between McLean and Howard. Historian Albert Castel asserted, "Of all the brigade commanders in Sherman's army, a worse one to assist in Howard's attack could not have been found." Howard blamed McLean among others for the disaster to XI Corps at the Battle of Chancellorsville and McLean detested Howard for it.
Earlier, Johnston transferred Cleburne's division from Hardee's corps to the extreme right flank. On Cleburne's left was Hindman's division of Hood's corps. Cleburne's division was entrenched with the brigades of Brigadier Generals Mark Perrin Lowrey and Daniel Govan in the front line and the brigades of Brigadier Generals Lucius E. Polk and Hiram B. Granbury in reserve. Govan's scouts reported Howard's movement to Johnston, who ordered probes of the Federal lines, believing that Sherman was making a general retreat to the railroad. These probes captured some Union skirmishers but quickly discovered that Sherman's defenses were well-manned. With this information, Johnston realized that Sherman was trying to turn his right flank. He directed Hindman's troops to shift to their right and ordered Stewart's division to help Cleburne. At this time, McPherson notified Sherman that the Confederate troops in front of him were strongly entrenched. Sherman finally understood that Johnston blocked his plan to sweep around the Confederate western flank. Sherman quickly discarded his original strategy and replaced it with a plan to move northeast to the railroad.
The attack
After marching an additional , Wood's and Johnson's troops reached a north-flowing stream called Pickett's Mill Creek. This tributary of Pumpkinvine Creek was named after a nearby grist mill, owned by Malachi Pickett. Howard and Wood conducted another reconnaissance and discovered Confederates digging trenches, but the entrenchments did not extend to the left. Howard ordered Wood and Johnson to swing their divisions to the right, and directed McLean to make a false attack which was designed to draw fire away from Wood's real attack. Wood rapidly formed his division for assault, but both Johnson and McLean moved their commands very slowly. At 3:35 pm, Howard sent a courier notifying his superior Thomas that he was, "turning the enemy's right flank, I think". Thomas' reply arrived at 4 pm to go ahead with the attack. Even so, Howard hesitated until Wood asked, "Are the orders still to attack?" Howard gave the order to attack.
Wood's division consisted of the brigades of Colonel William Harvey Gibson (1st), Brigadier General William Babcock Hazen (2nd), and Colonel Frederick Knefler (3rd). At 4:30 pm, Wood ordered Hazen's brigade, which was in front, to advance. Wood remarked to Howard, "We will put in Hazen, and see what success he has," and Howard agreed. Previously, Hazen believed that Wood's entire division would attack, but he realized that his 1,500-man brigade was going to assault unsupported. Hazen glanced at his staff officer Ambrose Bierce who instantly knew that a "criminal blunder" was about to happen. All mounted officers sent their horses to the rear and went forward on foot, with Hazen guiding his brigade with a compass because the woods and underbrush were so dense. Hazen's men soon encountered about 1,000 dismounted cavalrymen from the divisions of Brigadier Generals John H. Kelly and William Y. C. Humes.
The Confederate cavalrymen gamely fought back, but they were deployed in a long skirmish line and Hazen's infantry forced them to give way. Hazen's troops reached a ravine and saw a ridgeline ahead of them about away. As Hazen's soldiers surged forward to seize the ridge, Granbury's Texas brigade reached the spot ahead of them. Warned that Federals were about to turn his right flank, Cleburne sent Granbury's brigade to help the outmatched cavalrymen. The Texans took cover and opened fire on the approaching Union troops, inflicting many casualties. Some of Hazen's men called out, "Ah, damn you, we have caught you without your logs", as they rushed forward. Hazen's men got within of Granbury's line before they were forced to take cover and return fire. Blocked in front, Hazen swung his second line regiments toward a cornfield on the left. Seeing the cavalrymen on his right getting overpowered, Granbury asked for help from Govan's brigade. Govan sent the consolidated 8th and 19th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, and it drove back some of the Federals who were pressing the cavalry. Next, Cleburne deployed Lowrey's brigade on Granbury's right flank where it repelled more of Hazen's troops. Unfortunately for Hazen and his men, no units from Johnson's division appeared to support his attack.
With his soldiers taking heavy losses and running low on ammunition, Hazen frantically sent messages to his superiors asking for reinforcements. No help came and neither Wood nor Howard ever explained why. After 50 minutes, the Union survivors spontaneously withdrew; Hazen made no effort to stop them. Finally, with Hazen's attack completely spent, Wood ordered Gibson's brigade forward, thinking that "a second effort might be more successful". Gibson's men were stopped by the same intense rifle and artillery fire. Johnson's 1st Division, XIV Corps was made up of the brigades of William Carlin (1st), John H. King (2nd), and Benjamin F. Scribner (3rd). Scribner's brigade finally showed up on Gibson's left, but was quickly pinned down by enfilade rifle fire from Kelly's dismounted cavalrymen. On Gibson's right, McLean's troops displayed no activity, so Key's Arkansas Battery and another artillery unit swung their guns to the right and blasted Gibson's hapless soldiers.
Captain Cyrus Askew of the 15th Ohio Infantry Regiment went to the rear to ask for reinforcements and found Wood and Gibson. After Howard rode up and asked Askew for a report, a shell landed nearby. Howard threw up the stump of his amputated arm and shouted, "I am afraid to look down". It turned out that a shell fragment knocked off the heel of Howard's boot, but his foot was not maimed as he feared. Even so, Howard's foot was badly bruised, leaving him unable to walk or ride a horse. Meanwhile, after an hour of futile attempts to capture the ridge, Gibson's troops pulled back. They joined Hazen's men in the rear who were complaining that they had been "sold out". At 6 pm, Howard received a message from Thomas, saying that Sherman canceled the attack at 5:15 pm and ordered him to only defend. Howard ordered Wood to send Knefler's brigade forward to hold the Confederates in check until entrenchments were dug. Knefler's brigade advanced at 6:30 pm and blundered into the ravine where it was struck by intense fire. Pulling back, Knefler's men plus the 37th Indiana and 78th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiments from Scribner's brigade took a position where they exchanged fire with the Confederates until nightfall.
After dark, Knefler's men went forward to retrieve as many wounded Union soldiers from the ravine as possible. Among other casualties, Johnson was grazed by a shell and handed command of his division to King. At 10 pm Knefler got the order to pull back, since the defense line was completed. At the same time, Granbury ordered his men to charge into the ravine to drive off any remaining Union soldiers. In the pitch dark, few soldiers were hit by bullets, but Granbury's Texans captured numerous Federals and chased others away. Then Granbury's troops fell back to the ridge. That night, a veteran of many battles from the Texas brigade was assigned to picket duty in the ravine. At dawn, he was so sickened by the carnage that he had to leave. He noted that many of the Federal gunshot victims were struck in the head.
Aftermath
Cleburne's division reported sustaining 448 casualties, mostly in Granbury's brigade. The Union soldiers suffered a loss of 1,600 killed, wounded, and missing. The American Battlefield Trust estimated losses at 500 Confederate and 1,600 Union. Normally, the killed-to-wounded ratio in Civil War battles was one-to-five. In this battle, the number of killed in Wood's division was extraordinarily high, probably because many of the dead were shot repeatedly. The Confederates found one corpse with 47 bullet holes. Hazen's brigade lost 467 casualties, Gibson's brigade lost 681, and Knefler's brigade lost 250, mainly prisoners. Scribner's brigade lost 125 of which 102 were from the 37th Indiana and 78th Pennsylvania. About 70 wounded and 140 unwounded Union soldiers were captured by the Confederates. Georgia State Parks credited Union forces with 14,000 troops and Confederate forces with 10,000 soldiers.
Cox acknowledged that Wood's troops were assailed by fire from Cleburne's division in front, Hindman's division on their right, and cavalry on their left. Even so, Cox believed that if Johnson had ordered Scribner to push straight on, while fending off the Confederate cavalry with another one of his brigades, the attack might have succeeded. Cox admitted that some "mistake" prevented McLean's brigade from having any effect. Castel pointed out that a crack Confederate brigade on favorable terrain, supported by two more brigades, dismounted cavalry, and artillery, could be expected to repulse two Union brigades attacking piecemeal.
Hascall's division on Schofield's left flank was initially drawn back at an angle. During Wood's attack, Hascall wheeled his division to the right and McLean's brigade was used to fill the gap between Wood's right and Hascall's left. By this time, Sherman thoroughly committed himself to the strategy of moving to his left (northeast) in the direction of the railroad. An added spur to this strategy was the discovery that his soldiers were not getting enough food. Even though the wagon train carried 20 days of food, the sparse road net and the distance to the Union forward base at Kingston did not allow the food to be distributed to the soldiers efficiently.
Hood's corps spent the night of May 27–28 marching to attack Sherman's new left flank. At 6 am on May 28, scouts from Wheeler's cavalry reported that the Federals were waiting behind breastworks, so Johnston called off the attack. That day, Johnston directed Hardee to order Bate's left flank division to probe McPherson's lines to find out if the Union troops were still present. At 3:45 pm, Bate's division and Brigadier General Frank Crawford Armstrong's dismounted cavalry brigade launched an attack on lines manned by Logan's XV Corps. Bate's botched assault in the Battle of Dallas resulted in over 1,000 Confederates getting shot, while Logan admitted only 379 casualties. Ironically, Sherman had ordered McPherson to shift to the left on the night of May 28–29.
After various delays, Sherman's shift to the left finally began and on June 1, Stoneman's cavalry occupied Allatoona. This allowed Sherman's railroad crews to proceed with repairing the track. On June 2, Schofield's XXIII Corps pressed forward on the extreme left flank until it encountered Confederate entrenchments near Allatoona Creek. On June 3, Union cavalry under McCook and Stoneman seized Acworth on the railroad. On the same day, Hooker's XX Corps extended Sherman's left flank farther to the left of Schofield. On the night of June 4–5, Johnston abandoned his line of field fortifications based on New Hope Church and retreated to a new line running northeast from Lost Mountain to Pine Mountain to Brushy Mountain. The next major clash occurred at the Battle of Gilgal Church on June 15.
Between May 23 and June 6, including the fighting at New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Dallas, Sherman's forces suffered 4,500 casualties while Johnston's army lost 3,000. Confederate morale, which sagged after the early May retreats, was uplifted by Johnston's defensive victories. Since the start of the campaign, Sherman's three armies sustained about 12,000 casualties out of a total of 100,000 men, while Johnston's army lost about 9,000 out of an estimated 65,000–75,000 men.
Noted author Ambrose Bierce fought for the Union as a topographical engineer at Pickett's Mill. Bierce's short story The Crime at Pickett's Mill is an eyewitness account of this battle.
Battlefield today
The address of Pickett's Mill Battlefield Historic Site is 4432 Mount Tabor Church Road, Dallas, Georgia 30157. It is now preserved as a Georgia state park in excellent condition. The site includes a visitor center, earthworks used by Union and Confederate troops, a pioneer cabin, and hiking trails.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Primary source
This is a first-person account of the battle.
External links
Pickett's Mill at Civil War Virtual Tours
Battle of Pickett's Mill
Paulding County Historical Society & Museum
Pickett's Mill Battlefield Historic Site photos from GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac
The Ambrose Bierce Project
The Crime at Pickett's Mill by Ambrose Bierce.
Atlanta campaign
Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)
Battle of Pickett's Mill
Conflicts in 1864
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
May 1864 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Pickett%27s%20Mill |
Rupert Lloyd Edwards (born 4 July 1945) is a Jamaican reggae singer and record producer.
Biography
Rupie Edwards was born in Goshen, in Saint Ann Parish. The family moved to Kingston in 1958, where he sang in talent contests, including those run by Vere Johns. He was spotted by producer S.L. Smith, for whom he recorded his debut single, "Guilty Convict" b/w "Just Because", released on Smith's Hi=Lite label nd licensed to Blue Beat Records in 1962.
After recording a few further singles, he formed the Ambassadors in 1965 with Paragons singer Junior Menz and guitarist Eric Frater, becoming the Virtues with the addition of Dobby Dobson. They recorded several singles for Harry J, as well as Edwards' first self-production, "Burning Love", credited to Rupie Edwards and the Virtues.
The Virtues broke up in 1968, and Edwards started to focus mainly on his work as a producer, although he continued to release his own records in the late 1960s and early 1970s. By the beginning of the 1970s, he had recorded artists like The Heptones, The Mighty Diamonds, Bob Andy, Johnny Clarke, Joe Higgs, Gregory Isaacs ("Lonely Man") and The Ethiopians on his own record labels 'Success' and 'Opportunity', based at his Success record shop in Orange Street, and on the Trojan Records sub-labels Big Records and Cactus. He also worked with DJs such as U-Roy, Dennis Alcapone and I-Roy, and released some instrumental versions with his studio band, The Rupie Edwards All Stars. The group included musicians such as saxophonist Tommy McCook, trombone player Vin Gordon, drummer Carlton 'Santa' Davis, guitarist Hux Brown, pianist Gladstone Anderson, bassist Clifton 'Jackie' Jackson and organist Winston Wright.
In 1974, he released an album (Yamaha Skank) containing solely of tracks based on the Uniques' "My Conversation" riddim, credited as the first single-riddim album. In 1974 and 1975, he scored hits in the UK Singles Chart with "Ire Feelings" and "Leggo Skanga". Both tracks were based on the same riddim, first used for Johnny Clarke's "Everyday Wondering", and the Ire Feelings album followed in 1975. Another one-riddim album based on these tracks, Ire Feelings - Chapter and Version, was released by Trojan in 1990.
After these successes, Edwards moved to London, and since then has continued producing and recording, working with artists such as Jah Woosh, Gladstone Anderson, Errol Dunkley, Dobby Dobson, and Shorty the President, and releasing a series of Dub Basket albums culled from his earlier productions. He now mainly records Gospel music.
Discography
Albums
Yamaha Skank (1974), Success
Ire Feelings (1975), Cactus
Jamaica Serenade (1976), Cactus
Conversation Stylee (1980), Tad's
Lovers Roots (198?), Success - split with Dobby Dobson
Pleasure and Pain (1987), Success
Sweet Gospel Volume Four, Rupie Edwards
Bible Music Citation (2007), Success
Compilations
Various Artists - Rupie's Gems - 1972-1974 (1974), Cactus
Various Artists - Yamaha Skank (1974), Success
Rupie Edwards & Various Artists - Hit Picks (1974), Horse
Rupie Edwards All Stars - Dub Basket (1975), Cactus - also issued as Dub Classic (1977), Success
Rupie Edwards All Stars - Dub Basket Chapter 2 (1976), Cactus
Various Artists - Rupie's Gems Volume 2 (1976), Cactus
Hit Picks Volume 1 (1977), Success
Various Artists - Ire Feelings, Chapter & Version 1973-1975 (1990), Trojan
Rupie Edwards & Friends - Let There Be Version (1990), Trojan
Rupie Edwards All Stars & Various Artists - Pure Gold - Success
Various Artists - House of Lovers
Various Artists - Rupie's Scorchers - 1969-1971 - Trybute (2002)
Success Archives vols. 1-8 (2006-2007), Success
Best of Sweet Gospel, Reggae And Soul - Vols. 1 - 7 (2006), Success
Rupie Edwards Presents Success Archives - From Kingston Jamaica to London UK (2013), Rupie Edwards
See also
List of Jamaican record producers
List of reggae musicians
References
Further reading
Edwards, R.L. "Rupie" (2016) Some People, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform,
External links
Rupie Edwards Discography from Roots Archives
1945 births
Living people
Jamaican record producers
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican male songwriters
People from Saint Ann Parish
Trojan Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupie%20Edwards |
The 414th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron is a provisional United States Air Force unit. It operates the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, last known assigned to the 39th Expeditionary Operations Group, Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The 39th Expeditionary Operations Group was part of the 39th Air Expeditionary Wing (manned by the 39th Air Base Wing). It controls the launch and landing of the Predator air vehicles.
The squadron was activated as the 24th Reconnaissance Squadron in February 1942. Shortly thereafter, it was redesignated as the 414th Bombardment Squadron. After brief training in the United States with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress aircraft, it was one of the first heavy bomber squadrons to deploy to the European Theater of Operations. At the end of the year, following Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, it participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Germany from the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. It earned two Distinguished Unit Citations for its actions. Following V-E Day, it was inactivated in Italy.
The squadron was converted to provisional status under its current designation in 2011.
Mission
The squadron's mission is to provide intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance for NATO and Turkey. The squadron uses the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, a remotely piloted aircraft that provides full-motion, high-definition video surveillance. About fifteen Air Force personnel are stationed at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey to operate the Predators. Maintenance operations were transferred to a contractor. The squadron is responsible for the launch and recovery of mission aircraft, acting as the launch and recovery element, while a mission control element operates the Reaper during its mission.
In 2011 the mission control element was located at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.
History
World War II
Organization and training
The squadron was activated at MacDill Field, Florida in February 1942 as the 24th Reconnaissance Squadron, one of the original squadrons of the 97th Bombardment Group. Since a reorganization of General Headquarters Air Force in September 1936, each bombardment group of the Army Air Forces (AAF) had an assigned or attached reconnaissance squadron, which operated the same aircraft as that group's assigned bombardment squadrons. The following month, it moved to Sarasota Army Air Field, Florida, where it trained with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress aircraft and also flew antisubmarine patrols. In April, the practice of having one squadron of heavy bombardment groups designated for reconnaissance ended and the squadron became the 414th Bombardment Squadron. After a brief training period the squadron left Sarasota on 16 May.
The ground echelon sailed on the , arriving in Scotland on 10 June and at RAF Grafton Underwood, Northamptonshire, the following day. The air echelon, along with the air echelon of the 342nd Bombardment Squadron staged through Grenier Field, New Hampshire starting on 15 May. From 2 through 11 June the squadrons deployed elements to the Pacific Coast, recommencing their deployment to Great Britain via Goose Bay Airport, Labrador and Greenland to Prestwick Airport Scotland on 23 June. The squadron's B-17s began arriving at Grafton Underwood on 1 July, where they formed part of the first heavy bomber group assigned to Eighth Air Force.
Combat in Europe
Operations from Great Britain
The haste with which the squadron had trained and deployed resulted in deficiencies in its training. Most pilots had not flown at high altitudes on oxygen; some gunners had never operated a turret, much less fired at a moving target. Crews had flown together for only a few weeks in training. The squadron's first weeks in England were devoted to intensive training, with numerous specialists attending Royal Air Force (RAF) schools to prepare for combat. The squadron flew its first mission on 17 August 1942, attacking a marshalling yard at Rouen, which was also the first mission flown by AAF heavy bombers stationed in Great Britain. Two days later, the squadron supported Operation Jubilee, the raid on Dieppe, by attacking Abbeville/Drucat Airfield. It attacked naval installations, airfields and industrial and transportation targets in France and the Low Countries.
In September, the 97th Group and its squadrons were transferred to XII Bomber Command in the preparations for Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa. However, VIII Bomber Command retained operational control of these units until they left England. The first AAF bomber groups to deploy to England had patterned their basing on that of the RAF Bomber Command, which typically had a wing with two bomber squadrons on a station. The 414th and 342nd Squadrons were at Grafton Underwood, while the 340th and 341st, along with 97th Group headquarters were at RAF Polebrook. In September, the AAF decided to follow its own organization and use larger bases that would accommodate an entire group, and the 414th and 342nd Squadrons joined the rest of the group at Polebrook.
Operations in the Mediterranean Theater
Following the Operation Torch landings at Oran and Algiers on 8 November, the air echelon of the 414th left Polebrook on 18 November, staging through RAF Hurn for Maison Blanche Airport, Algeria. The ground echelon sailed by convoy to Algeria. The squadron was established at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria near the end of November.
Through May 1943, the squadron engaged in the campaign to cut German supply lines in North Africa by striking shipping in the Mediterranean Sea and bombing docks, harbors, airfields and marshalling yards in North Africa, Sardinia, Sicily and southern France and Italy. The squadron moved forward through Algeria and into Tunisia during these operations. In June 1943, it supported Operation Corkscrew, the projected invasion of Pantelleria, which resulted in the surrender of the island without invasion. Through the summer of 1943, it supported Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily, and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy.
From November 1943, the squadron was primarily involved with the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. The following month, it moved to Italy, pausing at Cerignola Airfield for a month before moving to Amendola Airfield, which would be its station for the remainder of the war. It bombed targets in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia; striking strategic targets such as oil refineries, aircraft factories and marshalling yards. During Big Week, the intensive attacks on the German aircraft industry in February 1944, it was part of the lead formation in a strike on an aircraft manufacturing plant at Steyr, Austria. The group was awarded its first Distinguished Unit Citation for that raid. It received a second DUC for an attack on the oil refineries near Ploesti, Romania on 18 August 1944.
The group also flew air support and interdiction missions against enemy lines of communication, airfields and transportation facilities. It supported Allied forces at Anzio and Monte Cassino. It supported Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France, with attacks on coastal defenses. In the spring of 1945, it supported United States Fifth Army and British Eighth Army in their advance through the Po Valley.
Following V-E Day, the squadron moved to Marcianise Airfield, Italy, where it was inactivated on 29 October 1945.
Expeditionary operations
The squadron was converted to provisional status as the 414th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) in the summer of 2011. USAFE activated it for the first time at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey in the fall. Its Predators were previously deployed in Iraq, where they flew missions surveilling elements of the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which continued from Incirlik. The squadron is made up of airmen deployed from Creech and Holloman Air Force Bases. While in flight, video footage was transmitted to operators at Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri. Squadron operations were limited to reconnaissance until July 2016, when the government of Turkey approved the use of Incirlik to conduct strike missions against ISIS in Syria in Operation Nomad Shadow. The squadron conducted the first strike against ISIS from Incirlik in support of Operation Inherent Resolve in August.
Lineage
Constituted as the 24th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
Activated on 3 February 1942
Redesignated 414th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942
Redesignated 414th Bombardment Squadron, Heavy 30 September 1944
Inactivated on 29 October 1945
Converted to provisional status and redesignated 414th Expeditionary Reconnaissance Squadron on 19 July 2011
Activated on 15 October 2011
Assignments
97th Bombardment Group, 3 February 1942 – 29 October 1945
United States Air Forces in Europe to activate or inactivate as needed, 19 July 2011
39th Expeditionary Operations Group, 15 October 2011 – present
Stations
MacDill Field, Florida, 3 February 1942
Sarasota Army Air Field, Florida, 29 March 1942 – 16 May 1942
RAF Grafton Underwood (AAF-106), England, 11 June 1942
RAF Polebrook (AAF-110), England, 8 September 1942 – 10 November 1942
Maison Blanche Airport, Algeria, c. 19 November 1942
Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria, c. 22 November 1942
Biskra Airfield, Algeria, 26 December 1942
Chateaudun-du-Rhumel Airfield, Algeria, 8 February 1943
Pont du Fahs Airfield, Tunisia, 12 August 1943
Depienne Airfield, Tunisia, 14 August 1943
Cerignola Airfield, Italy, c. 14 December 1943
Amendola Airfield, Italy, 17 January 1944
Marcianise Airfield, Italy, c. October 1945 – 29 October 1945
Incirlik Air Base, Turkey, 15 October 2011 – present
Aircraft
Boeing B-17E Flying Fortress, 1942
Boeing B-17F Flying Fortress, 1942–1945
General Atomics MQ-1B Predator, 2011–present
Awards and campaigns
See also
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Units of the Mediterranean Theater of Operations
List of United States Air Force reconnaissance squadrons
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
Reconnaissance squadrons of the United States Air Force
Air expeditionary squadrons of the United States Air Force | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/414th%20Expeditionary%20Reconnaissance%20Squadron |
Children of the Living Dead is a 2001 American direct-to-video zombie film written by Karen L. Wolf, directed by Tor Ramsey, and executive produced by John A. Russo.
Plot
Serial killer and serial rapist Abbott Hayes disappears from the morgue and becomes the leader of several waves of zombies that attack his home town. Fourteen years after the last zombie attack, a businessman relocates bodies from a local cemetery to pave the way for progress, but sets in motion Abbott's next undead assault.
Cast
Production
Children of the Living Dead was produced by John Russo, who had released a colorized version of Night of the Living Dead for its 30th anniversary, which included additional scenes and was colorized. Children of the Living Dead was intended to be a sequel to this version of the film and shot in Pittsburgh and Ohio with principal photography beginning on July 7, 2000, with a budget of $500,000. The screenplay in the film was written by the daughter of executive producer Joseph Wolf, Karen Lee Wolf who also produced the film. Make-up artist on the film Vincent Guastini described the head zombie in the film, Abbott Hayes, as "the Nosferatu of zombies" giving him long fingernails and glowing blue eyes. Along with acting in the film, Savini also coordinated the stunts.
Director Tor Ramsey felt the production was difficult, with producers Russo and Karen Wolf telling him to cast many of their friends as crew members rather than the people he originally had in mind. Russo stated that when he signed on to it, Joe Wolf was financing the film and stated that Wolf felt his screenplay for the film was great and that he had intentions to direct it. Russo stated that Wolf then came to him saying he wanted to do his daughter's script which Russo described as "horrible." Russo declared that he "wanted to resign every day but I couldn’t because these people would’ve lost a summer’s worth of work. We hoped for the best and hoped it’d get revised and instead it’s a piece of crap. I call it The Living Abomination of Children." In an interview with Tom Savini about his career, he referred to the film as "the biggest piece-of-shit movie ever made" and that his lines were dubbed. Savini echoed what Ramsey stating that the "producer on the show as an idiot. I think her father gave her that movie as a present, and she didn't know what the hell she was doing." and that "the film shouldn't even be on the shelves of video stores."
Release
Children of the Living Dead was released directly to video on October 9, 2001, on VHS and DVD by Artisan.
Reception
The film received negative reviews from critics. Contemporary reviews included, Pete Sankey of Rue Morgue stated the film had no "blood, no action, nothing impressive at all" and that the entire film was dubbed and "it seems as little effort as possible was made to get the sound in sync with the lip movements." Sankey concluded that the film was a "coma-inducing, incomprehensible mess." An unnamed reviewer in Fangoria opined that "It's hard to tell what the primary problem is here: the awful actors, the nickel-and-dime budget or the wretched, childish script; let's call it a three-way tie." The reviewer went on to state that Abbott Hayes "wears what looks like a store-bought Halloween mask and gloves". A retrospective review from Peter Dendle in The Zombie Movie Encyclopedia, Volume 2 had him declared the film as a "Wretched and hopeless" finding the film "dismal, boring, and unnecessarily complicated, all at once."
Russo called it the worst film that he had worked on, and said that he often tempted to resign from the production. Savini has also been dismissive of the film; in an interview, he said that it was originally meant to be a serious horror film but turned out horrible.
References
External links
Apology from the director, Tor Ramsey at Homepage Of The Dead
2001 films
2001 horror films
American zombie films
American independent films
Films shot in Pittsburgh
Films shot in Ohio
American direct-to-video films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20of%20the%20Living%20Dead |
Jan Egil Storholt (born 13 February 1949) is a former speed skater from Norway. He was born in Løkken Verk which at the time was part of the Meldal municipality.
Biography
Together with Amund Sjøbrend, Sten Stensen, and Kay Stenshjemmet, Jan Egil Storholt was one of the legendary four S-es (which sounds like "four aces" in Norwegian), four Norwegian top skaters in the 1970s and early 1980s.
Storholt grew up in the village of Løkken about from Trondheim. He became a member of sports club Falken ("Falcon") in Trondheim. Falken was the club 1948 Olympic 1,500 m Champion Sverre Farstad and three-time 1952 Olympic Champion (on the 1,500 m, 5000 m, and 10000 m) Hjalmar Andersen had skated for.
Storholt was the Norwegian Junior Champion in 1969, but when he was almost killed in a mining accident in 1970, he was told he would probably not be able to compete at the highest levels again, and it seemed that his promising career had already come to an end. However, Storholt's determination got him back to the Norwegian top by 1972. After some of the best Norwegian speed skaters had turned professional in 1973 (and therefore also could no longer participate in the Olympic Games), Storholt suddenly was one of the best Norwegian amateurs.
It still took until 1976 for his first major international successes: After having won bronze at the European Allround Championships that year, Storholt went on to win Olympic gold on the 1,500 m in Innsbruck. This made him the third Olympic 1,500 m Champion for sports club Falken. In 1977 he became European Allround Champion and was narrowly defeated by Eric Heiden in the World Allround Championships. He won silver behind Heiden in three consecutive World Championships, and became European Allround Champion for the second time in 1979. This year he won his only Norwegian allround title as a senior.
Storholt ended his speed skating career in 1981, after having won bronze in the World Championships.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Storholt at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:
Records
World records
Over the course of his career, Storholt skated two world records:
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the WR column lists the official world records on the dates that Storholt skated his personal records.
Note that Storholt's personal record on the 5,000 m was not a world record because Kay Stenshjemmet skated 6:56.9 at the same tournament.
Storholt was number one on the Adelskalender, the all-time allround speed skating ranking, for a total of 30 days, divided over two short periods in 1977 and 1978. He has an Adelskalender score of 163.042 points.
References
Eng, Trond. All Time International Championships, Complete Results: 1889 - 2002. Askim, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2002.
Eng, Trond; Gjerde, Arild and Teigen, Magne. Norsk Skøytestatistikk Gjennom Tidene, Menn/Kvinner, 1999 (6. utgave). Askim/Skedsmokorset/Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1999.
Eng, Trond; Gjerde, Arild; Teigen, Magne and Teigen, Thorleiv. Norsk Skøytestatistikk Gjennom Tidene, Menn/Kvinner, 2004 (7. utgave). Askim/Skedsmokorset/Veggli/Hokksund, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2004.
Eng, Trond and Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater fra offisielle Norske Mesterskap på skøyter, 1894 - 2005. Askim/Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 2005.
Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Norske Mesterskap På Skøyter, 1887 - 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.
Teigen, Magne. Komplette Resultater Internasjonale Mesterskap 1889 - 1989: Menn/Kvinner, Senior/Junior, allround/sprint. Veggli, Norway: WSSSA-Skøytenytt, 1989.
External links
Jan Egil Storholt at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Personal records from Jakub Majerski's Speedskating Database
Evert Stenlund's Adelskalender pages
Historical World Records from the International Skating Union
National Championships results from Norges Skøyteforbund (the Norwegian Skating Association)
1949 births
Living people
World record setters in speed skating
Norwegian male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Norway
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in speed skating
Medalists at the 1976 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Trondheim | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Egil%20Storholt |
District 31 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves Andrews, Armstrong, Bailey, Briscoe, Carson, Castro, Cochran, Collingsworth, Dallam, Deaf Smith, Donley, Ector, Gaines, Glasscock, Gray, Hall, Hansford, Hartley, Hemphill, Howard, Hutchinson, Lipscomb, Loving, Martin, Midland, Moore, Ochiltree, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randall, Roberts, Sherman, Swisher, Wheeler, Winkler and Yoakum counties in the U.S. state of Texas.
The current Senator from District 31 is Kevin Sparks.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 31 has a population of 793,600 with 573,847 that is at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 31 from 1992.
Previous elections
2022
2018
2014
2012
2008
2004
2004
2002
1998
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
31
Andrews County, Texas
Armstrong County, Texas
Bailey County, Texas
Briscoe County, Texas
Carson County, Texas
Castro County, Texas
Cochran County, Texas
Collingsworth County, Texas
Dallam County, Texas
Deaf Smith County, Texas
Donley County, Texas
Ector County, Texas
Gaines County, Texas
Glasscock County, Texas
Gray County, Texas
Hall County, Texas
Hansford County, Texas
Hartley County, Texas
Hemphill County, Texas
Howard County, Texas
Hutchinson County, Texas
Lipscomb County, Texas
Loving County, Texas
Martin County, Texas
Midland County, Texas
Moore County, Texas
Ochiltree County, Texas
Oldham County, Texas
Parmer County, Texas
Potter County, Texas
Randall County, Texas
Roberts County, Texas
Sherman County, Texas
Swisher County, Texas
Wheeler County, Texas
Winkler County, Texas
Yoakum County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2031 |
Lübbecke (; ) is a town in northeast North Rhine-Westphalia in north Germany. This former county town lies on the northern slopes of the Wiehen Hills (Wiehengebirge) and has around 26,000 inhabitants. The town is part of district of Minden-Lübbecke within the Regierungsbezirk of Detmold in the Ostwestfalen-Lippe region. Lübbecke was first mentioned in the records in 775 as hlidbeki and was given town rights in 1279.
Geography
Lübbecke is situated just north of the Wiehen Hills, approx. north of Herford and west of Minden.
Location
Lübbecke is located in northeast North Rhine-Westphalia, north of East Westphalia-Lippe (Ostwestfalen-Lippe), in the southwestern part of the district of Minden-Lübbecke. From a landscape perspective, the town lies in the west of the Minden Land. Geographically, most of the built-up area is on the North German Plain. Only its southern suburbs lie on the northern slope of the Wiehen Hills, whose crest that marks the southern boundary of the borough. The town itself lies on the edge of the hills, whils the rest of the borough is more rural in character. The northern boundary of the borough is defined by the Midland Canal (Mittelland Canal). In the northeast of the borough is the Großes Torfmoor which, together with the Oppenweher Moor, is the largest moor in Westphalia. Between the wet lowlands south of the Mittelland Canal, the glacial valley of the River Weser and the higher ground is a narrow fringe of fertile loess soils at the foot of the Wiehen Hills called the Lübbecker Lößland. The far north of the area is part of the Rahden-Diepenau Geest. In the geest there are only the villages of Stockhausen and Alswede and part of Lübbecke industrial estate.
The highest hills in Lübbecke's territory are the Heidbrink (320 m), the Wurzelbrink (319 m) and the Kniebrink (315 m). Next to the town itself is the Reineberg (276 m), the Heidkopf (273 m) and the Meesenkopf (226 m). The hills in the south of the borough are the highest in the whole of the Wiehen ridge. In the north the land only attains a height of about 50 m. The lowest point is about 48 m.
Waterbodies
Because the watershed of the Wiehen Hills forms the southern boundary of the borough, almost the entire territory of Lübbecke is drained towards the north. Only the few hectares of land on the southern slopes of the Wurzelbrink drain towards the south. The Ronceva river flows through the town itself (mostly through pipes) and via the rivers Flöthe and Große Aue to the Weser. The Weser does not cross the borough, however, and even the Große Aue only enters it in the extreme west. The marketed "mountain spring water" (Gebirgsquellwasser) is still of great importance for the breweries in Lübbecke.
The borough of Lübbecke does not have many natural lakes. Both the river channels and the lakes and ponds in the moor are man-made. The largest bodies of water are the Mittelland Canal, with about 50 ha of water surface in Lübbecke's territory, and an unnamed lake in the moor area, which has a contiguous water area of about 9 ha. All other bodies of water have areas under 1 ha. A total of 1.5% of the borough's area (98.2 ha) is covered by water.
Geology and natural resources
Geologically, the surface is mainly covered with unconsolidated rock of the Quaternary period i.e. sand, gravel, loess and glacial till, predominantly from the Pleistocene epoch. In the Wiehen Hills rocks of the Jurassic period, such as sandstone, also occur on the surface.
Of particular importance, today as in the past, is the recovery of limestone for use as ballast for buildings and roads, and there is a large working quarry in the Wiehen Hills, south of Nettelstedt, where rock is broken and crushed. Numerous small quarries in the Wiehen show that there is a long mining tradition in Lübbecke. Ore appears to have been mined in the hills here for centuries; at Horst Hill there is an old mine gallery. Until the mid 20th century peat was harvested in the Großer Torfmoor, mainly for use in domestic fireplaces. Old transport systems (using tipplers) still existed until a few years ago, when production stopped due to the exhaustion of the deposits and for reasons of nature conservation.
Despite the steep natural gradients, water power cannot be used today because the small catchment area of the mountain streams only delivers small quantities of water. In the past, several water mills worked in the borough. There is a water wheel at the foot of the Wurzelbrink in the village of Eilhausen that can be visited. The use of wind power as a natural resource has recently received a boost. Windmills in places such as Eilhausen show that this energy source has been used since ancient times. The borough's location on the North German Plain favours the use of wind generators, although they are still less cost-effective than other energy generators.
Lübbecke is rated almost everywhere as good to very good in terms of its use of geothermal heat sources, especially borehole heat exchangers, and heat production using heat pumps (see the accompanying map).
History
The settlement of Lübbecke was first mentioned in 775 as hlidbeki in the Frankish imperial annals as the site of a Saxon attack on a frankish camp. The town is named after the creek today known as "Ronceva" and means little beck in English (Low German: lüt Beek or lüttke Beke, High German: kleiner Bach). Lübbecke was the central site of the Saxon hlidbeki gau. In those days there may already have been a church in hlidbeki that dated back to the Saxon Angrivarii under their duke, Widukind, a tribe who had settled the region during the spread of Christianity under Charlemagne. Lübbecke was the center of an early church parish in the Diocese of Minden, and so the nobility who were native to the area as well as the knightly family in Lübbecke were ministeriales of the bishops of Minden. By 1279 Lübbecke had been given its town charter by the Minden Bishop Volquin of Schwalenberg. The area was also run by the bishops of Minden from the country castle of Reineburg (now Hüllhorst). The lords based there came mainly from the knightly family of Lübbecke. The Burgmann estates in Lübbecke were, in turn, enfeoffed by the castle. In 1806 twelve of these Burgmann estates were recorded in the borough. The Burgmannen also held a majority on the town council, which met in town hall, first mentioned in 1460.
From 1295 Lübbecke became part of a canonical church foundation. This was founded in 1274 in Ahlden an der Aller, but moved in 1280 to Neustadt am Rübenberge and in 1295 to Lübbecke to the St. Andrew's Church. It remained here until it was abolished in 1810. The foundation had 4 estates within the town. In 1549 the diocesan synod was held here under Bishop Franz von Waldeck.
In 1648 the now secular Principality of Minden (known prior to secularization as the Bishopric of Minden), to which the present borough belonged, went to Brandenburg-Prussia. The town hall burned down in 1705 and was rebuilt in 1709. In 1765 the Prussian government arranged the division of the marks which generated a large portion of the revenue of the town through the allocation of rights and the collection of hunting revenue. Lübbecke's protests against the mark division were unsuccessful.
Lübbecke's medieval fortifications were preserved up to the beginning of the 19th century. Due to the high cost of maintenance and their limited military value, the fortifications were razed in 1830 and the material used for construction, the walls being transformed into promenades.
Until the establishment of the de facto French Kingdom of Westphalia in 1807 and the introduction of French administrative structures, the Burgmann lords remained a major centre of power in Prussian Lübbecke and hindered the development of a patrician class. The middle class merchants were however always represented on the town council by six senatorial seats and provided a civic mayor, who presided over the town jointly with a noble mayor, but the nobility held the reins. The town hall regulations adopted in 1727 by the Prussian government institutionalized this 'diarchy' and envisaged only two senatorial seats. In the Kingdom of Westphalia Lübbecke became the canton capital in the Département du Weser and in the Distrikt of Minden and remained so even when this fell to France in 1811 (from 1811, the Département de l’Ems-Supérieur). In 1813 Lübbecke became Prussian again and, after belonging briefly to the Zivilgouvernement zwischen Weser und Rhine, became part of the Prussian Province of Westphalia. After extensive administrative reforms and the dissolution of the Principality of Minden, Lübbecke became part of the newly created Regierungsbezirk Minden and district of Rahden. In 1832 Lübbecke became the administrative seat of a new district combining Rahden with elements of the district of Bünde, which was renamed into Lübbecke district.
Like almost everywhere in Minden-Ravensberg the textile industry initially emerged in proto-industrial form and, later, was supported by the Prussian state with the construction of the Cologne-Minden Railway and its branch line from Bünde to Rahden, opened in 1899. The cigar industry developed into an important economic factor in Bünde Land and the surrounding towns, including Lübbecke, from about 1860. In 1863 August Blase founded a cigar factory, which had 6,000 employees by 1938. This included employees in its many branches, because just as before in the proto-industrial textile sector, cigars were often cut, rolled and pressed in the home or in stalls. These two branches of the economy - the textile and tobacco industries - are still represented in Lübbecke today, even though their influence now lags behind that of engineering and other industries. In 1907, the last section of the Minden District Railway to Lübbecke opened (running from Minden via Hille to Eickhorst in 1903). In the 1950s, the narrow gauge railway was converted from metre gauge to standard gauge due to the transport of goods. Operations were discontinued in 1974 and the track dismantled between Hille and Lübbecke. In 1912, the first houses were connected to the electrical supply from the Lower Saxon Power Stations. In 1899 the Gasfabrik am Hahlerbaum, a local gas company, was founded; the precursor to today's public utilities. From 1934 Lübbecke had a central water supply.
In the Second World War, Lübbecke largely escaped attack and was occupied on 3 April 1945 by British troops without great resistance. The nearby town of Bad Oeynhausen became the headquarters of the British forces and British administrative authorities and military staff elements were also housed in Lübbecke. To that end 251 of the 432 houses in Lübbecke were commandeered and cordoned off as accommodation for the Allies. Almost the entire town centre became an exterritorial zone, because all the important administrative buildings of the town's infrastructure went to the British. The finance office on Kaiserstraße was used as the head office of the British Occupation Zone authorities. Even after the foundation of the Federal Republic of West Germany this building remained a base for British military staff, its last use being as the headquarters of the 2nd Armoured Division (Herford being the headquarters of the 1st Armoured Division) before it withdrew in 1983. Up on the hillside above the town was a former Hitler Youth training centre that was also commandeered after the war as Montgomery's headquarters and later became the Officers Mess for HQ 2nd Armoured Division until 1983. After the Division withdrew to the UK the building was renamed Church House and repurposed as a Christian retreat and courses centre as well as a general military conference centre until it closed in 2019 as part of the British Army's withdrawal from Germany.
The election of the first freely elected town council took place on 17 October 1948.
In 1973, after the communal reforms of the Bielefeld Act (Bielefeld-Gesetz) the districts of Minden and Lübbecke were merged into the new district of Minden-Lübbecke and the entire district administration was moved to Minden. At the same time the borough of Lübbecke was significantly increased in size by the parishes of Blasheim, Gehlenbeck, Eilhausen and Nettelstedt and the farming community (Bauernschaft) of Alswede.
Historical population
¹ Census results (measured against the current boundaries)
Incorporations
Before the municipal and land reforms that took place on 1 January 1973 the present villages formed their own parishes in Amt Gehlenbeck (Nettelstedt, Eilhausen, Gehlenbeck) or were farming communities (Bauernschaften) attached to parishes (Obermehnen, Blasheim, Stockhausen and Alswede). Obermehnen, Stockhausen as well as the eponymous farming community of Blasheim which belonged to the parish of Blasheim (Amt Preußisch Oldendorf). The community of Alswede gave its name to the parish and district (Amt) of Alswede. These incorporated areas lay almost entirely south of the Mittelland Canal, whereas the parish of Alswede, disbanded on 1 January 1973, and the districts of Amt Gehlenbeck and Amt Alswede spread out a long way to the north. For the northern boundary of the borough of Lübbeck, newly formed in 1973, the Mittelland Canal was chosen, so that the smaller areas of land north of the canal, including those that had belonged to the town of Lübbecke, were transferred to the town of Espelkamp. A bigger reorganisation was needed in the region of the former parish of Alswede. Its territory north of the canal - the villages of Fiestel and Alswede - were separated from the eponymous district of Alswede and incorporated into Espelkamp. Only the village of Alswede lying south of the canal went to Lübbecke. In the south Lübbecke was given part of the Wiehen Hills (Amt Hüllhorst) that used to belong to Ahlsen-Reineberg, namely the Reineberg and the northern slopes of the Heidbrink.
Religion
The populations has been overwhelmingly Evangelical-Lutheran, since the Prince-Bishopric of Minden accepted the Protestant confession and was secularised in 1648 and, as the Principality of Minden, incorporated into Protestant Prussia. Its Protestant church parishes are the Evangelical-Lutheran parishes in Alswede, Blasheim, Gehlenbeck, Lübbecke and Nettelstedt and the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran parish of St. Peter in Stockhausen and the Evangelical-Free church parish of Lübbecke. The only Roman Catholic parish is the parish of Lübbecke. In addition there are several, other small Christian and non-Christian religious communities.
The breakdown of religious affiliation is illustrated by the example of schoolchildren in Hüllhorst. Around 72% of the children are Protestant (Evangelical), 6.8% Roman Catholic, and 4.4% Islamic. 7.4% say they belong to other religions and 9.2% don't belong to any religion.
Culture and places of interest
Theatre
The Nettelstedt Open Air Stage (Freilichtbühne Nettelstedt) founded in 1923 is an amateur theatre stage with around 900 seats. The Kahle Wart Open Air Stage (Freilichtbühne Kahle Wart) lies right next to the town boundary, albeit on Hüllhorst territory. In the town hall, that has an audience capacity of about 650, there are regular performances and concerts by visiting ensembles.
Music
The numerous trombone bands, such as the Posaunenchor Nettelstedt, grew out of the pietistic trombone bands of the late 19th century and still exist today. In Lübbecke there is a music school and the Jazzclub Lübbecke. St. Andrew's Church has an eponymous choir. In Gehlenbeck a people's choir (Volkschor) was founded in 1922. The idea came from the workers of the numerous cigar factories of that time, who often sang songs at work and wanted to form a society around their pastime.
The Lübbecke Symphony Orchestra (Sinfonieorchester Lübbecke) was founded in 1950 and celebrated its 60th anniversary during the 2009–2010 concert season. Some of its soloists come from the teaching staff of the Pro Musica music school in Lübbecke.
Museums
Barre's Beer World Brewery Museum (Brauereimuseum Barre's Brauwelt): the museum of the town's local brewery, is housed in an old storage cellar and covers the history of the brewery as well as brewing in general.
Lübbecke Town Museum (Museum der Stadt Lübbecke): A comprehensive collection of traditional costume, a cigar-making collection, a cobbler's workshop and many other exhibits of town history are displayed in the town museum on the market square. The exhibits include coins, weapons, paintings and silver jewellery from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The oldest finds date to the Bronze Age.
The Gehrmker Hius in Gehlenbeck offers an insight into the village life of bygone years.
Buildings in Lübbecke
St. Andrew's Church. The church was built from 1160 to 1180 in the Romantic style and converted into a Gothic hall church in 1350.
The ruins of Reineberg Castle are located on the Reineberg, the local hill of Lübbecke. The site was first mentioned in 1221 in the records and was largely demolished in 1723. Today only the remains of the ramparts and moat are recognisable.
The Old Town Hall is a cultural and media centre. The building is first recorded in 1460, but was largely rebuilt after a town fire in 1709. It is a two-storey, rendered, solid building with a gable roof. In the rebuilding work carried out in 1861, it was fitted with a neo-Gothic stepped gable. The east wing with its adjoining Fire Service Tower, whose pointed arch, ground floor arcades reflect the shape of the gable, were not added until 1936. In 2006–2007, the building was turned into a cultural and media centre and extended to the rear.
Residential buildings. Although Lübbecke was largely spared from destruction during the Second World War, its old town no longer has a coherent appearance. Until the middle of the 20th century its streets comprised rows of ordinary, gabled, timber-framed buildings, the majority of which dated to the 18th and 19th centuries. Several of them had bay windows. Not until the redevelopment of the town carried out at the end of the 1960s were there significant losses in the stock of historic houses. The market place (Marktplatz), which was a victim of redevelopment to make way for residential houses and businesses like the Tribbenhof, was particularly badly affected. In 1975, one of the most attractive timber-framed houses in the town, No. 6 Blüttenstraße, with its double-jettied gable, was demolished. Amongst the surviving stone buildings, the house of the industrialist Hecht family, No. 7 Ostertorstrasse, stands out. This classicist plastered building with its central avant-corps was built in 1832 as a restaurant and hotel. Its outside staircase, removed in the 1950s was reconstructed in the 1990s. On Niedertorstraße lies the so-called Old Apothecary (Alte Apotheke). This two-storey, half-timbered building with its mansard roof was built in 1820. Other timber-framed buildings have survived on Langen Straße (Nos. 23, 25, 26 and 44) and in the vicinity of St. Andrew's Church, including the dean's residence, No. 3, Pfarrstraße. On Wilhelmsplatz 1 lies the raised, single-storey Pfarrwitwenhaus ("priest's widow's house"), whose history goes back to the 18th century. It was comprehensively restored in 2002 and is now a bed and breakfast inn.
The Burgmannshof von der Recke, on Am Markt 19 is a local history museum. The date over the main entrance of this two-storey, rendered solid building with its outside staircase is 1735, but its core is probably older. As well as the manor house (Herrenhaus) a part of the courtyard wall, the gate and the storage barn (Speicher), restored in 1985, have survived.
Grapendorfs Hof (community centre), Gerichtsstraße 5. Of the former manor that comprised several buildings, only the manor house itself has survived. The core of the house is likely to date to the end of the 16th century. Damaged in the town fire of 1734, the manor was subsequently rebuilt. Today it forms a modest, heptagonal plastered building with a mansard roof, whose outside staircase was removed in recent times for the benefit of traffic. In 1828 the former castellan's residence (Burgmannshof) was bought from the treasury office, in order to use it as the town court. In 1845 and 1846 it was expanded by a wing to the north, also heptagonal in shape, that acted as a district prison. In 1988, after the district court moved to a larger building, the complex was returned to the town which turned it into a citizens’ community centre. This was opened in 1993. The old district court is used nowadays by numerous groups.
Barre Brewery (Brauerei Barre). The oldest buildings were built shortly after the foundation of the brewery in 1842. The site is dominated by the mash house with its Gothic tower.
On the second highest hill in the borough, the Wurzelbrink (), is a watchtower built in the 19th century, known as the Wartturm.
Beer Fountain (Bierbrunnen): The fountain on the Burgmannshof, donated in 1954 by Ernst-Ludwig Barre, dispenses beer once a year during the Beer Fountain Festival (Bierbrunnenfest).
Buildings in the borough
St. Nicholas' Church in Gehlenbeck was built around 1495. The tower of the Gehlenbeck church is considerably older and was probably erected in the period 1100–1150. There must have been an earlier church by the 10th century, as was indicated by excavations. A church here is first recorded in 1156.
St. Andrew's Church, Alswede: probably built from the destroyed castle of Mesenburg above Lübbecke.
Gehrmker Hius: the Gehrmker Hius in its present style is a timber-framed farmhouse from the year 1798. It is used today as a local history house (Heimathaus).
Königsmühle Eilhausen: this smock mill in Eilhausen was built in 1748 and has a round, sandstone mill tower. The mill has a fantail. The mill is a waypoint on the Westphalian Mill Route.
Wassermühle Eilhausen: the rubble stone building with timber-framed gables may have been built in 1698. The overshot water wheel has a diameter of 2.6 metres. In the 19th century there were many such mills in Lübbecke. The mill is a waypoint on the Westphalian Mill Route.
Stockhausen Manor House: The manor house is a water castle in Stockhausen. The origins of this manor house go back to at least the 14th century.
Stockhausen: Stockhausen is characterised by its rustic farmsteads with their timber framing typical of the regional and their associated hireling cottages. It has 19 listed buildings. Farmyard oaks, mixed orchard meadows and cottage gardens reinforce the countryside feeling. In the competition "Our Village Should Become More Beautiful" (Unser Dorf soll schöner werden) Stockhausen was awarded gold several times in 1995. In 1997 Stockhausen was designated one of four "model cultural villages" (Kulturmusterdörfern) in Ostwestfalen-Lippe.
Renkhausen Manor House: the neo-Renaissance style manor house was founded on the walls of an old water castle that was first mentioned in 1278.
Obernfelde Manor House: the former knight's estate and manor house was first mentioned in 1540.
Eickel Manor House: formerly called Echolte Manor House, it is located near Blasheim. A reference to a knight called Eylwast of Echolte suggests that the manor house may well have existed before 1183. Formerly there was a Groß-Eickel Manor House and a Klein-Eickel Manor House. These two estates were however merged at the start of the 18th century.
Babilonie: the La Tène culture hillfort lies on a hill in the Wiehen near Obermehnen and could have been a refuge castle.
Meesenburg: only the ruins of this fortification on the Meesenkopf hill have survived. It was probably slighted in the 12th century.
Parks
As a small town situated between moorland and forest, Lübbecke has no need for expansive parks in the classic sense. Just 10 to 15 minutes walk away from Lübbecke are the Wiehen Hills and TERRA.vita Nature Park. Lübbecke's townsfolk have the Gallenkamp, a park-like, elevated open space in the immediate vicinity of the town centre. From here there is a splendid view over the Lübbecker Land. In winter the Gallenkamp is used by Lübbecke's youth for tobogganing.
There is also a long strip of parkland in the area of Schützenstraße.
Another large, local area of grassland with walks is located between the cemetery and the Wittekind Grammar School (Wittekind-Gymnasium).
Significantly, all the aforementioned parks and open spaces are within range of the more select residential areas, which are anyway in the immediate vicinity of the Wiehen Hills.
Outside the town itself the majority of parks are in the grounds of manor houses and castles. These include the following parks none of which are open to the public:
Stockhausen Manor Park: Little remains of the former Baroque gardens. An avenue of chestnuts, around 200 years old, runs from north to south from the manor house to the Recke family graveyard and was once an element of the gardens.
Renkhausen Manor Park: The landscape gardens of the manor house were laid out around 1900. A central element is the open area of lawn, which is studded with old trees. An artificial hill and a grotto also form part of the gardens. A 100-year-old Renkhausen lime avenue runs eastwards from the manor house.
Obernfelde Manor Park: The manor park was probably laid out together with the orangery, built in 1829 and now a residence. The orangery forms the centrepiece of a historic landscape park with a relatively extensive system of paths and avenues. Of the original park only a few elements south of the orangery remain.
Nature
That part of the Wiehen Hills in the borough of Lübbecke is also part of the TERRA.vita Nature Park (formerly the North Teutoburg Forest-Wiehen Hills Nature Park). There are also six nature reserves in the borough:
Bastauwiesen: 1,844 ha of protected wet meadows along the Bastau. Large parts of the area lie in Hille and the borough of Minden.
Finkenburg: 13 ha area in Blasheim.
Gehlenbecker Masch: 45 ha of wet meadows
Großes Torfmoor: Westphalia's biggest raised bog (Hochmoor). The 467 ha nature reserve lies partly in Hille.
Rauhe Horst – Schäferwiesen: 198 ha of water meadows and wet grassland.
Sonnenwinkel: 4.3 ha of deciduous forest
The ratio of designated nature reserve land in Lübbecke is over 10 per cent and thus significantly greater than that in the state (7.3 per cent) and the Federation (2 per cent). This high value is all the more surprising because the near-natural Wiehen Hills, apart from the Sonnenwinkel are not a formally designated nature reserve.
The wildlife in Lübbecke includes the following large animals in the near-natural forested and moorland areas: wild boar and roe deer, fox, badger especially in the Wiehen, but also on cultivated land. In the moorland areas there are white stork, and the poisonous viper. Lübbecke is one of only two places, the other being nearby Petershagen, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia where wild white storks still breed.
In the area south of the town is the largest colony of bats; often seen over the gardens on summer evenings.
Five groups of trees or isolated trees near Lübbecke and in the village of Gehlenbeck have been designated as natural monuments.
There are serious discussions that Lübbecke, possibly in cooperation with the neighbouring town of Espelkamp, will apply to stage the state garden show in 2017.
Twin towns – sister cities
Lübbecke is twinned with:
Bayeux, France (1968)
Dorchester, England, United Kingdom (1973)
Tiszakécske, Hungary (1989)
Bad Liebenwerda, Germany (1990)
Sport
The team handball club TuS Nettelstedt-Lübbecke is at home in Lübbecke. The club currently competes in the German First League of Handball.
Education
Schools
Wittekind Gymnasium Lübbecke
Stadtschule Lübbecke
Pestalozzi School
Berufskolleg Lübbecke
References
External links
Official website
Minden-Lübbecke
Wiehen Hills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbbecke |
The Battle of Marietta was a series of military operations from June 9 through July 3, 1864, in Cobb County, Georgia, between Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War. The Union forces, led by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, encountered the Confederate Army of Tennessee, led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, entrenched near Marietta, Georgia.
Battles
Several engagements were fought during this four-week period, including the battles of Pine Mountain (June 14), Gilgal Church (June 15), Kolb's Farm (June 22), and Kennesaw Mountain (June 27). Sherman forced Johnston to withdraw partially on June 18 to protect his supply lines, but the Union forces were not fully victorious until July 3.
Death of Lieutenant General Polk
On June 14, 1864, Confederate General Leonidas Polk, second cousin of former United States president James K. Polk was scouting enemy positions near Marietta, Georgia with his staff when he was killed in action by a Federal shell at Pine Mountain. The artillery fire was initiated when Sherman spotted a cluster of Confederate officers—Polk, William J. Hardee, Johnston, and their staffs—in an exposed area. He pointed them out to Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, commander of the IV Corps, and ordered him to fire on them. The 5th Indiana Battery, commanded by Capt. Peter Simonson, obeyed the order within minutes. The first round came close and a second even closer, causing the men to disperse. The third shell struck Polk's left arm, went through the chest, and exited hitting his right arm then exploded against a tree, cutting Polk nearly in two.
References
CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
External links
Battle of Gilgal Church
Marietta
Marietta
Marietta
Marietta
Leonidas Polk
Marietta
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
June 1864 events
July 1864 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Marietta |
was a Japanese Confucian scholar, now most notable for his opprobrium of Buddhism.
Life
Kiyotsura was a scholar and professor of literature, eventually becoming the Daigaku-no-kami and writing a biography of Fujiwara no Yasunori. He also enjoyed a distinguished career in politics, as both a provincial governor and later as the State Chancellor, dying while holding this office.
In 914, Kiyotsura authored the Memorial of Opinion (Iken Fuji), the purpose of which was to make the Emperor Daigo aware of the deterioration of both the morality of the Imperial Court's nobles and of public finances. He principally blamed Buddhism for this decay, though he also condemns Shinto and Court officials. The excessive expenditure of the Court on clothing and banquets was opposed to his own Confucian ideals - he implored Daigo to establish regulations on dress corresponding to Court rank, and enforce decrees through the use of the metropolitan police force.
Kiyotsura also spoke of the decreasing standard of learning; he blamed this upon the Daigaku-ryō's financial disrepair, ascribing blame for this to the loss of rice lands. He paints a bleak picture of students starving, silent lecture halls, and overgrown courtyards. On the other hand, he admits that he is looking at but one aspect of a greater whole, and his condemnation is not entirely balanced or just.
Although Kiyotsura's suggestions were in part adopted - certain dyes' use was only allowed to those of a certain rank - these regulations were ignored.
References
847 births
918 deaths
Japanese Confucianists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyoshi%20Kiyotsura |
The Eagle Mountain Railroad (EMRR) was a private railroad in California, owned by the Kaiser Steel Corporation, and is owned today by Kaiser Steel's successor, Kaiser Ventures, Inc. of Ontario, California.
The EMRR is long and is located in Riverside County, California. Constructed in 1947–1948, it was used until 1986 to haul iron ore from Kaiser's Eagle Mountain Mine in the Colorado Desert to an interchange with the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in the Coachella Valley. The last revenue train to operate over the line was on March 24, 1986.
Route
The Eagle Mountain Railroad starts at a remote location called "Ferrum" (Latin for iron) which is located adjacent to the Salton Sea in Riverside County, and terminates away at the Eagle Mountain Mine (also known as Iron Chief Mine).
Ferrum was the location of a five track yard that was used to interchange with the Southern Pacific Railroad. Also located at Ferrum is a wye (not disconnected) and maintenance equipment shed. The interchange yard parallels the present-day Union Pacific Railroad Yuma Subdivision main line, the main transcontinental railroad line between California and Texas. The main track heading to Eagle Mountain starts at the east end of the yard.
Upon leaving the Ferrum interchange yard, the track immediately climbs a hill, then descends to a wooden trestle. The track then heads east over mudflats while ascending a grade. There is a wooden trestle over Dos Palmas Wash. The track crosses over the rebuilt Coachella Canal. The canal passes under the track in a concrete siphon. The track crosses the abandoned original channel of the Coachella Canal on a three span steel bridge. While the bridge remains, water no longer flows beneath.
The tracks continue climbing the mudflats east where they turn north on a sweeping curve. Continuing north, the tracks cross the Bradshaw Trail before passing through a small cut and entering the first of two horseshoe curves. After this horseshoe curve, the tracks run east along the foothills of the Chocolate Mountains while the Salt Creek Wash parallels the tracks on the south side.
After curving along the Chocolate Mountains for two miles (3 km), the tracks turn south and cross the Salt Creek Wash on the railroad's longest bridge. The "Salt Creek Wash Bridge" is long and high. The original bridge located here was a wooden trestle. After a fire destroyed that bridge an all-steel bridge was constructed. After the bridge, the track enters the second or upper horseshoe curve. At the start of the horseshoe curve, the track is located on a high fill; by the end of the curve, the track is located in a deep cut.
The tracks head northeast with the Salt Creek Wash paralleling the line on the north side. The tracks cross numerous small washes with either small wooden bridges or cast iron culverts allowing water to pass. At Milepost 20, the uphill grade remained at a constant 2.0% ever since before Milepost 4.
The railroad reaches the top of the long climb from Ferrum at "Summit", which is located at Milepost 25. A long passing siding and a short storage spur are located here. A maintenance shed is also located here.
After Summit, the track begins a long down hill run that will go almost the entire way to Eagle Mountain. Just past Summit, the tracks turn north and head towards Interstate 10. Just prior to crossing under Interstate 10, there are three small maintenance sheds. The "Interstate 10 Underpass" is located at the Red Cloud Road Exit. After the underpass, the tracks curve east and start running along the foothills of the Eagle Mountains. At Milepost 35.8 is "Entrance", the location of a short storage track. Shortly after Entrance, the tracks curve north again and head for the Victory Hills. Just before arriving at the Victory Hills, the tracks cross Eagle Mountain Road, the original access road to the mine. This is the first paved road (other than Interstate 10) that the railroad has crossed.
The Victory Hills are a chain of small hills that run east of the Eagle Mountains and provide a minor obstacle to the railroad. The railroad passes through these through a deep cut in the low part between two hills. After crossing Eagle Mountain Road for a second time, the tracks arrive at "Telephone Pass". The railroad today passes between the same two mountains. Telephone Pass is the end of the downhill grade from Summit and for here to the mine is all uphill.
The uphill climb from Telephone Pass to the Eagle Mountain Mine is called "Caution Hill" and is so named because its 2.15% grade is the steepest on the line and descending it with a loaded ore train required great caution. It got its name after a loaded train ran away here in the early days of the railroad. All loaded ore trains descending Caution Hill were restricted to and were required to come to a complete stop at the bottom for 5 minutes to cool their brakes before proceeding. During the climb up to Eagle Mountain, the tracks cross Eagle Mountain Road for a third time and then cross Aqueduct Road. Immediately after Aqueduct Road, the railroad crosses an underground section of the Colorado River Aqueduct. Fears that vibrations from the heavy trains would damage the underground concrete aqueduct, the railroad crosses the aqueduct on a steel bridge. While this bridge appears to cross over nothing since the desert sand covering the aqueduct covers the lower part of the bridge, its serves a vital function. As the tracks approach Eagle Mountain, they cross Eagle Mountain Road for the fourth and final time before looping around the base of the mountains and arriving at the Eagle Mountain Mine.
"Eagle Mountain Mine" is located at Milepost 51.0 with the end of track located at Milepost 51.3. There are four long tracks used in the loading ore process located here, along with a two track maintenance shop, a wye, and a few storage tracks. All the railroad facilities are located immediately west of the Eagle Mountain townsite.
Traffic
Iron ore
Mining equipment and supplies
History
Kaiser Steel Corporation was incorporated on December 1, 1941, for the purpose of manufacturing steel in Southern California. The finished steel was needed to supply the various shipbuilding facilities controlled by Henry J. Kaiser on the west coast. These facilities were building ships for the British government and were using costly eastern steel that was in short supply. After obtaining the $125 million needed, construction of the mill in Fontana, California, began. In August 1943, the first plate steel rolled off the production line there.
Coal for this early production came from Utah Fuel Company Mine No. 2 at Sunnyside, Utah, and was transported to the mill via the Union Pacific Railroad. In 1950, Kaiser Steel purchased the entire Sunnyside, Utah facility. In 1955, Kaiser purchased of land near Raton, New Mexico, for future expanded coal production. The existing mine at this Raton location, named the Koehler Mine, was operated and upgraded until a newer and more modern mine could be completed. This new mine, named York Canyon Mine, served as the major source of coking coal until the Fontana Mill closed in 1983.
Also needed for the production of steel was limestone. Until 1955, this material was purchased from various sources in California and Nevada. In that year Kaiser Steel purchased a large deposit located at Cushenbury, California, from the Fontana Mill. The limestone was transported to the Fontana Mill by the Santa Fe Railway.
The last ingredient needed for the steelmaking process was a reliable source of iron ore. Kaiser Steel purchased the Vulcan Mine located near Kelso, California, which served as the primary source of ore until 1948. The Union Pacific Railroad transported the iron ore from Kelso to the Fontana Mill. This ore was not of sufficient quality to satisfy Kaiser, and a better source was sought. In 1944 Kaiser Steel purchased the Eagle Mountain mining claim from the Southern Pacific Railroad and began development of the Eagle Mountain Mine after the end of World War II.
Construction and operation
Construction of long Eagle Mountain Railroad began in August 1947. This included of main line from Ferrum Junction (changed in 1956 to just Ferrum) to the mine yard and another two miles (3 km) of mine trackage. This was one of the longest privately built standard gauge railroads constructed in the American Southwest in the post World War II era. The line was completed on July 29, 1948, at a cost of $3.2 million. In August 1948 the first carloads of raw iron ore rolled over the newly-laid rails.
The railroad was originally constructed with 110-pound per yard jointed rail laid on wooden crossties. Later welded rail was tried but difficulties in retrieving this rail after flooding resulted in the railroad switching back to jointed rail. By 1980, 119-pound per yard rail was used in tangent sections while heavier 136-pound per yard rail was used in the majority of the curves.
During early operations, ore was loaded into Southern Pacific gondola and open-top hopper cars of 50-, 60- and 70-ton capacity. Starting in 1958, these cars were replaced by about 700 closed-bottom 100-ton ore cars. These cars were constructed by Southern Pacific at its Sacramento, California, shops. During the 1960s, these cars were modified to give them increased height, needed to carry pelletized ore (which was less dense) and this increased car loadings to 108 tons. From the early 1960s until the early 1970s, two loaded 100-car trains left the mine each day, seven days a week. One train carried the iron ore needed for the Fontana Mill while the second train handled ore to Long Beach, California, where it was shipped to oversea steel mills.
From the early 1970s until the early 1980s, one 100-car train was dispatched to the Fontana Mill each and every day. By 1982, operations varied from three to five trains per week, with as few as 40 carloads per train. After a short suspension of operations in early 1985, trains were run once a week until the complete discontinuance of operation in March 1986.
Loading ore
Loading the railcars with the processed iron ore at Eagle Mountain was fairly simple and required no locomotives to be used. An arriving train of up to 101 empty ore cars would be placed on one of two "incline" tracks. These incline tracks were specifically laid out so that the end of the track furthest from the ore loading tower would be the track's highest point and would gradually drop downgrade to the ore loading tower. When loading operations started, four cars at a time were cut off from the empty ore train and allowed to roll downhill the short distance to the loading tower where they were loaded, two cars at a time.
Once four cars were loaded, they were allowed to roll downhill to a special section of track called the "Reverser Track". As the cars rolled onto the Reverser Track, they would immediately start rolling uphill until they came to a stop and started rolling backward. They would then pass over a spring-loaded switch that would send the four loaded cars to one of two "saucer" tracks. These tracks were laid with the curvature of a saucer, with each end higher than middle. The cars would roll into the saucer track and settle at the bottom. When the next four loaded cars arrived, they would couple to the cars already there without damaging the cars and the entire line of cars would be evenly settled on the saucer track.
Movies
In January–February 1966, Columbia Pictures filmed many scenes for the motion picture The Professionals on the railroad. This action western starred Burt Lancaster, Lee Marvin, Robert Ryan, Woody Strode, Jack Palance and Claudia Cardinale. The basic story involved four men, each with unique talents, being hired by a millionaire to rescue his wife, who was kidnapped by a Mexican bandit. The movie makes extensive use of ex-Great Western steam locomotive No. 75, which stands in for both an American and Mexican locomotive. The scenes where the four men cross the border at a wooden bridge is actually the first railroad bridge north of Ferrum. The large steel bridge over the Salt Creek Wash was actually repainted to appear as a wooden bridge since the movie is set around 1910. Other scenes were shot at Gravel Pit and Summit. An ex-Southern Pacific caboose and a couple old wooden boxcars were used along with a Kaiser Steel flatcar for the various trains seen in the movie.
In March–April 1986, Touchstones Films, a Walt Disney subsidiary, filmed the movie Tough Guys on a portion of the railroad. This comedy starred Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas, Eli Wallach and Dana Carvey. It was the final collaboration for Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas. They play a pair of train robbers that have been released from prison after 30 years. Unable to survive in a changed world, they decide to rob the same train that they robbed 30 years ago. At the end of the film, they hijack the "Gold Coast Flyer" pulled by famed locomotive Southern Pacific 4449, and run it full throttle to the Mexican border.
The special train used in the film consisted of Southern Pacific 4449, its auxiliary water car, and four passenger cars. It departed its home base in Portland, Oregon, on March 5 and arrived in Los Angeles on March 9. Over the next four days, the interior of one passenger car was redone by Touchstone crews since it would appear in one scene. In addition, two Southern Pacific flatcars were added to the train and a mockup of the 4449's cab was placed on one of them. This mockup was used for some cab shots, since it is easier to move the camera around in it than in the real thing. Over the eight days between March 14 and March 21, several scenes were filmed at Southern Pacific's Taylor Yard.
On March 31, 1986, the seven car special train departed Los Angeles at 10:00am and arrived on the Eagle Mountain Railroad at Ferrum around 6:00pm. About one hour later it arrived at the movie set that had been constructed at Summit. The train spent the night here. The next day, April 1, the Southern Pacific 4449 along with one passenger car and its auxiliary water tender headed for Eagle Mountain for water. After filling up with water, the shortened train returned to Summit. The following day, April 2, saw the start of nine days of filming on the railroad. Scenes were shot between the Coachella Canal Bridge and Summit. Shooting these scenes required numerous run-bys and hours of waiting. During the last few days of filming, the water supply on board the locomotive started to run low, so a pair of Kaiser Steel U30C's picked up the auxiliary water tender, took it to Eagle Mountain where it was refilled with water and then returned to Summit later in the day. During the filming, the local school children from Eagle Mountain Elementary School took a field trip to see and tour the train and movie set, with miniatures, at Summit. Filming wrapped up on April 10, and that afternoon the train headed to Eagle Mountain for servicing. The next day, April 11, the special train backed all the way to Ferrum where the train is turned around before heading to Colton, California. The special train arrived back in Portland on April 16.
(Near the end of the movie, it appears that 4449 runs off the end of the track into the dirt, then the actors emerge from the cab. This was done using another full-sized fiberglass/wood mockup, this time of both the engine and tender. This mockup can still be seen through the windows of a garage building adjacent to the cafe in Desert Center, CA.)
Closure
In the late 1970s increased environmental concerns at the Fontana Mill and stiff foreign competition resulted in decreased demand for Kaiser Steel products and thus resulted in a reduction of output at the Eagle Mountain Mine. This dropped the population at Eagle Mountain to a low of 1,890 residents. In Summer 1980, the mine shutdown briefly, reopening on September 23. Only 750 workers were brought back to the town with 150 on furlough.
On November 3, 1981, Kaiser Steel announced the phasing out of half the Fontana Mill and the closure of the entire Eagle Mountain Mine over the next few years. The population dwindled as layoffs began. The grocery store closed in October, 1982 and the post office, which had been active since 1951, closed in January, 1983. In June 1983, the last official graduating class celebrated their commencement at Eagle Mountain High School, followed by closing of both the mine and mill a few months later.
The Eagle Mountain Railroad saw a reduction on operations that mirrored the reduced production at the mine. During the early 1980s, the railroad was only operating a single ore train three to five times per week, with each train consisting of as little as 40 cars. When the mine closed in 1983, the railroad was barely operating three trains per week.
While the Eagle Mountain Mine had stopped all mining activity in 1983, they still had a significant stockpile of processed iron ore sitting on the ground in Eagle Mountain. It was decided to ship this product out since it was high-quality concentrated iron-ore, which is very valuable. The railroad operated two trains per week from mid-1983 until early 1985 when operations shutdown for a brief time. When operations resumed, they only operated a single train per week, usually 50 to 60 cars in length. When the stockpiled ore was gone, the railroad shut down. The last ore train operated on March 24, 1986, when 20 cars of ore where shipped out. Once filming of the Tough Guys movie was completed, the last two remaining locomotives were sent to the Fontana Mill.
Redevelopment
Correctional facility
Shortly after the last iron ore had been shipped out in 1986, the California Department of Corrections proposed placing a privately operated prison for low-risk inmates at Eagle Mountain. In 1988, Management and Training Corporation, an operator of several private-run prisons, converted the old shopping center into just such a facility. State budget problems and a fatal riot led to the closure of the prison on December 31, 2003. Although there were talks to reopen the facility in 2005, no agreement was reached to do so.
Waste site
During 1988, a proposal was made to turn one of the gigantic 1.5-mile-long (2.4 km) by half-mile-wide (800 m) mining pits into a massive, high-tech sanitary landfill. The landfill, to be operated by a partnership of two privately operated trash collection firms and the successor to Kaiser Steel, Kaiser Ventures, would ship trash by train from metropolitan Los Angeles area via the Eagle Mountain Railroad. The Riverside County Board of Supervisors approved the project in October 1992 after EPA approval of the project. Due to numerous lawsuits regarding the environmental effects of the landfill, the project was repeatedly delayed. The private partnership decided in late 1999 to give up on the project. Their share of the project was bought out by Kaiser Ventures, making it controlling owner of the project.
In August 2000, Kaiser Ventures reached an agreement with the Los Angeles Sanitation Districts, a public entity consisting of several Los Angeles public waste collection agencies, to purchase the landfill project to replace their Puente Hills Landfill, which would be nearing the end of its useful life. However, since the sale agreement states that all lawsuits and claims regarding the project must be resolved, the transaction never began. As of 2009, there was only one lawsuit still pending but in November 2009, Kaiser Ventures received a disappointing ruling from the Federal Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit regarding this lawsuit. This ruling was a major setback for the project and ultimately Kaiser Ventures decided to abandon the project.
However, the solid waste disposal market has changed significantly since the Eagle Mountain landfill was first proposed. There has been a substantial reduction in the waste generated due to recycling efforts and an increase in low-cost traditional disposal sites (most notably in nearby Orange County), eliminating the need for remote solid waste landfills such as the Eagle Mountain landfill. The reduction in waste generated has been so great that the other landfill site owned by the Los Angeles Sanitation Districts, the Mesquite Regional Landfill near Glamis, will not be needed until 2030 at the earliest even though all construction of this facility has been completed and it could immediately start accepting trash.
Maintenance & mothballing
The railroad remained relatively untouched since the last ore train operated in 1986. However, the large ore loading tower at Eagle Mountain was removed in 1990. Kaiser Ventures conducted maintenance work and routine repairs to the rail line in the mid-1990s. To accomplish this, a single switcher locomotive (painted for Kaiser Ventures) was brought to the property to operate small work trains. When this work was completed, the locomotive was stored at Eagle Mountain for a short time before being moved to the old Fontana Mill site where it remained stored.
In August and September 2003, approximately of track were damaged when two flash floods hit the railroad. In several locations, culverts were washed out leaving track suspended in the air although no significant structures were damaged as all bridges held up well to the flood waters. In other locations, silt up to deep covers the tracks. Kaiser Ventures estimated it would cost about $3.5 million to repair the damage. During the next two years, a contractor conducted work along the entire line to culverts and protective diversion dikes to prevent any further damage but the damaged sections remained as Kaiser Ventures decided to postpone repairs until a future date when funds would be available.
Track removal
The entire interchange yard in Ferrum was removed by the Union Pacific during a track expansion project. All that remains is part of the wye and an old maintenance-of-way structure. The railroad's mainline appears to still be mostly intact. In April 2017, a railroad materials company began removing the track by working its way from Eagle Mountain to Ferrum. By 2023 removal will be completed.
Rolling stock
Locomotives
The first locomotives used by Kaiser Steel on the Eagle Mountain Railroad were a pair of Baldwin Locomotive Works DRS6-6-15 diesels numbered 1010A and 1010B. They were constructed in June 1948 and delivered to the railroad in August 1948. They were Builder Numbers 73749 and 74451. They had .
As production at the mine increased, the railroad purchased two more locomotives from Baldwin. These were AS616s and were numbered 1012A and 1012B. They were constructed in early 1951 and delivered to the railroad in June 1952. They were Builder Numbers 75356 and 75357. They had .
In 1958, with production continuing to increase, the railroad purchased another Baldwin AS616 from a second-hand locomotive dealer. This locomotive was built in November 1950 and delivered to the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) in December 1950 as their No. 5533. It has Builder Number 74917 and also had . It was sold by C&O to Pan American Engineering in Dallas, Texas in January 1958 and resold to Kaiser Steel later that year. It was assigned No. 1020 by Kaiser Steel.
In 1966 and 1967, all locomotives were renumbered by Kaiser Steel. 1010A and 1010B become 1025 and 1026 respectively while 1012A and 1012B becoming 1027 and 1028. Locomotive 1020 become 1029.
These five Baldwin locomotives were being used on a daily basis and all five were required to move a single train from the Eagle Mountain Mine to the interchange at Ferrum. By 1968, these locomotives were at the end of their useful lives and were constantly breaking down. The railroad was leasing two additional Baldwin AS616's from Southern Pacific, but still couldn't keep five locomotives running on a regular basis. This required the railroad "double" the train, which is a costly and time-consuming procedure. By 1968, the railroad decided it was time to purchase new locomotives.
In 1968, Kaiser Steel purchased five new General Electric U30C locomotives. These were numbered 1030 through 1034. The first three were constructed in March 1968 and the other two in April 1968. All five were delivered to the railroad in late April 1968. They were Builder Numbers 36762 through 36766. They have . They were built to Southern Pacific specifications since they were built from five production slots from an existing Southern Pacific order.
The five original locomotives were kept as spare locomotives until 1971 when they were either sold or transferred to other Kaiser operations. Locomotives 1025 and 1026 were sold in March 1972 to Railway Supply Company of Montgomery, Alabama. There they were rebuilt for Peabody Coal Company for use at its River King Mine in Marrisa, Illinois. 1025 was later sold for scrap to Hyman-Michaels in Alton, Illinois and was scrapped in August 1978. 1026 was sold in August 1978 to Koppel Bulk Terminal at Long Beach, California. It was then sold in early 1980 to Chrome Cranshaft in Alhambra, California and was scrapped in late 1980.
Locomotives 1027 and 1029 were sent to Pan American Engineering in 1971 for repairs. They were then sent to Kaiser Bauxite in Discovery Bay, Jamaica where they became 5108 and 5107 respectively. As of 2008, reports from railfans indicate they are still there, but long out-of-service.
Locomotive 1028 was sold in 1971 to Rayonier, Inc. at Grays Harbor, Washington, where it was numbered 14. It was then sold in late 1985 to Trona Railway in Trona, California, where it became No. 54, entering service in late 1986. In late 1992 it was sold to Johnston Terminal in Enid, Oklahoma. It was then sold in July 1995 to SMS Rail Service in New Jersey and given the number 554. As of 2008, it was still in service at SMS Rail Service, assigned to the Pureland Industrial Complex in Bridgeport, New Jersey.
The five GE U30C locomotives worked on the Eagle Mountain Railroad from 1968 to April 1986. Most of the time, four were assigned to the daily iron-ore trains, while the fifth locomotive would be used as a spare or be cycled through the Southern Pacific's Taylor Shops for routine maintenance and repairs. When the mine shutdown in 1983, the railroad continued operating, hauling out the stockpiled iron ore. When the stockpile ran out, the locomotives were sent to the Fontana Mill for storage. The last three locomotives left the property on April 8, 1986. All five locomotives remained in storage at the Fontana Mill until 1995 when they were scrapped.
Cabooses
Kaiser Steel had two home-built cabooses it used on the Eagle Mountain Railroad. The first caboose was KS 1905 and was constructed at the Fontana Mill in 1948. The second caboose was KS 1918 and was constructed at the Fontana Mill in 1953. Both cabooses were similar to those used on the Southern Pacific Railroad at that time. Both were bay-window style with ASF Andrew-type four wheel trucks, National coiled spring bearings, and used Kaiser ship-type welded steel plate construction. They had swamp cooler air-conditioning and unusually wide bay windows. The windows in KS 1905 were slightly larger than those on KS 1918.
Both cabooses were used on a regular basis and one caboose was always at the rear of loaded ore trains from Eagle Mountain to Ferrum and just behind the locomotives on the return trips to Eagle Mountain. When the railroad reduced operations from two to one round trip ore train per day, KS 1905 become the only caboose used and KS 1918 was stored at Ferrum, where it was severely vandalized.
In June 1975, KS 1905 received severe frame damage in a switching accident at Eagle Mountain. The maintenance shop at Eagle Mountain started repairs on KS 1905 but it was quickly halted once the damage was determined to be too extensive. At this point, KS 1918 was moved to Eagle Mountain and rebuilt by the maintenance shop. Renumbered as the "new" KS 1905, its metal toolbox and wire alternator cage are from the "original" KS 1905. The rebuilding gave the "new" KS 1905 rubbered molding windows, axle belt-driven alternator, ice box, new water tank, and an air-flush commode. It was painted red with white Kaiser Steel lettering and numbers on the side. The "new" KS 1905 was used on the ore trains until 1983 when trains started operating without cabooses.
The "old" KS 1905 was stored at Eagle Mountain until 1983. Since its aborted rebuilding had left it nothing but a steel shell on railroad wheels, it was sold and was on display at Ragsdale's Desert Center Cafe in Desert Center, California, about south of Eagle Mountain. As of April 2009, it was still there. In November 2019, it was sold via auction for $7,500 to an unknown buyer. The "new" KS 1905 was donated by Kaiser Steel to the Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association (PSRMA) in June 1984. On January 28, 1985, it was taken to Campo, California by truck since the railroad wasn't operating at the time. Now on display in operating condition, the "new" KS 1905 is the San Diego Railway Museum's primary work-train caboose due to its sturdiness, excellent visibility and air conditioning. It has even carried revenue passengers on occasion.
Notes
Eagle Mountain is the birthplace of Kaiser Permanente Health Care. It was at this industrial mining town that Kaiser created company owned medical clinics that would later serve as a model for what is known today as a health maintenance organization (HMO).
The staff of Model Railroader Magazine paid homage to the Eagle Mountain Railroad by building a 4 foot by 6 foot HO scale layout in the January 2016 through January 2017 issues of Model Railroader (The January 2016 issue was the introduction of the layout while the rest was featured in the step-by-step column).
See also
List of defunct California railroads
References
External links
San Diego Railway Museum: Photo of EMRR Caboose
Defunct California railroads
Iron ore railways
Mining railways in the United States
Eagle Mountain, Railroad
Transportation in Riverside County, California
Eagle Mountain, Railroad
Companies based in San Bernardino County, California
Eagle Mountain, Railroad
Railway lines opened in 1948
Railway lines closed in 1986
1948 establishments in California
1986 disestablishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle%20Mountain%20Railroad |
Haven: Call of the King is a 2002 multi-genre action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Midway Games for the PlayStation 2. The game was also scheduled for release on the Xbox and GameCube, to be published by Xicat Interactive, but both versions were cancelled. A Game Boy Advance version was also planned, but never got beyond the earliest developmental stages.
Intended as the first part of a trilogy, Haven took over three years to develop, and combines action, platforming, puzzle, shoot 'em up, racing and space combat elements. Both Midway and Traveller's Tales championed Haven as a previously unseen type of game, wherein the player could jump seamlessly from genre to genre, with Midway trademarking the term "FreeFormer gameplay" to describe the mixture of gameplay styles.
Haven received mixed reviews, with the main complaint amongst critics being that it was too ambitious for its own good, producing multiple examples of average gameplay, but nothing outstanding. Although Midway launched a sizable advertising campaign to promote the game, calling it "the next major development in videogaming," it received relatively little media attention and was a considerable commercial failure. The two sequels were never made.
Gameplay
At its core, Haven: Call of the King is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective, with much of the gameplay based around platforming. During the main platforming levels, Haven can perform various basic abilities; jump, double jump, high jump, crouch and attack. Haven also has access to an energy shield which he can deploy in front of him to protect him from incoming projectiles. He can deploy the shield indefinitely if it is not absorbing any impacts, but when it does deflect objects, it begins to deplete. As well as deploying the shield in front of him, Haven can also crouch and completely cover himself with the shield. He can also use the shield to perform a "shield smash," which is necessary for killing certain enemies and accessing certain pots.
Haven's main offensive weapon is a modified yo-yo device known as a "mag-ball." Its range is limited, but it can be used to defeat enemies, smash pots and grip onto "mag-rides;" electrical transports which bring Haven to other locations in a level. Haven can also use the mag-ball to perform a "power-spin" (where he spins 360 degrees with the mag-ball extended at all times, damaging anything that comes within range). He can also acquire a variety of firearms during the game, which briefly replace the mag-ball as his offensive weapon. These weapons include a laser shot, a rapid-fire cannon, a ricochet cannon, a five-way shot and a plasma shot.
A major part of the gameplay during platforming levels involves item collecting. For example, hearts, which are found in pots scattered throughout most levels and also dropped by some defeated enemies, replenish Haven's health. Catana orbs (small yellow disk-like objects) replenish his antidote meter, which, if it falls to zero, begins to deplete his health. Shield energy replenishes his shield abilities. Other collectibles include feathers, which are necessary for Haven to call Talon, a mechanical bird he has constructed. Often, calling Talon is necessary to progress through a level. On other occasions, Talon can carry Haven to secret parts of a level, otherwise inaccessible. Cogs are necessary to operate machinery, and are always a story-related items. Also found in many levels are silver keys. Any level which has a "Runepot" requires Haven to locate five silver keys before he can open the pot. Runepots hold Runestones, which can be used to unlock secret Runetowers later in the game. Completing the challenges in the Runetowers reveals Black Diamonds, which must be collected if the player wishes to complete the game to 100%.
Other gameplay sections involve different control schemes and game mechanics. For example, when wearing the jet pack, Haven can accelerate upwards by expending fuel. When using the glider, as well as basic maneuverability, he can perform an air brake. In the biplane, he can roll left and right. In the speedboat and quadracer, he can accelerate and brake. When operating a turret or spaceship, he has access to forward and aft missiles and can lock on to enemies. The spaceship Sunsurfer, which Haven acquires towards the end of the game, also has access to different types of missiles, and can equip a shield.
Synopsis
Background
One thousand years before the commencement of the game, King Athellion departed his home world to fight in an intergalactic crusade. On the Mount of Sighs, he left a giant bell, the Golden Voice, which was to be rung to call his return should he ever be needed. Many years later, an evil being named Lord Vetch enslaved Athellion's people, forcing them to work in his mines. To ensure their servitude, Vetch infected every slave with a deadly virus requiring a constant dose of antidote, the only source of which he controlled. He also ensured the people had no knowledge of the Golden Voice, or of King Athellion.
Plot
The game begins with Vetch (voiced by Steve Tarlow) receiving a transmission from his lieutenant, Overlord (Jason Gregory), who tells him a slave named Haven has been dreaming about the Golden Voice, something Vetch hopes to turn to his advantage. Meanwhile, in Virescent Village on the planet Ferra, Haven (Jake Rosewall-Gallagher) heads to work in the mines. There, he sees his friend Chess (Regan Kerwan) being questioned by a guard, who tries to shoot Haven. However, he misses, and causes the mine to collapse, knocking out Haven.
Upon awakening, he learns Chess hasn't been seen since the collapse. Setting out to find her, Haven reaches Darkwater Castle, home of Overlord, who contacts Vetch to tell him their plan is going well. Haven watches Overlord interrogate Chess about Haven's dreams. She refuses to tell him anything, and Haven intervenes, killing Overlord and freeing Chess. They escape, and Chess says that while in detention, she heard Overlord mention a wise old slave on the Isle of Heroes.
Haven heads there, and meets the Wise Man (Terry Bertram), who tells him the legend of Athellion; Vetch was determined to conquer Athellion's city, Aurias. However, he was unable to even approach the city, as its light would blind him. When Athellion left for the war, Vetch bribed a council member to infect the people with the virus, so they became his slaves. Over time, even the location of the Mount of Sighs has been forgotten. However, the Wise Man directs Haven to a map identifying the location of the Mount on the planet Auria. Haven reaches the Golden Voice, reading a warning stating that once the bell is rung, the person who rings it must wait there for Athellion's return. He rings it, but immediately Chess contacts him, telling him she is stranded without any antidote. He reluctantly leaves, returning to Ferra, and rescuing Chess.
However, she reveals she has been working with Vetch all along, who appears and congratulates her on her deception. Vetch tells Haven that Chess is one of his spies, deployed throughout his slave colonies to keep watch for anyone speaking of the Golden Voice. Vetch explains he had Chess call Haven away from the Mount of Sighs immediately after ringing the bell because the legend says that if the person who rings the bell does not remain on the Mount until Athellion's return, Athellion must return to wherever that person is - thus Vetch plans to wait until Athellion appears to Haven, and then kill him. With no more use for Chess, Vetch decides she can die with Haven. At this moment, Athellion arrives, telling Vetch he will surrender if Haven and Chess are spared. Vetch agrees, imprisoning them, and bringing Athellion back to the Mount of Sighs.
Haven escapes, but is unable to free Chess, and so sets out in pursuit of Vetch alone. He returns to the Mount of Sighs, where he sees Vetch kill Athellion. Haven confronts Vetch, but is defeated. However, the power of the Mount of Sighs keeps him alive. Vetch then ties Haven to a rock, pointing out "you can't live forever" and leaves him alone on the planet. The game ends on this cliffhanger.
Development
Haven: Call of the King was first announced on 16 May 2002 when Midway Games revealed they had partnered with Traveller's Tales to develop an original multi-genre game. Midway announced that Haven would be a third-person game with strong platforming elements combined with many other types of genre, such as turret-based shooting, land and water racing, space combat, and arena battles. They also revealed the game would debut on the PlayStation 2, but would subsequently be released for Xbox and GameCube.
The game was first shown the following week, at the 2002 E3 event, where a playable demo was made available. Whilst no narrative or story elements were in place yet, the demo featured environments from the Virescent Village level and the refinery level. Midway stressed the free-roaming nature of the game, saying "you can fully roam throughout the large environments on the ground, then get into a spaceship, point it at the sky and climb to outer space. Up there, you'll be able to do battle with whatever's mean, then return to the ground and start walking around again." GameSpot's Gerald Villoria wrote of this aspect of the demo "the planet and all the explorable areas in Haven are seamlessly linked--traveling from one area of the world to the next should incur no game stoppage due to load times. In fact, when Haven gains access to his flying vessel, he can literally rise above the planet's atmosphere and explore any of the continents. The landmasses smoothly raise in level of detail as the descending aircraft approaches, with nearly featureless topography slowly morphing into fully landscaped wilderness until the ship can literally hover above the treetops."
In a June interview with GameSpot, Traveller's Tales revealed the game had been in development for over three years, with them funding the project themselves, long before Midway got involved. They explained the game uses a game engine specifically designed for Haven, which allows smooth transition from third-person gameplay to piloting a vehicle. The engine also powers the cutscenes, allowing the camera to move and sweep around the landscape of a level, giving the player an idea of the route they have to take. Landscapes are fractally generated using the PlayStation 2's vector processors, which allows for considerable draw distance. The game also features night and day cycles and alternating weather patterns, such as randomly occurring rain showers (which prompt Haven to pull his hood up when outdoors). The developers were also keen to stress the game features no loading times; "Traveller's Tales intends for the game's loading to be invisible to players after the initial startup, thanks to carefully managed memory usage and constant streaming." They also revealed that after the PlayStation 2 launch, the game would be released for the Game Boy Advance as well as GameCube and Xbox.
In a 2006 interview with Gamasutra, writer/director/designer Jon Burton stated
In July, a more complete demo was made available to gaming websites, featuring platforming levels, space combat, racing, and underwater sections. Traveller's Tales explained the game's story had been written first, with concept art then designed by Rodney Matthews. The story was then broken down into different gameplay genres. Expert game designers for each genre were brought on board to develop each small section of the game. The main team of developers then took each of those sections and attempted to unify them into one seamless whole. This demo also revealed more of the capabilities of the game engine, which could depict heat distortions, particle effects, real-time light sourcing, shadows, and reflections, as well as the already revealed day and nights cycles and random weather effects.
GameSpot's Ricardo Torres noted that "the varied landscape is fractally generated using the PlayStation 2's vector units, which are working overtime for the game and allow for some very impressive effects. For example, when you board a spaceship in a third-person sequence in the game, you'll be able to take off and head out into space without a loading screen. The game will track your movement and reduce the size and detail of the environments as you gain altitude. The reverse is true when you're approaching a planet and go to land--you'll find that detail seen from the air will scale in as you get closer."
However, in August, IGN's Hilary Goldstein expressed concern about the lack of attention the game was getting; "Haven has received little to no hype. In fact, it seems barely on the consciousness of the gaming public at all." On 30 October, Midway trademarked the term "FreeFormer gameplay" to describe the gameplay mechanics, stating "FreeFormer gameplay is the next major development in videogaming. The technology in Haven: Call of the King allows for an unbelievable cinematic-style smoothness and experience as you encounter the varied play mechanics in the game."
Cancelled ports
On 29 May 2003, Xicat Interactive announced that despite the game's commercial failure on PlayStation 2, they would be publishing the game for both the Xbox and GameCube later in the year. However, neither version was ever made.
Reception
Haven: Call of the King received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
GameSpot's Mathew Gallant called it "an often surprising action-packed platformer with a distinctive style and plenty of challenge." He was critical of Haven's mag-ball weapon, writing "the jumping and other mechanics of Haven are solid, but the limitations of the mag-ball and the fairly frequent requirements of its use tend to overshadow them." He concluded "While Haven does offer a lot, it's not quite a sure bet. Primarily, the annoying control problems involved with the mag-ball can make an already difficult game needlessly frustrating [...] Yet the overall feel is that of a very intense and action-packed game. The fast-paced, quickly changing gameplay is refreshingly unordinary, and while there's an excellent chance that fans of platformers will love the diversity and challenge, some may find it a little too restless and overdone."
IGN's Chris Roper called the game "both great and deeply flawed." He praised the gameplay types, writing "variety is what this game's all about, and it's quite welcome." However, he was critical of the lack of story integration into the variation in gameplay styles; "One complaint about nearly every goal is that it often doesn't make any sense why you're doing what you're doing." He concluded "Haven: Call of the King is quite an ambitious title. At certain points it's great, but at others it can be either frustrating or very boring. The game ties in most of the different genres in a pretty smooth manner. Nothing seems entirely out of place [...] Overall, the game is worth playing through. You'll have to tough it out through some aggravatingly boring sections, but when the game strays from the basics a bit, it can get to be quite fun."
Eurogamers Kristan Reed found the game less innovative than Midway claimed: "being mainly a platform game with sub sections to add variety, it comes across as being more heavily indebted to the likes of Jak & Daxter and Ratchet & Clank than being anything revolutionary." He concluded, "Havens pretensions to be some kind of revolutionary product seem sound and exciting on the surface, but scratch that surface for more than an hour or so, and it's apparent that what we're really dealing with is a better than average platformer with cleverly interspersed minigames to present the illusion of expansiveness and freedom [...] That's not to say it's a bad game, or that you won't enjoy it. If you're a real dyed in the wool platform gamer, Haven has plenty to admire, but it just fails to match or better what's gone before."
Game Revolution's Johnny Liu was critical of the core platformer gameplay: "the platform events come off as a standard, undisguised item hunt." Of the graphics, he wrote "the quality varies. Outdoor environments are doused in an over-saturated color palette, though the frame rate is smooth enough. The detail work in some of the interior dungeons offers some sharper textures and compelling lighting effects." He concluded "Though it's admirably ambitious, Haven is crippled by trying to do too much. Instead of simply having these separate parts strung together, it would have worked better had the game allowed you to switch from any of these game styles at will."
GameSpy's Benjamin Turner said, "The designers [are] attempting to create something unique by combining gameplay ideas from platformers, 3D shooters, vehicular action games and even Marble Madness. While the end result doesn't quite gel, I have to appreciate the fact that they tried." However, he noted that "rather than excelling, it ends up doing a fairly mediocre job of almost everything." He called the platforming sections "rough around the edges," criticizing the collision detection and level design, and was unimpressed with Haven's mag-ball. He concluded "there's just too much mediocrity and not enough quality. With a ton of tweaking and a heavy dose of polish this could have been a pretty good game. I get the sense that the creators' hearts were in the right places, but for whatever reason they couldn't execute. Their creation feels unfinished."
Cancelled sequels
Haven was originally intended as the first part of a trilogy, however, due to the game's commercial failure, the second and third parts were never made. For writer/director/designer Jon Burton, the game was an extremely personal project. Speaking in 2006, he opined that because it began as a basic platformer, players and reviewers didn't give it a fair chance: "Because the first hour was basically a platform game people would play the game and write it off as another platformer." Burton always intended for the story to continue, and had very specific ideas as to how the plot would have developed:
References
2002 video games
3D platform games
Action-adventure games
Cancelled Game Boy Advance games
Cancelled GameCube games
Cancelled Xbox games
Midway video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Space combat simulators
Traveller's Tales games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games scored by Andy Blythe and Marten Joustra | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven%3A%20Call%20of%20the%20King |
District 30 of the Texas Senate is a senatorial district that currently serves all of Archer, Clay, Cooke, Erath, Grayson, Jack, Montague, Palo Pinto, Parker, Wichita, Wise and Young counties, and portions of Collin and Denton counties in the U.S. state of Texas.
The District is currently represented by Drew Springer who took office in early January, 2021, replacing Pat Fallon.
Top 5 biggest cities in district
District 30 has a population of 829,574 with 623,474 that are at voting age from the 2010 census.
Election history
Election history of District 30 from 1992.
Previous elections
2020
2018
Pat Fallon defeated incumbent Craig Estes in the 2018 Republican primary.
2014
2012
2008
2004
2002
2001
1998
1994
1992
District officeholders
Notes
References
30
Archer County, Texas
Clay County, Texas
Collin County, Texas
Cooke County, Texas
Denton County, Texas
Erath County, Texas
Grayson County, Texas
Jack County, Texas
Montague County, Texas
Palo Pinto County, Texas
Parker County, Texas
Wichita County, Texas
Wise County, Texas
Young County, Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%20Senate%2C%20District%2030 |
Rushdy Saiid Baghdadi Abaza () (3 August 1926 – 27 July 1980) was an Egyptian. He was considered one of the most charming actors in the Egyptian film industry. He died of brain cancer at the age of 53.
Family
Rushdy Abaza was born in Sharqia, Egypt, to an Italian mother, Teresa Luigi, and an Egyptian father, Said Abaza; belonging to one of Egypt's most well-known families, the Abaza family. Rushdy attended school at Collège Saint Marc in Alexandria.
From his father's side he had three half-sisters, Ragaa, Mounira, Zeinab and one half-brother, Fekri (an actor). From his mother's side, he had one half-brother, Hamed. His only child is a daughter, Qismat (Eismat).
Marriages
Tahiya Karioka, Egyptian actress and dancer
Barbara, American mother of his only child, Qismat
Samia Gamal, famous Egyptian dancer (his longest marriage)
Sabah, famous Lebanese singer
Nabila Abaza
Filmography
He appeared in more than 100 films from 1948 until 1980; the year of his death.
1948
El-Millionaira El-Saghira (also known as The Small Millionaire)
1949
Zou El-Waghein (a.k.a. The Man with Two Faces)
1950
Emraa Menn Nar (a.k.a. A Woman of Fire)
1951
Awlad El shareh
Amina
1952
Al-Osta Hassan (a.k.a. Hassan the Craftsman)
El-Montasser (a.k.a. The Conqueror)
Awladi (a.k.a. My Children)
1953
Shamm al-Nesseem (a.k.a. The Spring Festival)
Mouamara (a.k.a. Conspiracy)
1954
Valley of the Kings - Robed Man (uncredited)
Gaaluni Mogremann (a.k.a. They Made Me a Murderer)
Erham Domouie
1955
Fortune carrée (a.k.a. Square Fortune)
Enni Rahhela (a.k.a. I Depart)
Hayah Aw Moot (a.k.a. Life or Death)
Bahr Algharam (a.k.a. "Sea of Love'"')
Arayess Fel-Mazad (a.k.a. Brides for Auction)
1956
Mawed Gharam
The Ten Commandments
Dalila
Mann al-Qattel? (a.k.a. Who Is the Murderer?)
Ezzay Ansak (a.k.a. How Would I Forget You)
Ismaeel Yassin fel-Boliss (a.k.a. Ismaeel Yassin in the Police)
Bahr al-Gharam (a.k.a. Sea of Love)
1957
Tamr Henna (a.k.a. Tamarind) - Hassan
Rodda Qalbi
La Anam - Samir
Port Said
Lan Abki Abadan (a.k.a. I Shall Never Weep)
1958
Jamila, the Algerian (a.k.a. Jamila Buhreid) - Bigeard
Toggar al-Moat (a.k.a. Death Merchants) - Ra'oof
Tareeq al-Ammal
Soultan (1958)
Emraa fel-Tareeq (a.k.a. A Woman on the Road)
Qoloob al-Azara (a.k.a. Hearts of the Virgins)
1959
El rajul el thani
Seraa Fel-Nil
Samraa Sina (a.k.a. The Brunette of Sinai)
Rehla ilal kamar
Maleesh Gherak (a.k.a. I Have None But You) - Fathi
Katia tarik
Bafakkar Felli Nassini (a.k.a. Thinking of Who Forgot Me)
Ana Baree'a (a.k.a. I am Innocent)
Qatte' Tareeq (a.k.a. The Highwayman)
1960
Malaak wa Shaytan (a.k.a. Angel and Devil) - Ezzat
Ana wa Ommi (a.k.a. My Mother and I)
Al-Moraheqat - Adel
Ya Habeebi (a.k.a. My Beloved)
Nehayat al-Tareeq (a.k.a. End of the Road)
Mufattesh al-Mabaheth (a.k.a. The Police Inspector)
Leqaa Fil-Ghoroob (a.k.a. Meeting at Sunset)
Kholkhal Habeebi (a.k.a. My Love's Bugle)
Al-Raggol al-Thani (a.k.a. The Second Man)
1961
Wa Islamah - Prince Baybars
Qalb Fi Zalam (a.k.a. Heart in the Shadows)
Hob wa Herman (a.k.a. Love and Deprivation)
He Talata - Kamal
Fi baitina rajul - Abd El-Hamid
Bela Awdah (a.k.a. No Return)
1962
Al zouga talattashar
Helwa wa kaddaba
Sett el-Banat (a.k.a. The Lady of All Women)
Ah Menn Hawwa (a.k.a. Beware of Eve)
Shahidat al-Hob al-Elahi (a.k.a. Martyr of Divine Love)
1963
La Waqt lel-Hob (a.k.a. No Time for Love)
Aroos al-Nil - Sami Fouad (Engineer)
Tareeq al-Shaytan (a.k.a. The Way of the Devil)
Al-Saherra al-Saghira (a.k.a. The Young Charming) - Essmat el daramaly
Al-Maganin Fi Naeem (a.k.a. The Insane Are in Bliss)
Amirat el Arab
1964
Al-Tareeq (a.k.a. The Road) - Saber
Fatat shaza
Al-Shayatin al-Talata (a.k.a. The Three Devils) - Saadawy
Al badawia fi Paris
1965
Ganab al-Safeer (a.k.a. His Excellency the Ambassador) - Amin (Samia's Father)
1966
Addow Al-Maraa (a.k.a. Enemy of Women) - Essa
Zawga Menn Paris
Shaqqet Al-Talabba (a.k.a. The Students' Apartment) - Saad Selim
Saghira Ala Al-Hob - Kamal
Mabka el oshak
Howa wal-Nessaa (a.k.a. He and Women)
Guanab el safir
Al-Moshagheboon (a.k.a. Troublemakers) - Amin
Shaqawet Reggala (a.k.a. Naughty Men)
Mawwal (with Sabah the Lebanese Singer (A Ballad))
1967
Gareema fil-Hayy al-Hadi (a.k.a. Crime in the Calm District) - Ahmed Ezzat
Endama Nohheb (a.k.a. When We Love) - Ahmed
Al-Aib (a.k.a. Shame) - Mohamed El-Guindy
Al-Qobla al-Akhira (a.k.a. The Last Kiss) - Samy, The Director
1968
Raw'at el-Hob (a.k.a. The Beauty of Love) - Ahmed RagabHawwaa ala al-Tareeq (a.k.a. Eve on The Road) - KhaledAl-Massageen al-Thalatha (a.k.a. The Three Prisoners) - Mr. JoeBaba Ayez Keda (a.k.a. Dad Wants So) - Kamal
1969El Shoug'an el ThalathaNos Sa'a Gawaz (a.k.a. half an Hour of marriage)
1970Ghoroob wa Shorouq (a.k.a. Sunset and Sunrise) - EssamAl-Hob al-Daaie (a.k.a. The Lost Love)Al-Sarab (a.k.a. The Mirage) - Dr.AminAl-Ashrar (a.k.a. Evil Men)Nar al-Shouq (a.k.a. Flame of Crave)Zawga le-Khamsat Regal (a.k.a. Wife of Five Men)
1971Shay' fi Sadri (a.k.a. Something in My Heart)Ebnati al-Aziza (a.k.a. My Dear Daughter) - SherifEmraa wa Raggol (a.k.a. A Woman and A Man)
1972Emraa le-Koll al-Regal (a.k.a. A Woman for All Men) - ZakiSaaett al-Sefr (a.k.a. Zero Hour) - Hussein
1973Hekayti Maa Al-Zaman (a.k.a. My Story with Life)
1974Ayna Aqli (a.k.a. Where is My Mind) - Zohdi
1975Youm al-Ahad al-Damy (a.k.a. Bloody Sunday)Oreedo Hallan (a.k.a. Seeking A Solution)Hobi al awal wa al akhirAbadan Lann Aaoud (a.k.a. I Shall Never Come Back)
1976TawheedaA world of children - Helmi Abdulqader
1977Al Domo Fe Ouyon DhahekahAh Ya Leil Ya Zamman (a.k.a. Oh Night, Oh Life)
1978Wa Daa al-Omr Ya Waladi (a.k.a. Life Has Gone, My Son)Al-Qadi wal-Gallaad (a.k.a. The Judge)
1979Le-Mann Toshreq al-Shams (a.k.a. For Whom the Sun Rises?)
1980Daerrat al-Shakk (a.k.a. Circle of Suspicion)Azkeyaa Lakken Aghbeyaa (a.k.a. Intelligent But Stupid) - Hamdi (final film role)
See also
List of Egyptian films of the 1960s
References
Further reading
Daoud, Abd el Ghani. (1997). Madâres el Adâ'’ el Tamthîlî fî târîkh el Cinema el Misreyah. Cairo: el Hay’a el ‘Ama li Qosour el Thaqâfah.
Kassem, Mahmoud. Mawsou‘at el Momathel fi-l-Cinema el ‘Arabiya. Cairo.
Labib, Fomil. (1973). Nougoum ‘Areftahom. Cairo: Ketab el Helal.
Ramzi, Kamal. (1997). Nogoum el Cinema el Misreyah: el Gawhar we-l-Aqni’a. Cairo: The Supreme Council for Culture.
Wassef, Magda. (1995). Egypte: 100 ans de Cinéma''. Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe.
External links
Rushdi Abaza on Egyptian State Information Service Site
1926 births
1980 deaths
People from Sharqia Governorate
20th-century Egyptian male actors
Deaths from brain cancer in Egypt
Collège Saint Marc, Alexandria alumni
Egyptian male film actors
Egyptian people of Italian descent
People from Mansoura, Egypt
Egyptian film actors
Egyptian stage actors
Egyptian television actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushdy%20Abaza |
Espelkamp () is a town in the Minden-Lübbecke district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Espelkamp is situated approximately 10 kilometers north of Lübbecke and 20 kilometers north-west of Minden.
Neighbouring places
Town subdivisions
After the local government reforms of 1973 Espelkamp consists of 9 districts:
Twin towns – sister cities
Espelkamp is twinned with:
Angermünde, Germany
Borås, Sweden
Nagykőrös, Hungary
Torgelow, Germany
References
External links
Official site
Minden-Lübbecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espelkamp |
Privolzhsky (masculine), Privolzhskaya (feminine), or Privolzhskoye (neuter) may refer to:
Privolzhsky District, various divisions in Russia
Privolzhsky Urban Settlement (or Privolzhskoye Urban Settlement), several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Privolzhsky (inhabited locality) (Privolzhskaya, Privolzhskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privolzhsky |
The American Academy of Nursing (AAN) is a professional organization that generates, synthesizes, and disseminates nursing knowledge to contribute to health policy and practice for the benefit of the public and the nursing profession. Founded in 1973, the organization is an independent affiliate of the American Nurses Association (ANA). The organization publishes a bimonthly journal known as Nursing Outlook.
Members of the organization are invited on the basis of leadership and accomplishments and designated as Fellows of the American Academy of Nursing (FAAN). This status should not be confused with the FAAN status granted by the American Academy of Neurology. Ninety percent of the Fellows are doctorally prepared; the others hold a master's degree and bachelor's degree. As of 2014, there are approximately 2300 members.
The academy's highest honor is its Living Legend designation. Nominees for Living Legend status must have held the FAAN designation for at least 15 years. As of December 2012, the organization has named 82 nurses as Living Legends.
Presidents
See also
List of Living Legends of the American Academy of Nursing
References
External links
American Nurses Association
Organizations established in 1973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Academy%20of%20Nursing |
The Royal Society of Ulster Architects (RSUA) is the professional body for registered architects in Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1901. Chartered Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) members in Northern Ireland are automatically members of the RSUA. RSUA members use the suffix "RSUA" and may also use "RIBA". According to its website it has "over 1000 members".
Organisation and activities
The supreme governing body of the society is its council, which chaired by the president of the RSUA. The society members are entitled to nominate fellow members to the council and to vote in elections.
The society operates a bookshop at 2 Mount Charles in Belfast. This bookshop is the Northern Ireland regional branch of the RIBA bookshop.
It is involved in architectural education and awards scholarships to Northern Ireland-based students of architecture. The society also awards the annual RSUA Silver Medal and RSUA Bronze Medal, which are similar to the RIBA President's Medals Students Awards.
PLACE
PLACE Architecture & Built Environment Centre was a part of the RSUA from 2004 until 2019. It was formed in 2004 by the society in partnership with Belfast City Council and the Arts Council of Northern Ireland. It closed in August 2019.
Perspective magazine
The society issues a journal, Perspective, on a bi-monthly basis. In effect this publication is not so much a journal as it is a magazine; It features reviews of recently completed buildings in Northern Ireland, together with book reviews and local arts updates. The magazine is based in Belfast. Its content is controlled by an editorial committee dominated by members of the RSUA Council, the central governing body of the society. It has been published by the Ulster Tatler Group since 2001.
RSUA Design Awards
The RSUA Design Awards, which are architectural, artistic and cultural awards, are given annually to recognise the work of architects in Northern Ireland. The awards mainly focus on architecture, and are separate from the RIBA Awards. Primary among these awards is the Liam MacCormick Prize, awarded to the building judged to be best overall in the relevant year. The RSUA awards are adjudicated by a panel of independent judges, including experts from outside Northern Ireland; For example Dublin City Architect Jim Barrett held the chair in 2006.
References
External links
Organisations based in Northern Ireland
Architecture in Northern Ireland
Ulster Architects
Architecture-related professional associations
1901 establishments in Ireland
Organisations based in Northern Ireland with royal patronage
Royal Society of Ulster Architects | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Society%20of%20Ulster%20Architects |
Tiger Hillarp Persson (born Tigger Christopher Robin Hillarp Persson, 28 October 1970) is a Swedish chess grandmaster. He is a three-time Swedish Chess Champion. In 2015 he attained the level of 1-Dan in Go.
Chess career
He won tournaments in Gentofte (VISA Nordic Grand Prix), ahead of Sune Berg Hansen, Simen Agdestein, Einar Gausel, Helgi Grétarsson, Heikki Westerinen and others, York in 1999, Jersey (2000), Barcelona Sants 2003 and multiple times the Guernsey International Chess Open (2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 (best on tie-break), 2016, and again 2018 (best on tie-break)). He finished second in the Nordic Chess Championship in Vammala, Finland (2005). In 2008 he was the winner of the Sigeman & Co Chess Tournament in his hometown of Malmö with an impressive 7 points. In 2009 he finished second in the C group of the Corus Chess Tournament. Representing Sweden, he scored individual bronze medals in the Chess Olympiad in Elista, 1998 and in Dresden 2008.
He has won the Swedish Chess Championship three times, in 2007, 2008, and again in 2021, finishing then half a point ahead of three other players, including 2019 winner Erik Blomqvist.
Tiger has been called 'one of the most creative and non-traditional players', exemplified by his construction of 'one of the few self-administered pawn forks in chess history' in the game against Peter Heine Nielsen. His game against Tomas Laurusas at the 43rd Chess Olympiad was ranked best game of 2018 by the editors of Chess.com.
Tiger has written two books on the Modern Defense, including Tiger's Modern.
Books & DVDs
Hillarp Persson, Tiger (2013), Fighting for the Initiative in Chess (DVD) - A2B Media Ltd
Notable games
Tiger Hillarp Persson vs Judit Polgar, Hotel Bali Stars 2003, Nimzo-Indian Defense: Kmoch Variation (E20), 1-0
Eduardas Rozentalis vs Tiger Hillarp Persson, 12th Sigeman & Co Chess Tournament 2004, French Defense: Rubinstein, Fort Knox Variation (C10), 0-1
Vladimir Petkov vs Tiger Hillarp Persson, 37th Chess Olympiad 2006, Slav Defense: Modern Line (D11), 0-1
Peter Heine Nielsen vs Tiger Hillarp Persson, 20:th Politiken Cup 1998, King's Indian Defence: Orthodox Variation, Bayonet Attack (E97), 0-1
Tiger Hillarp Persson vs Tomas Laurusas, 43rd Chess Olympiad 2018, rd. 7, Zukertort Opening: Queen Pawn Defense (A06), 1-0
References
External links
Tiger Hillarp Persson rating data at Chess.vrsac.com (archived)
1970 births
Living people
Swedish chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess writers
Sportspeople from Malmö | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20Hillarp%20Persson |
Vysokaye (; ; ; ) is a town in Brest Region, Belarus. The westernmost point of Belarus is located a few kilometers to the southwest from Vysokaye on the Bug River. As of 2023, it has a population of 4,843. The town has a railway station on the Brest line.
Etymology
Vysokaye means "high" (same as ), as in Wysokie Litewskie (Lithuanian Heights). That was also its name before 1940, when it belonged to Poland. It is about 15 kilometers from Polish border and majority of its citizens are Belarusians.
History
Within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vysokaye was part of Brest Litovsk Voivodeship. In 1795, Vysokaye was acquired by the Russian Empire as a result of the Third Partition of Poland.
From 1921 until 1939, Vysokaye (Wysokie Litewskie) was part of the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, Vysokaye was occupied by the Red Army and, on 14 November 1944, incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR.
From 23 June 1941 until 28 July 1944, Vysokaye was occupied by Nazi Germany and administered as a part of Bezirk Bialystok.
On New Year's Day 2023, the town hit 16.4 C, the highest ever January temperature recorded in the country.
Notes
References
External links
Wysokie Litewskie in the Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland (1895)
Towns in Belarus
Populated places in Brest Region
Brest Litovsk Voivodeship
Brestsky Uyezd
Polesie Voivodeship
Kamyenyets District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysokaye |
The Battle of Kolb's Farm (June 22, 1864) saw a Confederate corps under Lieutenant General John B. Hood attack parts of two Union corps under Major Generals Joseph Hooker and John Schofield. This action was part of the Atlanta campaign of the American Civil War fought between the Confederate Army of Tennessee led by General Joseph E. Johnston and Union forces commanded by Major General William Tecumseh Sherman. Hood believed that he had an opportunity to inflict a defeat on the Union forces in front of his corps and ordered an assault. However, Hooker's and Schofield's troops were deployed in good positions and they repulsed Hood's soldiers with serious losses.
After Hooker made his battle report, a dispute arose between him and Sherman. This was caused by an exaggerated claim made by Hooker and a probable misunderstanding on Sherman's part. Already there was mistrust between the two generals and the dispute only made relations worse. Though the Union won a tactical victory at Kolb's Farm, Sherman's maneuver to turn the Confederate left flank appeared to be blocked. Frustrated in his attempts to outflank Johnston's army, Sherman ordered a frontal assault five days later.
Background
Union Army
General-in-chief of the Union Army Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant ordered Sherman, "to move against Johnston's army, to break it up, and to get into the interior of the enemy's country as far as you can, inflicting all the damage you can against their war resources".
Sherman commanded elements of three armies. The Army of the Cumberland under Major General George H. Thomas was made up of the IV Corps led by Major General Oliver Otis Howard, the XIV Corps under Major General John M. Palmer, the XX Corps commanded by Major General Joseph Hooker, and three cavalry divisions led by Brigadier Generals Edward M. McCook, Kenner Garrard, and Hugh Judson Kilpatrick. The Army of the Tennessee led by Major General James B. McPherson included the XV Corps under Major General John A. Logan, the Left Wing of the XVI Corps under Major General Grenville M. Dodge, and the XVII Corps under Major General Francis Preston Blair Jr. The Army of the Ohio commanded by Major General John Schofield consisted of the XXIII Corps under Schofield and a cavalry division commanded by Major General George Stoneman.
Sherman began his campaign with almost 100,000 men, including Thomas' 60,000 and 130 guns, McPherson's 25,000 and 96 guns, and Schofield's 14,000 men and 28 guns. Through the fighting near Dallas, Sherman lost 12,000 casualties, but was reinforced by the fresh XVII Corps at that time.
Confederate Army
Johnston's Army of Tennessee began the campaign with two infantry corps led by Lieutenant Generals William J. Hardee and John Bell Hood, and a cavalry corps under Major General Joseph Wheeler. The army was soon reinforced from the Army of Mississippi by the corps of Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk and the cavalry division of Brigadier General William Hicks Jackson.
Polk was killed at Pine Mountain on June 14 and temporarily replaced by Major General William Wing Loring. Hardee's corps included the divisions of Major Generals William B. Bate, Benjamin F. Cheatham, Patrick Cleburne, and William H. T. Walker. Hood's corps comprised the divisions of Major Generals Thomas C. Hindman, Carter L. Stevenson, and Alexander P. Stewart. Polk's corps was made up of the divisions of Major Generals Edward C. Walthall and Samuel Gibbs French, and Brigadier General Winfield S. Featherston.
As recently as the Battle of Cassville on May 19, the Confederate army had numbered 70,000–74,000 troops. Since then, Johnston's army sustained about 3,000 casualties in the fighting near Dallas.
Previous operations
The Atlanta campaign began on May 7, 1864, when Sherman's forces began to advance. Sherman sent McPherson's army on a wide swing to the west while the armies under Thomas and Schofield pressed Johnston's defenses frontally. After the Battle of Rocky Face Ridge, Johnston withdrew from the Dalton position. The Battle of Resaca occurred on May 13–16, after which Johnston retreated again.
After a skirmish at Adairsville, Johnston tried to set a trap for Sherman's forces, which were advancing on a broad front. At the Battle of Cassville on May 19, Johnston's attempted counterstroke miscarried and the Confederate army withdrew the next day. Since the Confederate defenses at Allatoona Pass were too strong, Sherman tried to turn Johnston's position by a wide sweep to the west. This resulted in a series of actions in late May known as the battles of New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Dallas. The Union forces then shifted to the east and finally forced Johnston to order another retreat.
In mid-June, a series of actions took place near Gilgal Church and Pine Mountain, after which Johnston fell back to Kennesaw Mountain.
Kennesaw
Kennesaw Mountain represented the key to the Confederate defenses. The railroad coming from the north veered to the northeast past Kennesaw's northern end, then turned south before reaching Marietta.
The mountain ridge runs northeast to southwest with three notable features. These are Big Kennesaw, which stands above the surrounding terrain at the northeast end, Little Kennesaw with its nearly summit, and Pigeon Hill with its height at the southwest end. From Big Kennesaw's dominating summit, any daytime movements by the Union forces could be immediately observed. Kennesaw Mountain was probably a stronger position than Rocky Face Ridge and Allatoona Pass.
Hood's corps held the Confederate right flank east of Kennesaw Mountain and north of Marietta. Loring's corps held the mountain in the center, with Featherston's division on the right, Walthall's division in the center, and French's division on the left. Hardee's corps held the left flank, with the divisions of Walker, Bate, Cleburne, and Cheatham deployed from right to left. Hardee's troops were posted behind Noses Creek, which was swollen from the recent heavy rains. In front of the main Confederate defenses was a fortified outpost line. The Confederate infantry defended a long front. Wheeler's cavalry guarded the right flank while Jackson's cavalry watched the left flank.
On the morning of June 19, Sherman optimistically believed that the Confederates had withdrawn to the Chattahoochie River, but by the day's end he realized that assessment was wrong. McPherson's three corps formed the Federal left wing, with Blair's corps on the extreme left flank. Thomas' army advanced with Palmer's corps on the left, Howard's corps in the center, and Hooker's corps on the right. On the Union right wing, Schofield's corps marched southeast along the Sandtown Road. There was a vigorous cavalry clash on the left between Garrard's division and Wheeler. Hooker was able to cross Noses Creek at a place where the stream curved to the west, and established his corps on the east side of the creek. Schofield reached the place where the road from Powder Springs Church to Marietta spanned Noses Creek, but did not attempt to cross.
Federal cannons took Pigeon Hill under fire, inflicting 35 casualties on French's Missouri brigade, including its commander Brigadier General Francis Cockrell. French responded by having his gun crews drag their cannons up Pigeon Hill.
On June 20, Sherman began extending his right wing toward the south. Howard ordered Brigadier General Thomas J. Wood's division and a brigade from Major General David S. Stanley's division to replace the left flank of Hooker's corps. Brigadier General Alpheus S. Williams's division on Hooker's left shifted to the right flank of the corps. Later, Stanley's other brigades were able to cross to the west bank of Noses Creek. They seized two hills and were counterattacked by Confederates who recaptured one of them.
Stanley's division suffered 250 casualties in the fighting. Since it rained again that day, Sherman decided not to try any attacks until the weather cleared. Brigadier General Jacob Dolson Cox's division of Schofield's corps made a successful crossing of Noses Creek and entrenched on the east side. The constant rain caused many sick soldiers in both Union and Confederate armies to be evacuated to the rear.
Battle
June 21 movements
On June 21, Sherman's army continued shifting to its right. McPherson's Army of the Tennessee relieved part of Thomas' Army of the Cumberland. Palmer's corps replaced Brigadier General John Newton's division of Howard's corps. In turn, Newton's division took over the left flank of Hooker's corps, allowing it to extend to the right. Howard's corps retook the hill previously captured by the Confederates and seized ground which enabled it to advance several hundred yards. Hooker's corps pushed forward at the same time, occupying some hills near Kolb's (also known as Culp's) Farm while maintaining contact with Howard's corps on its left.
Brigadier General Milo S. Hascall's division of Schofield's corps crossed Noses Creek and made contact with the right flank of Hooker's corps. Stoneman's horsemen clashed with Jackson's division on Schofield's right flank.
Johnston noted Sherman's extension of his right wing and decided that Hardee's lines had been stretched almost to their limit. Therefore, he decided to counter it by moving Hood's corps from his right to his left flank. To fill the gap, Johnston ordered Loring to extend his corps to its right and instructed Wheeler to dismount his cavalrymen to man Hood's trenches.
Johnston knew that McPherson might attack his weakened right flank, but all Sherman's recent moves were by the Union right flank. Johnston decided to accept the risk because he felt that his only other alternative was to retreat. In the morning of June 21, Schofield believed that the way to Marietta was unguarded. However, by the evening, Schofield suspected that he was facing substantial opposition. In fact, Hood's corps left its original position in the morning and camped on the Powder Springs road west of Marietta in the evening.
June 22 action
June 22 dawned with clear skies, so Sherman decided to make a major effort to force Johnston to retreat. He ordered Thomas to direct Hooker to move his corps east toward Marietta. Sherman instructed Schofield to advance along the Powder Springs-Marietta road before linking with Hooker's right flank, and to guard the Cheney House where the Sandtown road met the Powder Springs road. Early in the afternoon, Hooker advanced with Major General Daniel Butterfield's division on the left, Brigadier General John W. Geary in the center, and Williams on the right. Soon, Hooker's skirmishers reported that Confederates were ahead and forming for an attack. This information prompted Hooker to order his corps to entrench on a line from Howard's right flank to Kolb's Farm on the Powder Springs-Marietta road. South of the road facing east, Colonel Silas A. Strickland's brigade of Hascall's XXIII Corps division also fortified its position. The rest of Hascall's brigades were to Strickland's right and facing southeast. Farther south was Cox's division guarding the area near Cheney House.
In the Atlanta campaign to date, Hooker's XX Corps suffered 5,000 casualties, more than any other of Sherman's formations, after starting with 20,000 men.
Williams' division was deployed with the brigades of Brigadier Generals Thomas H. Ruger and Joseph F. Knipe on the right and center, and Colonel James S. Robinson's brigade on the left.
Williams sent the 123rd New York Infantry Regiment forward into the woods on a reconnaissance, while Hascall ordered the 14th Kentucky Infantry Regiment on the same mission. Both units pressed forward to positions where they saw large numbers of Confederates massing for an attack, and they reported this information. Hooker twice asked Thomas to reinforce his corps, claiming the "whole rebel army" was in front of him. This prompted Thomas to personally look over the situation. He concluded that the threat was exaggerated, and that Hooker's line was sufficiently strong to defend itself.
On Geary's right there was a hill surrounded by open fields; this was entrenched and crowned with artillery. Small marshy streams ran between Williams' brigades and in the interval between Geary and Williams.
Hascall's division consisted of the brigades of Colonels John McQuiston, William E. Hobson, and Strickland. Schofield, who was with Hascall when the 14th Kentucky's report came in, ordered Cox to leave one brigade at Cheney House and march to Hascall's support. Leaving Colonel James W. Reilly's brigade, Cox marched with the three others, but the action was over before they went very far. They were then placed to the right of Hascall's brigades. Cox's brigades were led by Colonels Daniel Cameron, Richard F. Barter, Robert K. Byrd, and Reilly.
During the early afternoon of June 22, Hood's corps moved along the Powder Springs road until it was west of Mount Zion Church. Hood then deployed his corps with Stevenson's division athwart the road, Hindman's division to its right, and Stewart's division directly behind Stevenson. Hood ordered his division commanders to drive the Federals toward Manning's Mill, which was west of Kolb's Farm. Hood sent a message to Johnston claiming incorrectly that he defeated a Union attack and that he was counterattacking. Hood's daily report was unclear about what happened that day, his memoirs never referred to the Kolb's Farm action, and other Confederate sources were silent. Therefore, Hood's motives that day can only be inferred. Apparently, he believed that the Federals were advancing in march column and that his troops were executing a powerful flank attack against an unready opponent. The Confederate assault began a short time after 5 pm.
Stevenson arranged his division with the brigades of Brigadier Generals Alfred Cumming and Edmund Pettus on the left with Cumming in front. On the right were the brigades of Brigadier Generals John C. Brown and Alexander W. Reynolds on the right, with Brown in front. Cumming's brigade, which consisted largely of former Georgia militia, advanced through dense foliage until they received a volley from the 14th Kentucky at a range of .
Cumming's troops retreated in confusion, rallied, attacked again, and were repulsed a second time. Outflanked when the 123rd New York was driven back, the 14th Kentucky fell back to a second position and continued to resist. Finally, Hascall peremptorily ordered the 14th Kentucky to withdraw to the main line; its commander Colonel George Gallup later claimed that 69 dead Confederates were found in front of his regiment's position. When the Confederates attacked Strickland's defenses, they were driven off by rifle fire and by canister shot from Shields' 19th Ohio Battery and Paddock's Battery F, 1st Michigan.
North of the road, Brown's and Reynolds' troops quickly drove back the 123rd New York and advanced into cleared fields in front of the brigades of Ruger and Knipe. When the Confederates emerged they were pounded by the 13th New York Battery from Geary's hill. These guns were joined by the 3-inch Ordnance rifles of Winegar's Battery I, 1st New York and the 12-pounder Napoleons of Woodbury's Battery M, 1st New York from Williams' division. Stevenson's soldiers were briefly able to penetrate a hollow between Williams and Geary, but were soon compelled to recoil under the combined rifle and artillery fire. During the attack, Hooker asked for Howard to release Butterfield's division, but it could not be moved immediately. Instead, Howard sent a few reserve regiments to Hooker's aid. Later that night, Howard finally released Butterfield's division. While most of Stevenson's men fell back to the woods, some soldiers took cover in a ravine. It soon proved to be a death trap when it became the target of one of Williams' batteries.
Hindman's division stormed out of the woods after Stevenson's men began to retreat. The division moved toward Robinson's brigade and Geary's right flank. Hindman's left flank was composed of the brigades of Brigadier Generals Zachariah C. Deas and William F. Tucker. These formations halted as soon as they came under artillery fire and fled in confusion. Hindman's right flank consisted of the brigades of Brigadier Generals Edward C. Walthall and Arthur Middleton Manigault. Walthall's men went to ground as soon as they came under fire. Manigault's troops faced a patch of marshy ground in the area that complicated their advance. After trying and failing to cross a boggy creek under heavy fire, the soldiers either fled or took cover. According to Williams' account, Hindman's division was repulsed by artillery alone, Williams's infantry having taken no part in the fighting in that area.
Aftermath
Losses
Johnston admitted losing 1,000 troops in the battle. Williams reported sustaining 130 casualties, while Hascall's loss was about the same. Geary's losses were "trifling". Historian Albert E. Castel estimated that Hood's attack cost his corps 1,500 killed, wounded, and missing, two-thirds of which were from Stevenson's division. Castel calculated that total Union casualties were 250, of which 86 were from Knipe's brigade and 72 were from Strickland's brigade. The 123rd New York lost 48 casualties while the 14th Kentucky lost 12 killed and 48 wounded. Castel called the action, "more a one-sided slaughter than a battle". The above losses were echoed by an article by Scott Wilbur for the National Park Service. Wilbur also stated that the Union forces engaged in the action outnumbered Hood by 14,000 to 11,000.
Sherman-Hooker dispute
Sherman told Schofield that, "I will probably meet you today at Mrs. Kolb's." Nevertheless, Sherman spent the day with the corps of Howard and Palmer. At 5:30 pm, Hooker received a message from Sherman asking, "How are you getting along? Near what house are you?" Sherman had heard some cannon fire, but it did not seem like anything serious. Sherman returned to his headquarters at Big Shanty that evening. Hooker immediately replied but his message was unaccountably delayed. At 9:30 pm, Sherman finally received Hooker's note, which read as follows.
Sherman wondered why Hooker was anxious about his right flank since Schofield's corps was supposed to be there. He did not understand how he could have missed the sound of "two heavy attacks". At 9:30 pm, Sherman issued a reply to Hooker.
Sherman sent Thomas a message asking him to make sure Schofield was on Hooker's right. Thomas sent two replies saying that the situation on the right flank was under control, and suggesting that only weak Confederate forces must be in front of McPherson. Finally, Sherman received a message from Schofield reporting that Hood's corps attacked his and Hooker's positions at Kolb's Farm and was defeated. According to Sherman's Memoirs, written ten years after the war, he rode to the right flank on the morning of June 23 to meet with Schofield and Hooker. When he presented Hooker's message, Schofield became angry, saying his troops were in their proper position on the right. Sherman wrote that he chided Hooker for claiming three corps were in front of him.
Castel asserted that the account in Sherman's Memoirs was the product of faulty memory and personal animosity toward Hooker. Schofield later denied being angry with Hooker, and suggested that Sherman must have misunderstood Hooker's message. In fact, in Hooker's report to Thomas at midnight, he credited Hascall for helping to repulse Hood's assault. Schofield wrote that he did not recall meeting with Sherman in the morning and perhaps the commanding general met with Hascall instead. Hooker's claim that he faced three corps was absurd, but there was an element of truth to it. While Hood's corps was in front of Hooker and Schofield, part of Hardee's corps opposed Butterfield's division, and one of the Confederate cavalry brigades in the area originally belonged to the Army of Mississippi, that is, Loring's corps. In any case, once the action began, Hooker performed superbly as a combat leader.
Hooker already resented Sherman's obvious favoritism toward McPherson's Army of the Tennessee. He also believed that Sherman mishandled his corps at the Battle of New Hope Church. The Kolb's Farm incident led to a steady decline in Hooker's standing with Sherman. When McPherson was killed on July 22, Hooker expected to be promoted to command the Army of the Tennessee, since he was senior in rank. Doubting that Hooker would prove to be a cooperative and loyal subordinate, Sherman passed over him and selected Howard to replace McPherson. Hooker found this especially insulting because he blamed Howard for his defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Hooker promptly tendered his resignation, which Sherman accepted.
Sherman frustrated
By the following day, Hood's corps entrenched itself and it was clear that assaulting it would be foolish. Sherman instructed Schofield to find whether the Confederate left flank could be turned. On the afternoon of June 23, Reilly's brigade moved south along the Sandtown road to where it crossed Olley's Creek. Reilly found dismounted and barricaded soldiers from Brigadier General Lawrence Sullivan Ross' cavalry brigade defending the crossing. Schofield reported to Sherman that his corps was extended too far. Clearly, Schofield was not able to outflank the Confederates unless Thomas' army shifted to its right. Thomas reported that his army was already extended too much. Furthermore, Sherman received a report that McCook's cavalrymen were unable to damage the railroad line supplying Johnston's army because they were unable to cross the Chattahoochie River. A frustrated Sherman sent a telegram to Union Army Chief of Staff Major General Henry Halleck that, "The whole country is one vast fort ... As fast as we gain one position the enemy has another all ready".
Sherman faced three choices: use McPherson to hit Johnston's right flank, wear down the Confederates trenches by artillery barrages and short infantry advances, or make a frontal assault. Even though Blair reported that the trenches in front of him were held by cavalry, Sherman rejected the first choice. He was so fearful that Johnston might strike his vital railroad supply line near Big Shanty, that Sherman wanted McPherson to strongly guard that area. He also rejected the second choice. One of his strategic missions was to prevent Johnston from reinforcing General Robert E. Lee's army, so Sherman could not allow a stalemate to develop. Therefore, Sherman resolved to adopt the third choice: to make a frontal attack. He reasoned that he outnumbered Johnston, yet the Confederate trench lines were longer than his own. Therefore, they must be weak somewhere. This resulted in the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain on June 27 in which the Union attacks were repulsed with heavy casualties.
Battlefield condition
Much of the battlefield landscape has been altered and fragmented. Some essential features remain, however, including the Kolb farm house and family cemetery, Ward Creek, and the heights used by the Federal XX and XXIII Corps in their repulse of the Confederate assault. These resources are protected within the Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park. Residential subdivisions have hemmed in the park land and overwhelmed the battlefield landscape beyond the park boundary, including the heights from which the Confederates began their assault.
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
Further reading
External links
This is a good battle map.
Kolb's Farm
Kolb's Farm
Cobb County, Georgia
Kolb's Farm
Kolb's Farm
Kolb's Farm
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
June 1864 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Kolb%27s%20Farm |
Petershagen is a town in the Minden-Lübbecke district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It lies on the Westphalian Mill Route. The core is formed by the districts of Petershagen and Lahde, located opposite each other on the Weser.
Geography
Petershagen is situated on the river Weser, approx. 10 km north-east of Minden.
Neighbouring municipalities
Division of the town
The town of Petershagen consists of 29 districts:
International relations
Petershagen is twinned with:
Petershagen-Eggersdorf (Brandenburg, Germany) -- since 1990
Notable people
The following persons were born in Petershagen:
Master Bertram (c. 1345 – c. 1415), painter (presumably born in Bierde)
Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst (1743–1807), natural scientist
Johann Karl Ludwig Gieseler (1792–1854), Professor of Church History
Henry Clay Brockmeyer (1826–1906), politician and translator of Hegel
August Fick (1833–1916), Germanist and linguist
Wilhelm Normann (1870–1939), inventor of fat hardening and thus the founder of margarine production
Elsbeth Schragmüller (1887–1940), spy
Edelgard Bulmahn (born 1951), politician
Willi Brase (born 1951), politician
References
External links
Official site
Virtual tour through the city Petershagen
Minden-Lübbecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petershagen |
Marianna Hill (born Marianna Schwarzkopf; February 9, 1942) is an American actress who is known for her starring roles in the Western films El Condor (1970) and High Plains Drifter and the cult horror film Messiah of Evil (both 1973), as well as many roles on television series in the 1960s and 1970s. She was sometimes credited as Mariana Hill.
Early years
Marianna Hill was born in Santa Barbara, California, to architect Frank Schwarzkopf and writer Mary Hawthorne Hill, who worked as a script doctor. United States Army General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. is her 2nd cousin.
Her father, a building contractor, worked in several countries, which resulted in Hill's education in California, Spain, and Canada. During her teenage years, her family settled in Southern California when her father purchased a restaurant there.
Career
Hill's initial acting experience came when she was an apprentice at the Laguna Playhouse. She then worked three summers at the La Jolla Playhouse, and later gained more experience at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre. She was a life member of The Actors Studio as of January 1980. She adopted her mother's surname ("Hill") as her professional surname. She appeared in more than 70 films and television episodes.
Her film debut came in Married Too Young (1962). She played Gabrielle in the Howard Hawks film, Red Line 7000 (1965) and featured in the Elvis Presley film Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966); the Haskell Wexler political film Medium Cool (1969); the western El Condor (1970); the Clint Eastwood film High Plains Drifter (1973) as Callie Travers; the cult classic horror-thriller film The Baby (1973); and in The Godfather Part II (1974) as Deanna Dunn-Corleone, Fredo Corleone's hard-drinking wife.
Hill guest-starred in several 1960s sitcoms, including My Three Sons, Hogan's Heroes and Love, American Style, as well as in the original Star Trek series ("Dagger of the Mind", 1966, as Dr. Helen Noel) and Perry Mason ("The Case of the Greek Goddess", 1963, as Theba). She guest-starred in The High Chaparral; Bonanza; Death Valley Days; Gunsmoke; The Wild Wild West; Dr. Kildare; The F.B.I.; Quincy, M.E.; S.W.A.T.; Kung Fu; The Outer Limits; Mannix; Batman; Daniel Boone; The Tall Man; Mission: Impossible; and the first pilot movie for Harry O. Her last television appearance was in a 1984 episode of Remington Steele.
After moving to New York to teach at the Lee Strasberg Theatre Institute, Hill moved to England in 1988 to teach at the Lee Strasberg Studio in London. She remained there until its closure in 2001. Hill continued to teach at the Method Studio in London, and made an appearance in the 2005 British film Coma Girl: The State of Grace, a part she got through the association of one of her students with the film's writer and director Dina Jacobsen.
Her last American film was Chief Zabu, which was filmed on the campus of Bard College in New York in 1986. The film was not released until 2016. In a rare public appearance, Hill attended the premier of the movie at the 2016 Fort Lauderdale Film Festival.
Hill lives in London, UK. She teaches acting privately and at acting workshops. She was scheduled to make an appearance at the Destination Star Trek Germany convention in June 2021 however the convention was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Filmography
1962: Married Too Young as Marla
1963: Gunsmoke as Annie
1963: Black Zoo as Audrey
1963: Wives and Lovers (uncredited)
1964: Outer Limits as Nina Link
1964: The New Interns as Sandy
1964: Roustabout as Viola (uncredited)
1964: Bonanza as Dolores Tenino (episode: "Ponderosa Matador")
1965: That Funny Feeling (1965) Kitty (uncredited)
1965: Red Line 7000 as Gabrielle
1966: Paradise, Hawaiian Style as Lani Kaimana
1966: Star Trek (episode: "Dagger of the Mind") as Helen Noel
1967: Batman as Cleo Patrick (and Cleopatra)
1968: Mission Impossible as Luisa Rojas
1968: Mannix as Marcie
1969: Hogan's Heroes "The Gasoline War" as Louisa
1969: Medium Cool as Ruth
1969: The High Chaparral as Juanita
1969: Daniel Boone as Nancy Hanks
1969: Mayberry RFD as Renee
1970: Love American Style as Angelica Stone (segment: "Love and the Gangster")
1970: El Condor as Claudine
1970: The Traveling Executioner as Gundred Herzallerliebst
1972: Thumb Tripping as Lynne
1973: Messiah of Evil as Arletty
1973: The Baby as Germaine Wadsworth
1973: Harry O as Mildred
1973: High Plains Drifter as Callie Travers
1974: The Last Porno Flick as Mary
1974: The Godfather Part II as Deanna Corleone
1976: Death at Love House as Lorna Love
1978: The Astral Factor as Bambi Greer (re-released in 1984 as Invisible Strangler)
1980: Schizoid as Julie
1980: Blood Beach as Catherine Hutton
2005: Coma Girl: The State of Grace as Mrs. Anderson
2016: Chief Zabu as Jennifer Holding
References
External links
1942 births
Living people
American expatriates in Canada
American expatriates in England
American expatriates in Spain
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Santa Barbara, California
Actors from Santa Barbara, California
American people of German descent
20th-century American actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna%20Hill |
Amharclann Ghaoth Dobhair (), anglicized as Gweedore Theatre, is a local theatre in the Gaeltacht region of Derrybeg in the parish of Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland. It seats over 200 patrons, and ever since it was opened by actress Siobhán McKenna, it has staged hundreds of plays in the Irish language.
Aisteoirí Ghaoth Dobhair was a group of actors founded in Srath na Corcra, Derrybeg in 1932, and they gained critical acclaim and travelled as far as Glasgow to perform. The key people involved in the group were Eoghan Mac Giolla Bhríghde, Áine Nic Giolla Bhríghde, Johnnie Sheáin Ó Gallchóir, Proinsias Ó Maonaigh, Máire Bn. Uí Bhraonáin, Tomás Mac Giolla Bhríghde, Seán Ó Casaide, Néilí Ó Maolagáin, Niall Ó Dufaigh, and Proinsias Ó Duibhir.
Aisteoirí Ghaoth Dobhair's Pantomimes
Several well-known local entertainers took to the limelight in productions of Geamaireachtaí Aisteoirí Ghaoth Dobhair. Eithne Ní Bhraonáin from Dore - now globally known as Enya. Mairéad Ní Mhaonaigh - now of Altan fame. Máire Ní Bhraonáin - now known as Moya Brennan. Three of the Uí Chasaide clan Na Casaidigh. And the two Brennan brothers Pól and Ciarán of internationally renowned group Clannad. They all took part in the pantos before taking to the world-stage. The pantomimes have included the below productions:
1962 - Turloch Óg na dTuath
1963 - Ball Dearg
1964 - An tSleagh Ghlas
1965 - Fionnán in Arabia
1967 - An Gobán Saor
1968 - An Glas Gaibhlinn
1970 - Mac Rí Uladh
1973 - Iníon Rí Ailigh
References
Buildings and structures in Gweedore
Culture in Gweedore
Theatres in the Republic of Ireland
Tourist attractions in County Donegal
1962 establishments in Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharclann%20Ghaoth%20Dobhair |
The Second Battle of Dalton was fought August 14–15, 1864, between Union and Confederate forces in Whitfield County northern Georgia.
Battle
Confederate cavalry, commanded by Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler raided northern Georgia to disrupt William T. Sherman's supply lines and destroy the railroad track, hoping to force Sherman to retreat from the state. On August 14, Wheeler demanded the surrender of the Union garrison at Dalton, Georgia, commanded by Colonel Bernard Laiboldt. Laiboldt refused and held out inside his fortifications, though sporadic fighting continued until midnight.
The next morning, Wheeler ended his attack and prepared to retreat. Union reinforcements arrived from Chattanooga, commanded by Maj. Gen. James B. Steedman, and engaged Wheeler's cavalry. Skirmishing continued for four hours, before the Confederates finally left the field.
The amount of damage inflicted by Wheeler on the railroad is debatable. However, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas in Nashville reported that the track south of Dalton was quickly repaired and trains were running again within two days.
Battlefield Condition
The growth of the City of Dalton has destroyed the battlefield landscape and its historic setting.
References
External links
National Park Service battle summary
CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey: Individual Battlefield Profiles
Laiboldt's Report as printed in the New York Times
Lloyd's battle history of the great rebellion: Dalton, Georgia
Atlanta campaign
Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War
Union victories of the American Civil War
Battles of the American Civil War in Georgia (U.S. state)
Battle of Dalton Ii
Conflicts in 1864
1864 in Georgia (U.S. state)
August 1864 events | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Battle%20of%20Dalton |
Word of Life Fellowship is an international evangelistic Christian ministry. The headquarters is in Schroon Lake, New York, in the United States.
History
In 1940, Word of Life Fellowship Bible Conference was founded by Jack Wyrtzen. In 1941, he founded the Word of Life Camp Ministry, and in 1946 he purchased an island on Schroon Lake, New York, and opened Word of Life Camp in 1947. By 2021, the ministry had camps, conference centers, Bible institutes, and church youth ministries in over 70 countries.
Beliefs
According to their statement of faith, Word of Life adheres to the teachings of biblical inerrancy, scriptural authority, the Deity of Christ, the bodily Resurrection of Christ, the triunity of God, the total depravity of man, and salvation by grace through faith alone. Word of Life also adheres largely to dispensational theology.
Notable people
People who were employees of Word of Life, alumni of the Bible Institute, or otherwise closely associated with Word of Life Fellowship include:
Sergio Cariello (born 1964), graduate of the Word of Life Bible Institute and illustrator of The Action Bible
Jon and Andrew Erwin, graduates of the Word of Life Bible Institute and filmmakers most known for their 2018 film I Can Only Imagine
J. D. Greear (born 1973), author and pastor of The Summit Church
Benjamin Laird, Associate Professor of Biblical Studies in the Rawlings School of Divinity at Liberty University, and author
Brandon "Scoop B" Robinson, sports journalist
Charles C. Ryrie (1925–2016), biblical scholar, Christian theologian, author and professor
Jack Wyrtzen (1913–1996), founder of Word of Life, youth evangelist
References
External links
Official website
Christian youth organizations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word%20of%20Life%20Fellowship |
Robin Alan Collins is an American philosopher. He currently serves as the Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and chair of the Department of Philosophy at Messiah University in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. His main interests include philosophical issues related to the relationship between religion and science and philosophical theology.
Education
Collins obtained his undergraduate degree from Washington State University in 1984 with a triple major in mathematics, Physics, and Philosophy, graduating summa cum laude. Collins spent two years in a Ph.D. program in Physics at the University of Texas at Austin before transferring to the University of Notre Dame where he received a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1993. His dissertation was titled "Epistemological Issues in the Scientific Realism/Antirealism Debate: An Analysis and a Proposal."
He served as a post-doctoral fellow at Northwestern University's Program in History and Philosophy of Science before joining Messiah College.
Career
Collins was interviewed as a major contributor to The Case for a Creator by Lee Strobel.
References
External links
Dr. Collins's homepage
The Case for Cosmic Design by Robin Collins. (Here Collins debates Paul Draper and Quentin Smith regarding whether the structure of the cosmos supports divine creation; it is part of the first online book debating theism and atheism/naturalism, at the leading atheist website infidels.org)
Interviews with Collins for PBS program "Closer to Truth"
Intelligent design advocates
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American theologians
Notre Dame College of Engineering alumni
Northwestern University faculty
Christian philosophers
Washington State University alumni
Messiah University
Critics of atheism
Distinguished professors of philosophy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Collins |
Wallace & Gromit in Project Zoo is a platform video game developed by Frontier Developments and published by BAM! Entertainment (European distribution being handled by Acclaim Entertainment) for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. It is the first console game to feature Aardman Animations' characters Wallace and Gromit and also features the voice of Wallace, Peter Sallis reprising his role.
Gameplay
As Gromit, the player must use Wallace's bizarre inventions - including the Porridge Gun, Turnip Launcher, Springy Boots, and Gyrocopter - to battle Feathers McGraw's robotic minions and rescue the baby animals in typical platform game style.
Plot
Wallace and Gromit have adopted Archie; a baby polar bear at the local zoo. However, when they go to the zoo to celebrate his birthday, they find the zoo padlocked and supposedly under new management. They soon discover that Feathers McGraw (the villain from The Wrong Trousers) is now running the zoo and has kidnapped Archie. Back at home, Wallace and Gromit design a giant wooden penguin (a parody of the Trojan Horse) which gets them inside the zoo.
Entering the jungle house, they find that Feathers has captured baby elephants to force their parents to work for him. To help Gromit, Wallace fashions a telescope into a banana gun as the first weapon of the game. Upon rescuing the first baby elephant, the parents push down a set of doors allowing them access to the next area. Upon making their way to the temple, the duo are almost flattened by a rolling boulder trap, but it is able to smash a way out for them. In the Temple, Gromit also gains a new tool of a torch, allowing him to illuminate areas or light fuses. After repairing a panel damaged by the boulder, Wallace finds an entrance to a mine where Gromit must battle a mole machine in the first boss fight of the game with the aid of Wallace's Go-Higher Springy Boots. After the mole machine is destroyed, Feathers escapes underground. Wallace sees a poster nearby denoting a countdown to D-Day, which he finds odd.
Travelling underground, Wallace and Gromit are briefly separated, forcing Gromit to navigate mining machinery and mine cart tracks. It also turns out Feathers has imprisoned baby beavers to force their parents to work. Upon Gromit freeing the first baby beaver, Wallace finds himself trapped on a bridge, so Gromit must detonate explosives to free him. Upon doing this, Wallace repairs the lift leading them to a large cave where Gromit must free two other beavers, in the process gaining a new weapon of a Porridge gun. Wallace discovers drainage, along with Feathers flying a helicopter so quickly engineers a Gyro-Copter, allowing them to give chase to the Volcanic sector. Upon being cornered by the duo, Feathers drops them through a trapdoor into a flooded room where they are nearly crushed before Gromit unlocks the door.
After obtaining the new tool of a fire extinguisher, the duo are briefly get separated again, with Gromit needing to navigate around lava, fire and enemies before they are reunited and find imprisoned baby gorillas who Gromit is soon able to free. In appreciation, the gorillas open up the lift, allowing them further access.
Eventually, after freeing all three gorillas, Wallace and Gromit find their way back to the Gyro-Copter, where they see Feathers activating some machinery.
Using the Gyro-copter and the porridge gun, they gum up the machinery and Feathers uses an escape pod to flee, which they follow, eventually crash landing in a warehouse.
Inside the warehouse, they find Feathers has captured baby pandas and must deal with enemies, machinery and goons to free them. In the process, Wallace also builds the last main weapon of the game; a high velocity turnip launcher. After eventually finding Feathers and Archie, Feathers cuts the lights, allowing him to escape to the Polar exhibit, where he has captured 3 baby polar bears, with one of them having to be rescued by activating 3 steam valves to produce hot water needed to melt the ice. Eventually, Wallace soups up a pedlo boat with a turnip launcher. After obtaining Feathers' remote control, Wallace accidentally activates Feathers' submarine, forcing Gromit to destroy it and icebergs in a parody of Asteroids (video game).
Wallace and Gromit then enter the last set of levels in the game, finding Feathers has created a Diamond-O-Matic to create diamonds, reminding Wallace of the D-Day poster. Archie accidentally gets sent into the machine, and Gromit must enter the machine, using weapons and tools collected from throughout the game and protect Archie from various threats such as fire and ice, whilst also freeing 3 baby zebras. Eventually, they are able to rescue Archie and go to confront Feathers.
In the final boss fight of the game, Wallace is imprisoned in a cell and Gromit must battle Feathers in a giant robot suit, avoiding attacks and then shooting the robot in either the bottom or the eyes with a turnip launcher when vulnerable.
Upon the robot being defeated, Wallace is freed from his cell and Feathers activates a rocket pack to escape. However, upon reaching the zoo entrance, Feathers is confronted by the parent beavers, pandas, polar bears and zebras before being caged by the elephants and dropping his diamond, which is swiftly picked up by Gromit. Wallace then notes how Feathers won't be troubling them again in a hurry, with the penguin being back in his cell from the end of the Wrong Trousers.
Photos shown during the credits show Archie celebrating his birthday with his mother at Wallace and Gromit's house.
Reception
Wallace & Gromit in Project Zoo received "mixed or average reviews" on all platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
References
External links
2003 video games
3D platform games
BAM! Entertainment games
Frontier Developments games
GameCube games
PlayStation 2 games
Video games set in Lancashire
Video games set in zoos
Project Zoo
Windows games
Xbox games
Single-player video games
Video games scored by Alastair Lindsay
Video games developed in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20%26%20Gromit%20in%20Project%20Zoo |
A Passage in Time may refer to:
A Passage in Time (Dead Can Dance album), 1991
A Passage in Time (Authority Zero album), 2002
Passage in Time, an album by Quo Vadis, 2001
The Passage of Time (日光流年, Rìguāng liúnián), a book by Yan Lianke, 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Passage%20in%20Time |
The St. Lawrence Saints Men's Ice Hockey team, colloquially known as the "Skating Saints", is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college ice hockey program that represents St. Lawrence University. The Saints are a member of the ECAC Hockey. They have played at Appleton Arena in Canton, New York, since 1951. Prior to the arena's construction, the men's team played outdoors at the current location of Whitman Hall.
History
Since the team's inception in 1925, the Saints men's hockey program has been a competitive team at the top ranks of American college hockey. Due to World War II, there were no teams during the 1941–42 season, or the 1943–44 through 1945–46 seasons.
The team plays in the ECAC Hockey League, one of six Division I leagues. This league currently boasts six Ivy League teams, including perennial powers Cornell and Harvard as well as six colleges from upstate New York and Connecticut. Since the inception of the ECAC in 1961, SLU has won six ECAC tournament titles and two ECAC regular season titles.
Since the 1951–52 season, SLU has made sixteen NCAA tournament appearances. St. Lawrence has been to the Frozen Four and its antecedent the four team NCAA Championships a total of nine times, playing in the title games in 1961 and 1988. St. Lawrence has accomplished this despite being, at approximately 2,000 students, one of the smallest colleges to play at the Division I level. A Division III school in all other sports, St. Lawrence has maintained Division I "play-up" status in hockey thanks to a 2004 NCAA resolution, allowing it (along with 11 other schools) to offer Division I scholarships in only one sport. St. Lawrence did not offer grant-in-aid hockey scholarships until the mid-1990s.
In 1988, the Saints played in the NCAA national championship game at the Olympic Arena in Lake Placid, NY, losing to Lake Superior State University 4–3 in overtime. The 1987–88 season was the most successful in team history, with an overall record of 29–9–0. In 2000, the Saints played in the longest NCAA tournament game on record; a 3–2, quadruple overtime victory over Boston University. The win advanced the Saints to the Frozen Four, where the team eventually lost to Boston College in the National Semifinals. The Men's program has produced 28 All-American players, seven ECAC tournament MVPs, six ECAC players of the year, four ECAC rookies of the year, and nine Hobey Baker Memorial Award finalists.
From 1985 until 2012, Joe Marsh was the head coach at St. Lawrence. In 2007, he won his 400th Division I game (all at St. Lawrence) placing him in 6th place among active NCAA Division I coaches in career wins. Marsh is a two-time winner of the Spencer Penrose Award given to the best college coach of the year.
Following Marsh's retirement in 2012, former Ottawa Senators assistant coach, and Saints alumnus, Greg Carvel took over head coaching duties. In 2016, Carvel departed the program to take the same role at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. Following the departure of Carvel, St. Lawrence named former Clarkson University head coach Mark Morris as the 14th head coach in program history.
Beginning with the 2019–20 season, the Saints announced Brent Brekke as the 15th head coach in program history.
St. Lawrence's biggest hockey rival is Clarkson University, located in Potsdam, ten miles from the St. Lawrence campus. For many years, the swing through the North Country has been considered to be one of the most grueling road trips in college hockey.
St. Lawrence plays its home hockey games at Appleton Arena, a classic old time hockey barn which has seen many upgrades since opening in 1950 with a 4–2 St. Lawrence win over Dartmouth College.
Season-by-season results
Source:
Records vs. current ECAC Hockey teams
As of the completion of the 2018–19 season
Coaches
As of completion of the 2022–23 season
† Leon Abbott resigned in December 1979 and Dale Henwood served as the interim coach for the remainder of the season.
Uniforms
Traditionally, the Saints home jersey is white with scarlet shoulders and brown trim. The end of the sleeves and bottom of the sweater feature scarlet and brown stripes. The school's crest and the player's name and number all appear in scarlet with brown trim. The road jersey are identically designed, but with the white and scarlet portions reversed. In 2002, a lace-up neck was adopted by the men's team.
In 2001, in honor of Appleton Arena's 50th anniversary, an alternate "throw-back" jersey was introduced for the men's team. The alternate jersey is white but does not feature colored shoulders. The StL logo is significantly smaller, and "St. Lawrence" is spelled out across the chest. The school seal also appears on both shoulders of the sweater. This jersey continued to be used occasionally until gaining popularity during the 2006–07 season, when the men's team exhibited frequent success when wearing the alternate jerseys on home ice. As a result, the alternate jersey quickly became the staple home jersey. Beginning with the 2012–13 season, St. Lawrence retired the StL logo from the red road jerseys as well, and adopted a design that matched the home white sweaters.
Originally, the women's program wore jerseys that were identical to the men's jerseys. However, in fall 2005, the women's jerseys were designed to be unique from the men's jerseys. The scarlet and brown on the shoulders of the home jersey was extended down the arms until it met with the trim at the end of the sleeve. The player's number appears within the scarlet portion and is white with brown trim. The road jerseys feature a similar pattern, but the shoulders and sleeves are brown with white trim (a reverse of the traditional road-jersey scheme) on a red background.
In tribute to Mike Pelletier and Rich Stewart, teammates on the 1988 NCAA finalist team who were among the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the 2001–02 men's team wore a patch on the shoulder of their jerseys with both players' initials. Pelletier and Stewart had both been employees of Cantor Fitzgerald working in the World Trade Center.
In the 2008–09 season, St. Lawrence, along with all other ECAC Hockey teams, participated in Coaches vs. Cancer's "Pink at the Rink" fundraiser. The Men's team wore black sweaters with pink and white trim while the Women's team wore pink uniforms with white trim. The jerseys, along with pink ties worn by the coaches and pink sticks were then auctioned off to raise funds for breast cancer research. (The Men's team only wore the pink jerseys during warmups, as visiting team Harvard had forgotten to bring their home white jerseys.)
Traditions
Whenever a goal is scored, the crowd will sing "When the Saints Go Marching In" immediately after the goal is announced. A skating saint sign at each end of the arena flashes as well.
When the final minute of the period is announced, fans respond by yelling "And Clarkson Still Sucks!" referring to St Lawrence's nearby rival school. This same cheer is often used by fans at Rensselaer, whose rivalry with Clarkson stems from being another engineering school in the ECAC Hockey, and not from geographic location.
Due to St Lawrence's proximity to Canada, both the American and Canadian national anthems are played prior to home games. Many fans will shout the word "saints" over the final word of the American national anthem. This is a shared tradition among schools in the ECAC Hockey; notably Clarkson fans and Cornell fans will shout "knights" and "red," respectively, when those words appear in the anthem's lyrics.
Since the fall of 1999, students have brought a school flag into the stands to wave when team takes the ice and when they score. Cowbells have also become popular among fans (possibly due to the large population of dairy farmers in the region), and are sold at the school's bookstore, with the St. Lawrence University crest printed on them.
In the early to mid 1990s, when the Saints scored a goal near the student section, some students would lob rubber chickens toward the goal.
In the early to mid 1990s, many students brought newspapers to the game. During the introduction of the visiting team, students would hold up the newspapers and pretend to read. When the introductions shifted to the Saints, the newspaper was quickly balled up and thrown into the air as the crowd started cheering for the home team.
In the early to mid 1990s, when penalties to the visiting team were announced over the PA system in the arena, the final part of the announcement would be shouted over. “Clarkson penalty to number 16. Two minutes for—-“ The crowd would interrupt in unison “for being an a—-hole.”
Statistical Leaders
Source:
Career points leaders
Career goaltending leaders
GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
Minimum 30 games played
Statistics current through the start of the 2023–24 season.
Roster
As of September 19, 2023.
Awards and honors
Hockey Hall of Fame
Source:
Bill Torrey (1995)
Brian McFarlane (1995)
United States Hockey Hall of Fame
Source:
Ron Mason (2013)
NCAA
Individual awards
Hobey Baker Award Finalists
Peter Lappin: 1988
Daniel Laperrière: 1992
Burke Murphy: 1996
Eric Heffler: 1999
Erik Anderson: 2001
T. J. Trevelyan: 2006
Drew Bagnall: 2007
Kyle Flanagan: 2013
Greg Carey: 2013, 2014
Spencer Penrose Award
Joe Marsh: 1989, 2000
All-Americans
AHCA First Team All-Americans
1954–55: Bill Sloan, G
1956–57: Pat Presley, D
1958–59: Pat Presley, D
1959–60: Terry Slater, F
1960–61: Arlie Parker, D; Terry Slater, F
1961–62: Arlie Parker, D
1962–63: Richie Broadbelt, G
1963–64: Bob Perani, G
1982–83: Gray Weicker, G
1987–88: Brian McColgan, D; Pete Lappin, F
1988–89: Mike Hurlbut, D
1990–91: Les Kuntar, G
1991–92: Daniel Laperrière, D
1998–99: Eric Heffler, G
1999–00: Justin Harney, D
2000–01: Erik Anderson, F
2005–06: T. J. Trevelyan, F
2006–07: Drew Bagnall, D
2008–09: Zach Miskovic, D
2012–13: Kyle Flanagan, F
2013–14: Greg Carey, F
AHCA Second Team All-Americans
1953–54: Bill Sloan, G
1955–56: Bill Sloan, G; Chuck Lundberg, D; Ed Zifcak, F
1956–57: Joe McLean, F
1986–87: Scott Yearwood, G; Pete Lappin, F
1991–92: Mike Lappin, F
1995–96: Burke Murphy, F
1999–00: Brandon Dietrich, F
2000–01: Matt Desrosiers, D
2012–13: George Hughes, D; Greg Carey, F
2015–16: Gavin Bayreuther, D
2016–17: Kyle Hayton, G; Gavin Bayreuther, D
ECAC Hockey
Individual awards
Player of the Year
Pete Lappin: 1988
Daniel Laperrière: 1992
Eric Heffler: 1999
Erik Anderson: 2001
T. J. Trevelyan: 2006
Drew Bagnall: 2007
Greg Carey: 2014
Best Defensive Forward
Greg Carvel: 1993
Joel Prpic: 1997
Mike Gellard: 2001
Kyle Rank: 2007
Travis Vermeulen: 2010
Best Defensive Defenseman
Arlie Parker: 1962
Jeff Kungle: 1996
Justin Harney: 2000
Mike Madill: 2006
Drew Bagnall: 2007
Matt Generous: 2009
Rookie of the Year
Burke Murphy: 1993
Paul DiFrancesco: 1995
Brandon Dietrich: 1999
Derek Gustafson: 2000
Gavin Bayreuther: 2014
Kyle Hayton: 2015
Ken Dryden Award
Eric Heffler: 1999
Kyle Hayton: 2017
Ken Dryden Award
Joe Marsh: 1989, 1996, 1999, 2007
Greg Carvel: 2015
Most Outstanding Player in tournament
Arlie Parker: 1962
Bob Perani: 1964
Pete Lappin: 1988
Doug Murray: 1989
Daniel Laperrière: 1992
Derek Gustafson: 2000
Jeremy Symington: 2001
David Jankowski: 2021
All-Conference
First Team All-ECAC Hockey
1961–62: Arlie Parker, D; Ron Mason, F
1962–63: Richie Broadbelt, G; Ron Mason, F
1963–64: Bob Perani, G; Jim Salfi, D
1967–68: Gary Croteau, F
1987–88: Brian McColgan, D; Pete Lappin, F
1988–89: Mike Hurlbut, D
1990–91: Les Kuntar, G; Andy Pritchard, F
1991–92: Daniel Laperrière, D; Mike Lappin, F
1995–96: Burke Murphy, F
1998–99: Eric Heffler, G
1999–00: Brandon Dietrich, F
2000–01: Matt Desrosiers, D; Erik Anderson, F; Mike Gellard, F
2003–04: Ryan Glenn, D
2004–05: T. J. Trevelyan, F
2005–06: Mike Madill, D; T. J. Trevelyan, F
2006–07: Drew Bagnall, D; Kyle Rank, F
2008–09: Zach Miskovic, D
2012–13: George Hughes, D; Greg Carey, F; Kyle Flanagan, F
2013–14: Greg Carey, F
2015–16: Gavin Bayreuther, D
2016–17: Kyle Hayton, G; Gavin Bayreuther, D
2020–21: Cameron Buhl, F
Second Team All-ECAC Hockey
1961–62: Richie Broadbelt, G; Rollie Anderson, F
1963–64: Arnie O'Reilly, F; Dave Ross, F
1982–83: Gray Weicker, D; Kent Carlson, D
1984–85: Steve Tuite, D
1986–87: Scott Yearwood, G; Hank Lammens, D; Pete Lappin, F
1987–88: Hank Lammens, D
1988–89: Mike Bishop, D
1989–90: Joe Day, F
1990–91: Daniel Laperrière, D
1992–93: Ted Beattie, D
1994–95: Burke Murphy, F
1995–96: Jeff Kungle, D
1996–97: Paul DiFrancesco, F
1997–98: Paul DiFrancesco, F
1998–99: Bob Prier, F
1999–00: Derek Gustafson, G; Justin Harney, D; Erik Anderson, F
2006–07: Alex Petizian, G
2013–14: Gavin Bayreuther, D
2014–15: Kyle Hayton, G; Eric Sweetman, D
2015–16: Eric Sweetman, D
2022–23: Luc Salem, D
Third Team All-ECAC Hockey
2008–09: Brock McBride, F
2009–10: Derek Keller, D; Travis Vermeulen, F
2011–12: Kyle Flanagan, F
ECAC Hockey All-Rookie Team
1988–89: Shawn Rivers, D
1989–90: Greg Carvel, F
1990–91: Mike McCourt, D; Eric Lacroix, F
1992–93: Jeff Kungle, D; Burke Murphy, F
1993–94: Troy Creurer, D
1994–95: Paul DiFrancesco, F
1995–96: John Poapst, D
1998–99: Ray DiLauro, D; Brandon Dietrich, F
1999–00: Derek Gustafson, G
2002–03: John Zeiler, F
2003–04: Kyle Rank, F
2005–06: Matt Generous, D
2006–07: Alex Petizian, G
2009–10: George Hughes, D
2010–11: Greg Carey, F
2011–12: Chris Martin, F
2013–14: Gavin Bayreuther, D; Matt Carey, F
2014–15: Kyle Hayton, G; Nolan Gluchowski, D
2020–21: Luc Salem, D; Greg Lapointe, F
Olympians
This is a list of St. Lawrence alumni who have played on an Olympic team.
Hank Lammens also participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics in sailing.
St. Lawrence Saints Hall of Fame
The following is a list of people associated with the St. Lawrence men's ice hockey program who were elected into the St. Lawrence University Athletic Hall of Fame.
Erik Anderson (2019)
Oliver Appleton (1982)
Richie Broadbelt (2000)
John M. Burger (2005)
Gary Croteau (1990)
Kevin Dougherty (1991)
Jack Klemens (1980)
Hank Lammens (2015)
Daniel Laperrière (2013)
Pete Lappin (2008)
Al MacCormack (2002)
Ron Mason (1999)
Brian McColgan (2015)
Brian McFarlane (1985)
Bernie McKinnon (2000)
Burke Murphy (2017)
Arlie Parker (1988)
Pat Presley (1987)
Jesse Sammis (1985)
Terry Slater (1986)
Bill Sloan (1986)
The Ottawa Connection (1993):Ron O'BrienJoe McLeanLee Fournier
Bill Torrey (1996)
Lawrence Traynor (1983)
Saints in the NHL
As of July 1, 2023.
Source:
See also
St. Lawrence Saints women's ice hockey
References
Ice hockey teams in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Lawrence%20Saints%20men%27s%20ice%20hockey |
The name Ken has been used for four tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific Ocean and three in the Southern Hemisphere.
In the western North Pacific:
Tropical Storm Ken (1979) (T7912, 15W) – struck Japan.
Typhoon Ken (1982) (T8219, 20W, Tering) – struck Japan.
Typhoon Ken (1986) (T8602, 02W)
Tropical Storm Ken-Lola (1989) (T8912, 13W14W) – one storm with two names, operationally thought to have been separate due to difficulties in tracking poorly organized systems; hit eastern China.
In the Southern Hemisphere:
Cyclone Ken (1983)
Cyclone Ken (1992)
Cyclone Ken (2009)
Pacific typhoon set index articles
Australian region cyclone set index articles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20storms%20named%20Ken |
Western University of Health Sciences (WesternU) is a private medical school and health sciences university with its main campus in Pomona, California, with an additional campus in Lebanon, Oregon. With an enrollment of 3,724 students (2022–23), WesternU offers more than twenty academic programs in multiple colleges.
Under the banner of WesternU Health, the university operates a variety of patient care facilities in California and Oregon. The Pomona and Lebanon (Oregon) campuses both include a medical center, dental center, eye care institute, pharmacy, and travel health center. WesternU-Pomona also is home to the Pet Health Center, which provides veterinary services. Dental services are offered at the Rancho Mirage campus, while a Los Angeles campus provides optometry services.
Several nonprofit organizations are based at the WesternU Pomona campus, including the Harris Family Center for Disability and Health Policy. The Center for Oral Health, moved from the Bay area to the WesternU Pomona campus in 2012. In 2015, the Southern California Medical Museum moved to the Pomona campus.
Founded in 1977, the first program at WesternU was its medical school, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific (COMP). In 2003, the College of Veterinary Medicine opened, and in 2009 the colleges of dental medicine, optometry, and podiatric medicine opened. In 2011, the university opened an additional campus in Lebanon, Oregon, the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific - Northwest (COMP-Northwest). In 2015, the university's founding president, Philip Pumerantz, retired.
All of the programs at WesternU have professional accreditation and the university is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.
History
WesternU was established in 1977 as the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific (COMP), offering the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree (D.O.). This was the first medical school in California to open after a complicated era in the relations of allopathic and osteopathic medicine, notably when the California College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons - only the second DO school in America - briefly became independent as an M.D. granting school before soon evolving into the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine. Upon its foundation in 1977, the WesternU College of Osteopathic Medicine was the only osteopathic medical school west of the Rocky Mountains.
In 1986, the college began offering a second degree, the Master of Science in Health Professions Education. Four years later in 1990, the physician assistant program opened, which in 2000 grew into a master's level program. In 1992, the physical therapy program opened.
In 1996, the Western Association of Schools and Colleges granted accreditation as a full and constituent university, and later that year, what had begun as the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific was renamed the "Western University of Health Sciences." 1996 also saw the foundation of the WesternU College of Pharmacy. In 1998, the university established the Harris Family Center for Disability and Health Policy. In 1997, the College of Graduate Nursing was established with the first online Family Nurse Practitioner program in California, followed by an entry-level master's degree for students with a BA/BS degree who wanted to become a nurse.
Thereafter, the veterinary college was founded after some initial hesitancy by the American Veterinary Medical Association's Council on Education, the College of Veterinary Medicine opened in 1998 as the first new veterinary medical school in the United States since 1983. Classes began in 2003, and the college earned full accreditation in 2010. The college was the first veterinary medical school in the United States to appoint a woman as dean. In 2008, the university opened the Banfield Pet Hospital to the public. In 2014, WesternU assumed sole operation and management of the pet hospital.
In 2009, three new colleges opened at WesternU: podiatric medicine, optometry, and dentistry. The following year, in 2010, the Patient Care Center opened, offering medical, dental, optometric, podiatric and pharmacy services to the community. In 2011, Western University of Health Sciences opened a new medical school campus in Lebanon, Oregon called the College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Northwest. In 2012, the Center for Oral Health affiliated with WesternU and moved from the bay area of California to the WesternU campus. The Center for Oral Health is an independent non-profit organization, which focuses on improving oral health.
In January 2015, WesternU began collaborating with colleagues in Scotland affiliated with the UK National Health Service, assisting in the development of a standardized platform for diabetes care called the Scottish Care Information Diabetes Collaboration. In October 2015, WesternU opened a Virtual Reality Learning Center to augment the teaching of anatomy across all colleges. Faculty-led virtual reality technology is used by the schools of dentistry, medicine, veterinary medicine, nursing, pharmacy and health professions. In 2015, the Southern California Medical Museum opened on the WesternU campus. The same year (2015), Pumerantz retired after 38 years as founding president. He was succeeded in 2016 by Daniel R. Wilson. In November 2017, WesternU opened an Eye Care Institute in Los Angeles, which specializes in low-vision rehabilitation.
In 2019, the university received the eighth most applications of any medical school in the United States. In 2019, U.S. News & World Report ranked it 13th among all US medical schools for the percentage of medical graduates going into primary care residencies. The university is the fourth-largest employer in Pomona, with more than 1,000 employees.
On July 8, 2020, faculty members voted "no confidence" in the university's president and asked him to step down. They cited a "lack of transparent communication between faculty members and Wilson, his executive leadership team and the Board of Trustees" as the reasons for their vote. The university's board of trustees formed an ad hoc committee to these concerns.
On October 20, 2020, the board of trustees announced that President Wilson will officially step down July 1, 2021. The board of trustees recognized the president's accomplishments over the past four years and both agreed that "now is an appropriate time to begin the process of identifying a new leader for WesternU." Faculty welcomed the announcement but are awaiting a promised full report on the investigation's findings. In a second communication on October 21, 2020, the board of trustees announced the formation of a Presidential Transition Communications Committee to plan for a successful transition in leadership while addressing shared governance, transparency, accountability, and communication.
In December 2020, WesternU purchased a building in Lebanon, Oregon to house a doctor of physical therapy program. The first class of physical therapy students began courses in July 2021. WesternU administered COVID-19 vaccinations at an immunization center located on its Pomona campus.
Sylvia Manning became the Interim President of the university under the auspices of the Registry for College and University Presidents, which facilitates interim appointments for senior higher education leaders. The search for a regularly appointed President of WesternU concluded with the selection of Robin Farias-Eisner, who is the third president of the university effective March 1, 2022.
Academics
Through its nine colleges, WesternU offers 21 academic programs, each on a semester schedule. All programs at WesternU are post-baccalaureate and focused on a health sciences profession. All are accredited by the respective national accrediting body. The university itself is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Doctoral degrees include the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, Doctor of Dental Medicine, Doctor of Optometry, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, Doctor of Nursing Practice, Doctor of Physical Therapy, and Doctor of Podiatric Medicine.
Several Master of Science (MS) programs are also offered in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences, Physician Assistant Studies, Nursing, Biomedical Sciences, and Medical Sciences. A Master of Science in Health Professions Education is offered to provide educational skills to health professionals interested in teaching. Two distance education programs are offered: the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) and Master of Science Nursing (MSN). All other programs are traditional on-campus programs. Further Colleges and Programs are in consideration.
According to U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking, of the 188 medical schools evaluated, Western University of Health Sciences is ranked as the 93rd-123rd best medical school in the United States, in terms of both Research and Primary Care.
Interprofessional education
WesternU operates an Interprofessional Education (IPE) program, involving all nine of its colleges. The program began in 2007 and the first phase was implemented later that year. The program goals are to improve understanding of other health professions and to provide and promote a team approach to patient-centered care and health care management, leading to improved patient care.
As a part of the interprofessional education program, students meet in small groups with a faculty facilitator and discuss non-clinical aspects of symptom presentation in complex cases, including interprofessional knowledge and awareness, financial or ethical challenges and communication barriers. Augmentation of clinical IPE rotations with grand rounds and journal clubs is ongoing.
Research
WesternU conducts research in an array of areas in basic, translational, and clinical sciences. Three primary research strengths include: neurobiology, molecular / metabolic diseases, and infectious disease / immunology. Specific neurobiology subjects include: Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system diseases, genetic disorders, environmental pathologies, and stem cell therapy. Specific molecular and metabolic disease subjects include: cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. Research on infections and immunology includes tuberculosis, Mad cow disease, avian flu, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Research is funded by the National Institute of Health, the OneSight Foundation, The Potts Foundation, American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, the American Lung Association, and the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.
Patient care and education
Western University of Health Sciences provides patient care in several locations in California and Oregon. WesternU opened its first patient care center, a family practice clinic, in 1984. The Pomona Patient Care Center opened in May 2010, and serves more than 10,000 patients per year. The Patient Care Center includes a Medical Center, Foot & Ankle Center, Eye Care Center, Dental Center and Pharmacy. The center is also home to an accredited diabetes education center. WesternU is a member of the Association of Academic Health Centers. The university also offers post-graduate residency training in medicine in association with partners throughout the Western states.
The university operates the Harris Family Center for Disability and Health Policy, and provides consultation and training to organizations, companies, and hospitals to help them meet the needs of disabled individuals.
Campus
Pomona campus
The main campus of WesternU is located in downtown Pomona, California. Upon the school's founding, a portion of the campus was extensively renovated from an outdoor shopping mall. Since that time, several buildings have been acquired and built, including a patient care center, a pet hospital, classrooms, and research facilities. There are two parks located on the urban campus. The Pomona campus consists of 19 major buildings spanning some seven city blocks along the main "Esplanade," which amounts to a total .
The northeastern corner of campus has the Health Education Center, the Patient Care Center, and a large parking structure. These WesternU buildings opened in 2010, as a part of a $100 million expansion project. The Health Education Center is a 180,000-square-foot teaching and research facility that also houses the colleges of medical, dentistry, podiatry and optometry. The fourth floor of the center has state-of-the-art research laboratories. The seven level parking structure has 600 parking spaces.
Directly west of the Health Education Center is the WesternU Pet Wellness Center, an on campus pet hospital and clinic. It had been established in 2008 as the Banfield Pet Hospital and transitioned to solely WesternU operation in 2014. The center provides primary care services such as vaccinations, spaying and neutering, microchiping, surgery, dental exams and cleanings, as well as flea, tick and heartworm control. It includes a surgical suite, an x-ray room, a half dozen exam rooms and isolation facilities.
The Daumier is a mixed-use building located south of the pet hospital on 3.6 acres at 3rd and Linden Street. This building was completed in June 2014, at cost of $45 million, and serves as a 173,000-square-foot facility primarily for WesternU student housing but with research and educational support space as well as a fitness center, community pool, media room, and other university offices. The Daumier was designed to LEED gold specifications. The building was named the Daumier after the 19th century French artist Honoré Daumier.
The central portion of campus contains Ethan Allan Park, the Health Professions Center (HPC), the Veterinary Medicine Center, and the Health Sciences Center. Ethan Allen Park is located directly west of the Pet Wellness Center. In 2006, the park was named in honor of Dr. Ethan Allen, founding chairman of the school's board of trustees. The other park on campus is Centennial Park, a Pomona city park on the west end of campus. Directly south of Ethan Allan Park, the Health Professions Center houses the College of Pharmacy and contains several classrooms, research facilities, and a student commons area. The building was built in 1962 and was previously the Pomona Buffum's department store. The university acquired the building in 1992, after first receiving the option to buy. The Center for Oral Health, a non-profit organization promoting oral health, is based in the Health Professions Center. The Health Sciences Center, directly west of the Health Professions Center, is a two-story, 72,000-square-foot building with the main anatomy laboratories, a laboratory for osteopathic manipulative medicine, and extensive classroom space. The physical therapy school is based in this building, as is the tutoring program. The Health Sciences Center was formerly a Nash Department Store. The university began using the building in 1990, and then purchased it in 1993.
The western range of campus contains the Rodney P. Wineberg Center, home to research administration and laboratories, in addition to the Pumerantz Library, and Anderson Tower (formerly known as the Chase Bank building). The Rodney P. Wineberg Center contains 8,550 square feet dedicated to research. The Rodney P. Wineberg Center building was originally a JCPenney. The multi-story, 35,000-square-foot Pumerantz Library is on the west edge of campus. The library opened in that space in 2001, after the university acquired the building in 1998. The building was built in 1929, and previously housed a switching station for the Pacific Telephone & Telegraph company. The Southern California Medical Museum is located in the Nursing Science Center on the WesternU campus.
Anderson Tower demarcates the western edge of campus at Garey avenue and Second Street. This seven-story, mid-century modern 70,000-square-foot building was built in 1963, and WesternU purchased the building from JP Morgan Chase in September 2013. The same month, WesternU reached an agreement with a power company, Washington Gas, to build 2,688 solar panels on three campus buildings. The solar panels were completed in February 2014, and will produce more than 1,100 megawatt hours of energy each year.
WesternU-Oregon
The university also operates a second campus on 50 acres in Lebanon with an official postal address at 200 Mullins Drive. The first program offered at the Oregon campus is medicine (DO), though additional colleges and programs are planned, starting with the College of Health Sciences' Doctor of Physical Therapy program.
The Oregon campus is adjacent to Samaritan Health Services Lebanon Community Hospital, Groundbreaking for the medical school campus began in June 2009, and it opened for classes in August 2011. The new building cost about $15 million, and is the main component of a 50-acre medical campus.
Students
A total of 3,724 students were in attendance at WesternU in the 2022–23 academic year. The average age of WesternU students is 28 years and 62 percent are female; 38 percent male; 37.2% Asian/Pacific Islander, 34.4% are White/Non-Hispanic, 10.4% Hispanic, 12.1% two or more races, 2.8% black or African-American, and the remaining students are of unknown ethnicity (2.5%).
Students at WesternU participate in a vast number of campus clubs and an active student government association. A wide range of professional fraternities are active on campus, including Sigma Sigma Phi, Kappa Psi, Beta Sigma Kappa, Delta Sigma Delta, and Phi Lambda Sigma.
There is a university theater troupe, "Sanus", which hosts regular performance events. In 1985, medical students formed the group "Sanus," the Latin word for "sanity." The students said they used the opportunity to act and perform plays as means of relieving stress. The theater troupe remains active, and students from other colleges also participate.
Other officially recognized student organizations on campus include the following:
People
WesternU employs 333 full-time faculty and 69 part-time faculty. Some notable alumni and faculty include:
Clinton E. Adams, DO, Rear Admiral in the US Navy.
Lee Burnett, D.O. class of 1997, a U.S. Army Colonel and founder of the Student Doctor Network.
Joseph C. Gambone, DO, author of Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Gambone Peak on Antarctica was named in his honor in 1970.
Lawrence B. Harkless, DPM, founding member of the ADA Council on the Diabetic Foot; sometimes described as the "father of diabetic foot care."
Lee Rogers, professor of podiatry and prior democratic nominee for US Congress in California's 25th district in 2012.
See also
Medical schools in California
References
Further reading
External links
Official website
Dental schools in California
Education in Pomona, California
Educational institutions established in 1977
Nursing schools in California
Optometry schools in the United States
Pharmacy schools in California
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Medical schools in California
Universities and colleges in Los Angeles County, California
1977 establishments in California
Universities using Problem-based learning
Buildings and structures in Pomona, California
Private universities and colleges in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20University%20of%20Health%20Sciences |
Walter Hudson (June 5, 1945 – December 24, 1991) was the holder of the Guinness World Record for the largest waist. He measured in 1987 when at his peak weight of . Hudson ran a plus sized magazine.
Early life
Hudson was born in 1945 in Brooklyn, New York. Growing up, he was a compulsive eater. His father left the family when he was a baby. By the time he was 6 years old, he weighed . He would leave home early from school to eat and ate late night. He dropped out from school in the 7th grade after breaking his leg and eventually got his high school diploma via a tutor. He and his family moved to Hempstead, New York when he was 25.
Daily diet
Hudson described his average daily diet as consisting of two boxes of sausages, of bacon, 12 eggs, and a loaf of bread for breakfast, four hamburgers, four double cheeseburgers and five large portions of fries for lunch, and three large ham steaks or two chickens, four baked potatoes, four sweet potatoes, four heads of broccoli, and most of a large cake for dinner. He also had additional snacks, and drank an average of 237 oz / 1.9 gallon / 7 liters of soda every day.
Death
Walter Hudson died of a heart attack at his home on December 24, 1991, at age 46. At the time of his death, he weighed . Emergency rescuers from the Hempstead Fire Department cut a hole in the bedroom wall to remove his body from the premises.
See also
List of the heaviest people
Obesity
Sources
1945 births
1991 deaths
People from Hempstead (village), New York
American Christians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Hudson |
Kim Kristine Martin Hasson (born 28 February 1986) is a retired Swedish goaltender, currently working in the Linköping HC organization. With the Swedish national team she won two Olympic medals, bronze in 2002 and silver in 2006, and two IIHF World Women's Championships bronze medals, in 2005 and 2007. Martin Hasson played in the SDHL with AIK and Linköping HC, in the Russian Women's Hockey League with Tornado Dmitrov, in the NCAA Division I with the Minnesota-Duluth Bulldogs, in the J20 SuperElit with the Malmö Redhawks’ junior men's team, and in the J18 Allsvenskan with Hammarby IF's junior men's team.
She was scheduled to make her debut with the Malmö Redhawks of the HockeyAllsvenskan, the second-tier men's league in Sweden, on 8 March 2006, as the first woman to ever play for a professional men's team in Sweden but this move was vetoed by the University of Minnesota Duluth, the U.S. school that had offered her a scholarship to play hockey. This was because the NCAA, the main governing body for U.S. college sports, prohibits athletes at its member schools from having previously played in a professional league, even if they are not paid.
Playing career
Minor ice hockey
Martin's first season of organized ice hockey was at the age of 10, and she did not allow a goal during the entire 17-game schedule. Martin made her international debut in November 2000 at the Four Nations Cup. She appeared in one game, a 2–2 tie against Finland.
In club competition, she is a two-time European women's champion with AIK, in 2004–05 and 2005–06. She was also acclaimed as the top goaltender in the tournament in 2005–06.
University of Minnesota-Duluth
On 22 March 2008, Martin and the UMD Bulldogs beat the Wisconsin Badgers 4–0 at the Duluth Entertainment Convention Center arena in Duluth, MN for their fourth NCAA Division I national championship. It was just the second shutout in NCAA women's hockey championship history. Martin made 28 saves in the game and 69 total saves in the Frozen Four championship tournament and was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. She was also named to the All-Tournament Team along with four of her teammates.
On 19 February 2011, Martin led the Bulldogs to a 9–0 shutout of the St. Cloud State Huskies at Amsoil Arena in Duluth. The win gave Martin 66 wins, a new record for Bulldogs goaltenders. The previous record was held by Martin's former teammate, Riita Schaublin.
On 3 March 2011, Martin was named the WCHA Goaltender of the Year and was named to the league's All-WCHA Second Team.
In 2011–12, Martin played with Team Sweden teammates Elin Holmlov and Danijela Rundqvist for Tornado Moscow of the Russian Women's Hockey League.
International play
Martin made her international debut for Sweden at the 2001 Women's World Championship, when she was 15 years old. She played in two games, as Sweden finished fifth. She also played for Sweden at the 2002 Winter Olympics, helping them to a third-place finish as a surprise starter for the bronze medal game against Finland. Martin was selected as the starter for the medal game by a coin toss. Martin also suited up for Sweden at the Women's World Championships in 2004, 2005, 2007, and 2008, capturing bronze medals in 2007 and 2009.
Martin made her second appearance at the 2006 Winter Olympics. She was in goal for Sweden when they upset the United States in the semi-final. Martin recorded 37 saves in a shootout victory, marking the first time the women's gold medal final at the Olympics would not feature a Canada – United States matchup. At the conclusion of the tournament, Martin was named the Best Goalie by the International Ice Hockey Federation Directorate and earned a spot on the Tournament All-Star Team.
Awards and honors
Kim Martin, 2008 All-WCHA First Team
2011 WCHA Goaltending champion
References
External links
UMD Women's Hockey profile
1986 births
Living people
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic ice hockey players for Sweden
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Ice hockey people from Stockholm
Swedish people of British descent
Swedish women's ice hockey goaltenders
Linköping HC (women) players
AIK Hockey Dam players
HC Tornado players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Martin%20Hasson |
Ashmead College is the former name of a system of for-profit colleges located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and owned by Corinthian Colleges.
History
The school was founded in 1974 as the Seattle Massage School. In 1999 the school began operating under the Ashmead College name. In August 2003, Corinthian Colleges, Inc. purchased Career Choices, Inc., the owner of Ashmead College, as a wholly owned subsidiary. In February 2007, the Everett campus closed and was consolidated with the Seattle location. The remaining campuses changed their names to either Everest Institute or Everest College in December 2007.
Campuses
Campuses were located in Washington in the cities of Everett, Seattle, Tacoma, and Vancouver, and in Tigard, Oregon. The schools offered career college programs in fitness training and massage therapy.
References
External links
Ashmead College
Everest College Seattle
Everest College Vancouver-Massage Therapy
Everest Institute Tigard
Former for-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Education in Everett, Washington
Educational institutions established in 1974
Corinthian Colleges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmead%20College |
Amund Martin Sjøbrend (born 1 December 1952) is a former ice speed skater from Norway.
Together with Sten Stensen, Kay Stenshjemmet, and Jan Egil Storholt, Amund Sjøbrend was one of the legendary four S-es (which sounds like "four aces" in Norwegian), four Norwegian top skaters in the 1970s and early 1980s. His first international success came in 1974, when he won silver at the European Allround Championships. Sjøbrend participated at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, but had no success there. In 1977, he won bronze at the European Allround Championships.
Sjøbrend was more or less in the shadow of the other three of the four S-es until he had his best year in 1981. That year, he became both European Allround Champion and World Allround Champion. For his accomplishments, he received the Oscar Mathisen Award that same year.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Sjøbrend at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:
Personal records
To put these personal records in perspective, the WR column lists the official world records on the dates that Sjøbrend skated his personal records.
Sjøbrend has an Adelskalender score of 165.216 points. His highest ranking on the Adelskalender was a twelfth place.
References
External links
Amund Sjøbrend at SkateResults.com
Personal records from The Skatebase
1952 births
Living people
Norwegian male speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Norway
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amund%20Sj%C3%B8brend |
James William Dooley (February 8, 1930 – January 8, 2008) was an American football player and coach. He played in the National Football League (NFL) as an end and flanker for the Chicago Bears.
College career
Born in Stoutsville, Missouri, Dooley grew up in Miami, Florida, and graduated from Miami High School in 1948. He originally wanted to pursue a career in medicine at Vanderbilt University, but attended the nearby University of Miami when head coach Andy Gustafson agreed to have the school pay his way through medical school.
With the Hurricanes, he played on both sides of the ball and put together an outstanding career, winning All-American honors and was the first player in school history to have his number retired. Possessing great speed, he capped his senior year with four interceptions against Clemson University in the Gator Bowl on New Year's Day and was selected in the first round of the 1952 NFL Draft by the Bears, eighth overall.
Playing career
In his first year in the NFL, Dooley saw little time on offense, but collected five interceptions. In 1953, he became an important part of the team's passing attack with 53 receptions and four touchdowns, showing a flair for faking out defenders while also popularizing the down-and-out pass. After 34 catches and seven touchdowns in 1954, Dooley's career took a detour when he missed much of the next two seasons by serving the U.S. Air Force. He joined the team on November 28, 1956, and played in their final three games, helping the team reach the NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants.
Teaming with fellow wideout Harlon Hill, Dooley hauled in 37 passes, but only reached the end zone once during the 1957 season. He then missed the entire 1958 campaign when he was forced to the sidelines with an ankle injury, but returned in 1959 with 41 catches. After following that performance with 36 receptions in 1960, Dooley made plans to retire, but changed his mind, catching only six passes the following year.
Coaching career
After competing during the 1962 preseason, Dooley officially retired, but he was soon added as an assistant coach. Three years as the team's wide receivers coach were followed in 1966 by his elevation to the role of the team's defensive coordinator. The move followed the departure of George Allen to Los Angeles, with Dooley quickly becoming known for his innovative strategies. These included flip-flopping the team's defensive tackles during that first year, then using five men in the defensive backfield on third down in 1967, which became known as "the Dooley Shift" and now is referred to as the nickel defense.
In February 1968, Dooley was returned to the offensive side of the ball, but that status changed just months later when 73-year-old George Halas announced his retirement as head coach on May 27 due to arthritis. Dooley, 38, was promoted and introduced as head coach the following day.
The Bears won half of their games that season, but the team collapsed the following year with a franchise-worst record. The lone win that year came at midseason against the league's other team, the Pittsburgh Steelers. In November, running back Brian Piccolo was diagnosed with cancer, and died the following
In 1970, the Bears improved by five games to finish with a record, and appeared to be on track for major improvement the following year by winning five of their first seven games, including a victory in week seven over the eventual Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys. However, the second half of the campaign proved to be a disaster, with just one win in the final seven contests, including a humiliation on Monday Night Football on November 29 to the other Super Bowl participant, the Miami Dolphins. It was the second of five consecutive losses to conclude the season. The inevitable result of the 1971 collapse came a month later when Dooley was fired on December 29, the first Bears coach ever to suffer that fate.
Dooley soon signed as the linebacker coach for the Buffalo Bills, but resigned after just one season. After sitting out the season, Dooley was named an assistant with the fledgling World Football League's Southern California Sun. The job came just one week after he had filed for bankruptcy, citing nearly half a million dollars in debts, including $320,000 to former Bear player and assistant Sid Luckman. In a parallel of his personal problems, Dooley's job ended with the financial problems of the league, at which point he went to work for Luckman at Cellucraft, as a national account sales manager for flexible packaging products, for the next five years.
On October 12, 1981, he was rehired by the Bears as an offensive consultant, a decision that caused conflict with the team's coaching staff, causing them to consider him something of a spy for management. After the conclusion of the season, Dooley and all the other coaches were dismissed, but the team's new head coach Mike Ditka, who had played under Dooley two decades earlier, hired him to scout game film of upcoming opponents.
Dooley flourished in his new job, aiding the Bears's rise and playing a part in their dominating 1985 season that was capped with a 46–10 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX.
In 1997, he was honored by his alma mater with a spot in the Miami Hurricanes' Ring of Honor.
Death
Dooley battled amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease) for his last ten years, and died at Lake Forest Hospital in 2008 at age 77. Buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago, he was survived by his wife, daughter, four sons, and 16 grandchildren.
Head coaching record
NFL
References
External links
1930 births
2008 deaths
Buffalo Bills coaches
Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Chicago Bears players
Chicago Bears head coaches
Miami Hurricanes football players
Southern California Sun coaches
Neurological disease deaths in Illinois
Deaths from motor neuron disease
Miami Senior High School alumni
Players of American football from Miami
Sports coaches from Miami | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Dooley |
A Turn of the Wheel is Rawlins Cross' debut album, released in 1989 on the Ground Swell label.
Track listing
All songs are traditional arrangements, unless otherwise noted.
"Wild Rose" (Dave Panting) - 3:29
"Farmer's Daughter/ High Reel" - 2:15
"A Turn of the Wheel" (Geoff Panting) - 3:36
"Mountainside" (D. Panting) - 2:40
"MacPherson's Lament" - 3:30
"Colleen" (D. Panting) - 4:04
"Mac's Fancy/ Give Me a Drink of Water" - 2:55
"Shaken Up" (G. Panting) - 2:56
"Ghost of Love" (D. Panting) - 3:10
"Sleepy Maggie/ Gravel Walk/ Little Beggarman" - 2:56
Personnel
Rawlins Cross
Dave Panting - guitar, vocals
Ian McKinnon - bagpipes, trumpet, tin whistle, vocals
Geoff Panting - keyboards, vocals
Lorne Taylor - bass
Pamela Paton - drums
Studio Musicians
Kathy Phippard - backing vocals
Glenn Tilley - backing vocals
Sean Panting - backing vocals
Production
Glen Tilley - producer
Terry Windsor - engineer
Deryk Wenaus - typography
Manfred Buchheit - photography
1989 albums
Rawlins Cross albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Turn%20of%20the%20Wheel |
In the microelectronics industry, a semiconductor fabrication plant (commonly called a fab; sometimes foundry) is a factory for semiconductor device fabrication.
Fabs require many expensive devices to function. Estimates put the cost of building a new fab over one billion U.S. dollars with values as high as $3–4 billion not being uncommon. TSMC invested $9.3 billion in its Fab15 300 mm wafer manufacturing facility in Taiwan. The same company estimations suggest that their future fab might cost $20 billion. A foundry model emerged in the 1990s: Foundries that produced their own designs were known as integrated device manufacturers (IDMs). Companies that farmed out manufacturing of their designs to foundries were termed fabless semiconductor companies. Those foundries, which did not create their own designs, were called pure-play semiconductor foundries.
The central part of a fab is the clean room, an area where the environment is controlled to eliminate all dust, since even a single speck can ruin a microcircuit, which has nanoscale features much smaller than dust particles. The clean room must also be damped against vibration to enable nanometer-scale alignment of machines and must be kept within narrow bands of temperature and humidity. Vibration control may be achieved by using deep piles in the cleanroom's foundation that anchor the cleanroom to the bedrock, careful selection of the construction site, and/or using vibration dampers. Controlling temperature and humidity is critical for minimizing static electricity. Corona discharge sources can also be used to reduce static electricity. Often, a fab will be constructed in the following manner: (from top to bottom): the roof, which may contain air handling equipment that draws, purifies and cools outside air, an air plenum for distributing the air to several floor-mounted fan filter units, which are also part of the cleanroom's ceiling, the cleanroom itself, which may or may not have more than one story, a return air plenum, the clean subfab that may contain support equipment for the machines in the cleanroom such as chemical delivery, purification, recycling and destruction systems, and the ground floor, that may contain electrical equipment. Fabs also often have some office space.
The clean room is where all fabrication takes place and contains the machinery for integrated circuit production such as steppers and/or scanners for photolithography, in addition to etching, cleaning, doping and dicing machines. All these devices are extremely precise and thus extremely expensive. Prices for most common pieces of equipment for the processing of 300 mm wafers range from $700,000 to upwards of $4,000,000 each with a few pieces of equipment reaching as high as $340,000,000 each (e.g. EUV scanners). A typical fab will have several hundred equipment items.
History
Typically an advance in chip-making technology requires a completely new fab to be built. In the past, the equipment to outfit a fab was not very expensive and there were a huge number of smaller fabs producing chips in small quantities. However, the cost of the most up-to-date equipment has since grown to the point where a new fab can cost several billion dollars.
Another side effect of the cost has been the challenge to make use of older fabs. For many companies these older fabs are useful for producing designs for unique markets, such as embedded processors, flash memory, and microcontrollers. However, for companies with more limited product lines, it is often best to either rent out the fab, or close it entirely. This is due to the tendency of the cost of upgrading an existing fab to produce devices requiring newer technology to exceed the cost of a completely new fab.
There has been a trend to produce ever larger wafers, so each process step is being performed on more and more chips at once. The goal is to spread production costs (chemicals, fab time) over a larger number of saleable chips. It is impossible (or at least impracticable) to retrofit machinery to handle larger wafers. This is not to say that foundries using smaller wafers are necessarily obsolete; older foundries can be cheaper to operate, have higher yields for simple chips and still be productive.
The industry was aiming to move from the state-of-the-art wafer size 300 mm (12 in) to 450 mm by 2018. In March 2014, Intel expected 450 mm deployment by 2020. But in 2016, corresponding joint research efforts were stopped.
Additionally, there is a large push to completely automate the production of semiconductor chips from beginning to end. This is often referred to as the "lights-out fab" concept.
The International Sematech Manufacturing Initiative (ISMI), an extension of the US consortium SEMATECH, is sponsoring the "300 mm Prime" initiative. An important goal of this initiative is to enable fabs to produce greater quantities of smaller chips as a response to shorter lifecycles seen in consumer electronics. The logic is that such a fab can produce smaller lots more easily and can efficiently switch its production to supply chips for a variety of new electronic devices. Another important goal is to reduce the waiting time between processing steps.
See also
Foundry model for the business aspects of foundries and fabless companies
Klaiber's law
List of semiconductor fabrication plants
Rock's law
Semiconductor consolidation
Semiconductor device fabrication for the process of manufacturing devices
Notes
References
Handbook of Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology, Second Edition by Robert Doering and Yoshio Nishi (Hardcover – Jul 9, 2007)
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology by Michael Quirk and Julian Serda (paperback – Nov 19, 2000)
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Manufacturing and Process Control by Gary S. May and Costas J. Spanos (hardcover – May 22, 2006)
The Essential Guide to Semiconductors (Essential Guide Series) by Jim Turley (paperback – Dec 29, 2002)
Semiconductor Manufacturing Handbook (McGraw–Hill Handbooks) by Hwaiyu Geng (hardcover – April 27, 2005)
Further reading
"Chip Makers Watch Their Waste", The Wall Street Journal, July 19, 2007, p.B3
Semiconductor device fabrication
Manufacturing plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20fabrication%20plant |
Preußisch Oldendorf () is a town in the Minden-Lübbecke district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. In 1905 the town name Oldendorf was changed officially by putting "Preußisch" in front of it, to make the distinction from other towns with the same name more easy (especially for mail and train stations).
Geography
Preußisch Oldendorf is situated on the north side of the Wiehengebirge, approx. 9 km west of Lübbecke, 24 km north-west of Herford and 30 km east of Osnabrück.
Extent and land usage of the borough
The town's borough has an area of 66.78 km2. Its maximum north–south extent is about 11 km, its maximum east–west extent around 10 km. The highest point in the district is the Altes Verbrenn (291.1 m) in the southeast of the borough. The lowest point (45.8 m) lies in the northwest of the borough in the valley of the Großer Dieckfluss. Its entire northern boundary does not exceed 50 m at any point.
The territory of the borough is predominantly used for arable land and is correspondingly rural. In general, only the Wiehen Hills and the Egge ridge are wooded. Hollwinkel Wood is the only smaller woodland on the plain. Because the Wiehen and Egge constitute a relatively wide section of the Wiehen Hills here, woods occupy a relatively high proportion of the land - just under 20% - in comparison with neighbouring districts. The following table gives an overview of land usage:
Source: LDS
Neighbouring places
Stemwede
Espelkamp
Lübbecke
Hüllhorst
Rödinghausen
Melle
Bad Essen
Division of the town
Preußisch Oldendorf consists of 10 districts:
Notable residents
Karl-Friedrich Höcker (1911–2000), German Nazi SS concentration camp officer and war criminal
References
External links
Official site
Minden-Lübbecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fisch%20Oldendorf |
Myra M. Bennett, CM, MBE (April 1, 1890 – April 26, 1990) born London, England, died Daniel's Harbour, Newfoundland, Canada was a celebrated Canadian nurse. Dubbed The Florence Nightingale of Newfoundland by the Evening Telegram, in tribute to her contribution to the people of the Great Northern Peninsula, she was also known simply as The Nurse.
Early life
Bennett (née Grimsley) worked as a tailor in London before training as a nurse at Woolwich during the first World War. She later studied midwifery at Clapham School of Midwifery. She came to Newfoundland as a district nurse under the outport nursing scheme. Her plan was to travel to Saskatchewan but was approached by Lady Harris (wife of Sir Alexander Harris) and was made aware of the dire need for nurses in Newfoundland. She agreed and changed her plans to go to Daniel's Harbour in May 1921, at the age of 31. She stayed in Daniel's Harbour and started a family.
Career
Myra quickly gained experience caring for the sick on the west coast of Newfoundland. In these areas of Newfoundland (like Parsons Pond) there were no hospitals or doctors available. Myra often made news headlines, often referred to as "Nurse Bennett of the Outports". She was known for being especially passionate and resourceful in the rural areas in which she worked. There are stories recorded that show the great distances Bennett would travel to get to her patients. When the need for hospitals was clear to Bennett she transformed her house into a hospital with the help and support of her 3 kids and husband.
Her work in Newfoundland encouraged the construction of new hospitals in Bonne Bay, Port Saunders and St. Anthony's.
The house that she lived in at Daniel's Harbour is now a heritage site.
Awards and honours
1935 - King George V Silver Jubilee Medal
1937 - King George VI Coronation Medal
1946 - Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
195? - Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
1967 - Honorary membership in the Association for Registered Nurses of Newfoundland
1974 - Member of the Order of Canada
1974 - Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Memorial University of Newfoundland
Legacy
Bennett's life as a nurse in outport Newfoundland was written in an article by Reader's Digest and a book entitled Don't Have Your Baby in the Dory by H. Gordon Green.
CBC TV also did a documentary on her life story, as well as, an interview with Peter Gzowski.
She is also the subject of Robert Chafe's play Tempting Providence (Playwrights Canada Press, 2004).
She tells stories of her time as a nurse in Weekend Magazine's article Nurse Bennett of The Outports by Cyril Robinson.
See also
List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador
List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
1890 births
1990 deaths
Canadian nurses
Canadian women nurses
Canadian centenarians
Canadian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Dominion of Newfoundland people
Members of the Order of Canada
Women centenarians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myra%20Bennett |
Crossing the Border is the second album released by Rawlins Cross. It was released in 1992, under the Ground Swell label.
Track listing
All songs are written by Dave Panting, unless otherwise noted.
Legendary – 3:45
Chessboard Dancer – 3:52
Nightfall (Geoff Panting) – 3:45
Israel Got a Rabbit (Traditional) – 2:01
Eleventh Hour (G. Panting) – 3:28
Stray Cat – 2:51
Blues for You – 4:19
O'Neil's March/Haughts of Cromdale (Traditional) – 3:13
Peace on the Inside (G. Panting) – 3:11
Memory Waltz – 3:49
Sound of Sleat/Ale is Dear (first reel D. MacKinnon/second Traditional) – 3:08
Open Road – 3:16
Personnel
Rawlins Cross
Dave Panting - guitar, mandolin, lead vocals, backing vocals
Ian McKinnon - highland bagpipe, trumpet, tin whistle, bodhran, backing vocals
Geoff Panting - keyboards, piano, button accordion, lead vocals, backing vocals
Brian Bourne - bass, chapman stick, backing vocals
Tom Roach - drums, percussion
Derek Pelley - backing vocals, acoustic guitar on "Open Road"
Production
Howard England - producer, mixing engineer
Derek Caines - cover art
Deryk Wenaus - design and layout
1992 albums
Rawlins Cross albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing%20the%20Border%20%28album%29 |
(plural ) is the common Romanian-language designation of giants, who are prominent figures in Romanian folklore. There are several varieties of , who share most of their traits but have different names from one historical region of Romania to another. Thus, is the term used mainly in Oltenia, and its bearers are supposed to be creators of large mounds, and, in some legends, they play an evil role. is used mainly in Muntenia, for creatures who are mainly associated with the Southern Carpathians.
Romanian legendary creatures
Romanian words and phrases
Giants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uria%C8%99 |
Everest University was an American private university based in Florida. From 2015 to 2020, the schools were operated by nonprofit Zenith Education Group, after former for-profit owner Corinthian Colleges shut down its operations. It was founded in 1940 as Fort Lauderdale College of Business and Finance and later known as the Florida Metropolitan University, a name it held until 2010. The Florida-based university offered online courses for students throughout the country. Programs focused on career orientation, offering day, night, weekend and online programs for working adults, with programs and schedules varying by campus.
History
Founded as Fort Lauderdale College of Business and Finance in 1940, the College was renamed Fort Lauderdale College in 1976. Another name change created the Florida Metropolitan University. The three remaining schools are branded as Altierus Career College.
Operation by Corinthian Colleges
In 2006, an arbitration process ruled in favor of FMU/Everest and a lawsuit regarding transfer of credits dating to 2004 was dismissed.
In August 2007, an investigation of company practices was closed by the State of Florida with no fines, penalties, or finding of wrongdoing. The investigation inquired into FMU's "advertising, marketing and business practices related to the sale of educational services to Florida Residents." The resulting assurance of voluntary compliance between FMU and the Florida Office of the Attorney General indicated that FMU would pay $99,900 to the Office of the Attorney General for its investigation and in contributions to various consumer education purposes. It indicated that FMU would "modify" its pre-enrollment documents to include "Clear and Conspicuous" language regarding credit transfer, its refund policy, and its tuition costs, among other stipulations that, in part, serve to "better train" its teaching personnel to meet certain student needs. The Assurance of Voluntary Compliance found that FMU/Everest participates in the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System to facilitate the transfer of eligible credits to other institutions. Everest University's previous parent company, Corinthian Colleges, is currently being sued by the state of California for "false and predatory advertising, intentional misrepresentations to students, securities fraud and unlawful use of military seals in advertisements."
"According to (California Attorney General) Harris' complaint, CCI's predatory marketing efforts specifically target vulnerable, low-income job seekers and single parents who have annual incomes near the federal poverty line. In internal company documents obtained by the Department of Justice, CCI describes its target demographic as 'isolated,' 'impatient,' individuals with 'low self-esteem,' who have 'few people in their lives who care about them' and who are 'stuck' and 'unable to see and plan well for future.' It is alleged the schools targeted people meeting these targets through aggressive and persistent internet and telemarketing campaigns and through television ads on daytime shows like Jerry Springer and Maury Povich."
In 2012 and 2013, Everest faced site shutdowns as a result of low job placement rates.
In November 2013, Corinthian Colleges reported that they were under investigation by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Operation by Zenith Education
In February 2015, ECMC, a non-profit education firm, took ownership of more than half of Corinthian Colleges' campuses. ECMC also agreed to forgive student debt on Corinthian College's Genesis loans after a series of years.
Zenith Education Group, a newly created nonprofit provider of career school training, announced in February 2015 that it had finalized its acquisition of more than 50 Everest and WyoTech campuses from Corinthian Colleges Inc., a transaction that was first announced in November. The deal will allow nearly 30,000 students to pursue their career goals without disruption, and will give those students the opportunity to complete their education under new management that is set to implement a new plan to improve the education of its students.
Everest University is now known as Altierus Career College and Career Education. Their program offerings are now limited to associate degrees and career diplomas in Health Care, Trades, Technical, and Business areas.
Campuses
Houston
Norcross, Georgia
Tampa
Accreditation and credit transfer
Everest University lacks regional or national accreditation. The Everest University campuses in Florida were formerly accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS) to award diplomas, associate, bachelor's and master's degrees. However, in 2016 the United States Secretary of Education denied ACICS's accrediting status for failing to meet 21 recognition criteria.
Some of the programs offered at Everest University included:
Accounting
Applied Management (AS)
Business (BS)
Computer Information Science
Criminal Investigations
Criminal Justice Bachelors
Education & Family (grades K–8)
Master of Business Administration
Master of Science in Criminal Justice
Medical Assistant
Medical Insurance Billing and Coding
Paralegal
Everest University was accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS), which was a formerly recognized accrediting agency by the United States Department of Education. The decision whether to grant transfer credit is left to a post-secondary institution's discretion.
Many regionally accredited universities do not accept credits earned at colleges such as Everest which lack regional accreditation.
Everest University participated in Florida's optional credit transfer program, the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System (SCNS). SCNS was established to facilitate the transfer of students and credits between Florida's public postsecondary educational institutions and participating nonpublic educational institutions, such as Everest University. "Courses that have the same academic content and are taught by faculty with comparable credentials are given the same prefix and number, and are considered equivalent courses. Equivalent courses are guaranteed to transfer to any other institution participating in SCNS, and the credit awarded for these equivalent courses will satisfy the receiving institution's institutional requirements on the same basis as credits awarded to native students." All Florida public universities and colleges participate in SCNS as well as numerous career/technical education centers and nonpublic institutions, such as Everest University. On August 24, 2010, Everest University had 709 courses listed on SCNS.
References
External links
Private universities and colleges in Florida
Colleges accredited by the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools
Corinthian Colleges
Former for-profit universities and colleges in the United States
1940 establishments in Florida
Universities and colleges established in 1940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everest%20University |
Rahden is a town in the far north of North Rhine-Westphalia between Bielefeld and Bremen and between Hanover and Osnabrück. Rahden is part of the Minden-Lübbecke District in East Westphalia-Lippe.
Rahden was first mentioned in 1033, and from 1816 to 1831 was county town of the district Rahden.
Geography
Rahden is situated approximately north of Lübbecke and north-west of Minden. It is the northernmost town of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Town subdivisions
The town of Rahden consists of 7 districts:
Rahden (4,689 inhabitants)
Kleinendorf (4,242 inhabitants)
Varl (1,676 inhabitants)
Sielhorst (791 inhabitants)
Preußisch Ströhen (2,075 inhabitants)
Wehe (1,730 inhabitants)
Tonnenheide (1,784 inhabitants)
Mayors
Bert Honsel (CDU) was elected mayor in September 2015 with 61.1% of the votes.
International relations
Rahden is twinned with:
Glindow (Berlin, Germany) -- since 1990
Galgahévíz (Hungary) -- since 1995
Notable people
Tine Wittler (born 1973), German writer and television presenter
Honorary citizen
The only honorary citizen of Rahden is Professor (d. 1950 Rahden). He was born in 1867 in the Great Village and was a prominent portrait painter, poet and the composer of the "New Westphalia March." A street in downtown Rahden is named after him.
Sons and daughters of the town
The individuals listed here come from the city Rahden and have both regional, national or even international importance. Here, the list is not exhaustive.
(As far as possible, rather than the flat giving Rahden the origin of the respective municipality or later noted the district. By screenability each column is not just a last name in alphabetical order, but it can also be found quickly anniversary dates.)
References
External links
Official site
Minden-Lübbecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahden |
Reel 'N' Roll is a Rawlins Cross album. It is the band's third album, released in April 1993 by Ground Swell.
Composition
Tracks 9, 10, 11, and 12 are re-recordings, previously recorded on the band's debut album A Turn of the Wheel.
Track listing
All songs written by Dave Panting, unless otherwise noted.
"Reel 'N' Roll" – 4:59
"Don't You Be the One" – 3:48
"It'll Have to Wait" (Geoff Panting) – 3:15
"Long Night" – 5:13
"Wedding Gift" – 4:00
"Pedestrian Again" (G. Panting) – 2:48
"Mystery Tonight" (G. Panting) – 4:40
"Dance Hall" – 3:07
"Ghost of Love" – 3:32
"Turn of the Wheel" (G. Panting) – 2:39
"Colleen" – 3:53
"MacPherson's Lament" (Traditional) – 3:56
Personnel
Rawlins Cross
Dave Panting - guitars, mandolin, bouzouki, tenor banjo, backing vocals
Geoff Panting - piano accordion with midi interface, backing vocals
Ian McKinnon - highland bagpipe, tin whistle, trumpet, bodhran
Brian Bourne - bass, chapman stick, backing vocals
Howie Southwind - drums
Joey Kitson - lead and backing vocals, harmonica
Guest Musicians
Chris Mitchell - saxophone on track 3
Tom Roach - percussion
Catherine McKinnon - fiddle on track 12
Allen MacKenzie, John MacLean, and Jack Maclean - highland bagpipes on track 12
Production
Hayward Parrott - producer, mixing engineer
Michael Nichols - second engineer
Doug Aucoin - digital imaging and design
Kevin Sallows and Bruce Kierstead - logo design
References
1993 albums
Rawlins Cross albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reel%20%27N%27%20Roll |
Andrew Major (born 1976), known professionally as Maggot, is a Welsh rapper.
Career
Several Goldie Lookin Chain songs have been written about him. These include "The Maggot" (Greatest Hits); based on the tune of "You've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two" from the musical Oliver! and "Maneater" by Hall & Oates together with a Steeleye Span hook. "The Maggot" also namechecks Fagin, Dick Turpin, Penelope Keith and Kylie Minogue and features fellow GLC member Mystikal.
Another song, "Maggot at Midnight" (from Safe as Fuck), namechecks Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Nosferatu, The Crystal Maze, Michael Jackson and Jackson's song "Thriller", and features a sample from the television show 'Danger Mouse'. Another short track he features on is called "Maggot's Stand-Up" where Maggot does a short stand-up comic style set; it mostly features scatological references. Maggot also identifies himself as The Hip Hop Vampire, which is one of his aliases. He's also the subject of the GLC song "Six Feet Tall" which features the Commodores' song "Easy" as the background track and is a tribute to Maggot, basically reminiscing on his time with the GLC and how they miss him in the band.
He appeared in the fourth series of Celebrity Big Brother in 2006, finishing third, trailing Michael Barrymore and eventual winner Chantelle Houghton.
After Goldie Lookin Chain
Maggot left Goldie Lookin Chain to pursue other interests.
In 2018 he became a financial consultant for Newport firm UCF.
References
External links
Welsh male rappers
Living people
Musicians from Newport, Wales
1976 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggot%20%28rapper%29 |
HMS Alliance (P417/S67) is a Royal Navy A-class, Amphion-class or Acheron-class submarine, laid down towards the end of the Second World War and completed in 1947. The submarine is the only surviving example of the class, having been a memorial and museum ship since 1981.
The Amphion-class submarines were designed for use in the Far East, where the size of the Pacific Ocean made long-range, high surface speed and relative comfort for the crew important features to allow for much larger patrol areas and longer periods at sea than British submarines operating in the Atlantic or Mediterranean had to contend with. Alliance was one of the seven A-class boats completed with a snort mast - the other boats all had masts fitted by 1949.
History
From 9 October 1947 until 8 November the submarine undertook a lengthy experimental cruise in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa to investigate the limits of the snort mast, remaining submerged for 30 days.
Between 1958 and 1960 Alliance was extensively modernised by having the deck gun and external torpedo tubes removed, the hull streamlined and the fin replaced with a larger (26 feet 6 inch high), more streamlined one constructed of aluminium. The purpose of these modifications was to make the submarine quieter and faster underwater. Following the modifications, the wireless transmitting aerial was supported on a frame behind the fin but was later replaced with a whip aerial on the starboard side of the fin which could be rotated hydraulically to a horizontal position.
The original gun access hatch was retained, however, allowing Alliance to be equipped with a small calibre deck gun again when serving in the Far East during the Indonesian Confrontation of the earlier 1960s.
In May 1961 the pennant numbers of British submarines were changed so that all surviving submarines completed after the Second World War were now numbered from S01 upwards, and Alliance was given the number S67.
On 13 January 1968, she grounded on Bembridge Ledge off the Isle of Wight, but was subsequently refloated with the help of Admiralty tugs. On or around 30 September 1971, a battery explosion occurred on board, while she was at Portland Harbour, which killed one sailor and injured 14 others.
From 1973 until 1979 she was the static training boat at the shore establishment HMS Dolphin, replacing in this role. In August 1979, she was towed to Vosper Ship Repairers Limited's yard at Southampton to have her keel strengthened so that she could be lifted out of the water and preserved as a memorial to those British submariners who have died in service. Since 1981 the submarine has been a museum ship, raised out of the water and on display at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in Gosport.
Although listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, in recent years as many as 100 pigeons had been nesting in the submarine, causing extensive corrosive damage. She also sat on cradles over seawater, adding to problems of corrosion and preventing easy and economical maintenance to her exterior. Urgent repairs were needed and it was announced on 30 May 2011 that HMS Alliance would share in an £11 million Heritage Lottery Fund grant. Alliance would receive £3.4 million to repair her bow and stern and address extensive surface corrosion. The restoration included reclaiming land beneath HMS Alliance using a cofferdam and backfill. This provides easy access for future maintenance and a new viewing platform for visitors, additionally opening up the conning tower and casing. A new HMS Alliance gallery is also part of the project to help ensure visitors fully appreciate the significance of this submarine and what she represents.
Restoration was completed by March 2014, and the submarine was opened to visitors at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum in April.
In popular culture
In 2017, the submarine was featured in the movie Transformers: The Last Knight and appeared to be a Transformer itself.
In 2020, the submarine was featured in a Weetabix advertisement.
References
Sources
External links
Google Street View Tour
Amphion-class submarines
Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom
Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness
Museum ships in the United Kingdom
1945 ships
Ships and vessels of the National Historic Fleet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Alliance%20%28P417%29 |
Marc Klasfeld is an American music video director. He has directed over two hundred music videos for artists such as Slipknot, Sum 41, Katy Perry, Jay-Z, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Britney Spears, Kid Rock, Michael Bublé, Nelly, Foo Fighters, Kelly Clarkson, Charli XCX, Little Mix, Nick Jonas, Twenty One Pilots, Avril Lavigne, Aerosmith, Charlie Puth and many others with multiple award wins and nominations.
His hit video for Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth's "See You Again" is currently the 2nd-most-viewed video on YouTube at 3 billion views, surpassing Psy's "Gangnam Style" on July 10, 2017, but later surpassed by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee's "Despacito" on August 4, 2017. He is also the founder of Rockhard, a music video production company that has produced videos for Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, LMFAO, Britney Spears, Aerosmith, Prince, Mariah Carey, Kelly Rowland, Jessie J, Pixie Lott, Adam Lambert, and Big Time Rush among others.
He is also a director of television commercials for Target, Nike, NFL, NBA, Motorola, Reebok, Cartoon Network and Hummer. His best-known commercial work is for Justin Timberlake's Target campaign, ESPN's This is SportsCenter campaign, Hammer Pants Dance for the A&E Network's reality show Hammertime, Avril Lavigne's Canon campaigns and Smirnoff's Green Tea Partay viral video sung by Sebastian Siegel.
On March 29, 2010, Klasfeld released a comedic video of an elementary school reenactment of the Al Pacino film Scarface, entitled "Scarface School Play". It was shown on CNN, CBS, ABC, NBC and Fox News.
Klasfeld is currently directing Lionsgate's screen adaptation of David Morrell's novel Creepers.
He is a graduate of NYU's Tisch School of the Arts.
Partial videography
References
External links
Official site
American film directors
American music video directors
Living people
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Klasfeld |
Living River is a 1996 folk album by Rawlins Cross.
The cover art is "L'anse des Belliveau" (1996). This is a mixed-medium work by François Gaudet, an Acadian artist from Nova Scotia.
Track listing
"Forever Dancing" – 3:07
"Matter of the Heart" – 5:07
"Morning After" – 3:28
"Wild Rose" – 2:31
"When My Ship Comes In" – 4:34
"Sad Story..." – 3:12
"Open Road" – 3:19
"Little Sara/Jessie's Jig" – 2:57
"Little of Your Lovin (Goes a Long Long Way)" – 2:25
"Through It All" – 3:43
"Long Way Home" – 3:46
"Baby-Oh" – 3:45
"Mairi Nighean Alasdair" – 3:46
References
1996 albums
Rawlins Cross albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20River |
Child of Glass is a 1978 American made-for-television family fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based upon the novel The Ghost Belonged to Me by Richard Peck. Its plot follows a young boy who moves into a former plantation in Louisiana, and encounters the ghost of a young girl who was murdered on the property.
It originally aired on NBC as a presentation of The Wonderful World of Disney on May 14, 1978. The film was also re-aired sporadically during the early to mid-1980s, often on weekends during the afternoon. The filming locations were in Danville, Kentucky and New Orleans, Louisiana.
Plot
Alexander Armsworth and his family move into an antebellum Louisiana plantation. Alexander's mother and sister become set on restoring the home to its former glory, but Alexander is unsettled by the mysterious lights he sees around the property. He also meets his new neighbor, Blossom Culp, a superstitious girl raised by her spiritualist aunt. In spite of Blossom's strange and sometimes annoying ways, she becomes a loyal friend.
One night Alexander sees the mysterious lights once more and follows them into the old barn, where he finds the ghost of a young Creole girl, Inez Dumaine, and her dog. Inez's uncle was the notorious pirate Jacques Dumaine, former owner of the plantation. In life, Inez refused to reveal the location of her family's fortune to Jacques, who murdered her and her dog by throwing them down the well in the barn. As revenge, he cursed her ghost to remain on the property. In order to be free of the curse, Inez must solve a riddle and begs Alexander to help her, while warning him that if the riddle is not solved before All Saints' Eve (Halloween), she will be trapped forever and forced to reenact her murder every night. The riddle states:
Sleeping lies the murdered lass.Vainly cries the child of glass.When the two shall be as one,the spirit's journey will be done.
When he realizes that Inez herself must be "the murdered lass," Alexander enlists Blossom and her grandmother to find the "child of glass." In a vision using Blossom's crystal ball, Alexander sees Inez alive with her mother, who makes Inez promise to look after her china doll Babette. Waking from the vision, Alexander realizes that the doll Babette must be the "child of glass."
Meanwhile, Alexander's mother fires a disgruntled handyman, Amory Timmons, who burns down the barn as revenge. Alexander witnesses the fire and Amory attempts to murder him. Alexander escapes by running into the burning barn, but falls into the old well. Roused by the barn fire, Alexander's family realize that he is missing, while Amory has escaped. As the police search for Alexander and Amory, Inez's dog leads Blossom to the well house, where she sees the unconscious Alexander on a ledge. Blossom is the only one light enough to be lowered down the well to tie a rope to Alexander. While doing so, she discovers Babette on the same ledge. Both Alexander and the doll are taken safely from the well.
Alexander and Blossom located Inez's family tomb and lay the doll on her grave, freeing her from the curse. However, Amory tracks Alexander and Blossom to the tomb and is on the verge of killing them both when Inez manifests as a terrifying, wailing ghost that scares him into fleeing. Inez thanks Alexander and Blossom for their help before going to her final rest. Before Inez departs forever, the doll rises from the grave and smashes on the floor, revealing that its head is full of diamonds—the long-lost Dumaine treasure that Inez was sworn to protect. Inez has given Alexander the treasure to help his family restore her home.
Cast
Barbara Barrie as Emily Armsworth
Biff McGuire as Joe Armsworth
Anthony Zerbe as Amory Timmons
Nina Foch as Aunt Lavinia Culp
Katy Kurtzman as Blossom Culp
Steve Shaw as Alexander Armsworth
Olivia Barash as Inez Dumaine
Denise Nickerson as Connie Sue Armsworth
Jack Rader as Sheriff Muncey
Irene Tedrow as Miss Merryweather
Lilyan Chauvin as Madame Dumaine
David Hurst as Jacques Dumaine
Sue Ann Gilfillan as Ludee Calhoun
Filming
The film was shot on location in Danville, Kentucky in August 1977. For the scene in which the exterior barn burns, the production used pyrotechnics to burn a real barn that was purchased from a local man, dismantled, and relocated to a different site where it was reassembled.
The graveyard scenes were filmed in Bellevue Cemetery in Danville, but there was no appropriate tomb for the final scene, therefore one was built in the cemetery. The set remained a popular tourist attraction for years afterwards.
Home media
Disney released the film on VHS in early 1987 and a DVD-on-Demand version of this film as part of their Disney Generations Collection line of DVDs on December 5, 2011.
References
External links
Child of Glass DVD
1978 television films
1978 films
1970s ghost films
1970s fantasy films
American fantasy films
American ghost films
American haunted house films
Films directed by John Erman
Films produced by Ron W. Miller
Films shot in New Orleans
Films based on American novels
Disney television films
Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
American films about Halloween
1970s American films
Films shot in Kentucky
Danville, Kentucky
Films set in Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%20of%20Glass |
The scholarship of teaching and learning (SOTL or SoTL) is often defined as systematic inquiry into student learning which advances the practice of teaching in higher education by making inquiry findings public. Building on this definition, Peter Felten identified 5 principles for good practice in SOTL: (1) inquiry focused on student learning, (2) grounded in context, (3) methodologically sound, (4) conducted in partnership with students, (5) appropriately public.
SOTL necessarily builds on many past traditions in higher education, including classroom and program assessment, action research, the reflective practice movement, peer review of teaching, traditional educational research, and faculty development efforts to enhance teaching and learning. As such, SOTL encompasses aspects of professional development or faculty development, such as how teachers can not only improve their expertise in their fields, but also develop their pedagogical expertise, i.e., how to better teach novice students in the field or enable their learning. It also encompasses the study and implementation of more modern teaching methods, such as active learning, cooperative learning, problem based learning, and others. SOTL scholars come from various backgrounds, such as those in educational psychology and other education related fields, as well as specialists in various disciplines who are interested in improving teaching and learning in their respective fields. Some scholars are educational researchers or consultants affiliated with teaching and learning centers at universities.
Inquiry methods in SOTL include reflection and analysis, interviews and focus groups, questionnaires and surveys, content analysis of text, secondary analysis of existing data, quasi-experiments (comparison of two sections of the same course), observational research, and case studies, among others. As with all scholarly study, evidence depends not only upon the methods chosen but the relevant disciplinary standards. Dissemination for impact among scholarly teachers may be local within the academic department, college or university, or may be in published, peer-reviewed form. A few journals exclusively publish SOTL outputs, and numerous disciplinary publications disseminate such inquiry outputs (e.g., J. Chem. Educ., J. Natural Resour. Life Sci. Educ., Research in the Teaching of English, College English, J. Economic Education), as well as a number of core SoTL journals and newsletters.
Related frameworks
Related to SoTL are Discipline-Based Educational Research (DBER) and Decoding the Disciplines. DBER differs from the more general SoTL concept in that it is closely linked to specific subject areas, such as physics or mathematics. This is often reflected in very subject-specific questions, and actors in this research area also often have a subject background rather than a pedagogical one.
Closely related to SoTL is also the Decoding the Disciplines approach, which aims more at making the tacit knowledge of experts explicit and helping students master mental actions.
Signature pedagogies
Signature pedagogies are ways of learning in specific disciplines. Examples of signature pedagogies include medical residents making rounds in hospitals or pre-service teachers doing a classroom-based practicum as part of their teacher training. The notion of signature pedagogies has expanded in recent years, as scholars have examined their use in e-learning, for example. Some scholars contend that SoTL itself is a signature pedagogy of higher education.
4M Framework
It has been suggested that the role of SoTL is evolving, but there remains a need to demonstrate the impact of efforts to promote the impact of SoTL within higher education. The 4M framework is used in SoTL to understand complex problems relating to teaching and learning. The framework grew out of systems theory and has been adapted for used in educational settings. The framework includes four levels through which complex problems can be studied: micro (individual), meso (departmental), macro (institutional), and mega. Changes at the meso-level and beyond can have the most impact over time. The framework has been proposed as a means to engage in strategic planning and institutional reporting of SoTL activities.
Professional societies
The International Society for Exploring Teaching and Learning (ISETL) has as its purpose "to encourage the study of instruction and principles of learning in order to implement practical, effective methods of teaching and learning; promote the application, development, and evaluation of such methods; and foster the scholarship of teaching and learning among practicing post-secondary educators." They hold a yearly conference in varying locations. Their 50th annual conference was to be held in Charlotte, NC in 2019.
The International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning (ISSOTL) was founded in 2004 by a committee of 67 scholars from several countries and serves faculty members, staff, and students who care about teaching and learning as serious intellectual work. ISSOTL has held annual conferences since 2004, attended by scholars from about a dozen nations. The conferences sites include Bloomington, Indiana USA (2004); Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (2005); Washington, DC, USA (2006); Sydney, Australia (2007); Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (2008); Bloomington, Indiana, USA (2009); Liverpool, UK (2010); Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA (2011); Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (2012); Raleigh, North Carolina, USA (2013); Quebec City, Quebec, Canada (2014).
There are also stand-alone conferences that have a long-standing commitment to SOTL. The Lilly Conferences are a series of conferences that occur multiple times a year and provide "opportunities for the presentation of the scholarship of teaching and learning." Additionally, The SoTL Commons Conference is an international conference that has been held since 2007 at the Georgia Southern University Center for Teaching Excellence (CTE).
Criticism and limitations of SoTL
Some writers have been critical of SoTL as lacking focus and definition with a lack of clarity on the differences between SoTL and Educational Research undertaken in tertiary education. It is also argued that SoTL has become too broad in definition and is conflated with non-evidenced based teaching interventions and innovations. Macfarlane claims SoTL damages the reputation of educational research, reinforcing a long-standing notion that educational research is of lower status compared to discipline-based research.
List of journals focusing on SOTL topics
The Canadian Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
College Teaching
International Journal for Academic Development
International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (IJ-SOTL)
International Journal for Students as Partners (IJSaP)
International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (IJTLHE)
Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education (Formerly Journal of Effective Teaching)
Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
Journal on Excellence in College Teaching
Teaching & Learning Inquiry (TLI)
See also
Education research
Education science
National Survey of Student Engagement
Pedagogy
References
Bibliography
Bass, R. 1999. "The scholarship of teaching: What is the problem?" Creative Thinking about Learning and Teaching 1(1). online – online
Boyer, E. L. (1990), Scholarship reconsidered: Priorities of the professoriate. (PDF), Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching http://www.hadinur.com/paper/BoyerScholarshipReconsidered.pdf
Huber, M.T., and P. Hutchings. 2005. "Surveying the scholarship of teaching and learning", Chap. 1, The Advancement of Learning: Building the Teaching Commons, ()
Hutchings, P. 2000. "Approaching the scholarship of teaching and learning" (Introduction to Opening Lines: Approaches to the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning; ) online
Kreber, C. 2002. "Teaching excellence, teaching expertise, and the scholarship of teaching" Innovative Higher Educ. 27:5–23.
McKinney, K. 2004. "The scholarship of teaching and learning: Past lessons, current challenges, and future visions." To Improve the Academy 22:3–19.
Shulman, L.S. 1999. "Taking learning seriously" Change July/August 1999:11–17.
External links
National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (Ireland)
Lilly Conferences on College and University Teaching
The International Society for the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning (ISSOTL) Annual Conference
The Society for Teaching and Learning in Higher Education
Teaching
Education by method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship%20of%20teaching%20and%20learning |
Several ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Alliance:
HMS Alliance, originally the Dutch frigate Alliantie captured from the Dutch Navy off the coast of Norway on 22 August 1795 that the Royal Navy used as a 22-gun store ship. Sold May 1802.
, lead vessel of her class of four tugs, launched 1910 and scuttled in Hong Kong in 1941 to prevent her capture by the invading Japanese forces.
, a submarine launched in 1945 but not completed until 1947, and now a museum ship and the only surviving member of her class.
References
Further reading
Royal Navy ship names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Alliance |
Hille is a community in the Kreis Minden-Lübbecke in the north of East Westphalia, Germany, with approximately 16,000 inhabitants. It was created in 1973 in the framework of the community restructuring of North Rhine-Westphalia through the combining of nine communities of the Minden countryside. The community is named after Hille its largest village. The geography of the community belongs to that of the North German Plain, from its lowest altitude of 45 metres it rises to 251 metres on the ridge of the Wiehengebirge at its southern border.
Geography
Hille is located in the northeast of the Detmold (region), in the middle of the Minden Land. Hille has portions of the ecologic areas of the Wiehen Hills, the Lübbecke Loess Country and the Rahden-Diepenauer Sandy Moorlands (boglands). The southern portion of the community is located in the transition zone from the North Germain Plain to the Central Uplands (piedmont). This especially apparent with the ridgelike structure of the Wiehengebirge, which closes Hille like a bolt from the Ravensberg hill country. The main part of the northerly bench of the community is clearly a component of the plain, which received its endmoraine character from the Ice Age. The Great Peatbog (Grosses Torfmoor) provides Hille with a wet ecosystem of glacial origin which has been a designated nature reserve since 1980. This is where rare plants and animals such as white storks are found. Hille is the source of the Ösper, a tributary of the River Weser. The Mittelland Canal crosses Hille at its geographic middle in an east–west orientation. Several settlements adhere to the canal's adjacent dry northern plateau. To the north are a large raised bog and the Minden Forest (Mindener Wald). The River Weser presents a geographic border 10 km east of Hille. To the west the same landscape continues all the way to Osnabrück. The varied farmland is characterized by scattered settlements and single farms that are bordered by copses and hedges. Forests are found on higher ground, while meadows are found at low ground and in bogs.
Neighbouring municipalities
Petershagen
Minden
Bad Oeynhausen
Hüllhorst
Lübbecke
Espelkamp
Uchte in Lower Saxony
Subdivisions of the municipality
After the local government reforms of 1973, Hille consists of 9 districts:
Hille-Dorf
Hartum
Nordhemmern
Holzhausen II
Südhemmern
Eickhorst
Rothenuffeln
Oberlübbe
Unterlübbe
Geology
The community land formation was primary influenced by the Saalian Stage (Wolstonian Stage and Illinoian Stage are Equivalents) ice age, as well as pre and post glacial process. At the time the area was covered with ice, the flow of water had an opposite direction to that of the present, that is it flowed from the ice to the south, collected in a riverine environment north of the Wiehengebirge and flowed to the west to reach the sea. Extensive wet bogs were created in this historic river valley, that remained impassable for humans for a long time. Remains of this exist in the Great Peat Bog (Große Torfmoor) that is now a protected nature preserve.
Soils
The mentioned glacial conditions created various fertilities of soil, with varying impact on the structure of settlement. As a result, there is fertile soil in the south between the Wiehengebirge and the Bastau lowland, which is referred to as Lübbecke Loessland. Besides the settlement of Rothenuffeln, the villages of Oberlübbe, Unterlübbe and Eickhorst developed here. The Bastau lowland connects to the north, in which there can be no significant agriculture. Because of this the Mittellandkanal is located at its northern edge. The Hartume loess plate lies to the Northeast of the Bastau lowland, where there are good opportunities for agriculture. The villages of Hartum, Nordhemmern, Südhemmern and Holzhausen II are located here. The farmsteads are of middling size with 100 morgen(1 morgen = 3 acres) not being uncommon. This loess plate continues to the westward beyond the stream Flöthe, where the village of Hille is the center of settlement. The northeast of the community of Hille has poor soil that allows only forestry( Mindener Wald) to exist.
Fauna
The white stork nests in and around the Bastau lowland, with assistance provided for its recovering population.
Extent and utilization of the Community Area
Hille is classified as a "large rural community" that lies in the North German Plain, it rises to the ridge of the Wiehengebirge in the south. The Lübber Berg (mountain) is its highest point at an altitude of 251m over sea level. The lowest point is in the Bastau lowland meadows or bogs near Hartum with an altitude of only 47.7m. Hille extends 11.8 km from east to west and 15.4 km from north to south.
History
Hille was and is influenced by its agricultural character. Besides the large farms, which grew because of the good loess soil of the Hartumer Loess Plate, there were many small homes for contract workers into the 19th century. The contract workers earned a supplemental income through manual labor such as the weaving of linen. Cigarmaking arrived in Hille at the end of the 19th century. Especially toward the end of the 19th century many residents of the Hille villages emigrated to the USA. Their goal was mostly the state of New York and especially the city of Schenectady. Men from Hille also travelled by foot to the Netherlands for seasonal work such as mowing grass. Many of them remained there.
Around the middle of the 19th century, the transportation infrastructure became significantly enhanced by road construction under the leadership of Carl von Schlotheim who was Land Councilor in the Prussian Kreis Minden. While the primary goal of this program was job creation, it served to boost the economy of the Kreis. The railroad reached this rural region in the early 20th century. The Mindener Kreisbahnen opened a stretch of narrow gauge line to Eickhorst in 1903. The line was extended to Lübbecke in 1907. It was converted to standard gauge at a later time. The objective of this Prussian improvement was rural area development: transport of chemical fertilizer, transport of agricultural products to Minden and Lübbecke and further transport from there to other cities by the State railway. The construction of the Mindener Kreisbahn was also a good job creator, with thousands of workers earning their bread and keep. The stretch from Hille to Lübbecke was shut down in 1967 and subsequently demolished. Freight service still exists between the harbour at the village of Hille and the city of Minden. Even Oberlübbe had a narrow gauge railway connection from 1897 to 1937. The so-called "Wallücker Willem" connected the quarry mine near Wallücke in the Wiehengebirge with Löhne and Kirchlengern to the south. It transported passengers as well as iron ore over the mountain ridge.
Hiller Platt, a dialect of Low German, was spoken by most residents into recent times. It had considerable variation from village to village. The use of this language has declined significantly.
Community restructuring
The larger community of Hille was created on January 1, 1973 as a response to the Bielefeld-Gezetz(law) in the framework of the community reform of North Rhine-Westfalia. This united the heretofore independent communities of Eickhorst, Hartum, Hille, Holzhausen II, Nordhemmern und Südhemmern from the old Amt Hartum as well as the communities of Oberlübbe, Rothenuffeln und Unterlübbe from the old Amt Dützen. In contrast several peripheral sections of Holzhausen II and Hartum were shifted to the city of Minden while corridor sections of the old community Hahlen were added to larger Hille.
Amt Hartum and Amt Dützen were dissolved; the community of Hille is the legal successor of Amt Hartum. The community town hall is the building formerly housing Amt Hartum, which has a reasonably accessible location to the larger community.
Demographics
The following overview shows the census of the community of Hille according to the contemporary extent of borders. The numbers cover the time to 1970 and for 1987 for census results [6][7][8] and since 1975 for official projections made by the Statistic Bureau of the State of North Rhine- Westfalia. [9] The numbers for 1975, 1980, and 1985 are estimates, the numbers since 1990 are projections of the 1987 census. The results up to 1985 are residents of living quarters and since 1987 are residents of the primary domicile.
1 Population in the 1973 founded Community Hille
Religion
All villages in Hille became Lutheran with the introduction of the Reformation along with the city of Minden in 1550. The parishes exist to the present day. When the area was ceded to Prussia, the regional church became the Evangelical Church in Prussia in 1817 (Evangelical Church of Westphalia since 1945), which considers itself united in administration, that is to say comprising Lutheran, Reformed and congregations of united belief. The parishes are now partly combined with one parish serving several villages. A part of the old church owned buildings was transferred to other uses and replaced by newer buildings, for example the parsonage of the village of Hille. The acceptance of the refugees of World War II resulted in the formation of Catholic parishes, which is slowly changing the milieu to one of multiple beliefs.
Governance
Community Council (Gemeinderat)
Since the community elections of 1999 the town council of Hille has 32 seats besides the mayor. The representatives of the FWG Party and the Green Party(Grünen)have joined into one coalition.
The members of the community council are elected for a term of 5 years. The next election will take place in 2014. Until the community elections of 1999, the office of mayor was honorary but was a member of the community council, with a Community Administrator (Gemeindedirector) leading the community administration.
The following table shows the community election results since 1975:
Mayor (Bürgermeister)
The former Community Administrator (Gemeindedirector) Reinhard Jasper was elected mayor in a 1999 runoff election with 52.44% of the vote versus Friedrich Meyer of the SPD Party. He succeeded former mayor Günter Grannemann (SPD). In the 2004 Community election, Reinhard Jasper was re-elected on the first ballot against the First Councilmember Klaus-Herman Pörtner (SPD) with 53.88% of the vote. Reinhard Jasper retired from his duties as mayor of Hille on September 30, 2008. He reached this decision in response to allegations that he had utilized community workers in his own home during their work-hours. The criminal court in Minden levied a fine of 9600 Euros against the mayor, which he has appealed. Since October 1, 2008 the administrative leadership has been provided by the mayoral representative, Helmut Spilker.
Community Administrators (Gemeindedirektoren)
Until 1999 the administration of the community of Hille was led by an executive community administrator, who was elected by the community council (Gemeinderat). Wilhelm Grote, the former Director of the dissolved Amt Hartum, was elected as the first community administrator in 1973. He fulfilled these duties until his retirement in 1987. Reinhard Jasper first won the office through the drawing of lots to break a tie in the vote.
Coat of Arms, Flag and Seal
The community of Hille obtained the right to a coat of arms, a flag and a seal in 1981 from the Detmold Regional President. (Hauptsatzung § 2)
Description of the Coat of Arms: In Silver (White) out of a red wavy shield foot grow three red cat-tails with black cylinder above red diagonally oriented windmill blades.
The windmill blades derive from the coat of arms of the former Amt Hartum, which had many windmills in its territory. The cat-tails derive from the coat of arms of the former community of Hille, where the Hille Moor is located; and where the harvesting of peat was formerly of great significance. The use of red and silver harks back to the historic relationship to the Bishopric of Minden.
Description of the Flag:
Red and white horizontally striped with the coat of arms extending from the middle to the flag pole.
Description of the Banner
Red and white horizontally striped with the coat of arms extending from the middle to the top.
Description of the Seal:
Script on top: GEMEINDE HILLE. Script underneath: KREIS MINDEN-LÜBBECKE. Seal Picture: Coat of Arms in which the content of the coat of arms is given in contours.
Culture and sights
Windmills
Hille is a significant contributor to the Westfalian Mill Road in the so-called Mill(Muehlen) Kreis Minden-Lübbecke. Five examples of the Dutch type windmill are standing in the community. The windmill in Hartum has been gutted and converted to a vacation home. The windmills in Hille and Nordhemmern are functional, they are used to accommodate meetings of associations and groups. The windmill in Eickhorst is known as the Stork Mill and is operated by a group that conducts an open house every 3rd or 4th Saturday during the season. Eickhorst also has a water mill with a functioning water wheel. The related building was converted to a home. The windmill in Südhemmern has been built as a complete mill complex with the millers house and a community center. The mill cannot be operated presently since a miller is lacking. The Mindener Boat Excursion Line (Schifffahrtgesellschaft) offers a combination ticket to the Südhemmern windmill by boat on the Mittlelandkanal from Minden, with a return by the Museum Train (Museumseisenbahn)operating on the Mindener Kreisbahnen track.
Theater
There is no dedicated theater building in this rural community, but performances are presented intermittently in the assembly hall of the Combined School (Verbundschule) in the village of Hille. Two adjacent communities have created open air amphitheaters for amateur productions called Freilichtbühne Nettelstedt and Freilichtbühne Porta.
Museums
The "Heimathaus Hartum" demonstrates life and work of the "good old times" in a timbered farm-house that dates from 1872. The old jail for Amt Hartum also still stands in the village of Hartum. It is noteworthy that this building always had a double function, the other part housed the equipment of the fire brigade. There is a manual craft museum in Holzhausen II that is located next to the historic smithy. The Moorgalerie in Eickhorst contains a photography exhibit featuring scenes of the Great Peat Bog. The old distillery building in the village of Hille is no longer functional but provides an exhibit of the distillation process of "Hiller Moorbrand" a schnaps based liquor. It also contains an exhibit of agricultural work of 150 years ago, with many examples of agricultural utensils on the second floor.
Significant buildings
Besides its windmill every village had a village chapel or church at its core. The local style was determined by timber construction with fieldstone walls and tile roofs. The village of Hille contains the old distillery Meyer, a former distillery of rye mash. A stork nest was erected on its chimney. The family seat of the von Oenhausen family is a substantial part timbered house in the village of Hille that is familiarly referred to as "Reimlers Hof".
The village church in Hille dates from 1523, and was Catholic for a brief time before it became Evangelic-Lutheran in the Reformation. The building was renovated and expanded over time. The altar was endowed by the couple Oeynhausen/Pohlmann. It is located in the west and not the typical east part of the church. Renovation in 1954/1995 disclosed old ceiling paintings from 1523. Surrounding the church are tombstones from the old cemetery. A tombstone from the 16th century was located on the outer wall, shows Conrad von Aswede who was Canon in Minden. Equally noteworthy is the 600-year-old linden or lime tree that stands next to the church.
Parks und Nature Preserves
The Community of Hille possesses significant protected natural areas (Naturschutzgebiete) including "Naturschutzgebiet Großes Torfmoor", the "Naturschutzgebiet Bastauwiesen" and the Mindener Forest (Wald).
The old farmers spa Rothenuffeln with its sulphur springs has established itself on the north slope of the Wiehengebirge. It includes an old spa park that invites guests for hiking.
Sport
Hille and the surrounding area is a significant focus for German handball. This sport utilizes a ball smaller than a basketball, while scoring is against a goal that is smaller than that for soccer. The neighboring clubs TuS Nettelstedt-Lübbecke and Grün-Weiß Dankersen Minden play in the German major league, the Handball-Bundesliga. The renowned handball-players Dieter Waltke und Frank von Behren come from Hille and participated on the German national team. Every local sport club includes a handball component.
Scheduled events
The open Market in Hille has been held annually in April and September since 1564. The youth wind or brass orchestra performs during alternating years in the large spa park in Rothenuffeln to initiate its great light show.
Culinary specialties
Much grain is grown in this area. A significant portion of this is converted to Korn (whiskey) or Moorbrand produced in Hille.
Economy and infrastructure
Transportation
The infrastructure of Hille is greatly influenced by the east–west-oriented ridge of the Wiehengebirge as well as the Mittellandkanal, which runs in the same direction.
The B 65 Road from Hannover to Osnabrück runs through the southern part of the community. This national connector road was of more significance in the past; a part of its former mission has been superseded by the A 30 Autobahn located on the south side of the Wiehengebirge.
The closest railway stations are in Minden and Bad Oeynhausen on the main lines Bielefeld–Hannover and Osnabrück–Hannover as well as the railway station in Lübbecke on the Ravensberg Line. The individual villages are connected by regional and on-call buses with Minden, Lübbecke, Espelkamp and Bad Oeynhausen. Hille belongs to the transportation cooperative of OstWestfalenLippe. Freight trains and Museum trains traverse the lines of the Mindener Kreisbahnen. These tracks run from Hille to Minden's upper city (Oberstad).
Regular bus connections run to Lübbecke, Minden, Espelkamp und Rahden.
The important Mittellandkanal traverses the community since 1915. The Harbour of Hille is located on it and is connected to the Mindener Kreisbahn. Its cargo totals increased from 2005 to 2006.
Long distance bicycle trails like the Bremen–Bad Oeynhausen route, Mühlenroute und Wellness-Radroute traverse the community.
Local businesses
Agriculture has a strong influence on the area encompassing the community of Hille. Besides well functioning farms on loess soil there are many areas with poor soil and meager incomes. Many residents therefore depended on other work. This caused the linen industry to grow in the 18th century and the cigar industry in the 19th century. Work in the home was characteristic of both of them. The forests provided raw material for furniture manufacture, which however did not become as specialized locally as did the kitchen furnishing industry in the Ravensberg countryside.
An example of this is Friedrich Priess GmbH & Co KG, a furniture manufactures in Hille since 1931. the firm Prieß, Horstmann & Co. Maschinenbau, GmbH & Co.KG in Unterlübbe manufactures machine tools for the furniture industry.
The poor economic conditions in the post World War era caused many job searchers to travel to the Volkswagen works in Hannover. In those days workers employed at Volkswagen could purchase a car annually and resell it. This resulted in an active used-car trade for the area.
The trash landfill Pohlsche Heide is located in Hille, which handles provides trash disposal beyond the Kreis Minden-Lübbecke.
The R. Bücker EDV-Beratung Datentechnik GmbH is a medium-sized data supply IT Company from Hille. The UPHOFF Schlosserei GmbH is involved in steel construction and machine manufacture with 20 workers in Hille. The dtH Tiemann GmbH builds windows in Hille. ESKATE Rohrverbindungstechnik GmbH is located in Unterlübbe and specializes in flange and swage connections, as well as special bent products. Rhenus GmbH is a freight transport firm located at the harbour in Hille.
The Wiehengebirgsmolkerei is a dairy located in Unterlübbe.
Media
The printed media for Hille originates primarily from the city of Minden. This is the locale of the daily newspaper Mindener Tageblatt, which has a page dedicated to Hille. The radio station Westdeutscher Rundfunk is regarded as the state(Land) radio station. The WDR TV and radio studio in Bielefeld produces programs focused on East Westfalia (Ostwestfalen). Commercial competition is provided by Radio Westfalica from Minden, whose local viewpoint is being strengthened.
Public organizations
The voluntary fire fighting brigade for Hille consists of 9 independent pump groups, which are located in the 9 villages of the community.
Hospital services are provided at the Kreis level. The closed hospitals are located in Minden, Lübbecke und Rahden. The newly constructed Johannes-Wesling-Klinikum opened in 2008.
The German Red Cross has the Deutsche Rote Kreuz Ortsverein Hille e.V. to provide non-police emergency services.
Education
For a long time, each of the villages had its own schools in which multiple age groups were taught together. Classes by yearly grade were introduced after the end of WWII and the accompanying population growth. The subsequent ongoing decline in the birth rate no longer allowed the continuation of the system and led to consolidation. Subsequently, each village no longer had its own schools, and school children were forced to use a school-bus.
Hille, Nordhemmern, Oberlübbe and Rothenuffeln are the only villages to retain grade schools.
The establishment of the Community Hille created the desire to provide more advance schools; it was the previous norm that advanced scholars commuted to higher schools in Minden or Lübbecke. In the 1950 a combined school with high school like upper grades was created from the existing Hille school. In 2002 a high school division was permitted and the "Gesamt (overall) Schule Hille" was renamed "Verbundsschule Hille".
There is also school in community Hille for children that could benefit from reformed upbringing as well a school for the speech impaired; both serve all of Kreis Minden-Lübbecke.
An extension of the Volkshochschule (public high school) Minden is located in the Hille community administration building in Hartum. Another public high school is located in the adjacent city of Espelkamp.
References
External links
Official site
Minden-Lübbecke | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hille%2C%20Germany |
Make it on Time is Rawlins Cross' sixth and final album.
Track listing
"Boogieland"
"Crossroad"
"Near Dearly Departed"
"You Will Always Have My Love"
"Make It on Time"
"Some People"
"Where Would I Be"
"French Painter"/"Drive'er Down"
"Don't Wait on Me"
"Rockaway"
"Two Islands"
"Deep Blue"
"Navvy on the Line"/"Jim Hodder's Reel"
"Winter's Tale"
References
1998 albums
Rawlins Cross albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make%20It%20on%20Time |
Nellai Superfast Express is a Superfast train operated by the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It runs on all days connecting with via Villupuram Junction, Tiruchirappalli Junction and Madurai Junction through the chord line. It is now running with LHB (Linke Hoffman Busch) and is maintained at Tirunelveli Junction.
History
The town is also called 'Nellai' after the Nellaiyappar temple in Tirunelveli. Hence, this train from Nellai is named Nellai Superfast Express
Schedule
Rakes
The service has all class of coaches in Indian railways like 1 AC First cum Second AC Coach, 2 AC Two-tier coaches, 6 AC Three-tier coaches, 8 Sleeper Coaches,3 Unreserved and 2 luggage, brake cum generator van. It is now running with LHB (Linke Hoffman Busch)and is maintained at Tirunelveli Junction.
See also
KSR Bengaluru–Nagercoil Express
Chennai Egmore–Kanyakumari Express
Pothigai Superfast Express
Chendur Superfast Express
Pandian Superfast Express
Ananthapuri Express
Chennai Egmore–Nagercoil Weekly Superfast Express
Pearl City (Muthunagar) Superfast Express
Sethu Superfast Express
Rockfort Superfast Express
Nilgiri Express
Tambaram–Nagercoil Antyodaya Express
Notes
References
External links
Nellai Express on Indian Rail Info
Named passenger trains of India
Transport in Tirunelveli
Rail transport in Tamil Nadu
Express trains in India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellai%20Super%20Fast%20Express |
El Arco may refer to :
El Arco, Salamanca, a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, Spain
Arch of Cabo San Lucas, a distinctive rock formation at Cabo San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Arco |
Hüllhorst is a municipality of the Minden-Lübbecke district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Hüllhorst is situated on the south side of the Wiehengebirge, approx. 5 km south-east of Lübbecke and 20 km west of Minden.
Neighbouring places
Lübbecke
Preußisch Oldendorf
Hille
Bad Oeynhausen
Löhne
Kirchlengern
Rödinghausen
Subdivisions of the municipality
Hüllhorst consists of 9 districts (Population as of December 31, 2006):
Ahlsen-Reineberg (1,009 inhabitants)
Bröderhausen (687 inhabitants)
Büttendorf (794 inhabitants)
Holsen (1,080 inhabitants)
Huchzen (45 inhabitants)
Hüllhorst (2,761 inhabitants)
Oberbauerschaft (2,998 inhabitants)
Schnathorst (2,850 inhabitants)
Tengern (2,038 inhabitants)
See also
Hüllhorst Comprehensive School
References
External links
Official site
Minden-Lübbecke
Wiehen Hills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCllhorst |
FMU can refer to:
Universities
Faisalabad Medical University, in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Fakir Mohan University, in Balasore, Odisha, India
Florida Memorial University, in Miami, Florida, United States
Florida Metropolitan University, now Everest University
Francis Marion University, in Florence, South Carolina, United States
Fukushima Medical University, in Japan
Other uses
16S rRNA (cytosine967-C5)-methyltransferase
Federated Moulders' (Metals) Union of Australia, now defunct
Financial Monitoring Unit, an agency of the government of Pakistan
Florence Municipal Airport, in Oregon, United States
Freight multiple unit
Functional Mock-up Unit, a library representing a simulation model, also the file extension ".fmu" containing model data
Muria language
"FMU" (song), by Brooke Candy featuring Rico Nasty from the album Sexorcism | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMU |
Newnham is a village and civil parish in the Syndale valley in Kent, England, in the administrative borough of Swale near the medieval market town of Faversham.
History
Newnham has existed as a community of dwellings and work-units for at least 1,000 years. Though it had a lord of the manor and the church of SS Peter and Paul at the beginning of the 12th century, it could be said that nothing of importance ever happened there; yet in it took place centuries of everyday social history and a history of domestic and economic life of generations of English people.
Originally little more than a grouping of farmhouses and farmworkers' cottages clustered around a church and pub, both more than 600 years old, the village featured blacksmiths, a draper, a butcher, a baker and several other shops and pubs by the early 20th century.
Even until the Second World War, most of its inhabitants were born, worked, lived and died in the valley. Many of the men worked on the hop farms, the apple and cherry orchards, or the wood industries that dominated the local economy. The women were domestic servants in some of the larger houses, many set in parklands on surrounding hills (Sharsted Court, Doddington House, Belmont, Champion Court).
A modern village life
Though Newnham has changed enormously over the past 250 years, it retains the feel of an archetypal southern English village, though few farmworkers still live there. Fast railway connections to London and the continent of Europe add to the appeal with jobs in Ashford, Canterbury, Maidstone and Medway within easy reach after the completion of the M20, M2, M26 and M25 between the mid-1960s and early 1990s.
The police house was sold as a private residence in the 1990s, and the post office shut in 1998 while the last shop closed in 2002. Two pub-restaurants remain: opposite the church is the George Inn, which is now no longer mainly a drinking house for locals but instead attracts families and groups of businesspeople for meals. It features 16th-century rafters, inglenook fireplaces, and beer brewed locally (Shepherd Neame at Faversham), and a garden that looks up to the Hilly Field.
Above the field stands the 12th-century manor house, Champion Court, still an apple farm, though employing few people now and an abundance of modern science, overlooking the valley. The other pub-restaurant is much newer but has the air of a barn converted from use on the Syndale vineyard. From its garden there is another striking view across the village past the oast house, now converted from drying hops for beer into a private home. At the location of Syndale Vineyard is also the local brewery, Hopdaemon.
The church's glebe lands, near the centre of the village, provided the space for a post-war housing development. Most of the other houses in the village front onto The Street and include Tudor dwellings, Victorian terraced cottages, and many houses now joined to make larger homes. There is also a collection of infilled recently built houses squeezed into former orchards and fields that abutted The Street and which provided the only late 20th-century development land (which has to be within the "village envelope" according to planning restrictions).
Architecture and Economy
Much of the village is a conservation area and several buildings are individually listed while the village is within the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (Kent Downs AONB). Building in the open countryside is tightly restricted, in favour of agriculture, horse-riding and walking. The average commuting distance is .
A notable listed house is Calico House, built in the early 17th century. Another sizeable house was the 19th-century vicarage, no longer used as such. It was built in 1860 by the incumbent vicar who also rebuilt the crumbling church, largely at his own expense. The tiny Congregationalist chapel, a widespread church of nonconformism also stands, currently being converted to a small private house.
The valley road was a highway in Norman times, linking the Roman Watling Street (Dover and Canterbury to London, the A2) to the Pilgrims' Way on the other side of the downs. However it was almost impassable in winter and Newnham was substantially self-sufficient until the 19th century. Indeed, the shops that residents whose closure the older villagers bemoan probably did not begin till the 1840 when passing tradesmen and deliveries made it possible to open a draper's and grocery shop. A 2010 excavation established that a full-scale Roman road passed along the valley though its precise route remains to be confirmed; it has been explored only near the Watling Street (A2) Syndale junction and at the foot of Newnham's "hilly field".
Many farmhouses in the village, including the old Parsonage Farm whose farmhouse now stands in only half an acre next to the church in The Street, have yielded most of their farmlands to provide space to accommodate new homes.
Church, school and amenities
The church of SS Peter and Paul dates back to medieval times and now shares a vicar with half a dozen other parishes. The village no longer has a school of its own (indeed it lost it as early as 1877 when the board school opened in Doddington, the only other village in the valley. Doddington lost its primary school too in 2008).
Nearby Doddington still has a butcher's shop and that successor of the village blacksmith, a garage and petrol station, as well as its pub and church. It also has a hostel for walkers to complement the bed and breakfast accommodation it offers to visitors to the area.
Both villages, about apart, have a village hall, now used for keep-fit classes and the occasional auction or flower show. They share a war memorial to those killed in two world wars. Neither village in the valley has street lights or mains drainage as there is little demand for such. Broadband internet access, mobile phone connection and satellite television signals are becoming more prevalent especially with demand from home-workers and children whereas mains water and gas supplies are well-established.
The valley is chalky downland and is atop a plentiful aquifer which provides water to the nearby urban communities. The pumping station in the valley stands beside a unique 1937 experimental building, recently bought and undergoing conversion to residential use. The building was designed to soften the hard lime-scaling water which it pumps from the ground. The eponymous water softening plant in fact in Norton, Buckland and Stone was built for the Kent Water Board and is one of few remaining if not the last of its kind. The Twentieth Century Society proposed the concrete structures for listing citing their "tremendous sculptural qualities" and Grade II listing was granted in November 2006. As such, it joined a range of older and more traditional buildings, including several thatched houses.
The population of Newnham numbered 24 householders in 1569. In the first national census in 1801, there were 262 residents reaching what may have been a peak of 451 in 88 houses in 1841 just before out-migration began in earnest. In 1931, there were 258 people in 92 homes and there are now about 350 people in 145 houses.
References
External links
Newnham & Doddington villages: shared site
Kent Downs AONB
Swale borough tourism site
Water softening plant at Twentieth Century Society site. Link to archived version of page
Villages in Kent
Civil parishes in Kent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnham%2C%20Kent |
Who Were the Shudras? is a history book published by Indian social reformer and polymath B. R. Ambedkar in 1946. The book discusses the origin of the Shudra Varna. Ambedkar dedicated the book to Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890).
Subject of the book
In the book, Ambedkar citing Rigveda, Mahabharata and other ancient vedic scriptures, estimates that the Shudras were originally Aryans.
Ambedkar writes in the preface of the book,
"Two questions are raised in this book: (1) Who were the Shudras? and (2) How they came to be the fourth Varna of the Indo-Aryan society? My answers to them are summarised below.
The Shudras were one of the Aryan communities of the solar race"
There was a time when the Aryan society recognised only three Varnas, namely. Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas. The Shudras did not form a separate Varna. They ranked as part of the Kshatriya Varna in the Indo-Aryan society. There was a continuous feud between the Shudra kings and the Brahmins in which the Brahmins were subjected to many tyrannies and indignities. As a result of the negligence towards the Shudras generated by their tyrannies and oppressions, the Brahmins refused to perform the Upanayana of the Shudras. Owing to the denial of Upanayana, the Shudras who were Kshatriyas became socially degraded, fell below the rank of the Vaishyas and thus came to form the fourth Varna."
Importantly, Ambedkar states that the Shudras of Hindu society are entirely different from Shudras of ancient Indo-Aryan Society. The common misconception that the two are related in terms of ancestry stems from the fact that people believe that the Hindu and Indo-Aryan meaning of the word "Shudras" is the same, when they are actually different. In the Indo-Aryan society, the word referred to a particular race of people, whereas in the Hindu society, the word loosely applies to individuals of a low social status, who are considered "uncultured". Ambedkar claims that the application of the word in the Hindu sense is incorrect as it wrongly associates them with the people and culture of the Indo-Aryan society, who committed wrongdoings, such as offending the Brahmins.
Ambedkar also discusses Aryan race theory and rejects Indo-Aryan invasion theory in the book.
According to Arvind Sharma, Ambedkar noticed certain flaws in the Aryan invasion theory that were later acknowledged by western scholarship. For example, scholars now acknowledge anās in Rig Veda 5.29.10 refers to speech rather than the shape of the nose. Ambedkar anticipated this modern view by stating that there are two main understandings of the word Anasa.'' The first, by Professor Max Muller, is read as a-nasa, and refers to having a flat nose, or no nose at all. Whereas, the second, by Sayanacharya, is read as an-asa, and refers to the lack of mouth, or the lack of good speech. Although Ambedkar acknowledges that Professor Muller's version supports the belief that Dasyus and Aryans were of different races, he claims that there is a lack of evidence for this view, and expresses support for Sayanacharya's view.
Contents
Preface
Part I
Chapter I - The Riddle of the Shudras
Chapter II - The Brahmanic Theory of the Origin of the Shudras
Chapter III - The Brahmanic Theory of the Status of the Shudras
Chapter IV - Shudras Versus Aryans
Chapter V - Aryans Against Aryans
Chapter VI - Shudra And Dasas
Part II
Chapter VII - The Shudras were Kshatriyas
Chapter VIII - The Number of Varnas, Three or Four?
Chapter IX - Brahmins Versus Shudras
Chapter X - The Degradation of the Shudras
Chapter XI - The Story of Reconciliation
Chapter XII - The Theory in the Crucible
Criticism
Historian R. S. Sharma, criticized Ambedkar's book for relying solely on translations of texts for his information, and stated Ambedkar wrote the book with the sole purpose to prove Shudras were of high caste origin.
See also
Caste system in India
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Dalit
References
Further reading
External links
Who were the Shudras?
History books about India
Books by B. R. Ambedkar
Dalit literature
Pseudohistory
1946 non-fiction books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%20Were%20the%20Shudras%3F |
Stemwede is a municipality in the Minden-Lübbecke district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Following a recent regional reorganization, in 1973, the former
districts of Dielingen-Wehdem and Levern were consolidated and the district of "Stemwede" created. The new name was chosen because for a thousand years the area along the Stemweder Berg (mountain) was popularly referred to as Stemwede.
Geography
Stemwede is situated approximately 20 km north-west of Lübbecke.
Subdivisions of the town
The municipality of Stemwede is divided into 3 districts (consisting of the following villages each):
References
External links | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemwede |
The iele are feminine mythical creatures in Romanian mythology. There are several differing descriptions of their characteristics. Often they are described as faeries (zâne in Romanian), with great seductive power over men, with magic skills and attributes similar to nymphs, naiads and dryads found in Greek mythology.
Locations
The iele are said to live in the sky, in forests, in caves and on isolated mountain cliffs, and reported to have been seen bathing in the springs or at crossroads. From this point of view, the Iele are similar to the Ancient Greek Hecate, a three headed goddess of Thracian origin, who guards crossroads.
Activities
They mostly appear at night by moonlight, as dancing Horas, in secluded areas such as glades, the tops of certain trees (maples, walnut trees), ponds, river sides, crossroads or abandoned fireplaces, dancing naked, with their breasts almost covered by their disheveled hair, with bells on their ankles and carrying candles. In almost all of these instances, the Iele appear to be incorporeal. Rarely, they are dressed in chain mail coats. The effect of their specific dance, the Hora is similar to the dances of the Bacchantes.
Scorching
The place where they had danced would after remain carbonized, with the grass incapable of growing on the trodden ground, and with the leaves of the surrounding trees scorched. Later, when grass would finally grow, it would have a red or dark-green color, the animals would not eat it, but instead mushrooms would thrive on it.
Names
Dimitrie Cantemir describes the iele as "Nymphs of the air, in love especially with young men". The origin of these beliefs is unknown. Incidentally, the noun iele is phonetically close to the feminine plural form of the Romanian word for "they". Their real names are secret and inaccessible, and are commonly replaced with nicknames based on their characteristics. The names based on epithets are: Iele, Dânse, Drăgaice, Vâlve, Iezme, Izme, Irodiţe, Rusalii, Nagode, Vântoase, Domniţe, Măiestre, Frumoase, Muşate, Fetele Codrului, Împărătesele Văzduhului, Zânioare, Sfinte de noapte, Şoimane, Mândre, Fecioare, Albe, Hale, etc. But there are also personal names which appear: Ana, Bugiana, Dumernica, Foiofia, Lacargia, Magdalina, Ruxanda, Tiranda, Trandafira, Rudeana, Ruja, Păscuţa, Cosânzeana, Orgisceana, Lemnica, Roşia, Todosia, Sandalina, Margalina, Savatina, Rujalina, etc. These names must not be used randomly, as they may be the basis for dangerous enchantments. It is believed that every witch knows nine of these pseudonyms, from which she makes combinations, and which are the basis for spells.
Character
The iele are said not to be solitary creatures, but gather in groups in the air, where they can fly with or without wings; they can travel with incredible speeds, either on their own, or with chariots of fire.
The iele appear sometimes with bodies, at other times only as immaterial spirits. They are young and beautiful, voluptuous immortals, their frenzy causing delirium in onlookers, and with bad tempers, but not being necessarily evil. They come in groups of three or seven. This version is mostly found in Oltenia, were three Iele are considered the daughters of Alexander the Great, called Catrina, Zalina and Marina.
Sometimes evil
They are not generally considered evil genii: they resort to revenge only when they are provoked, offended, seen while they dance, when people step on the trodden ground left behind by their dance, sleep under a tree which the Iele consider as their property, drink from the springs or wells used by them. Terrible punishments are inflicted upon the ones who refuse their invitation to dance, or the ones who mimic their movements. The one who randomly hears their songs becomes instantly mute. A main characteristic is their beautiful voices which are used to enchant their listeners, just like the Sirens from ancient Greek mythology. Invisible to humans, there are however certain moments when they can be seen by mortals, such as when they dance at night. When this happens, they abduct the victim, punishing the "guilty" one with magical spells, after they previously caused him to fall into sleep with the sounds and the vertigo of the frenetic Hora, which they dance around their victim, who is abducted, to disappear forever without a trace.
Vengeance
The iele are also believed to be agents of revenge for God or of the Devil, having the right to avenge in the name of their employers. When they are called upon to act, they hound their victims into the center of their dance, until they die in a furor of madness or torment. In this hypostasis, the Iele are similar to the Ancient Greek Erinyes and the Roman Furies.
Appeasing the Iele
To please the iele, people dedicated festival days to them: the Rusaliile, the Stratul, the Sfredelul or Bulciul Rusaliilor, the nine days after the Easter, the Marina etc. Anyone not respecting these holidays was said to suffer the revenge of the Iele: men and women who work during these days would be lifted in spinning vertigo, people and cattle would suffer mysterious deaths or become paralyzed and crippled, hail would fall, rivers would flood, trees would wither, and houses would catch fire.
People also invented cures against the iele, either preventive or exorcistic in nature: garlic and mugwort worn around the waist, in the bosom, or hung from the hat; or hanging the skull of a horse on a pole in front of the house. The most important cure is the dance of Călușari. This custom was the subject of an episode of the popular TV series, The X-Files (see The Calusari).
Comparison with other mythologies
The same common Indo-European mythological base is suggested by the close resemblance with the Nordic Elves, youthful feminine humanoid spirits of great beauty living in forests and other natural places, underground, or in wells and springs; having as a sacred tree the same maple tree; and with magical powers, such as having the ability to cast spells with their circle dances. The elves also leave a kind of circle where they had danced, the älvdanser ("elf dances") or älvringar ("elf circles"). Typically, this circle also consisted of a ring of small mushrooms. Arguably, Iele are the Romanian equivalent of the fairies of other cultures, like the nymphs of Greek and Roman mythology, the vili from Slavic mythology, and the Irish sídhe.
Modern sightings
There is some discussion on the topic that an episode of "Destination Truth"; which had a follow-up episode may have encountered Iele. The Romanian forest episode, in the episode they believed they were encountering ghosts or aliens. Some viewers went to the online boards for the show discussing that the events and behavior closely tied with the Iele.
Footnotes
Bibliography
Victor Kernbach, Dicţionar de mitologie generală, Ed. Albatros, București, 1995, pp. 256–257.
Romanian mythology
Romanian legendary creatures
Female legendary creatures
Nature spirits
Fairies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iele |
The military alliance between the United Kingdom and Poland was formalised by the Anglo-Polish Agreement in 1939, with subsequent addenda of 1940 and 1944, for mutual assistance in case of a military invasion from Nazi Germany, as specified in a secret protocol.
Background
The United Kingdom had been attempting to create a four-way alliance to contain Germany, with France, Poland and the Soviet Union. Poland's Jozef Beck was disturbed by the prospect of any alliance with the Soviets. He also feared the reaction of Berlin to the four-way alliance, which might be seen as the encirclement of Germany. Beck, however, saw an opportunity and so he proposed a secret agreement on consultation to British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax that was received on 24th March, 1939. When questioned by Halifax, Polish Foreign Minister Edward Bernard Raczyński said that he thought that Beck had British aid in mind in the event of an attack on Poland, but it would not be a mutual agreement.
British assurance to Poland
On 31 March 1939, in response to Nazi Germany's defiance of the Munich Agreement and its occupation of Czechoslovakia, in Parliament, the United Kingdom pledged the support of itself and France to assure Polish independence:
The British Chiefs of Staff at the time however noted that "we could give no direct help by land, sea or air."
On 6 April, during a visit to London by the Polish foreign minister, it was agreed to formalise the assurance as an Anglo–Polish military alliance, pending negotiations. The text of the "Anglo-Polish Communiqué" stated that the two governments were "in complete agreement on certain general principles" and that it was "agreed that the two countries were prepared to enter into an agreement of permanent and reciprocal character...". The British Blue Book for 1939 indicates that formal agreement was not signed until 25 August.
That assurance was extended on 13 April to Greece and Romania, after Italy's invasion of Albania.
Agreement of Mutual Assistance
On 25 August, two days after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned Central and Eastern Europe between them. The agreement contained promises of mutual military assistance between the nations if either was attacked by some "European country". The United Kingdom, sensing a trend of German expansionism, sought to discourage German aggression by this show of solidarity. In a secret protocol of the pact, the United Kingdom offered assistance in the case of an attack on Poland specifically by Germany, but in the case of attack by other countries, the parties were required only to "consult together on measures to be taken in common". Both the United Kingdom and Poland were bound not to enter agreements with any other third countries that were a threat to the other. Because of the pact's signing, Hitler postponed his planned invasion of Poland from 26 August until 1 September.
Failed Soviet–Franco–British alliance
After the German occupation of Prague in March 1939 in violation of the Munich agreement, the Chamberlain government in Britain sought Soviet and French support for a Peace Front. The goal was to deter further German aggression by guaranteeing the independence of Poland and Romania. However, Stalin refused to pledge Soviet support for the guarantees unless Britain and France first concluded a military alliance with the Soviet Union. Although the British cabinet decided to seek such an alliance, the western negotiators in Moscow in August 1939 lacked urgency. The talks were conducted poorly and slowly by diplomats with little authority, such as William Strang, an assistant under-secretary. Stalin also insisted on British and French guarantees to Finland, the Baltic states, Poland and Romania against indirect German aggression. Those countries, however, became fearful that Moscow wanted to control them. Although Hitler was escalating threats against it, Poland refused to allow Soviet troops to cross its borders for fear that they would never leave. Historian Michael Jabara Carley argues that the British were too committed to anticommunism to trust Stalin.
Meanwhile, both Great Britain and USSR were separately involved into secret negotiations with Germany. Eventually Stalin was attracted to a much better deal by Hitler, the control of most of Eastern Europe, and decided to sign the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
Polish–British Naval Agreement
Ever since it had been sent to Britain in mid-1939 in Operation Peking, the Polish Navy remained in British waters. In November 1939, after the Invasion of Poland, the Polish-British Naval Agreement allowed Polish sailors to wear their Polish uniforms and to have Polish commanding officers on board even though the ships were of British make. The agreement would later be revised on August 5, 1940 to encompass all Polish units.
Anglo–Polish Agreement Respecting Polish Land and Air Forces
On August 5, 1940, an agreement was signed that "the Polish Armed Forces (comprising Land, Sea, and Air Forces) shall be organized and employed under British Command" but would be "subject to Polish military law and disciplinary ruling, and they [would] be tried in Polish military courts". The only change came on 11 October 1940, when the Polish Air Force was made an exception and became subject to British discipline and laws.
Analysis
The alliance committed Britain, for the first time in history, to fight on behalf of a European country other than France or Belgium. Hitler was then demanding the cession of the Free City of Danzig, an extraterritorial highway (the Reichsautobahn Berlin-Königsberg) across the Polish Corridor and special privileges for the ethnic German minority within Poland. By the terms of the military alliance, both Poland and Britain were free to decide whether to oppose with force any territorial encroachment, as the pact did not include any statement of either party's commitment to the defence of the other party's territorial integrity. However, there were provisions regarding "indirect threats" and attempts to undermine either party's independence by means of "economic penetration" in a clear reference to the German demands.
In May 1939, Poland signed a secret protocol to the 1921 Franco-Polish Military Alliance, but it was not ratified by France until 4 September.
On 17 September, the Soviet Union invaded Poland through the eastern Polish border in keeping with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact's secret protocol specifying the division of Poland. According to the Polish–British Common Defence Pact, the United Kingdom should give Poland "all the support and assistance in its power" if Poland was "engaged in hostilities with a European Power in consequence of aggression by the latter". The Polish ambassador in London, Edward Bernard Raczyński, contacted the British Foreign Office to point out that clause 1(b) of the agreement, which concerned an "aggression by a European power" on Poland, should apply to the Soviet invasion. Halifax responded that the obligation of British government towards Poland that arose out of the Anglo-Polish Agreement was restricted to Germany, according to the first clause of the secret protocol.
Criticism
The Polish historian Paweł Wieczorkiewicz wrote, "Polish leaders were not aware of the fact that England and France were not ready for war. They needed time to catch up with the Third Reich, and were determined to gain the time at any price". The publicist Stanisław Mackiewicz stated in the late 1940s, "To accept London's guarantees was one of the most tragic dates in the history of Poland. It was a mental aberration and madness". On the same day that Britain pledged its support of Poland, Lord Halifax stated, "We do not think this guarantee will be binding". Another British diplomat, Alexander Cadogan, wrote in his diary: "Naturally, our guarantee does not give any help to Poland. It can be said that it was cruel to Poland, even cynical".
Polish-British military negotiations were carried out in London but ended up in a fiasco. After lengthy talks, the British reluctantly pledged to bomb German military and installations if the Germans carried out attacks of that kind in Poland. Polish military leaders failed to obtain any other promises. At the same time, the Polish side negotiated a military loan. The Polish ambassador to Britain, Edward Raczyński, called the negotiations "a never-ending nightmare". Józef Beck wrote in his memoirs, "The negotiations, carried out in London by Colonel Adam Koc, immediately turned into theoretical discussion about our financial system. It was clear that Sir John Simon and Frederick Leith-Ross did not realize the gravity of the situation. They negotiated in purely financial terms, without consideration for the rules of the wartime alliance. As a result, the English offer gave us no grounds for quick reinforcement of our army".
On 2 August 1939, Britain finally agreed to grant Poland a military loan of £9 million, which was less than Turkey received at the same time. Poland had asked for a loan of £60 million.
See also
International relations (1919–1939)
Franco-Polish Military Alliance
Western betrayal
Notes
References
Piotr Zychowicz, Pakt Ribbentrop - Beck. Dom Wydawniczy Rebis, Poznań 2012.
Further reading
Anita J. Prazmowska. (1987). Britain, Poland and the Eastern Front, 1939. Cambridge University Press,
Władysław W. Kulski. (1976). "The Anglo-Polish Agreement of August 25, 1939: Highlight of My Diplomatic Career," The Polish Review, 21 (1/2): 23–40.
1939 in Poland
1939 in the United Kingdom
Common Defence Pact
20th-century military alliances
Treaties concluded in 1939
Treaties of the Second Polish Republic
Military alliances involving Poland
Military alliances involving the United Kingdom
United Kingdom in World War II
Treaties of the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Polish%20alliance |
Edward Talbot, 8th Earl of Shrewsbury, 8th Earl of Waterford (christened 25 February 1561 – 8 February 1617), was the younger brother and nearest male heir of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, whom he succeeded as Earl of Shrewsbury and Lord High Steward of Ireland in 1616.
Life
He was born in Sheffield, the son of George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, by the latter's first marriage to Gertrude Manners, daughter of first Earl of Rutland. He entered Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1579. Edward and his brother Henry Talbot (1563–1596) had an audience with Queen Elizabeth in November 1580.
He served twice as Knight of the Shire (MP) for Northumberland in 1584 and 1586. He was a JP for Northumberland from c. 1592 and appointed Sheriff of Northumberland for 1601 and 1609. He was a member of the Council of the North from 1603 until his death in 1618. He died in London in his 57th year and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
In 1583 he married Joane Ogle, Baroness Ogle, the daughter of Cuthbert Ogle, 7th Baron Ogle. None of their children survived him, and he was succeeded by his nearest male relative, George Talbot of Grafton who became the 9th Earl. However, some of the extensive family estates passed to the daughters of his elder brother and predecessor and devolved ultimately to the Dukes of Norfolk.
References
External links
Attribution
1561 births
1617 deaths
Politicians from Sheffield
Edward
17th-century English nobility
High Sheriffs of Northumberland
English MPs 1584–1585
English MPs 1586–1587
16th-century English nobility
Earls of Shrewsbury
Earls of Waterford
Burials at Westminster Abbey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Talbot%2C%208th%20Earl%20of%20Shrewsbury |
Ardclough, officially Ardclogh (; ), is a village and community in the parish of Kill, County Kildare, Ireland. It is two miles (3 km) off the N7 national primary road. It is the burial place and probable birthplace of Arthur Guinness, who is said to have returned to the maternal homestead of the Reads at Huttonread to give birth in the tradition of the time.
Location
Ardclough is located below two detached foothills of the Wicklow Mountains, Lyons Hill and Oughterard on some of the most fertile soils in Ireland. The River Liffey passes within a one kilometre radius. The main transport arteries to the south and south west of Ireland pass through, the main railway line to Cork and Tralee, the canal to Shannonbridge, and the N7 which passes nearby.
While the original townland of Ardclough was situated west of the canal in land that is now inaccessible, and contained the site on the opposite bank of the canal of the original (1810) parish church of Lyons and a group of quarries there, the place now referred to Ardclough approximates more closely to the townlands of Tipperstown and Wheatfield, where housing was built in 1876 and 1989. The development of 54 houses on a nearby site was proposed, but has yet to begin. Construction on a new 16-classroom national school began near the original site of Tipperstown House in January 2011. A new graveyard is also planned on a site south east of the current centre of the village.
Geology
The soil is principally a rich loam, varying from 10 to in depth, and resting on a hard and compact substratum of floetz limestone. The water table is unusually high. The low group of nearby hills, which includes Lyons and Oughterard in County Kildare and Windmill Hill, Athgoe, and Rusty Hill in County Dublin, are composed of clay-slate, grauwacke, grauwaeke-slate, and granite. The grauwacke consists of small and finely rounded and angular grains of quartz, numerous minute scales of mica, small fragments of clay-slate, and sometimes portions of felspar. The grauwacke consists of small and finely rounded and angular grains of quartz, numerous minute scales of mica, small fragments of clay-slate, and sometimes portions of felspar and red sandstone.
Etymology
The name was first recorded as 'Aclagh' on Alexander Taylor's 1783 map. It was the site of the masshouse (later old Ardclough church), school and the three largest of seven local quarries, on the opposite bank of the canal. From 1837 onward it was recorded as 'Ardclogh' and later 'Ardclough'. The name likely comes from Ard Cloch, meaning "high stone or stone building".
Habitat
The area provides a combination of hill, wood and water habitats. More than 35 species of birds have been identified and coarse fishing for pike, perch, roach and rudd is common along the canal bank.
Amenities
Amongst the settlement's buildings today are a national school, a church, Ardclough GAA Club, and one shop "Buggys". Ardclough also contains the historic round tower at Oughterard.
History
Royal site
The earliest evidence of human habitation at Ardclough was the discovery of a flint dated to 4800–3600BC, at Castlewarden below Oughter Ard Hill, rare for a dry-land location from the time. Lyons Hill was the inauguration site and base for 10 Uí Dúnchada kings of Leinster. The Battle of Glen Mama, where Brian Boru defeated Máel Mórda king of Leinster and Sitric Silkbeard King of Dublin in 999, is believed to have taken place on the Dublin side of Oughterard Hill. The area was accorded its own place-legend in the Dindsenchas, Liamuin. Lyons subsequently became home to the Aylmer, Tyrrell and Lawless families.
Historic buildings
There are five medieval churches and three castles in the area. Most important is Oughter Ard, a seventh-century monastery associated with saints Briga (feast day 21 January) and Derchairthinn (feast day 8 March) and site of a round tower. Recent research has estimated that the ruined church there dates to 1350, not 1609 as previously believed. It was the site of a Royal Manor. Whitechurch, (Ecclesia Alba, named for the Carmelite order) was granted in 1320, and enfifed in 1508. A single headstone is the only reminder of the church of Castledillon, (1000), once a parish of its own. The graveyard beside another disappeared church at Clonaghlis, (pre 1206) is still in use and is associated with female saints Fedhlim and Mughain. Castlewarden (c1200) church has disappeared. Reeves Castle, on the Celbridge road, was built in the 14th century.
A mass house built below Oughter Ard hill in 1714 became the site of the first modern Catholic church in 1810 and a school in 1839. Lyons parish was united with Oughterard in 1541 and with Kill in 1693. The centre of the parish moved to Kill in 1823. The former Lyons parish church (built 1810, refurbished 1896) was deconsecrated in 1985 and is now a private house. It was replaced by a new church in Tipperstown, designed by Paul O'Daly. A marble font, brought from Rome by Valentine Lawless and presented to the church, was removed to Lyons House for safekeeping but remains the property of the parish.
A well-preserved moated site at Puddlehall dates to the 13th century and was cited by University College Dublin Professor Sean O Riordain as one of the finest examples of a moated house in Ireland. Lyons, Reeves and Oughter Ard tower houses date to the 14th century. The large houses of Bishopscourt (constructed 1790) and Lyons (constructed 1804-10) provided an economic focus of the community in the 19th century, as did the Grand Canal (reached Ardclough 1763) in the vicinity of the 13th lock.
Grand canal
When work on the Grand Canal began in 1756 Ardclough's was one of the first sections to be dug. The canal reached Ardclough in 1763, when the 13th lock, a double lock built with Pozzuolona mortar, was opened, following the ambitious design of the canal's original engineer, Thomas Omer. After Omer's plans proved too expensive a new engineer, John Trail, took over construction of the canal in 1768, the proposed canal capacity was reduced from 170 ton barges to 40 ton barges. Canal records show that " Lyons or Clonaughles lock" was reduced in size in 1783, but the canal through the thirteenth lock serves as a reminder of Omer's original plan, wide, compared with the width adopted by Trail.
Ardclough Bridge was named in original plans for the Bruton family of Clonaghlis but constructed with a name plate bearing the name of the Henry family of Straffan. From 1777 a local river, the Morrel was proposed as water feeder for the canal, construction resumed and the first passenger boats were towed to Sallins in February 1779.
Local landowner The 2nd Baron Cloncurry was a canal enthusiast, constructing the Lyons mill and lockyard village complex in the 1820s and serving as chairman of the Grand Canal Company five times during his lifetime. The canal was an important, if slow, passenger thoroughfare feeding passenger's to John Barry's hotel at Lyons. When in 1834 Flyboats increased the average speed for passenger boats from to Ireland's first railway was already under construction.
The canal peaked at 120,615 passengers in 1846, the year construction started on the Dublin-Cork railway line. When a Dublin-Galway railway line was opened in 1850 the closure of the rarely profitable passenger service followed in 1852. Cargo traffic continued to use the canal for another 108 years, peaking at 379.045 tons in 1865 when an average of 90 barges a day passed through Ardclough. The canal was motorised 1911–24 and closed to cargo in 1960, but is still a thoroughfare for leisure boats. The tracks of the ropes of the horse-drawn barges can still be traced at Ardclough canal bridge. A folk belief prevailed that the canal was haunted at the thirteenth lock because it had been dug through a graveyard, a possible reference to nearby Clonaghlis graveyard.
Notable events
The Great Southern & Western Railway (constructed 1844) and Straffan railway station (used until 1947) opened communications to Dublin for cattle and horse dealers. A railway accident on 5 October 1853, the third-worst in Irish rail history, killed 18 people including four children in the townland of Clownings. It occurred in heavy fog when a goods train ran into the back of a stalled passenger train at a point 974 yards south of the former Straffan Station. The goods train smashed the first-class carriage, which was driven a quarter of a mile through station. The tragedy was the subject of a poem by Donegal-born poet William Allingham. It was the third worst accident in rail history to that date.
In the Ardclough Sedition Case in October 1917, Nora J Murray, a nationalist poet and writer, the headmistress of Ardclough National School was accused by local Irish Unionist Bertram Hugh Barton of 'sedition in time of war' under the Defence of the Realm Act. He complained about her teaching of Irish history, illegal at the time. in a complaint made in the name of one of Barton's tenants, Kathleen Bourke, an activist in the Women's Unionist Association. After a local defence fund was mounted by the INTO and the local community, the charged was not pursued by the Dublin Castle regime but Murray she was forced out of the area and the house where she lodged was later burned by the British Army.
The Barnewell homestead at Lyons was the headquarters of anti-treaty forces in north Kildare during the Irish Civil War.
On 22 June 1975 Whitechurch resident Christy Phelan was killed when he engaged a group of men planting a bomb on the railway line near Baronrath. The bomb was designed to derail the train headed for the Republican Wolfe Tone commemoration at Bodenstown. His selfless intervention prevented greater loss of life. This is one of a number of British undercover operations carried out against civilian targets in the Republic during the Troubles, currently under investigation by the Barron Commission.
The biggest train robbery to date in the history of Ireland took place at Kearneystown on 31 March 1976 when £150,000 was taken from the Dublin-Cork mail train.
Daniel O’Connell (1775–1847) fought a duel with John d’Esterre at Oughterard on 1 February 1815.
Economy
Limestone quarries (sinkhole recorded 1804) made Ardclough townland, which is located on a canal bank, the focus of economic activity from the 1800s until the death of owner Patrick Sullivan in 1879 (peak activity 1850s). This townland was also chosen as the location for Lyons parish church (1811) and St Anne's National School (1834). Boston Lime Company reduced the price to six shillings per load in 1875 but a footnote in the 1891 census returns attributes the decline in population from 75 to 21 in Ardclough townland to the closure of quarries. Stone was brought by light railway to the nearby quays and by canal barge to Sullivan's lime kiln. Ardclough limestone was used in the construction of Naas jail and hospital. The census reports of the mid-19th century indicate how the small townland of Ardclough came to give its name to the adjoining district, but by 1901 there were only six people living there.
A cluster of warehouses and workshops at Lyons lockyard village was largely constructed in the 1820s, featuring a mill (leased to William Palmer 1839 and Joseph Shackleton, second cousin of Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton, 1853, converted to roller mill 1887), hotel (leased by Patrick Barry 1840-60), police station (active 1820-73 ) and boatyard. This complex employed over 100 people at their peak but declined when the focus shifted away from the canal, the decline in fortunes of the Lawless family and most dramatically as a consequence of the accidental burning of the mill in 1903. In September 2006 the buildings were restored as themed residences and a restaurant.
Ardclough Relocates
When the GAA club (1936), community hall (1940, reconstructed 2004) and school (1950) were built on a crossroads beneath Henry Bridge, and it shifted the focus of the community to a site in Tipperstown, which is regarded as the modern Ardclough. The population was boosted by houses built at Wheatfield (1940), Boston Hill (1949–51) and Tipperstown (Wheatfield Estate 1976, Lishandra Estate 1989). St. Anne's Church, a Catholic church designed by Paul O’Daly was sited nearby in 1985.
Sport
GAA
Ardclough GAA (community associated with Hazlehatch Irish Harpers 1887-8, active as Ardclough 1924-5, refounded 1936) is the smallest community to win a Kildare County Senior Football Championship, defeating an Army team that featured All Ireland and inter-provincial players in the replayed final of 1949. The hurling club was founded in 1948. One of the most successful in Kildare, it has won 13 Kildare County Senior Hurling Championships - in 1968, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 2004, 2006 and 2017. In 2006 they went on to become Leinster Intermediate club champions, losing to the eventual All Ireland champions in extra time in the quarter-final, and were awarded Kildare GAA club of the year. The 2008 Kildare senior hurling panel included six Ardclough players.
Ardclough Camogie club (founded 1962 by Mick Houlihan, revived 1983 by Phyllis Finneran) won a Kildare senior championship in 1968. Bridget Cushen was selected on the Kildare camogie team of the century.
Equestrianism
Notable Ardclough horses in both flat and national hunt (once described as "the four horses of the Ardcloughalypse") include The Tetrarch (1911, regarded as probably the finest two-year-old in Irish racing history), Captain Christy (winner Cheltenham Gold Cup, 1974), Star Appeal (winner of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, 1975) and Kicking King (winner Cheltenham Gold Cup, 2005). Father-and-son horse trainers Pat Taaffe and Tom Taaffe came from Alasty. As a jockey Pat Taaffe (1930–92) rode two winners of the English Grand National, Quare Times in 1955 and Gay Trip in 1970 and was Irish National Hunt champion six times.
Other sports
David Ritchie who lived at Oughterard laid out Ireland's first golf course. Ardclough had a soccer club briefly in 1941-3. Basil Phipps launched his motorcycle racing career in 1947 and hosted a number of racing events at his home in Clonaghlis. Fionn Carr was top try-scorer for Connacht during the Magners League 2008/09 campaign and later signed for Leinster.
Clubs
Ardclough had a brass band which performed at Bodenstown in 1914 and at the 1949 Kildare County Senior Football final. There was a branch of the LDF/FCA (8 November 1941), Fianna Fáil (1931), Labour (1943), Fine Gael (1943) and Macra na Feirme (1955). There are active branches of the Irish Countrywomen's Association (active 1941-42 and revived 1974, with Maura Costello (1924-2011) as Chairwoman) and Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann (branch established in 1966 with Paddy Corry (1916-1971) as Chairman).
People
Lived in Ardclough
Gerald Aylmer (c1500-1559), judge and enforcer for English King Henry VIII in Ireland at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries,
Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry (1773-1853), a local landlord and member of the United Irishmen who helped finance both the 1798 and 1803 rebellions.
Baron Cloncurry (1840-1928), local landlord and Unionist and Conservative politician who served as High Sheriff of Kildare in 1867.
Ronan Keating (b.1977), lead singer with Boyzone, lived in Ardclough when he was growing up.
Nora J Murray (1888–1955), Carrick-on-Shannon born poet, author of "A Wind Upon the Heath" (1918), school teacher at Ardclough and subject of a notorious "sedition in the classroom" case in November 1917 when a local landlord complained about her teaching of Irish history.
James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond (1393–1452), popularly known as 'the White Earl'. Lord Ormond, an Anglo-Irish nobleman, was granted Castlewarden and Oughterard in 1412 for supporting the Lancastrian cause.
Brabazon Ponsonby (1679–1758), founder of one of the most powerful political dynasties of the 18th century. Ponsonby descendants include Sir Alec Douglas-Home (British Prime Minister from 1963-4) and The Duke of Cambridge, heir to the British throne.
John Ponsonby (1713–1789) of Bishopscourt, speaker of the Irish House of Commons (1756–1769)
William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby (1744–1806), leader of the Irish Whigs (1789–1803).
George Ponsonby (1755–1817), first counsel to the revenue commissioners.
Tony Ryan (1936–2007), aviator, founder of Ryanair and Guinness Peat Aviation and patron of the arts purchased a home in Lyons some years before his death.
Lydia Shackleton (1828–1914), botanical artist, lived in Ardclough between April 1853 when she moved to the family's newly acquired mill at Lyons, where she was housekeeper for her elder brother Joseph, until 1860.
Born in Ardclough
Emily Lawless (1845–1913), writer and granddaughter of Valentine Lawless, 2nd Baron Cloncurry born in Lyons.
Charlie McCreevy (b.1948), Minister for Finance in the Government of Ireland (1997–2004) and European Commissioner for the Internal Market and Services (2004-2010) grew up on the Grand Canal in the lock house at 14th lock and played under-age hurling and football for Ardclough.
George Ponsonby (1755–1817), opposition leader in the British House of Commons at Westminster and leader of the Whig Party (1808–1817), born in Bishopscourt he lived in Newlands in a house formerly owned by Arthur Wolfe.
Mary Ponsonby, wife of Charles Grey, British Prime Minister from 1830 to 1834 and best known nowadays as the Earl Grey of the tea brand.
William Ponsonby (1772–1815), Major-General whose inept charge at the Battle of Waterloo resulted in his death at the hands of the Polish Lancers and was studied as an example of failed battle strategy for generations afterwards,
Mary Redmond (1863–1930) sculptor responsible for the statue of Father Matthew on O’Connell Street Dublin was born in Ardclough and spent her childhood at the Canal Bank where her father was a quarry manager.
Buried in Ardclough
John Philpot Curran (1750–1817), lawyer, patriot and friend of Valentine Lawless, had his body deposited temporarily in the mausoleum at Lyons before being removed to a grave at Glasnevin, where it now reposes.
Arthur Guinness (1725–1803), founder of the famous brewery is buried in Oughterard cemetery. He was the son of Richard Guinness and Elizabeth Read (1698–1742) from Bishopscourt, who was agent and receiver of Dr Arthur Price and lived in Celbridge at the time of Arthur's birth.
Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount Kilwarden (1739–1803), first Viscount Kilwarden, judge and most famous victim of the rebellion of Robert Emmet is buried in the family vault of the Wolfes in Oughterard cemetery.
Bibliography
Eoghan Corry and Jim Tancred (2004): Annals of Ardclough
Ardclough Churches 1985 Souvenir Brochure.
W J Fitzpatrick: Life, Times and Contemporaries of Lord Cloncurry (1855). (Online version available)
Valentine Lawless, Personal recollections of the life and times, with extracts from the correspondence of Valentine Lord Cloncurry, Dublin: J. McGlashan; London: W.S. Orr, 1849. ()
Lyons House: A Guide (2001).
"Irish Geography" Vol 18 1985 DN Hall M Hennessy and Tadhg O'Keefe Medieval Agriculture and Settlement in Castlewarden and Oughterard pp16–25
"Kildare Archaeological Society Journal". Volume I: pp84–86, 195, 296, 297, 298, 299. Volume II: pp179, 183, 395. Volume III: pp361, 364, 456. Volume IV: pp64, 165, 179-183, 255, 257. Volume XII: pp264, 332, 339-341, 400, 429.
References
External links
Ardclough Community Council website (archived)
Village design statement
County Council planning links
GAA club website featuring local information
History timeline on Ardclough Community Council website
Towns and villages in County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardclough |
Down with the King can refer to
Down with the King (album), a 1993 music album by Run-D.M.C.
"Down with the King" (song), the title track from the album
Down with the King (game), 1981 fantasy political card game by Avalon Hill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down%20with%20the%20King |
Tolo Highway () is a major expressway on Route 9 in Hong Kong. It connects the new towns of Sha Tin and Tai Po in the eastern New Territories, forming part of the New Territories Circular Road.
The highway, constructed in three stages between 1985 and 1987, was so named as it skirts the western edge of Tolo Harbour.
Route description
The highway diverges from Tai Po Road near Sha Tin Racecourse. The following of the road, running alongside the East Rail line, was built on an embankment on the west coast of Tolo Harbour towards Yuen Chau Tsai (Island House), which marks the eastern end of the Tai Po New Town. Construction began in March 1999 to expand the section to a dual four-lane carriageway and was finished in August 2003. The section below the campus of the Chinese University of Hong Kong has since become landlocked owing to the reclamation for the Hong Kong Science Park.
The next section, long, bypasses Tai Po on the hills to its south, over Wun Yiu, Ma Wo and Pun Chun Yuen. As the alignment crosses a number of remote ravines far away from existing roads, four bridges along the bypass had to be incrementally launched. This was the first instance of such bridge building technique being adopted in Hong Kong. Originally a dual 3-lane carriageway, this section was upgraded to a dual four-lane carriageway between August 2009 and March 2014. The speed limit for the section was temporarily reduced to from during the widening works.
The road ends at Lam Kam Road Interchange, where it connects to Fanling Highway via a viaduct and interchanges with Lam Kam Road, Tai Po Road and Tai Wo Service Road West.
Interchanges and Junctions
There are 6 junctions along Tolo Highway: Sha Tin Racecourse, Ma Liu Shui, Science Park, Island House, Tat Wan Road and Tai Po Tai Wo Road.
{| class="plainrowheaders wikitable"
|+ Tolo Highway
|-
!scope=col|District
!scope=col|Location
!scope=col|km
!scope=col|Interchange name
!scope=col|Exit
!scope=col|Destinations
!scope=col|Notes
|-
|rowspan=4|Sha Tin
|rowspan=2|Fo Tan
|style="text-align:right"|8.9
|
|style="text-align:center"|
| Tai Po Road – Sha Tin – Sha Tin, Kowloon
|Southern terminus; continues
|-
|style="text-align:right"|8.9
|
|style="text-align:center"|3
|Sha Tin Racecourse
|Northbound exit and southbound entrance from and to Tai Po Road – Sha Tin
|-
|rowspan=2|Ma Liu Shui
|style="text-align:right"|10.1
|rowspan=2|Ma Liu Shui Interchange
|style="text-align:center"|3A
| ( Tate's Cairn Highway) – Ma On Shan, Kowloon East
|Southbound exit and northbound entrance only
|-
|style="text-align:right"|10.1
|style="text-align:center"|4
|Chak Cheung Street / Science Park Road – Ma Liu Shui, University, Science Park
|Southbound entrance from Sui Cheung Street
|-
|rowspan=6|Tai Po
|Pak Shek Kok
|style="text-align:right"|13.4
|
|style="background:#ffdddd; text-align:center"|4A
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Chong San Road – Pak Shek Kok, Science Park
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|No northbound exit
|-
|rowspan=2|Tai Po
|style="text-align:right"|16.0
|Island House Interchange
|style="text-align:center"|5
|Tai Po Road – Yuen Chau Tsai – Tai Po Market Yuen Shin Road – Tai Po Central, Industrial Estate
|
|-
|style="text-align:right"|17.0
|
|style="text-align:center; background:#ffdddd;"|5A
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Tat Wan Road – Tai Po (South)
|style="background:#ffdddd;"|Northbound exit and southbound entrance only
|-
|Tai Wo
|style="text-align:right"|19.5
|Tai Po North Interchange
|style="text-align:center"|6
| Tai Po Tai Wo Road – Tai Po (North)
|
|-
|rowspan=2|Tai Hang
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:right"|20.2
|rowspan=2|Lam Kam Road Interchange
|style="text-align:center"|7
|Lam Kam Road / Tai Wo Service Road West – Shek Kong, Hong Lok Yuen
|
|-
|style="text-align:center"|
| Fanling Highway – Fanling, Sheung Shui, Yuen Long
|Northern terminus; continues
See also
List of expressways in Hong Kong
Route 9 (Hong Kong)
Tolo Harbour
References
External links
Expressways in Hong Kong
Route 9 (Hong Kong)
Sha Tin
Fo Tan
Pak Shek Kok
Tai Po | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolo%20Highway |
Primula elatior, the oxlip (or true oxlip), is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to nutrient-poor and calcium-rich damp woods and meadows throughout Europe, with northern borders in Denmark and southern parts of Sweden, eastwards to the Altai Mountains and on the Kola Peninsula in Russia, and westwards in the British Isles.
Description
The oxlip is a herbaceous or semi-evergreen perennial plant growing to tall by broad, with a rosette of leaves 5–15 cm long and 2–6 cm broad. It produces light yellow flowers in spring, in clusters of 10-30 together on a single stem tall, each flower 9–15 mm broad.
It may be confused with the closely related cowslip (Primula veris), which has a similar general appearance, although P. veris has smaller, bell-shaped, bright yellow flowers (and red dots inside the flower), and a corolla tube without folds. The leaves of P. veris are more spade-shaped than P. elatior.
Names
The specific epithet elatior means "taller". The common name "oxlip", from "ox" and "slip", may refer to the fact that oxlips (and cowslips) are often found in boggy pasture used by cattle.
Cultivation
Primula elatior is cultivated as a garden plant. It may be used as bedding, grown from seed as a biennial, and discarded after flowering. It may be used in informal settings such as wildflower meadows. It prefers a sheltered position in full sun with moist soil. It has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
County flower
The oxlip was voted the County flower of Suffolk in 2002 following a poll by the wild plant conservation charity Plantlife.
References
elatior
Medicinal plants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primula%20elatior |
Gilles Jullien (c. 1651/165314 September 1703) was a French Baroque composer and organist.
He is credited with bringing the style of French organ music then current in Paris to Chartres.
Almost nothing is known about Jullien's life or training. His burial certificate indicates he was 50 or slightly younger when he died, so he must have been born between 1651 and 1653. It is assumed that he became organist of the Chartres Cathedral on 6 December 1667. The date is questionable, but the fact that Jullien was appointed organist of the cathedral while still very young is indisputable. He occupied this position until his death in Chartres in 1703. He was succeeded at the cathedral by his eldest son, Jean-François Jullien.
All of Jullien's surviving music is contained in his Premier Livre d'orgue (Paris, 1690). It consists of around 80 pieces (most influenced by Nicolas Lebègue's work), organized into eight organ suites in the eight church modes. According to the preface, these works were intended for liturgical use, but the only link to the liturgy is a fugue on Ave maris stella. The suites also contain several four- and five-voice fugues that reflect Jullien's studies of counterpoint, but, like most French composers of the time, he was not particularly apt at complex polyphony, and both his fugues and his grasp of chromatic writing have been deemed primitive. The préludes and récits de dessus have been considered the most successful pieces.
Jullien's Premier Livre d'orgue has a number of interesting features. One of these is that in the preface Jullien claims to have invented five-voice genres, even though such pieces appeared earlier, in collections by Nicolas Gigault and André Raison, published in the late 1680s. Furthermore, the collection concludes, very unusually, with a choral piece, Cantantibus organis. Another vocal work by Jullien, La Crèche de Bethléem, is known by name only, and the second organ book was apparently planned, but never appeared.
Notes
References
Apel, Willi. 1972. The History of Keyboard Music to 1700, pp. 731–733. Translated by Hans Tischler. Indiana University Press. . Originally published as Geschichte der Orgel- und Klaviermusik bis 1700 by Bärenreiter-Verlag, Kassel.
External links
IMSLP Free scores of the complete organ works, and the Cecile motet.
1650s births
1703 deaths
Musicians from Paris
French Baroque composers
French male classical composers
French classical organists
French male organists
17th-century male musicians
Male classical organists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles%20Jullien |
Blair College is now Everest College, a for-profit college in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Everest College offers career college programs in a variety of areas including business, health care, legal and technology.
History of Blair College
The College was founded in Pueblo, Colorado, as Brown's School of Business in 1897, changing its name to Blair's Business College in 1918. Blair operated in Colorado Springs. In 1981, Blair Business College changed its name to Blair Junior College. In 1996, the College was acquired by Rhodes Colleges, Inc., a division of Corinthian Colleges, Inc. and the name was changed to Blair College. In 2004 Blair College closed its doors to all students as it was no longer considered accredited due to its Corinthian status. In 2006 the school was renamed Everest College and opened a new location in Colorado Springs, but no longer held its accreditation with any department of education universities. Students that attended this school will no longer be able to transfer credits to a 4-year university to obtain a degree, and the US Department of Education will not allow students’ loans to be forgiven.
External links
Everest College - Colorado Springs Campus
Everest
Former for-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1897
Corinthian Colleges
1897 establishments in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair%20College |
The Dodge Hornet is a concept car mini MPV designed and developed by Dodge and revealed in 2006. Dodge's first attempt at building a car this small, the car was expected to be released in 2010, but following the 2009 financial crisis and the restructuring of the Chrysler Group, the concept was dropped.
First used on a revolutionally Hudson model and then AMC, rights to the "Hornet" name passed to Chrysler (Dodge's parent) with its acquisition of American Motors Corporation (AMC) in 1987.
Development
In 2006, Dodge was preparing for entry into the European market with a B-segment model and began the European car show circuit displaying the Dodge Hornet mini MPV concept. The objective was to launch the Dodge nameplate and produce a mini-sized vehicle aimed exclusively at young urban consumers in Europe. According to Dieter Zetsche, Chairman of DaimlerChrysler (as the companies were merged at that time), the automaker was looking to use an existing small car platform, which might first have been from Mitsubishi and then Volkswagen's Polo was considered.
By 2008, the Hornet was planned to be the first product from the cooperation between Chrysler and Nissan, sharing the platform of the Nissan Versa.
According to Dodge, the 2006 concept car was a rally inspired design, powered by a 1.6 L supercharged 4-cylinder Tritec engine rated at . This engine was capable of launching the car from 0 to 60 mph (0 to 97 km/h) in 7.5 seconds, and had an estimated top speed of . This engine was manufactured in a Chrysler-BMW joint venture in Brazil.
The original plans for Dodge's first attempt at building a car this small was a 2010 market introduction, but the 2009 financial crisis and combined with the Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization put a stop to further development.
Fiat connection
Following the merger with Fiat in late 2010, it took on a new and unrevealed identity that would have more likely shared Fiat's 199 platform with the Alfa Romeo MiTo. Designed to compete against the Mini (BMW), the new Hornet was expected to be released somewhere between 2011 and 2013. In May 2011, Chrysler had stated that a capable subcompact vehicle with a new model name would be released in late 2011, as the first of the 2012 model year lineup.
Known inside the company as the "PF," test vehicles purported to be the 2013 Dodge Hornet featuring a hatchback design were extensively photographed during 2011. The new compact was to "be called the Dodge Hornet, in homage not only to the well-received 2006 concept car that carried the name but also to an ancestry of vehicles stretching back 60 years to the original Hudson Hornet." Although almost universally called Dodge Hornet by the automotive media, other potential names included continuing the Caliber and even resurrecting Neon for the new car to compete against the Ford Focus and Chevrolet Cruze.
Further test vehicles were a traditional four-door sedan body style based on the Alfa Romeo Giulietta, an altogether different platform from the 2006 mini MPV Dodge Hornet concept vehicle. Late in 2011, the automaker surprised industry pundits and insiders with an announcement that its new small sedan, which was to be revealed fully at the North American International Auto Show in January 2012, would be called the Dart.
References
External links
Hornet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge%20Hornet%20%28concept%20car%29 |
San Antonio is a small town in La Paz Municipality in the Mexican state of Baja California Sur, located near El Triunfo on Federal Highway 1. It had a population of 463 inhabitants in the 2010 census, and is situated 400 meters (1,312 ft.) above sea level.
History
With ships "St. Lazarus," "Santa Agueda" and "St. Thomas" above, in 1535, the existing port of La Paz, the conqueror Hernán Cortés and gives the name of Bay St. Croix. Years later Admiral Sebastian Vizcaino in Baptizes, 1596, as La Paz to the city is now the capital of the state of Baja California Sur. In 1616 the Dutch pirates, nicknamed "Pichilingues" anchor their boats, "Great Sun", and "Full Moon" in a bay near La Paz that carries his name now.
Isidro de Atondo and Antillon took possession in 1683, the port, and on behalf of Charles, 11 Spain, designated as the Port of Our Lady of La Paz. In 1720 was founded Mission La Paz by the Jesuit Fathers of Juan Ugarte and Jaime Bravo. The capital of the Californias is transferred to La Paz in 1830, with his political boss Colonel Manuel Victorio.
The comodoros Stockton, Shubreick and Jhones attack, in 1847, the port of La Paz, without encountering resistance. The political head, Francisco Palacios Miranda is submitted by the American army in the same year. In 1853, the filibuster Wílliam Walker, in his boat "Carolina," surprised the garrison paceña, with the chief political prisoner and taking possession of government offices, establishing what he called Republic of the two stars.
Faced with the threat of troops todosanteñas of Lieutenant Colonel Manuel Marquez de Leon, in 1853, the invader Walker leaves La Paz. In the year 1912 the Vice President Pino Suarez visited La Paz and there was received with sympathy.
Modern
With the relocation of the Free Municipality in 1972, in the area of the city of La Paz, is installed the first municipal council.
In 1975 approving the conversion of the then state Territory of Baja California Sur, leaving the city of La Paz as the municipality and at the same time as the state capital.
Since the arrival of the Spaniards to the area currently occupied by the municipality of La Paz, its inhabitants were subjected to a radical change, both in his life política-económica, and in the social, being the need to tackle first the conquerors, and then to pirate Americans and French. They have struggled against their fellow countrymen during the meetings of civil wars, military and so on. However, the municipality has managed to overcome these situations, becoming now the main point of Baja California Sur, as it is the headquarters of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial Branches, which lie in the city of La Paz, state capital.
The development of productive activities in the city of La Paz reflects significantly, the terms of the economic dynamics of the area, due to the economic influence of this capital city, in which the activities occupy a prominent place as a factor of paramount importance in the economic progress of the town in particular and the state in general, as well as being the gateway to the ancient ruins of guaycuras.
Shield
The stylized eagle represents the motherland shows that the Mexican nation and the world, history and the economic potential of the municipality of La Paz. The sword and the cross motivate knowledge of the Conquest and the evangelization of the region. The framework that oppresses the golden eagle's claws and silver inner frame symbolize wealth from the mines of this municipality, where reserves are held by the state in terms of the future of Mexico. The blue stripe on the side with fish symbolize the vast coastal area of the municipality with an abundance of the most diverse species of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other shellfish.
In half the domestically are two rectangles; On the left, by the year 1535, the date of discovery of the territory in the city of La Paz, and on the right, the year of 1697, in which launched evangelism California. The skull of the conquest was lost over time. In the center, uniting these dates, is a sun off that symbolizes the historical past. In the bottom half of this eloquently expressed, which in 1972 marks the new era city.
The cog. The sun symbolizes the progress that illuminates with its rays in the municipality of La Paz. Expresses its motto: "Peace and Progress", showing their light beams in the Latin words "Coellum, Aqua et Tellusque Valde Bona," thereby expressing the full potential of the municipality. With its sky, water and good land and lavish. Finally, the most powerful rays illuminate the east of four valuable pearls symbolize the cities: La Paz, San Antonio, San Jose and All Saints!
Sources
External links
Site of San Antonio, Baja California Sur
Populated places in Baja California Sur | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Antonio%2C%20Baja%20California%20Sur |
The Chatham Theatre or Chatham Street Theatre was a playhouse on the southeast side of Chatham Street (now Park Row) in New York City. It was located at numbers 143-9, between Roosevelt and James streets, a few blocks south of the Bowery. At its opening in 1839, the Chatham was a neighborhood establishment, which featured big-name actors and drama. By the mid-1840s, it had become primarily a venue for blackface minstrel shows. Frank S. Chanfrau restored some of its grandeur in 1848.
The playhouse's most successful period was under the management of A. H. Purdy. He staged productions of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin beginning in 1852, the success of which prompted him to advertise heavily and to create a special section where African American patrons could sit. Following Purdy's departure in 1857, the theatre entered its final decline. It flip-flopped many times between a standard melodrama house and a concert saloon before finally being demolished in 1862.
Early management
Thomas Flynn and Henry Willard financed the construction of the Chatham Theatre in 1839. Under Flynn's management, the playhouse opened on 11 September 1839 with a production of A New Way to Pay Old Debts starring John R. Scott and Mrs. Thomas Flynn. It was essentially a neighborhood theatre at this time, and the effects of the Panic of 1837 were still being felt, so the establishment lost money. Nevertheless, Flynn and Willard kept it open for another year, staging comedies and dramas that starred popular actors, including James Anderson, William Rufus Blake, Junius Brutus Booth, and Mademoiselle Celeste. The theatre finally closed in January 1840 due to differences between the two owners.
Charles R. Thorne bought Willard's stake and joined Flynn as manager for two weeks in February 1840. Still, the theatre saw little success. Thorne then bought out Flynn's stake for $500. As sole manager, Flynn led the playhouse to a profitable four years, featuring popular talents such as James S. Browne, Mary Ann Duff, Edwin Forrest, Thomas D. Rice, John Sefton, Henry Wallack, and Bill Williams.
In 1844, Thorne sold the theatre to his stage manager, a Mr. Stevens, and to A. W. Jackson, who managed for one season. During this time, the theatre was mainly a blackface minstrel house. On 8 April 1845, Ben De Bar became stage manager, but he soon partnered with William S. Deverna to lease the building. De Bar ceased active management on 5 October. M. S. Phillips was the next lessee, followed by J. Fletcher, who bought the theatre in 1847.
By this time, the Chatham Theatre was performing poorly. It became a circus for a time before eventually reopening as a playhouse. Admissions were low for the time: 25¢ for the boxes, one shilling for the pit, and six pence for the gallery. The audience now consisted of the lower classes, who on holidays "used to talk, shout, and scream so that the actors went through their parts in dumb show . . . ."
Frank S. Chanfrau and W. Olgivie Ewen became joint lessees on 28 February 1848 with Chanfrau as manager. They renamed the building Chanfrau's National Theatre and tried to reclaim some of the theatre's lost prestige. This lasted until 8 July 1850.
Purdy's tenure
A. H. Purdy took over operations in 1850 for what would prove the theatre's most successful period. He renamed the building Purdy's National Theatre. He renovated in April 1852, reopening on 19 April. On 23 August 1852, Purdy produced the first non-comedic stage adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin in the United States. This version, written by Charles Western Taylor, ran for 11 nights but saw little success.
Most of the 1853 season was devoted to a much more successful dramatization of Stowe's novel. The production ran almost non-stop from 18 July 1853 to 19 April 1854, when performances were cut back to three nights weekly until 13 May. The play proved so popular with African American audiences that Purdy created a special black-only section of the theatre on 15 August. No unaccompanied women were allowed there, and the entrance was separate from the main doors. Purdy expanded the section on 29 October. Despite the great success of the Uncle Tom's Cabin production, Purdy still lost money from advertising too heavily and by splurging on too many gifts for Cordelia Howard, the young actress who was starring in the drama.
Despite this one overzealous blunder, Purdy had a flair for advertising. On 1 September 1856, he began his sixth season at the Chatham by erecting a statue of George Washington atop the playhouse while the New York Brass Band played and fireworks were launched. Purdy left during the Panic of 1857.
Later management
The theatre then entered a long period of decline. The new owners redecorated before the 1858-9 season. Early on 10 July 1859, part of the theatre caught fire, apparently from gunfire special effects from the play the night before; the building suffered $500 in damages. The building was remodeled once again in November 1859 and reopened on 14 November as the Chatham Amphitheatre. Circuses provided the main attraction.
On 6 March 1860, J. Howard Rogers and Joseph C. Foster leased the building. They opened on 8 March as the National Concert Saloon. The emphasis now was on alcoholic beverages served by attractive waitresses. Admission prices were 12¢ for boxes and 6¢ for the pit. On 3 July, Charles J. Waters took over management and reopened as the National Theatre, a standard melodrama playhouse. George Beane replaced Waters on 6 October and restored the concert saloon theme. This lasted until December, when he gave it over to a German troupe.
Fox and Curran took over in 1861. They spent a great deal of money to restore the theatre, then reopened on 16 November as the National Music Hall. They failed to turn a profit, and George Lea, manager of the Melodeon on Broadway and Hooley's Theatre in Brooklyn gained control in December. He made the most of his three establishments by using the same actors at all three venues. They would first perform at the Melodeon, then travel to the Chatham, to finish up the night at Hooley's.
In October 1862, the Chatham Theater was demolished. Part of it survived and was rented to shopkeepers.
Notes
Brown, T. Allston (1903). A History of the New York Stage: From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901, Vol. 1. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. Online at Google Books.
Henderson, Mary C. (2004). The City and the Theatre. New York City: Back Stage Books.
Lawrence, Vera Brodsky (1988). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong. Volume I: Resonances, 1838-1849. The University of Chicago Press.
Perris, William (1853). Maps of the City of New York, Vol. 3. New York City: Perris & Browne. Plate 12. Online at the New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Digital ID 1270009.
References
External links
Demolished theatres in New York City
Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan
Former theatres in Manhattan
Theatres completed in 1839
1839 establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures demolished in 1862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham%20Theatre |
The Daughters of St. Paul (; ), also known as the Media Nuns, are an international Catholic religious congregation of consecrated women founded in 1915 in Italy.
The congregation is part of the worldwide Pauline Family, one the ten institutes founded by James Alberione, and operates in 51 countries around the world. The Daughters operate Pauline Books and Media Centres across the world. In addition, they also run Media Education Centres, Radio and Internet Channels (YouTube), and related institutions across the globe.
History
The Congregation of the Daughters of St. Paul was founded on 15 June 1915 in Alba, Italy. Mother Thecla Merlo (born Maria Teresa Merlo) assisted in the founding and development of the Daughters of St. Paul and other Pauline institutes that developed throughout the 20th century.
On June 15, 1915, James Alberione established the women's workshop from which the Daughters of St. Paul developed began: the women religious were to teach women workskills, train catechists and run stores selling books and religious articles. Alberione entrusted the leadership of the group to Teresa Merlo (1894-1964), in religion Sister Thecla. In 1918, at the invitation of the local bishop, the Paulines opened their first branch in Susa, where they took over the editorship of the diocesan weekly la Valsusa.
The institute's first nine women religious made their perpetual profession of vows on July 22, 1922. The Pious Society Daughters of St. Paul was erected into a congregation of diocesan right by Joseph Francis Re, bishop of Alba, on March 15, 1929; it received the pontifical decree of praise on Dec. 13, 1943, and its constitutions were finally approved by the Holy See on March 15, 1953. The general headquarters is in Rome.
Apostolate
The Daughters of St. Paul are dedicated to the apostolate of printing: they own the publishing house Edizioni Paoline and operate bookstores, distribution agencies, printing houses, bindery and multimedia centers present all over the world.
Locations
They are present in Europe (Czechia, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, United Kingdom, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland), in the Americas (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, United States of America, Uruguay, Venezuela), in Africa (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia), in Asia (South Korea, Philippines, Japan, Hong Kong, India, Macau, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand) and in Oceania (Australia, Papua New Guinea)[4].
Pakistan
The congregation came to Pakistan at the invitation of Bishop Francis Cialeo of Faisalabad in 1958.
In 2009 there were 12 nuns, five of whom are local women, 8 novices and 20 aspirants. Sister Daniela Baronchelli who has worked in Pakistan for 22 years founded the first local community of the Daughters of St Paul in Karachi.
In every mission they put evangelization first, followed by programmes of spiritual and material assistance to the poor with a series of initiatives: social centres, medical care, education. They give special attention to children and young people. In Pakistan they have a primary and a secondary school and various other activities.
Karachi
The inauguration of a book shop in Karachi in 1966 by Archbishop Joseph Cordeiro was the first in a Muslim country. It is located on Syedna Burhanuddin Road (formerly Mansfield Road). The sisters served the community by offering prayer books, bibles and religious articles. This book centre was reconsecrated by Archbishop Evarist Pinto on 30 June 2005.
The police raided the Sisters' bookshop in Karachi in June 2005, for allegedly issuing literature or materials which hurt the feelings or beliefs of other religions. The Daughters of St. Paul have been selling CDs, videos and Christian literature and material about the Christian religion and moral teachings in Karachi since 1948.
In 2015, the bookshop celebrated the 50th year in the city.
Lahore
In January 1968, Sr. Ignatia Balla, the superior general in Rome visited Pakistan to determine the need for the opening of a second community in Lahore upon the request of the Bishops from the Punjab. On 27 July 1968, four sisters started work in Lahore. Four religious books for adults and four books for children were published in Urdu. The Sisters also welcomed the first Pakistani vocations.
The sisters are involved in the wider area of communications. Sister Magdaline Ishaq chaired a World Communications Day seminar at her convent in Lahore on 27 April 2008. The nuns run three communications centers in Lahore, Karachi and Rawalpindi. The Daughters of St. Paul also conducted one-hour lectures on communication and its effects in a number of Catholic schools.
The sisters also have a bookshop on the premises of the Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore. The cathedral was one of several buildings damaged or destroyed by a bomb blast in Lahore in May 2009.
The shops of the Sisters in the main cities also act as the main channel of distribution for the products of WAVE Studio.
In 2016, Sister Athens Angeles of the Daughters of St. Paul held a lesson for their sisters, encouraging them to use social networks with a missionary purpose. According to Angeles this opens up "the possibility of new vocations, better understanding of the mission at a local level, elevation of the dignity of women, opportunities for dialogue with the modern world and greater support to pastoral work".
On 16 November 2019, the sisters used the launch of the Year of Youth 2020 at the Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore to unveil the Urdu translation of Christus vivit, the message of Pope Francis written in response to the 2018 synod.
Islamabad-Rawalpindi
In 2006, two Sisters from Karachi started a new home in the diocese of Islamabad-Rawalpindi, where a book shop had already been built in front of the Bishop's House.
In January 2012 a youth group from the Cathedral Parish launched a new website for realising the potential of youth and expressing their concerns in a Christian way. It is hoped that the website will also help counter fundamentalism and fanaticism.
Multan
In 2017 Bishop Benny Mario Travas inaugurated the book shop of the Daughters of St. Paul in the Multan Diocese.
See also
Pauline Family
Society of Saint Paul
References
External links
Daughters of St. Paul
Pauline Books & Media, apostolate of the Daughters of St. Paul
Mother Thecla Merlo
Blessed James Alberione, founder
3 minute trailer for documentary on life of Blessed James Alberione
Christian organizations established in 1915
Pauline Family
Catholic female orders and societies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters%20of%20St.%20Paul |
Massachusetts's 6th congressional district is located in northeastern Massachusetts. It contains most of Essex County, including the North Shore and Cape Ann, as well as part of Middlesex County. It is represented by Seth Moulton, who has represented the district since January 2015. The shape of the district went through minor changes effective from the elections of 2012 after Massachusetts congressional redistricting to reflect the 2010 census. The towns of Tewksbury and Billerica were added, along with a small portion of the town of Andover.
Election results from presidential races
Cities and towns in the district
In Essex County:
The cities of: Amesbury, Beverly, Gloucester, Lynn, Newburyport, Peabody, and Salem
The towns of: Andover: Precincts 1, 7A and, 8 Boxford, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynnfield, Manchester, Marblehead, Merrimac, Middleton, Nahant, Newbury, North
Andover, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Saugus, Swampscott, Topsfield, Wenham, and West Newbury.
In Middlesex County:
The towns of: Bedford, Billerica, Burlington, North Reading, Reading, Tewksbury, Wakefield and Wilmington.
Cities and towns in the district prior to 2013
1840s
"Amherst, Belchertown, East-Hampton, Enfield, Granby, Greenwich, Hadley, Hatfield, Northampton, Pelham, Prescott, South Hadley, and Ware, in the County of Hampshire; Brimfield, Holland, Longmeadow, Ludlow, Monson, Palmer, Southwick, Springfield, Wales, Westfield, West Springfield, and Wilbraham, in the County of Hampden; Bernardston, Deerfield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield, Leverett, Montague, New Salem, Northfield, Orange, Shutesbury, Sunderland, Warwick, Wendell, and Whately in the County of Franklin; and Athol and Royalston, in the County of Worcester."
1850s
"The cities of Lynn, Newburyport, and Salem, and the towns of Amesbury, Beverly, Essex, Georgetown, Gloucester, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Manchester, Marblehead, Newbury, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Wenham, and West Newbury, in the county of Essex."
1890s
"Suffolk County: City of Boston, wards 3, 4, and 5, and the towns of Chelsea, Revere, and Winthrop. Middlesex County: Towns of Everett, Malden, Medford, Melrose, Reading, Stoneham, Wakefield, and Winchester. Essex County: Towns of Lynn, Nahant, Saugus, and Swampscott."
1910s
"Essex County: Cities of Beverly, Gloucester, Haverhill, Newburyport, and Salem; towns of Amesbury, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Manchester, Marblehead, Merrimac, Newbury, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Swampscott, Topsfleld, Wenham, and West Newbury."
1920s–1980s
1990s
"Counties: Essex, Middlesex. Cities and townships: Amesbury, Bedford, Beverly, Boxford, Burlington, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Gloucester, Groveland, Hamilton, Haverhill, Ipswich, Lynn, Lynnfield, Manchester by the Sea, Marblehead, Merrimac, Middleton, Nahant, Newbury, Newburyport, North Andover, North Reading, Peabody, Reading (part), Rockport, Rowley, Salem, Salisbury, Saugus, Swampscott, Topsfield, Wenham, West Newbury, and Wilmington."
2003 to 2013
In Essex County:
The cities of: Amesbury, Beverly, Gloucester, Lynn, Newburyport, Peabody, and Salem
The towns of: Boxford, Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynnfield, Manchester, Marblehead, Merrimac, Middleton, Nahant, Newbury, North
Andover, Rockport, Rowley, Salisbury, Saugus, Swampscott, Topsfield, Wenham, and West Newbury.
In Middlesex County:
The towns of: Bedford, Billerica, Burlington, North Reading, Reading, Wakefield and Wilmington.
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following are the results from the last four general elections for U.S. House of Representatives to represent the Massachusetts's 6th Congressional District:
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
External links
06
Government of Essex County, Massachusetts
Government of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
1789 establishments in Massachusetts
Constituencies established in 1789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts%27s%206th%20congressional%20district |
Dannis Peary (born August 8, 1949) is an American film critic and sports writer. He has written and edited many books on cinema and sports-related topics. Peary is most famous for his book Cult Movies (1980), which spawned two sequels, Cult Movies 2 (1983) and Cult Movies 3 (1988) and are all credited for providing more public interest in the cult movie phenomenon.
He is the brother of film critic, columnist, actor, and documentary filmmaker Gerald Peary.
Early life and education
Peary was born in Philippi, West Virginia, to Laura Chaitan and Joseph Y. Peary, a professor. During his childhood, he moved to South Carolina, and then New Jersey. In 1971, he earned a B.A. in history from the University of Wisconsin in Madison. He also worked as a film critic for the Daily Cardinal student newspaper. In 1975, he earned an M.A. in cinema, with honors, at the University of Southern California. While attending USC, he worked as the fine arts and sports editor for L.A. Panorama.
Personal life
Since 1977, Peary has lived in New York City. He and his wife Suzanne have a daughter, Zoe.
Career
Film criticism
Over the years, his film criticism has been published in FilmInk, Movieline, Satellite Direct, OnDirect TV, TV Guide, Canadian TV Guide, Cosmopolitan, The New York Times, the New York Daily News, The Boston Globe, Sports Collectors Digest, the SoHo News, The Philadelphia Bulletin, Films in Focus, Films and Filming, Slant, L.A. Panorama, Memories and Dreams, The East Hampton Independent, and Country Weekly, as well as The Velvet Light Trap and Newsday, and the Sag Harbor Express. He conducts celebrity interviews for Dan's Papers, in a column called "Danny Peary Talks To..."
Cult Movies books
In 1981, Peary released his book Cult Movies. He followed it up with Cult Movies 2 in 1983 and Cult Movies 3 in 1989. (See bibliography) These books cover critically ignored (at the time) cult films. Each book contained an essay for each film (100 in the first volume, 50 in the second, and 50 in the third), including production details and information gleaned from Peary's interviews with various producers, directors and actors. Each volume contained an essay by contributor Henry Blinder.
Peary also wrote Guide for the Film Fanatic (1986), reviewing a wider range of films.
Peary's Cult Movies trilogy, along with other touchstones such as Michael Weldon's Psychotronic Video magazine and books, helped establish a foundation for critical analysis of low-budget genre movies. As the Austin Film Society wrote,
Sportswriting
Peary has co-authored books with Major League baseball player-sportscasters Ralph Kiner and Tim McCarver; writer Tom Clavin; Olympic gold medalist and cancer survivor Shannon Miller on her memoir; and Muhammad Ali's daughter Hana Ali on a book about the origins of her father's greatest quotes. He has edited sports books including Baseball Immortal Derek Jeter: A Career in Quotes and Jackie Robinson in Quotes: The Remarkable Life of Baseball's Most Significant Player. (See bibliography)
Television career
Animated series
Peary wrote an episode of the 1985-1989 animated series ThunderCats, titled "The Mountain." He wrote an episode of SilverHawks, titled "Undercover", that aired October 28, 1986.
Sports-related television
Peary was a writer for the nationally syndicated sports-interview TV show The Tim McCarver Show
Media appearances
Peary was interviewed for the 2010 documentary Machete Maidens Unleashed!. The director of the film, Mark Hartley, has said that, "I'd worn my copies of Cult Movies 1, 2 and 3 into the ground from constant re-reading so meeting author Danny Peary was a pleasure." He appears in James Westby's documentary At the Video Store (2019), and in the cult-movie documentary Time Warp (2020.
Bibliography
Books
ISBN 0440516471 and 978-0440516477
ISBN 0440516323 and 978-0440516323
ISBN 0671610813 and 978-0671610814
ISBN 0671648101 and 978-0671648107
ISBN 0671749242 and 978-0671749248
ISBN 0385303327 and 978-0385303323
ISBN 1584793546 and 9781584793540
Co-author
ISBN 067167580X and 978-0671675806
ISBN 0375753400 and 978-0375753404
ISBN 0375503307 and 978-0375503306
ISBN 1580174477 and 978-1580174473
ISBN 1572435976 and 978-1572435971
ISBN 1416589287 and 978-1416589280
ISBN 9780451235862)
ISBN 1250049865 and 978-1250049865
ISBN 1523503467 and 978-1523503469
Editor
Close-Ups: The Movie Star Book (1978)
Omni's Screen Flights/Screen Fantasies: The Future According to Science Fiction Cinema (1984)
Cult Baseball Players: The Greats, the Flakes, the Weird and the Wonderful (1990)
We Played the Game: 65 Players Remember Baseball's Greatest Era, 1947-1964 (1994)
Super Bowl: The Game of Their Lives (1997)
ISBN 1624141625 and 978-1624141621
ISBN 1624142443 and 978-1624142444
Co-editor
The American Animated Cartoon: A Critical Anthology (1980), with Gerald Peary
Great Golf: 150 Years of Essential Instruction from the Best Players, Teachers, and Writers of All Time (2005), with Allen Richardson
Tim McCarver's Diamond Gems (2008), with Tim McCarver and Jim Moskovitz
References
External links
Danny Peary's blog
Guide for the Film Fanatic fan site
1949 births
Living people
American film critics
American sportswriters
FilmInk people
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
SoHo Weekly News alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Peary |
William Rolleston (19 September 1831 – 8 February 1903) was a New Zealand politician, public administrator, educationalist and Canterbury provincial superintendent.
Biography
Early life
Rolleston was born on 19 September 1831 at Maltby, Yorkshire as the 9th child of the Rev. George Rolleston and Anne Nettleship. His brother was the physician and zoologist George Rolleston. He attended Rossall School and Emmanuel College, where he graduated in 1855 with second class honours in the classical tripos. He had intended to move to Canterbury but his father advised against it so he took up tutoring. However, this was merely a means of raising enough money to leave England in order to reject 'Conservatives and Ecclesiastics'.
Political career
Rolleston first joined the Canterbury Provincial Council when he was appointed to the Canterbury Executive Council on 4 December 1863. His tenure on the Executive Council finished on 16 June 1865. On 23 January 1864, he was elected as a provincial councillor in the Heathcote electorate and remained a councillor until 23 June 1865. On 22 May 1868, he was elected unopposed as the 4th (and last) Superintendent of the Canterbury Province. He held that office until the abolition of the provinces on 31 October 1876.
Rolleston represented the Avon electorate from a by-election in 1868 to 1884. In 1878 as an MP Rolleston proposed a school for deaf children. The government agreed to open a state school for the deaf in Christchurch, and the Sumner Deaf and Dumb Institution opened in 1880.
In the 1879 general election, he was returned unopposed. He then represented Geraldine from 1884 to 1887. The Geraldine electorate was abolished in 1887 and replaced with the , where he was defeated by Searby Buxton. He then represented Halswell from 1890 to 1893. The Halswell electorate was abolished in 1893, and he contested Ellesmere, where he was defeated. He then represented Riccarton from 1896 to 1899. He had won the 1896 election against George Warren Russell, but was defeated by him in 1899 by just one vote.
Rolleston served as Minister of Justice in the government of Premier John Hall from December 1880 to April 1881. He was also appointed Minister of Native Affairs in January 1881 after the resignation of John Bryce, heading the department as the Government prepared to invade the Māori settlement of Parihaka in November. Rolleston stood aside as minister on the night of 19 October 1881 after the Hall government's Executive Council held an emergency meeting in the absence of Governor Sir Arthur Gordon to issue a proclamation against Māori prophet Te Whiti and the inhabitants of Parihaka, ordering them to leave Parihaka and accept the sale and dismemberment of their land or face "the great evil which must fall on them". He was replaced as minister by his predecessor, John Bryce, who three weeks later led a raid by 1600 Armed Constabulary on the settlement, the centre of a passive resistance campaign against the sale of Māori land.
In 1891 he was elected unopposed as Leader of the Opposition.
In 1893 he supported women's suffrage, and subsequently claimed the credit in the .
Later life and commemoration
He married Elizabeth Mary Brittan in 1865 at Avonside, Christchurch; she was the daughter of Joseph Brittan. They had four daughters and five sons, including John, Frank and Arthur Rolleston. William Rolleston died at his Rangitata farm at Kapunatiki on 8 February 1903. He is buried at Holy Trinity Avonside. A statue was erected in his honour in front of the Canterbury Museum.
Notes
References
External links
Gardner, W. J. Rolleston, William 1831 - 1903. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 July 2005
Biography in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
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1831 births
1903 deaths
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Members of the Canterbury Provincial Council
Members of Canterbury provincial executive councils
Superintendents of New Zealand provincial councils
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
New Zealand education ministers
New Zealand farmers
People educated at Rossall School
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
Burials at Holy Trinity Avonside
Independent MPs of New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1887 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1893 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1899 New Zealand general election
19th-century New Zealand politicians
William
Justice ministers of New Zealand
Brittan family | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Rolleston |
Roxanne McKee (born 10 August 1980) is a British actress and model. She is best known for playing Louise Summers in the British soap opera Hollyoaks (2005–2008), Lou Foster in the British drama series Lip Service (2010), Doreah in the American fantasy drama series Game of Thrones (2011–2012) and Lady Claire Riesen in the American apocalyptic supernatural series Dominion (2014–2015). She has also starred in films including Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines (2012), Vendetta (2013) and The Legend of Hercules (2014).
Early life and education
McKee was born in Canada to Irish parents and completed a BA degree in Social Policy & Political Studies at Royal Holloway, University of London in 2005.
Career
Hollyoaks
McKee auditioned for the role of Hollyoaks character Louise Summers in 2004 as part of Hollyoaks: On the Pull, a nationwide search to find a new actor. After being chosen from over 35,000 applicants, McKee began portraying Louise, who was introduced by series producer David Hanson in 2005.
In 2008, McKee hinted at a possible exit for her character, despite refusing claims that she wanted to leave. She told Look magazine: "I'm not going to be there forever. I don't mind the long hours but I'll have been doing that for four years in October when my contract ends." After her contract ended in October 2008, McKee decided to leave the show in order to focus on other projects, mainly theatre. Several months after her final on-screen appearance, tabloid newspapers began to speculate that McKee would reprise the role to coincide with the exit of Jamie Lomas's character, Warren. McKee had previously told Digital Spy: "Well, Louise might not be dead! That's the exciting twist in the future....On screen, you'll feel like she's dead but depending on me and whether I want to come back for an episode in March — I might be back. I filmed an extra scene showing that I'm still alive. There are flashbacks which show me being killed, but then there's a flashback which viewers won't see for a while, that will be used if I choose to come back for the episode. I kind of want to come back and finish off Louise's storyline, but at the moment, I might be doing something else. It would be really good, though — I'd be going back to kill a few people off."
Following McKee's decision to leave the show, she said: "I have enjoyed my time at Hollyoaks immensely and I'm going to really miss everyone at Lime Pictures. I have learned so much and will take away with me many happy memories — not just from everyone I have worked with but from Liverpool as a city too, which has become my second home. I know I will shed a few tears on the day I leave but I am so excited about what the future holds." Hollyoaks series producer Bryan Kirkwood commented on her departure, stating: "As well as being the nation's sexiest soap star for two years running, Roxanne has worked incredibly hard to prove herself as a talented actress. She has been at the centre of one of our biggest storylines for the past two years and her exit scenes will be a fitting climax. Roxanne is a real star in the making and I'm sure this won't be the last that we hear of her." McKee won the award 'Sexiest Female' at The British Soap Awards in 2007 and 2008, an award she had been nominated for in 2006 and 2009. McKee was also won 'Sexiest Female' at the Inside Soap Awards in 2007 and 2008. In 2008 she was also nominated for 'Best Actress'.
Virgin Media profiled some of Hollyoaks "hottest females" in their opinion, of Louise they stated: "It's no surprise that sultry Roxanne McKee was voted sexiest soap star for two years running at the British Soap Awards. She's so foxy that even on-screen fiancé Warren was sad he had to finish her off."
Subsequent roles
In 2008, McKee appeared in the Taio Cruz music video for "She's like a Star". The following year, McKee filmed parts in Johannes Roberts' hooligan horror film F and BBC Two's The Persuasionists.
In July 2009, McKee became the face of Clothes Show Live, stating: "I've always watched it on TV and wanted to go, so I'm very flattered to be part of such a huge event". In 2010, she was cast in a small role in on-line drama EastEnders: E20, playing bisexual character Pippa.
McKee acted in the modern lesbian drama Lip Service for BBC Three set in Glasgow, McKee would later play the part of a new character, Doreah in Game of Thrones, an HBO series based on the best-selling epic fantasy series of novels written by George RR Martin.
In May 2012, McKee was announced as being part of the horror sequel Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines.
Personal life
As of 2017, McKee lives in Los Angeles.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
2006
No. 91 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.
2007
Won at British Soap Awards in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
Won at Inside Soap Award in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
No. 42 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.
2008
Won at Digital Spy Soap Awards in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
No. 97 in the FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World.
Won at British Soap Awards in category of Sexiest Female for her role in Hollyoaks.
References
External links
Profile, whatsontv.co.uk
Living people
Actors from Lewisham
Actresses from London
Alumni of Royal Holloway, University of London
British television actresses
British soap opera actresses
Canadian television actresses
People educated at Our Lady of Sion School
21st-century English actresses
English soap opera actresses
1980 births
Canadian people of Irish descent
British people of Irish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxanne%20McKee |
Ged Peck (19 October 1947 – 10 January 2015) was an English musician who played in several bands - mainly backing work with Billy Fury, Vince Eager, Tommy Quickly when he was managed by Brian Epstein, Americans Bob & Earl who had a hit single with Harlem Shuffle, The Flower Pot Men, the Pirates, singers Marsha Hunt, Billie Davis, Screaming Lord Sutch and David Garrick, whilst doing numerous studio sessions.
He recorded for the BBC with Billy Fury, Marsha Hunt, Billie Davis and James Royal, whilst playing on an early recording by Marc Bolan which was produced by Mike Hurst of The Springfields.
Life and career
He began playing semi-professional when still at school and was soon working the big London hotels with the Rudi Rome Orchestra. He also played at the famous 2i's Coffee Bar in Old Compton Street and was offered a residency which he turned down due to his reluctance to sign any contracts with owner Tom Littlewood. After a later spell in northern England playing with a Bury-based group, he returned to London and joined a "mod" band called the Favourite Sons who recorded some tracks in 1965 with Mike Hurst and also played on the album they made. It was this band that occasionally backed Vince Eager and Tommy Quickly.
In 1966, he joined the Freddie Mack Sound which consisted of anything between ten and eighteen personnel with a full scale horn section led by baritone sax player Roger Warwick and toured Britain, Ireland and France incessantly. It was here that he met drummer B. J. Wilson and bassist Alan Cartwright, both of whom were later to join Procol Harum. The band also included Liverpudlian singer Derry Wilkie who had previously topped the bill over The Beatles in Germany with his band the Pressmen. The Freddie Mack Sound was so popular on the road that people would be turned away at some gigs. This was certainly the case when the band appeared at Liverpool's Cavern Club. Freddie Mack was a former American light-heavyweight boxer of some repute. The connection helped to get them a regular residency at English boxer Billy Walker's Uppercut Club in Forest Gate, east London. They played with all the leading acts of the time such was The Who, Pink Floyd, The Small Faces and Jimi Hendrix.
Following a myriad of aforementioned backing work, Peck was then invited by Alan Cartwright to join Every Which Way, a short-lived band prior to Cartwright and B. J. Wilson joining Procol Harum. He had a knack for turning down such promising offers having previously refused to join the chart-topping Foundations. He was also known for walking out of engagements he did not like, and was either lauded or criticised by contemporaries for his very fast playing style.
During his time backing The Flower Pot Men around Europe, who also played at Wembley's Empire Pool with Cliff Richard and The Shadows, two members of the backing band – bassist Nick Simper and organist Jon Lord – were approached by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore to form what later became Deep Purple. Peck and Blackmore had previously met in Hamburg through their drummer Carlo Little, although there was no animosity about the band's break up. They continued to exchange guitars and amplifiers for subsequent recording sessions. Simper was then temporarily replaced by former Georgie Fame bassist Tex Makins who toured Switzerland with Peck and Little backing singer David Garrick. Before this, Peck, Lord, Simper and Little had taken part in a 'package tour' with the U.S. band Vanilla Fudge, and Steve Winwood. Incessant touring around Europe taking in Germany many times, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium continued to take their toll.
In 1968, Peck worked with Billy Fury, whilst trying to form a trio called Storm with former Screaming Lord Sutch bass player Tony Dangerfield and drummer Pete Phillipps. They recorded a solo album although the tapes were subsequently lost. BBC recordings done with Fury from that year have turned up on Fury's official website. On one tour, the group played solo in German, France, and then Germany again (all in the same day), but failed to take off in England. For Peck, session work continued with the likes of pianist Nicky Hopkins who played on many of The Rolling Stones records and James Royal.
Following this, he was asked to join a project band by Nick Simper who had subsequently left Deep Purple. Peck joined forces with keyboard player Rick Wakeman in writing some of the material. However, Wakeman suddenly left and his place was taken by Frank Wilson. Ashley Holt was brought in as a singer whilst Peck and Simper discovered Birmingham drummer Mac Poole. Holt and Wakeman had previously been watched when playing at the Top Rank Ballroom in Reading.
In the meantime, Peck was earning a living from session work and touring with Marsha Hunt, work that culminated in an appearance at the 1969 Isle of Wight Festival in front of 150,000 alongside The Who, Bob Dylan, Joe Cocker and Richie Havens amongst others. Typically, he insisted on using his simple 30 watt Vox amplifier miked-up through Pete Townshend's rather more extensive gear. (This can be seen on a photograph of Peck on stage with Marsha Hunt on an Isle of Wight Festival website). Thereafter, Poole replaced Pete Phillipps on drums and the trio secretly rehearsed with Wilson and Holt for what was to become Warhorse.
Formed between 1969 and 1970, Warhorse released their first LP of the same name which did moderately well, although by this time, Peck was becoming disillusioned with the limitations of rock music and the constant travelling. After some fractious confrontations with the others, he departed. There was one final attempt at a new band with rehearsals at drummer Mitch Mitchell's house following the death of Hendrix, but nothing came of it and he soon left the rock business and became a classical guitarist. In his later years, he took a university degree to become a college lecturer specialising in English and Russian history.
Peck died in January 2015, aged 67.
References
External links
Photos of Peck, Carlo Little, Nick Simper, and Bille Davis in Germany in 1967
Photos on Carlo Little's website
Link written by Giselle Rawlins with photo of live TV show - Peck on the left, Little doing a drum solo, Simper facing the camera, and Lord far right
List of musicians who played with Tex Makins
List of musicians who played with Tony Dangerfield
List of musicians who played with Mac Poole
The interconnections of various musicians taken from the Deep Purple Family Tree website
Interview given in 2002
1947 births
2015 deaths
English rock guitarists
English session musicians
People from the London Borough of Barnet
Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages members
Warhorse (British band) members
The Flower Pot Men members | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ged%20Peck |
Bromobutane (molecular formula: C4H9Br, molar mass: 137.02 g/mol) may refer to either of two chemical compounds:
1-Bromobutane (n-butyl bromide)
2-Bromobutane (sec-butyl bromide or methylethylbromomethane) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromobutane |
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