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Big Shiny Tunes 4 is the fourth edition of the MuchMusic compilation series, Big Shiny Tunes. Like the previous edition of Big Shiny Tunes, fans were allowed to vote for which songs were to be on the album.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at No. 2 in Canada, selling 77,167 copies in its first week. The album reached No. 1 on the chart the following week. During the week of Christmas, the album sold 113,498 copies. The album was certified 8× Platinum (800,000 units) by the CRIA.
Track listing
Lenny Kravitz - "American Woman" - (4:21)
Moist - "Breathe (TLA Mix)" - (4:46)
Sugar Ray - "Someday" - (4:02)
Matthew Good Band - "Hello Time Bomb" - (3:57)
Blink-182 - "What's My Age Again?" - (2:30)
Goo Goo Dolls - "Slide" - (3:32)
Fatboy Slim - "Praise You" - (5:22)
Kid Rock - "Bawitdaba" - (4:25)
Smash Mouth - "All Star" - (3:20)
The Tea Party - "Heaven Coming Down" - (4:00)
The Chemical Brothers - "Let Forever Be" - (3:55)
Orgy - "Blue Monday" - (4:25)
Red Hot Chili Peppers - "Scar Tissue" - (3:36)
I Mother Earth - "Summertime in the Void" - (4:57)
Silverchair - "Anthem for the Year 2000" - (4:07)
Serial Joe - "Mistake" - (3:08)
Econoline Crush - "You Don't Know What It's Like" - (4:06)
References
1999 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Shiny%20Tunes%204 |
"Big Shiny Tunes 5" is the fifth edition of the MuchMusic compilation series, Big Shiny Tunes. The album contains six songs that reached #1 on Canada's Rock chart in 2000 ("Bent", "Load Me Up", "Kryptonite", "Take a Picture", "Wonderful" and "Otherside"), more than any other Big Shiny Tunes album released before the chart's discontinuation.
Commercial performance
Big Shiny Tunes 5 debuted at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 68,899 copies in its first week. The album sold 79,657 copies the next week and 83,469 copies the week after. The album sold 424,393 copies by the end of 2000 and was the eighth best-selling album of the year in Canada. The album reached #1 on the Canadian Albums Chart in January, 2001. The album was certified 6× Platinum (600,000 units) by the CRIA.
Track listing
Matchbox Twenty - "Bent" - (4:18)
Matthew Good Band - "Load Me Up" - (3:41)
3 Doors Down - "Kryptonite" - (3:54)
Stone Temple Pilots - "Sour Girl" - (4:15)
Bloodhound Gang - "The Bad Touch" - (3:38)
Treble Charger - "American Psycho" - (3:23)
Filter - "Take a Picture" - (4:23)
Everclear - "Wonderful" - (4:19)
Blink-182 - "Adam's Song" - (4:08)
Limp Bizkit - "Re-Arranged" - (4:09)
Wheatus - "Teenage Dirtbag" - (4:02)
Red Hot Chili Peppers - "Otherside" - (4:15)
Sum 41 - "Makes No Difference" - (3:10)
Deftones - "Change (In the House of Flies)" - (3:56)
Disturbed - "Stupify" - (4:05)
J. Englishman - "More" - (3:23)
Kid Rock - "Only God Knows Why" - (4:15)
Nickelback - "Breathe"- (3:59)
References
2000 compilation albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20Shiny%20Tunes%205 |
The Rondevlei Nature Reserve is located in Grassy Park, Zeekoevlei and Lavenderhill, suburbs of Cape Town, South Africa. The bird sanctuary covers approximately of mostly permanent wetland and consists of a single large brackish lagoon. The nature reserve is among the most important wetlands for birds in South Africa despite being situated directly alongside the Zeekoevlei. A number of islands on the vlei act as vital breeding sites. Rondevlei is home to about 230 bird species, a variety of small mammals and reptiles like caracal, porcupine, Cape fox, grysbuck, steenbuck and mongoose, as well as a hippopotamus population which was re-introduced in 1981 as a means to control an alien grass species from South America, which had covered the shoreline and was threatening to engulf the vlei itself. It boasts unusual and threatened ecosystems like strandveld, sand plains fynbos, Cape lowland wetland vegetation and indigenous coastal fynbos vegetation with unique plants found nowhere else in the world.
In February 2004, a young hippo named Hugo or Houdini escaped from Rondevlei after it was bullied by an older dominant male and was on the run for 10 months until it was caught in December and moved to an Eastern Cape private reserve.
History
The reserve was established in 1952 in cooperation with the Cape Divisional Council (now Cape Metropolitan Council), when the area was still used by locals to graze horses and cattle, for woodcutting and flower picking. Originally it consisted of the vlei and about of land, which was extended in 1963 and 1987 by adding dunes and seasonal wetlands to the south of the vlei to the reserve. To prevent flooding of the built-up areas, which contained then mainly sub-economic housing, a dam at the south-eastern end of the vlei was built to permanently lower the level of Rondevlei. The management of the reserve was taken over by the South Peninsula Municipality in 1997 and it is now part of the City of Cape Town.
Facilities
The facilities in the reserve include an about long waterside trail along the shoreline with six bird hides and two large wooden observation towers, a terrarium and aquarium, as well as the Leonard Gill museum and an environmental education centre with lecture theater and resource centre.
Besides birdwatching visitors are offered guided tours, boat cruises, conference facilities and secluded overnight accommodation within the reserve which are organized by a community-based company, Imvubu Nature Tours, which was established in 2002 with the use of poverty relief funds, made available by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
See also
Boulders Beach
Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
External links
False Bay Ecology Park web site
Friends of Zeekoeivlei and Rondevlei's web site
Press release about the introduction of 3 new hippos in 2003
Article in Cape Times about escaped hippo
Google map
Nature reserves in Cape Town
Protected areas of the Western Cape
Wetlands of South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondevlei%20Nature%20Reserve |
Lukáš Bauer (; born 18 August 1977) is a Czech cross-country skier who has competed since 1996.
Biography
On 17 February 2006 he won the Winter Olympics silver medal for the 15 km cross-country classical.
His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was second in the 15 km classic in 2009.
Bauer is son-in-law of another Czech skier Helena Balatková-Šikolová.
In season 2007–08 he was overall winner of the men's version of the Tour de Ski and FIS Cross-Country World Cup. In 2010, he again won the Tour de Ski in a dramatic come-from-behind victory over Norwegian skier Petter Northug.
Bauer finished with the bronze medal in the 15 km freestyle event at the 2010 Winter Olympics.
After a career in which he collected three Olympic and two World Championship medals, Bauer confirmed his retirement from competing for the Czech national team after the 2017 Nordic World Championships in Lahti, although he indicated that he would continue competing in long-distance races for his own team, which he had set up three years previously. In April 2019 he was named as the Visma Ski Classics Pro Team Director of the year for his work with his ED System Bauer Team. The following month, he was announced as head coach of the Polish men's cross-country ski team.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
3 medals – (1 silver, 2 bronze)
World Championships
2 medals – (2 silver)
World Cup
Season titles
2 titles – (1 overall, 1 distance)
Season standings
Individual podiums
18 victories – (11 , 7 )
38 podiums – (27 , 11 )
Team podiums
1 victory – (1 )
5 podiums – (4 , 1 )
References
FIS Newsflash 161. 9 January 2008 article on Bauer's Tour de Ski win.
Mvcr.cz April 2006 article detailing Bauer's relationship to Balatková-Šikolová
External links
1977 births
Living people
Czech male cross-country skiers
Czech sports coaches
Cross-country skiing coaches
Olympic cross-country skiers for the Czech Republic
Olympic silver medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic bronze medalists for the Czech Republic
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
Cross-country skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions
Tour de Ski skiers
Tour de Ski winners
People from Ostrov (Karlovy Vary District)
Sportspeople from the Karlovy Vary Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1%20Bauer |
Leonard Bruce Archer CBE (22 November 1922 – 16 May 2005) was a British chartered mechanical engineer and Professor of Design Research at the Royal College of Art (RCA) who championed research in design, and helped to establish design as an academic discipline.
Archer spent most of his working life in schools of art and design, including more than 25 years at the RCA. He promoted the use of systems-level analysis, evidence-based design, and evaluation through field testing within industrial design, and led a multi-disciplinary team which employed these methods in practice, including most notably their application to the design of what became the standard British hospital bed.
He went on to become head of a postgraduate research and teaching department where he identified that scholarly inquiry in design was just as vital as it was in the arts, the humanities, and the sciences, and argued that design warranted its own body of scholarship and knowledge no less than conventional academic disciplines. He proposed that modelling be recognised as the fundamental competence of design, just as numeracy underpins mathematics (and literacy, the humanities) and he believed that – like both literacy and numeracy – it should be widely taught.
Archer trained a generation of design researchers, showing them how the procedures of scholarly research based on well-founded evidence and systematic analysis were as applicable in design as in the more traditional academic subjects. For design practice he argued there was a need for method and rigour, and for decisions to be recorded and explained so they could, if necessary, be defended. In the modern day, practitioners are familiar with these issues through the requirements of quality assurance, while in academia the Research Assessment Exercise has pushed even the art and design community into taking research seriously.
Archer's ideas were radical and pioneering, and the very existence of his research department – in an art college – controversial. It was his own force of character and his persuasive ability to argue his case with absolute clarity and conviction that ensured the department's survival, and provided him with the opportunity to demonstrate that design is not just a craft skill but a knowledge-based discipline in its own right.
Early life
Leonard Bruce Archer (known primarily as Bruce Archer or L. Bruce Archer) was born in 1922. His father, Leonard Castella Archer (1898–1983), was a Regimental Sergeant Major in the Scots Guards and his mother, Ivy Hilda Hulett (1897-1974), was a dressmaker and a trained amateur artist.
During his schooldays, at Henry Thornton Grammar School, he wanted to be a painter, but he was academically bright and not allowed to continue with art beyond fifteen. His school certificates were in entirely scientific subjects. The Second World War intervened before he could go to art school or university and he joined his father's regiment. He saw service in Italy but left after three years (1941–44) on medical grounds.
Career
Archer worked as an engineering designer in manufacturing, designing jigs and tools and later process plant. He attended evening classes for years at Northampton College, London (now City University) where he trained as a mechanical engineering designer, eventually gaining his Higher National Certificate in mechanical engineering. He became a member of the Institution of Engineering Designers in 1950, and in 1951 was awarded its national prize for the best thesis on design. He joined the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in the same year.
Consultant
Inspired by the Festival of Britain, which took place in 1951, Archer later stated:
In 1953 he left full-time employment in industry to set up his own consultancy – the Scientists' and Technologists' Engineering Partnership – and started teaching evening classes at the Central School of Art and Design becoming a full-time lecturer there in 1957. He began writing articles for Design magazine, promoting what he called 'a rational approach to design'. At a party given by a colleague from the Central School, he was approached by Tomás Maldonado, Director of the Ulm School of Design, and offered a job acting as a bridge between two rival factions at the school: the 'scientists' and the 'artists'.
On moving there in 1960, as a guest professor, he discovered two opposing belief systems:
The ergonomists and psychologists believed in analysis and experiment as the basis for design,whereas
The stylists were mostly concerned with form, and had evolved design rules about proportion, colour, and texture which they thought of as a logical system for creating the cool, minimalist look for which Ulm became famous.
Archer tried to convey each side's belief systems across the divide, but each group thought he had aligned himself with the other. Maldonado had left Ulm even before Archer arrived, and Archer found himself isolated. Later he said that learning how the two cultures thought was a highly formative experience.
Designing hospital equipment
In 1961 Misha Black was appointed head of industrial design at the Royal College of Art and asked Archer to lead a research project called Studies in the function and design of non-surgical hospital equipment, being funded by the Nuffield Foundation. Archer returned in the summer of 1962 and, with a small multi-disciplinary team, identified four urgent design problems: a receptacle for soiled dressings, a means of reducing incorrect dispensing of medicines to ward patients, the need for a standard design for hospital beds, and a way to prevent smoke control doors being routinely propped open. They presented their report at the end of the first year to the Nuffield Foundation. Unfortunately:
Archer and Black were both stunned. Undaunted, Archer took a job at the Eldorado ice cream factory in Southwark, loading ice cream into refrigerated vans every night and working at the college unpaid during the day. Eventually, commercial funding was found for the soiled dressings receptacle, and in 1963 he gave up his evening job when support was obtained from the King Edward's Hospital Fund for London to study the medicine-dispensing problem. A radical solution was devised - a medicine trolley on wheels that could be securely padlocked to a wall when not in use. The hospital bed problem was also re-examined. The King Edward's Hospital Fund became the King's Fund and was seeking a major exercise to promote its new nationwide role. It took on the standardisation of the hospital bed. Archer was appointed to a Working Party, and in due course won a contract for a standard specification and a prototype design. After widespread consultation, evidence gathering through direct observations, and extensive field trials using mock-ups and test devices, the specification was adopted by the Kings Fund and became a British Standard; a successful prototype was also developed by Kenneth Agnew at the college for a commercial bed manufacturer. The hospital bed project has been documented by an historian. The fire door problem was solved by the use of electro-magnetic door-holders wired to the fire alarm, which released the doors when the alarm was triggered. So solutions to all four of the original projects were delivered. In the process, Archer had demonstrated that work study, systems analysis, and ergonomics, were proper tools for use by designers, and that systematic methods were not inimical to creativity in design, but essential contributors to it.
Professor
Generalizing from his experiences in these and other design projects undertaken by what became the Industrial Design (Engineering) Research Unit, Archer presented his ideas at design conferences and prepared his paper 'Systematic method for designers', which was published by the Council for Industrial Design in 1965 after a series in Design magazine.
A photocopied version of his 1968 doctoral dissertation, The Structure of Design Processes, was published by the National Technical Information Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce in 1969. Both items were translated into several languages, and he continued to receive requests for reprints for a decade or more afterwards. He was awarded the Kaufmann International Design Research Award in 1964. In 1967 he helped to found the cross-disciplinary Design Research Society, and was awarded a doctorate by the Royal College in 1968. Many of his ideas were brought together in 'Technological innovation: a methodology', a paper published by the Science Policy Foundation in 1971.
In that same year the Rector of the college, Sir Robin Darwin, called him into his office and as Archer said later:
Soon his Department of Design Research had a complement of more than thirty researchers. As they marched daily into the college's Senior Common Room they represented quite a large body of people, and were not entirely welcomed by staff from other departments. Archer himself reluctantly became what he described as a traveling salesman to ensure a steady flow of research contracts.
After two or three years, there was a change of direction following a college decision to turn the Department of Design Research into a post-graduate teaching department like every other. Funding was won from the Science Research Council to study design processes, and postgraduates were recruited to undertake masters and doctoral studies. Design graduates arrived to learn how to conduct research, while others from disciplines like psychology and mathematics learned to apply their skills to the discipline of design. Archer's own lectures ranged widely across the philosophy of science, ethics, aesthetics, economics, innovation, measurement, and value theory, and were delivered with directness and enthusiasm. The department itself was organized in a highly systematic way, with procedural memoranda setting out agendas for every type of meeting including highly structured progress reviews for students. Every event was meticulously recorded in his daily log.
From his belief that design was just as important an academic topic as the arts, the humanities and the sciences, Archer was instrumental in the move to see it taught as part of the school curriculum. He campaigned to influence the Department for Education and Science, and ran short courses at the college for school teachers. He launched a Department for Design Education at the college, giving teachers the opportunity to undertake masters level research into design. He was made a CBE in 1976.
Director of Research
In 1984, Jocelyn Stevens was appointed as Rector of the Royal College of Art, and he peremptorily closed the Department of Design Research. It had operated successfully for exactly 25 years. Archer himself was appointed Director of Research with college-wide responsibilities. Though approaching retirement age, his knowledge of the workings of the college and his academic credibility placed him in great demand, and Stevens thought nothing of contacting him at any time of day or night for advice.
Retirement
After retiring in 1988, Archer ran in-service training courses on research for art and design institutes and was active as Chair of the Design Research Society from 1988 to 1990, and later as its first President from 1992 to 2000.
In March 2004, a dinner was held at the Royal College of Art organised by the Society at which he was presented with its Lifetime Achievement Award. Archer himself, though frail, made a typically forceful and eloquent acceptance speech in which he acknowledged the contributions of his many co-workers, and contrasted the skills of decision making and advocacy which typify design, with those of inquiry and analysis which are essential in research.
Family
Archer was married to Joan Henrietta Allen (1926-2001) for fifty years. They had one daughter, Miranda, who trained as an architect before becoming a high school teacher in design technology – the very subject that her father had done so much to see established in secondary education.
See also
References
1922 births
2005 deaths
Academics of the Royal College of Art
Academics of the Central School of Art and Design
British Army personnel of World War II
British industrial designers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Design researchers
Scots Guards soldiers
Design studies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20Bruce%20Archer |
The D-1 howitzer M1943 () is a Soviet World War II-era 152.4 mm howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau headed by F. F. Petrov in 1942 and 1943, based on the carriage of the 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and using the barrel of the 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10). The powerful and mobile D-1, with its wide range of ammunition, significantly increased the firepower and breakthrough abilities of Red Army tank and motor rifle formations. Several hundred D-1s were manufactured before the end of World War II.
Post World War II, the D-1 saw combat in numerous conflicts during the mid- to late 20th century. The long operational history of D-1 howitzers in national armies of numerous countries is a testimony to its qualities; the gun still remains in service in a number of post-Soviet states and some other countries. The D-1 is widely considered a valuable element of Soviet artillery.
Development and production
Background
In 1941 the Soviet Union decided to cease production of the 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10). One of the reasons was the disbanding of the Rifle Corps between August and September 1941 and the consequent removal of the corps artillery. Moreover, all 152 mm howitzers were excluded from divisional artillery. As a result, there was no series production of 152 mm howitzers during 1942.
However, the rifle corps were re-established in late 1942 and the previous organization of artillery at the corps level was reintroduced. As a result of the halting of 152 mm howitzer production, the Red Army corps artillery lacked a weapon more mobile than the heavy 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) (typically employed by army-level and Reserve of the Main Command artillery units), but more powerful than the 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30).
Response to the challenge
In 1942, trying to solve the problem of lack of a suitable mobile 152 mm howitzer, the design bureau headed by F. F. Petrov started to work privately on a new howitzer, based on the carriage of the M-30 and the barrel of the M-10 (which was fitted with a muzzle brake in order to reduce the recoil and thus prevent damage to the lighter carriage). The approach allowed production to begin on the new howitzer almost immediately from the stockpile of parts for both earlier guns. Given the war situation and shortages of artillery, this solution was both elegant and expedient.
Early in 1943 Petrov notified the People's Commissar of Armaments Dmitriy Ustinov about the new project. On 13 April Ustinov informed Petrov that the State Committee of Defence had requested for five of the new guns to be sent to the testing grounds on 1 May. On 5 May, two pieces were received for trials; two days later, on 7 May the gun was recommended for adoption, and on 8 August 1943 it was officially adopted as the 152 mm howitzer M1943. One and a half months later, the first series production D-1 howitzers were delivered to the Red Army representatives.
Production
The D-1 was manufactured solely at No. 9 Plant (UZTM) in Sverdlovsk from late 1943 to 1949. During World War II, the howitzer was only produced in small numbers because Plant No. 9 was also responsible for the mass production of the 122 mm howitzer M-30. This resulted in critical shortages of the 152 mm howitzers in the Red Army corps artillery until the end of the war.
Description
The D-1 howitzer was essentially a combination of the barrel of the 152-mm howitzer model 1938 (M-10) on the carriage of the 122-mm howitzer M1938 (M-30). Since the new carriage was lighter than that of the M-10, the barrel was fitted with a massive double-baffle muzzle brake DT-3 to soften the shock of recoil. The breech block was of interrupted screw type, the recoil system consisted of a hydraulic buffer and a hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The separately loaded ammunition included a variety of shells and eight different propellant charges in cartridges.
The carriage was nearly identical to the carriage of the M-30. It had suspension and steel wheels with pneumatic rubber tires. The trails were initially of riveted construction, but were eventually replaced in production by welded ones. Late production pieces were equipped with caster wheels to ease manhandling. Time to set up for combat was about two minutes. In an emergency it was possible to fire without splitting trails; however this was at the price of a drastically reduced traverse (1°30'). Since the gun was not equipped with a limber, it could be towed only by vehicle. The maximum towing speed was 40 km/h on paved roads, 30 km/h on cobbled roads and 10 km/h off-road. To give the crew some protection from bullets and shell fragments, the gun was fitted with a shield.
Comparison with contemporary howitzers
From a technical and tactical point of view, the D-1 project provided the Red Army (RKKA) corps artillery with a modern 152 mm howitzer, which combined both good mobility and firepower. When compared with a typical contemporary howitzer of similar caliber, the D-1 had shorter range, but was much lighter. For example, the German 15 cm sFH 18 had a range of 13,325 meters – about one kilometer longer than that of the D-1 – but also weighed almost two tons more (5,510 kilograms in traveling position). The same can be said of the US 155-mm howitzer M1 (14,600 meters, 5,800 kilograms) or the 149 mm howitzer manufactured by the Italian Ansaldo (14,250 meters, 5,500 kilograms). A German howitzer with characteristics similar to those of the D-1 – the 15 cm sFH 36 – did not reach mass production. Compared with older pieces such as the French Schneider model 1917 (11,200 meters, 4,300 kg), the D-1 had the advantage in both weight and range.
Organization and employment
The D-1 was employed by corps artillery and the reserve of the main command units. In 1944, the rifle corps of the Red Army had one artillery regiment each. Those regiments consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 guns), equipped with the D-1 along with various other 152 mm howitzers, 122 mm gun M1931/37 (A-19), 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20) or 107 mm gun M1910/30. Reserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces). Those could be merged to form artillery divisions.
The Red Army employed D-1 howitzers from 1944 onwards, during the final stages of World War II. The D-1 was used primarily used against personnel, fortifications and key structures in the enemy rear. The anti-concrete G-530 shell was also sometimes used against armored vehicles with good results. During its service the gun earned a reputation for being reliable and accurate. The D-1 was finally withdrawn from service in the mid-seventies.
After the war the gun was supplied to many countries around the globe, including former Warsaw Pact allies, such as Poland. As of the early 2000s it remains in service in Afghanistan, Albania, China, Cuba, Hungary, Iraq, Mozambique, Syria, Vietnam and other countries. The gun was employed in the Arab-Israeli Conflict and also in some conflicts in former republics of Soviet Union. The long operational history of D-1 howitzers in the national armies of numerous countries is an additional testimony to its qualities.
The D-1 was seen in use during the April 2016 battles between the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army and the Azerbaijani Forces. It was used by the NKR Defense Forces. In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, D-1s were reportedly provided to the LPR People's Militia, DNR and Wagner PMCs.
Surviving D-1 howitzers can be seen in various military museums and war memorials, e. g. in the Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, Saint Petersburg, Russia; in the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol and in the National Museum of the History of Ukraine in the Second World War, Kyiv, Ukraine; in Fort Winiary, Poznań, Poland and in Polatsk, Belarus, as a memorial piece.
Variants
In addition to the towed howitzer, Petrov's team developed a vehicle-mounted variant of the D-1. Red Army offensive operations in the summer and fall of 1943 reawakened interest in the idea of a heavy "artillery" tank similar to the KV-2, that could provide close fire support to rifle and tank units and would be capable of demolishing heavy fortifications. Probable causes for the development of such a vehicle were the cessation of mass production of the SU-122 medium assault gun and diversion of SU-152 heavy assault guns for anti-tank actions. The tank variant of the D-1 was originally intended for mounting in a variant of the KV-1s heavy tank. It utilized the mount of the 85 mm D-5, leading to the unofficial name D-1-5 and eventually to the official designation of D-15. Only one example was built. There is no information about the gun being mounted in the KV tank. By October 1943 Soviet authorities were anticipating the start of mass production of the powerful IS-2 heavy tank; as a result the idea of a specialized artillery tank based on the obsolete KV chassis was dropped.
Another project combining the T-34 tank chassis with the D-15 gun was also considered. Designated SU-D15, the medium assault gun was intended as a replacement for the SU-122. Although the project received a lot of support from the authorities it never entered production, both because of its shortcomings (the heavy gun put too much strain on the suspension and ammunition stowage was too limited) and because it was made redundant by the ISU-152. However lessons learned mounting a powerful gun in the T-34 allowed for rapid development of the SU-100 tank destroyer.
Ammunition
The D-1 had a large variety of ammunition, including high-explosive, armor-piercing, HEAT, shrapnel, illumination, and chemical.
The D-1 used separate loading ammunition, with eight different charges. The charges included the "full charge" Zh-536 and smaller charges ranging from the "first" to "sixth", which was the smallest. A "special charge" was used with the BP-540 HEAT projectile. Propellant charges were produced in "full" and "third" variants in munitions factories. All other charges were derived from them by removing small gunpowder bags from the charge cartridge. For flash suppression there was a special chemical mixture which was to be inserted into a cartridge before night firing. 152 mm projectiles for the D-1 weighed about 40 kg; a difficult job for the loaders, who had to carry the projectiles alone.
When set to fragmentation mode, the OF-530 projectile produced fragments which covered an area 70 meters wide and 30 meters deep. When set to high-explosive (HE) action, the exploding shell produced a crater about 3.5 meters in diameter and about 1.2 meters deep. Despite the D-1's withdrawal from service in the mid- 1970s, the OF-530 is still fired from modern 152 mm ordnance pieces of the Russian Army.
The G-530 HEAC anti-concrete shell had a muzzle velocity of 457 m/s when fired with the "first" charge. At a range of one kilometer it had a 358 m/s terminal velocity and was able to punch through up to 80 centimeters of reinforced concrete before detonating a TNT charge which increased the total penetration to 114 centimeters. The G-530 could not be fired with a "full" charge without putting the crew at risk of having the shell explode in the barrel. A special version of the shell, the G-530Sh, was developed to allow use with the full charge.
The BP-540 HEAT projectile was not used during World War II. It had an armour penetration of 250 millimeters at an incident angle of 90°, 220 millimeters at 60°, 120 millimeters at 30°.
In the late 1950s old ammunition stocks for the D-1 were removed from the Soviet inventory. The only shells retained were the OF-530, O-530, G-530/G-530Sh, and possibly chemical shells. The Soviet Army also possessed a 152 mm nuclear shell, but it is not clear whether that shell could be used with the D-1.
Notes
Sources
Shunkov V. N. – The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н. – Оружие Красной Армии. – Мн.: Харвест, 1999.)
Shirokorad A. B. – Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery – Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б. Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. – Мн.: Харвест, 2000., )
Ivanov A. – Artillery of the USSR in Second World War – SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. – СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., )
Ballistic Tables for the 152-mm Howitzer M1943, M. MoD, 1968 – Таблицы стрельбы 152-мм гаубицы обр. 1943 г. – М., Военное издательство министерства обороны, 1968.
Zheltov I. G., Pavlov I. V., Pavlov M. V., Solyankin A. G. – The Soviet medium self-propelled guns 1941–1945, Moscow, 2005, 48 pp. (Желтов И. Г., Павлов И. В., Павлов М. В., Солянкин А. Г. Советские средние самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941–1945 гг. – М.: ООО Издательский центр «Экспринт», 2005. – 48 с. )
Kolomietz M. V. – KV. "Klim Voroshilov" breakthrough tank, Moscow, 2006, 136 pp. (Коломиец М. В. КВ. «Клим Ворошилов» – танк прорыва – М.: Коллекция, Яуза, ЭКСМО, 2006. – 136 с.:ил. )
Shirokorad A. B. – The Nuclear Ram of 20th century, Moscow, 2005 (Широкорад А. Б. Атомный таран XX века – М. Вече, 2005)
External links
Gallery of 152.4 mm howitzer model 1943 (D-1)
Armor penetration table
World War II field artillery
World War II artillery of the Soviet Union
152 mm artillery
Howitzers of the Soviet Union
Uralmash products
World War II howitzers
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152%20mm%20howitzer%20M1943%20%28D-1%29 |
Little India is a common name for an ethnic enclave of Indian expatriates abroad.
Little India may also refer to:
Media
Little India (magazine), periodical started in 1991
Places
While most "Little India" enclaves have different names, a few are specifically named as so:
Canada
Gerrard India Bazaar, also known as the Little India
Malaysia
Little India, Ipoh
Little India, Malacca
Little India, Penang
Singapore
Little India, Singapore
United States
Little India, Artesia, California
Little India, Edison/Iselin
Little India (Houston) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20India%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Alejandro "Alex" Pompez (May 3, 1890 – March 14, 1974) was an American executive in Negro league baseball who owned the Cuban Stars (East) and New York Cubans franchises from 1916 to 1950. His family had emigrated from Cuba, where his father was a lawyer. Outside baseball and numbers (illegal gambling), he owned and operated a cigar shop in downtown Manhattan. He later served as a scout and director of international scouting for the Giants franchise in Major League Baseball. He was posthumously inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.
Biography
Pompez was born on May 3, 1890, in Key West, Florida, the oldest of four children born to Cuban immigrants Jose and Loretta Pompez. His father was a lawyer and cigar manufacturer who had connections to Cuban author and dissident Jose Marti. Jose Pompez was on the board of directors for the Key West chapter of the Cuban Revolutionary Party; he was elected to the Florida House of Representatives as a Republican in 1892. He was a state representative until his death until 1897. Alex and his family struggled financially after his father willed his estate to the insurgency.
Alex Pompez owned the Cuban Stars of the Eastern Colored League between 1923 and 1928 and the New York Cubans of the Negro National League from 1935 to 1951. He also helped organize the first Negro League World Series in . He signed numerous Latin American players for his Negro league teams, including Martín Dihigo, Minnie Miñoso and Alejandro Oms.
Several owners in the Negro National League, including Pompez, were numbers bankers. Pompez was one of New York's leading numbers bankers during the 1920s but was forced to join Dutch Schultz in 1932. His connections with Schultz's organization led to his indictment in 1936 for involvement in policy rackets when New York County District Attorney Thomas Dewey selected him as one of the targets in a crackdown on New York City racketeering. Pompez fled to Mexico after being tipped off to his arrest; he was eventually arrested by Mexican authorities, but Mexican officials refused to extradite him. Pompez decided to return to the U.S. as a state witness in the investigation. He is considered the only man who survived after turning informant against another racketeer.
In 1948, sensing that baseball's integration would change the Negro leagues, Pompez arranged for the New York Cubans to become a minor league affiliate of the New York Giants. Pompez scouted Latin America for the Giants, and they signed several players through Pompez, including Camilo Pascual, Tony Oliva and Orlando Cepeda. In 1950, Pompez submitted a favorable scouting report to the Giants on Fidel Castro. He was hired by the New York Giants to oversee their Latin American operations in 1950.
Pompez served on the Baseball Hall of Fame's special Committee on Negro League Baseball in the early 1970s. He died at age 83 in New York City. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006.
Pompez died in 1974 and is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.
See also
List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame
Notes
References
Burgos, Adrian, Jr. (2011). Cuban Star: How One Negro-League Owner Changed the Face of Baseball. Hill & Wang.
Riley, James A. (1994). The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Baseball Leagues. New York: Carroll & Graf. .
External links
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
1890 births
1974 deaths
Negro league baseball executives
New York Giants (NL) scouts
San Francisco Giants scouts
People from Key West, Florida
American people of Cuban descent
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Pompez |
Cambridge Common is a public park and National Historic Landmark in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. It is located near Harvard Square and borders on several parts of Harvard University. The north end of the park has a large playground. The park is maintained by the Cambridge Department of Public Works.
History
In the colonial period, Cambridge Common served as a pasture on which animals grazed. It was also used as a military training ground. It originally extended from what is now Linnaean Street in the north all the way south to Harvard Square between Massachusetts Avenue and Garden Street.
Public executions took place in the northern portion of this space, known as Gallows Hill, located today west of Massachusetts Avenue around Lancaster Street. Executed at this site on September 22, 1755, were two enslaved African Americans, Mark and Phillis, who were both accused and convicted of poisoning their enslaver, John Codman of Charlestown. Phillis was burned at the stake, and Mark was killed by hanging on gallows some ten yards away from the stake. His body was subsequently exhibited publicly for decades in Charlestown, such that even Paul Revere remembered passing by its site while on his famous ride. Phillis was later described by a newspaper as "the last recorded victim" of this punishment in New England.
Legend has it that George Washington took command of the Continental Army in a ceremony underneath the Washington Elm. Yet historical research suggests no such ceremony took place.
The current space was not enclosed until 1830.
Barracks were constructed on the common during World War I as the Navy Department built structures for its Radio School on the grounds.
Cambridge Common has long been a site for public gatherings in which groups met before marching to Boston Common as part of protests for Civil Rights or against the Vietnam War.
Matt Damon recalled how Ben Affleck helped him in a fight during a football game on the Common in the mid-1980s.
Monuments and memorials
A commemorative plaque marks the location of the Washington Elm, a tree under which legend claims Washington stood as he first assumed command of the Continental Army. Nearby is a trio of bronze cannons, a plaque for Henry Knox, and another for Tadeusz Kościuszko.
In the northeast corner is the Statue of John Bridge, also known as The Puritan, by Thomas Ridgeway Gould.
Slightly southeast of the center of the Common is a memorial to the American Civil War with a statue of Abraham Lincoln in a covered area near the base of the memorial. On top of the memorial is a statue of a soldier.
Cambridge Common is also the site of an Irish Famine Memorial, dedicated on July 23, 1997, by then President of Ireland, Mary Robinson, and unveiled to an audience of 3,000 people. The Memorial sculpture was created by Maurice Harron, a sculptor from Derry, Northern Ireland. There is a similar memorial in downtown Boston.
Gallery
See also
Cambridge Common Historic District
Statue of John Bridge
Common land
Washington Gate
References
Cambridge Common Irish Famine Memorial (archived 2007)
Harvard Square
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Parks in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Tourist attractions in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Urban public parks | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Common |
Lukas Bauer may refer to:
Lukáš Bauer (born 1977), Czech cross country skier
Lukas Bauer (volleyball) (born 1989), German volleyball player in the Germany men's national volleyball team | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas%20Bauer |
Timely Writer (April 21, 1979 – October 9, 1982) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. The Boston Globe once described him as "the horse with the greatest potential—and the worst luck—whose very story was a fairytale of racing history."
Background
Timely Writer was foaled on April 21, 1979 in Florida. By Staff Writer and out of the broodmare Timely Roman, his bloodlines included Northern Dancer, Swaps, Tim Tam, Ribot, Tom Fool, and Count Fleet. He was purchased for $13,500 by Peter and Francis Martin, owners of a meat-packing plant in Boston, Massachusetts, and trained by local trainer Dominic Imprescia.
Racing career
As a two-year-old, Timely Writer began his career in 1981 as a claimer at Monmouth Park, winning by eight lengths and tying a track record. The colt entered stakes company off of that effort, taking the Mayflower Stakes at Suffolk Downs. With two career victories from two starts, he made his next start in the Grade 2 Saratoga Special at Saratoga Race Course, finishing third. He followed that effort with a stakes record-tying performance in the Grade 1 Hopeful Stakes over the same surface, matching the time of 1:16.2 for the 6 1/2 furlongs set by 1973 Triple Crown winner Secretariat, and less than a second off the course record set by 1977 Triple Crown winner Affirmed. He closed his two-year-old campaign at Belmont Park with a third place finish in the Grade 1 Futurity Stakes, a second in the Grade 2 Cowdin Stakes, and a victory in the prestigious Grade I Champagne Stakes, in which he overtook 4-5 favorite Deputy Minister, surging down the stretch and winning by nearly five lengths. In a controversial decision, Timely Writer was passed over in favor of Deputy Minister as the 1981 Eclipse Award as champion two-year-old colt. Timely Writer and Deputy Minster were installed as co-highweights at 126 pounds in the 1981 Experimental Free Handicap.
At the start of the 1982 three-year-old racing season, key wins in March and April in the Flamingo Stakes and Florida Derby established Timely Writer as the prohibitive favorite for the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing. It had been announced after the Flamingo Stakes that veterinarian Dr. William Reed had purchased 50% of the colt's breeding rights for $3 million dollars. However, a life-threatening case of colic at Churchill Downs in Kentucky sidelined him ten days prior to the Kentucky Derby. With only a 50% chance of surviving surgery, Timely Writer recovered and endured a months-long rehabilitation program. He made his return to racing on August 14, 1982 at Suffolk Downs, winning the Yankee Handicap. That victory was followed by a return to Saratoga Race Course in allowance company before an unsuccessful bid in the Marlboro Cup Invitational Handicap at Belmont Park. He rebounded from that effort with an easy win in a handicap race a week prior to a scheduled start in the Jockey Club Gold Cup.
Timely Writer was installed as the 2-1 morning line favorite for that race, which was to be his final start before retirement to stud. He was unleashing his signature come-from-behind move with 1/2 mile left to race under jockey Jeffrey Fell when suddenly the horse's left foreleg broke. He fell to the ground, with three other horses stumbling over him. With no possibility of repairing his leg, Timely Writer was humanely euthanized. Another colt, Johnny Dance, who had collided with his fallen foe, suffered the same fate.
Author Kimberly Gatto in her 2011 book "Saratoga Race Course: The August place to Be," best summed up the extent of Timely Writer's tremendous popularity across the county, both during and after his racing career, observing, "Timely Writer had an 'everyman' quality that reminded folks of Seabiscuit."
Honors
Timely Writer was buried in the grass infield at the head of the stretch at Belmont Park, becoming one of only two thoroughbreds the New York Racing Association has granted such an honor. In August 2023, due to construction of a new synthetic track at Belmont, Timely Writer's remains were planned to be exhumed and reburied at Old Friends Farm in Kentucky.
He was named Florida-bred Two-Year Old Horse of the Year in 1981. That same year, he was selected by the New England Turf Writers Association as the 1981 Horse of the Year and the Champion Two-Year-Old Colt.
A tribute to Timely Writer is included in the book "Beyond the Rainbow Bridge", by Kimberly Gatto (2005, Half Halt Press) . Blood-Horse magazine also printed a twenty-five-year anniversary tribute article in its September 29, 2007 issue.
The New England Turf Writers Association enshrined Timely Writer in the N.E. Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 2008.
In March 2011 Gulfstream Park ran the first Timely Writer Stakes in his honor. The race for three-year-olds was won that year by Uncle Mo, the two-year-old champion of 2010.
References
Timely Writer's pedigree
The pedigree of Johnny Dance
1979 racehorse births
1982 racehorse deaths
Thoroughbred family 9-b
Racehorses bred in Florida
Racehorses trained in the United States
Horses who died from racing injuries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timely%20Writer |
This list presents notable scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences and its various subfields.
Multi-disciplinary
Atmospheric science
Geochemistry
Chemical Geology
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research
Geostandards Newsletter
Organic Geochemistry
Quaternary Geochronology
Geology
Mineralogy and petrology
American Mineralogist
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
European Journal of Mineralogy
Journal of Petrology
Mineralium Deposita
Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
Geophysics
Hydrology
Journal of Hydrology
Water Research
Water Resources Research
Oceanography
Annual Review of Marine Science
Deep Sea Research
Journal of Geophysical Research: section C (Oceans)
Journal of Marine Research
Journal of Physical Oceanography
Ocean Science
Paleoceanography
Unsorted
Episodes
Journal of Glaciology
Australian Meteorological Magazine
See also
List of scientific journals
External links
List of geoscience journals and rankings at eigenfactor.org
Geophysics lists
Lists of environmental publications
Lists of academic journals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20earth%20and%20atmospheric%20sciences%20journals |
Larry Kaplan is an American video game designer and video game programmer who, along with other ex-Atari, Inc. programmers, co-founded Activision.
Kaplan studied at the University of California, Berkeley from 1968 through 1974 and graduated with a degree in Computer Science.
He started at Atari, Inc. in August 1976 and wrote video games for the Atari Video Computer System, including two of the console's launch titles: Air-Sea Battle and Street Racer. Kaplan was one of the developers of the operating system for the Atari 400 and 800 home computers. He co-founded Activision in late 1979. Since leaving Activision in 1982, Kaplan has worked at Amiga,Atari Games, Silicon Graphics, Worlds of Wonder, and MicroUnity.
He was hired as Lead Technical Director on the 1998 movie Antz, but stayed with the project for only a few months.
Games
Atari 2600
Combat (1977, Atari) launch title, developed with Joe Decuir, Steve Mayer, and Larry Wagner
Air-Sea Battle (1977, Atari) launch title
Street Racer (1977, Atari) launch title
Brain Games (1978, Atari)
Bowling (1979, Atari)
Bridge (1981, Activision)
Kaboom! (1981, Activision)
Atari 8-bit family
Super Breakout (1979, Atari) port of the arcade game
References
External links
Listing of Kaplan's library of work at AtariAge
Interview with Larry Kaplan at Digital Press
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American video game designers
Video game programmers
American computer programmers
Game Developers Conference Pioneer Award recipients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Kaplan |
The Mercedes-Benz T2 is a semi-bonneted light commercial vehicle that was manufactured by Daimler-Benz. The T2 is also known as the "Düsseldorf Transporter", since it was built in Düsseldorf from 1967 to 1991. The third generation, built from 1996 at Ludwigsfelde, was branded the Mercedes-Benz Vario.
In Argentina assembly started with the first generation L 608 D in 1969 and ended in 1990. In 1989, the new products are the L 710, L 914 and 814 with the LO variant (chassis bus). The production ceased in 1996. The Venezuelan version of the T2 was manufactured in Barcelona by the Grupo Consorcio 1390 S.A. (currently MMC Automotriz S.A.) as the Mercedes-Benz Class L3. The L3 was built from 1969 up to 1978, when the company was bought by the Ford Motor Company.
First generation (1967–1986)
In 1967, the T2 was introduced as a successor to the L 319 / L 406 series. Production began with gross weights ranging from 3.5 to 4.6 tons (only slightly heavier than its predecessor), narrow bodies and gasoline and diesel engines derived from the contemporary passenger cars. But soon the line-up was extended by chassis with or without standard or double/crew cabs, longer wheel bases, wider bodies, higher roofs and larger engines. As a result the first generation T2 ended up with the OM314 engine as the most popular choice and the OM352 as the most powerful engine for the heaviest versions with up to 6.8 tons gross weight. Several CKD assemblies existed (see infobox). In Brazil and some other South American countries it was equipped with a turbo diesel engine.
The T2 was offered as a panelled or glazed van, a more upscale minibus or a light duty truck with single or double cab. Drop-side or dumper beds, standard or insulated box bodies with or without freezer units were supplied ex factory while chassis trucks were available to third-party body builders for individual bodies. The T2s were popular for a wide range of applications such as goods distribution, parcel services (widely used by the Deutsche Post with sliding front doors on both sides), fire brigade and emergency rescue, military, police, landscaping and construction companies.
After the take over of Hanomag-Henschel in 1970/1971 a short lived rebadged Hanomag-Henschel version existed, only differing in the front radiator grille and headlights. In 1981, the T2 received a facelift, the most obvious difference was the new grille made of black plastic. In 1986, after 19 years of production, van and truck bodies were replaced by the second generation T2, buses continued in production for a little extra while. The total number of first generation T2s summed up to 496,447 units.
Second generation (1986–1996)
The second generation of the T2 was introduced in 1986, and was manufactured until 1996. It was significantly upgraded, the bonnet having become longer and the design altogether more sharp-edged. The chassis sold in large numbers in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the minibus revolution. Variations included the 609D, 614D, 709D, 711D, 811D, 814D and 510 (petrol).
The LO812 was sold in Australia from the early 1990s, Westbus purchasing 26 in 1992 and National Bus Company purchased 45 in 1994/95. Various other operators would purchase smaller fleets.
The T2 was manufactured in Argentina until 1997, as the L 710 and the LO 915 chassis for minibus applications.
Replacement
In 1996, the T2 for people transport was replaced by the Mercedes-Benz Vario, whereas the T2 for freight and goods transport was replaced by the all-new Mercedes-Benz Sprinter. Visual differences between the Vario and its predecessors were quite small, but included new headlights and radiator grille: at the same time the interior was revised.
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
T2
Trucks of Germany
Vans
Vehicles introduced in 1967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz%20T2 |
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) or cell communication is the ability of a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals with its environment and with itself. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all cellular life in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Signals that originate from outside a cell (or extracellular signals) can be physical agents like mechanical pressure, voltage, temperature, light, or chemical signals (e.g., small molecules, peptides, or gas). Cell signaling can occur over short or long distances, and as a result can be classified as autocrine, juxtacrine, intracrine, paracrine, or endocrine. Signaling molecules can be synthesized from various biosynthetic pathways and released through passive or active transports, or even from cell damage.
Receptors play a key role in cell signaling as they are able to detect chemical signals or physical stimuli. Receptors are generally proteins located on the cell surface or within the interior of the cell such as the cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus. Cell surface receptors usually bind with extracellular signals (or ligands), which causes a conformational change in the receptor that leads it to initiate enzymic activity, or to open or close ion channel activity. Some receptors do not contain enzymatic or channel-like domains but are instead linked to enzymes or transporters. Other intracellular receptors like nuclear receptors have a different mechanism such as changing their DNA binding properties and cellular localization to the nucleus.
Signal transduction begins with the transformation (or transduction) of a signal into a chemical one, which can directly activate an ion channel (ligand-gated ion channel) or initiate a second messenger system cascade that propagates the signal through the cell. Second messenger systems can amplify a signal, in which activation of a few receptors results in multiple secondary messengers being activated, thereby amplifying the initial signal (the first messenger). The downstream effects of these signaling pathways may include additional enzymatic activities such as proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, methylation, and ubiquitinylation.
Each cell is programmed to respond to specific extracellular signal molecules, and is the basis of development, tissue repair, immunity, and homeostasis. Errors in signaling interactions may cause diseases such as cancer, autoimmunity, and diabetes.
Taxonomic range
In many small organisms such as bacteria, quorum sensing enables individuals to begin an activity only when the population is sufficiently large. This signaling between cells was first observed in the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, which produces light when the population is dense enough. The mechanism involves the production and detection of a signaling molecule, and the regulation of gene transcription in response. Quorum sensing operates in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and both within and between species.
In slime moulds, individual cells aggregate together to form fruiting bodies and eventually spores, under the influence of a chemical signal, known as an acrasin. The individuals move by chemotaxis, i.e. they are attracted by the chemical gradient. Some species use cyclic AMP as the signal; others such as Polysphondylium violaceum use a dipeptide known as glorin.
In plants and animals, signaling between cells occurs either through release into the extracellular space, divided in paracrine signaling (over short distances) and endocrine signaling (over long distances), or by direct contact, known as juxtacrine signaling such as notch signaling. Autocrine signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling where the secreting cell has the ability to respond to the secreted signaling molecule. Synaptic signaling is a special case of paracrine signaling (for chemical synapses) or juxtacrine signaling (for electrical synapses) between neurons and target cells.
Extracellular signal
Synthesis and release
Many cell signals are carried by molecules that are released by one cell and move to make contact with another cell. Signaling molecules can belong to several chemical classes: lipids, phospholipids, amino acids, monoamines, proteins, glycoproteins, or gases. Signaling molecules binding surface receptors are generally large and hydrophilic (e.g. TRH, Vasopressin, Acetylcholine), while those entering the cell are generally small and hydrophobic (e.g. glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, cholecalciferol, retinoic acid), but important exceptions to both are numerous, and the same molecule can act both via surface receptors or in an intracrine manner to different effects. In animal cells, specialized cells release these hormones and send them through the circulatory system to other parts of the body. They then reach target cells, which can recognize and respond to the hormones and produce a result. This is also known as endocrine signaling. Plant growth regulators, or plant hormones, move through cells or by diffusing through the air as a gas to reach their targets. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small amounts by some cells of the human body and has a number of biological signaling functions. Only two other such gases are currently known to act as signaling molecules in the human body: nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is the process by which a cell transports molecules such as neurotransmitters and proteins out of the cell. As an active transport mechanism, exocytosis requires the use of energy to transport material. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis, the process that brings substances into the cell, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive transport. Exocytosis is the process by which a large amount of molecules are released; thus it is a form of bulk transport. Exocytosis occurs via secretory portals at the cell plasma membrane called porosomes. Porosomes are permanent cup-shaped lipoprotein structures at the cell plasma membrane, where secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse to release intra-vesicular contents from the cell.
In exocytosis, membrane-bound secretory vesicles are carried to the cell membrane, where they dock and fuse at porosomes and their contents (i.e., water-soluble molecules) are secreted into the extracellular environment. This secretion is possible because the vesicle transiently fuses with the plasma membrane. In the context of neurotransmission, neurotransmitters are typically released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis; however, neurotransmitters can also be released via reverse transport through membrane transport proteins.
Forms
Autocrine
Autocrine signaling involves a cell secreting a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell itself. This can be contrasted with paracrine signaling, intracrine signaling, or classical endocrine signaling.
Paracrine
In paracrine signaling, a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells. Signaling molecules known as paracrine factors diffuse over a relatively short distance (local action), as opposed to cell signaling by endocrine factors, hormones which travel considerably longer distances via the circulatory system; juxtacrine interactions; and autocrine signaling. Cells that produce paracrine factors secrete them into the immediate extracellular environment. Factors then travel to nearby cells in which the gradient of factor received determines the outcome. However, the exact distance that paracrine factors can travel is not certain.
Paracrine signals such as retinoic acid target only cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell. Neurotransmitters represent another example of a paracrine signal.
Some signaling molecules can function as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. For example, epinephrine and norepinephrine can function as hormones when released from the adrenal gland and are transported to the heart by way of the blood stream. Norepinephrine can also be produced by neurons to function as a neurotransmitter within the brain. Estrogen can be released by the ovary and function as a hormone or act locally via paracrine or autocrine signaling.
Although paracrine signaling elicits a diverse array of responses in the induced cells, most paracrine factors utilize a relatively streamlined set of receptors and pathways. In fact, different organs in the body - even between different species - are known to utilize a similar sets of paracrine factors in differential development. The highly conserved receptors and pathways can be organized into four major families based on similar structures: fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, Hedgehog family, Wnt family, and TGF-β superfamily. Binding of a paracrine factor to its respective receptor initiates signal transduction cascades, eliciting different responses.
Endocrine
Endocrine signals are called hormones. Hormones are produced by endocrine cells and they travel through the blood to reach all parts of the body. Specificity of signaling can be controlled if only some cells can respond to a particular hormone. Endocrine signaling involves the release of hormones by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. In humans, the major endocrine glands are the thyroid gland and the adrenal glands. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as endocrinology.
Juxtacrine
Juxtacrine signaling is a type of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix signaling in multicellular organisms that requires close contact. There are three types:
A membrane ligand (protein, oligosaccharide, lipid) and a membrane protein of two adjacent cells interact.
A communicating junction links the intracellular compartments of two adjacent cells, allowing transit of relatively small molecules.
An extracellular matrix glycoprotein and a membrane protein interact.
Additionally, in unicellular organisms such as bacteria, juxtacrine signaling means interactions by membrane contact. Juxtacrine signaling has been observed for some growth factors, cytokine and chemokine cellular signals, playing an important role in the immune response. Juxtacrine signalling via direct membrane contacts is also present between neuronal cell bodies and motile processes of microglia both during development, and in the adult brain.
Receptors
Cells receive information from their neighbors through a class of proteins known as receptors. Receptors may bind with some molecules (ligands) or may interact with physical agents like light, mechanical temperature, pressure, etc. Reception occurs when the target cell (any cell with a receptor protein specific to the signal molecule) detects a signal, usually in the form of a small, water-soluble molecule, via binding to a receptor protein on the cell surface, or once inside the cell, the signaling molecule can bind to intracellular receptors, other elements, or stimulate enzyme activity (e.g. gasses), as in intracrine signaling.
Signaling molecules interact with a target cell as a ligand to cell surface receptors, and/or by entering into the cell through its membrane or endocytosis for intracrine signaling. This generally results in the activation of second messengers, leading to various physiological effects. In many mammals, early embryo cells exchange signals with cells of the uterus. In the human gastrointestinal tract, bacteria exchange signals with each other and with human epithelial and immune system cells. For the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae during mating, some cells send a peptide signal (mating factor pheromones) into their environment. The mating factor peptide may bind to a cell surface receptor on other yeast cells and induce them to prepare for mating.
Cell surface receptors
Cell surface receptors play an essential role in the biological systems of single- and multi-cellular organisms and malfunction or damage to these proteins is associated with cancer, heart disease, and asthma. These trans-membrane receptors are able to transmit information from outside the cell to the inside because they change conformation when a specific ligand binds to it. There are three major types: Ion channel linked receptors, G protein–coupled receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors.
Ion channel linked receptors
Ion channel linked receptors are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. If these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane. This, in turn, results in either a depolarization, for an excitatory receptor response, or a hyperpolarization, for an inhibitory response.
These receptor proteins are typically composed of at least two different domains: a transmembrane domain which includes the ion pore, and an extracellular domain which includes the ligand binding location (an allosteric binding site). This modularity has enabled a 'divide and conquer' approach to finding the structure of the proteins (crystallising each domain separately). The function of such receptors located at synapses is to convert the chemical signal of presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal. Many LICs are additionally modulated by allosteric ligands, by channel blockers, ions, or the membrane potential. LICs are classified into three superfamilies which lack evolutionary relationship: cys-loop receptors, ionotropic glutamate receptors and ATP-gated channels.
G protein–coupled receptors
G protein-coupled receptors are a large group of evolutionarily-related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate cellular responses. Coupling with G proteins, they are called seven-transmembrane receptors because they pass through the cell membrane seven times. Ligands can bind either to extracellular N-terminus and loops (e.g. glutamate receptors) or to the binding site within transmembrane helices (Rhodopsin-like family). They are all activated by agonists although a spontaneous auto-activation of an empty receptor can also be observed.
G protein-coupled receptors are found only in eukaryotes, including yeast, choanoflagellates, and animals. The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins. G protein-coupled receptors are involved in many diseases.
There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G protein-coupled receptors: cAMP signal pathway and phosphatidylinositol signal pathway. When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The GPCR can then activate an associated G protein by exchanging the GDP bound to the G protein for a GTP. The G protein's α subunit, together with the bound GTP, can then dissociate from the β and γ subunits to further affect intracellular signaling proteins or target functional proteins directly depending on the α subunit type (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13).
G protein-coupled receptors are an important drug target and approximately 34% of all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs target 108 members of this family. The global sales volume for these drugs is estimated to be 180 billion US dollars . It is estimated that GPCRs are targets for about 50% of drugs currently on the market, mainly due to their involvement in signaling pathways related to many diseases i.e. mental, metabolic including endocrinological disorders, immunological including viral infections, cardiovascular, inflammatory, senses disorders, and cancer. The long ago discovered association between GPCRs and many endogenous and exogenous substances, resulting in e.g. analgesia, is another dynamically developing field of pharmaceutical research.
Enzyme-linked receptors
Enzyme-linked receptors (or catalytic receptors) are transmembrane receptors that, upon activation by an extracellular ligand, causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both enzymatic, catalytic, and receptor functions.
They have two important domains, an extra-cellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a catalytic function; and a single transmembrane helix. The signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell and causes a conformational change on the catalytic function located on the receptor inside the cell. Examples of the enzymatic activity include:
Receptor tyrosine kinase, as in fibroblast growth factor receptor. Most enzyme-linked receptors are of this type.
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein
Guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor
Intracellular receptors
Steroid hormone receptor
Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors (typically cytoplasmic or nuclear) and initiate signal transduction for steroid hormones which lead to changes in gene expression over a time period of hours to days. The best studied steroid hormone receptors are members of the nuclear receptor subfamily 3 (NR3) that include receptors for estrogen (group NR3A) and 3-ketosteroids (group NR3C). In addition to nuclear receptors, several G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels act as cell surface receptors for certain steroid hormones.
Signal transduction pathways
When binding to the signaling molecule, the receptor protein changes in some way and starts the process of transduction, which can occur in a single step or as a series of changes in a sequence of different molecules (called a signal transduction pathway). The molecules that compose these pathways are known as relay molecules. The multistep process of the transduction stage is often composed of the activation of proteins by addition or removal of phosphate groups or even the release of other small molecules or ions that can act as messengers. The amplifying of a signal is one of the benefits to this multiple step sequence. Other benefits include more opportunities for regulation than simpler systems do and the fine-tuning of the response, in both unicellular and multicellular organism.
In some cases, receptor activation caused by ligand binding to a receptor is directly coupled to the cell's response to the ligand. For example, the neurotransmitter GABA can activate a cell surface receptor that is part of an ion channel. GABA binding to a GABAA receptor on a neuron opens a chloride-selective ion channel that is part of the receptor. GABAA receptor activation allows negatively charged chloride ions to move into the neuron, which inhibits the ability of the neuron to produce action potentials. However, for many cell surface receptors, ligand-receptor interactions are not directly linked to the cell's response. The activated receptor must first interact with other proteins inside the cell before the ultimate physiological effect of the ligand on the cell's behavior is produced. Often, the behavior of a chain of several interacting cell proteins is altered following receptor activation. The entire set of cell changes induced by receptor activation is called a signal transduction mechanism or pathway.
A more complex signal transduction pathway is the MAPK/ERK pathway, which involves changes of protein–protein interactions inside the cell, induced by an external signal. Many growth factors bind to receptors at the cell surface and stimulate cells to progress through the cell cycle and divide. Several of these receptors are kinases that start to phosphorylate themselves and other proteins when binding to a ligand. This phosphorylation can generate a binding site for a different protein and thus induce protein–protein interaction. In this case, the ligand (called epidermal growth factor, or EGF) binds to the receptor (called EGFR). This activates the receptor to phosphorylate itself. The phosphorylated receptor binds to an adaptor protein (GRB2), which couples the signal to further downstream signaling processes. For example, one of the signal transduction pathways that are activated is called the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The signal transduction component labeled as "MAPK" in the pathway was originally called "ERK," so the pathway is called the MAPK/ERK pathway. The MAPK protein is an enzyme, a protein kinase that can attach phosphate to target proteins such as the transcription factor MYC and, thus, alter gene transcription and, ultimately, cell cycle progression. Many cellular proteins are activated downstream of the growth factor receptors (such as EGFR) that initiate this signal transduction pathway.
Some signaling transduction pathways respond differently, depending on the amount of signaling received by the cell. For instance, the hedgehog protein activates different genes, depending on the amount of hedgehog protein present.
Complex multi-component signal transduction pathways provide opportunities for feedback, signal amplification, and interactions inside one cell between multiple signals and signaling pathways.
A specific cellular response is the result of the transduced signal in the final stage of cell signaling. This response can essentially be any cellular activity that is present in a body. It can spur the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton, or even as catalysis by an enzyme. These three steps of cell signaling all ensure that the right cells are behaving as told, at the right time, and in synchronization with other cells and their own functions within the organism. At the end, the end of a signal pathway leads to the regulation of a cellular activity. This response can take place in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm of the cell. A majority of signaling pathways control protein synthesis by turning certain genes on and off in the nucleus.
In unicellular organisms such as bacteria, signaling can be used to 'activate' peers from a dormant state, enhance virulence, defend against bacteriophages, etc. In quorum sensing, which is also found in social insects, the multiplicity of individual signals has the potentiality to create a positive feedback loop, generating coordinated response. In this context, the signaling molecules are called autoinducers. This signaling mechanism may have been involved in evolution from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Bacteria also use contact-dependent signaling, notably to limit their growth.
Signaling molecules used by multicellular organisms are often called pheromones. They can have such purposes as alerting against danger, indicating food supply, or assisting in reproduction.
Short-term cellular responses
.
Regulating gene activity
.
Notch signaling pathway
Notch is a cell surface protein that functions as a receptor. Animals have a small set of genes that code for signaling proteins that interact specifically with Notch receptors and stimulate a response in cells that express Notch on their surface. Molecules that activate (or, in some cases, inhibit) receptors can be classified as hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors, in general called receptor ligands. Ligand receptor interactions such as that of the Notch receptor interaction, are known to be the main interactions responsible for cell signaling mechanisms and communication. notch acts as a receptor for ligands that are expressed on adjacent cells. While some receptors are cell-surface proteins, others are found inside cells. For example, estrogen is a hydrophobic molecule that can pass through the lipid bilayer of the membranes. As part of the endocrine system, intracellular estrogen receptors from a variety of cell types can be activated by estrogen produced in the ovaries.
In the case of Notch-mediated signaling, the signal transduction mechanism can be relatively simple. As shown in Figure 2, the activation of Notch can cause the Notch protein to be altered by a protease. Part of the Notch protein is released from the cell surface membrane and takes part in gene regulation. Cell signaling research involves studying the spatial and temporal dynamics of both receptors and the components of signaling pathways that are activated by receptors in various cell types. Emerging methods for single-cell mass-spectrometry analysis promise to enable studying signal transduction with single-cell resolution.
In notch signaling, direct contact between cells allows for precise control of cell differentiation during embryonic development. In the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, two cells of the developing gonad each have an equal chance of terminally differentiating or becoming a uterine precursor cell that continues to divide. The choice of which cell continues to divide is controlled by competition of cell surface signals. One cell will happen to produce more of a cell surface protein that activates the Notch receptor on the adjacent cell. This activates a feedback loop or system that reduces Notch expression in the cell that will differentiate and that increases Notch on the surface of the cell that continues as a stem cell.
See also
Scaffold protein
Biosemiotics
Molecular cellular cognition
Crosstalk (biology)
Bacterial outer membrane vesicles
Membrane vesicle trafficking
Host-pathogen interface
Retinoic acid
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
Imd pathway
Localisation signal
Oscillation
Protein dynamics
Systems biology
Lipid signaling
Redox signaling
Signaling cascade
Cell Signaling Technology, an antibody development and production company
Netpath – A curated resource of signal transduction pathways in humans
Synthetic Biology Open Language
Nanoscale networking – leveraging biological signaling to construct ad hoc in vivo communication networks
Soliton model in neuroscience—Physical communication via sound waves in membranes
Temporal feedback
References
Further reading
"The Inside Story of Cell Communication". learn.genetics.utah.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-20.
"When Cell Communication Goes Wrong". learn.genetics.utah.edu. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
External links
NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database: authoritative information about signaling pathways in human cells.
Signaling Pathways Project: cell signaling hypothesis generation knowledgebase constructed using biocurated archived transcriptomic and ChIP-Seq datasets
Cell biology
Cell communication
Systems biology
Human female endocrine system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20signaling |
The Holland 602 type submarine, also known as the H-class submarine, was one of the most numerous submarines of World War I. The type was designed by the Electric Boat Co. of the United States, but most of the boats were built abroad: in Canada by the subsidiary of the British Vickers company and in British shipyards.
Operators included the United States Navy, the Chilean Navy, the Royal Navy (33 submarines), the Imperial Russian Navy, the Soviet Navy, the Italian Regia Marina, the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Dutch Navy and the navy of the short-lived Ukrainian State.
Background and history
The predecessor for this class were two submarines ordered in 1911 for the Chilean Navy, to the John Philip Holland design 19-E and design 19-B. These eventually became the s of the Royal Canadian Navy.
Origin of project's number is in Electric Boat company rule, according to which, project variant for export purposes was named with replaced digits and with adding 0 between them. Thus, project EB 26 became the project EB 602.
Three prototypes were then built to an improved design 30, with an increased displacement of 358/434 tons. These became the United States H-class submarines and were designated , and .
In October 1914, after the start of World War I, the British Admiralty ordered ten submarines to design 602E, to be built by Canadian Vickers in Montreal, Quebec. These would become the British H-class submarines. Another ten submarines were secretly constructed at Fore River Yard at Quincy, Massachusetts, in the then neutral United States. This group was impounded by the United States government and ended up in the Chilean Navy and the Royal Canadian Navy after the American declaration of war. A third group, of twenty-five British H-class subs, was constructed in 1917-1919 in Britain, many of them serving in World War II.
In the summer of 1915 eight type 602 submarines were ordered by the Italian Regia Marina. These were built in Montreal, Quebec.
In 1917 the Imperial Russian Navy ordered a total of 17 submarines for its Baltic and Black Sea Fleets. These were built at a temporary shipyard in Barnet on Burrard Inlet outside Vancouver, British Columbia. They were then disassembled, taken by ship to Vladivostok, by the Trans-Siberian Railroad to Saint Petersburg and Nikolayev to be reassembled in Russian shipyards. In Russia they were known as the Amerikansky Golland-class submarines.
Six of the boats were undelivered at the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917. These were later bought by the United States Navy, and after reassembly at the Puget Sound Navy Yard, they became the United States H-class submarines H-4 - H-9.
In 1918 the Black Sea Fleet submarines АG-21-АG-26 were taken over by the Ukrainian State Navy.
In May 1918 the Finnish Navy salvaged two of the Baltic Fleet submarines scuttled off Hanko at the end of the Finnish Civil War, but was unable to refit them for service.
Submarines
Royal Navy
H class (42 in total)
Group 1 (1915)
- (10 boats)
Group 2 (1915–1918, The whole group was impounded by the US government.)
, (2 boats) delivered after US declaration of war.
, - (6 boats) were transferred to Chile
, (2 boats) were transferred to Canada
Group 3 (1917–1919)
- (25 boats; H53, H54 cancelled)
United States Navy
United States H-class submarines
USS H-1 - H-3 (3 boats, prototypes)
USS H-4 - H-9 (6 boats, originally built for the Imperial Russian Navy)
Italian Regia Marina
Italian H1 - H8 (8 boats)
Imperial Russian Navy
American Holland-class submarine
Group 1 Baltic Fleet
AG-11 - AG-16 (5 boats, AG-13 was renamed to AG-16)
Group 2
AG-17 - AG-20, AG-27 - AG-28 (6 boats) retained by US and served as USS H-4 - H-9.
Group 3 Black Sea Fleet
AG-21 - AG-26 (6 boats)
Royal Canadian Navy
and (2 boats) originally built for the Royal Navy
Chilean Navy
H1 - H6 (6 boats) originally built for the Royal Navy
See also
List of submarines of the Second World War
Notes
References
The Legend of Electric Boat, by Jeffrey L. Rodengen, 1994
Britain's Clandestine Submarines 1914-1915, by Gaddis Smith, 1964, .
The Subterfuge Submarines, by E. C. Fischer jr., in Warship International , 1977 Vol. XIV No.3
Building Submarines for Russia in Burrard Inlet, by W.Kaye Lamb, in BC Studies'' No.71 Autumn, 1986
External links
World War One Submarines Built in Canada
The Canadian-built British H-boats
Technical Details
Photo gallery
City of Los Angeles . . . An Inland City with the First Submarine Base on the Pacific Coast
uboat.net
Submarine classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland%20602%20type%20submarine |
Edmund P. Murray (July 1930 – October 2007) was an American novelist and journalist. His novels include The Passion Players, Kulubi, My Bridge To America, and The Peregrine Spy.
Edmund Murray was a media adviser to the Iranian military during the Islamic Revolution (1978–79) when the Shah fell and Ayatollah Khomeini came to power. He worked as a journalist and a contract CIA agent in the United States and many parts of Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Mr. Murray's short story "His Cuban Situation" published in the literary magazine Contact, won the William Carlos Williams Award.
References
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
American male novelists
1930 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20P.%20Murray |
The MS Regal Empress was a cruise ship that recently operated for Imperial Majesty Cruise Line. She was built in 1953 by Alexander Stephen & Sons at Glasgow, Scotland as the ocean liner SS Olympia for the Greek Line. Greek Line withdrew the Olympia from service in 1974. Following an extended lay-up period and reconstruction into a diesel-engined Caribbean cruise ship, the ship re-emerged in 1983 as MS Caribe I for Commodore Cruise Line. In 1993 she was sold to Regal Cruise Line and received her final name. She operated for Imperial Majesty Cruise Line from 2003 until 2009. The Regal Empress was also the last vintage passenger ship to regularly sail from the United States.
Service history
One of the longest serving passenger ships in history, and the only ship expressly built for the Greek Line was initially named Olympia. Olympia was completed by Alexander Stephen & Sons, on the River Clyde, in 1953. She was initially measured at , and carried 138 First Class, and 1169 Tourist Class passengers. She was registered in Liberia. Parsons turbines of 25,000 shp drove her at a service speed of 21 knots (23 knots maximum). The maiden voyage left Glasgow for Liverpool and New York City on 20 October 1953. Her first voyage on the intended route from Piraeus to New York City as an ocean liner did not take place until March 1955 due to legal complications. In 1961, the route was extended to Haifa, Israel. Her voyages to New York usually included numerous intermediary stops. Olympia was a frequent caller with immigrant families to Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia making 86 calls at Halifax. In 1968, Olympia was registered in Greece, and spent an increasing number of voyages cruising, this becoming her exclusive occupation in 1970. By this time she had been re-measured at . She was laid up at Piraeus in 1974, and the Greek Line suffered financial collapse the following year.
In 1981, the Olympia was bought by Sally Shipping with the plan was to use the ship as both a floating hotel and for occasional Caribbean cruises. She was renamed Caribe and refitted with Klockner-Humboldt-Deutz diesels of 20,270 shp replacing the steam turbines. The Diesel engines would reduce her service speed to approximately 18 knots. In addition to the new power plant, extensive interior modifications were carried out. These modifications included but were not confined to: Removal of the Agean pool and converting that space into the Mermaid Bar, conversion of the Calypso Room, Card Room and Drawing Room into suites. The Derby Room and Taverna, aft of the Olympian Hall restaurant on restaurant deck was converted into a casino. One public room that remained untouched throughout her life was her gorgeous, paneled library on Promenade deck. When the hotel plan was cancelled she returned to cruising and was renamed Caribe I in 1983, in the Commodore Cruise Line fleet. The ship's original funnel had been replaced by exhaust pipes decorated in a framework design. In 1988, this was replaced by a more traditional funnel. In 1993 she was sold to Regal Cruises and renamed Regal Empress, and began sailing out of Port Manatee in the winters and New York City during the summers. She is now described as being only .
Following the collapse of Regal Cruises, the Regal Empress was purchased by Imperial Majesty Cruise Line for their two-night cruise service to The Bahamas, the Regal Empress being cheaper to operate and carrying more passengers than their own ship OceanBreeze. The Regal Empress was featured in a late-2007 episode of the TV show MythBusters, where it was used to demonstrate that it is possible to waterski from the back of a cruise ship. In September 2008, the Regal Empress was removed from service to be used as an aid in the recovery of the aftermath of Hurricane Ike. She was laid up in Texas for about 2 months. She returned to service in December 2008.
Her last voyage took place on 6 March 2009. On 9 March 2009 the Regal Empress was retired by Imperial Majesty Cruise Line. She was laid up for sale and inspection in Freeport, Bahamas until late March. It was reported by Maritime Matters on 26 March that the Regal Empress was sold for scrap. The Regal Empress was replaced by a newer ship, the MS Bahamas Celebration. The new ship carried on the same cruise itineraries as the Regal Empress did. The Bahamas Celebration operated for a new cruise line, Celebration Cruise Line, until the company ceased operations in early 2015 following the ship's accidental grounding in 2014. Celebration Cruise Line was owned by the same company that had operated the Regal Empress.
The Regal Empress departed Freeport in early April to sail to her final destination in Alang. Her voyage took over three months to complete. She was beached on 24 July 2009. In October, scrapping began starting from the bow of the ship. The demolition of the ship was completed in early 2010.
References
External links
Video clips
1953 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Cruise ships
Ocean liners
Maritime incidents in 1953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Regal%20Empress |
"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a cover of "Money for Nothing" by Dire Straits with the lyrics replaced by those of The Beverly Hillbillies theme song. The music video, which appeared as part of Yankovic's film UHF, is a parody of the "Money for Nothing" music video. The song features Dire Straits members Mark Knopfler on guitar and Guy Fletcher on synthesizer, Knopfler's one condition for allowing the parody. Jim West, Yankovic's own guitarist, then practiced the song for weeks. As a result of that and because Knopfler had become more relaxed after having played it for several years, West's version sounded more like the original version.
The song is credited to Mark Knopfler and Sting (writers of the original "Money for Nothing") and Paul Henning (writer of "The Ballad of Jed Clampett").
Track listing
"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*" – 3:10
"Generic Blues" – 4:35
Title negotiation
Originally the title of the song was going to be simply "Beverly Hillbillies"; however, the title of the song was changed to "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*" (with an asterisk), and it is legally copyrighted and registered as such. Yankovic commented on the legal complications with the titling of the song in the DVD audio commentary for the film UHF, explaining: "We had to name that song 'Money for Nothing "slash" Beverly Hillbillies "asterisk"' because the lawyers told us that had to be the name. Those wacky lawyers! Whatcha gonna do?" Yankovic also gave the following comment on his official website in regard to the title: "That incredibly stupid name is what the lawyers insisted that the parody be listed as. I'm not sure why, and I've obviously never been very happy about it." Yankovic later stated he would rather have wanted the title to be either 'Money for Nothing for the Beverly Hillbillies' or 'Beverly Hillbillies for Nothing'.
Music video
The music video for the "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*" was done in the same style as the original. However, several concepts were parodied.
In the opening of the original video, a skinny, computer-generated man (who "lip syncs" Sting's vocals) is watching television. In the parody, this character is modeled after George Newman (Yankovic's character in UHF).
The live action scenes are similar to the original, including partially rotoscoped-animation in bright neon colors, light emitting from the lead singer's head, and the "invisible man" playing the guitar.
In the original, a portly blue-collar worker is shown "lip syncing" to Knopfler's vocals. In the parody, this character is modeled on the Jed Clampett character from Beverly Hillbillies.
A short live-action clip displays the song as "The Ballad of Jed Clampett" by George Newman (Yankovic's character in UHF).
David Silverman, later of Simpsons fame, designed the characters seen in the animated music video.
In the original videos, the guitars simply have neon-styled effects added to them. In the parody, one of the guitars is made to twist as if it were solely neon lights.
The original video features frequent camera cuts centered at Mark Knopfler in the final verse. This sequence is parodied in Yankovic's video during the first verse with him noticing the camera is cutting around him, constantly losing track of it before finally grabbing it and holding it in place himself.
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
Songs written by Mark Knopfler
Songs written by Sting (musician)
1989 singles
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Mashup songs
Songs about television
1989 songs
American hard rock songs
The Beverly Hillbillies
Dire Straits
Animated music videos
Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money%20for%20Nothing/Beverly%20Hillbillies%2A |
Kārlis Padegs (8 October 1911 – 19 April 1940) was a Latvian artist. He studied under Latvian painter Vilhelms Purvītis at the Latvia Art Academy. His best-known work is Madonna with Machine Gun, which belongs to the Latvian National Museum of Art in Riga.
Biography
Kārlis Padegs was born on 8 October 1911 in Torņakalns, a workers district of Riga. He died in Riga in April 1940 from tuberculosis, aged 28.
Art
After an exhibition mounted in 1933, Padegs' art became an expression of unpleasant, even ugly traits, contrasting with the contemporary tendency towards beauty in Latvian art. Padegs once said: "I must often listen to reproaches- why do you draw such disgusting pictures when there is so much beauty in the world?- But there are also many abominable things and somebody must draw them too, I answer. I want to show the seamy side of life which we do not like to see in order not to spoil our feeling of comfort or our good appetite".
References
External links
Kārlis Padegs at Virtual Art Gallery
1911 births
1940 deaths
Artists from Riga
20th-century Latvian painters
Latvian male painters
Expressionist painters
Modern painters
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Latvia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis%20Padegs |
Te Ngākau Civic Square is a public square in central Wellington, New Zealand, between the Wellington central business district to the north and the Te Aro entertainment district to the south.
Characteristics
Te Ngākau Civic Square is located at 101 Wakefield Street, Wellington.
The square is surrounded by council buildings, each with a distinctive architectural style: Wellington Town Hall and council offices, the Michael Fowler Centre, the Central Library, the City to Sea bridge, and the City Gallery. The main tiled area is the roof of the underground library car park.
The square is paved with yellow terracotta bricks and has an iconic Neil Dawson sculpture, a 3.4 metre diameter sphere using sculpted leaves of several ferns endemic to New Zealand, suspended 14 metres over its centre. The wide City-to-Sea pedestrian bridge acts as a gateway from Civic Square to Wellington's waterfront.
The square is used for public events and is a popular place for office workers to eat their lunch on warm summer days.
History
The first real plans for the Civic Square date back to 1944.
In 1987, the Wellington City Council appointed Fletcher Development and Construction Ltd as the project developers. The project involved building a new library, conversion of the existing library into the City Gallery, extension and refurbishment of City Council buildings, earthquake strengthening and refurbishment of the Town Hall, car parking space, design of the new public space and a link to the waterfront. The project was completed in 1992.
On 14 June 2018, as part of the City Council's new te reo Māori policy, Te Taiahu, the Square was renamed to "Te Ngākau Civic Square". The new name, meaning 'the heart', was gifted to the city by local iwi Taranaki Whānui ki te Upoko o te Ika a Māui.
See also
Aotea Square, Auckland
Cathedral Square, Christchurch
The Octagon, Dunedin
References
External links
Wellington City Council Art and Architecture
Wellington City
Tourist attractions in Wellington City
Squares in New Zealand
Wellington Central, Wellington | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Ng%C4%81kau%20Civic%20Square |
Liberté may refer to:
Geography
Liberté (Paris Métro), a Paris Métro station
Fort-Liberté, the administrative capital of the Nord-Est department, Haiti
Liberté (Hong Kong), a project of residential skyscrapers in Cheung Sha Wan, Hong Kong
Ships
SS Liberté, a French ocean liner known as SS Europa prior to 1950
Liberté-class battleship, a pre-dreadnought class of battleships of the French Navy
French battleship Liberté, the lead battleship of the Liberté class, destroyed by explosion in 1911
Books and publications
Liberté (poem), by Paul Éluard 1942
Liberté (Algeria), a French-language newspaper in Algeria 1992–2022
Liberté, an underground paper of the French Resistance published by François de Menthon
Liberté de Fitchburg, American newspaper
Liberté (Quebec), literary magazine 1959–present
La Liberté (Canada), Canadian newspaper, Manitoba
La Liberté (French newspaper), a Paris newspaper 1865–1940
La Liberté (Switzerland), a Swiss newspaper 1871–present
Film and games
Liberté (fr), 1939 French film with Maurice Escande playing Auguste Bartholdi, creator of the Statue of Liberty 1937
Liberté I, a 1962 French film
Liberté, 2010 French Romani film known in English as Korkoro
Liberté, a 2001 board game by Martin Wallace
Liberté (2019 film), a drama film
Music
Liberté (anthem), the national anthem of Guinea
"O Liberté", aria by Massenet from Le jongleur de Notre-Dame
"Liberté", final section of Poulenc's Figure humaine, setting the Eluard poem
Albums
Liberté, a 1972 album by Les Poppys
Liberté, a 1977 album by Jairo, with the title track a setting of the Eluard poem
Liberté, a 1984 album by Gilbert Montagné
Liberté, a 1984 album by Anne-Marie Nzié
Liberté, a 1987 album by Takako Okamura
Liberté, a 1992 album by Sonia M'barek
Liberté, a 2000 classical album by Grex Vocalis
Liberté (Khaled album), 2009
Liberté, a 2014 album by Nicolas Kummert
Liberté (The Doobie Brothers album), 2021
Songs
"Liberté", song by Charles Aznavour and Maurice Vidalin from Aznavour 65
"Liberté", song by Gilles Marchal 1971
"Liberté", song by Anne-Marie Nzié
"Liberté", song by Carla Bruni from Little French Songs
"Liberté" (fr), single setting the Eluard poem by Les Enfoirés for the 2016 charity concert for the Restaurants du Cœur
"La Liberté", song by French singer Tal from Le droit de rêver
Other
Liberté Inc., a Canadian manufacturer and distributor of dairy and deli foods
Liberté chérie, a 7-member Belgian masonic lodge in World War II
See also
Liberté, égalité, fraternité, the national motto of France
Liberty (disambiguation)
Libert (disambiguation)
Liebert (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9 |
James Grover Franciscus (January 31, 1934 – July 8, 1991) was an American actor, known for his roles in feature films and in six television series: Mr. Novak, Naked City, The Investigators, Longstreet, Doc Elliot, and Hunter.
Life and career
Franciscus was born in Clayton, Missouri, to Lorraine (née Grover) and John Allen Franciscus, who was killed during World War II when James was nine. In 1957, Franciscus received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English and theatre arts from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he graduated magna cum laude. He was a classmate of Dick Cavett and Bill Hinnant.
His first major role was as Detective Jim Halloran in the half-hour version of ABC's Naked City. Franciscus guest starred on the CBS military comedy–drama Hennesey, starring Jackie Cooper, and on the NBC drama about family conflicts in the American Civil War entitled The Americans. CBS soon cast him in the lead in the 13-week series The Investigators, which aired from October 5 to December 28, 1961. He played the insurance investigator Russ Andrews, with James Philbrook as a co-star. Franciscus was also cast in the role of Tom Grover in the 1961 episode "The Empty Heart" of the CBS anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson. He performed in many feature films and television programs throughout the 1960s and 1970s, preceded by a minor role in an episode of The Twilight Zone titled "Judgment Night" in 1959, and a major role in episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents: "Forty Detectives Later" in 1960, and "Summer Shade" in 1961.
He starred in I Passed for White (1960), and in 1963 he appeared as Mike Norris in the episode "Hang By One Hand" on the NBC medical drama about psychiatry, The Eleventh Hour. He also guest-starred on Combat!, The F.B.I. and Miracle of the White Stallions. Franciscus may be best remembered for his title roles in NBC's Mr. Novak (1963–65) and ABC's Longstreet (1971–72) which included his blind character taking martial arts lessons in Jeet Kune Do from Bruce Lee as Li Tsung in four episodes, and for his vocal performance in the movie version of Jonathan Livingston Seagull (1973). Along with Lloyd Bridges, he served as host of the syndicated real-life adventure series Waterworld, which aired from 1972 to 1975. In 1977, he starred in his fifth television series, the short-lived Hunter, as a secret agent.
He was also frequently seen in feature films of the 1960s and 1970s such as Youngblood Hawke, Snow Treasure, The Amazing Dobermans, Marooned, Beneath the Planet of the Apes, City on Fire, When Time Ran Out, The Valley of Gwangi, and The Greek Tycoon. Over the years, Franciscus found film work with Italian cinema. In 1971, he accepted the lead role in Dario Argento's second film, The Cat o' Nine Tails. In 1979, he appeared in Antonio Margheriti's Killer Fish, and in 1980 he starred in director Enzo G. Castellari's Jaws-inspired Great White (aka The Last Shark).
He continued appearing in roles on the screen and television. When less important roles were offered, Franciscus turned to writing screenplays and producing. In 1991, the year of his death, he worked as an associate producer and screenwriter on the film 29th Street starring Anthony LaPaglia and Danny Aiello; it was his final project.
Personal life
In the summer of 1956, while working as the stage manager at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts, Franciscus dated his apprentice, Jane Fonda. On March 28, 1960, Franciscus married Kathleen "Kitty" Wellman, the daughter of film director William A. Wellman. They had four children — Jamie, Kellie, Korie, and Jolie.
After the couple's divorce, he married Carla Ankney in 1980. They were still married at the time of Franciscus's 1991 death from emphysema in North Hollywood, California, at 57.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1934 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Missouri
Deaths from emphysema
People from St. Louis County, Missouri
Taft School alumni
Yale College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Franciscus |
Karşıyaka Spor Kulübü (English: Karşıyaka Sports Club) also known as Karşıyaka is a Turkish sports club located in Karşıyaka, Izmir. Founded in 1912, they are Izmir's oldest club. Like all others in Turkey; the "SK" suffix refers to sports club, as besides football the club has sports branches in basketball, volleyball, handball, tennis, swimming, sailing, billiards, and bowling. The club's football team currently competes in the TFF Third League, the fourth tier of the Turkish football league system. The basketball team currently competes in the Turkish Basketball League and the women's volleyball team in the Turkish Women's Second League.
Karşıyaka has a very large fanbase in Northern Izmir, and have a fierce rivalry with Göztepe; the match between the two teams is collectively known as the Izmir Derby. Other rivalries are with Altay and Bucaspor.
European participations
Statistics:
Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal Difference.
Balkans Cup:
Current squad
League participations in football
Turkish Premier Division: 1958–64, 1966–67, 1970–72, 1987–91, 1992–94, 1995–96
Turkish First Division: 1964–66, 1967–70, 1972–73, 1980–87, 1991–92, 1994–95, 1996–01, 2003–2016
Turkish Second Division: 1973–80, 2001–03, 2016–18
Turkish Third Division: 2018–present
See also
Pınar Karşıyaka
Karşıyaka Women's Volleyball Team
Göztepe-Karşıyaka rivalry
References
External links
Karşıyaka on TFF.org
Football clubs in Turkey
Association football clubs established in 1912
Multi-sport clubs in Turkey
1912 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
Süper Lig clubs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka%20S.K. |
Lodge Mother Kilwinning is a Masonic Lodge in Kilwinning, Scotland, under the auspices of the Grand Lodge of Scotland. It is number 0 (referred to as "nothing" and not zero) on the Roll, and is reputed to be the oldest Lodge not only in Scotland, but the world. It is thus styled The Mother Lodge of Scotland attributing its origins to the 12th Century, and is often called Mother Kilwinning.
History
Legend has it that Kilwinning Abbey was built by stonemasons who had travelled from Europe and established a lodge there. In 1599 William Schaw introduced the Second Schaw Statutes which specified that "ye warden of ye lug of Kilwynning" to "tak tryall of ye airt of memorie and science yrof, of everie fellowe of craft and everie prenteiss according to ayr of yr vocations".
As early as the reign of James VII, the lodge at Kilwinning was granting warrants for the formation of lodges elsewhere in Scotland, starting with Canongate Kilwinning, which in 1677 became the first known example in the world of a lodge granted a charter by an existing lodge. In 1736, the Grand Lodge of Scotland was organised and the Kilwinning lodge was one of its constituent lodges. That same year, it petitioned to be recognized as the oldest lodge in Scotland. However, as has happened so many times over Freemasonry's long history, the lodge's original records had been lost and the claim could not be proven. The petition was therefore rejected, wherefore Kilwinning seceded and again acted as a grand lodge, organising lodges in Scotland and on the continent, as well as in Virginia and Ireland. In 1807 Kilwinning "came once more into the bosom of the Grand Lodge, bringing with her all of her daughter Lodges."
Provincial Grand Lodge of Kilwinning
Tradition demanded that whoever held the Mastery of the Mother Lodge would also be Provincial Grand Master of Ayrshire. As a result, many members transferred from other Lodges to Kilwinning. In 1983 this was changed; Mother Kilwinning was removed from the Province of Ayrshire and became subordinate to the Provincial Grand Lodge of Kilwinning. In consequence, the Lodge sends a representative to the Grand Lodge of Scotland to act as Grand Bible Bearer.
Degrees
The lodge awards the three degrees of Craft Freemasonry, namely:
Entered Apprentice
Fellow Craft
Master Mason
In keeping with the traditions of Freemasonry in Scotland, a Craft Lodge may also confer the Order of Mark Masons Degree which, whilst a completion of the Fellow [of] Craft, is conferred after the Master Mason degree.
Mother Lodge Museum
The Mother Lodge Museum features Masonic artefacts and regalia, including medals, seals, decorative items, photographs and documents. Visits must be arranged ahead, and visitors can also tour the historic Lodge building.
References
External links
Masonic Lodges
Freemasonry in Scotland
Kilwinning
Museums in North Ayrshire
Masonic museums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodge%20Mother%20Kilwinning |
Sir Edmund Bedingfield or Bedingfeld (1479/80 – 1553).
Edmund Bedingfield was the third son of Sir Edmund Bedingfield, Knight of the Bath (who had licence to build Oxburgh Hall, Norfolk in 1482), and his second wife Dame Margaret, daughter of Sir John Scott (Marshal of Calais), of Scot's Hall in Kent. Sir Edmund the father died in 1496-97, making his will at Calais. His widow died in 1514, having made her will the previous year, in which she established the Bedingfield chapel in St John's parish church at Oxborough.
Edmund Bedingfield married Grace Marney, daughter of Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney, before 1509. She died in or after 1553. His eldest brother was Sir Thomas Bedingfield, who died without male issue. The second brother, Robert, was in holy orders, and therefore the estates passed him by, and descended to Edmund as heir. Bedingfield's sister Mary was the first wife of Sir Edward Echyngham.
In 1523 Bedingfield was knighted for bravery by Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk on the occasion of the taking of the French town of Montdidier.
Following the proceedings of 18 June 1529 concerning King Henry VIII's Great Matter (his divorce), Sir Edmund Bedingfield was entrusted with the custody of Katherine of Aragon at Kimbolton Castle.
In 1539 he inherited from his brother Robert the great estate of Oxburgh Hall, King's Lynn, Norfolk.
His first son Sir Henry Bedingfield (by 1509-1583) succeeded to his estate in June 1553.
References
15th-century births
1553 deaths
Knights of the Bath
16th-century English people
Year of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Bedingfield |
I Love to Sing is Alma Cogan's first album, released in 1958 on the His Masters Voice an EMI Records label. All the tracks on the album were arranged by Frank Cordell.
The original mono recording has been re-issued on compact disc by EMI Records in 2003, combined with her next album, With You in Mind. All tracks were also included on the EMI Records 4-CD boxset The Girl with a Laugh in Her Voice in 2001.
Track listing
Side one
"I Love to Sing" (Paul Misraki, Michael Carr, Tommie Connor)
"Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries" (Ray Henderson, Buddy G. DeSylva, Lew Brown)
"They Can't Take That Away from Me" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin)
"Taking a Chance on Love" (Vernon Duke, John Latouche, Ted Fetter)
"Ain't We Got Fun" (Richard A. Whiting, Raymond Egan, Gus Kahn)
"You Do Something to Me" (Cole Porter)
Side two
"Today I Love Everybody" (Harold Arlen, Dorothy Fields)
"Cheek to Cheek" (Irving Berlin)
"If This Isn't Love" (Burton Lane, E. Y. Harburg)
"As Time Goes By" (Herman Hupfeld)
"Comes Love" (Sam Stept, Charles Tobias, Lew Brown)
"Blue Skies" (Irving Berlin)
Personnel
Alma Cogan – vocal
Frank Cordell & His Orchestra
References
1958 debut albums
EMI Records albums
Alma Cogan albums
His Master's Voice albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Love%20to%20Sing |
Like Father Like Son is the debut album by Ky-Mani Marley released on August 2, 1996, produced by David Lee. He is the son of reggae legend Bob Marley. The album features cover versions of some of Bob Marley's songs. The bass player is Robbie Shakespeare.
Track listing
"Nice Time" – 2:46
"Nice Time (Dub Version)" – 2:45
"War" – 3:46
"War (Dub Version)" – 3:47
"Who The Cap Fit" – 3:37
"Who The Cap Fit (Dub Version)" – 3:38
"Bad Card" – 3:01
"Bad Card (Dub Version)" – 3:05
"Johnny Was" – 3:32
"Johnny Was (Dub Version)" – 3:33
"Soul Rebel" – 3:36
"Soul Rebel (Dub Version)" – 3:42
"Africa Unite" – 2:49
"Africa Unite (Dub Version)" – 2:50
"Kinky Reggae" – 3:39
"Kinky Reggae (Dub Version)" – 4:10
"No Woman, No Cry" – 3:48
"No Woman, No Cry (Dub Version)" – 3:46
"So Jah Seh" – 4:03
"So Jah Seh (Dub Version)" – 4:02
"Small Axe" – 3:47
"Small Axe (Dub Version)" – 3:52
External links
Official site of Ky-Mani Marley
Ky-Mani Marley albums
1996 debut albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20Father%20Like%20Son%20%28Ky-Mani%20Marley%20album%29 |
Edward Paul Lazear (, ; August 17, 1948November 23, 2020) was an American economist, the Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University and the Davies Family Professor of Economics at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
Lazear served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 2006 to 2009. As chairman, he was the chief economic advisor to President George W. Bush, holding a cabinet-level post as part of the White House team that led the response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Lazear has been called the founder of personnel economics a field of economics that applies economic models to the study of the management of human resources in the firm. His research advanced new models of employee incentives, promotions, compensation and productivity in firms. He is also credited with developing a theory of entrepreneurship and leadership that emphasizes skill acquisition. In addition to personnel economics, Lazear was a labor economist known for his work on the educational production function, and the importance of culture and language in explaining the rise of multiculturalism.
Early life and education
Lazear was born on August 17, 1948, in New York City. He grew up in a Jewish family in Brooklyn, New York, before moving to Los Altos, California. His father was a shipyard worker during World War II, and had also been a janitor at a hospital, while his mother was a salesperson at a jewelry shop. As a high school student, he worked at a hospital mailroom and was also a member of the school cross-country running team.
Lazear graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles, with AB and AM degrees in 1971. His wife said he struggled at first, until he took an economics course and did well. He went on to major in economics. He received his doctorate in economics from Harvard University in 1974.
Career
Lazear began his career in 1974 at the University of Chicago School of Business as an assistant professor. He went on to be the Gladys J. Brown Professor of Urban and Labor Economics from 1985 to 1992. During his time at the University of Chicago, he collaborated with Gary Becker in applying economic tools to alternate domains. He worked here for twenty years before joining the faculty of the Stanford Graduate School of Business.
At Stanford University, he was the Jack Steele Parker Professor of Human Resources Management and Economics from 1995 to 2017, and he went on to be the Davies Family Professor of Economics in 2017. He had also been the Morris A. Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution since 1985. During his time here, he was the founding editor of the Journal of Labor Economics, and the founder of the Society of Labor Economists.
He served as a research fellow at the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, Center for Corporate Performance at the Copenhagen Business School in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the IZA Institute for the Study of Labor in Bonn, Germany. He was the Astra-Erikkson Lecturer and the 1993 Wicksell Lecturer in Stockholm, Sweden. He had also been a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research since 1974. He had also been a visiting professor at the Center for the Study of New Institutional Economics at the University of the Saarland in Germany, the Institut d'Etudes Politiques in Paris, and at the Institutes for Advanced Study in Vienna and Jerusalem. He had delivered lectures across Australia, England, India, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Spain.
Since leaving his post as chairman of the Bush Council of Economic Advisors, Lazear made regular appearances on CNBC and Fox Business News. He was a frequent contributor to the Wall Street Journal op-ed pages.
Labor and personnel economics
Lazear was considered one of the pioneers of labor economics, and personnel economics, branches of economics that studies market dynamics between wages and labor. His 1995 book, Personnel Economics, was a seminal work that in addition to introducing the topic, encouraged a wave of subsequent research into labor and management relations.
In a transformative paper in the American Economic Review, in 2000, he studied the relationship between incentive-based pay and productivity and concluded that a shift towards incentive-based attracted more efficient workers and contributed to an increased worker output. In a case study that examined management and workers at Safelight Glass Company, he noted that when the company moved towards a variable and incentive based pay from the earlier hourly pay, the company saw an increase in worker output and productivity by about 44%. He argued that this increase in productivity and output was not driven by workers just working harder, but, it also included substitution of the labor force, with the company attracting and holding on to more efficient workers.
In a paper earlier in his career in 1979 in the Journal of Political Economy, titled, "Why is there Mandatory Retirement?," he had explored the driving motivations behind mandatory retirement. In this paper he argued that companies should adjust the payout structures to pay less during workers' younger days when their productivity is presumably higher and they are worth more to businesses, and pay more to workers in their older days. He goes on to say that while this would mean that employees would hold on to their jobs, mandatory retirement would help solve this problem. The Congress outlawed this practice in 1986.
Lazear built on the lifetime payout thinking, and working with Professor Sherwin Rosen from the University of Chicago, introduced tournament theory as a way to allocate wages and compensation where wage differences are based not on marginal productivity but instead upon relative differences between the individuals. In a paper titled "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts" in Journal of Political Economy in 1981, Lazear and Rosen analyzed compensation schemes in which workers' compensations are determined not by their output, but by their rank in their organization. They go on to show that in certain conditions compensation based on rank can result in efficient allocation of resources and also serve as an incentive for workers as they look to advancing through the ranks.
He was a proponent of market dynamics and efficiency and argued in favor of market-driven actions rather than wage guarantees like minimum wages and other governmental interventions. At the same time, he also argued that European state policies toward job stability among workers did not necessarily mean higher unemployment and lower productivity levels in the European labor markets. He further went on to make the case that free markets contribute to increased well-being of the poor. In an article for National Review's "Capital Matters" two months prior to his death, he goes on to quote President Kennedy to state, "a rising tide lifts all boats," implying that general economic growth benefits all population. His study also found interesting findings including the fact that when a country changes its name to drop terms like "democratic,", "people's," or "socialist," there is a corresponding 18% increase in incomes of the poor.
In a commentary on the job growth in 2018, when the jobless growth rate was below 4%, he had said that the Federal Reserve did not need to intervene on fears of the economy overheating, and had suggested that economists didn't need to worry if the job growth could continue much further. The job growth went on for an additional year and a half before the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic hit the world.
Role during the financial crisis
Lazear served as the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors during the financial crisis and through the Great Recession of 2007–2009. As the chief economic advisor to President Bush, he joined the White House economic team that orchestrated the policy response to the financial crisis and that restructured the financial system. Lazear's team developed the Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 which provided the first rounds of economic stimuli intended to boost the United States economy in the face of unprecedented shocks to the financial and housing sectors. The bill was implemented rapidly: passing the U.S House of Representatives on January 29, 2008, and then the U.S Senate on February 7, 2008, to be signed into law on February 13, 2008 by President Bush with bi-partisan support. During this period it is mentioned that he was a regular at Camp David, and accompanied President George W. Bush on bike rides in the country retreat, and had been nicknamed as 'stork' by the president.
Prior to serving as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors, Lazear was a member of Bush's President's Advisory Panel for Federal Tax Reform, established in 2005. He had worked with nine other members on reforms to the Internal Revenue Code to provide policy options without impacting the revenue collections.
Other research
Educational production
In a paper in 2001, in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, Lazear introduced the idea of an education production function in a classroom. He stated that an optimal classroom size is larger for well behaved students, with the argument that classrooms had a public good element to them and when one student disrupts the class, learning is reduced for all students. He introduces an educational production function that maps student discipline to class size and says that this may explain why Catholic schools despite their larger sizes might outperform public schools.
Lazear also studied high-stakes testing, and educator fears that high-stakes testing will create incentives to focus on learning to the tests at the cost of not learning aspects that are less likely to be included in the tests. In a paper in the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 2006, he compares this to deterrents that deter drivers from speeding, and emphasizes the costs of learning and of monitoring. When police locations are mentioned to drivers on a freeway, speeding occurrences are reduced. So, when the fines from speeding tickets are higher relative to benefits from speeding and there are sufficient police personnel, it is better to keep the locations a secret, resulting in higher compliance levels across all locations. Similarly, with the introduction of costs of learning and costs of monitoring, he goes on to say that high cost learners will learn more when they are told of the contents of the exam. He further goes on to make a case that tests should be well defined for younger students and more amorphous for advanced students.
Culture and language
Lazear also attempted to study the rise of multiculturalism and linked it to the importance of the linkages between culture and language to the overall population. In a paper in the Journal of Political Economy, he considers culture and language as means to facilitate trade between people and goes on to state that minority populations have incentives to be better assimilated to the larger society and learn the majority language and cultural elements so as to have a larger pool of potential trading partners. Assimilation is less likely when the incoming population's culture and language is broadly represented in the larger society. He goes on to say that in a pluralistic society, governmental actions that encourage diverse cultural-immigration over concentrated immigration can increase societal welfare.
Entrepreneurship and skill acquisition
Attempting to identify attributes that enable entrepreneurship, Lazear drew a correlation between successful entrepreneurs and skill acquisition. In a paper in the Journal of Labor Economics in 2005, he states that successful entrepreneurs would need to be broad based in their skills or 'jacks-of-all-trades,' rather than excelling in any one specific skill. With data from Stanford alumni, he draws a correlation between students who have had a diverse work and educational backgrounds being more likely to be successful entrepreneurs than those who have focused on one role or on one subject.
Awards and recognition
Lazear won a number of awards over his career. Among those are:
1994 Distinguished Teaching Award, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University
1998 Leo Melamed Biennial Prize, for the best research by a business school professor.
2003 Adam Smith Prize, European Association of Labor Economists.
2004 IZA Prize in Labor Economics, Institute for the Study of Labor.
2006 Jacob Mincer Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Field of Labor Economics.
2019 Elected Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association.
His book, Personnel Economics (MIT Press, 1995) was selected as a MIT Press Outstanding Book in 1996, and as one of the ten most important books in Labor Economics by Princeton in 1996. Professor Lazear had also received honorary degrees from Albertson College of Idaho (1997), Aarhus School of Business (2006), the University of Zurich (2010), and Copenhagen Business School (2013). Lazear was an elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Econometric Society, and the Society of Labor Economists. He had also been the recipient of numerous National Science Foundation grants.
Personal life
Lazear was married to his wife Victoria, a litigation consultant, and had a daughter. He was known to enjoy outdoor activities, and was an avid traveler, skier and mountain biker.
Lazear died from pancreatic cancer on November 23, 2020.
Publications
Books
Chapter-preview links.
Description and preview.
Lazear, Edward et al., ed. (2004). Personnel Economics, Elgar, with 43 articles dating from 1962 to 2000 (link to contents link here).
Articles/research papers
Lazear, Edward P. (1979). "Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?" Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), pp. 1261-1284.
Lazear, Edward P., and Sherwin Rosen (1981). "Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimum Labor Contracts," Journal of Political Economy, 89(5), pp. 841-864.
Lazear, Edward P. (1986). "Salaries and Piece Rates," Journal of Business, 59(3), pp. 405-431.
Lazear, Edward P. (1999). "Personnel Economics: Past Lessons and Future Directions," Journal of Labor Economics, 17(2), p. 233 [pp. 199-236. (Presidential address to the Society of Labor Economists.)
Lazear, Edward P. (2000a). "Economic Imperialism," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), pp. 99-146 .
Lazear, Edward P. (2000b). "The Future of Personnel Economics," Economic Journal, 110(467), pp. F611-F639.
Lazear, Edward P. (2000c). "Performance Pay and Productivity," American Economic Review, 90(5), pp. 1346-1361.
Lazear, Edward P., and Kathryn L. Shaw (2007). "Personnel Economics: The Economist's View of Human Resources," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(4), pp. 91-114.
Lazear, Edward, P. (2008). "personnel economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, v. 6, pp. 380–84]. Abstract.
References
External links
Edward Lazear's personal homepage.
Lazear's Hoover Institute bio .
1948 births
2020 deaths
Writers from New York City
21st-century American economists
George W. Bush administration personnel
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Harvard University alumni
Labor economists
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Chicago faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
National Bureau of Economic Research
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic Advisers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Lazear |
The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The Case Against the Presumed Extermination of European Jewry is a book by Northwestern University electrical engineering professor and Holocaust denier Arthur Butz. The book was originally published in 1975 in the United Kingdom by Anthony Hancock’s Historical Review Press, known as a Holocaust denial publisher. An antisemitic work, it has been influential in the Holocaust denial movement. Canadian academic Alan T. Davies has described it as an "antisemitic classic".
Butz argues that Nazi Germany did not exterminate millions of Jews using homicidal gas chambers during World War II but that the Holocaust was a propaganda hoax.
The book has been banned in Canada and is X-rated in Germany where it cannot be displayed or advertised. In 2017, the online book seller Amazon.com removed the book, along with other Holocaust-denying titles, from its US and UK sites.
Notes
1975 non-fiction books
Antisemitic publications
Censored books
Censorship in Canada
Censorship in Germany
English-language books
Holocaust-denying books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hoax%20of%20the%20Twentieth%20Century |
7066 Nessus is a very red centaur on an eccentric orbit, located beyond Saturn in the outer Solar System. It was discovered on 26 April 1993, by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona. The dark and reddish minor planet is likely elongated and measures approximately in diameter. It was named after Nessus from Greek mythology.
Orbit and classification
Nessus is a centaur, a dynamically unstable population of minor planets between the classical asteroids and the trans-Neptunian objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 11.9–37.4 AU once every 122 years and 4 months (44,670 days; semi-major axis of 24.64 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.52 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. At its perihelion (11.9 AU), it moves much closer to the Sun than Uranus (19.2 AU) but not as close as Saturn (9.6 AU), while at its aphelion (37.4 AU), it moves out well beyond the orbit of Neptune (30.1 AU).
The orbits of centaurs are unstable due to perturbations by the giant planets. Nessus is an "SE object" because currently Saturn controls its perihelion and its aphelion is within the Kuiper belt. It is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 4.9 million years. Fifty clones of the orbit of Nessus suggest that it will not pass within 1 AU (or 150 million kilometers) of any planet for at least 20,000 years.
Discovery and naming
Nessus was discovered by David Rabinowitz (not officially credited), working with the Spacewatch program, at Kitt Peak National Observatory on 26 April 1993. The discovery was announced on 13 May 1993 in an IAU Circular (IAUC 5789) of the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. It was the third discovery of a centaur after 2060 Chiron and 5145 Pholus, discovered by Charles Kowal and David Rabinowitz in 1977 and 1992, respectively. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak in April 1993.
This minor planet was named after Nessus, a centaur from Greek mythology, who poisoned and was killed by the divine hero Heracles. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 April 1997 ().
A symbol derived from that for 2060 Chiron, (), was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with an N for Nessus.
Physical characteristics
Nessus has a very red color (RR), with a B–R magnitude of 1.847 and 1.88, respectively. Color indices were also determined by Bauer (2003) and Hainaut (2002, 2012).
Rotation period
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Nessus has been obtained from photometric observations. However, a brightness variation of 0.5 magnitude was measured in the 1990s, indicating that the body has a non-spherical, elongated shape. The body's rotation period and pole remain unknown.
Diameter and albedo
According to the Herschel Space Observatory with its PACS instrument, Nessus measures 57 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.086, while infrared observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope gave a diameter of 60 kilometers with an albedo of 0.065. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a carbonaceous standard albedo of 0.057 and derives a diameter of 68.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.55.
In popular culture
7066 Nessus is a playable destination in the 2017 video game Destiny 2, after previously being referenced in the series' 2014 debut entry Destiny. Known simply as "Nessus," it is described as a planetoid that has been terraformed by a cybernetic species known as the Vex into a "machine world."
See also
References
External links
Selected Notable Spacewatch Discoveries, www.spacewatch.lpl.arizona.edu (archived)
Chiron and friends – The Naming, Zane B. Stein
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center
Centaurs (small Solar System bodies)
007066
Named minor planets
19930426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7066%20Nessus |
The 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) (GRAU index: 52-G-463) is a Soviet 121.92 mm (4.8 inch) howitzer. The weapon was developed by the design bureau of Motovilikha Plants, headed by F. F. Petrov, in the late 1930s, and was in production from 1939 to 1955. The M-30 saw action in World War II, mainly as a divisional artillery piece of the Red Army (RKKA). Captured guns were also employed later in the conflict by the German Wehrmacht and the Finnish Army. Post World War II the M-30 saw combat in numerous conflicts of the mid- to late twentieth century in service of other countries' armies, notably in the Middle East.
Development
In 1930 Red Army (RKKA) authorities started to look for a new divisional-level howitzer to replace the pre-World War I 122 mm howitzer M1909 and 122 mm howitzer M1910. Although both pieces were eventually modernized, resulting in the 122-mm howitzer M1909/37 and the 122-mm howitzer M1910/30 respectively, these upgrades did not address some shortcomings in the original designs.
The first attempt to develop a new howitzer was made by the KB-2 design bureau under the supervision of German engineers. The design, known as Lubok, reached trials in 1932 and in 1934 was adopted as the 122-mm howitzer model 1934. It had a 23 caliber barrel, a maximum elevation of 50°, traverse of 7°, and a combat and travelling weight of 2,250 and 2,800 kg respectively. Like its predecessors, Lubok had a fixed trail carriage and although it was equipped with suspension, its wheels lacked tires, limiting towing speed to only 10 km/h. Nevertheless, it was undoubtfully superior to the M1910/30 which remained in production until 1941. However, after eight pieces were built in 1934–1935, production was stopped for unclear reasons, possibly relating to the disbanding of KB-2.
In the mid-1930s, the Main Artillery Directorate (GAU) considered a switch to 105 mm guns as used by some other armies. A smaller shell meant that the gun could be lighter and consequently more mobile. On the other hand, a 105 mm gun would also be less powerful. Moreover, there was no Russian or Soviet experience with 105 mm ammunition, while for the 122 mm the country already possessed both production lines and large numbers of already manufactured shells (however similar 107 mm manufacturing equipment and ammunition—for the 107-mm gun M1910—was available). Finally in 1937 the RKKA Head of General Staff I. I. Egorov supported retaining 122 mm ammunition.
Consequently, three howitzers were trialled in 1938–1939. The design bureau of UZTM (Ural Heavy Machinery Plant, Russian: Уральский Завод Тяжёлого Машиностроения, УЗТМ), which was ordered by GAU to design the new howitzer, developed a piece designated U-2. Similar projects were privately undertaken by the design bureaus of Motovilikha Plants, headed by F. F. Petrov (M-30), and by the No. 92 plant under V. G. Grabin (F-25).
The U-2 (barrel length 21 calibers, chamber volume 3.0 litres, horizontal sliding breechblock from Lubok, muzzle brake, combat weight 2,030 kg) reached trials on 5 February 1939 and was rejected because of insufficient carriage strength and inferior ballistics. The F-25 project (barrel length 23 calibers, chamber volume 3.7 litres, horizontal sliding breechblock from Lubok, muzzle brake, combat weight 1,830 kg) was closed by GAU on 23 March 1939 as GAU considered it redundant to the M-30 which had reached trials earlier. The latter, after being returned several times for revision, was finally adopted in September 1939 as the 122 mm divisional howitzer M1938 (). Its GAU index number was 52-G-463.
M-30 versus F-25
A. B. Shirokorad, a well-known author of books detailing the history of the Soviet artillery, has claimed that the F-25 could have been developed into a better gun than the M-30. Grabin's design was about 400 kg lighter, had a greater traverse and had better ground clearance – all this was achieved, according to Shirokorad, without sacrificing ballistics (same barrel length, chamber volume and muzzle length). Considering how long it took to finish the development of the M-30, the F-25's schedule possibly did not significantly lag behind.
There is no official document explaining the advantages the M-30 had over the F-25. Factors that could have influenced the GAU decision were:
Unlike the F-25, the M-30 was not equipped with a muzzle brake. While softening recoil and thus allowing for a lighter carriage, the muzzle brake has a disadvantage of redirecting some of the gases that escape the barrel toward the ground where they raise dust, revealing the gun's position. Another side-effect of a muzzle brake is the increased muzzle blast behind the gun, adversely affecting the working conditions of its crew.
The M-30 used many elements from existing guns, most notably the interrupted-screw breechblock of the M1910/30. Since at that time Soviet industry had experienced major difficulties with manufacturing sliding breechblocks (as used by the F-25) for large caliber guns, the lowered technical risk can be considered a significant advantage.
The stronger carriage of the M-30 could be used – and in fact was used – for more powerful artillery pieces (see 152-mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)).
Production
Mass production of M-30 howitzers began in 1940 at Plant No. 92 in Gorky and No. 9 in Sverdlovsk. The former took part in the production of M-30s only in 1940, building a total of 500 pieces. In addition to towed howitzers, Plant No. 9 produced M-30S barrels for arming SU-122 assault guns. Some 700 barrels (including both serial-production and experimental articles) were manufactured for this purpose. Mass production continued into 1955. In 1950–1960, the M-30 was also produced by Huta Stalowa Wola in Poland where it was known as Wz.1938.
Description
The barrel of the M-30 was of built-up construction and consisted of a liner, jacket and breech. The breechblock was of interrupted screw type, with forced cartridge case extraction. The gun was equipped with a hydraulic recoil buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator. A panoramic sight was used for both indirect and direct fire.
The M-30 had a modern split trail carriage with leaf spring suspension and steel wheels with rubber tires. It was usually towed by vehicle without a limber. The carriage allowed for a towing speed of up to 50 km/h on paved road and up to 35 km/h on gravel or dirt roads, although the gun could also be moved by a team of six horses, in which case a limber was used. When the trails were swung open the suspension locked automatically . In an emergency it was possible to shoot in a "single trail" mode, at the price of a drastically reduced traverse (1°30'). The time required to set the gun up for combat was about 1–1.5 minutes.
The carriage of the M-30 was later used for the D-1 152 mm howitzer.
Organization and employment
Red Army
The M-30 was a divisional level howitzer. According to the organization of 1939, each rifle division had two artillery regiments; one light regiment (a battalion of 76 mm guns; two mixed battalions with one battery of 76 mm guns and two batteries of 122 mm howitzers) and one howitzer regiment (a battalion of 122 mm howitzers and a battalion of 152 mm howitzers), giving 28 122 mm howitzers per division. In June 1940 one more battalion of 122 mm howitzers was added to the howitzer regiment, bringing the number of guns in each unit to 32. In June 1941 the howitzer regiment was removed and the number of howitzers dropped to 16. This organization was used throughout the war, except in Russian Guards rifle divisions which from December 1942 had three artillery battalions (two batteries of 76 mm guns and one battery of 122 mm howitzers each), totaling 12 howitzers. From December 1944 they received an extra howitzer regiment (5 batteries, 20 howitzers) and from June 1945 rifle divisions were reorganized identically.
Mountain rifle divisions in 1939–1940 had one battalion of 122 mm howitzers (3 batteries, 9 guns). From 1941 they received instead one artillery regiment (2 battalions, each from 3 four-gun batteries) with 24 howitzers, but in early 1942 only one battalion (2 batteries, 8 howitzers) remained. From 1944 howitzers were removed from mountain rifle divisions.
Motorized divisions had two mixed battalions (a battery of 76 mm guns and two batteries of 122 mm howitzers), totaling 12 howitzers. Tank divisions had one battalion with 12 howitzers. Cavalry divisions until August 1941 had two batteries of 122 mm howitzers, totaling eight, before the divisional artillery was removed.
Until late 1941 rifle brigades had a battery of four 122 mm howitzers. 122 mm howitzers were also used by the howitzer brigades of the Reserve of the Main Command (72–84 pieces).
By 1 June 1941 1,667 M-30s were in service, comprising only a fraction of the RKKA divisional howitzers. As the war progressed, their share grew rapidly due to mass production and because many older guns were lost in combat in 1941–42.
M-30 howitzers were primarily employed for indirect fire against enemy personnel. They were also used against field fortifications, for clearing minefields and for breaching barbed wire. Their HE-fragmentation shells presented a danger to armoured vehicles. Fragments created by the explosion could penetrate up to 20 mm of armour, – enough against thinly armoured vehicles. The shells could also damage chassis, sights or other elements of heavier armoured vehicles.
For self-defense against enemy tanks a HEAT shell was developed in 1943. Before 1943, crews were required to rely on the high-explosive action of their regular ammunition, with some degree of success. According to a German report from 1943, even a Tiger was once heavily damaged by SU-122 assault guns firing high-explosive shells.
M-30 howitzers were towed by a variety of means, from horses, oxen and both Soviet and American-produced Lend-Lease trucks (such as the Dodge WC series and Studebaker US6s) and STZ-5 and Ya-12 purpose-built artillery tractors. When necessary, the gun could be manhandled by its artillery crew.
In 1944, the Artillery Regiment of a typical Russian Rifle Division was armed with 36 122mm Howitzers, along with 72 76.2mm ZiS-3 field guns.
The gun was eventually replaced by the 122-mm howitzer D-30 after the latter was adopted for service in 1960. A small number of operational M-30 howitzers are still present in Russian Army ordnance depots. They are being gradually withdrawn from reserve. M-30s featured in many Soviet movies used for novice artillery crew training. These movies were made in the 1960s when more modern D-30 howitzers were becoming available, however the M-30 was considered by authorities as much more suitable for training purposes. The movies are still in use despite the absence of M-30 howitzers even in practice exercises.
Other operators
A number of M-30s fell into the hands of the Wehrmacht in 1941–1942 and were adopted as 12,2 cm s.F.H.396(r) heavy howitzers. Germany began mass production of 122 mm ammunition for these and other captured howitzers, producing 424,000 shells in 1943, 696,700 in 1944 and 133,000 in 1945. Some captured M-30s were used in the Atlantic Wall fortifications.
The Finnish Army captured 41 guns of the type and adopted them as the 122 H 38. These guns fired 13,298 shells in combat; only a few pieces were lost. The gun was well liked; some were used for training or stored in depots until the mid-1980s.
The Kingdom of Romania captured in 1941 a number of 477 various types of 122 mm howitzers and guns including M1931/37 and were used as divisional artillery for units rebuilt in 1943. The M-30 was used on the first four prototypes of the Mareșal tank destroyer, having a muzzle brake attached to it by the Romanians.
After World War II the gun was supplied to many countries around the globe. With the Egyptian and Syrian armies it saw action in the Arab-Israeli Wars. Some of these guns were captured by Israel, although it is unclear whether they were ever employed by the Israeli Defense Forces. The People's Republic of China organized their own production of M-30 howitzers under the Type 54 designation.
According to Ian V. Hogg, the M1938 howitzer "must, surely, be the most prolific piece of artillery in history".
Users
The M-30 and the Type 54 are still being used in several armies.
Current
– n/a
– n/a
– 60
– 57 Type 54/Type 54-1
– 36 Type 54-1
– Type 54
– Type 54-1
– less than 77
– 324
– less than 464
– 9–18
– 28
– 100 Type 54
– n/a
– Peshmerga
– 35
– less than 20
– 26
– transferred from Russia to the Libyan National Army in 2017
– 17
– less than 24
– 56
– 490 Type 54
– 72 (modernized M-30M variant)
– 3,750, in reserve
– 13 est.
– Type 54/Type 54-1
– 24 M-30 and 76 Type 54
– 80 Type 54-1
– 18
– 540
– Type 54
– 50
– 24 Type 54
Former
– 108 sold to Macedonia in 1999
– 45 in 2002
– Vz 38/74
– Captured.
– 230 Tarack 38/68M
– 24, sold to Russia
– 6 delivered from Romania
– Wz.1938/1985, 280 in 2002
– 46 in 2002
– 240 delivered in 1962–1963
Variants
Former Soviet Union
M-30S – Slightly modified variant; was used as the main armament of the SU-122 assault gun.
U-11 – A gun with identical ballistics, but equipped with a more compact recoil mechanism for easier mounting in vehicles. It was tried on the experimental SU-122M and rejected due to insufficient reliability. A variant of the same gun was also mounted on the experimental Obiekt 234 tank, also known as Iosif Stalin no. 2 (not to be confused with the IS-2).
D-6 – Another vehicle mounted gun with identical ballistics. It was used on the experimental SU-122-III and, like the U-11, proved unreliable.
People's Republic of China
Type 54 – Licence version.
Type 54-1 – Slightly improved version.
Poland
Wz.1938/1985 – Existing Wz.1938 that was fitted with a castor wheel, PGO-9H sight and a second firing mechanism for direct fire.
Romania
M-30M – In the 1980s Romanian Army M-30s were upgraded with new, larger pneumatic wheels, new brakes, a new optical sight for direct fire and a second height sighting mechanism for anti-tank combat. These upgraded howitzers were designated M-30M.
Self-propelled mounts
Former Soviet Union
The M-30 was mounted on the following armoured fighting vehicles (AFV):
SU-122, the Soviet medium assault gun built on a T-34 chassis. The mass production continued from December 1942 until September 1943. In total 638 SU-122s were built.
, Soviet self-propelled artillery vehicles based on captured German Pz Kpfw III or StuG III AFVs. About twenty were built in the early months of 1943.
12,2-cm Kanone (r) auf Geschützwagen Lorraine-Shlepper (f), the German self-propelled artillery vehicle, based on a captured armoured French artillery tractor (the Lorraine 37L). There was at least one vehicle of this type, which fought in France on a railroad car as part of a German armoured train.
People's Republic of China
Type WZ302 – Combination of the Type 54 or Type 54-1 with a tracked vehicle Type B531. The military designator is Type 70 SPH. The initial model had only 4 roadwheels, but the improved Type WZ302A or Type 70-1 has 5. The final production model with new signals equipment is known as Type WZ302B or Type 70-2. All models have a basic load of 40 rounds of 122 mm.
Romania
Mareșal – World War II tank destroyer whose first four prototypes used the 122 mm M-30 howitzer with a muzzle brake attached to it. It was replaced with the Romanian 75 mm Reșița M1943 anti-tank gun for later prototypes and the serial production vehicles.
Summary
In the M-30, RKKA units finally received a modern divisional howitzer which successfully combined increased firepower and better mobility with reliability and ease of use. A summary of its employment by the Red Army was provided by Marshal , who said "Nothing can be better". The long post-war employment of the howitzer is additional testimony to its combat and operational utility and effectiveness.
It is hard to compare the M-30 directly with contemporary foreign guns since the artillery of France, Germany and United States employed in similar roles was either the much smaller 105 mm (Great Britain used the even smaller—87.6 mm—25 pounder gun-howitzer) or much larger 150 to 155 mm caliber guns. Howitzers of similar calibers existed but most of those were World War I era pieces, such as the Vickers 114 mm howitzer used by the Finnish Army. Naturally, 150 mm howitzers were more powerful, but much heavier than the M-30; while 105 mm pieces were lighter but their smaller shells contained less explosive.
The most direct German equivalent was the 10.5 cm leFH 18 light howitzer. Weighing 1985 kg, it had a maximum elevation of 42°, muzzle velocity of 470 m/s and maximum range of 10,675 m. In the upgraded leFH 18/40 version, muzzle velocity was improved to 540 m/s, elevation to 45° and range to 12,325 m. About equal in range, the German howitzer had a less powerful HE shell and its smaller maximum elevation made it less effective against dug-in troops, although it also weighed some 400 kg less than M-30. Both guns were well suited for mass production with 16,887 M-30s and 15,388 leFH 18 built in 1941–45.
Ammunition data
The M-30 could fire all types of 122 mm howitzer ammunition used by the RKKA, including old Russian and imported shells. During and after World War II new types of ammunition were developed, notably HEAT shells. The World War II era HEAT shell BP-460A could pierce 100–160 mm of armor at 90°; the post-war BP-1 managed 200 mm at 90°, 160 mm at 60°, and 80 mm at 30°. HE-Frag projectiles of type OF-462 that were initially developed for the M-30 howitzer can be fired from modern 122 mm ordnance pieces and are still in Russian Army service.
Surviving pieces
M-30 howitzers are on display in a number of military museums and are widely used as memorial pieces. Among other places, the gun can be seen at the following locations:
Central Armed Forces Museum and in the Museum of Great Patriotic War, Moscow.
Museum of Artillery and Engineering Forces, Saint Petersburg.
Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain, Sevastopol
Nizhny Novgorod, as a memorial piece at Marshal Zhukov's square.
Artillery Museum in Hämeenlinna, Finland.
IDF History Museum (Batey ha-Osef; Tel Aviv) and IDF Artillery Museum (Beyt ha-Totchan; Zichron Yaakov), Israel.
Central Museum of The Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery, Shilo Manitoba
Zone 5 Military Museum, Danang
In the National Military Museum, Romania, Bucharest.
Captured piece at the War Museum, Huntington Park, Newport News, Virginia, United States (behind the museum, Mar 2021)
Another captured piece at the Texas Military Forces Museum, Camp Mabry, Austin, Texas, United States.
Notes
References
Shirokorad A. B. – Encyclopedia of Russian Artillery, Mn. Harvest, 2000 (Широкорад А. Б.Энциклопедия отечественной артиллерии. — Мн.: Харвест, 2000. — 1156 с.: илл., )
Shirokorad A. B.The God of War of The Third Reich, M. AST, 2002 (Широкорад А. Б.Бог войны Третьего рейха. — М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., )
Shirokorad A. B.The genius of the Soviet Artillery, M. AST, 2002 (А.Б.Широкорад.Гений советской артиллерии.М.,ООО Издательство АСТ, 2002., )
Ivanov A.Artillery of the USSR in Second World War, SPb Neva, 2003 (Иванов А. Артиллерия СССР во Второй Мировой войне. — СПб., Издательский дом Нева, 2003., )
Shunkov V. N.The Weapons of the Red Army, Mn. Harvest, 1999 (Шунков В. Н.Оружие Красной Армии. — Мн.: Харвест, 1999., )
Zheltov I. G., Pavlov I. V., Pavlov M. V., Solyankin A. G.Soviet Medium Self-propelled Artillery 1941–1945, M. Exprint, 2005 (Желтов И. Г., Павлов И. В., Павлов М. В., Солянкин А. Г.Советские средние самоходные артиллерийские установки 1941—1945 гг. — М.: ООО Издательский центр «Экспринт», 2005. — 48 с. )
Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945, 1 May 1995, p. 142, p. 224
External links
M-30 walkaround at Dishmodels.ru
World War II field artillery
World War II artillery of the Soviet Union
122 mm artillery
Howitzers of the Soviet Union
Motovilikha Plants products
World War II howitzers
Military equipment introduced in the 1930s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/122%20mm%20howitzer%20M1938%20%28M-30%29 |
A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0, 1)-matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets. It is an important tool in combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science.
Matrix representation of a relation
If R is a binary relation between the finite indexed sets X and Y (so ), then R can be represented by the logical matrix M whose row and column indices index the elements of X and Y, respectively, such that the entries of M are defined by
In order to designate the row and column numbers of the matrix, the sets X and Y are indexed with positive integers: i ranges from 1 to the cardinality (size) of X, and j ranges from 1 to the cardinality of Y. See the article on indexed sets for more detail.
Example
The binary relation R on the set is defined so that aRb holds if and only if a divides b evenly, with no remainder. For example, 2R4 holds because 2 divides 4 without leaving a remainder, but 3R4 does not hold because when 3 divides 4, there is a remainder of 1. The following set is the set of pairs for which the relation R holds.
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 4)}.
The corresponding representation as a logical matrix is
which includes a diagonal of ones, since each number divides itself.
Other examples
A permutation matrix is a (0, 1)-matrix, all of whose columns and rows each have exactly one nonzero element.
A Costas array is a special case of a permutation matrix.
An incidence matrix in combinatorics and finite geometry has ones to indicate incidence between points (or vertices) and lines of a geometry, blocks of a block design, or edges of a graph.
A design matrix in analysis of variance is a (0, 1)-matrix with constant row sums.
A logical matrix may represent an adjacency matrix in graph theory: non-symmetric matrices correspond to directed graphs, symmetric matrices to ordinary graphs, and a 1 on the diagonal corresponds to a loop at the corresponding vertex.
The biadjacency matrix of a simple, undirected bipartite graph is a (0, 1)-matrix, and any (0, 1)-matrix arises in this way.
The prime factors of a list of m square-free, n-smooth numbers can be described as an m × π(n) (0, 1)-matrix, where π is the prime-counting function, and aij is 1 if and only if the j th prime divides the i th number. This representation is useful in the quadratic sieve factoring algorithm.
A bitmap image containing pixels in only two colors can be represented as a (0, 1)-matrix in which the zeros represent pixels of one color and the ones represent pixels of the other color.
A binary matrix can be used to check the game rules in the game of Go.
The four valued logic of two bits, transformed by 2x2 logical matrices, forms a finite state machine.
Some properties
The matrix representation of the equality relation on a finite set is the identity matrix I, that is, the matrix whose entries on the diagonal are all 1, while the others are all 0. More generally, if relation R satisfies then R is a reflexive relation.
If the Boolean domain is viewed as a semiring, where addition corresponds to logical OR and multiplication to logical AND, the matrix representation of the composition of two relations is equal to the matrix product of the matrix representations of these relations.
This product can be computed in expected time O(n2).
Frequently, operations on binary matrices are defined in terms of modular arithmetic mod 2—that is, the elements are treated as elements of the Galois field . They arise in a variety of representations and have a number of more restricted special forms. They are applied e.g. in XOR-satisfiability.
The number of distinct m-by-n binary matrices is equal to 2mn, and is thus finite.
Lattice
Let n and m be given and let U denote the set of all logical m × n matrices. Then U has a partial order given by
In fact, U forms a Boolean algebra with the operations and & or between two matrices applied component-wise. The complement of a logical matrix is obtained by swapping all zeros and ones for their opposite.
Every logical matrix has a transpose Suppose A is a logical matrix with no columns or rows identically zero. Then the matrix product, using Boolean arithmetic, contains the m × m identity matrix, and the product contains the n × n identity.
As a mathematical structure, the Boolean algebra U forms a lattice ordered by inclusion; additionally it is a multiplicative lattice due to matrix multiplication.
Every logical matrix in U corresponds to a binary relation. These listed operations on U, and ordering, correspond to a calculus of relations, where the matrix multiplication represents composition of relations.
Logical vectors
If m or n equals one, then the m × n logical matrix (mij) is a logical vector or bit string. If m = 1, the vector is a row vector, and if n = 1, it is a column vector. In either case the index equaling 1 is dropped from denotation of the vector.
Suppose and are two logical vectors. The outer product of P and Q results in an m × n rectangular relation
A reordering of the rows and columns of such a matrix can assemble all the ones into a rectangular part of the matrix.
Let h be the vector of all ones. Then if v is an arbitrary logical vector, the relation R = v hT has constant rows determined by v. In the calculus of relations such an R is called a vector. A particular instance is the universal relation .
For a given relation R, a maximal rectangular relation contained in R is called a concept in R. Relations may be studied by decomposing into concepts, and then noting the induced concept lattice.
Consider the table of group-like structures, where "unneeded" can be denoted 0, and "required" denoted by 1, forming a logical matrix To calculate elements of , it is necessary to use the logical inner product of pairs of logical vectors in rows of this matrix. If this inner product is 0, then the rows are orthogonal. In fact, small category is orthogonal to quasigroup, and groupoid is orthogonal to magma. Consequently there are zeros in , and it fails to be a universal relation.
Row and column sums
Adding up all the ones in a logical matrix may be accomplished in two ways: first summing the rows or first summing the columns. When the row sums are added, the sum is the same as when the column sums are added. In incidence geometry, the matrix is interpreted as an incidence matrix with the rows corresponding to "points" and the columns as "blocks" (generalizing lines made of points). A row sum is called its point degree, and a column sum is the block degree. The sum of point degrees equals the sum of block degrees.
An early problem in the area was "to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an incidence structure with given point degrees and block degrees; or in matrix language, for the existence of a (0, 1)-matrix of type v × b with given row and column sums". This problem is solved by the Gale–Ryser theorem.
See also
List of matrices
Binatorix (a binary De Bruijn torus)
Bit array
Redheffer matrix
Truth table
Three-valued logic
Notes
References
Richard A. Brualdi (2006), Combinatorial Matrix Classes. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 108. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
Richard A. Brualdi & Herbert J. Ryser (1991), Combinatorial Matrix Theory. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.
, § 31.3, Binary Matrices
H. J. Ryser (1957), "Combinatorial properties of matrices of zeroes and ones", Canadian Journal of Mathematics 9: 371–7.
H.J. Ryser (1960), "Traces of matrices of zeroes and ones", Canadian Journal of Mathematics 12: 463–76.
H.J. Ryser (1960), "Matrices of Zeros and Ones", Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 66: 442–64.
D. R. Fulkerson (1960) "Zero-one matrices with zero trace", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 10; 831–6
D. R. Fulkerson & H. J. Ryser (1961), "Widths and heights of (0, 1)-matrices", Canadian Journal of Mathematics 13: 239–55.
L. R. Ford Jr. & D. R. Fulkerson (1962) § 2.12 "Matrices composed of 0's and 1's", pages 79 to 91 in Flows in Networks, Princeton University Press
External links
Boolean algebra
Matrices | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical%20matrix |
Richard Walton (May 24, 1928 – December 27, 2012) was an American writer, teacher, and politician. He was the vice-presidential nominee in 1984 of the short-lived Citizens Party; Sonia Johnson was the party's presidential nominee that year.
Personal life and education
Richard John Walton was born on May 24, 1928, in Saratoga Springs, New York, to Gertrude and Richard James Walton. As a child he moved with his family to Providence, Rhode Island, where he was graduated from Classical High School in 1945 and received a bachelor's degree from Brown University in 1951. His studies at Brown were interrupted for two years while he served in the U.S. Navy as a journalist's mate. He worked as a disc jockey on Providence radio station WICE before attending the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism where he received a master's degree in 1954.
He was married twice, once to Margaret Hilton and subsequently to Mary Una Jones; both marriages ended in divorce. He has two children, Richard (born 1958) and Catherine (born 1960). He returned to reside in his home state of Rhode Island since 1981.
Walton died at age 84 of leukemia on December 27, 2012, at Rhode Island Hospital in Providence, RI.
Journalistic career
As a print journalist, he worked for The Providence Journal (1954-1955) and then for the New York World-Telegram and The New York Sun (1955-1959). He then returned to radio for the Voice of America (VOA), first in Washington, D.C., as producer-host of Report to Africa (1959-1962) and then in New York City as principal United Nations correspondent (1962-1967). In 1960, he traveled extensively in Africa making a series of documentaries on the independence movement, interviewing many of the post-colonial leaders including Patrice Lumumba.
In 1967 he left VOA to write his first book, The Remnants of Power: The Tragic Last Years of Adlai Stevenson (1968). Eleven other books followed, notably America and the Cold War (1969), The United States and Latin America (1971, ), Cold War and Counterrevolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy (1972, ), Henry Wallace, Harry Truman and the Cold War (1976, ), The Power of Oil (1979, ), and The United States and the Far East (1979, ). He has contributed articles to numerous publications, including The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Nation, The New Republic, Saturday Review, Cosmopolitan, and Playboy. He was an early member of the National Book Critics Circle.
Teaching career
After leaving the VOA in 1967, Walton began teaching writing, political science, and history at Housatonic Community College in Stratford, CT, The New School for Social Research in New York City, and what is now Western Connecticut State University in Danbury, CT. He traveled to more than 50 countries, including teaching English in an elementary school in Shanghai in the summer of 2007.
For over a quarter of a century until 2012, he taught at Rhode Island College where he was among the leaders of a campaign to unionize adjunct faculty. In an election in April 2007, the adjunct faculty voted by an overwhelming margin to unionize and affiliate with the American Federation of Teachers. He served on the union's negotiating committee, agreeing an initial contract with the college and Rhode Island Board of Governors for Higher Education, which was ratified in October 2009. He was elected as the union's first president and served until his death. Rhode Island College lowered its flag to half-staff in his memory. In May 2013, the college honored Walton with the Special Award for
Distinguished Service to Alumni, in Memoriam.
Political and community activism
Involved from 1980 with the Citizens Party of environmentalist Barry Commoner, Walton was the party's vice-presidential candidate in 1984 on a ticket headed by feminist Sonia Johnson as the party's presidential candidate. (Johnson's running mate on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket that year was Emma Wong Mar, however). Walton had been interested in political third parties since at least the publication of his book on the subject, Henry Wallace, Harry Truman and the Cold War. Interviewed in 2008, Walton joked about his 1984 campaign for vice-president, "I don't think I attracted quite as much attention as Sarah Palin."
He went on to become one of the early members of the Green Party of Rhode Island. In the 1996 Presidential election in Rhode Island he was temporarily a stand-in candidate for Ralph Nader's official running mate Winona LaDuke. In the 2004 Presidential election, he endorsed Green Party presidential candidate David Cobb. He served on several national Green bodies.
Walton became well known as an activist against poverty, homelessness, and hunger. He served as president of Amos House, which is the state's largest soup kitchen, and on the boards of a number of non-profit and social service organizations, including the George Wiley Center (advocates for the poor), the Rhode Island Coalition for the Homeless, and the Slater Mill Historic Site. With the Providence-Niquinohomo Sister City Project he had been to Nicaragua many times where the project built a health center and a school, and he twice served on medical teams in Guatemala.
Every year for his own birthday from 1988 to 2011, Walton hosted a substantial charitable fundraiser at his home that was typically attended by several hundred people, including sitting and former governors, senators, congressional representatives, and media personalities who were in some cases his former students. The party was held for the first time at another venue in 2012.
Walton has received the Sister Carol McGovern Award of the Rhode Island Coalition for the Homeless for his work with the homeless and the John Kiffney Award of the Providence Newspaper Guild for his service to the community.
Involved with the non-profit folk music venue Stone Soup Coffee House for 30 years, he was the first president of its parent organization, the Stone Soup Folk Arts Foundation, and served for 15 years. After a hiatus of many years, he had been returned to office and was serving as president at the time of his death. In April 2016 Walton was posthumously inducted into the Rhode Island Music Hall of Fame (RIMHOF).
In 2008 at the age of 80, Walton was profiled and interviewed as part of a major feature article in The Providence Phoenix about prominent people in Rhode Island.
In 2018 an e-book of selected correspondence by Walton was edited by Herbert Weiss & Nancy Carriuolo and published to commemorate Walton's life and activism.
Notes
Brown University alumni
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
American foreign policy writers
American male non-fiction writers
Citizens Party (United States) politicians
1984 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
Rhode Island Greens
1928 births
2012 deaths
Classical High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20J.%20Walton |
Riccia fluitans, the floating crystalwort, is an aquatic floating plant of the liverwort genus Riccia which is popular among aquarists as a retreat for young fry and is used in live-bearing tanks. It can be found floating in ponds, and often forms thick mats on and under the water surface.
It normally grows quickly at the surface. When kept about two to three inches below an ordinary fluorescent bulb or in a pond exposed to full sunlight, it will form dense, bright green mats. Any single branch or antler bud can reproduce into a large colony if the plant is kept in proper conditions. It normally floats, but can also be attached to underwater objects such as logs and rocks. It can be attached with plastic mesh.
Floating crystalwort is generally not compatible with duckweeds, as they cover the surface of the water quite rapidly, crowding the Riccia out. It is also easily overtaken by hair algae.
The species epithet fluitans is Latin for floating.
References
External links
Care information for Riccia Fluitans
AquaHobby
Krib discussions
Natural Aquariums
Ricciaceae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccia%20fluitans |
With You in Mind is Alma Cogan's second album, issued in 1961. It was her first album to be released on Columbia Records, an EMI Records label.
The original mono version of the album was re-issued on compact disc by EMI Records in 2003, combined with Cogan's previous album, I Love to Sing. The stereo versions of the album release are included on the 2001 EMI Records 4-CD boxset, The Girl With a Laugh in Her Voice.
Track listing
Side one
"With You in Mind" (Cyril Ornadel, David West)
"I Dream of You (More than You Dream I Do)" (Marjorie Goetschius, Edna Osser)
"Let's Fall In Love" (Harold Arlen, Ted Koehler)
"Fly Me to the Moon" (Bart Howard)
"My Heart Stood Still" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)
"But Beautiful" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke)
Side two
"You'll Never Know" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon)
"All I Do Is Dream of You" (Nacio Herb Brown, Arthur Freed)
"What Is There to Say" (Vernon Duke, Yip Harburg)
"Don't Blame Me" (Jimmy McHugh, Dorothy Fields)
"Falling in Love with Love" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)
"The More I See You" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon)
CD bonus track
13."When I Fall in Love" (Edward Heyman, Victor Young)
Performance
Alma Cogan - vocal
with Geoff Love & His Orchestra (tracks 1, 4, 6, 7, 12)
with Tony Osborne & His Orchestra (tracks 2, 9, 10)
with Stan Foster & His Orchestra (tracks 3, 5, 8, 11)
References
1961 albums
Alma Cogan albums
Albums conducted by Geoff Love
Albums arranged by Geoff Love
Albums produced by Norman Newell
Columbia Records albums
EMI Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With%20You%20in%20Mind%20%28album%29 |
Marmora is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Upper Township, in Cape May County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is part of the Ocean City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Its postal ZIP Code is 08223. Its 1990 population was approximately 4,420 persons.
A post office was established in 1890, with James Corson as the first postmaster.
Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 2,413.
Education
Upper Township School District operates public schools for K-8. Upper Township Primary School and Upper Township Elementary School have Marmora addresses while Upper Township Middle School has a Petersburg address. Ocean City High School of Ocean City School District has high school students from Upper Township.
Countywide schools include Cape May County Technical High School and Cape May County Special Services School District.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Camden operates Bishop McHugh Regional School, a Catholic K-8 school, in Ocean View, Dennis Township, which has a Cape May Courthouse postal address. It is the parish school of Marmora/Woodbine Catholic Church and three other churches.
References
External links
Marmora: an interactive aerial perspective from Virtual Earth
Marmora: another aerial perspective from Virtual Earth
The Upper Township Gazette, local community newspaper
Upper Township, New Jersey
Census-designated places in Cape May County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in Cape May County, New Jersey
Unincorporated communities in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marmora%2C%20New%20Jersey |
The BMW N54 is a twin-turbocharged straight-six petrol engine that was produced from 2006 to 2016. It is BMW's first mass-produced turbocharged petrol engine and BMW's first turbocharged petrol engine since the limited-production BMW M106 was discontinued in 1986. The N54 debuted at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show and was launched in the 335i model of the E90/E91/E92/E93 3 Series range.
Following the introduction of its BMW N55 successor in 2009, the N54 began to be phased out. The final model powered by the N54 is the E89 Z4 roadster, which was produced until 2016.
The N54 has won six straight International Engine of the Year awards and three straight Ward's 10 Best Engines awards.
There is no BMW M version of the N54, however a high-output version of the N54 is used in the 1 Series M Coupe, Z4 35iS and 335iS models.
Design
The N54 was produced alongside the naturally aspirated BMW N53 engine; both engines have direct injection, double-VANOS (variable valve timing), an open-deck engine block and an electric water pump. Since the N54 is based on the older BMW M54 engine, it has an aluminium engine block (instead of the magnesium alloy used by the N53), a displacement of and does not have valvetronic (variable valve lift).
Turbocharging is a key difference between the N54 and BMW's previous straight-six engines. The N54 has two small low-pressure turbochargers to minimise turbo lag. BMW's marketed the twin-turbo as "TwinPower Turbo", although the term has since been used for engines which have a single twin-scroll turbocharger.
The boost pressure is and an air-to-air intercooler is used. Compared with the naturally aspirated BMW N52 that it replaced as BMW's highest performance six-cylinder engine, the N54 produces an additional and .
The N54's direct injection system (called "High Precision Injection" by BMW) uses piezo injectors. Its N55 successor uses solenoid-type injectors, because the piezo injectors are more expensive and not reaching their full potential to obtain the "lean burn" benefit.
Versions
All versions have a bore of , a stroke of , a compression ratio of 10.2:1 and the redline is 7000 rpm.
225 kW version
The initial version of the N54 is officially rated at and 400 N·m. However, these figures are considered to be under-rated, and independent testing has resulted in estimates of and .
Applications:
2006–2010 E90/E91/E92/E93 335i
2007–2010 E60/E61 535i
2007–2010 E82/E88 135i
2008–2010 E71 X6 xDrive35i
2009–2016 E89 Z4 sDrive35i
240 kW version
A variant of the N54B30 with higher peak power and torque is used in the 2008-2012 740i and E92 335is.
Applications:
2008–2012 F01 740i
2011–2013 E92/E93 335is
250 kW version
The most powerful version of the N54 is found in the E82 1 Series M Coupe and the E89 Z4 sDrive 35is.
Applications:
2011 E82 1 Series M Coupe
2011–2016 E89 Z4 sDrive35is
Alpina
Biturbo engine by Alpina based on the N54B30, with upgrades including the engine control unit, oil cooler and pistons.
265 kW version
This is Alpina's initial version of the N54, producing .
Applications:
2007–2010 Alpina B3 (E90)
294 kW version
Applications:
2010–2013 Alpina B3 S
300 kW version
Applications:
2012–2013 Alpina B3 GT3
Critical reception
Car & Driver noted the N54 had minimal turbo lag and "in feel and sound the twin-turbo could pass for naturally aspirated". The N54-engined F01 740i was also praised for its linear power delivery.
Comparing the N54-engined E60 535i with the 550i (using a 4.8–litre naturally aspirated V8), one reviewer noted that the V8 model had more torque but was "only marginally quicker than the 535i" and that the additional weight of the V8 engine was noticeable on twisty mountain roads.
High-Pressure Fuel Pump failures
In the United States, some N54 engines experienced failures of the High Pressure Fuel Pump (HPFP), resulting a class action lawsuit, a voluntary recall and an extended warranty for the HPFP.
Failure of the HPFP can cause the engine to suddenly stop functioning, which has caused several near-misses on highways. BMW was aware of HPFP problems, describing them in internal Technical Service Bulletins as "driveability problems".
In April 2009, a class action suit was filed against BMW in connection with HPFP failures. BMW settled the suit in June 2010. On 26 October 2010, following an ABC News story about HPFP failures, BMW announced a recall of vehicles with the pump in question from manufacturing years 2007–2010. The recall was applied to 130,000 cars, resulting in the replacement of the HPFP in approximately 40,000 of these cars.
In the United States, the warranty period for the HPFP was increased to 10 years and .
On some cars, the HPFP was replaced multiple times without resolving the issue, potentially leading to the car being refunded under the Lemon Laws in some states.
Extended warranty in the United States
The High Pressure Fuel Pump issue caused BMW North America to extend the warranty for this pump to 10 years or .
The warranty period for the fuel injectors was also increased, to 10 years or . An updated design for the fuel injectors was also introduced.
Due to problems with rattling wastegates caused by premature bushing wear, BMW extended the warranty period for wastegate-related issues to 8 years or .
These warranty extensions only apply to the United States.
See also
BMW
List of BMW engines
References
N54
Straight-six engines
Gasoline engines by model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW%20N54 |
The list of auxiliary ship classes in service includes all auxiliary ships in naval service in the world. For combatant ships, see the list of naval ship classes in service.
Command and support ships
Command ships
Andenes command ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
HSwMS Trossö Command ship
2,140 tones
Operator:
River command ships
Kozara river command ship
Builder:
Displacement: 600 tons
Operator:
Amphibious command ships
Blue Ridge-class joint command ship (LCC-19)
Builder:
Displacement: 19,700 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Minecraft command and support ships
Godetia minecraft tender
Displacement: 2,500 tons
Operator:
Multi-role support ships
Absalon-class flexible support ship / flexible combat vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 4500 tons (light), 6,600 tons (full load)
Operator: : 2 ships commissioned. (Arguably a support ship, armed as a frigate)
Karel Doorman-class multi-function support ship
Builder:
Displacement: max 27,500 tons
Operator: : 1 commissioned around 2014
multi-role offshore support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 5,741 tons
Operator:
Shichang multi-role training/support ship
Displacement: 9,500 tons
Operator:
Medical ships
Hospital ships
Mercy-class hospital ship (AH-19)
Builder:
Displacement: 69,360 tonnes
Operator: : 2 in commission
Project 320A hospital ship
Builder:
Displacement: 11570 tonnes
Operator: : 2 in commission
RFA Argus Primary Casualty Receiving Ship (A135)
builder: converted by
Displacement: 28,081 tonnes
Operator: (Royal Fleet Auxiliary)
Daishan Dao-class hospital ship (866)
Builder:
Displacement: 14,000 tonnes
Operator:
Medical evacuation ships
Zhuanghe medical evacuation ship
Builder:
Operator:
Ambulance transport ships
Qiongsha class ambulance transport ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,150 tonnes
Operator: : 1 in commission
Ambulance craft
Beiyi 01-class fast ambulance craft
Builder:
Operator: : 5 in commission
Ammunition ships
Builder:
Displacement: 410 tonnes
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 072-class ammunition ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,170 tonnes
Operator: : 3 in service
Missile/rocket ammunition ships
Yuan Wang 21 missile/rocket ammunition ship
Builder:
Displacement: 9,080 tonnes
Operator:
Yuan Wang 22 missile/rocket ammunition ship
Builder:
Operator:
Replenishment ships
Fort Rosalie-class replenishment ship
Builder:
Displacement: 23,890 tons
Operator: , ( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 2 in service
Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo/ammunition ship (T-AKE-1)
Builder:
Displacement: 41,000 tons
Operator: : 14 in commission
Poolster-class replenishment ship
Builder:
Displacement: 16,836 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 903 (Fuchi-class) replenishment ship
Builder:
Displacement: 20,500 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Type 903A-class replenishment ship
Builder:
Displacement: 23,400 tons
Operator:
Type 904 (Dayun-class) stores ship
Builder:
Displacement: 10,975 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 908 (Fusu- or Nancang-class) replenishment ship
Builder:
Displacement: 37,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in commission
Westerwald-class transport ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,042 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Fast combat support ships
Cheonji-class fast combat support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 9,113 tons
Operator : 3 in service
Panshih-class (AOE-532) fast combat support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 20,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Supply-class fast combat replenishment ship (AOE-6)
Builder:
Displacement: 50,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Type 901 class fast combat support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 45,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Tankers
Replenishment oilers
Akar-class replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 19,350 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 26,000 tons
Operator:
Berlin-class (Type 702) combat support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 20,240 tons
Operator : 3 in service
Cantabria (A15) replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 19,500 tons
Operator: , 1 in service
Durance-class replenishment oiler
Builder: /
Displacement: 17,900 tons
Operators:
: 4 in service
: 1 in service, former Durance
: 1 in service as HMAS Success (built in Australia)
Fort Victoria-class replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 32,818 tons
Operator: , ( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 1 in service
Mashū-class replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 25,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
replenishment oiler
Builder: /
Displacement: 27,500 tons
Operator:
Patiño replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 17,045 tons
Operator: , 1 in service
replenishment tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 25,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Stromboli-class replenishment ship
Builder:
Displacement: 8,700 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Tide-class replenishment oiler
Builder: /
Displacement: 39,000 tons
Operator: , ( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 4 in service
Towada-class replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 15,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Beiyou 572-class replenishment oiler
Builder:
Operator: : 4 in service
Type 631-class replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 2,300 tons
Operator: : 7 in service
Type 905 (Fuqing-class) replenishment oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 21,750 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Transport tankers and oilers
Alyay-class fleet oiler (Project 160)
Builder:
Displacement: 7,225 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Boris Chilikin-class fleet oiler (Project 1559)
Builder:
Displacement: 22,460 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
BAP Tacna fleet oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 17,040 tons
Operator: , 1 in service
Chesapeake-class transport tanker (AOT-5084)
Builder:
Displacement: 65,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Dubna-class fleet oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 11,140 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Gus W. Darnell-class transport tanker (AOT-1125)
Builder:
Displacement: 40,000 tons
Operator: : 5 in commission
Henry J. Kaiser-class fleet oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 42,000 tons
Operators:
: 13 in commission
: 1 in commission
Olekma-class fleet oiler
Builder:
Displacement: 6,440 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Panarea-class gasoline tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 863 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Rhön-class tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 14,169 tons
Operator: , 2 in service
Rover-class tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 11,500 tons (loaded)
Operators:
, 1 in service
, 1 in service
( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 2 in service
Uda-class fleet oiler (Project 577)
Builder:
Displacement: 7,160 tons
Operator: : 5 in service
Vyaz'ma fleet oiler
Displacement: 8,900 tons
Operator:
Walchensee-class tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 2,191 tons
Operator: , 2 in service
Wave-class tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 34,500 tons
Operator: , ( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 2 in service
Coastal tankers
Fuzhou-class coastal tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 1,200 tons
Operator: : 32 in service
Jinyou-class coastal tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 4,800 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Khobi-class coastal tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 1,525 tons
Operators:
: 1 delivered in 1959
Leizhou-class coastal tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 900 tons
Operator: : 9 in service
Type 620 (Shengli-class) coastal tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 4,940 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 632 (Fulin-class) coastal tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 2,200 tons
Operator: : 19 in service
Water tankers
Simeto-class water tanker
Builder:
Displacement: 1,968 tons
Operators:
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
Tenders
Elbe-class (Type 404) tender
Builder:
Displacement: 3,586 tons
Operator : 6 in service
Lubin-class small craft support ship
Builder: BSO Split
Displacement: 880 tons
Operator: : 1 in service of 3 built
Rhin-class tender
Displacement: 2,445 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Vis small craft command and support ship
Builder: ??
Displacement: 680 tons
Operator:
Buoy tenders
Class A Balsam-class buoy tender
Builder:
Displacement: 1,025 tons
Operators:
: 1 delivered in 1997 from the US Coast Guard
: 5 in commission
Gasconade-class river buoy tender (WLR-75401)
Builder:
Displacement: 141 tons
Operator: : 9 in commission
Juniper-class buoy tender (WLB-201)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,000 tons
Operator: : 16 in commission
Keeper-class buoy tender
Builder:
Displacement: 840 tons
Operator: : 14 in commission
Ouachita-class buoy tender (WLR-65501)
Builder:
Displacement: 143 tons
Operator: : 6 in service
Type 066 class buoy tender
Builder:
Displacement: 70 tons
Operator:
Type 744-class buoy tender
Builder:
Displacement: 1750 tons
Operator:
Type 911I-class buoy tender
Builder:
Displacement: 135 tons
Operator:
Type 999-class buoy tender
Builder:
Displacement: 95 tons
Operator:
Buoy tugs
Alcyon-class ocean tug and buoy tender
Displacement: 1,500 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Dive tenders
Type 904I-class dive tender
Builder:
Displacement: 1,354.8 tons
Operator:
Type 904II-class dive tender
Builder:
Displacement: 1,327 tons
Operator:
Vulcain diving tender
Builder:
Displacement: 490 tons
Operator:
Submarine tenders
Kashtan submersible support ship
Displacement: 5,250 tons
Operator:
Kommuna submersible support ship
Displacement: 2,450 tons
Operator:
Malina-class submarine tender (Project 2020)
Builder: /
Displacement: 13,900 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Mercuur class submarine tender
Builder:
Displacement: 1,400 Tons
Operator:
Pionier Moskvyy-class submersible support ship (Project 05360)
Builder:
Displacement: 7,960 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Ugra-class submarine tender (Project 1886.1)
Builder:
Displacement: 9,650 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 925 (Dajiang-class) submarine tender and salvage ship
Builder:
Displacement: 10,087 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Type 926-class submarine support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 9,500 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Degaussing ships
Bereza-class degaussing ship (Project 130)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,050 tons
Operators:
: 17 in service
: 1 in service
Pelym-class degaussing ship (Project 1799)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,200 tons
Operator: : 17 in service
Type 911 degaussing ship
Builder:
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 912 degaussing ship
Builder:
Displacement: 828 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 912I degaussing ship
Builder:
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 912III (Yanbai class) degaussing ship
Builder:
Displacement: 570 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 912IIIA degaussing ship
Builder:
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 912IIIAH degaussing ship
Builder:
Operator: : 3 in service
Repair ships
Aditya-class replenishment and repair ship
Builder:
Displacement: 24,612 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Amur-class repair ship (Project 304)
Builder:
Displacement: 5,500 tons
Operator: : 11 in service
Emory S. Land-class submarine tender/repair ship (AS-39)
Builder:
Displacement: 22,900 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Garonne-class small repair ship
Displacement: 2,320 tons
Operator:
Oskol-class repair ship (Project 300/301/303)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,700 tons
Operator: : 8 in service
Type 648 (Dadao-class) submarine repair ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,962 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Dry docks
120t class dry dock
Builder:
Displacement: 526.49 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Dongxiu 912-class dry dock
Builder:
Operator: : 1 in service
Hua Chuan No. 1-class dry dock
Builder:
Displacement: 13,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Engineering vessels
Dredgers
Dredger 1 dredger
Builder:
Operator:
8-m3 class dredger
Builder:
Operator:
Beijun 204-class dredger
Builder:
Operator:
Dongjun 417-class dredger
Builder:
Operator:
Dongjun 433-class dredger
Builder:
Operator:
Dongjun 434-class dredger
Builder:
Operator:
Nanjun 610-class dredger
Builder:
Operator:
Crane ships
Diamond State-class crane ship (ACS-7)
Builder:
Displacement: 31,500 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Gopher State-class crane ship (ACS-4)
Builder:
Displacement: 25,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Green Mountain State-class crane ship (ACS-9)
Builder:
Displacement: 31,500 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Keystone State-class crane ship (ACS-1)
Builder:
Displacement: 31,500 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Construction ships
Anvil-class inland construction tender (WLIC-75301)
Builder:
Displacement: 145 tons
Operator: : 8 in service
Pamlico-class inland construction tender (WLIC-800)
Builder:
Displacement: 416 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Cable laying ships
Type 890 (Youzheng-class) cable ship
Builder:
Displacement: 750 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Type 991II (Youdian-class) cable ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,550 tons
Operator: : 9 in service, including 3 modified as buoy tenders
USNS Zeus cable ship (ARC-7)
Displacement: 15,000 tons
Operator:
Surveillance and intelligence vessels
Ocean surveillance ships
Hibiki-class ocean surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,861 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Impeccable-class Ocean Surveillance Ship (T-AGOS-23)
Displacement: 5,368 tons
Operator:
Stalwart-class Ocean Surveillance Ship (T-AGOS-1)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,285 tons
Operators
: 2 in service
Victorious-class Ocean Surveillance Ship (T-AGOS-19)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,370 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Electronic surveillance ships
Alpinist-class electronic surveillance ships (Project 503M)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,140 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Bougainville electronic surveillance ship
Displacement: 10,250 tons
Operator:
FS Eger electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 7,560 tons
Operator:
Elettra-class electronic surveillance ship
Builder
Displacement: 3,180 tons
Operators:
, NATO: 1 in service
: 1 in service
: 1 in service
Lira-class electronic surveillance ship (Project 1826)
Builder:
Displacement: 4,900 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
FS Marjata electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 5,300 tons
Operator:
Oste-class (Type 423) electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Primor'ye-class electronic surveillance ship (Project 394B)
Builder:
Displacement: 4,340 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Vishnaya-class electronic surveillance ship (Project 864)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,470 tons
Operator: : 7 in service
Type 814A (Dadie-class) electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,198 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 815-class electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 6,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 815A-class electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Operator: : 4 in service
Type 815G-class electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Operator: : 4 in service
Missile tracking ships
Monge missile tracking ship
Displacement: 21,040 tons
Operator:
Observation Island Missile Range Instrumentation Ship (T-AGM-23)
Displacement: 17,000 tons
Operator:
Waters navigation research and missile tracking ship (T-AGS-45)
Displacement: 12,000 tons
Operator:
Yuan Wang-class missile tracking and space event support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 21,000 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Research and scientific vessels
Alliance (A 5345) research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,120 tons
Operator: , NATO
experimental ship
Builder:
Displacement: 6,299 tons
Operator:
RV Belgica coastal research ship
Displacement: 835 tons
Operator:
Helmsand-class trial and fleet service ships (Type 748)
Builder:
Operator: : 3 in service
Leonardo (A 5301) research ship
Builder
Displacement: 337 tons
Operator:
Planet-class (Type 751) research ship (SWATH vessel)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,500 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Rossetti-class research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 324 tons
Operator: , 2 in service
Shijian-class research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Type 6610 (Shuguang-class) research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,400 tons
Operator: : 8 in service
Wilhelm Pullwer-class trial boat (Type 741)
Builder:
Operator: : 1 in service
Xiangyanghong-class research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 10,000 tons
Operator: : 12 in service in various configurations
Yanlun-class research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Yannan-class research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,750 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Acoustic research vessels
USNS Hayes acoustic trials ship (T-AG-195)
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Operator:
acoustic research ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,083 tons
Operator:
Survey vessels
Baldur-class coastal survey ship
Builder:
Displacement: 50 tons
Operator: : 1 in commission
ARA Comodoro Rivadavia coastal hydrographic survey ship
Builder:
Displacement: 827 tons
Operator:
USNS John McDonnell coastal survey ship (T-AGS-51)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Lapérouse-class survey ship
Displacement: 980 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Makar-class hydrographic survey catamaran
Builder:
Displacement: 500 tons
Operator:
Moma-class survey ship (Project 861)
Builder: /
Displacement: 1,600 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Sandhayak-class survey ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,960 tons
Operator: : 7 in service
HMS Scott ocean survey vessel
Builder
Displacement: 13,500 tons
Operator: 1 in service
Type 635 A/B/C (Yanlai class) hydrographic survey ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,100 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Valerian Uryvayav-class survey ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,050 tons
Operators:
: 1 delivered in 1991 for training and coastal survey
Hydro-oceanographic Survey vessels
ARA Austral (Q-21) hydro-oceanographic survey ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,952 tons
Operator:
Ninfe-class hydro-oceanographic research ship
Builder
Displacement: 415 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Oceanographic Research vessels
Cabo de Hornos oceanographic research ship
Builder: / ASMAR Chile
Displacement: 3,020 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Ammiraglio Magnaghi oceanographic research ship
Builder
Displacement: 1,744 tons
Operator:
Melville-class oceanographic research/survey ship (T-AGOR-14)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,670 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Pathfinder-class oceanographic research/survey ship (AGS 60)
Builder:
Displacement: 4,750 tons
Operator: : 6 in commission
Thomas G. Thompson class oceanographic research/survey ship (T-AGOR-23)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,250 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Polar Oceanographic Research vessels
BIO Las Palmas polar oceanographic research vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 1,500 tons
Operator:
ARA Puerto Deseado polar oceanographic survey vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 2,400 tons
Operator:
Icebreakers
Eisvogel-class icebreaker
Builder:
Displacement: 560 tons
Operators:
: 1 in service
: 1 in service
Type 272 class icebreaker
Builder:
Displacement: 4,860 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Lake icebreakers
USCGC Mackinaw lake icebreaker (WLBB-30)
Displacement: 3,500 tons
Operator:
Electronic surveillance icebreakers
Type 071G class icebreaker and electronic surveillance ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,192 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Electronic surveillance / hydrographic research icebreakers
Type 210 class electronic surveillance / hydrographic research icebreaker
Builder:
Displacement: 4,420 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Polar icebreakers
USCGC Healy polar icebreaker (WAGB-20)
Builder:
Displacement: 16,400 tons
Operator:
Polar-class polar icebreaker (WAGB-10)
Builder:
Displacement: 13,600 tons
Operator: : 1 in commission
Shirase (AGB-5003) polar icebreaker
Builder:
Displacement: 20,000 tons
Operator:
Polar patrol icebreakers
NoCGV Svalbard polar icebreaker/offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 6,500 tons
Operator:
Polar research icebreakers
ARA Almirante Irízar polar research icebreaker
Builder:
Displacement: 14,899 tons
Operator:
Polar oceanographic research icebreakers
BIO Hespérides polar oceanographic research icebreaker
Builder:
Displacement: 2750 tons
Operator:
Icebreaking tugs
Bay-class icebreaking tug (WTGB-101)
Builder:
Displacement: 660 tons
Operator: : 9 in commission
Logistical support ships
Etna-class Logistics Support Vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 13,400 tons
Operator:
: 1 in service
: 1 in service
Honqui-class coastal freighter
Builder:
Displacement: 1,950 tons
Operator: : 7 in service
Qiongsha-class cargo ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,150 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
HNoMS Valkyrien support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Vulcano-class Logistics Support Ship
Builder:
Displacement: 23,500 tons
Operator: : 1 on building
Multi role vessels
multi role vessel
Builder: /
Displacement: 9,000 tons
Operator:
General cargo ships
Cape Ann-class general cargo ship (AK-5009)
Builder:
Displacement: 20,110 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Cape Breton-class general cargo ship (AK-5056)
Builder:
Displacement: 21,000 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Cape Girardeau-class container/bulk cargo ship (AK-2039)
Builder:
Displacement: 32,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Cape John-class general cargo ship (AK-5022)
Builder:
Displacement: 23,000 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Costa Sur-class container/general cargo ship
Builder:
Displacement: 10,894 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Container ships
MV Asterix container ship
Builder:
Operator:
Page class container ship (AKR-4496)
Builder:
Displacement: 74,500 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Prepositioning ships
1st Lt Harry L. Martin Marine Corps prepositioning ship (AK-3015)
Builder:
Displacement: 51,531 tons
Operator:
2nd Lieutenant John P. Bobo-class Marine Corps prepositioning ship (AK-3008)
Builder:
Displacement: 46,000 tons
Operator: : 5 in commission
Gordon-class army prepositioning ship (AKR-296)
Builder: /
Displacement: 65,000 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Corporal Louis J. Hauge Jr.-class Marine Corps prepositioning ship (AK-3000)
Builder:
Displacement: 44,000 tons
Operator: : 5 in commission
Sergeant Matej Kocak-class Marine Corps prepositioning ship (AK-3005)
Builder:
Displacement: 51,612 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
LCPL Roy M. Wheat Marine Corps prepositioning ship (AK-3016)
Builder: /
Displacement: 50,570 tons
Operator:
Shughart-class army prepositioning ship (AKR-295)
Builder:
Displacement: 54,300 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Vehicle ships
Algol-class fast vehicle cargo ship (AKR 287)
Builder:
Displacement: 55,355 tons
Operator: : 8 in commission
Bob Hope-class army vehicle prepositioning ship (AKR-300)
Builder:
Displacement: 62,000 tons
Operator: : 7 in commission
Cape Ducato-class roll-on/roll-off vehicle cargo ship (AKR-5051)
Builder: /
Displacement: 34,790 tons
Operator: : 5 in commission
Cape Hudson-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-5066)
Builder: /
Displacement: 51,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Cape Island-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-10)
Builder:
Displacement: 33,900 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Cape Knox-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-5082)
Builder:
Displacement: 29,200 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Cape Lambert-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-5077)
Builder:
Displacement: 30,360 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Cape Rise-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-9678)
Builder:
Displacement: 32,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Cape Texas-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-112)
Builder:
Displacement: 24,550 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Cape Vincent-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-9666)
Builder:
Displacement: 28,200 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Cape Washington-class vehicle cargo ship (AKR-9961)
Builder:
Displacement: 53,600 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
General Frank S. Besson-class Logistics Support Vessel (LSV-1)
Builder:
Displacement: 4,199 long tons
Operator:
: 8 in commission
: 2 in commission
GySgt Fred W. Stockham army prepositioning ship (AK-3017)
Builder:
Displacement: 55,500 tons
Operator:
Round Table-class Landing Ship Logistic
Builder:
Displacement: 6,000 to 8,751 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
LTC Calvin P. Titus-class container/vehicle cargo ship (AK-5089)
Builder:
Displacement: 48,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Watson-class army prepositioning ship (AKR-310)
Builder:
Displacement: 62,600 tons
Operator: : 8 in commission
Aviation logistics ships
Wright-class aviation logistics ship (T-AVB-3)
Builder:
Displacement: 23,800 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Barge Carrier ships
Cape Fear-class barge carrier (AK-5061)
Builder:
Displacement: 44,250 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Cape Flattery-class barge carrier (AK-5070)
Builder:
Displacement: 62,300 tons
Operator: : 2 in commission
Troop ships
Qiongsha-class troop ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,150 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Polar logistics ships
Green Wave polar logistics ship (AK-2050)
Builder:
Displacement: 9,500 tons
Operator:
Rescue and salvage ships
Heavy-lift ships
Type 633 class heavy-lift ship
Builder:
Operator: : 1 in service
Salvage ships
Type 922 class rescue and salvage ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,400 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 922II (Dalang class) rescue and salvage ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,450 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 922III (Dalang II class) rescue and salvage ship
Builder:
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 922IIIA (Dalang II class) rescue and salvage ship
Builder:
Operator: : 3 in service
Salvage tugs
Abeille Flandre-class large salvage tug
Displacement: 3,800 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Daozha-class salvage tug
Builder:
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Fehmarn-class (Type 720) salvage tug
Builder:
Displacement: 1,310 tons
Operator:
Ingul-class salvage tug (Project 1452/1453)
Builder:
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Neftegaz-class salvage tug (Project B-92)
Builder:
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Prut-class salvage tug (Project 527M)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,330 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Safeguard-class salvage tug (ARS-50)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,300 tons
Operator: : 4 in commission
Sliva-class salvage tug (Project 712)
Builder:
Displacement: 3,000 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Tuozhong-class salvage tug
Builder:
Displacement: 3,600 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Fire tugs
Fire-class fireboat
Builder:
Displacement: 140 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Iva-class fire rescue tug (Project B-99)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,300 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Katun-class fire tug (Project 1893/1993)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,200 tons
Operator: : 13 in service
Search and Rescue Vessels
San Juan-class Search and Rescue Vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 540 tons
Operator: Philippine Coast Guard: 4 in service
Ilocos Norte class Search and Rescue Vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 120 tons
Operator: Philippine Coast Guard: 4 in service
Type 917 class rescue ship
Builder:
Operator: : 2 in service
Submarine Rescue ships
Alagez submarine salvage and rescue ship (Project 537)
Displacement: 14,300 tons
Operator:
submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,200 tons
Operator:
Amatista Mod-class submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,860 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
HSwMS Belos submarine rescue ship.
Operator:
Anteo submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,874 tons
Operator:
Cheonghaejin class submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,300 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 7,011 tons
Operator:
submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 7,214 tons
Operator:
Type 930 (Hudong class) submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,500 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 946 (Dazhou class) submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,100 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 946A (Dadong class) submarine rescue ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,500 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Torpedo recovery vessels
torpedo launch and recovery vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 650 tons
Operator:
Builder:
Displacement: 1190 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 803 class torpedo retriever
Builder:
Displacement: 94.67 tons
Operator:
Type 906 class torpedo trials craft
Builder:
Displacement: 2,300 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 907A class torpedo trials craft
Builder:
Displacement: 615 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 917 class torpedo retriever
Builder:
Displacement: 742.5 tons
Operator: : 7 in service
Pollution control ships
Bottsand-class (Type 738) oil recovery ship
Builder:
Displacement: 650 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Halli pollution control ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,100 tons
Operator:
Hylje pollution control ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,400 tons
Operator:
Louhi pollution control ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,450 tons
Operator:
Tugs
Glen-class tug
Builder:
Displacement: 259 tons
Operator: : 5 in service
Habagat-class MT Tug (TB-271)
Builder:
Displacement: unknown
Operator: Philippine Coast Guard
IRS-class tug
Builder:
Displacement: 472 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Anchor tugs
Chieftain anchor handling tug supply vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 2,028 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Supply tugs
Rari-class supply tug
Displacement: 1,550 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Harbour tugs
Capstan-class (65 Foot) small harbour tug (WYTL-65601)
Builder:
Displacement: 72 tons
Operator: : 10 in commission
Lütje Hörn-class (Type 725) harbour tug
Builder:
Operator: : 6 in service
Porto-class harbour tug
Builder:
Displacement: 412 tons
Operator: : 11 in service
Sleipner-class harbour tug
Builder:
Displacement: 300 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Sylt-class (Type 724) large harbour tug
Builder:
Operator: : 2 in service
Ville-class harbour tug
Builder:
Displacement: 46 tons
Operator: : 5 in service
Wustrow-class (Type 414) harbour tug
Builder:
Operator: : 2 in service
Coastal tugs
Belier-class coastal tug
Displacement: 800 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
Chamois-class coastal tug and logistical support ship
Displacement: 505 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Offshore tugs
Abnaki class fleet ocean tug
Builder:
Displacement: 1,589 tons
Operators:
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
Atlante-class ocean tug
Builder:
Displacement: 750 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Barentshav-class offshore patrol vessel
Builder:
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Operator: : 3 in commission
Ciclope-class ocean tug
Builder:
Displacement: 660 tons
Operator: : 6 in service
offshore tug
Builder:
Displacement: 560 tons
Operator:
Goliat-class ocean tug (Project 733)
Builder:
Displacement: 890 tons
Operator: : 25 in service
Helgoland-class large sea-going tug
Builder:
Operators:
: 1 in service
: 1 in service
MB-330 class ocean tug
Builder:
Displacement: 1,180 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Powhatan class fleet ocean tug (ATF 168)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,260 tons
Operator: : 5 in commission
Roslavl-class ocean tug (Project A-202)
Builder: /
Displacement: 625 tons
Operators:
: 11 in service
: 4 in service
Sorum-class fleet seagoing tug (Project 745)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,656 tons
Operator: : 22 in service
Tenace-class ocean tug
Displacement: 1,400 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Type 802 Gromovoy class ocean tug
Builder: /
Displacement: 890 tons
Operator: : 17 in service
Type 837 Hujiu class ocean tug
Builder:
Displacement: 750 tons
Operator: : 8 in service
Wangerooge-class seagoing tug
Builder:
Displacement: 798 tons
Operators:
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
Fleet tugs
Dinghai-class fleet tug
Builder:
Displacement: 1,470 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Goryn-class fleet tug (Project 563)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,200 tons
Operator: : 9 in service
Training ships
See :Category:Training ships
Amerigo Vespucci Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 4,146 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
RFA Argus Aviation training ship
Builder
Displacement 28,081 tons
Operator: , ( Royal Fleet Auxiliary), 1 in service
Arung Samudera Tall ship
Operator:
Capitán Miranda Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 852 tons
Operator:
Cisne Branco Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,038 tons
Operator:
UAM Creoula Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,321 tons
Operator:
Tall ship
Builder:
Operator:
Fabian Wrede-class training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 65 tons
Operator: : 3 in service
USCGC Eagle Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,813 tons
Operator:
NRP Sagres Tall ship
Builder: Blohm & Voss
Displacement: 1,755 long tons (1,783 tons)
Operator:
Sister ship to USCGC Eagle
Mircea Tall ship
Builder: Blohm & Voss
Operator:
Sister ship to USCGC Eagle and NRP Sagres
Gorch Fock Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,006 tons
Operator:
Sister ship to USCGC Eagle, NRP Sagres, and Mircea
ARC Gloria Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,300 tons
Operator:
BAE Guayas Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,300 tons
Operator:
Sister ship to ARC Gloria
Simón Bolívar Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,260 tons
Operator:
Sister ship to ARC Gloria and BAE Guayas
ARM Cuauhtémoc Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,800 tons
Operator:
Sister ship to ARC Gloria, BAE Guayas, and Simón Bolívar
Hiuchi-class training support ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,000 tons
Operator: : 5 in service
HNoMS Horten training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 2,535 tons
Operator:
Intermares training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Operator:
Juan Sebastián de Elcano Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,673 tons
Operator:
Esmeralda Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,754 tons
Operator:
Sister ship to Juan Sebastián de Elcano
ARA Libertad Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,765 tons
Operator:
Mhadei-class training sailboat
Builder:
Displacement: 23 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
training sailboat
Builder:
Displacement: 93 tons
Operator:
Palinuro Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,341 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Shiyan training ship
Displacement: 6,000 tons
Operator:
Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 513 tons
Operator:
Tall ship
Builder:
Displacement: 513 tons
Operator:
Sister ship to
training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Operator:
Type 82 training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 6,000 tons
Operator: 1 in service
Type 679 (Zheng He-class) (NATO Daxing-class) training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 5,548 tons
Operator:
Type 680 (Qi Jiguang-class) training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 9,000 tons
Operator:
Type 0891A (Shichang-class) training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 9,700 tons
Operator:
BAP Unión Tall ship
Builder: /
Displacement: 3,200 tons
Operator:
Yanxi-class training ship
Builder:
Displacement: 1,200 tons
Operator:
Yachts
Argo (MEN209) Presidential Yacht
Builder:
Displacement: 64.47 tons
Operator:
HDMY Dannebrog Royal Yacht
Builder:
Displacement: 1,295 tons
Operator:
ARA Fortuna III racing yacht
Builder:
Displacement: 15.5 tons
Operator:
accommodation yacht
Builder:
Displacement: 490 tons
Operator:
HNoMY Norge Royal Yacht
Builder:
Displacement: 1,628 tons
Operator:
See also
List of naval ship classes in service
List of submarine classes in service
References
Auxiliary ship classes in service
Auxiliary ship classes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20auxiliary%20ship%20classes%20in%20service |
Hexanol may refer to any of the following isomeric organic compounds with the formula C6H13OH:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Structure !! Type !! IUPAC name !! Boiling point (°C)
|-
|
| Primary
| Hexan-1-ol
| 158
|-
|
| Secondary
| Hexan-2-ol
| 140
|-
|
| Secondary
| Hexan-3-ol
| 135
|-
|
| Primary
| 2-Methylpentan-1-ol
| 147
|-
|
| Primary
| 3-Methylpentan-1-ol
| 152
|-
|
| Primary
| 4-Methylpentan-1-ol
| 151
|-
|
| Tertiary
| 2-Methylpentan-2-ol
| 121
|-
|
| Secondary
| 3-Methylpentan-2-ol
| 134
|-
|
| Secondary
| 4-Methylpentan-2-ol
| 131
|-
|
| Secondary
| 2-Methylpentan-3-ol
| 126
|-
|
| Tertiary
| 3-Methylpentan-3-ol
| 122
|-
|
| Primary
| 2,2-Dimethylbutan-1-ol
| 137
|-
|
| Primary
| 2,3-Dimethylbutan-1-ol
| 145
|-
|
| Primary
| 3,3-Dimethylbutan-1-ol
| 143
|-
|
| Tertiary
| 2,3-Dimethylbutan-2-ol
| 119
|-
|
| Secondary
| 3,3-Dimethylbutan-2-ol
| 120
|-
|
| Primary
| 2-Ethylbutan-1-ol
| 146
|-
|}
See also
Cyclohexanol
Amyl alcohol
Fatty alcohols | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexanol |
Potočari may refer to the following places in Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Potočari, Srebrenica, a local community consisting of the two villages:
Donji Potočari
Gornji Potočari
Potočari, Brčko, a village in the Brčko District
See also
Potočani (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poto%C4%8Dari |
José María Mainetti (March 5, 1909 – February 9, 2006) was an Argentine physician, surgeon and oncologist.
Mainetti was born in Hinojo, Buenos Aires. He spent most of his childhood and youth in La Plata, were his family moved in 1911. He finished his medicine studies in 1932. Since 1940 he started working also as a professor at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
In 1969 he created the Fundación para el Progreso ("Foundation for Progress") which later became Fundación Dr. José María Mainetti, and in 1971 the Escuela de Oncología (Oncology School). In 1986 he started the Centro Oncológico de Excelencia teaching, research, diagnosis and attention centre against cancer, and in 1993 the Instituto de Trasplante de Médula Osea (Bone Marrow Transplant Institute)
Mainetti is well known in Argentina as the mentor of René Favaloro, and a pioneer of bioethics in the country. As well as Favaloro, he had to struggle against the lack of financial support.
José María Mainetti died in 2006 in Manuel Gonnet, Buenos Aires.
External links
Fundación Dr. José María Mainetti
Clarín: On his death
1909 births
2006 deaths
People from Buenos Aires Province
Argentine people of Italian descent
Argentine oncologists
Argentine scientists
Burials at La Plata Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Mainetti |
County Route 551 (CR 551) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Pennsville-Salem Road (Route 49) in Pennsville Township to Penn Street (Interstate 676 / U.S. Route 30) in Camden.
Route description
CR 551 begins at an intersection with Route 49 in Pennsville Township, Salem County, heading north on two-lane undivided Hook Road. The road runs through a mix of farms and woods with some homes. The route passes through some marshland adjacent to the Salem River before entering residential areas. CR 551 crosses into Carneys Point Township and comes to an interchange with I-295 at the point where the New Jersey Turnpike and US 40 split from I-295. Here, CR 551 briefly merges onto I-295 before exiting the freeway at Route 140, at which point the route heads east for a brief concurrency with Route 140 in commercial areas. CR 551 splits from Route 140 by heading northeast on two-lane undivided Auburn Road, running through forested areas a short distance to the east of I-295, intersecting CR 618. The route turns east away from I-295 and intersects CR 629 as it passes to the north of a lake before coming to a junction with Route 48. Following this intersection, the road heads into a mix of farmland and woodland with a few homes, entering Oldmans Township at the CR 641 junction. The road comes to intersections with CR 643 and CR 644 before crossing CR 602 farther east. Upon intersecting CR 646, CR 551 turns northeast onto Pointers Auburn Road and passes homes.
Upon crossing the marshy Oldmans Creek, CR 551 enters Woolwich Township in Gloucester County and becomes Auburn Road as it passes residential subdivisions before crossing CR 602 and heading into agricultural areas. The road enters areas of residential development again as it intersects CR 620 and CR 662. After crossing the SMS Rail Lines' Salem Branch line, the route continues into Swedesboro and becomes Auburn Avenue. The road is lined with homes as it meets CR 671 before coming to a junction with CR 605 and CR 694. At this intersection, CR 551 turns onto Kings Highway and passes through the residential and commercial downtown of Swedesboro, reaching the junction with the western terminus of CR 538. The route crosses the Racoon Creek back into Woolwich Township and intersects CR 653 before passing a mix of farms and development as it comes to US 322/CR 536. CR 551 continues through more agricultural areas as it has junctions with CR 672 and CR 684. Continuing into East Greenwich Township, the route heads into areas of residential subdivisions as it crosses CR 607 and CR 664. After passing through some woods, the road heads into the residential community of Mickleton and intersects CR 673. In the community of Clarksboro, CR 551 reaches junctions with CR 667 and CR 707. The route crosses the Southern Railroad of New Jersey's Salem Branch before passing more homes in the community of Mount Royal, where there is an intersection with CR 678. CR 551 crosses the Mantua Creek into West Deptford Township and heads east between oil tanks to the north and residential areas to the south as it intersects CR 648, CR 643, and CR 656. The road continues near more homes and tank farms before crossing CR 660, where the setting becomes mainly residential. CR 551 enters Woodbury and becomes Salem Avenue as it enters commercial areas, crossing Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Penns Grove Secondary before reaching an intersection with Route 45.
Here, CR 551 forms a concurrency with four-lane Route 45 and heads north-northeast on Broad Street through the downtown of Woodbury. The road intersects CR 663 and continues through the downtown. Route 45 and CR 551 cross the Woodbury Creek out of the downtown area and intersect CR 644 near Inspira Health Center Woodbury. From here, the route continues past a mix of residences and businesses as a two-lane undivided road. CR 551 splits from Route 45 by heading east on Park Avenue, crossing the Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Vineland Secondary before turning north on Broadway, entering Deptford Township. The road runs through commercial areas and intersects the northern terminus of CR 553. Farther north, CR 551 reaches a partial interchange with access to and from the northbound direction of I-295; southbound access is provided by Route 45 a short distance to the west. In the area of this interchange, the route is briefly a divided highway. Past I-295, the route continues into Westville and passes through more urban areas of homes and businesses as a two-lane undivided road. CR 551 passes through the commercial downtown of Westville before joining Route 47, running northeast through commercial areas as a four-lane undivided road.
After crossing the Big Timber Creek into Brooklawn, Camden County, the road comes to a traffic circle with US 130 and CR 753, where Route 47 ends and CR 551 turns west to follow US 130, passing under the Vineland Secondary. At another traffic circle, CR 551 splits from US 130 and heads northeast onto New Broadway. The road passes homes before turning north and crossing the Little Timber Creek into Gloucester City. The route continues north onto Broadway and crosses a railroad branch before passing through urban areas of homes and businesses, intersecting CR 632, CR 634, CR 635, and CR 755. CR 551 passes under the Walt Whitman Bridge, which carries I-76, before coming to a junction with CR 631 in an industrial area. The road crosses the Newton Creek into Camden and passes to the east of the Port of Camden. After passing over a railroad branch, the route passes rowhouses as it crosses CR 603. The road passes more urban development as it reaches junctions with CR 607 and CR 604. CR 551 continues north into the commercial downtown of Camden and crosses Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and NJ Transit's River Line at NJ Transit's Walter Rand Transportation Center and the PATCO Speedline's Broadway station. Farther north, the route intersects CR 537 and CR 537 Spur. CR 551 comes to its northern terminus at an interchange with I-676/US 30 near the toll plaza on the eastern approach of the Benjamin Franklin Bridge to Philadelphia.
History
In 1681, the West Jersey legislature approved the laying out of a road from Amboy to Salem through Bordentown, Burlington, Mount Holly, Moorestown, and Haddonfield, along an old Lenape trail. It became known as a King's Highway, and was an important route of travel between the capitals of East and West Jersey. From South Amboy to Cranbury, the road followed Bordentown Avenue, Main Street, and County Route 535, then into Hightstown as Main Street. From there, the road is still known as the Old York Road to Burlington, barring a small section south of Crosswicks known as the Crosswicks-Chesterfield Road. From Mount Holly to Moorestown, the road is now known as the Marne Highway. From there to Salem, the road is still known as King's Highway, with the section surrounding Camden designated Route 41; from there to Brooklawn it's now designated CR 551 Spur, and CR 551 to Swedesboro. The road was straightened to its present course in 1812. The road had many name changes; the road west of Moorestown wasn't unified under the name "King's Highway" until 1963.
From Woodbury to Swedesboro, the road was maintained as part of the Salem and Gloucester Turnpike; the road from Swedesboro to Woodstown was also included in the turnpike.
Major intersections
CR 551 Spur
County Route 551 Spur, abbreviated CR 551 Spur, is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Broadway (U.S. Route 130) in Brooklawn to Chews Landing Road (Route 41) in Haddonfield.
The road travels through the following municipalities (from south to north):
Bellmawr (Camden County)
Mount Ephraim
Haddon Heights
Haddonfield
Major intersections
Another County Route 551 Spur also existed that is currently Gloucester County Route 673.
See also
References
External links
NJ State Highways: CR 545-560
CR 551 pictures
End of CR 551 (Hook Rd) at NJ 49 (Google Maps)
Map showing distance between Upper Pittsgrove and alignment of CR 551 (Google Maps)
551
551
551
551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20551%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
The list of submarine classes in service includes all submarine classes currently in service with navies or other armed forces worldwide. For surface combatants, see the list of naval ship classes in service.
Ballistic missile submarines
Cruise missile submarines
Nuclear-powered attack submarines
Non-nuclear attack submarines with air-independent propulsion (AIP)
Agosta-90B class submarine
Builder:
Displacement: 1,725 tons
Operators:
: 3 in service
Builder: ,
Displacement: 1,800 tons
Operators: : 2 building
(Dolphin-2; AIP-variant)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,900 tons
Operator: : 3 AIP in-service/sea trials, 3 AIP ordered
Builder: ,
Displacement: 1,647 tons
Operators: : 3 in service
Qing-class submarine
Builder:
Displacement: 6,628 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 3,426 tons
Operator: : 1 on sea trials; 3 more building
Builder: /
Displacement: 1,590 tons
Operator:
: 4 ordered/building
: 2 in service
: 4 in service , 1 under trials, 1 under construction, known as
: 2 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 4,200 tons
Operators: : 12 in service, last two boats not equipped with AIP in favour of larger battery
Type 212 submarine
Builders: /
Displacement: 1,830/2,500 tons ("A" or "CD" variant)
Operators:
: 6 in service (A), 2 more ordered (CD)
: 4 in service (A), 3 more ordered with option for a fourth (A) – known as the Todaro-class
: 4 ordered (CD)
Type 214 submarine
Builder:
Displacement: 1,980 tons
Operators:
: 4 in service
: 8 in service, 1 building/ordered
: 2 in service
: 6 ordered
/
Builder:
Displacement: 1,145 tons
Operator:
: 2 in service
: 2 on a delivery program
Yuan class
Builder:
Displacement: 3,600 tons
Operator:
: 17 in service, 3 building
: 4 building, 4 on order
Diesel-electric attack submarines
Builder: /
Displacement: 1,725 tons
Operators:
: 2 in service
: 2 in service
(ex-)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,210 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 3,050 tons
Operator: : 6 in service
(Dolphin-1; non-AIP variant)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,900 tons
Operator: : 3 non-AIP in-service
(Project 877 Paltus and Project 636)
Builder: /
Displacement: 3,100 tons
Operators:
: 8 Kilo, 1 decommissioned, 1 transferred to Myanmar Navy, known as the
: 2 Kilo and 10 Improved Kilo in service
: 11-12 original Kilo (877) in service, 10 Improved Kilo (636.3) in service, 3 Improved Kilo building/ordered
: 2 Original Kilo and 2 Improved Kilo
: 1 Kilo
: 3 Kilo
: 1 Kilo no longer active; used for dockside training
Vietnam People's Navy: 6 Improved Kilo in service
: 1 Kilo transferred from Indian Navy
(Project 677 Lada)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,700 tons
Operators: : 1st boat decommissioned for scrapping; 2nd on sea trials; 4 more building/ordered (AIP propulsion originally considered but, according to shipbuilder, not incorporated)
Ming class (Type 035)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,100 tons
Operator:
: 14 in service
: 2 in service
: 1 in service
Nagapasa class
Builder: /
Displacement: 1,400 tons
Operator:
: 3 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 4,000 tons
Operator: : 11 in service, 2 as training ships
Builder:
Displacement: 1,653 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Song class
Builder:
Displacement: 2,250 tons
Operator: : 13 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 4,300 tons
Operator: : 1 launched, 7 planned ― equipped with Lithium-ion batteries
Builder:
Displacement: 2116 tons
Operators:: 1 (S-41) inactive (laid up); 2nd boat (S-42) sunk with all hands lost.
Type 209 submarine
Builder:
Displacement: 1,230/1,290/1,586 tons
Operators:
: 1 inactive (used for dockside training)
: 5 in service
: 2 in service
: 2 in service
: 4 in service
: 2 in service
: 6 in service
: 4 in service
: 4 in service; 1 (402) lost with all hands in April 2021
: 6 in service
: 3 in service
: 9 in service
: 12 in service
: 2 (operational status unclear)
Ula class (Type 210)
Builder:
Displacement: 1,150 tons
Operator: : 6 in service
Victoria class (SSK 876)
Builder:
Displacement: 2,400 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 2,800 tons
Operator: : 4 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 2,600 tons
Operator: : 2 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 370 tons
Operator: : 40 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 2,000 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 593 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Type 206 submarine
Builder:
Displacement: 500 tons
Operators:
: 2 in service
Midget submarines
Yugo class
Builder:
Displacement: 90 up to 110 tons
Operator: : unknown; : 1;: unknown (reported in inventory as of 2019)
Yono class
Builder:
Displacement: 130 tons
Operator: : <36 in service
Ghadir class
Builder:
Displacement: 115 tons
Operator: : 21 in service
Builder:
Displacement: 350-400 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
Special mission submarines
Belgorod (K-329)
Builder: Sevmash
Displacement: 24,000/30,000 tonnes submerged
Operator:
Losharik
Builder: Sevmash
Displacement: c. 2,000 tonnes submerged
Operator:
LR5 Deep submersible
Builder:
Displacement: 21 tons
Operator: (leased to Royal Australian Navy)
NSRS Deep submergence rescue vehicle
Builder:
Displacement: 41 tons
Operator: (available for NATO)
deep sea rescue submersible (DSRV-1)
Builder:
Displacement: 37 tons
Operator: : 1 in service
special mission submarine (Project 1083.1)
Builder:
Displacement: 730 tons
Operator:
Uniform-class special mission submarine (Project 1910 Kashalot)
Builder: /
Displacement: 1,580 tons
Operator:
Sarov (B-90)
Builder: Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard and Sevmash
Displacement: c. 4,000 tonnes submerged
Operator:
Al-Sabehat swimmer delivery vehicle
Builder:
Operator:
VAS 525 mini-submarine
Builder: GSE Trieste
Operator: : 1+?
Summary
See also
List of submarine operators
List of naval ship classes in service
List of auxiliary ship classes in service
References
Lists of submarines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20submarine%20classes%20in%20service |
Attendorn () is a German town in the Olpe district in North Rhine-Westphalia. As of 2019 it had a population of 24,264.
History
The town's location was favoured by the good climate in the Attendorn-Elsper Limestone Double Basin (Attendorn-Elsper-Kalkdoppelmulde), the fruitful soil and favourable transport potential, and was already attracting people in prehistoric times. Heavier settlement, however, can be traced only as far back as the Middle Ages.
The town lies at the crossroads of two former long-distance roads, the Heidenstraße (“Heath Road”) and the so-called Königsstraße (“King’s Road”). Here, in Charlemagne’s time, arose a parish. Under the St.-Johannes-Kirche (church) are found the foundations of an old missionary church. In 1072, Archbishop Anno of Cologne endowed the Grafschaft Abbey and granted it, among other things, rights to an estate in Attendorn. Indeed, the monastery's endowment document stands as the town's earliest documentary mention.
In 1222, town rights, on the Soest model, were granted the town under Engelbert II of Berg. Schnellenberg Castle, built about 1200, and the acquisition of the Waldenburg (another castle) in 1248 served to safeguard Cologne's interests in the region.
Attendorn's heyday was brought about not only by its nine guilds but also, and mainly, by its wool and linen weavers. Furthermore, the town's political and ecclesiastical status as a bulwark against the County of Mark and as seat of a deanery in the old Archbishopric of Cologne brought it wealth and prosperity. As the Sauerland's only town, Attendorn joined the Rhenish League of Towns in 1255. Attendorn was only an indirect member of the Hanse, and was thus represented at the Hanseatic League’s great assemblies by the town of Soest.
By about 1200, Attendorn was already home to one of the archbishopric's mints. Mediaeval coins from Attendorn have been found as far afield as Brussels, Łubnice (Poland) and the island of Gotland.
From the early 14th century until today there has existed a hospital with a church and graveyard outside the town's walls. In 1420, Heinrich Weke endowed the Ewig Monastery. In 1429, he also added a hospital for the poor. For a time, the town was so well off that it could even grant the Archbishop of Cologne himself credit. Moreover, the town also supported him during his dispute with the town of Soest. In 1444 and 1445, the town helped the Archbishop conquer the castle and the land of Bilstein in the so-called Soest Feud.
Four times, in 1464, 1597, 1598 and 1613, the Plague beset the town. Great fires, too, ravaged the town in 1613, 1623, 1656, 1710, 1732, 1742 and 1783. The one in 1656 destroyed half the town. Attendorn also suffered as a result of war, sackings and occupations. Examples include the War of the Limburg-Hohenlimburg Succession in 1280, the Soest Feud from 1444 to 1449, the Truchsess War in 1583 and 1584 and the Thirty Years' War from 1618 to 1648. Attendorn reached its deepest economic despair in Napoleonic times, only recovering from the downturn in the mid-19th century.
The rise of Nazis and the Second World War affected Attendorn much like the rest of Germany. An Attendorn teacher and historian, supported by the government, documented the persecution of Attendorn Jewish families under Nazi rule. As in many places, this included destruction of property, boycotting Jewish stores, appropriating factories, and shipping Jews to concentration camps. A Nazi civilian forced-labor camp was established in Attendorn to provide labor to area factories. It housed up to 1,000 conscripted Polish, Soviet, and Czech laborers, until being liberated by U.S. military forces in April, 1945. Attendorn lost many citizens during the war and suffered heavy destruction under bombing on 28 March 1945, and also on 15 June that same year as a result of a munitions explosion.
Geography
The town of Attendorn lies in the Naturpark Ebbegebirge, right on the Biggesee (lake) in the district's northwest. The town's highest point is the Rüenhardt (636 m), whereas the Ahauser Stausee (reservoir) has an elevation of only 248 m. The municipal area comprises 97 km², roughly half of which is wooded. It is a part of South Westphalia.
Constituent communities
Attendorn is subdivided into the following communities (with population figures): Albringhausen (91), Attendorn (13,684), Berlinghausen (20), Beukenbeul (291), Biekhofen (623), Biggen (55), Borghausen (26), Bremge bei Ennest (7), Bremge/Biggesee (37), Bürberg (49), St. Claas (182), Dahlhausen (6), Dünschede (650), Ebbe, Forsthaus (2), Ebbelinghagen (36), Eichen (30), Ennest (2,039), Erlen (36), Ewig (24), Fernholte (4), Hebberg (39), Helden (1,144), Hofkühl (14), Hohen Hagen (8), Holzweg (406), Jäckelchen (15), Keseberg (29), Keuperkusen (11), Kraghammer (66), Lichringhausen (516), Listerscheid (161), Mecklinghausen (196), Merklinghausen (17), Milstenau (80), Neuenhof (429), Neu-Listernohl (1,195), Niederhelden (324), Nuttmecke (23), Papiermühle (111), Petersburg (535), Rauterkusen (38), Rautersbeul (3), Repe (158), Rieflinghausen (75), Röllecken (478), Roscheid (21), Schnellenberg (8), Silbecke (93), Uelhof (17), Voßsiepen (3), Wamge (204), Weltringhausen (29), Weschede (60), Weuste (18), Windhausen (668) and Wörmge (24).
Population development
Politics
Mayor
Owing to a fire that damaged the town in 1783, no information from before then is available.
Mayors (1783–1804)
1783-1804: Franz Anton Plange
1783: Johann Eberhard Hoberg
1783-1784: Johann Emmerich Gottfried Joanvahrs
1786-1794: Johann Pieper
1790-1796: Johann Arnold Gertmann
1791-1793: Dr. Theodor Greve
1800-1802: Ferdinand Dingerkus
1802-1804: Johann Greve
1804: [Stephan?] Dingerkus
Stadtschultheiße (1812–1826)
A Schultheiß in German history was an official somewhat akin to a sheriff in England.
1812-1818: Johann Anton Goebel
1818-1826: Adolf Salomon
Mayors from 1826
1826-1829: Adolf Salomon
1829-1832: Kaspar Belke
1832-1835: Eberhard Belke
1835-1862: Arnold Becker
1862-1864: Franz Lex
1864-1865:
1865-1866: Eberhard Wilmes (acting mayor during a vacancy)
1866-1908: Richard Heim
1908-1911: Heinrich Tück
1911-1919: Dr. Theodor Laymann
1920-1932: Wilhelm Hennemann
1932-1933: Hans Becker (commissary)
1933-1934: Peter Struif (NSDAP)
1934-1945: Josef Schütte (NSDAP)
1945: Dr. Wolfram Ebers (CDU)
1945-1946: Dr. Johannes Weber (CDU)
1946: Josef Mayworm (SPD)
1946-1948: Robert Schmidt (CDU)
1948-1949: Erich Berghoff (CDU)
1949-1950: August Bruse (SPD)
1951-1952: Robert Schmidt (CDU)
1952-1969: Alois Albus (CDU)
1969-1978: Karl Hammer (CDU)
1978-1994: Josef Rüenauver (CDU) – Honorary Mayor
1994-2009: Alfons Stumpf (SPD)
2009-2014: Wolfgang Hilleke (independent)
since 2014: Christian Pospischil (SPD)
Coat of arms
The town's arms show the black cross of the Electorate of Cologne on a white/silver background with a waxing crescent moon in the upper left (or right – dexter – in heraldry). The oldest surviving town seal, from 1243, shows Saint Peter, patron of the Archbishopric of Cologne, with his key and a half moon next to his head, and in later seals enthroned on the Electorate's shield. In 1910, the coat of arms was officially approved in its current form, and after municipal reform, it was also approved for further use in 1970. The half moon was used as a symbol for John the Baptist, who was also to be found as the parish's holy protector in early secret seals.
Culture and sightseeing
Customs
Easter customs
Attendorners practise many specific Easter customs, among them the Semmelsegnen – which might be translated "Blessing of the Buns" – on Easter Saturday, and the felling, erection and burning of the Easter Crosses on Easter Saturday and Sunday.
Semmelsegnen
The Attendorn Easter bread, called Ostersemmel – “Easter bun” – is a mixed bread with caraway baked in local bakeries in the week leading up to Easter. Especially striking about these buns are the notches at each end that look somewhat like a fish's fins. This is an old Christian symbol. On Easter Saturday at 14:00, Attendorners gather outside the parish church to have their buns blessed by the minister. This custom is witnessed in documents as far back as 1658, but is likely much older.
Easter fire
In the weeks leading up to Easter, the (male) members of the Easter fire club, the so-called Poskebrüder, gather in the woods that ring the town for the Holzstellen. This entails gathering brushwood to make faggots, called Bürden – “burdens” – which are later used to burn the crosses. The Easter fire club is divided into four Porten, based on the town's former “quarters” each of which was to be reached through its own town gate. Each Attendorner goes with his Porte, either the one in which he was born or the one in which his family lives. Not surprisingly, this leads to a rivalry, not always taken seriously, that can be seen not only at Easter but also throughout the year.
After the Semmelsegnen on Easter Saturday, members of the four Porten move into the town forest, and each fells a great spruce, whereafter these trees are borne into the town, to the marketplace, where they are measured. This is a contest, too, to try to get the longest spruce with the greatest diameter. Then, the trees go to the Osterköpfe – “Easter heads” – which are high spots at the edge of town or outside the town where the Easter crosses are put up the next day (Easter Sunday).
On Easter Sunday they gather on the Osterköpfe and prepare the spruces for the fire to come that evening. Each spruce is given a crossbar swathed in straw, and is lifted into place by muscle power alone. Once this has been done, the faggots are heaped in layers at the foot of the cross, and are likewise wrapped in straw.
Towards 20:40, the Poskebrüder begin their Fackelschwenken – “Torch Swinging” – in which torches cut from sprucewood are lit from the torch fire, itself in turn having been lit beforehand from the Easter candle. Participants stand around the Easter cross and, holding the torches upright, swing them back and forth, either beside or before the body. At 21:00, when the lighting for the cross on the parish church's steeple is switched on, the torches are thrown onto the faggots and the cross goes up in flames.
At 20:30, the four columns of the Easter procession, waiting at the town's former gates, begin to move towards the church, signalled by the four burning crosses. There, the Easter festivities are concluded with a celebratory prayer.
Music
There are many music clubs in Attendorn.
Buildings
St. John the Baptist parish church
The Pfarrkirche St. Johannes Baptist is also called the Sauerländer Dom – Sauerland Cathedral. It has a Romanesque tower from about 1200 and a Gothic nave from the 14th century. Striking about the church is the tower's Baroque cupola, which has adorned the church since 1634.
Town Hall with South Sauerland Museum
The old town hall (Rathaus) likely dates back to the 14th century, and it was thoroughly remodelled in the 18th and 19th centuries. Between 1962 and 1964, on the basis of some findings and an illustration kept at the parish church, the town hall's exterior was remodelled so that it once again took on its original appearance. It is a massive building with reconstructed crow-stepped gables at the sides. The ground floor, which opens into an arcade, was once used as a shopping centre, but is now given over to the Südsauerlandmuseum. This has exhibits from the Olpe district, and also the Westphalian Tin Figure Cabinet (Westfälisches Zinnfigurenkabinett).
Schnellenberg Castle
On one of the town's hills is found the Burg Schnellenberg. Since 1594 it has been owned by the family of the Barons of Fürstenberg. In 1594, the later Landdroste of the Duchy of Westphalia, Kaspar von Fürstenberg, bought this castle complex, which had Imperial immediacy, in South Westphalia. It houses a hotel and a restaurant.
Town wall’s towers
Of the town fortifications demolished in 1812, two towers, the Pulverturm and the Bieketurm from the 13th century have been kept. The latter is nowadays used by the Schützengesellschaft Attendorn 1222 e. V. (a shooting club) as an armoury. Flags, king's chains, armour and other things may be viewed Saturdays from May to October between 10:00 and 12:00. On the tower's side, the former wall's height may be gauged from remnants there.
Natural monuments
Atta Cave
The best known sightseeing place in Attendorn is the Atta Cave (Atta-Höhle), a cave exposed during limestone mining in 1907 and one of Germany's biggest interconnected cave systems. Its genesis lies mainly in the limestone deposits in the Attendorn-Elsper Double Basin.
Bigge reservoir
In the south of the municipal area is the dam that holds the Biggetalsperre, or Bigge Reservoir. Together with the Listertalsperre and the Ahauser Stausee – two other reservoirs – it forms a large recreation area for the town and its environs.
Economy and infrastructure
Attendorn's economy is based on midsize enterprises of the metal industry, which specialize for the most part in manufacturing armatures, pipes and other metal parts. Among them are Mubea, Viega, Aquatherm, GEDIA, Isphording and BeulCo.
Transport
Near Attendorn lies the Attendorn-Finnentrop airfield. Moreover, the town lies on the Biggetalbahn (railway) which has several halts and stations in the municipal area.
Twin towns – sister cities
Attendorn is twinned with:
Rawicz, Poland
Notable people
Born in Attendorn
Angela Maria Autsch (1900–1944), Trinitarian Sister of Valencia and Roman Catholic Venerable
Herbert Sohler (1908–1991), World War II U-boat commander
Otto Pöggeler (1928–2014), philosopher
Wolfgang Demtröder (born 1931), physicist
Tanja Hennes (born 1971), cyclist
Daniel Beckmann (born 1980), organist
Associated with Attendorn
Willibrord Benzler (1853–1921), Bishop of the Diocese of Metz from 1901 to 1919, studied here
Carl Schmitt (1888–1985), constitutional lawyer and political philosopher, lived as a boy in the Catholic convent in Attendorn and studied here
Paul Josef Cordes (born 1934), courier cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, studied here
Further reading
Josef Brunabend: Attendorn, Schnellenberg, Waldenburg und Ewig. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Westfalens. 2nd edition, by appointment by the town of Attendorn edited by Prof. Julius Pickert, finished by Karl Boos Münster (1958) (the first edition appeared in 1878 in Münster)
Westfälischer Städteatlas; Band: II; 1 Teilband. By appointment by the Historical Commission for Westphalia and with support of the Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, published by the late Heinz Stoob and Wilfried Ehbrecht. Stadtmappe Attendorn, Author: Heinz Stoob. ; Dortmund-Altenbeken, 1981.
"Judisch in Attendorn," by Hartmut Hosenfeld, 2006. . English Translation in preparation
References
External links
Overview about the life and death of Attendorn’s Jewish citizens in the time of the Third Reich – a presentation by Class 9b from the St.-Ursula-Gymnasium (school year 06/07)
Olpe (district)
Members of the Hanseatic League
Holocaust locations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attendorn |
Belleisle Creek () is a Canadian rural community in Kings County, New Brunswick, west of the town of Sussex. Belleisle Creek is surrounded by rolling hills of the Caledonia Highlands. It records some of the highest snowfalls in the Maritime Provinces.
History
Notable people
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
Communities in Kings County, New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleisle%20Creek%2C%20New%20Brunswick |
Drolshagen is a town belonging to the district of Olpe in the Regierungsbezirk of Arnsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, lying roughly 5 km west of Olpe.
Geography
Location
Drolshagen lies in the heavily wooded Naturpark Ebbegebirge in the Sauerland. The area of the municipality of Drolshagen is characterized by heavily wooded low mountain ranges with altitudes close to 500 metres, flat tops and broad valleys in between. More than 40% of the municipal area is wooded. To the west where the municipal area ends is a steep drop of altitude and the view is open towards the plains of the river Rhine in the distance.
Neighbouring communities
Drolshagen borders on the following towns and communities, clockwise beginning in the northwest:
Gummersbach, Meinerzhagen, Attendorn, Olpe, Wenden, Reichshof and Bergneustadt.
Constituent communities
Drolshagen's current municipal area comprises 58 communities of various sizes.
More than 1,000 inhabitants are found in the following places:
Drolshagen (main town; 4,807), Hützemert (1,092)
Between 500 and 1,000 inhabitants live in these places:
Iseringhausen, Schreibershof
Between 250 and 500 inhabitants live in these places:
Benolpe, Berlinghausen, Bleche, Dumicke, Frenkhausen, Germinghausen, Herpel, Wegeringhausen
Each of these places has fewer than 250 inhabitants:
Alperscheid, Beul, Brachtpe, Buchhagen, Bühren, Dirkingen, Eichen, Eichenermühle, Eltge, Essinghausen, Fahrenschotten, Feldmannshof, Gelslingen, Gipperich, Grünenthal, Halbhusten, Heiderhof, Heimicke, Hespecke, Husten, Junkernhöh, Kalberschnacke, Kram, Lüdespert, Neuenhaus, Öhringhausen, Scheda, Schlade, Schlenke, Schürholz, Sendschotten, Siebringhausen, Stupperhof, Wenkhausen, Wintersohl
Streams and Hills
The highest hills are:
Mark (512 m)
Löh (482 m)
Steupingen (481 m)
Several named and a number of unnamed streams and brooks flow through the valleys of the municipality of Drolshagen:
Brachtpe
Rose
Steupinger Bach
Herpel
The Brachtpe empties into the Biggesee and the Herpel into the Listertalsperre.
Geology
Like other areas of Sauerland Drolshagen is part of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge.
History
The Sauerland, then known as Süderland, had been part of the Duchy of Saxony when it was given to the Archbishop of Cologne, Philipp, in 1180. In 1413, the townsfolk and Denklingen Castle were under the control of the Duke of Berg as part of the feudal system existing at the time. From 1470, the historical record mentions knights in Drolshagen.
Drolshagen was granted town rights on 2 March 1477 by Ruprecht, Archbishop of Cologne, thus entitling it to a market and walls. In 1485, these were not only confirmed but also strengthened by Archbishop Hermann IV, who added the right to hold a fair. Long before Droshagen received its town charter it had already been a Freiheit ("freedom") meaning that it had already been granted privileges close to a town charter. As such, Drolshagen had a mayor, a council and a seal of its own. Even by 1477, this "freedom's" sphere of influence within the Sauerland was already quite broad. The Cistercian monastery, endowed in 1235, fell into a quarrel with the town beginning in 1550 over who had rights to the St.-Clemens-Kirche (church), which in turn led to a trial in Rome.
In 1604, according to the Chronica Drolshagensis, Drolshagen was a member of the Hanse and traded with other Hanseatic cities, especially in Eastern Europe. In 1838, Drolshagen was almost utterly destroyed by fire. When the town was built anew, it had its streets laid out in a grid pattern. During World War II the town was spared bombing and thus still has many of its old buildings. In the course of municipal restructuring in North Rhine-Westphalia, the old Ämter of Drolshagen-Stadt (town) and Drolshagen-Land (country) were merged into the new town of Drolshagen in 1969.
As to the name's development, there are several theories, the likeliest of which appears in the Chronica Drolshagensis, according to which a knight named Drogilo established a Hag (a place ringed by hedgerows) on what is now the town's site, which he named Drogileshagino. Over time, this would have been corrupted to the name used today: Drolshagen
Witnesses to Drolshagen's past are St. Clement's Church whose middle section dates back to a Cistercian monastery established by the Counts of Sayn. Today only parts of buildings of the former monastery remain.
Politics
Town council
The composition of the town council of Drolshagen since the September 2020 local elections:
CDU 14 seats
SPD 4 seats
Unabhängige Drolshagener Wählergemeinschaft (UDW) 4 seats
Unabhängige Christliche Wählergemeinschaft (UCW) 4 seats
Mayor
1994–2015: Theo Hilchenbach (CDU)
2015–incumbent: Ulrich Berghof (CDU)
Coat of arms
Drolshagen's arms show in the upper left and lower right three blue diamonds on a gold background, the arms formerly borne by the old Amt of Drolshagen-Land and indeed by the Lords of Drolshagen, a noble family. In the upper right and lower left are the arms formerly borne by the town before its amalgamation with the outlying rural Amt, namely Saint Clement's anchor, which is a reference to Saint Clement's Church (St.-Clemens-Kirche) in the town. The arms are quartered by the cross of the Electorate of Cologne, as Drolshagen belonged to the part of the Sauerland over which the Electorate held sway.
Town partnerships
Joure/De Fryske Marren, Netherlands, since October 1967
Helmsdorf, Thuringia, Germany ("friendship")
Demographics
Religion
Roman Catholic – 74.26%
Protestant – 13.16%
Other – 12.57%
Historical populations
Source
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
St.-Clemens-Pfarrkirche:
This Romanesque Catholic church's tower has its roots in the year 1491, and it houses a set of seven bells arranged g°-a°-c'-d'-e'-g'-a'. The great Christ-König-Glocke ("Christ King Bell") is the biggest cast steel bell in the Archbishopric of Paderborn. The other bells, which are artistically decorated, were cast in bronze in 1993. All together, the bells weigh roughly 18 000 kg and are counted among Westphalia's most musically important peal of bells. The baptismal font was built in the 13th century. It is said that Anno of Cologne consecrated the church sometime between 1050 and 1075.
Old Cistercian Monastery
Among the monasteries endowed by Mechthild of Sayn with her husband Henry III of Sayn is the Drolshagen Cistercian Monastery, which she founded in 1235. From the way the endowment document is worded, it seems that it was not meant as a founding document, but rather as a donation document with the character of an atonement endowment. In the course of Secularization in 1803, the monastery was dissolved, and between 1975 and 1987 it was thoroughly renovated. Today it houses the town building office and the music school, as well as rooms for special cultural events.
Eichener Mühle
This former grist mill "Im Kreuzohl" was first mentioned in a document dating from 1512. The building, which is now under protection as a monument, is nowadays used by a private owner as a house.
Waldkapelle Hünkesohl
The Marienkapelle (Mary's Chapel) is used every year for May prayers and is a favourite pilgrimage destination in the Drolshagen area. The chapel was built in the Marian Year 1954 out of wooden blocks.
Sport
The Drolshagen area is home to many sport clubs. The biggest are:
TuS 09 Drolshagen e. V.
Hützemerter Sportverein 1951 e. V.
SC Drolshagen 1962 e. V.
The Harvest and Animal Show Festival in October attracts many visitors every year. At Carnival there is a parade on Altweibertag (“Old Women’s Day”) which is attended by many who come to watch. As well, there is a shooting festival every year.
Economy and infrastructure
As is so almost everywhere in the Sauerland, the town's economy is characterized by midsize businesses. The main fields of activity are engine building, metalworking and electrical industries, paper processing, stoneworking, toolmaking, vehicle supply, building and crafts.
Transport
The town of Drolshagen lies inside the angle formed by the Olpe Autobahn interchange (Bundesautobahn 45 and Bundesautobahn 4). On Bundesautobahn 45, Drolshagen has its own exit, and also just within town limits is the Olpe exit. On Bundesautobahn 4 from Cologne, Drolshagen can be reached from the Eckenhagen/Drolshagen exit. Furthermore, the Bundesstraßen 54 and 55 run through Drolshagen.
The 144 bus stops are served by the Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd (VWS) and the Oberbergische Verkehrsgesellschaft (OVAG).
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Heinrich Bone, 25 September 1813 – 10 June 1893, Catholic educator, textbook editor, Catholic songbook publisher, hymn editor
Emilie Engel, 1893 – 20 November 1955 in Koblenz-Metternich, teacher, nun, provincial head of the Schönstatt Movement (Beatification proceedings were begun in 1999.)
Rupert Lay, 14 June 1929 –, philosopher and theologian
Hubertus Halbfas, 1932 –, theologian, among other things author of a range of religious books for school instruction
Otto Hellinghaus 1853–1935, philosopher and writer
Further reading
Josef Hesse: Geschichte des Kirchspiels und Klosters Drolshagen. Published by the town of Drolshagen. F. X. Ruegenberg, Olpe/Biggesee 1971
Gallery
External links
Official site
Tourist information
Tourist information
City Marketing (Tourism)
Municipal profile of the town of Drolshagen from the North Rhine-Westphalia State Office for Data Processing and Statistics
References
Olpe (district)
Members of the Hanseatic League | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drolshagen |
Alexis Irénée du Pont Bayard (February 11, 1918 – September 3, 1985) was an American lawyer and politician from Rockland, near Greenville, in New Castle County, Delaware. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as the 13th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware from 1949 to 1953 and ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in 1952.
Early life
Bayard was born in Wilmington, Delaware, son of U.S. Senator Thomas F. Bayard Jr. and Elizabeth Bradford du Pont Bayard. He was named after his maternal great-grandfather, Alexis Irénée du Pont. Bayard was the scion of two prominent Delaware families. On his father's side, Alexis descended from the politically powerful Bayard family. The Bayards had long been bulwarks of Delaware's Democratic Party, with each of the previous five generations of the Bayard family having represented Delaware in the United States Senate. Bayard's mother, Elizabeth Bradford du Pont, was the daughter of Alexis Irénée du Pont Jr., granddaughter of Alexis Irénée du Pont, and great-granddaughter of Eleuthère Irénée du Pont. He was the founder of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the gunpowder and chemicals company that grew to dominate northern Delaware in the early twentieth century. By this time the du Ponts were a large and enormously wealthy family, many of whom were involved in the political life of Delaware.
Bayard attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He graduated from Princeton University in 1940. He later attended the University of Virginia School of Law and was admitted to the bar in 1948.
Career
World War II
During World War II, he served in the United States Marine Corps. He was wounded during the Battle of Iwo Jima.
Political career
A war era veteran with a well-known name, the 30-year-old Bayard was elected lieutenant governor in 1948, defeating Republican Chester V. Townsend Jr. of Dagsboro, who was speaker of the Delaware House of Representatives. He served as lieutenant governor from January 20, 1949, until January 15, 1953. In 1948 he also served as an alternate delegate to the Democratic National Convention.
Bayard lost a bid for a seat in the United States Senate in 1952 to the incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John J. Williams. Bayard's inexperience and aristocratic roots compared unfavorably to Williams' "rags-to-riches" rise from chicken farmer to national figure. These factors, along with Williams' reputation for honesty, integrity, fairness, and bipartisanship in the U.S. Senate and the popularity of the Republicans' U.S. presidential candidate, Dwight D. Eisenhower, led the incumbent to a ten-point victory over Bayard at the polls.
After his defeat by Williams, Bayard resumed his law practice in Wilmington and remained an active supporter of the Democratic Party. In 1954, he served as campaign chairman of the Delaware Democratic Committee. In 1967, he became the state Democratic chairman. In 1970, he became a member of the finance committee of the Democratic National Committee and held this position until his death.
In 1961 he joined what had been the Herrmann & Duffy law firm in Wilmington; at the time of his death the firm was Bayard, Handelman & Murdoch.
Personal life
He married Jane Brady Hildreth on April 24, 1944. He had six children: Alexis I., Eugene H., Richard H., John F., William B. and Jane H.
He was known as "Lex" in his law practice.
Death
Bayard died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 3, 1985, during heart-bypass surgery at Graduate Hospital. He was buried at the Old Swedes Episcopal Church Cemetery in Wilmington, Delaware, alongside his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather.
Legacy
Bayard was the last member of his line to be elected to public office, thus ending a six-generation tradition. After his death, the Alexis I. du Pont Bayard Award was created for distinguished service to the party. His son, Richard H. Bayard, has served as chairman of the Delaware Democratic Party.
Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. The lieutenant governor takes office the third Tuesday of January and has a four-year term.
References
Further reading
Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965
External links
Delaware's Lieutenant Governors
The Political Graveyard
Time magazine October 13, 1952, via Internet Archive
1918 births
1985 deaths
Alexis
Du Pont family
American Episcopalians
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Princeton University alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Delaware lawyers
Delaware Democrats
Lieutenant Governors of Delaware
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Christians from Delaware
United States Marines
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis%20I.%20du%20Pont%20Bayard |
Aloysius College is the name of several Roman Catholic educational institutions, named for Saint Aloysius Gonzaga, including:
Aloisiuskolleg in Bad Godesberg, Germany
Aloysius College, The Hague
Mount Aloysius College in Cresson, Pennsylvania
See also
St Aloysius' College (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius%20College |
DataMirror Corporation, founded in 1993, is a computer software company based in Markham, Ontario, Canada with offices in several countries. The company provides real-time data integration, protection, and Java database products, and in 2006 claimed to have over 2100 business customers in industries including healthcare, retail, telecommunications, and financial services. As of 2007, the company is a wholly owned subsidiary of the IBM Corporation.
History
1993 - DataMirror was founded
1996 - DataMirror had its initial public offering
1997 - DataMirror acquired SQLPump from SoftQuest Corp.
1998 - DataMirror acquired mpc-Software GmbH, a software distributor located in Frankfurt, Germany
2000 - DataMirror purchased assets of Constellar Corp, makers of Constellar Hub
2001 - DataMirror acquired BDI Systems, Inc. which builds bi-directional, Java-based, data transformation software that exchanges data between XML, relational database and text formats.
2003 - DataMirror completed acquisition of PointBase, makers of a Java database
2003 - DataMirror acquired assets of bankrupt SmartSales, maker of sales force automation products
2004 - DataMirror divested interest in Idion Technology Holdings, of South Africa
2007 - On 16 Jul 2007, IBM purchased all of the outstanding DataMirror common shares at a price of C$27.00 per common share payable in cash, amounting to total consideration of approximately C$170 million (approximately US$161 million).
2007 - 04 Sept 2007, IBM (NYSE: IBM) announced it had completed its acquisition of DataMirror.
2012 - 04 Jan 2012, IBM (NYSE: IBM) announced it had completed its sale of its iCluster software business to Rocket Software, a privately held company based in Waltham, MA. iCluster software was originally acquired by IBM when it acquired DataMirror Corporation in 2007.
Products
Transformation Server - Real-time bi-directional replication for loading a data warehouse, synchronizing data between existing systems and Web applications, or distributing data between different applications for decision-making
iCluster - aims to ensure high availability of business applications and provide disaster avoidance and protection for IBM i systems
LiveAudit - provides an audit trail of data changes aimed at reducing fraud, improving customer service and accountability, ensuring compliance with industry regulations, and managing and protecting data assets
iReflect - provides a consistent, updated view of information by distributing and consolidating data in real-time between Oracle databases
Transformation Server/Event Server – detects events as they occur in production applications and creates business information to feed into the message queues of several enterprise application integration (EAI), business process management (BPM) and service-oriented architecture (SOA) environments
PointBase - a SQL92/99 JDBC-compliant Java relational database.
See also
List of mergers and acquisitions by IBM
External links
DataMirror company page
References
Software companies of Canada
Companies based in Markham, Ontario
IBM acquisitions
Companies established in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DataMirror |
Antiochia ad Pyramum () was an ancient coastal city of Cilicia, on the Pyramus (also Pyramos, now the Ceyhan Nehri) river, in Anatolia. It was the successor settlement to Magarsa. The location of the city is on the Karataş Peninsula, Adana Province, Turkey, a few km from the city of Karataş. The course of the Pyramus has changed markedly since ancient times and the location of the ruins is no longer adjacent to the river, but decidedly west of its present course. The formerly important ancient site of Mallus lies a few km inland from Antiochia ad Pyranum along the former course of the Pyramus.
References
Blue Guide, Turkey, The Aegean and Mediterranean Coasts (), p. 563
Archaeological sites in the Mediterranean Region, Turkey
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Ruins in Turkey
Former populated places in Cilicia
Geography of Adana Province
History of Adana Province
Populated places in ancient Cilicia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia%20ad%20Pyramum |
Dynasty was an American band, based in Los Angeles, California, created by producer and SOLAR Records label head Dick Griffey, and record producer Leon Sylvers III. The band was known for their dance/pop numbers during the late 1970s and 1980s. Keyboardist Kevin Spencer and vocalists Nidra Beard and Linda Carriere originally comprised the group.
History and overview
Dynasty was essentially the brainchild of Griffey and producer Sylvers, a former member of the Sylvers family group, who had achieved much popularity in the early to mid-1970s. A principal architect of the SOLAR sound, Sylvers had become the in-house producer in 1978 for the label (whose name stood for "Sound of Los Angeles Records"), and it was in this capacity that he brought the members of Dynasty together. The group consisted of three young performers: vocalists Nidra Beard and Linda Carriere and vocalist-keyboardist Kevin Spencer.
After graduating from college in New Orleans, Carriere became friends with Beard in Los Angeles during the winter of 1972. Both were frequent visitors to Maverick's Flat, a popular soul/pop nightclub. The owner of Maverick's Flat, John Daniels, was in the process of putting together a new group, DeBlanc, and both young singers became members. For two years they toured with DeBlanc throughout the major cities of Europe, Japan, Canada, and the United States. When DeBlanc broke up in 1975, some of the original members (including Beard and Carriere) formed a new group called Starfire. For one successful year, Starfire performed mainly in the United States, but with a few key dates in Finland and Iran. After the tour the group decided to disband. Around this time Beard developed a strong relationship with Leon Sylvers. She was, at that time, performing with the Sylvers as a fill-in on live dates for the female family members of the group who were minors. This new association proved beneficial to both Beard and Carriere, as Sylvers introduced each to Griffey. Spencer first met Leon Sylvers when he appeared at the Sylvers' Palos Verdes home, unannounced, to audition as the bass player for the group. It was that introduction, coupled with Spencer's performance dates with the Sylvers, that cemented what both Sylvers and Griffey wanted for their new group. Work then began on Dynasty's first album.
Dynasty's debut album, Your Piece of the Rock, released in 1979, yielded the band's first R&B hit, "I Don't Want to Be a Freak (But I Can't Help Myself)". The track peaked at No. 20 in the UK Singles Chart in late '79. Adventures in the Land of Music, released in 1980, was Dynasty's second album. The set contained their biggest hit, "I've Just Begun to Love You" (which peaked at No. 6 on the US Billboard R&B chart; No. 87 on the US Billboard Hot 100; and No. 51 in the UK), as well as the songs "Do Me Right" and "Groove Control." The three songs combined to reach number five on the US Dance chart. The album's title track would eventually provide the key samples for Camp Lo's "Luchini, AKA This Is It," Angie Stone's "Lovers' Ghetto," Terri Walker's "This Is My Time," Tha' Rayne's "Kiss Me," Brooke Valentine's "Long as You Come Home," Rashad's "Sweet Misery," Antiloop's "Catch Me," Jadakiss's "How I Feel," HaLo's "Follow Me," Rushden & Diamonds' "Lil' Bits," DSP's "Tisztelet a Kivételnek," and Wiz Khalifa's "Won't Land."
Sylvers joined the group in 1981, but his presence did not elevate their success. That year they released their third album, The Second Adventure. Although it did produce two top 40 R&B hits, "Here I Am" and "Love in the Fast Lane," the album was largely overlooked. Sylvers and Beard were briefly married during the early 1980s.
Right Back at Cha! (1982) generated two U.S. singles, "Check It Out" and "Strokin'." Only "Check It Out" saw chart action, though, and the album peaked halfway up the Billboard 200. SOLAR released two separate singles in the UK, "The Only One" and "Does That Ring a Bell"; the latter reached No. 53 on the UK Singles Chart. The band returned again in 1986 with the album Daydreamin' , but by this time Carriere was no longer part of the group and Nidra Beard was using her Sylvers surname. Dynasty's final studio release was 1988's Out of Control, but the hit singles had dried up. Curiously, Out of Control has exactly the same cover as Daydreamin''' and includes several of the same tracks. Even though new SOLAR producers L.A. Reid and Babyface were brought in for Out of Control, the group could not revive their earlier glory and disbanded soon afterwards. However, they would later appear as backing vocalists on gospel artist and labelmate Juanita G. Hines's 1994 album Jesus, My Wonderful Friend.
Beard, who had cowritten much of Dynasty's material, continued as a songwriter. Her songs appear on albums by Shalamar, the Whispers, 7th Wonder, 911, and LaRue. Carriere continued as a background vocalist, while keyboardist-singer Spencer returned to studio work and can be heard on recordings by Carrie Lucas, Shalamar, the Whispers, Tin Harris, and Gladys Knight & the Pips. Sylvers went on to have a successful career as a producer and songwriter for such artists as Howard Hewett, Ahmad Jamal, the Brothers Johnson, Glenn Jones, and Blackstreet.
Canadian independent record label Unidisc Music Inc. has reissued most of Dynasty's albums on CD.
Band members (listed alphabetically)
Nidra Beard – vocals
Linda Carriere – vocals
Wayne Milstein – percussion
Wardell Potts Jr. – drums
Richard Randolph – guitar
Ernest Pepper Reed – guitar
William Shelby – keyboards/vocals (d. 2021)
Ricky Smith – keyboards
Kevin Spencer – keyboard Synths/ Vocal
Leon Sylvers III – bass
Discography
Albums
Your Piece of the Rock (1979)
Adventures in the Land of Music (1980)
The Second Adventure (1981)
Right Back at Cha! (1982)
Daydreamin' (1986)
Out of Control (1988)
Singles
Compilations
The Best of Dynasty (1994)
Greatest Hits'' (2003)
References
External links
Album and Singles Discography at Discogs.
Discomuseum.com/Dynasty.html@web.archive.org
[ All Music Guide profile]
Original 1979 Dynasty SOLAR Records biography
African-American musical groups
American rhythm and blues musical groups
SOLAR Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty%20%28band%29 |
Lennestadt (occasionally also die Lennestadt) lies in the Sauerland in southeast North Rhine-Westphalia and is a community in Olpe district. It is the district's most populous municipality.
Lennestadt itself is not an actual town but a community which comprises several towns and villages.
Geography
Lennestadt lies at the common point of the Ebbegebirge (in the west), Homert and Rothaargebirge (in the east) Nature Parks and is crossed by the river Lenne, a tributary to the Ruhr. Besides the Hundem, which empties into the Lenne in the outlying centre of Altenhundem, the Veischede also feeds this river.
Lennestadt's position is 51° 03' to 51° 12' N, 7° 58' to 8° 15' E. The town's highest point is the Härdler (756 m), and its lowest is on the Lenne near Borghausen (239 m).
Neighbouring communities
Lennestadt borders in the north on the communities of Eslohe and Finnentrop, in the east on Schmallenberg and Bad Berleburg, in the south on Kirchhundem, and in the west on the towns of Attendorn and Olpe.
Constituent communities
Within Lennestadt's municipal area lie the following centres:
Altenhundem, Altenvalbert, Bilstein, Bonzel, Bonzelerhammer, Brenschede, Bruchhausen, Burbecke, Elspe, Elsperhusen, Einsiedelei, Germaniahütte, Gleierbrück, Grevenbrück, Habbecke, Hachen, Haus Hilmecke, Haus Valbert, Halberbracht, Hengstebeck, Hespecke, Kickenbach, Kirchveischede, Kracht, Langenei, Maumke, Meggen, Melbecke, Milchenbach, Oberelspe, Obermelbecke, Obervalbert, Oedingen, Oedingermühle, Oedingerberg (formerly Berge), Saalhausen, Sporke, Stöppel, Theten and Trockenbrück.
The fact that there is not a physical town of Lennestadt, but that Lennestadt is an aggregation of the smaller towns listed above, often leads to confusion among visitors.
History
The town of Lennestadt was founded on 1 July 1969 as legal successor to the Amt of Bilstein out of seven former communities and outlying centres.
The earliest traces of settlers in the current municipal area date to the Early Middle Ages. The centres of Elspe and Oedingen were first mentioned in a document in 1000 that Emperor Otto III had issued. This makes them the oldest places in Olpe district.
In the 19th century, parts of the current town area were characterized by mining, ironworking and metalworking.
Amalgamations
In 1975, Milchenbach was joined with Lennestadt. It had formerly belonged to the community of Lenne (now part of Schmallenberg).
Population development
Politics
Town council
Mayor
Until 1997, Lennestadt's chief administrator bore the title Stadtdirektor (“Town Director”). The Bürgermeister, or Mayor, was an honorary office and was mainly ceremonial. The current mayor is Tobias Puspas, of the CDU.
National and regional elections
Coat of arms
The town's arms were conferred on 31 December 1971. The gold and green bars in the background were taken from the arms formerly borne by the Amt of Bilstein. The wavy bend stands for the river Lenne, the town's namesake, and the rose comes from the outlying centre of Oedingen.
Town patron
Town council decided in 1995 to name Sir Thomas More as the town's patron. Since 2001, the town has been awarding the Thomas-Morus-Preis to citizens “who in their acts have let themselves be led by the convictions of their conscience and who without regard to possible personal disadvantages through bravery and moral courage have thereby become examples to the good of others and our society.”
Twin towns – sister cities
Lennestadt is twinned with:
Otwock, Poland (1992)
Culture and sightseeing
Theatre
The Kulturgemeinde Hundem-Lenne, founded in 1946, offers a cultural programme in the Pädagogisches Zentrum (PZ, “Educational Centre”), a venue with 480 seats at the Anne-Frank-Hauptschule in Meggen.
Museum
In Grevenbrück is found the town museum, the Museum der Stadt Lennestadt in whose building the town's homeland and regional studies library and the town archive are also to be found.
Since 1998, the Förderverein Bergbaudenkmäler Lennestadt (“Lennestadt Mining Monument Development Association”) has run the Bergbaumuseum Siciliaschacht (“Sicilia Mineshaft Mining Museum”) in Meggen, which recalls the town's mining tradition.
Buildings
Among well known buildings in Lennestadt are Bilstein Castle (Burg Bilstein), the Peperburg castle ruins, many timber frame houses, the so-called Sauerlandpyramiden, the Sicilia Mineshaft and the Hohe Bracht viewing tower. On Bundesstraße 55 between Oedingen and Eslohe, the Madonna der Straße (“Madonna of the Road”) roadside shrine is to be found.
Parks
A spa is to be found in the outlying centre of Saalhausen, which is a recognized Luftkurort (“air spa resort”).
Regular events
The Elspe Festival in Elspe (Lennestadt), based on the stories by Karl May, attracts about 200,000 spectators every year. The festival area (12 hectares) includes an indoor festival hall, a copy of a Western saloon and some restaurants.
Among the town's regular events is the traditional Schützenfest (“fair featuring shooting matches”) that is held in all of the bigger centres each year. Furthermore, every August there is a town festival lasting several days which since 2005 has been held together with the Sauerländer Straßenmusiker-Festival (“Sauerland Street Musicians’ Festival”) in Altenhundem.
Economy and infrastructure
Economy
Lennestadt is home to a variety of small and middle-sized businesses, mainly in the manufacturing field. Most prevalent are companies in the metal-working, machine building, automotive parts supply, and electrical industry.
Public institutions
Lennestadt's town hall is located in the central constituent community of Altenhundem.
The local court, the Amtsgericht Lennestadt, is located in the outlying centre of Grevenbrück.
Transport
Local public transport
With its Altenhundem, Grevenbrück (Westf.) and Lennestadt-Meggen stations, Lennestadt lies on the Ruhr-Sieg line from Hagen to Siegen.
Furthermore, buslines of the Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd (VWS, “Westphalia-South Transport Services”) and Busverkehr Ruhr-Sieg (BRS, “Ruhr-Sieg Bus Transport”) run to Kirchhundem, Olpe, Hilchenbach, Finnentrop, Schmallenberg, Meschede and Attendorn.
Historical
Until 1944 there was another railway connection to Erndtebrück by the Altenhundem–Birkelbach railway line, whose bridges, however, were blown up by retreating units of the German army in the Second World War. Parts of the tunnels are still preserved.
The line to Wenholthausen was still run until the mid-1960s. At this time, Altenhundem was said to be a railway village.
Private transport
The Federal Highways (Bundesstraßen) B 55 and B 517 run through the town.
Cycle transport
Lennestadt is connected to the North Rhine-Westphalia Cycle Transport Network (Radverkehrsnetz NRW) and furthermore lies on the Lenneroute running from the Lenne's source on the Kahler Asten down to its mouth at the Hohensyburg (castle).
Media
The Westfalenpost and the Westfälische Rundschau each have a local edition in Lennestadt and appear as daily newspapers. As well, the advertising sheets Sauerlandkurier and Sauerländer Wochenanzeiger come out on Wednesdays and Sundays.
Lennestadt belongs to the Westdeutscher Rundfunk Siegen studio area. News from the South Sauerland is broadcast on WDR 2 and in local broadcasts on WDR Fernsehen.
Education
Lennestadt is home to many elementary schools, one special school whose emphasis is on learning, Hauptschulen, Realschulen and two Gymnasien. Both the Gymnasium der Stadt Lennestadt as well as the Gymnasium Maria Königin
are located in Altenhundem. Moreover, there is a folk high school and a professional college. Lennestadt furthermore lies in the feeder area of the University of Siegen.
Notable people
Karl Joseph Schulte (1871–1941), Archbishop and Cardinal
Adolf Hennecke (1905–1975), activist in East Germany
Irmgart Wessel-Zumloh (1907–1980), painter and graphic artist
Honorary citizens
Paul Tigges, writer
References
External links
Olpe (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennestadt |
Olpe is a town situated in the foothills of the Ebbegebirge in North Rhine-Westphalia, roughly 60 km east of Cologne and 20 km northwest of Siegen. It is part of the Regierungsbezirk of Arnsberg and is the seat of the district of Olpe.
Geography
Location
Olpe lies in the Sauerland on the southern edge of the Ebbegebirge Nature Park. In the town's north lies South Westphalia's biggest reservoir, the Biggesee.
Rivers and mountains
The highest mountains are:
Engelsberg (589 m)
Rother Stein (583 m)
Feld-Berg (556 m)
Hohe Rhonard (526 m)
The inner town is ringed by the following hills:
Imberg
Hatzenberg
Gallenberg
Lindenhardt
Eichhardt
Kimicker Berg
Bratzkopf
Kreuzberg
The municipal area also has a few rivers or brooks that all empty into the Biggesee:
Bigge, fed by:
Olpe, itself fed by:
Günse
Felmicke (underground),
Kortemicke (underground),
Ahe
Other rivers in the municipal area:
Brachtpe
Neger
The Veischedebach does not empty into the Biggesee, but rather into the Lenne near Grevenbrück.
Geology
Olpe is found in a broad stretch of hilly country. In the town's north, the slopes are steeper and the dales narrower (for instance near the centres of Rhode and Neger); in the south, the hills have soft knolls and the dales are more spacious. There are also no plateaux there.
The area around the Biggesee and the main town of Olpe, as the Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung (Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning) sees them, are included in the Mittelbiggebergland (Middle Bigge Mountain Land), while the eastern and southern portions of the municipal area are designated Südsauerländer Rothaarvorhöhen (South Sauerland Rothaar Foothills).
The municipal area is an integral part of the Rheinisches Schiefergebirge (Rhenish Slate Mountains).
The underlying minerals around the middle and upper Bigge are made up to a considerable degree of schistose, partly chalky clays and coarse clay. Furthermore, there are sandstones with quartzitelike characteristics.
Municipal area’s extent
Olpe's municipal area has a total area of 86 km2. Its greatest extent is in both the north–south and east–west directions, reaching 11 km. Olpe's lowest point is the Biggesee lying at 307.5 m above sea level, and its highest point is the Engelsberg near Neuenkleusheim at 589 m above sea level.
Neighbouring communities
Town of Attendorn
Town of Drolshagen
Town of Lennestadt
Community of Kirchhundem
Town of Kreuztal (in Siegen-Wittgenstein district)
Community of Wenden
Constituent communities
The municipal area is divided into the following centres:
Altenkleusheim, Apollmicke, Bruch, Dahl, Eichhagen, Fahlenscheid, Friedrichsthal, Griesemert, Grube Rhonard, Günsen, Hardt, Hanemicke, Hitzendumicke, Hof Siele, Hohl, Howald, Hüppcherhammer, Kessenhammer, Lütringhausen, Möllendick, Neger (divided into Unter-, Mittel- and Oberneger), Neuenkleusheim, Neuenwald, Oberveischede, Rehringhausen, Rhode, Rhonard, Ronnewinkel, Rosenthal, Rüblinghausen, Saßmicke, Siedenstein, Sondern, Stachelau, Stade, Tecklinghausen Thieringhausen and Waukemicke.
Climate
Owing to the location of the hills and the west wind, it rains often in Olpe. The clouds gather water vapour over the Atlantic Ocean, and when they run into the slopes in the hilly country around Olpe, they rise and the water vapour condenses into bigger droplets because of the cooler temperatures. These then fall as rain.
The coldest month is January, and the warmest July. The high humidity in the winter months often leads to fog.
History
Olpe supposedly got its name from an older name for the land at the forks of the Olpe and Bigge ("Ol-apa" = brook in moist meadowland)
The first archaeological finds in the Olpe area date to about AD 900: potsherds and slag (from iron mining and working) in the abandoned centre of Kimickerberg, coins in Dahl (from after 1005).
Olpe had its first documentary mention in 1220. In 1311 it was granted town rights on the Soest model by the archbishop-elector of Cologne, Count Heinrich II of Virneburg. In 1500, the Kreuzkapelle (Cross Chapel) was first mentioned. The first evidence of a shooting society followed in 1525.
History also records evidence of witch trials being held in the Olpe judicial area between 1587 and 1697.
In 1615, Olpe had its first schoolteacher, and in 1634 it had a great fire. The first vow to Saint Agatha of Catania for protection against conflagrations, however, was not recorded until 1665. Eight years later came the first vow to Saint Roch of Montpellier against the Plague and other pestilences. In 1696, the last witch was sentenced.
In 1711, the post first came to Olpe. In 1795, the Great Fire of Olpe destroyed 83% of the town. When the town was built once again, the old mediaeval appearance was cast aside in favour of a master plan that saw three broad, parallel streets built, connected by sidestreets running at right angles to them.
In 1819 Olpe became a district seat. At that time, it was the seat of the Bilsteiner Kreis; today it fills that place in the district of Olpe.
In 1828, the shooting club was refounded. Its name is St.-Sebastianus-Schützenverein. The Evangelical community was founded between 1842 and 1844. In 1863, the Arme Franziskanerinnen von der ewigen Anbetung (Poor Franciscans of the Everlasting Worship), a Catholic women's order whose main work is in taking care of children and nursing, was founded. It is nowadays known as the Franziskanerinnen von der ewigen Anbetung zu Olpe (Franciscans of the Everlasting Worship at Olpe).
In 1864, there was a telegraph station in Olpe. In 1875, the railway reached Olpe, running at first to Attendorn and Finnentrop. Then came an Olpe-Rothemühle line in 1880, and in 1903, another to Bergneustadt. In 1888, the town had its first electric light.
In 1908, the St.-Martinus-Kirche (church) burnt down almost utterly owing to, it is believed, arson. It was built anew in 1909, but this time in the Gothic Revival style.
On 28 March 1945, in the Second World War’s dying days, Olpe was heavily bombed. In 1965, the Bigge Reservoir (Biggetalsperre) was created through damming.
The Bundesautobahn 45 and the Bundesautobahn 4 were opened in 1971 and 1976 respectively.
Religion
Olpe’s population is overwhelmingly Catholic. The town’s patron is Saint Martin of Tours.
Catholic
Olpe belongs to the Archbishopric of Paderborn. At the middle level, Olpe is ecclesiastically administered by the Deanery of the South Sauerland, which was formed out of the former deaneries of Attendorn, Elspe and Olpe on 1 July 2006, and is coëxtensive with the district of Olpe.
At the lowest level, there are two parish clusters (Pastoralverbünde) in Olpe:
Olpebach-Täler, consisting of the Pfarrei St. Mariae Himmelfahrt Olpe (Parish of St. Mary’s Assumption, Olpe) with the chapel parishes of Günsen, Lütringhausen, Rhonard, Stachelau, Thieringhausen along with the Kirchspiel Kleusheim (parish) with the centres of Altenkleusheim, Neuenkleusheim and Rehringhausen. * Pastoralverbund Olpe-Biggesee, consisting of the Pfarrei St. Martinus Olpe (Parish of St. Martin, Olpe) with the branch parishes of Dahl-Friedrichsthal and Saßmicke, the parish vicary of Heilig Geist (“Holy Ghost”, west area of Olpe and Rüblinghausen) and the parish region of Hatzenberg along with the Pfarrei St. Cyriakus (parish) in Rhode with the branch parish of Sondern and the parish vicaries of Oberveischede and Neger.
Once a year, in early July, at the Festival of the Assumption, hundreds take part in the town pilgrimage from Olpe to Werl.
Moreover, there are two monastic establishments:
a convent run by the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration at Olpe;
the Pallottine monastery at the Pallotti-Haus.
The Pallottines’ provincial head has stated that his congregation will, at least in the medium term, stay in Olpe. For economic reasons, however, the order has sold the building to an investor who wants to set up 40 dwellings for the aged and 100 fully equipped nursing care places. The Brethren and the Father are staying in rented accommodations in town while the conversion is being done. They are to return to the Pallotti-haus afterwards as renters. Spiritual work is to continue unchanged.
Protestant
There has been a Protestant parish since 1844. To it belongs Olpe's oldest church, which was built of red brick in 1898.
Other religious communities
An Evangelical Free Church community, the Jehovah's Witnesses, the New Apostolic Church, an Islamic community and the Greek Orthodox Church are all represented in town.
Amalgamations
As a result of municipal restructuring on 1 July 1969, the “old town” (the older town of Olpe and the outlying former Amt) has now been joined by the formerly autonomous communities of Kleusheim, Olpe-Land and Rhode as well as by parts of the old communities of Helden (Oberveischede, Tecklinghausen, Neuenwald), Rahrbach (Fahlenscheid) and Kirchveischede (Apollmicke) to form a new, expanded municipal area swelling from a former 12.78 km2 to 85.65 km2 in area, and from 14,184 to 21,705 in population
Population development
(for 31 December in each case)
Politics
Town council
Youth parliament
The Jugendparlament has existed since late 2005. It represents youth's interests with the goal of developing proposals for improving the situation for children in Olpe and of suggesting measures to be taken, so that the town's council and administration can be more strongly responsive to children's and youths’ wishes.
The youth parliament currently consists of 25 members, each elected for a two-year mandate by secondary schools. For every 150 students, one representative is elected, although each school gets at least two representatives. All students, even those from neighbouring communities, in Years 5 to 10 may vote at the schools in Olpe. Only students who live in Olpe, however, may stand as candidates.
The youth parliament sits, usually publicly, at least four times each year. If it is so wished, working groups can be formed at sittings for various projects in which even unelected member children and youths may work.
Mayors and Directors
From 1946 until 1997, the chief administrative office in Olpe was known as the Stadtdirektor (“Town Director”). The Bürgermeister (“Mayors”) were honorary and had mostly ceremonial duties.
Coat of arms
The arms show an episode from Saint Martin's life, when he gave a beggar half his coat. As early as 1360, this scene adorned the town's oldest seal. In 1911, as a sign of the long membership in the Archbishop-Electorate of Cologne (1180-1802), the cross of the Archbishop-Electors of Cologne was added to the upper right corner.
Town partnerships
Since 28 July 2001 there has been a partnership arrangement with the French town of Gif-sur-Yvette. The town Gymnasium in Olpe has for years been conducting student exchanges with a collège in Gif-sur-Yvette.
Culture and sightseeing
Culture plays an important role in the district seat. The town cultural office's regular events, as well as those staged by clubs from various fields form the portrait of cultural work in Olpe. Concerts of all kinds, plays, musicals, cabaret acts, exhibitions and other events appear regularly in the programmes.
The following venues are on hand:
Stadthalle Olpe (“town hall”, but an event hall rather than the administration centre)
Marktplatz (marketplace)
Lorenz-Jaeger-Haus
Altes Lyzeum
Kreishaus Olpe (district administration centre)
Kreuzkapelle (chapel)
Museums
Since 1997, the Förderverein Stadtmuseum Olpe (“Olpe Town Museum Development Association”) has been trying to establish a local museum. Owing to the town's difficult financial situation, however, it has not yet been possible to realize this. Nevertheless, the Association's goal is still to open such a museum in time for Olpe's 700-year jubilee in 2011.
Buildings
Seventy-three buildings are listed on the town's list of monumental buildings, among them churches, rectories and chapels, but also houses and monuments. Not all the buildings listed here are protected monuments, but each has an important function for Olpe:
Historic town wall with Engelsturm and Hexenturm (towers)
Once Olpe was raised to town in 1311, the fortified town wall appeared no later than 1373. It consisted of three great and two lesser town gates and a few round towers. Today all that is left of the old town wall is some remnants in the Weierhohl with the Engelsturm (“Angels’ Tower”) and Hexenturm (“Witches’ Tower”). The latter, built in the 14th century, is the town's oldest preserved profane building. Its name might refer to those accused or found guilty of being witches, for which the tower might have been used as a prison. However, there is no proof of this. The Olpe Heimatforscher (“homeland researcher”, roughly “local historian”) Manfred Schöne assumed that the name came from Hessenturm (“Hesse Tower”).
Furthermore, under the town wall has lain the memorial site created by Ewald Mataré in 1963. It recalls the war's victims and serves as a memorial for the living, and since 1996 there has also been a “Hounds’ Memorial” commemorating a particular breed that arose in Olpe.
Waterwheel
The waterwheel stands at the former site of the Oberste Stadtmühle (“Uppermost Town Mill”) in the Weierhohl. It is complemented by the old mill's remains. The Unterste Stadtmühle (“Lowermost Town Mill”) persisted into the 1960s on Mühlenstraße, where the new cinema now stands. The mills were supplied from the Olpe and Bigge through two millraces.
Martinus-Kirche with Agatha statue
After the arson fire in 1907, Saint Martin's Church was built in the Gothic Revival style as a three-naved hall church with transept and twin-tower façade. One of the two towers was destroyed in the bombing on 28 March 1945 and was never repaired, being left in its damaged state today as a memorial for peace. The current mayor, however, is trying to raise an endowment whose goal would be to rebuild the tower. Before the north exit, a statue of Saint Agatha has stood since 1979.
Evangelical church
This was built in 1897 and 1898 and is thereby the town's oldest church. It was built of red brick.
Marketplace with Pannenklöpper (local word for “tinsmiths”) Memorial
After the Great Fire in 1795, the mediaeval layout was abandoned and a new one built from the ground up. This was conceived by Johann Adam Stahl. The marketplace’s current shape was drawn from this plan. Many houses that were built at this time stand on cellars of the older houses that burnt down. In places, they jut into the street. In the 1990s, the marketplace was overhauled, and, except on Sundays when High Mass is celebrated at Saint Martin’s Church, it is a carfree area. The Panneklöpper-Denkmal was erected in 1982 and recalls the former importance of this profession in the town of Olpe.
Chapels (Kreuzkapelle, Rochuskapelle and Valentinskapelle)
Kurkölner Platz (“Electoral-Cologne Square”) with the Geschichtsbrunnen (“History Fountain/Well”)
Natural monuments
Biggesee
Kölsches Heck
Kölsches Heck (roughly “Cologne Hedge”) refers to what is now the administrative boundary between the districts of Olpe and Siegen-Wittgenstein. It once served as a border defence, consisting of ditches and walls with hedges cut to a man’s height and interlaced with each other. Beyond a space of 15 to 100 m there often followed another ditch or wall structure. Today, traces of this old fortification may be found above Altenkleusheim.
Sport
Locally, Olpe has a number of places where people can involve themselves in athletic activities. For example, there are eleven gymnasia, nine tennis courts, and ten football/soccer fields. Also, Olpe is the birthplace of Markus Obermeier, a professional footballer.
Kreuzbergstadion
Olpe's largest sports site is the Kreuzbergstadion. It holds both natural and artificial turf, and is equipped with a 150–lux projection system. The Kreuzbergstadion is the center of the German Football Association's under-12 through under-21 development programs. There is also an eight-lane track, a high jump pit, a long jump pit, and triple jump pit for the athletes.
Aquatics
In Olpe's newly renovated pool, there are several different pools and hot tubs. The same building also houses a sauna and an outdoor pool.
Football
Olpe is home to eleven football clubs who play on ten fields.
Diving
The Biggesee offers a great place for diving. Not only do locals come: there have also been many groups that come from abroad to have the opportunity to dive in the Biggesee.
The Athletic Club
With over 3,000 members, the Turnverein Olpe or TVO is the largest athletic club in the municipality of Olpe. It has an eclectic lot of activities such as gymnastics, badminton, basketball, handball, track and field, taekwondo, and volleyball.
Regular events
Many of the customs observed in town and in the outlying countryside are many hundreds of years old. They often have roots in church tradition.
Shooting festivals are held in many of the town's centres. The biggest one in the municipal area is the Olpe Shooting Festival held by the St.-Sebastianus-Schützenverein, always on the weekend of the third Sunday in July. It is held on the Ümmerich, the shooting range on the Imberg. The club boasts almost 5,000 members.
Agatha-Tag (Saint Agatha's Day), 5 February, and a procession the following Sunday.
Poschefeuer, an Easter fire on the Gallenberg, the Bratzkopf and in almost every village in the town.
Rochus-Gelübde (“Vow to Saint Roch”) with procession following.
Muggelkirmes (third Sunday in September), a great festival for a good cause offering many things for young and old without the usual carney trade, but instead with much amateur participation and a family atmosphere.
St. Martin's Day with procession
Organ piece Der alte Zimmermann (“The Old Carpenter”) at Christmas
Between the Days-Festival (known as such even in German) – For more than 30 years this musical event, known far beyond the town, has beckoned many concertgoers every 29 December to Olpe with its broad array of pop and rock bands.
Ölper Tied (11 o’clock in the morning – traditional “Ölper” time for a drink)
Culinary specialities
Shooting festival specialities
The Olper Beff is a kind of beef patty into which potato is also mixed. It is served with a brown gravy – oxtail soup – and served warm together with a breadroll. Its quality is officially tested the Friday before the shooting festival at the Beff-Probe.
Only at the Olpe Shooting Festival do a few of the town's butcher shops offer Spürne for sale, a cold meat made of pickled cow's udder. There is also a children's drink at the shooting festival called Quatsch (literally “balderdash” or “hokum”, although it is actually raspberry juice).
Butterbrezel
A genuine Olpe speciality is the Butterbrezel (butter pretzel) which was originally made by the Gastreich Bakery, then later by the Sommerhoff Bakery and nowadays by the Konditorei Lüning.
Kemper's Korn
At the Kemper distillery, owned by Arens, with water from its own well, a grain schnapps is produced, along with various liqueurs.
Veischeder Landbier
In the outlying centre of Oberveischede for a few years now, the Müller Brewery has been brewing dark and light Pils in a house brewery, which is also sold outside the house. A neighbouring bakery also uses the beer to bake Veischeder Landbierbrot (beer bread).
Economy and infrastructure
Historical
The wealth of forest, ore and water was the foundation on which the iron foundries, hammerworks, tinsmithies and tanneries were built. Moreover, the town's location between the Siegerland on one side and the Brandenburg-ruled Sauerland on the other favoured economic development. No later than the 18th century, Olpe and its outlying areas were one of the economic centres of the Duchy of Westphalia.
Tinsmithing
This has a long tradition in Olpe, thereby having played an important rôle in the town's life. There was already a smiths’ guild by 1567, the Schmiedeamt. The smiths gradually came to concentrate mainly on making sheet metal or plate. Protected as they were by the guild privileges that were continually confirmed by the Electors, Olpe's smiths managed to secure a virtual monopoly position in sheet metal manufacture in south Westphalia. The bronze memorial at the marketplace recalls the old guild.
Hammerworks
These craftsmen also had their own guild and took up the important preparatory work for the tinsmiths, and also for other smiths. The works were powered by water.
Mining
There is evidence of copper mining since the mid 16th century in the Rhonard. Alongside many other small pits in Olpe the Grube Rhonard was the biggest. It belonged until 1805 to the Brabeck family estate. Until it closed in 1890, it was the oldest and biggest pit in Olpe. Alongside copper, iron ore was also mined. Moreover, there were also small yields of silver, quicksilver and cinnabar.
Other important occupations in the Olpe area were the charburners and tanners.
Today
Midsize and nationally active businesses in various fields are the underpinnings of today's economic life in the district seat. Among these are foundries, tube drawing factories, drop forges, valve factories, machine factories and electronics manufacture. Furthermore, there are many businesses in crafts, trade and service industries. Tourism is also important.
Important enterprises in Olpe are:
Karl Jungbecker GmbH & Co, Olpe
Ohm & Häner GmbH & Co. KG, Olpe
Peterseim GmbH & Co. KG, Olpe
Gebr. Kemper GmbH & Co. KG, Olpe
Schell GmbH & Co. KG
Metallwerke Gustav Imhäuser GmbH &
Polygonvatro GmbH
Transport
Rail and bus transport
Olpe's railway station lies on the single-tracked Biggetalbahn (KBS 442) on which hourly runs the Biggesee-Express (RB 92) passenger service to Finnentrop with connections to the Ruhr-Sieg-Express (RE 16). In the outlying centre of Sondern is a “lake station” which allows a direct transfer from the railway to a passenger boat. It is the only one in North Rhine-Westphalia.
The line was built by the Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn (railway), going into operation between Finnentrop and Olpe on 1 November 1875. Originally it ran by way of Gerlingen and Rothemühle (both belonging to the community of Wenden) to Freudenberg in Westphalia where it joined to the Asdorftalbahn by way of Niederfischbach to Kirchen (Sieg) with a further connection to another line, the Siegstrecke (KBS 460). Another line ran from Olpe by way of Drolshagen and Bergneustadt to Dieringhausen with a connection to the Aggertalbahn (KBS 459).
Today, Olpe is the endpoint of the line to Finnentrop. The tracks of the other lines have been removed during the 1990s and the early 2000s. In 2013, the train and bus stations were relocated downstream the Bigge River. On the premises of the former railway station and the neighboring industrial sites, new commercial and recreation areas developed, including a lake-view restaurant. The construction of a new town hall, integrating the old railway station building, is planned.
As for local road transport, many buslines run, joining Olpe to the neighbouring towns and communities. The operators are the Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd (VWS, “Westphalia-South Transport Services”) whose seat is in Siegen, and the Busverkehr Ruhr-Sieg (BRS, “Ruhr-Sieg Bus Transport”). Also, lines of the Regionalverkehr Köln bus company run to Olpe.
Local rail and road transport are integrated with the Westphalia South Transport Community (Verkehrsgemeinschaft Westfalen Süd, VGWS).
Streets and roads
There are three traffic thoroughfares in the town of Olpe. Bruchstraße carries north–south traffic to the Autobahn interchanges. Westfälische Straße leaves the historic Old Town towards the northeast while Martinstraße, which is barred to heavy vehicles, leads out of the town centre towards the east. The inner town has at its disposal four free parking garages.
At almost every street junction within the town, a roundabout has been installed. Bundesstraße 55 serves as a northern town bypass and comes together with Bundesstraße 54, which serves as an eastern town bypass, near Rhode. In the south and west, the Autobahnen A 4 and A 45 surround the municipal area. It is thereby possible for heavy traffic to bypass the town altogether on any side.
The town of Olpe is connected to two Autobahnen:
A 4 (E 40) Aachen–Görlitz, interchange: Wenden (Olpe-Süd)
A 45 (Sauerlandlinie) (E 41) Dortmund–Aschaffenburg, interchange: Olpe and Wenden (Olpe-Süd)
as well as to the Bundesstraßen 54 (Münster–Lünen–Dortmund–Hagen–Olpe–Siegen–Limburg–Wiesbaden) and 55 (Olpe-Lennestadt-Meschede).
Water transport
Boat tours can be taken on the Biggesee. The waters are plied from April until late October by two boats run by the Personenschifffahrt Biggesee. A trip round the reservoir lasts roughly two hours, and may be boarded at any of five docks. A few years ago there were still four boats in this Weiße Flotte (“White Fleet”), as it is known. Along with the still available MS Westfalen and MS Bigge, a further boat plied the reservoir. In the reservoir's forward basin (called the Obersee, or “Upper Lake”) was a canal boat by the name of Olpe. Its low-slung design was necessary so that the boat could get under the low railway bridge.
Cycling paths
Around the Biggesee and the Lister Reservoir (Listertalsperre) is a closed cycling path network. This leads to the Biggedamm in Attendorn. Furthermore, Olpe is connected to the North Rhine-Westphalia Cycling Transport Network (Radverkehrsnetz NRW).
Hiking paths
Through Olpe runs the 1 080 km-long Wanderweg der Deutschen Einheit (“Hiking Path of German Unity”). Also, there are many smaller, well marked hiking paths that lead around the town.
Media
Newspapers
The following newspapers publish local editions daily:
Siegener Zeitung
Westfälische Rundschau
Westfalenpost
Furthermore, each of these newspapers also has a local office in Olpe. Currently, all three publish in the morning, although until 2000, the Siegener Zeitung was an afternoon paper. The Siegener Zeitung is a midsize family business with its headquarters in Siegen. The other two papers both belong to the WAZ newspaper group.
Also published, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, is the free advertising sheet Sauerlandkurier with information from the whole Sauerland. Other advertising sheets such as Sonntags-Anzeiger, Stadtanzeiger and the Sauerländer Wochenanzeiger, have been discontinued.
On special occasions such as the shooting festival, the Sauerländer Börse, a glossy DIN-A-4-format advertising sheet, appears.
Until some time around 1980, Olpe was the publishing site of the Sauerländisches Volksblatt.
Radio
The Olpe district has no local transmitter or radio station at its disposal. Current news about Olpe is to be had only through the WDR 2 programme from the Siegen regional studio, sending out news from south Westphalia on the half-hour. With a decision on 28 April 2006, however, Olpe was chosen by the Landesanstalt für Medien Nordrhein-Westfalen (LfM), the responsible overseeing authority for radio broadcasts in North Rhine-Westphalia, as a possible area for expansion of local broadcasting. An organizing association has existed for many years.
Television
Olpe belongs to WDR Fernsehen’s Siegen studio’s broadcast area. The Lokalzeit Südwestfalen reports on the region.
Public institutions
Agentur für Arbeit Siegen, Olpe office (employment agency)
Amtsgericht Olpe (court)
Finanzamt Olpe (financial office)
Regionalforstamt Kurkölnisches Sauerland, Olpe service building (regional forest office)
Since 1 August 2007, there has been this current forest office made up of the former Attendorn (partly) and Olpe forest offices. The first time that a forest office in Olpe was mentioned was in 1810.
Kreishaus Olpe (district administration)
LWL-Archäologie für Westfalen, Olpe branch
In a former school on 31 August 1982, the Olpe branch was officially opened. The main task is taking care of monuments in the Regierungsbezirk of Arnsberg. This is done through undertaking to propose monumental protection, taking part in procedures as sponsors of public concerns, onsite studies, publishing work and “small monument care” (exchange with interested persons or groups).
St.-Martinus-Hospital
The hospital was founded in 1856 under the St. Martinus Olpe parish's sponsorship and at first it was run by two Vincentine sisters. Each year, just under 11,000 patients, mainly from Olpe, Wenden and Drolshagen are treated. A staff of roughly 800 full-time and part-time workers have 385 beds in their care. The hospital has a surgical clinic, a medicinal clinic, a women's clinic, an anaesthesia department, an intensive care unit whose main task is pain control and diagnostic radiology, and a psychiatric department. Sisters of the Olpe Franciscan congregation took over nursing duties in 1900. As of 1997, the St.-Martinus-Hospital was run as a not-for-profit limited company (GmbH), and it merged in 2000 with the Catholic St.-Josef-Hospital in Lennestadt-Altenhundem into the Katholische Hospitalgesellschaft Südwestfalen gGmbH (gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung, or “not-for-profit company with limited liability”). Attached to the hospital are, among other things, a nursing school, a course in geriatric care and a mobile dialysis centre. Since that time, the Franciscan sisters have no longer been working at the St.-Martinus-Hospital, and the convent found there was dissolved in late 2005.
Kinderhospiz Balthasar
When this children's hospice opened in 1998, it was the first of its kind in Germany. “A second home for the whole family” is one of the hospice's guiding principles. As well as living and laughing, dying and weeping can take place here. The whole family is to some extent guided over years until the child's death. Each year, several stays of up to four weeks each are possible.
The sponsor is the Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft der Franziskanerinnen zu Olpe mbH (“Not-for-profit Company of the Franciscan Sisters at Olpe, limited”, or GFO). It is one-third financed by sponsors such as longterm care insurance and two-thirds by donations and by the families themselves.
Education
Olpe is a regionally important school centre. There are many different educational institutions here.
The former Realschule Olpe and Hakemicke Hauptschule merged to the new Sekundarschule between 2013 and 2018. It is located in the former Hakemicke Hauptschule. The building of the former Realschule was abandoned and will be demolished.
Notable people
Sons and daughters of the town
Johann Bergmann von Olpe (1460–1531), theologian and publisher
Rudolf Bertram (1893–1975), medic
Mother Maria Theresia Bonzel (1830–1905), beatified founder of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration
Rötger Hundt (1711–1773), theologian
Anton Deimel (1865–1954), theologian and researcher
Jochen Feldmann (born 1961), physicist
Adolf von Hatzfeld (1892–1957), poet
Franz Hitze (1851–1921), sociopolitical and theologian
Michael Kügler (born 1981), footballer
Monica Pick-Hieronimi (born 1943), sopranist and professor of music
Patrick Rakovsky (born 1993), football player
Johannes Rosenthal (1903–1975), Pallottine bishop and first Bishop of Queenstown in South Africa
Paul-Werner Scheele (1928–2019), Bishop of Würzburg
Josef Schrage (1881–1953), Landrat and Member of the Landtag
Joseph Schrage (1818–1892), Wisconsin businessman and public official
Sigmar Solbach (born 1946), actor
Helmut Stahl (born 1947), politician (CDU)
Hermann Tilke (born 1951), architect
Famous people connected with the town
Johann Nikolaus Düringer (c. 1700–1756), sculptor
Wilhelm Marx (1851–1924), Chief Mayor of Düsseldorf (buried in Olpe)
Theodor Mietens (1804–1885), printer and cofounder of the Evangelical parish in Olpe
Herbert Straube (1904–1977), celebrity entrepreneur in the postwar years
Otto Müller (1870–1944), priest and resistance fighter in National Socialist times
Lorenz Jaeger (1892–1975), Cardinal
Hans Krüger (1902–1971), Minister for Displaced Persons in the Erhardt Cabinet
Gerhard Schneider (born 1938), collector of degenerate art
Gerd vom Bruch (born 1941), former trainer for Spvg. Olpe (1972–1976)
Further reading
Westfälischer Städteatlas; Band: VIII; 3 Teilband. Im Auftrage der Historischen Kommission für Westfalen und mit Unterstützung des Landschaftsverbandes Westfalen-Lippe, published by the late Heinz Stoob and Wilfried Ehbrecht. Stadtmappe Olpe, Author: Manfred Wolf, ; Dortmund-Altenbeken 2004.
Gretel Kemper: Olpe, Stadt und Land; published by the Heimatverein für Olpe und Umgebung, publishing house: Die Wiehlandschmiede, , Olpe
References
External links
Siegener Zeitung (Newspaper)
Westfälische Rundschau (Newspaper)
Westfalenpost (Newspaper)
The Sisters of Saint Francis of Perpetual Adoration
Olpe (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olpe%2C%20Germany |
The JTS engine (Jet Thrust Stoichiometric) is a gasoline direct injection engine produced by Alfa Romeo. It exists in two forms, straight-4 and V6, and was introduced into the Alfa lineup in 2002.
Four-cylinder
2.0
The JTS engine debuted in 2002 in the Alfa Romeo 156. The engine was based on the 2.0 Twin Spark (itself a variant of the Pratola Serra engine family), replacing Twin Spark with direct injection, dubbed "Jet Thrust Stoichiometric". This improved power from to , but more importantly, torque climbed from to . In 2003, this engine was introduced to the GTV/Spider coupé and roadster and it was fitted to the GT from launch.
In spite of its benefits to power, torque and economy, the JTS was not used in the smaller 147 or the larger 166, and much less in other models from the Fiat Group. This was allegedly because the JTS engine cost a lot more to produce than the Twin Spark.
Displacement:
Power: @ 6400 rpm
Torque: @ 3250 rpm
Applications:
2002-2005 Alfa Romeo 156
2003-2004 Alfa Romeo GTV & Spider
2004–2010 Alfa Romeo GT
1.9
It was only in 2005, with the arrival of the 159, that more variants of the JTS were produced. The 2.0 JTS gave way to a 1.9 L variant with and a 2.2 L version with . The 1.9 JTS and 2.2 JTS form part of a new engine family and are completely different from the 2.0 JTS. Both 1.9 L and 2.2 L have chain driven camshafts and variable valve timing on both inlet and exhaust camshafts. Both 1.9 and 2.2 JTS engine blocks were supplied by GM to the Fiat group and belong to the GM Ecotec engine family. Both models are mapped to either a six-speed manual gearbox plus a reverse gear, or a Formula One inspired sequential gearbox also having six gears and reverse.
Displacement:
Power: @ 6500 rpm
Torque: @ 4500 rpm
Applications:
2005–2011 Alfa Romeo 159
2.2
With the arrival of 159, a 2.2 JTS was also introduced. The engine block is sourced from GM (Ecotec L61).
Displacement:
Power: @ 6500 rpm
Torque: @ 4500 rpm
Compression Ratio: 11:3:1
Applications:
2005–2010 Alfa Romeo 159
2005–2010 Alfa Romeo Brera
2006–2010 Alfa Romeo Spider
Six-cylinder
3.2
The JTS direct injection system was first used in a V6 engine in 2005 with the introduction of the Alfa 159 and Brera. This is not related to the Alfa Romeo V6 engine, but is instead a derivation of the GM High Feature engine; built in Australia by GM Holden. While it retains the High Feature engine's bore x stroke and chain driven camshafts, it is modified by Alfa for their performance, fuel economy and sound characteristics. These modifications include: "TwinPhaser" variable valve timing (cam-phasing on both inlet and exhaust cams, thus the name), gasoline direct injection and a higher compression ratio of 11.25:1. It also operates with a lean burn system up to about 1500 rpm, as on many other engines from the company and is capable of generating , a number matching the larger LY7 3.6 L variant used by GM. Alfa Romeo stopped using the V6 JTS engine in 2010.
Displacement:
Power: at 6200 rpm
Torque: at 3800 rpm
Applications:
2004 Alfa Romeo Visconti (concept car)
2005–2010 Alfa Romeo 159
2005–2010 Alfa Romeo Brera
2006–2010 Alfa Romeo Spider
References
Fiat engines
Gasoline engines by model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa%20Romeo%20JTS%20engine |
is a manga written by Sho Fumimura, and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1990 to 1995, with its chapters collected in 12 volumes. It was published as 46 comic books and collected as nine volumes in America by Viz Graphics from 1995 to 1997. Sanctuary was a bestseller in Japan, and inspired an original video animation and a series of live-action films.
Plot
Sanctuary is a story that featured two childhood friends, Akira Hojo and Chiaki Asami, who ruthlessly struggle to set a new paradigm of living in Japan. However, the two friends take radically different paths (playing rock-paper-scissors to decide their roles): Akira chooses the dark path and joins a Yakuza gang, while Chiaki strives to become the youngest member of the Japanese Diet. As survivors of the Cambodian killing fields, the two characters develop an unmatched aggression and survival instincts, helping them to achieve their common ultimate goal: making Japan their own sanctuary.
The story starts with Hojo as a minor mob boss and Asami as a political advisor. The plot first focuses on their rise to positions of greater power. Hojo's rise is decidedly quicker than Asami's, whose struggle to get to the top lasts the entire manga. Hojo is a Yakuza Don by book 2. The story then follows his attempts to gain control over the entire Yakuza while secretly paving the way for them to become a legitimate enterprise. Asami, meanwhile, must try to enter the Diet by forming his own party that represents the younger people of Japan. He is constantly opposed by the current Dietmen, who are aging politicians intent on holding onto power (often considered to be a thinly-veiled reference to the Liberal Democratic Party).
By the end of the series, both Hojo and Asami succeed in their ambitions. Hojo successfully unites all of the major Yakuzas under his banner to extend the longevity of Yakuza (through educational reform) while Asami successfully becomes the youngest nominated politician to become Prime Minister of Japan. At the end of their journey, they return to where it all began: Cambodia. Unfortunately, Asami dies due to illness.
Characters
Portrayed by: Toshiya Nakasawa
Don of the . Asami's childhood friend, he is heading towards domination over Japan's Yakuza corporations. By the end of the story, Hojo runs for the Diet.
Portrayed by: Hiroshi Abe
Ambitious and strong-willed politician. He lived in Cambodia with Hojo's family in the 1970s. Asami's personal nemesis is Isaoka.
An "old fox" with all the connections one can imagine at every economic, politic and illegal level possible. He served a prison sentence in Sugamo Prison after World War II.
Hojo's former mentor, a through-and-through Yakuza who serves his boss efficiently, with an unshakeable loyalty.
Portrayed by: Toshihiko Sakakibara
Young assistant of Hojo, who saved his new-born baby years ago. As with Tokai, he would give his life for his boss.
Portrayed by: Azusa Nakamura
Deputy-chief in the district of Tokyo. Born in 1965 (vol.1 chap. 2) she is 27 at the time of the story. Went to Tokyo University. Kyoko later falls for Hojo and the feelings are mutual.
Portrayed by: Naomasa Musaka
Subaltern of Ishihara, he knows Tokai very well, but he's a good policeman nonetheless.
The Trade Minister of the U.S. who falls for Asami and becomes a loyal foreign ally.
Yuki
Asami's lover, a university student.
Hojo's advisor in the Yakuza.
A Hong Kong Don who at first double crosses Hojo and Asami before later aiding them again.
A Don who owes Hojo his life.
Ibuki
A Don from Kobe and ally of Hojo.
The son of an old school politician who is both a trouble maker and playboy. He does everything he can to avenge his father's death and joins forces with Asami.
Leader of the Okinawan mafia.
Media
Manga
Viz Media's English release was translated by cultural anthropologist Rachel Thorn. It was nominated for the 1995 Harvey Award for Best American Edition of Foreign Material.
Volumes
Adaptations
Sanctuary was adapted in both a one-shot anime original video animation (OVA), and live-action theatrical release. Both versions were released in North America by Viz Media.
See also
References
External links
1995 films
1996 anime OVAs
Juvenile delinquency in fiction
Political thriller anime and manga
Ryoichi Ikegami
Seinen manga
Shogakukan franchises
Shogakukan manga
Viz Media manga
Yoshiyuki Okamura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary%20%28manga%29 |
James Shores Simpson (December 20, 1927 – January 13, 2016) was an American sportscaster, known for his smooth delivery as a play-by-play man and his versatility in covering many different sports. In 1997, he won the Sports Lifetime Achievement Award, and in 2000 he was inducted into the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame.
Career
Jim Simpson was born in Washington, D.C., and grew up in nearby Chevy Chase, Maryland. He began his broadcasting career with a short-lived radio show, Hunting and Fishing with Jimmy Simpson, when he was 15. He attended George Washington University and served in the Coast Guard and Navy Reserve. After several jobs in radio, he began working in television in Washington in 1949.
In the early 1950s, he shared a half-hour news program at Washington's WTOP-TV with another TV newcomer, Walter Cronkite, the future anchor of the CBS Evening News. He joined NBC's owned-and-operated Washington station, WRC-TV, in 1955. Simpson broadcast Atlantic Coast Conference basketball games in the early 1960s and worked as a sports reporter at WRC-TV.
NBC Sports
Eventually Simpson would broadcast many sports at NBC, including football, basketball, baseball, tennis, and golf. For much of the 1960s and 1970s he was generally considered the network's number two play-by-play announcer, behind only Curt Gowdy. He was in New Haven, Connecticut on November 22, 1963, preparing to call the annual Harvard-Yale football game with Lindsey Nelson and Terry Brennan, when word came of the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Simpson was quoted as saying to Nelson as they walked through the tunnel of the Yale Bowl, "We will remember this walk and this moment for a long, long, time." His work on American Football League (and later American Football Conference) telecasts for NBC is perhaps what he is best remembered for.
In 1966, Simpson and Bill Cullen (who at the time, along with Simpson hosted a sports anthology series called NBC Sports in Action), were the between-periods co-hosts for NBC's Stanley Cup Finals broadcasts. It marked the first time that the Stanley Cup Finals were broadcast on American network television. It was also the first time that hockey games were broadcast on network television in color. The CBC would follow suit the following year.
On January 15, 1967, Simpson (along with former quarterback George Ratterman) called Super Bowl I for NBC Radio. He also called several World Series for NBC Radio, as well as numerous Orange Bowl games, the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final (via tape delay), and several Olympic Games for NBC television.
ESPN
In 1979, after Week 2 of the NFL season, the fledgling ESPN cable sports network brought Simpson on board to provide some needed credibility with sports fans. Simpson broadcast the first NCAA basketball game the network televised, with flamboyant Dick Vitale as the color man. Vitale credits Simpson with helping him develop as a sportscaster. Simpson also called USFL, NBA, college football, and College World Series games for ESPN, in 1988 called the Baltimore Orioles' local telecasts on WMAR-TV (the NBC affiliate at the time), and called figure skating at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics for TNT.
After his sportscasting days Simpson retired to St. Croix, Virgin Islands. Among other firsts he was the initial U.S. sportscaster to appear live via satellite from Asia, and he was involved in the first American sportscast using instant replay technology. In 2005, ESPN brought Simpson back from retirement to do play-by-play for a series of college basketball games in a "turn back the clock" format on the ESPN Classic network. He died on January 13, 2016, in Scottsdale, Arizona at the age of 88.
References
Voices of the Game by Curt Smith (Diamond Communications, Inc. 1987)
Bud Wilkinson: An Intimate Portrait of an American Legend by Jay Wilkinson and Gretchen Hirsch (Sagamore Publishing 1994)
Living a Dream by Dick Vitale (Sports Publishing 2003)
External links
NSSA Hall of Fame photograph and brief biography
News story on Simpson's NSSA Hall of Fame induction
Simpson saw start of Super Bowl, ESPN
1927 births
2016 deaths
American Football League announcers
American horse racing announcers
American television sports announcers
Association football commentators
Baltimore Orioles announcers
Boxing commentators
College baseball announcers in the United States
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
Figure skating commentators
Golf writers and broadcasters
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
National Hockey League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Television personalities from Washington, D.C.
Tennis commentators
United States Coast Guard enlisted
United States Football League announcers
United States Navy reservists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Simpson%20%28sportscaster%29 |
Robert Peck may refer to:
Robert Newton Peck (1928–2020), American author
Robert W. Peck, 21st-century Canadian diplomat
Bob Peck (1945–1999), English actor
Bob Peck (athletic director) (1928–2021), American coach and athletic director
Robert Peck (MP for Lincoln) (died c. 1400)
Robert Peck (MP for Huntingdon), 15th-century MP for Huntingdon
See also
Bob Peck (American football) (1891–1932), American football player | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Peck |
Finnentrop is a Gemeinde (municipality) in Olpe district in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Finnentrop is situated in the Sauerland, near the forks of the rivers Bigge and Lenne. Finnentrop shares borders with Sundern and Eslohe (both part of Hochsauerland district), Lennestadt and Attendorn (both in Olpe district), as well as with Plettenberg (Märkischer Kreis district). Finnentrop is divided into the following constituent communities:
History
While the municipality of Finnentrop didn't come into being before 1 July 1969, the history of the constituting villages dates back from the Middle Ages. In 1162 Lenhausen and Rönkhausen were mentioned for the first time. Until 13 July 1908, the place now known as Finnentrop had three names: Habbecke, Neubrücke (“Newbridge”) and, once the Ruhr-Sieg railway was built, Bahnhof Finnentrop (“Finnentrop Railway Station”). Neubrücke consisted of only one building at the forks of Bigge and Lenne (Reuters Haus, first mentioned in 1847). The “new bridge” seems to have already been built by 1847, as the “Reuter” had to charge tolls.
The new municipality was cobbled together in 1969 from parts of the old Amt of Serkenrode (Meschede district), the communities of Schliprüthen and Oedingen and parts of Attendorn-Land and Helden. This restructuring also saw the municipality pass from Meschede district (which was abolished in 1974) to Olpe district. The municipality's name is drawn from the original centre of Finnentrop situated a few hundred metres up the Bigge river, now known as Altfinnentrop (“alt” is German for “old”). The ending —trop comes from trop or torp, meaning “village”. The High German word Dorf is a cognate, as is the English word thorpe.
The municipal arms shows a rose under a wavy chevron. The rose stands for the Lords of Finnentrop (von Vinnentrop) and dates back to the year 1358. The chevron stands for the two rivers, the Bigge and the Lenne, which merge in the municipality. The colour green refers to the great swathes of greenery in the municipal area.
Finnentrop maintains partnership arrangements with:
Diksmuide, Belgium (since 1979);
Helbra, Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990).
Mayors
The mayor between 1997 and 2020 was the jurist Dietmar Heß (* 1955) (CDU).
In September 2020 Achim Henkel (CDU) has been elected. The 53 year old first chief police officer used to be in charge of the policestation in Olpe for many years.
Culture and sightseeing
Theatres & Museums
Schützenhof Lichtspiele, 1954-vintage movie theater renovated in 2006 with 170 seats
Heimatstube Schönholthausen (museum)
Buildings
St. Georg hall church in (Schliprüthen), dating from before the 12th century
Romanesque Catholic parish church Mariä Himmelfahrt in Schönholthausen, dating in parts from the 13th century
Matthiaskapelle chapel in Altfinnentrop from 1383
Haus Bamenohl castle in Bamenohl (14th century)
Schloss Ahausen castle close to Heggen
Schloss Lenhausen castle in Lenhausen (13th century)
Reiterstellwerk (historic signal box)
Regular events
Schützenfest (marksmen's festival) in the larger villages
Prunksitzung by the Lenhausen Carnival Club (LCC) (revue, Saturday before Altweibertag – Old Women's Day)
Prunksitzung by the Festkommitee Finnentroper Karneval (revue)
Waldfest “Im Schee” Finnentrop (“forest festival”, weekend before Whitsun)
Spritzenfest of the fire station Bamenohl (second weekend in August)
Open-air concert at Haus Bamenohl (third weekend in August)
Bürgerfrühschoppen of the fire brigade on German Unity Day
Christmas market at the town hall (second weekend in Advent)
Economy and infrastructure
Among the nationally known companies in Finnentrop are Eibach (automotive springs), Metten Fleischwaren (meat processing) and a plant of ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG.
Transport
Finnentrop station is situated at the Ruhr–Sieg railway, from where the Bigge Valley Railway connects to Olpe. The Attendorn-Finnentrop aerodrome is situated close to the village of Heggen.
Public institutions
Rathaus Finnentrop (town hall)
Erlebnisbad Finto (natatorium)
Jugendherberge Bamenohl (Germany's first private youth hostel after the Second World War)
Jugendherberge Heggen (hostel
Finnentrop volunteer fire brigade with eleven fire stations
Education
There are six primary schools, one Hauptschule, one Realschule and one Gesamtschule.
Famous people
Honorary citizens
Erwin Oberkalkofen, former mayor
Ernst Vollmer, former municipality director
Sons and daughters of the municipality
Gertrud von Plettenberg († 1608), Mistress of Ernest of Bavaria, Prince-elector-archbishop of the Archbishopric of Cologne
Friedrich Georg Pape (1763−1816), one of the first German democrats
Johann Joseph Freidhoff (1768−1818), engraver
Alexander Haindorf (1784–1862), doctor, Jewish reformer, psychologist, university lecturer
Eduard Bartling (1845−1927), entrepreneur and politician
Lawrence Becker (1869–1947), lawyer and judge who served as Solicitor of the United States Treasury
Henry M. Arens (1873−1963), original name Heinrich Martin Arens, politician who served in many offices in Minnesota, including the U.S. House of Representatives
Josef Baumhoff (1887−1962), German official, newspaper publisher and politician
Kilian Kirchhoff (1892–1944), priest, translator and dissident
Erich Feldmann (1929−1998), Priester, Kirchenhistoriker und Augustinusforscher
Klaus-Dieter Uelhoff (born 1936), politician, member of the Bundestag
Reinhard Wilhelm (born 1946), scientist
Paul Scheermann (born 1949), soccer player
Hilde Mattheis (born 1954), politician, member of the Bundestag
Famous people who have worked in the municipality
John A. Roebling (1806−1869), original name Johann August Röbling, civil engineer, designer of the Brooklyn Bridge
Johannes Dornseiffer (1837−1914), priest, co-founder of many savings and loan companies connected with Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
Hermann Hagedorn, (1884–1951), German writer, lyric poet and teacher
Angela Maria Autsch (1900−1944), nun of the Trinitarian Order, was murdered in the Auschwitz concentration camp
Artists
Andreas Schmidt, film actor and theatre director based out of Kreuzberg, Berlin
Further reading
Bitter, Franz, Finnentrop Sauerland. Das Pfarrdorf, seine Industrie, der Eisenbahnknotenpunkt und seine Bewohner. Finnentrop 1955. edited by Sasse, R., 2005.
Feldmann, Thomas, Die Finnentroper Chronik. Finnentrop 1994.
Pickert’sche Sammlung, written by Voss, W., edited by Sasse, R., 2005,
further collection of literature from the Arbeitskreis für Geschichte und Heimatpflege in der Gemeinde Finnentrop e.V.
References
External links
Olpe (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnentrop |
Stanley Stuart (Bob) Davis (born 17 December 1942) is emeritus professor of pharmacy at the University of Nottingham.
Early life and education
Davis was born in Warwick, England. He obtained his bachelor's degree in pharmacy from the School of Pharmacy at the University of London in 1964. He remained at the same university to study for a PhD in colloid science (1967).
Academic career
In 1966 he was appointed assistant lecturer in pharmaceutics and then to lecturer in 1967. He was awarded his Doctor of Science degree (higher doctorate) in 1982. In 1968 he was awarded a one-year Fulbright Scholarship to undertake postdoctoral studies with Takeru Higuchi at the University of Kansas, US, in the field of solution thermodynamics.
In 1970 he moved to the University of Aston in Birmingham as senior lecturer and head of the pharmaceutics section. Here, he built up an active research group in drug delivery systems. Davis took the position of Lord Trent Professor of Pharmacy at the University of Nottingham in 1975, where he ran a large research group, studying novel drug delivery systems. Topics of research have included drug targeting (with particular emphasis on colloidal carriers), transmucosal delivery, oral and parenteral systems for controlled release and product evaluation through gamma scintigraphy. He became an emeritus professor in 2003.
He has published over 750 papers and is co-editor of 7 books. He is the named inventor on numerous patents dealing with drug delivery. He is the founder and chairman of Cosmas-Damian a consulting company that provides services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. This company has been in existence for more than 25 years and is based on his extensive experience. He is also the co-founder of three pharmaceutical companies; CDD (Co-ordinated Drug Development) (since acquired by Vectura Group); Danbiosyst (UK) Ltd (sold to West Pharmaceutical Services and then to Archimedes) and Pharmaceutical Profiles Ltd.
Other work
He has acted as a consultant to various pharmaceutical companies and has worked as a visiting scientist at Syntex, Allergan, and Alza. He has served on numerous committees and panels, to include those of the British and European Pharmacopoeias, the United Kingdom Medicines Commission, The Science & Engineering Research Council.
Awards and recognition
Davis has received The Science Medal (The British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1971), The Scheele Award (Swedish Pharmaceutical Association, 1985), The Maurice-Marie Janot Award (APGI, France, 1986) (The Harrison Memorial Medal, Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2000), The Eurand Career Achievement Award for Outstanding Research in Oral Drug Delivery. The Controlled Release Society, 2003. The Hoest Madsen Medal (FIP) (2005).
References
External links
Professor Bob Davis, the Lord Trent Professor, becomes Head of School
Stanley (Bob) Davis at consulting site - for publications
1942 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of London
Academics of the University of Nottingham
Academics of Aston University
British pharmacists
University of Kansas people
British consultants
Fulbright alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Stewart%20Davis |
"You Don't Love Me Anymore" is a song by American recording artist "Weird Al" Yankovic. It was released as the second single from his seventh studio album Off the Deep End on June 19, 1992. While much of his musical output consists of parodies of other artists' material, "You Don't Love Me Anymore" is an original composition written and produced by Yankovic. A soft acoustic ballad in a style parody of James Taylor and Nicolette Larson, the song features darkly humorous lyrics about a relationship between Yankovic and an unnamed woman that has faltered to the point that she repeatedly attempts to kill him, which he has only just begun to notice.
Yankovic requested his record label Scotti Brothers to release the song as the second single from Off the Deep End. As the label would only release the single if its music video was a parody, Yankovic modeled the video for "You Don't Love Me Anymore" after the video for the song "More Than Words" by American rock band Extreme. Directed by Jay Levey, the video features a cameo appearance by American-Canadian singer Robert Goulet. To Yankovic's surprise, "You Don't Love Me Anymore" garnered moderate amounts of radio airplay and peaked at number 26 on the Canadian singles chart.
The song was parodied in German lyrics by the heavy metal band JBO.
Release
Following the success of Off the Deep Ends lead single "Smells Like Nirvana", Yankovic desired to release "You Don't Love Me Anymore" as the album's second single. Yankovic's record label Scotti Brothers reluctantly adhered to the request, on the condition that the song's music video be a parody. Released on June 19, 1992, the single received moderate amounts of radio airplay and peaked at number 26 on the singles chart of Canadian magazine The Record. Its airplay levels surprised Yankovic, who had observed that radio stations "usually just go for the parodies." "You Don't Love Me Anymore" was also issued as a 12-inch single in the Philippines by Mobile Disco Records – the release featured a dance music remix of the song, the only authorized extended mix of a Yankovic track not to be issued by his label.
Music video
The music video for "You Don't Love Me Anymore" was directed by Yankovic's long-time collaborator and manager Jay Levey. Filmed at the Charlie Chaplin Studios in Los Angeles, it is a parody of the music video for "More Than Words" by American rock band Extreme and a follow-up on the video of "Smells Like Nirvana". Yankovic's record label Scotti Brothers had informed him that "You Don't Love Me Anymore" – an original composition – would be released as a single under the condition that an accompanying parody music video be produced. As many had erroneously believed the song was a parody of "More Than Words" upon release, he decided to spoof its video.
The "You Don't Love Me Anymore" video features Yankovic and his guitarist Jim West performing the song, with the latter basing his appearance on Extreme guitarist Nuno Bettencourt. Bassist Steve Jay is also seen biting into a large piece of ham; he chipped his tooth while filming the scene and is seen wincing in pain as he does this in the video. One notable gag involves Yankovic picking up another guitar and tuning it, only to put it away without actually playing it, instead beginning to sing the second verse. American singer and actor Robert Goulet makes a cameo appearance as a piano player who suffers various bodily injuries. Tony De La Rosa (who portrayed the janitor in the "Smells Like Teen Spirit" and "Smells Like Nirvana" videos) takes on the role of a cellist in janitor garb who accidentally flings his bow into Goulet's eye. Towards the end of the video, Yankovic smashes West's Ovation guitar. He later recounted: "Most of the guitars I had broken at that point were cheap guitars, and this one did not smash, but I knew I had one take, so you'll see me whack the thing like 20 times, like, 'You’ve gotta break! This is the only take! I’m gonna smash this thing if it takes me all day!'"
Formats and track listings
Cassette single (Canada and United States)
"You Don't Love Me Anymore" – 4:00
"I Was Only Kidding" – 3:31
12-inch single (Philippines)
"You Don't Love Me Anymore" – 4:00
"You Don't Love Me Anymore" (Dance Mix) – 5:00
Charts
Personnel
Credits adapted from Off the Deep End liner notes.
"Weird Al" Yankovic – vocals, keyboards, production, songwriting
Jim West – acoustic guitar
Tony Papa – engineering, mixing
References
External links
1990s ballads
1992 singles
1992 songs
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Songs written by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Black-and-white music videos
Black comedy music
James Taylor
Music videos directed by Jay Levey
Scotti Brothers Records singles
American soft rock songs
Rock ballads | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Don%27t%20Love%20Me%20Anymore%20%28%22Weird%20Al%22%20Yankovic%20song%29 |
The Aloisiuskolleg is a co-educational, Jesuit (Catholic), University-preparatory school in Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany, which includes boarders. It is named for Saint Aloysius Gonzaga. Highly ranked academically, it is considered one of the most prestigious boarding schools in Germany. Since early 2010 the school has been investigated for cases of child abuse.
Organization
Since 1921 the Jesuits have operated a boarding school for boys in Bonn Bad-Godesberg. Ninety-four percent of its budget is provided by German North Rhine-Westphalia, even though the college is non-governmental, run by the Jesuits. The remaining 6% is covered by the Archdiocese of Cologne. The school is open to everyone. The State conducts the school-leaving examination (called the Abitur, the equivalent of A-levels in the UK) and proposes the subjects of instruction. In turn, the school is recognized by the State, and a successfully completed Abitur by any graduate allows admission to a German university. Lodging, food, and boarding run about €14,000 per year, while students from impoverished families are sponsored by the Jesuits or by the charge for other boarders.
School competitions
The Aloisiuskolleg (AKO) ranks high each year at regional, national, and even international school competitions in sports, as well as in subjects like physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, music, art, and computer sciences, and has won several awards. A PISA study ranked the school 4th in Germany and among the best in Europe. Also in other OECD studies the school is usually ranked highly.
International co-operation
The College attaches importance to international contacts, and has promoted cultural exchange with other countries since its founding. Since 1997 this has included the European Union's COMENIUS program which promotes co-operation among European schools. Partnerships exist with Clongowes Wood College (Ireland), Eton College and Maidenhead (both in England), and Georgetown Prep in Washington, D.C., United States.
History
Establishment
As a consequence of the Kulturkampf, the State of Prussia took over by law the supervision of all Jesuit schools in 1872. On 12 August 1900 the German province of the Society of Jesus opened the Aloisiuskolleg in Sittard, Netherlands, as an all-boys school with boarding facilities. This started with German nationals, 43 internal and 38 external pupils on 29 September 1900 with a pre-class and 5th and 6th grades. This was the beginning of the Aloisiuskolleg.
Move to Bonn Bad-Godesberg; Nazi period
The law against Jesuits ("Jesuitengesetz") was repealed in 1917 and new schools opened again in Germany. The Aloisiuskolleg moved to Bonn in 1921. In 1927 the Jesuits also acquired a nearby villa owned by the banker August Karl Baron von der Heydt, son of August von der Heydt, and turned it into "Stella Rheni", a boys' home.
During the Nazi period, the school and the Jesuits opposed the regime and the school was closed in 1938. The active resistance by the Jesuits and the pupils plays an important role in the contemporary self-understanding of the College. Well-known resistors to the Nazis were Georg Freiherr von Boeselager and his brother Philipp. The Jesuits reopened the Aloisiuskolleg in 1946, after the end of World War II.
Abuse of pupils
From early 2010 the school was at the centre of investigations into the abuse of pupils, resulting in the resignation of Chairman Theo Schneider who was accused of complicity. The progress report by the commission investigating cases of abuse counted 45 victims and 18 perpetrators, 15 of whom were members of the Jesuit order, since the 1950s. The interim report highlighted the "latent psychological violence" in the punishment methods, the compulsive exhibitionism, and crossing the line with paedo-erotic acts of the late chairman, P. Ludger Stüper, S.J. who apparently approved of photographing child nudity, even when they were uncomfortable with it. A 2011 report concludes that "only in one case can a co-operation of religious, provincial, and school leaders be recognized to cover up sexual abuse... at the beginning of the sixties."
Co-education
In the 1980s, the Aloisiuskolleg along with nearby Clara Fey High School became co-educational in the upper classes: all students had their choice of either school. After 2002 the Aloisiuskolleg accepted girls in the lower classes, then in 2005 a separate boarding facility was built for girls.
Facilities, buildings, and plant
School
The school is a U-shaped, three-storey building from the 1920s. In addition to classrooms it houses two rooms each for chemistry, physics, computers, and music along with a language laboratory and a library. Workmen's equipment is located under the gyms and includes welding devices, a joinery, and printing presses.
Between the school building and the newer boarding houses is the "Fathers Tower", a five-storey square tower in which the fathers lived since improvements in the 1970s. Prior to this, boarding schools with the youngest pupils were accommodated on the two upper floors, which gave the building the nickname "boys silo".
Sports facilities
The sports facilities include two gymnasiums next to the school building. In front of the gyms is a basketball court. The school yard also contains a basketball and handball court. Beyond the school yard on the way to Stella there is a football field, a tartan track, five tennis courts, and a half-court (wall-court).
Stella Rheni
In 1891-1893 the Elberfeld banker Baron Karl von der Heydt commissioned the "Castle on the Juniper" by the architect Heinrich Plange in neoclassical architecture and gave it the name "Stella Rheni" (Latin for "Star of the Rhine"). From this strictly geometrical building in yellow sandstone, you can enjoy a view over the Rhine valley and Siebengebirge. Walter von Engelhardt who also landscaped Charlottenburg laid out the extensive park. Since 1927, the Jesuit Villa has been used as a boarding school for young and middle-class boys.
Jägerhaus
The "Jägerhaus", formerly belonging to the Heydts, is a highly romantic miniature version of a hunting castle and lies about 200 meters below the Stella. Here the primary students used to live on their own, without supervision.
New
The new building was built together with the school building in the 1960s and was connected to the Fathers' Tower. It was L-shaped and was renovated in 2006. In the renovation a part of it was demolished and replaced by a newly built rotunda: the classic L-shape was not retained. From the new building there is direct access to the rotunda.
Girls' house
The girls' house was finished in September 2005 after a year of construction on the former fruit orchards opposite the school, by the office of architects Pilhatsch & Partner. The girls' house opened in the summer of 2006, since in the transitional period the building was used for the boys who were boarding, who had to leave the old "new building" temporarily because of renovation work.
Church
An octagonal church was built in the early 1980s, on the site of a dilapidated church from the 1960s. The showpiece of the church is a bronze sculpture of an angel by Ewald Mataré.
Alumni
Former pupils of the school can remain connected through the alumni network. Former pupils of the Aloisiuskolleg, Kolleg St. Blasien, and the Canisius-Kolleg Berlin College can find addresses at Stellaner webpage. For alumni of the Aloisiuskolleg there is a special association, found at Aloisiuskolleg Alumni.
Notable alumni of the Aloisiuskolleg
Georg Freiherr von Boeselager - resistance fighter from 20 July 1944
Philipp Freiherr von Boeselager - resistance fighter from 20 July 1944
Philipp Brenninkmeyer - actor, member of Brenninkmeijer family
Till Brönner - musician
Hanns Feigen – lawyer
Johannes B. Kerner – television host (ZDF)
Alexander Graf Lambsdorff - executive committee of the FDP and member of the European parliament
Stefan Raab - former German television host (TV Total)
Norman Rentrop – publisher and investor
Hans Riegel - entrepreneur, founder of Haribo
Thomas de Maizière - former Federal Minister of the Interior and Head of the German Chancellery, cousin of Lothar de Maizière
See also
Canisius-Kolleg Berlin
Kolleg St. Blasien
Sankt-Ansgar-Schule
List of Jesuit sites
References
External links
Aloisiuskolleg-Bonn
Private schools in Germany
Boarding schools in Germany
Catholic boarding schools
Jesuit secondary schools in Germany
High schools in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1900
Gymnasiums in Germany
Catholic Church sexual abuse scandals in Germany
1900 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloisiuskolleg |
This list of law journals includes notable academic periodicals on law. The law reviews are grouped by jurisdiction or country and then into subject areas.
International
Public international law
Africa
African Human Rights Law Journal
African Journal of Legal Studies
Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa
South African Law Journal
Australia
Adelaide Law Review
Alternative Law Journal
Australian Guide to Legal Citation
Australian Indigenous Law Review
Australian Journal of Labour Law
Australian Law Journal
Company and Securities Law Journal
Deakin Law Review
Griffith Law Review
Indigenous Law Bulletin
James Cook University Law Review
Macquarie Law Journal
Melbourne University Law Review
Monash University Law Review
Sydney Law Review
University of Queensland Law Journal
University of Western Sydney Law Review
Canada
Canadian Journal of Family Law
University of Toronto Faculty of Law Review
McGill Law Journal
Chile
Revista de Derecho
Europe
European Competition Law Review
European Intellectual Property Review
European Journal of International Law
Oil, Gas and Energy Law
Utrecht Journal of International and European Law
Germany
German Law Journal
India
Annual Survey of Indian Law
Banaras Law Journal
Indian Journal of Law and Technology
National Law School of India Review
Symbiosis Contemporary Law Journal
United Kingdom
General
Cambrian Law Review
Cambridge Law Journal
Edinburgh Law Review
King's Law Journal
Law Quarterly Review
Medical Law Review
Modern Law Review
New Law Journal
Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
Public law
Public Law
Commercial law
Corporate Rescue and Insolvency
Labour law
Industrial Law Journal
Regulation & Governance
United States
Annual Review of Law and Social Science
Journal of Business & Securities Law
Canon law
Ecclesiastical Law Journal
The Jurist
See also
List of international law journals
List of intellectual property law journals
List of social science journals
External links
Law Reviews with Online Content from Mabie Law Library
Law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20law%20journals |
Kirchhundem is a German community in North Rhine-Westphalia. It belongs to the Olpe district.
Geography
Location
The community of Kirchhundem lies in the Olpe district's southeast in the south Sauerland and belongs to the so-called Bilsteiner Bergland (mountain region). The Kirchhundem rural areas also include, in the east, the West (Rüsper) Rothaar and part of the Auer Ederbergland, in the south the Brachthäuser Hohe Waldberge (all mountain ranges), in the west the Rahrbacher Mulde (basin) and in the north the Hundemgrund. The crest of the Rothaar forms a watershed between the Rhine and the Sieg. The community's highest elevation can be found here, the Hohe Hessel at 743 m. The Kirchhundem area is drained by the Hundem, which rises near Oberhundem and flows northwest to the Lenne. The Hundem is fed from the south by the Heinsberger Bach – also known as the Albaumer Bach (Bach is German for "brook") – whose mouth is near Würdinghausen, the brook variously known as the Brachthauser-, Wirmer- or Flaperbach and the Olpe, whose mouth is in Kirchhundem. The Silberger Bach empties into the Olpe near Heidschott. The Rüspe area east of the Rothaar crest is drained by streams flowing to the Eder.
Kirchhundem is roughly 20 km east of Olpe and 25 km north of Siegen.
Municipal area’s extent
Kirchhundem, with an area of 147.9 km², is the Olpe district's biggest municipality by land area. It stretches for 12 km from north to south and 22 km from east to west.
Neighbouring communities
The community of Kirchhundem lies in the east of the district area. It borders in the west and north on the towns of Olpe and Lennestadt and in the far northeast on the town of Schmallenberg in the Hochsauerlandkreis. In the east and south, the towns of Bad Berleburg, Erndtebrück, Hilchenbach and Kreuztal, all lying in Siegen-Wittgenstein district, also abut Kirchhundem.
Municipal limit
The community's southern limit with the neighbouring district of Siegen-Wittgenstein has more than one function: in the east, it is the watershed between the Rhine and Weser and in the west between the Sieg and Ruhr. It is also a dialectal boundary, with Franconian speech heard to the south and Saxon to the north, and a religious boundary, with areas to the south traditionally Evangelical and those to the north Catholic. Historically it was also the border between the Duchy of Westphalia, a possession of the Electorate of Cologne in the north, and the Principality of Nassau-Siegen and the County of Wittgenstein-Berleburg in the south. This time is still witnessed by many historic border stones and old fortification walls known to people in the victorious lands as the Kölsches Heck (roughly "Cologne Hedge").
Constituent communities
The community of Kirchhundem consists of the following centres:
Climate
Yearly precipitation averages between 900 and 1 300 mm while the average temperature for the year as a whole ranges between 6 and 8 °C.
History
Up until roughly the 8th century, thick broadleaf forests blanketed what is now Kirchhundem's municipal area. Beeches dominated the hills and slopes while oaks, elms, maples and other kinds of trees held sway in the dales.
The first people are believed to have settled in the area of the Altes Feld ("Old Field") near Kirchhundem and in the Olpe Valley. About the 9th century they began clearing and settling activities, which lasted until the 13th century.
The Hundem area's – "curia nomine homede" – first documentary mention might be the one found in one of Emperor Frederick I's documents from the year 1153. This attribution, however, is as much disputed as the other documents. The oldest undisputed reference is a document from the Kirchhundem parish archive from the year 1249, in which the conditions are laid out whereby Vogt (roughly "reeve") Widekind of Hundem (a mediaeval name for Kirchhundem's main centre) was to allow his people and others to make the Margaretenaltar at Hundem their own.
As a second centre, Würdinghausen was mentioned in 1270. Only nine years later, so were Bettinghusen (Bettinghof), Böminghausen, Emlinghausen and Flape. In the two centuries that followed, almost all the centres that now make up today's community were mentioned in documents. Furthermore, many other centres are named that have since been forsaken.
At its beginnings, the area was held by the Noble Lords of Gevore-Bilstein. Johann II von Bilstein relinquished his lordly claim to Count Gottfried IV of Arnsberg in 1350. After Johann's death in 1363, however, Gottfried could not assert his claim to the land of Bilstein and it fell to Count Engelbert III von der Mark. As a result of the Soest Feud, the land of Bilstein, and thereby also the area that is now the community of Kirchhundem, ended up in the ownership of the Archbishop of Cologne in 1445. The area was held by the Electorate of Cologne right up until 1802-1803, its overlordship ending only with Secularization. The former Duchy of Westphalia passed to the Landgrave at Hesse-Darmstadt. He introduced, through many reforms after 350 years of church control, the end of the Middle Ages in the southern Sauerland. After Napoleon's abdication, Grand Duke Ludwig I also had to relinquish his holdings in Prussia, which he had only acquired a few years earlier. The area was incorporated into the newly formed Prussian Province of Westphalia. Under Prussian governance, other reforms were implemented. Among other things, the Amt of Kirchhundem, the current community's forerunner, was brought into being in the course of the introduction of the Landgemeindeordnung ("Rural Community Ordinance") in 1843.
The community of Kirchhundem in its current form came into being on 1 July 1969 on the occasion of municipal reforms. Kirchhundem was assigned areas formerly belonging to the communities of Heinsberg, Kohlhagen and Oberhundem in the old Amt of Kirchhundem, parts of the former community of Kirchhundem and the community of Rahrbach (excepting the villages of Fahlenscheid and Benolpe), formerly belonging to the Amt of Bilstein.
Religion
Owing to its long historical connection with possessions of the Archbishop of Cologne, the community of Kirchhundem is overwhelmingly Catholic in character. Although it is right near the overwhelmingly Evangelical Siegerland, there were only a few Evangelical inhabitants here in the past. A considerable mix of the two denominations came about only through the population shifts that resulted from the Second World War.
Catholic
Within the municipal area are twelve Catholic parishes (Albaum, Benolpe, Heinsberg, Hofolpe, Kirchhundem, Kohlhagen, Marmecke, Oberhundem, Rahrbach, Silberg, Welschen-Ennest and Würdinghausen). The oldest parishes in Kirchhundem, Oberhundem and Rahrbach, have existed since at least the 13th century. Two parishes split away from the parish of Kirchhundem in the 17th century to form separate parishes: Heinsberg (1628) and Kohlhagen (1655).
Owing to a dearth of priests and money over the last few years, it has been impossible to fill some ecclesiastical posts. Instead, the Church has organized groups of parishes into clusters called Pastoralverbunde, each overseen by several priests. The parishes of Albaum, Heinsberg, Hofolpe, Kirchhundem, Marmecke, Oberhundem and Würdinghausen form one such cluster, named the Pastoralverbund Hundemtal and another such cluster is made up of the parishes of Benolpe, Kohlhagen, Rahrbach, Silberg and Welschen-Ennest and named the Pastoralverbund Am Cölschen Heck.
Evangelical
The greater part of the Evangelical parishioners within Kirchhundem's municipal area are served by the parish of Lennestadt-Kirchhundem while a smaller number are served by the parish of Krombach. In Würdinghausen stands the Emmauskirche, Kirchhundem's only Evangelical church.
Politics
Municipal council
Mayor
The current mayor is Björn Jarosz (CDU), elected in September 2020.
Mayors of the BürgermeistereiThe “Bürgermeisterei” was an old Prussian arrangement whereby several municipalities would have the same government-appointed mayor. and of the Amt of Kirchhundem
1829–1830: Schwermer (Heinsberg)
1830–1851: Johann Adam Engelbert Sommer (Kirchhundem)
1851–1859: Haverkamp (Würdinghausen)
1859–1872: Engelbert Brüning (Vasbach)
1872–1902: Friedrich Brüning (Vasbach)
1902–1912: Clemens Statzner
1912–1931: Johann Henken
1931–1934: Dr. Adolf Marx (on leave by 1933)
1934–1945: Dr. Siegfried Hucke (as of 1942 called into the forces)
1942–1943: Wurm (Wenden) commissary
1943-1945: Fritz Contzen (Attendorn) commissary
1945–1945: Josef Schmidt (Altenhundem)
In 1946 came the separation of administration (Amtsdirektor) and representation (Bürgermeister, or mayor).
Honorary Amtsbürgermeister
1946–1946: Bernhard Oppenheim (Kirchhundem)
1946–1948: Dr. Wilhelm Deitmer (Saalhausen)
1948–1961: Johann Stangier (Altenhundem)
1961–1969: Karl Nöcker (Altenhundem, later Selbecke)
Amtsdirektoren
1947–1961: Ernst Großheim
1961–1969: Franz-Josef Hackmann
In 1969, the Amt of Kirchhundem was dissolved. Great parts of the Amt area passed to the newly created community of Kirchhundem. At the same time, the official nomenclature changed.
Honorary Mayors
1969–1994: Karl-Josef Luster-Haggeney
1994–1999: Elmar Greiten
Community Directors
1969–1982: Franz-Josef Hackmann
1982–1992: Rudolf Lange
1993–1999: Hans-Adolf Bender
Mayors
1999–2004: Elmar Greiten
2004–2013: Michael Grobbel
2014–2020: Andreas Reinery
2020–incumbent: Björn Jarosz
Coat of arms
The municipal arms were conferred on the community of Kirchhundem on 24 February 1972, and they are those formerly borne by the old Amt of Kirchhundem. The billets (small rectangles) are an historical reference; they were taken from the coat of arms borne by the Knights of Hundem. The hart’s antlers refer to the wealth of red deer in the Kirchhundem area. The Wolfsangel symbolizes the community’s agricultural character.
Town partnerships
Since 1989 there has been a partnership arrangement with the French town of Houplines. The partner community lies in the northeast of France near Lille. Contacts between Kirchhundem and Houplines take place mainly at the club level. On the occasion of a visit by members of the Kirchhundem municipal council to Houplines in November 2006, a new housing estate there called the Résidence Kirchhundem was dedicated by both communities’ mayors. To strengthen the town partnership, the club Freunde von Houplines ("Friends of Houplines") has been founded.
Culture and sightseeing
Kirchhundem offers, with its location on the Rothaarsteig trail, which runs from Brilon to Dillenburg, recreational activity that is especially interesting for hikers. As well, there is another trail, the Kirchhundemer Rundwanderweg running for roughly 90 km along the municipal limits. A favourite hiking destination is the Rhein-Weser-Turm (tower) near Oberhundem, from which there are good views over the southern Sauerland.
Also in Oberhundem are found the Schloss Adolfsburg, a Baroque residential castle with a moat, and the amusement park Panorama-Park Sauerland, which is even open in the winter. Entrance to the wilderness park area is then free.
Conservation
The Biologische Station Initiative Oberhundem e.V. occupies itself with conservation. It supports schools, holds exhibitions and acts as adviser in the remodelling of the spa gardens.
Theatre
The Theaterverein Oberhundem, an amateur theatrical troupe, presents a folk play every year at Christmastime at the village community hall (Dorfgemeinschaftshalle) in Oberhundem.
The community of Kirchhundem lies within the area served by the Kulturgemeinde Hundem-Lenne e. V. ("Cultural Community") which customarily offers high-class theatre and concert programmes at the educational centre (pädagogisches Zentrum) in Lennestadt-Meggen.
Museums
The Steinacker family's Oberhundem Embroidery Museum presents embroidery works from several centuries in the historical surroundings of a more than 300-year-old timber frame house. Address: Stickereimuseum Oberhundem, Rüsper Straße 1, 57399 Kirchhundem.
Music
Choirs
Music clubs
Modern music groups
And Bob's y'r uncle – rock, Wirme
Horizont – new spiritual, Welschen Ennest
Wild bunch – country, Benolpe
Naturtrüb - rock, Rahrbach/Welschen Ennest
Social Distrust – punk, Flape
Dirty Pins – bam bam rock, Flape
Historic organs
Brachthausen, Nikolaus-Kapelle, historic ranks of pipes, likely from the 17th century. Although it is unexplained where they came from, they might be from Düren in the Rhineland.
Kirchhundem, Pfarrkirche St. Peter und Paul, Baroque organ from 1701 by the Bielefeld organ builder Peter Henrich Varenholt. Considerable changes made in 1814 by Christian Roetzel. Stately Baroque housing by cabinetmaker Johann Viegener from Netphen with carving by sculptor Johann Sasse, Attendorn. As well, the church owns an organ from the firm Feith, Paderborn from 1940 made to imitate those of the Late Romantic period in Germany.
Kohlhagen, Pfarr- und Wallfahrtskirche St. Mariae Heimsuchung, Baroque organ from 1745, probably by Johann Heinrich Kleine from Eckenhagen. At the turn of the 19th century the organ's whole aspect was changed and the console, once built onto the back of the housing, was moved to the short side on the north end. The addition of a further windchest was likely done at the same time.
Oberhundem, Pfarrkirche St. Lambertus, Renaissance organ, built in 1650 for the parish church in Stockum coming in 1811 to Oberhundem. The organ has undergone many changes, such as the one in 1772 when the windchest was expanded to 49 tones by organ builder Gerhard Nohl, and another in 1811 which saw a further five-tone windchest and an independent four-rank pedalboard. In 1907 a far-reaching overhaul of the organ's aspect was done by Gerhard Peekel from Hagen as well as the installation of a four-rank addition with pneumatic tracker action.
Rahrbach, Pfarrkirche St. Dionysius, Baroque organ by organ builder Ruhm from 1700/1701. In 1835 came a thorough overhaul by Christian Roetzel that removed or rearranged one rank. He also moved the console to the instrument's south end. After many changes, the most serious of which was undertaken by the Kemper firm of Lübeck in 1953, there came in 1992 a thorough restoration bearing in mind that there were historic and monumental considerations to be observed in the work.
Buildings
Currently, 97 buildings in Kirchhundem are on the community's monument list (Denkmalliste), among them the parish churches in the centres of Albaum, Benolpe, Heinsberg, Kirchhundem, Kohlhagen, Oberhundem, Rahrbach and Welschen Ennest as well as the chapels in Brachthausen, Emlinghausen, Kruberg and Selbecke. The private chapel on the Vasbach estate near Kirchhundem is likewise listed. One of the most outstanding monumental building works is the Adolfsburg, a residential castle built in the 1670s, near Oberhundem. Important buildings in the community of Kirchhundem are the art nouveau town hall built between 1903 and 1905 and the many timber-frame houses in the community's various centres. The Heitmickeviadukt in Kirchhundem, the Kirchhundem-Flape railway station reception building, the aqueduct in the Krenkel Valley near Heinsberg and the portals of the Heinsberger Tunnel are witnesses to the old Altenhundem–Birkelbach Railway, most of which ran through Kirchhundem's current municipal area. The community's hallmark is the Rhein-Weser-Turm, an observation tower built in 1932 to afford views of the Rhine-Weser watershed.
Kirche St. Peter und Paul
As the oldest parish in the eastern part of the lordly domain of Bilstein, having split away from the mother parish of Wormbach, "Hundem’s" own church, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, is known to history as far back as 1261. Of the forerunner building, all that still stands now is two bays and the tower's foundation, which according to cornerstones were built in 1340 and 1470. The old organ with its carving work comes from the years 1701/02 from the Sasse sculpture studio in Attendorn. Today's Late Gothic parish church was built between 1915 and 1917 by Prof. Joseph Buchkremer during the First World War crosswise to the old Romanesque church. The old church had three naves each with four bays. The south nave's west bay had two floors and a groin vault.
Further reading (churches)
Overmann, Anton, 1940, Teil II, Die kirchlichen Baudenkmäler des Kreises Olpe
Dehio/Gall, 1935, Erster Band, Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler in Niedersachsen und Westfalen
Ludorf, Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Olpe
Breer und Höffer, 1999, Kirchen und Kapellen in Attendorn. Lennestadt, Kirchhundem
Parks
The community of Kirchhundem lies in the Ebbegebirge and Rothaargebirge nature parks.
Conservation areas
The following areas in the community of Kirchhundem are set aside as conservation areas (Naturschutzgebiete): Albaumer Klippen, Danzplatz, Dollenbruch, Haberg, Hardt, Kihlenberg, Krähenpfuhl, Krenkeltal, Schwarzbachtal, Sellenbruch, Stelborner Klippen, Vorspanneiche and Teufelsbruch.
Most of these conservation areas are made up of juniper heathlands. The Sellenbruch conservation area, on the other hand, also harbours widespread royal fern growth. Some of the areas mentioned above were given conservation area status under initiatives by Wilhelm Münker (1874-1970) from Hilchenbach. At the Albaumer Klippen (cliffs), which are composed of silicate, is found crevice vegetation that has been deemed worthy of protection, surrounded by mixed forests on the slopes full of ravines and oaktrees. The Stelborner Klippen are only moderately shaded silicate cliffs made up of cinder and crystal tuffs with crevice vegetation and partly beech and oak forests growing on scree.
Sport
For various sporting activities, a great number of sport clubs have been founded.
Artificial turf fields have been built in Albaum, Brachthausen, Heinsberg, Kirchhundem, Oberhundem and Rahrbach. Gymnasia exist at the Gemeinschaftshauptschule Kirchhundem (triple gymnasium) and at primary schools in Heinsberg, Kirchhundem, Oberhundem and Welschen Ennest. Also, the TuS Silberg-Varste e. V. (gymnastic and sport club) has a gymnasium in Silberg. There is an athletics facility at the Gemeinschaftshauptschule Kirchhundem. The TC Rot-Weiß Kirchhundem (tennis club) owns tennis courts.
Regular events
Among the community's regular events are the shooting festivals held in all the bigger centres each year.
In Kirchhundem-Silberg, each year on 1 May, the Großer Preis von Silbergstone ("Grand Prix of Silbergstone"). This event is the origin of what is now the Europe-wide pastime of Bobbycar racing.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
With the Kirchhundem and Welschen Ennest stations, Kirchhundem lies on the Ruhr-Sieg railway, which runs between Hagen and Siegen. Furthermore, buslines of the Verkehrsbetriebe Westfalen-Süd (VWS, "Westphalia-South Transport Services") and Busverkehr Ruhr-Sieg (BRS, "Ruhr-Sieg Bus Transport") run to Lennestadt, Olpe and Hilchenbach.
Bundesstraße 517 runs through the community.
Media
The Westfalenpost and the Westfälische Rundschau appear in Kirchhundem as daily newspapers. As well, the advertising sheets Sauerlandkurier and Sauerländer Wochenanzeiger come out on Wednesdays and Sundays.
Kirchhundem belongs to the Westdeutscher Rundfunk Siegen studio area. News from the South Sauerland is broadcast on WDR 2 and in local broadcasts on WDR Fernsehen.
Public institutions
Albaum is the seat of the Landesanstalt für Ökologie, Bodenordnung und Forsten NRW ("North Rhine-Westphalia State Institute for Ecology, Land Division and Forests"), fishery and waterway ecology department.
Businesses
balcom electronic GmbH, electrical articles
Bals Elektrotechnik GmbH & Co. KG, electrical articles
Egon Behle GmbH & Co. KG, building company
Gebr. Grünewald GmbH und Co. KG, papermaking
Mennekes Elektrotechnik GmbH und Co. KG, electrical articles
Straßen- und Tiefbau GmbH
DURA Automotive in Selbecke, vehicle supplier
Education
Kindergartens and daycare
Kindergarten "Kleine Strolche", Brachthausen
Kindergarten "Wilma's Kuckucksnest" Heinsberg
Kath. Kindergarten Hofolpe
Kath. Kindergarten, Kirchhundem
Kath. Kindergarten, Oberhundem
Kath. Kindergarten, Welschen Ennest
Montessori-Kinderhaus, Schwerpunkteinrichtung für Integration, Welschen Ennest
Kindergarten "Rappelkiste", Würdinghausen
Primary schools
St. Nikolaus, Brachthausen
St. Katharina, Heinsberg
St. Christophorus, Kirchhundem (open, all-day school)
St. Lambertus, Oberhundem
St. Johannes, Welschen Ennest
Gemeinschaftsgrundschule, Würdinghausen
Hauptschulen
Gemeinschaftshauptschule, Kirchhundem
Realschulen and Gymnasien
The community of Kirchhundem has no Realschulen or Gymnasien at its disposal. Instead, students must go to the ones in neighbouring Lennestadt and Olpe.
Post-secondary
Kirchhundem lies in the feeder area of the University of Siegen.
Music school
Musikschule Lennestadt-Kirchhundem
Educational institutions
Institut für Lernen & Entwicklung. development of talents, attention training, creative learning. Dr. Judith Pasquale, Schlerreweg 1, Brachthausen.
Josef-Gockeln-Haus der KAB, Josef-Gockeln-Str. 23, Rahrbach
Jugendbildungsstätte Benolpe, Zur Nothelle 23, Benolpe
Studienhaus Rüspe, Rüspe
Youth clubs
Kleine offene Tür in Kirchhundem
Jugendtreff der kath. Kirchengemeinde St. Peter und Paul, Kirchhundem
Jugendtreff "Blue Ocean", Brachthausen (Catholic parish St. Mariae Heimsuchung Kohlhagen)
Jugendtreff der kath. Kirchengemeinde Heinsberg
Jugendtreff der evangelichen Kirchengemeinde Lennestadt-Kirchhundem, Würdinghausen
Katholische Landjugendbewegung (KLJB), Welschen Ennest
Homes for the aged
Alten- und Pflegeheim Haus Sauerland, Ortsteil Kirchhundem
Seniorenheim Bremm'sche Stiftung, Ortsteil Silberg
Famous people
Honorary citizens
Paul Josef Kardinal Cordes (born 5 September 1934 in Kirchhundem, main centre) is a Cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church, President of the papal council Cor Unum and is said to be one of the founding fathers of World Youth Day. On 24 November 2007 Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Cardinal Deacon with the titular diaconia of San Lorenzo in Piscibus in the College of Cardinals. Since 13 December 2007, Paul Josef Cardinal Cordes has been an honorary citizen of the community of Kirchhundem.
Josef Schmelzer (born 30 July 1876 in Oberhundem; died 8 October 1962 in Oberhundem), known in his hometown simply as Tiennes Papa, was member of the Prussian Landtag (1920–1933), from September 1930 to July 1932 member of the German Reichstag for the Centre Party (Germany) and Member of the Landtag (1946–1950). He worked on the so-called Lex Schmelzer as part of the reforms to the dissolution of the Fideikommiss (an old fee tail law in Germany) and was a tireless promoter for development in the mountainous regions. He was also the initiator behind the building of the Rhein-Weser-Turm.
Dr. Dr. h. c. Wilhelm Arnoldi (born 30 December 1884 in Siegen; died 18 April 1965 in Altenhundem) was a Centre Party politician and ministerial director from Altenhundem. As Prussian representative on the state board for agricultural emergency programmes, he safeguarded many local families during the Great Depression in the late 1920s, a livelihood in which he had an experimental station for birdlife conservation built near Altenhundem and also an experimental farm in what was then the community of Rahrbach. Furthermore, he was also the driving force behind the building of the viewing tower on the Hohe Bracht.
Sons and daughters of the community
Jacob von Albaum, abbot of the Grafschaft Abbey
Heinrich Bals (born 18 October 1868 in Oberalbaum; died after 1958), writer
(born about 1536 in Kirchhundem; died May 1609 in Bilstein) survived a witch trial despite heavy torture.
Paul Josef Cordes (born 5 September 1934 in Kirchhundem main centre), Cardinal
Joachim Grünewald (born 21 November 1933 in Kirchhundem), politician (CDU)
Ulla Hahn (born 30 April 1946 in Brachthausen), writer
Johannes Hatzfeld (born 14 April 1882 in Benolpe; died 5 July 1953 in Paderborn), musician
Chrysologus Heimes (born 2 April 1765 in Oberhundem; died 2 May 1835 in Reiste), organ expert
Kerstin Jürgens (born 19 December 1977), skeleton competitor
Wilhelm Liese (born 27 April 1876 in Würdinghausen; died 19 March 1956 in Paderborn), Catholic priest, writer, editor and archivist.
Benedikt Lindemann, abbot
Ina-Maria Mihályhegyi-Witthaut (born 20 March 1946 in Kirchhundem; died 5 October 1987 in Siegen), artist
Mediatrix Nies, Superior General of the Sisterhood of Olpe Franciscans
Helmut Josef Patt (born 23 July 1926 in Flape; died 11 June 2003 in Lippstadt), clergyman
Hartmut Schauerte (born 13 September 1944 in Kirchhundem), politician
Johann Friedrich Joseph Sommer (born 26 January 1793 in Kirchhundem; died 13 November 1856 in Arnsberg), lawyer
Heinrich Steinhoff (born about 1550 in Würdinghausen; died 20 October 1611), abbot of the Grafschaft Monastery
Willi Weiskirch (born 1923 in Welschen Ennest; died 1996 in Lennestadt), Wehrbeauftragter (≈ armed forces commissioner) of the German Bundestag
Petra Weschollek, biathlete
Famous people connected with the community
Johann Adolf von Fürstenberg (born 16 March 1631 in Cologne; died 15 April 1704 in Herdringen), Capitular in Münster, Hildesheim and Paderborn, Drost of the Ämter of Bilstein, Fredeburg and Waldenburg, builder of the Adolfsburg near Oberhundem.
Heinrich Luhmann (born 22 December 1890 in Hultrop, died 6 May 1978 in Hamm), writer. In his novels Wo die Wälder Wache halten ("Where the Forests Keep Watch", 1920) and Walddoktor Willibald ("Forest Doctor Willibald", 1921) Lumann describes life in fictional villages in the Rüspe Forest, which lies in today's community of Kirchhundem.
Further reading
Community
A. Ludorff: Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Olpe. Kommissions-Verlag von Ferdinand Schöningh, Verlagsbuchhandlung in Paderborn, Münster i. W. 1903
Wilhelm Liese: Geschichte der Pfarrei Kirchhundem und ihrer Tochterpfarreien Altenhundem, Heinsberg, Kohlhagen. printed as manuscript, Paderborn 1920
Otto Lucas: Das Olper Land – Arbeiten der Geographischen Kommission im Provinzialinstitut für westfälische Landes- und Volkskunde. Universitätsbuchhandlung Franz Coppenrath, Münster 1941
Albert K. Hömberg: Heimatchronik des Kreises Olpe. Archiv für Deutsche Heimatpflege, Köln 1958, 2. expanded edition 1967
Martin Vormberg: Kirchhundem in alten Ansichten. Europäische Bibliothek, Zaltbommel/NL 1983, .
Martin Vormberg: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Bergbaus im Kreis Olpe – Teil 1: Der Bergbau in der Gemeinde Kirchhundem. In: Der Oberkreisdirektor des Kreises Olpe (Hrsg.): Schriftenreihe des Kreises Olpe Nr. 11. Olpe 1985, ISSN 0177-8153
Ernst Henrichs (ed.): Die Protokollbücher des ehemaligen Amtes Kirchhundem, der zugehörigen Gemeinden und der früheren Gemeinde Rahrbach, Band 1: Die Protokollbücher von 1843–1869, publisher: Verkehrs- und Verschönerungsverein Kirchhundem 1881, Kirchhundem 1988
Ernst Henrichs (ed.): Die Protokollbücher des ehemaligen Amtes Kirchhundem, der zugehörigen Gemeinden und der früheren Gemeinde Rahrbach, Band 2: Die Protokollbücher von 1870–1899, publisher: Verkehrs- und Verschönerungsverein Kirchhundem 1881, Kirchhundem, 1989
Ernst Henrichs (ed.): Die Protokollbücher des ehemaligen Amtes Kirchhundem, der zugehörigen Gemeinden und der früheren Gemeinde Rahrbach, Band 3: Die Protokollbücher von 1900–1924, publisher: Verkehrs- und Verschönerungsverein Kirchhundem 1881, Kirchhundem 1990
Claus-Dieter Clausen: Erläuterungen zu Blatt 4914 Kirchhundem – Geologische Karte von Nordrhein-Westfalen 1:25.000. Geologisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, Krefeld 1991
Günther Becker, Martin Vormberg: Kirchhundem – Geschichte des Amtes und der Gemeinde. Gemeindedirektor der Gemeinde Kirchhundem, Kirchhundem 1994,
Martin Vormberg: 100 Jahre Rathaus Kirchhundem. Festschrift zum Tag des offenen Denkmals am 11. September 2005. Kirchhundem 2005
Individual centres
Claus Heinemann: Ein kleines Dorf und die große Geschichte – Herrntrop im Sauerland. Hilbeck 1981
Various authors: Unser Dorf Kruberg – 1340–1990 – Beiträge zum 650-jährigen Jubiläum. published by the Dorfgemeinschaft Kruberg e. V., Kirchhundem-Kruberg 1990
Jochen Krause: Geschichten aus dem Sauerland – Ein Dorf erzählt – Würdinghausen im Hundemtal. Heike Schriever, Plettenberg, 1998,
References
External links
Olpe (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhundem |
Arthur Wesley Carr KCVO (26 July 1941 – 15 July 2017) was an Anglican priest who was the Dean of Westminster from 1997 to 2006.
Early life
Carr was educated at Dulwich College and then at Jesus College, Oxford. After theological studies at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, he was ordained a deacon in 1967 and a priest in 1968.
Ministry
Carr's first appointment was as a curate at St Mary's Church, Luton (Diocese of St Albans) from 1967 to 1971. He was then a tutor (1970–1971) and a chaplain (1971–1972) at Ridley Hall, Cambridge. While at the University of Sheffield he was an honorary curate at Ranmoor (Diocese of Sheffield) from 1972 to 1974.
From 1974 to 1978, Carr was the chaplain of Chelmsford Cathedral (Diocese of Chelmsford). Until 1982 he was also deputy director of the Cathedral Centre for Research and Training. From 1978 to 1987 he was a canon residentiary of the cathedral. From 1976 to 1984 he was also Diocesan Director of Training. In 1987 Carr left Chelmsford to become Dean of Bristol.
In 1997, he moved to Westminster Abbey, where later that year he officiated at the funeral service of Diana, Princess of Wales. In 2002 he also officiated at the funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. In 1998, he was at the centre of a controversy over his abrupt dismissal of the abbey's Director of Music, Martin Neary, over accounting practices for professional concerts and recordings occurring outside the abbey. The matter was contested and referred to Lord Jauncey of Tullichettle for determination at the behest of Queen Elizabeth II. While Lord Jauncey's report upheld Neary's dismissal in finding him to be partially at fault, he was careful to note Neary's years of exceptional service and that his actions were not legally wrongful and did not amount to meaningful harm. The finding further criticised the dean and chapter for the manner in which Neary was dismissed, stating that their actions "must score gamma minus on the scale of natural justice" and concluding with the observation that, "had the parties been prepared to discuss openly and frankly the Abbey's concerns, to acknowledge that serious mistakes had been made and to consider the reasons therefor, it might perhaps have been possible to avoid the present unhappy situation with all its attendant publicity and to have reached a rather less dramatic resolution of their differences." The controversy led to the resignation of ex-Speaker of the Commons Bernard Weatherill as High Bailiff and Searcher of the Sanctuary of the Abbey, in protest at the manner in which Carr and the Chapter dealt with Neary's termination.
Carr was made an honorary DLitt of the University of the West of England in Bristol in 1997. On his retirement as Dean of Westminster in 2006 he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) on 17 February. As a priest he had the same precedence as a knight of the relevant order. Carr was the author of a number of books about aspects of the Christian faith.
References
1941 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
British monarchy
Church of England deans
Deans of Westminster
Deans of Bristol
People educated at Dulwich College
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley%20Carr |
Greenville Technical College is a public community college in Greenville, South Carolina. Founded in 1960, it began operation in September 1962.
Campuses
Greenville Tech has multiple locations across Greenville County:
Barton Campus (main location) in Greenville, South Carolina
Benson Campus in Greer, South Carolina
Brashier Campus in Simpsonville, South Carolina
Center for Manufacturing Innovation in Greenville, South Carolina
Dreisbach/Anderson Student Success Center in Greenville, South Carolina
McKinney Automotive Center (automotive technology) in Greenville, South Carolina
Northwest Campus in Berea, South Carolina
SC Army National Guard Readiness Center at SCTAC
Truist Culinary & Hospitality Innovation Center in Greenville, South Carolina
Notable alumni
Todd Kohlhepp, American serial killer
External links
Official website
Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Education in Greenville County, South Carolina
Buildings and structures in Greenville, South Carolina
Education in Greenville, South Carolina
South Carolina Technical College System
Universities and colleges established in 1960
1960 establishments in South Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%20Technical%20College |
A knowledge deity is a deity in mythology associated with knowledge, wisdom, or intelligence.
Ancient Egyptian mythology
Neith, goddess sometimes associated with wisdom
Thoth, originally a moon deity, later became the god of knowledge and wisdom and the scribe of the gods
Sia, the deification of wisdom
Isis, goddess of wisdom, magic and kingship. She was said to be "more clever than a million gods".
Seshat, goddess of wisdom, knowledge, and writing. Scribe of the gods. Credited with the invention of writing and the alphabet. Later demoted to consort of Thoth.
Armenian mythology
Anahit, goddess of wisdom
Tir, the god of written language, schooling, rhetoric, wisdom, and the arts
Aztec mythology
Quetzalcoatl, god of the winds, art, culture, and wisdom, as well as the patron god of learning and knowledge.
Caribbean mythology
Papa Legba, loa of speech, communication, understanding, and guardian of crossroads
Celtic mythology
Ogma, a figure from Irish and Scottish mythology, said to have invented the Ogham alphabet
Chinese mythology
Wenchang Wang, the god of literature and scholarship
Kui Xing, God of examinations
Zhuyu Xingjun, God of examination successes
Guan Yu, God of military exams
Lu Dongbin, God of daoist inner alchemy knowledge
Laozi, God of wisdom
Bao Zheng, Star of literature
Manjushri, the bodhisattva of wisdom
Christianity
The Holy Spirit is the person of the Triune Godhead who is tasked with guiding humans towards knowledge of righteous action. The Spirit's duties includes pointing non-believers towards knowledge of the Christian faith, and the faithful towards knowledge of right and just action and lifestyle.
God (in reference to the entire Triune Godhead) in Christianity is typically considered to be omniscient, or possessing all knowledge.
Etruscan mythology
Menrva, goddess of wisdom, war, weaving, and medicine
Greek mythology
Apollo, god of music and youth
Athena, Olympian goddess of wisdom, knowledge, civilization, weaving, and war strategy
Coeus, Titan of the inquisitive mind, his name meaning "query" or "questioning". He is the grandfather of Apollo.
Metis, the Titan associated most closely with wisdom and the mother of Athena, whose name in Ancient Greek described a combination of wisdom and cunning.
Mnemosyne, Titan of memory, and one of the deities worshipped by the Cult of Asclepius in hopes that she would help supplicants remember visions
Hinduism
Saraswati, goddess of knowledge, creativity, and speech
Ganesha, god of wisdom, luck, and new beginnings
Kartikeya, god of war, victory, and knowledge
Brihaspati, guru of the devas
Shukra, guru of the asuras
Chitragupta, god of justice
Dakshinamurti, an aspect of Shiva as the guru of sages
Hayagriva, an aspect of Vishnu and the god of knowledge
Gayatri, a form of Saraswati and the goddess of hymns
Savitri, a form of Saraswati and goddess of wisdom
Hittite mythology
A'as, god of wisdom
Kamrusepa
Japanese mythology
Benzaiten, a Japanese form of Saraswati, goddess of everything that flows: water, words, speech, eloquence, music and by extension, knowledge.
Fukurokuju, god of wisdom and longevity
Kuebiko, scarecrow god of wisdom and agriculture
Omoikane, Shinto god of wisdom and intelligence
Tenjin, god of scholarship
Middle Eastern mythology
Al-Kutbay, Nabataean god of knowledge and writing
Enki, Sumerian god of intelligence, crafts, mischief, water, and creation
Nabu, Babylonian god of wisdom and writing
Ninimma, a minor Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the scribe and scholar of Enlil
Nisaba, Sumerian goddess of writing, learning, and the harvest
Muisca mythology
Bochica, messenger god of knowledge
Neoplatonism
Nous, the cosmic embodiment of knowledge and intellect.
Lakota mythology
Hnašká, Lakota frog spirit of pezuota (sacred medicine)
Hunúŋpa, Lakota bear spirit of wóksape (Lakota concept of sacred knowledge), lesser spirit of knowledge
Iktómi, Lakota spider spirit of wóksape and trickery, greater knowledge spirit
Kssa, Oglala spirit of knowledge, sometimes considered Iktómi before being stripped of his title
Matȟó, Lakota mischievous healer spirit, taught the Lakota to fish
Ptesáŋwiŋ/White buffalo calf woman, Lakota prophetess, often conflated with Wohpe
Wiyóhiyaŋpa, Lakota wind spirit of the east, oversees new beginnings and knowledge
Whapiya/Wóhpe, Lakota spirit of knowledge, wishes, dreams, visions, prophecy and the wife of Okaga the south wind
Zuzéča, Lakota snake spirit of hidden knowledge and lies
Norse mythology
Mimir, god of wisdom
Odin, god of wisdom who nevertheless relentlessly keeps searching for more knowledge; associated with the runes
Frigg, she is said to know the future, but never tells. The three following goddesses may be hypostases of her.
Gefjon, goddess associated with plowing, foreknowledge, and virginity.
Sága, goddess of wisdom
Snotra, goddess associated with wisdom
Vör, goddess associated with wisdom
Numerous minor characters in Norse mythology are said to be very wise, though there's often no instance of them demonstrating this supposed wisdom:
Dwarfs, particularly Alviss, whose name means "all-wise". Thor keeps him from marrying his daughter by challenging him to a wisdom contest that lasts all night. He's turned to stone by the rising sun.
Elfs possibly
Heimdallr
Kvasir
Mimir
Tyr
Utgard-Loki, while not outright stated to be wise, he's notable for being the only giant to be cleverer than the gods and getting to escape with his life
Vafthrudnir, a wise jotunn Odin seeks out to challenge to a wisdom contest
the Vanir in general
Persian mythology
Anahita, goddess of wisdom
Ahura Mazda, Zoroastrian god of light, benevolence, creation, truth, and perfect wisdom
Chista, goddess of wisdom and knowledge, she leads the mortals to the right way in life and the afterlife; she is also the goddess of religion in Zoroastrian mythology.
Polynesian mythology
Anulap, god of magic and knowledge
Eijebong
Roman mythology
Egeria, a water nymph who gives wisdom and prophecy in return for libations of water or milk at her sacred grove
Fabulinus, the God who teaches children to speak
Minerva, goddess of wisdom and crafts, the Roman equivalent of Athena
Providentia, goddess of forethought
Neptune, the god of the sea and freshwater, is said to have all the knowledge of water.
Slavic mythology
Gamayun, symbol of knowledge and wisdom
Turco-Mongol mythology
Mergen, deity of abundance and wisdom. Mergen symbolizes intelligence and thought.
Vietnamese mythology
Nữ thần nghề mộc, the goddess who taught mankind how to create everyday utensils.
Văn Xương, god of exams, he holds the honor and career of those who follow the academic path.
West African mythology
Anansi, the spider trickster and spirit of all stories, best known from Akan and Ashanti folklore; according to some tales, also creator of the sun, moon and stars, and teacher of agriculture to humans
Orunmila, god of wisdom, knowledge, and divination
References
Knowledge deities | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20knowledge%20deities |
The list of ship launches in 2004 includes a chronological list of ships launched in 2004. In cases where no official launching ceremony was held, the date built or completed may be used instead.
References
See also
2004
Ship launches
Ship launches
Ship launches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%202004 |
Carlo Gariglio (born February 7, 1964, in Turin) is an Italian politician. He is the leader of Fascism and Freedom Movement (Movimento Fascismo e Libertà - MFL) since December 2001.
In 1990 he had a degree in political science at the University of Turin. In the same year he began his political career as member of Fronte Nazionale, but in 1991 left the party to join the newly born Fascism and Freedom Movement.
From 1999 to 2004 he was Town Councilor in the municipality of Dusino San Michele.
From February 2002 he edits the monthly magazine of MFL "Il Lavoro Fascista" (The Fascist Work).
References
Italian neo-fascists
1964 births
Living people
Italian neo-fascist politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Gariglio |
"¿Dónde Estás, Corazón?" () is a song by Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira, taken from her third studio album Pies Descalzos. It was released in 1996 by Sony Music and Columbia Records as the second single from the album. Shakira and Luis Fernando Ochoa, her co-writer, earned the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers award for Pop/Contemporary Song in 1997 for the song. The song sold over 15,000 copies in Colombia.
Background
In 1990, a thirteen-year-old Shakira signed a recording contract with Sony Music and released her debut studio album Magia in 1991, which largely consisted of tracks she had written since she was eight years old. Commercially, the project struggled, selling an underwhelming 1,200 copies in her native Colombia. Her follow-up record Peligro was released in 1993, and suffered a similar failure. Consequently, Shakira took a two-year hiatus, allowing her to complete her high school education.
This song originally appeared on a compilation album called Nuestro Rock (Our Rock), released in 1994 in her homeland Colombia. This song turned out to be the only hit of the whole compilation album, and a music video was shot for the song, directed by Oscar Azula and Julian Torres. This meant her breakthrough in Colombia. Due to the success of this song, Sony Music gave her the opportunity to record and release a new album. The song was put on her album Pies Descalzos, and served as the second single when it was re-released in 1995 throughout Latin America. The song was remixed on The Remixes (1997) and was featured on Shakira's greatest hits CD Grandes Éxitos (2002).
Music videos
The first music video was directed by Oscar Azula and Julian Torres. This video shows Shakira performing the song in black and white, and later shows her in color dancing with a silver dress. This video was premiered in Colombia.
The other music video, directed by Gustavo Garzón, shows various scenes of Shakira holding photos, sitting in a red chair, singing in the rain, and shows other people in different scenes.
Charts
References
1996 singles
Shakira songs
Spanish-language songs
Songs written by Shakira
Songs written by Luis Fernando Ochoa
1995 songs
Sony Music singles
List songs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFD%C3%B3nde%20Est%C3%A1s%20Coraz%C3%B3n%3F |
An urban forest is a forest, or a collection of trees, that grow within a city, town or a suburb. In a wider sense, it may include any kind of woody plant vegetation growing in and around human settlements. As opposed to a forest park, whose ecosystems are also inherited from wilderness leftovers, urban forests often lack amenities like public bathrooms, paved paths, or sometimes clear borders which are distinct features of parks. Care and management of urban forests is called urban forestry. Urban forests can be privately and publicly owned. Some municipal forests may be located outside of the town or city to which they belong.
Urban forests play an important role in ecology of human habitats in many ways. Aside from the beautification of the urban environment, they offer many benefits like impacting climate and the economy while providing shelter to wildlife and recreational area for city dwellers.
Examples
In many countries there is a growing understanding of the importance of the natural ecology in urban forests. There are numerous projects underway aimed at restoration and preservation of ecosystems, ranging from simple elimination of leaf-raking and elimination of invasive plants to full-blown reintroduction of original species and riparian ecosystems.
Some sources claim that the largest man-made urban forest in the world is located in Johannesburg in South Africa. Others have disputed this claim due to satellite pictures revealing how developed the city is with roads and buildings. Johannesburg, however, is still a very densely wooded city with reportedly 6.0 million trees planted throughout streets and private lots.
Rio de Janeiro is also home to two of the vastest urban forests in the world, one of which is considered by some sources to be the largest one. Tijuca Forest is the most famous. It began as a restoration policy in 1844 to conserve the natural remnants of forest and replant in areas previously cleared for sugar and coffee. Despite the worldwide recognition of Tijuca Forest, another forest in the same city encompasses roughly three times the size of its more prominent neighbor: Pedra Branca State Park occupies 12,500 hectares (30,888 acres) of city land, against Tijuca's 3,953 hectares (9,768 acres). The larger metropolitan area encircles the forests which moderate the humid climate and provide sources of recreation for urban dwellers. Along with seven other smaller full protection conservation units in the city, they form an extensive natural area that contains the Transcarioca Trail, a 180-km footpath.
Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India is also an example of an urban forest. It covers roughly around 20% area of the city. The forest is filled with many animals freely roaming around. It also has an important cultural site of ancient history situated in it known as the Kanheri caves.
Nebraska National Forest is the largest man-made forest in the United States located in the state of Nebraska. It lies in several counties within the state and is a popular destination for campers year-round.
Several cities within the United States have also taken initiative investing in their urban forests to improve the well-being and economies of their communities. Some notable cities among them are Austin, Atlanta, New York, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. New York, for example, has taken initiative to combat climate change by planting millions of trees around the city. In Austin, private companies are funding tree-planting campaigns for environmental and energy-saving purposes.
Environmental impact
Urban forests play an important role in benefitting the environmental conditions of their respective cities. They moderate local climate, slowing wind and stormwater, and filter air and sunlight. They are critical in cooling the urban heat island effect, thus potentially reducing the number of unhealthful ozone days that plague major cities in peak summer months.
Air pollution reduction
As cities struggle to comply with air quality standards, trees can help to clean the air. The most serious pollutants in the urban atmosphere are ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfuric oxides (SOx) and particulate pollution. Ground-level ozone, or smog, is created by chemical reactions between NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight. High temperatures increase the rate of this reaction. Vehicle emissions (especially diesel), and emissions from industrial facilities are the major sources of NOx. Vehicle emissions, industrial emissions, gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, trees and other plants are the major sources of VOCs. Particulate pollution, or particulate matter (PM10 and PM25), is made up of microscopic solids or liquid droplets that can be inhaled and retained in lung tissue causing serious health problems. Most particulate pollution begins as smoke or diesel soot and can cause serious health risk to people with heart and lung diseases and irritation to healthy citizens. Trees are an important, cost-effective solution to reducing pollution and improving air quality.
Trees reduce temperatures and smog
With an extensive and healthy urban forest air quality can be drastically improved. Trees help to lower air temperatures and the urban heat island effect in urban areas. This reduction of temperature not only lowers energy use, it also improves air quality, as the formation of ozone is dependent on temperature. Trees reduce temperature not only by directly shading: when there is a large number of trees it create a difference in temperatures between the area when they are located and the neighbor area. This creates a difference in atmospheric pressure between the two areas, which creates wind. This phenomenon is called urban breeze cycle if the forest is near the city and park breeze cycle if the forest is in the city. That wind helps to lower temperature in the city.
As temperatures climb, the formation of ozone increases.
Healthy urban forests decrease temperatures, and reduce the formation of ozone.
Large shade trees can reduce local ambient temperatures by 3 to 5 °C
Maximum mid-day temperature reductions due to trees range from 0.04 °C to 0.2 °C per 1% canopy cover increase.
In Sacramento County, California, it was estimated that doubling the canopy cover to five million trees would reduce summer temperatures by 3 degrees. This reduction in temperature would reduce peak ozone levels by as much as 7% and smoggy days by 50%.
Lower temperatures reduce emissions in parking lots
Temperature reduction from shade trees in parking lots lowers the amount of evaporative emissions from parked cars. Unshaded parking lots can be viewed as miniature heat islands, where temperatures can be even higher than surrounding areas. Tree canopies will reduce air temperatures significantly. Although the bulk of hydrocarbon emissions come from tailpipe exhaust, 16% of hydrocarbon emissions are from evaporative emissions that occur when the fuel delivery systems of parked vehicles are heated. These evaporative emissions and the exhaust emissions of the first few minutes of engine operation are sensitive to local microclimate. If cars are shaded in parking lots, evaporative emissions from fuel and volatilized plastics will be greatly reduced.
Cars parked in parking lots with 50% canopy cover emit 8% less through evaporative emissions than cars parked in parking lots with only 8% canopy cover.
Due to the positive effects trees have on reducing temperatures and evaporative emissions in parking lots, cities like Davis, California, have established parking lot ordinances that mandate 50% canopy cover over paved areas.
"Cold Start" emissions
The volatile components of asphalt pavement evaporate more slowly in shaded parking lots and streets. The shade not only reduces emissions, but reduces shrinking and cracking so that maintenance intervals can be lengthened. Less maintenance means less hot asphalt (fumes) and less heavy equipment (exhaust). The same principle applies to asphalt-based roofing.
Active pollutant removal
Trees also reduce pollution by actively removing it from the atmosphere. Leaf stomata, the pores on the leaf surface, take in polluting gases which are then absorbed by water inside the leaf. Some species of trees are more susceptible to the uptake of pollution, which can negatively affect plant growth. Ideally, trees should be selected that take in higher quantities of polluting gases and are resistant to the negative effects they can cause.
A study across the Chicago region determined that trees removed approximately 17 tonnes of carbon monoxide (CO), 93 tonnes of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 98 tonnes of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 210 tonnes of ozone (O3) in 1991.
Carbon sequestration
Urban forest managers are sometimes interested in the amount of carbon removed from the air and stored in their forest as wood in relation to the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere while running tree maintenance equipment powered by fossil fuels.
Interception of particulate matter
In addition to the uptake of harmful gases, trees act as filters intercepting airborne particles and reducing the amount of harmful particulate matter. The particles are captured by the surface area of the tree and its foliage. These particles temporarily rest on the surface of the tree, as they can be washed off by rainwater, blown off by high winds, or fall to the ground with a dropped leaf. Although trees are only a temporary host to particulate matter, if they did not exist, the temporarily housed particulate matter would remain airborne and harmful to humans. Increased tree cover will increase the amount of particulate matter intercepted from the air.
Large evergreen trees with dense foliage collect the most particulate matter.
The Chicago study determined that trees removed approximately 234 tonnes of particulate matter less than 10 micrometres (PM10) in 1991.
Large healthy trees greater than 75 cm in trunk diameter remove approximately 70 times more air pollution annually (1.4 kg/yr) than small healthy trees less than 10 cm in diameter (0.02 kg/yr).
Rainwater runoff reduction
Urban forests and trees help purify water sources by slowing down rain as it falls to the earth and help it soak into the soil, thereby naturally filtering out pollutants that can potentially enter water supply sources. They reduce storm water runoff and mitigate flood damage, protecting the surrounding rivers and lakes. Trees also help alleviate the load on "grey" infrastructure (such as sewers and drains) via evapotranspiration. Trees are ideally suited as their canopies can intercept water (and provide dense vegetation), whilst their roots can pump substantial amounts of water back into the atmosphere as water vapor, all with a relatively small footprint.
Urban wildlife
Trees in urban forests provide food and shelter for wildlife in cities. Birds and small mammals use trees as nesting sites, and reptiles use the shade they provide to keep cool in the hot summer months. Furthermore, trees provide shade necessary for shrubbery. Not only do urban forests protect land animals and plants, they also sustain fish and water animals that need shade and lower temperatures to survive. Wealthier neighborhoods often have more tree cover (both community-subsidized and on private property) which results in an accumulation of benefits on those sections of a city; a study of neighborhoods in Los Angeles found higher levels of bird diversity in historically richer sections of town, and larger populations of synanthropic birds in historically poorer sections of town.
Economic impacts
The economic benefits of trees and various other plants have been understood for a long time. Recently, more of these benefits are becoming quantified. Quantification of the economic benefits of trees helps justify public and private expenditures to maintain them. One of the most obvious examples of economic utility is the example of the deciduous tree planted on the south and west of a building (in the Northern Hemisphere), or north and east (in the Southern Hemisphere). The shade shelters and cools the building during the summer, but allows the sun to warm it in the winter after the leaves fall. The physical effects of trees—the shade (solar regulation), humidity control, wind control, erosion control, evaporative cooling, sound and visual screening, traffic control, pollution absorption and precipitation—all have economic benefits.
Energy and CO2 consumption
Urban forests contribute to the reduction of energy usage and CO2 emissions primarily through the indirect effects of an efficient forestry implementation. The shade provided by trees reduces the need for heating and cooling throughout the year. As a result, energy conservation is achieved which leads to a reduction of CO2 emissions by power plants. Computer models indicate that annual energy consumption can be reduced by 30 billion kWh using 100 million trees in U.S. urban areas. This energy consumption decrease equates to monetary savings of $2 billion. Additionally, the reduction of energy demand would reduce power plant CO2 emissions by 9 million tons per year.
Water filtration
The stormwater retention provided by urban forests can provide monetary savings even in arid regions where water is expensive or watering conservation is enforced. One example of this can be seen in a study carried out over 40 years in Tucson, AZ, which analyzed the savings of stormwater management costs. Over this period, it was calculated that $600,000 in stormwater treatment costs were saved. It was also observed that the net water consumption was reduced when comparing the water required for irrigation against power plant water consumption due to the effects of urban forests on energy usage.
In another instance, New York City leaders in the late 1990s chose to pursue a natural landscape management instead of an expensive water treatment system to clean the Catskill/Delaware watershed. New Yorkers today enjoy some of the healthiest drinking water in the world.
Tourism and local business expansion
The USDA Guide notes on page 17 that "Businesses flourish, people linger and shop longer, apartments and office space rent quicker, tenants stay longer, property values increase, new business and industry is attracted" by trees.
Increases in property values
Urban forests have been linked to an increase in property value surrounding residents. An empirical study from Finland showed a 4.9% increase in property valuation when located just one kilometer closer to a forest. Another source claims this increase can range as high as 20%. The reduction of air, light, and noise pollution provided by forests is cause for the notable pricing differentials.
Sociological impacts
Community health impact
Urban forests offer many benefits to their surrounding communities. Removing pollutants and greenhouse gases from the air is one key reason why cities are adopting the practice. Removing pollutants from the air, urban forests can lower risks of asthma and lung cancer. Communities that rely on well-water may also see a positive change in water purity due to filtration. The amenities provided by the city of each urban forest varies. Some amenities include trails and pathways for walking or running, picnic tables, and bathrooms. These healthy spaces provide for the community a place to gather and live a more active lifestyle.
Mental health impact
Living near urban forests have shown positive impacts on mental health. As an experimental mental health intervention in the city of Philadelphia, trash was removed from vacant lots, some of them being selectively "greened" by plantings trees, grass, and installing small fences. Residents near the "greened" lots who had incomes below the poverty line reported a 68% decrease in feelings of depression, while residents with incomes above the poverty line reported a decrease of 41%. The Biophilia hypothesis argues that people are instinctively drawn to nature, while Attention Restoration Theory goes on to demonstrate tangible improvements in medical, academic and other outcomes, from access to nature. Proper planning and community involvement are important for the positive results to be realized.
See also
Green belt found around various urban clusters
Million Tree Initiative in multiple urban areas in the world
Tree Cities of the World
Urban forestry
Urban green space
Urban reforestation
Urban forest inequity
3-30-300 Rule by Cecil Konijnendijk
References
Notes
Bibliography
Nowak, D. (2000). Tree Species Selection, Design, and Management to Improve Air Quality Construction Technology. Annual meeting proceedings of the American Society of Landscape Architects (available online, pdf file).
Nowak, D. The Effects of Urban Trees on Air Quality USDA Forest Service (available online, pdf file).
Nowak, D. (1995). Trees Pollute? A "Tree Explains It All". Proceedings of the 7th National Urban Forest Conference (available online, pdf file).
Nowak, D. (1993). Plant Chemical Emissions. Miniature Roseworld 10 (1) (available online, pdf file).
Nowak, D. & Wheeler, J. Program Assistant, ICLEI. February 2006.
McPherson, E. G. & Simpson, J. R. (2000). Reducing Air Pollution Through Urban Forestry. Proceedings of the 48th meeting of California Pest Council (available online, pdf file).
McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R. & Scott, K. (2002). Actualizing Microclimate and Air Quality Benefits with Parking Lot Shade Ordinances. Wetter und Leben 4: 98 (available online, pdf file).
External links
Urban Forestry South
Center for Urban Forest Research
Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute
Urban Forestry
USDA Forest Service Northeastern Area
Environmental design
Forestry and the environment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20forest |
Max Stern may refer to:
Max Emanuel Stern (1811–1873), writer, poet and translator
Max Stern (gallery owner) (1904–1987), German-Canadian arts benefactor, art historian and gallery owner
Max Stern (businessman) (1898–1982), entrepreneur who established and built the Hartz Mountain Corporation
Max Stern (poker player), professional poker player, pediatrician and author
Max Stern (composer) (born 1947), composer, double-bassist and conductor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Stern |
The Solstice Cyclists (also known as The Painted [Naked] Cyclists of the Solstice Parade, or The Painted Cyclists) is an artistic, non-political, clothing-optional bike ride celebrating the summer solstice. It is the unofficial start of the Summer Solstice Parade & Pageant, an event produced by the Fremont Arts Council in the Fremont district of Seattle.
The event was started by streakers who crashed the parade. The first people to do so were a small group of friends and roommates from the adjacent (Wallingford) neighborhood, several of whom were bicycle couriers by trade. Participants now emphasize bodypainting and other artistry. The group is the largest and fastest growing ensemble associated with the parade. The parade, put on by Fremont Arts Council, is held on a Saturday close to the actual solstice.
Art bikes are common and cycles include BMX bikes, cycle rickshaws, unicycles, clown bicycles, tall bikes, lowrider bicycles, tandem bicycles and tricycles. People come from all over the country to ride. Full and partial (especially topfree) nudity is popular, but not mandatory.
While cyclists open the parade, they are not in the parade line-up (except in 2003 when they had a float). Parade rules say "any printed communications, written words, recognizable logos, signage, leaf-letting, or advertising in any form are prohibited on the parade route."
Recent events include a pre-ride bodypainting party, a party ride through the city, and the parade itself at noon.
Controversy
2001 and subsequent years were controversial for the naked cyclists, including references to them as "parade crashers". In 2001, police and organizers posted laws against indecent exposure to warn of possible prosecution. Organizers claimed cyclists were getting in the way of the event's artistic freedom.
"Here in the self-anointed center of the universe, where the Waiting for the Interurban sculptures wear more clothing than the nude cyclists who grace the annual Solstice Parade, high-tech is moving in."
"Meanwhile, Hadrann says the scent of rebellion is in the air in Fremont - or maybe it's just another rumor. 'Some people in the community are going to get nude if he (Sidran) starts arresting the cyclists,' he says. ... 'First, there was 50, now there's like 100 people. . . . Who knows what kind of chain reaction this is going to bring.'" This article also includes Seattle Police Department Lt. Mark Kuehn's suggestions for safety for nude cyclists such as: "Refrain from trying out saddles in the nude, for obvious sanitary reasons. Hadrann suggests shoppers take along a few pairs of Chinese disposable underwear (made of paper) for saddle-buying expeditions."
"The council decided this week against posting 'no nudity' signs for the neighborhood's arts parade, where two men were arrested for naked bike riding last year. Police had asked that the signs be posted for this year's parade, set for Saturday. ...Council President Bradley Erhlich said the public nudity might be a form of artistic expression. ... 'If it is art, then the Arts Council should support them,' Erhlich said. ... Crowds booed when last year's naked riders were arrested and handcuffed."
2000
In the nude cyclists' ninth year, bodypainting artist Steven Bradford joined the bodypainting team and assisted in transforming 4 women into Fire, Earth, Air, and Water at the painting party at Fire's home.
2001
In 2001, according to The Seattle Times, there were 50 cyclists, mostly in bodypaint. To the amusement of many, this year an artist had a painting in the parade showing a naked female bicyclist next to a baton-wielding police officer. The pose itself could have either shown the apprehension or the cop gleefully stopping for a picture next to the bicyclist. The panel was put on a small platform on wheels and parade goers were invited to have their pictures taken with their heads poking out of the holes of the naked bicyclists and the officer.
In 2001, the city threatened to withdraw the event permit for the Fremont Arts Council because of the nudity. Signs were actually made warning naked cyclists that they may be subject to arrest. The city ended up backing off before the event day. Fremont Arts Council parade organizers urged riders to participate within the artistic spirit of the event. Many locals were very upset that the city would threaten to arrest one of the parade's most popular and creative ensembles. The blowback effect, as predicted by Seattle City Council Chair Nick Licata, ended up being more publicity and popularity for the cyclists which, in turn, led to more cyclists wanting to join the ensemble.
In efforts to combat this effect, the Seattle City Council was invited by the Fremont Arts Council to participate in the parade. Nick Licata was the only one who agreed and ended up cycling through as the "un-naked cyclist". After jeers of "Take your clothes off" he was met by a parade monitor who told him to get off the parade route, stating "Yeh? We still don't have bike riding in the parade. If one person rides then others will and then the whole parade will have bikes riding all over the place." Licata later lamented in a Seattle Times article, "I was waving to the photographer - smack in the middle of a pack of painted, naked bicyclists."
"There was no better illustration of the fair's quirkiness than in its parade - with its wild costumes, floats and giant puppets - and nude bicyclists, which led to a flap over the permit for this year's parade. ... Before the city issued this year's parade permit, police said they have gotten numerous complaints about the nude cyclists every year. They asked the Fremont Arts Council to post signs along the parade route warning cyclists, who are not a sanctioned part of the parade, about laws against indecent exposure. The council said no, even though members discouraged the nudity. ... In 1998, two bikers in the buff were arrested. None were arrested this year."
2002
"What solstice is complete without nude cyclists? To get your annual fix, see the Fremont Summer Solstice Parade and Fair on Saturday and Sunday."
"As has been the tradition, a number of unauthorized naked bicycle riders start the parade. Last year there were 50 — most in body paint."
2003
2003 marked the twelfth year of naked cyclists taking part in the Solstice Parade. The parade took place on June 21, 2003. Numbers quadrupled from previous years to between 75 and 80 riders. An internet discussion forum was established for the first time. The bodypainting party took place at the host's house in the Ravenna neighborhood, with a photo shoot at Cowen Park. The procession then began south through the University District on Roosevelt and then on 45th through Wallingford to Phinney Ridge. This is also the first year that the cyclists were officially part of the parade with their Helios-themed float, which several cyclists (partially dressed) climbed aboard after they cycled through the parade. The float featured wispy clouds and gold-painted "chariot" exercise bikes to evoke a sense of pulling the sun through the summer. Ironically, toward the end of the parade, and despite all the "Happy Solstice" chants, the sky clouded over and it began to rain. Two digital video films were produced from footage of this year's event. One is called Naked & Painted: The Fremont Solstice Riders 2003 and is sold to friends and future potential riders with proceeds going to a local charity. The other video was called Solstice: A Celebration of the Art of Bodypainting produced by James W. Taylor/Circle Rock Productions and premiered at Naked Freedom Film Festival , held at the Seattle Art Museum on May 15, 2004. Unusually cool weather this year resulting in a number of weather-themed paint jobs.
Also in 2003, much publicity was focused on David Zaitzeff's determination to walk naked through the Solstice Parade. Zaitzeff sued Seattle police Chief Gil Kerlikowske in a federal lawsuit because he "desires to go nude at the Fremont Solstice Parade without fear of unjust arrest". U.S. District Judge Robert Lasnik said that because Zaitzeff had not been arrested for indecent exposure, the court couldn't make a prospective ruling on the matter.
Much later in the year there was a suggestion to have the group become part of a larger international naked bike ride, later known as the World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR). The idea was unpopular because the Solstice Parade, unlike WNBR, is a non-political arts event. Secondary reasons for not liking the idea included that WNBR would not be as spontaneous of an event and some may not be as inclined to participate in an artistic way.
2004
The parade took place on June 19, 2004. About 116 cyclists participated, setting a new record. The main group started to ride from the pre-parade bodypainting party at the old Segway building in Ballard. (The building was later demolished to make way for Ballard Civic Center Park.) The ride proceeded down NW Market Street to Leary Way to the parade. The cyclists did not have a float in the parade in 2004, but there were more elaborate art installations on bikes. 2004 also marked the beginning of the Synchronised Cycling Drill Team within the group. The year's theme was Noah's Ark animals. One of the cyclists provided rides to children along the parade route in her cycle rickshaw.
A week prior to the event, on June 12, was the first annual World Naked Bike Ride Seattle event and was the first time a major naked cycling event has crossed the channel into downtown Seattle. This ride featured a pre-ride bodypainting party at Gas Works Park, where the end of the painted cyclists ride traditionally took place.
2005
The parade took place on June 18, 2005. Approximately 138 cyclists leave bodypainting party on the south side of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and once joined by those waiting at the parade, the numbers probably grew to around 160 cyclists. Part of the ride included going down the Ballard Bridge on 15th Avenue and turning again on NW Market Street. About five cyclists broke off from the group after the end of the parade ride and rode around Green Lake and came back to Fremont.
One of the big controversies in 2005 was the Fremont Arts Council excluding People Undergoing Real Experiences (PURE) (now known as Pure cirkus) from dressing "up as pirates with two people suspended on a pirate ship float from hooks in their skin" as they go through the parade. Much of the media noted that while the naked cyclists are tolerated and widely popular, this has become the new controversial area for the council.
A week later, a third painted ride, called the Body Pride Ride, was started by one of the painted cyclists, and took place for the first time in the Seattle Gay Pride Parade on Capitol Hill. A WNBR mini-ride in September marked 2005 as a record-setting year not only for the number of painted cyclists participating, but also for doubling the number of painted naked rides in Seattle to a total of four.
"If bike riders rode nude in a Los Angeles summer solstice celebration, the LAPD would shoot them dead, after a 'slow speed' chase televised on all 28 local channels."
"Really, that's just the crazy naked bicyclists who precede the parade every year. They get all the press, all the hype, all the lasting impressions. People who work on the parade openly despise them. ... The nude bikers take away from all the legitimate art that volunteers spend countless hours creating. With one exhibitional blow, months of hard work by solstice parade artists is knocked from our collective conscious."
2006
The 18th Annual Summer Solstice Parade & Pageant, on June 17, 2006, marked the 15th year that naked cyclists have participated in the parade. On March 27, 2006, the Painted Cyclists went public with a public portal website: The Painted Cyclists. KUOW-FM in Seattle did an interview for their program called Weekday with the cyclists at the Ballard neighborhood where the bodypainting party was taking place, taking up at least three residential lots. The interview was reportedly about cycling safety in Seattle. This is confirmed by several cyclists and pictures taken at the bodypainting party. The segment aired on June 22, 2006.
2007
The 19th Annual Solstice Parade took place on June 16, 2007, marking the sixteenth consecutive year the painted cyclists have ridden in the parade. 267 cyclists took to the streets at 11:45 a.m. with little or no confrontation, legal or otherwise. The annual painting party took place at a nearby residence on NW 48th Street in Ballard. For the first time, a video presented by a painted inline skater was shot at the painting party and posted to the website of The Stranger newspaper.
2008
The 20th Annual Solstice Parade took place on June 21, 2008, marking the 17th consecutive year that the painted cyclists have accompanied. Slightly fewer cyclists than in previous years rode, and tension between both the Seattle police and the Fremont Arts Council was minimal. The painting party took place this time in Belltown, meaning the cyclists had to ride a full three miles through the Seattle neighborhood of Queen Anne to get to Fremont. Painting parties were also going on independently of the main party downtown, so riders had to coordinate meeting up at a common location before entering the parade. After making a surprise entrance by entering through the crowd at the middle of the parade route, on Fremont Avenue (which had never been done before), riders were initially rerouted because of the timing of the permits. They later reentered the parade route closer to the traditional starting point and proceeded through the parade, ending the ride at Gas Works Park.
2009
The 21st Annual Solstice Parade took place on June 20, 2009, marking the 18th consecutive year of the painted cyclists. The painting party took place at Hale's Ales in Ballard, and attracted an estimated 430 cyclists, plus painters. After riding through Ballard and watching their numbers swell as riders from independent paint parties joined the group, the riders traversed the parade route in Fremont, ending once again at Gas Works Park. Media coverage included an article and video by the Seattle P-I. Ensembles included the "Stimulus Package" group, appropriate for a year of controversial economic bailouts. This year was also the first year of the Gardens Everywhere Bike Parade.
2010
The 22nd Annual Solstice Parade took place on Saturday, June 19, 2010, marking the nineteenth consecutive year of the painted (and some not-so-painted) solstice cyclists. The painting party again took place at Hale's Ales in Ballard, and attracted hundreds of cyclists, plus painters. Then they jumped on their bikes and headed to Ballard for a warm-up ride in the relatively chilly mid-50s air, surprising unsuspecting drivers and whooping it up down Market Street before returning for the noon start of the parade, where the riders completed the parade route in Fremont. An optional repeat loop-back plan through part of the route was added in 2010, designed to extend the experience for both the riders who opted for it as well as the crowd lining the streets, with a side benefit of minimizing any time gap between the end of the cyclists and the start of the parade proper. That plan met with some confusion due to communication issues with parade officials, and therefore mixed results, but riders vowed to remedy that in 2011. The cyclists ended at the now-traditional clothing-optional "victory celebration" at and around Kite Hill in Gas Works Park.
2011
The parade took place on June 18, the day before Fathers Day. The skies were overcast and the temperature was in the mid-50s with intermittent misty light rain—for the second year in a row, the third Saturday in June was unseasonably cool. But that did not deter the 600+ riders nor curb their enthusiasm. For many, the day started at the old Ballard Library building, which had been rented as the central location for body painting. Earlier in the week, plastic had been laid on the floor and taped into one big surface, then tables set out to delineate separate painting areas. Aisles were painted on the floor in orange with "Keep Clear" to keep the fire marshal happy and facilitate movement around the area; bumping into someone covered in paint leaves a mark. In the northwest corner was the film crew for Beyond Naked, a documentary about four first time riders.
The parade riders gathered in the parking lot next to the library awaiting the go-ahead for the trip through Ballard. Most participants shivered in the cold while logistics were confirmed. Then, off through Ballard, to the amazement of unsuspecting pedestrians, many whooping and hollering encouragement. From there the parade snaked through Fremont in a circuitous route, getting longer at each pass, until it finally ended at Gas Works Park.
2012
The solstice cyclists rode for the 21st consecutive year, starting out by hosting their painting party at the Old Ballard Library, on NW 57th St. and 24th Avenue (the same place as the previous year). The weather was overcast with temperatures in the 60's.
2013
After a morning paint party at a marine hangar in Seattle's Shilshole neighborhood, hundreds of cyclists and skaters rode through Ballard, pausing for a group photo at Ross Park, before entering the parade course in Fremont at 2:45 pm. For the first time in several years the weather was hot and sunny, and as a result the crowd watching the parade was especially dense, and the number of participants was much larger than in previous years, with estimates ranging from several hundred to 1000.
2015
A small group of longtime organizers once again hosted a mass paint party in the Silshole neighborhood. The organizers took a video of the painted cyclists heading out through the gate and counted well over 945 cyclists just at this paint party. En route to the parade starting point they were joined by hundreds of other painted cyclists who swelled the ranks at each passing intersection . The artistry displayed on naked riders' bodies has become more and more intricate each year with some riders bringing their own personal painters to the party. Donations were collected at the entrance and after all expenses were paid the paint party volunteers donated $4,500 to the Fremont Art Council in order to help pay the parade expenses.
2016
In the weeks prior to the parade this year there was some friction between the Fremont Arts Council, the official parade organizers, and the cyclist organizers, a non-hierarchical consensus group that comes together once a year and has no formal organization. The FAC wanted the cyclists to become official members of the parade and under their control. The cyclist group are basically anarchists in the way they operate and refused. They agreed to disagree and things went on as usual with close cooperation between the two groups.
The numbers dwindled this year as the day dawned cold and damp. A seasoned group of 10 volunteers once again opened the gates to the large, group paint party at a private marina in the 4100 block of Shilshole Ave. N.W. At an entry portal donations were taken and only people who were cyclists to be painted or their painters were allowed to enter. Over several hours 600 clothed cyclists entered and at noon 600 cold (but exuberant) painted naked cyclists exited. The group rode through the Ballard neighborhood and then on to the Fremont Solstice Parade route where they were joined by approximately 100 more painted cyclists from private paint parties. After subtracting expenses, the organized paint party group was able to donate $2,000 to the Fremont Arts Council to help defray the parade costs the following spring.
2019
The warm and sunny weather brought over 700 people to the main cyclist paint party this year. As in past years, the painted, naked (mostly) cyclists filed out of the boat marina in the Ballard neighborhood and did a ride through the streets of the Ballard neighborhood. As the riders entered the parade route, prior to the start of the actual parade, they were not allowed to circulate on the route as had been arranged beforehand with the official Fremont Solstice Parade organizers. Instead they were forced to ride straight through the route with no slow looping back as had become the custom and agreed upon pattern for many years. This left the artists who had spent hours painting, and those who had come to view the parade and the cyclists with a less than satisfactory experience. The alliance between the free-spirited biking artists and the Fremont Arts Council who holds the permit for the actual parade is rapidly fraying at the edges and the outcome remains to be seen. The cyclist paint party group donated $4,000 to the Fremont Arts Council to help toward the cost of the parade.
2020 and 2021
There was no parade either year due to COVID-19, but a small group of cyclists met up at Gasworks Park and rode through the city.
See also
References
External links
Recurring events established in 1992
Culture of Seattle
Festivals in Seattle
Fremont, Seattle
Naked cycling events
Pacific Northwest art
Clothing-optional events
Unofficial observances
1992 establishments in Washington (state)
Summer solstice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solstice%20Cyclists |
António Joaquim Rodrigues Ribeiro, (3 December 1944 – 13 June 1984) was a Portuguese singer and songwriter. Despite his short-lived career due to his premature death at the age of thirty-nine, using the stage name of António Variações, he became one of the most culturally significant performing artists of recent Portuguese history. His recorded works blended contemporary music genres with traditional Portuguese rhythms and melodies, creating music which for many is symbolic of the liberalization that occurred in Portuguese society after the Carnation Revolution of 1974. The original and provocative nature of his recorded works has led to him being widely recognized as one of the most innovative artists in the recent history of Portuguese popular music.
Early life
António Variações was born in Lugar do Pilar, in the small village of Fiscal (Amares, Braga), the fifth of ten children of Deolinda de Jesus and Jaime Ribeiro. As a child, his love of music often took him away from his fieldwork chores and towards the local folklore celebrations. He completed his basic education at the age of eleven and soon after took up his first job making small trinkets in the neighboring village of Caldelas.
At the age of twelve, he moved to the capital, Lisbon, to work at an office. From 1964 to 1967, he served the compulsory army duty in Angola during the Portuguese Colonial War, returning home safe, but almost immediately departing to London, to work as a dishwasher at a school, for the duration of a year. Returning once again to Portugal for a brief time in 1976, António Variações roamed to Amsterdam where he took up hairdressing, which he would continue to practice when returning to Lisbon in the following year, opening the first unisex salon in the country and afterwards a barber shop downtown (among his clients there would be several people from the music industry, who would help launch his career).
Parallel to this day job, he started working the local club scene at night, along with a group of musicians dubbed "Variações" (translated, "Variations", a word which suggested the diversity of the singer's influences, sound, and style). His garish visuals and camp fashion accessories, uncommon for a man at the time in Portugal, soon started to become noticed.
Career
Signing with Valentim de Carvalho
In 1978, António submitted a demo tape to Valentim de Carvalho, one of the most important record labels in Portugal, but, despite signing a contract, he would not be allowed to record anything for another four years because the executives were unsure about the genre that best suited his work, folk or pop music, and therefore could not come to a consensus as to what should be done with the unusual artist. In February 1981, he appeared with his band in a popular TV show presented by Júlio Isidro, called "Passeio dos Alegres", billed as "António e Variações" and performing two unreleased songs ("Toma o comprimido" and "Não me consumas"). Júlio Isidro was a usual customer of António Variações's barber shop, and at a certain visit, he told him that he wrote songs. As a result, Júlio Isidro invited him to appear in his show. Following this appearance, he would be a guest a few times on "Febre de Sábado de Manhã", a radio show on Rádio Comercial presented by the same host.
"Anjo da Guarda"
In July 1982, his first single was released, this time under the name of António Variações. This recording featured a cover of the seminal fado "Povo Que Lavas No Rio", immortalized by the diva of the genre, Amália Rodrigues, and an original song of his own authorship, "Estou Além", one of his best known songs that would feature in his first LP record. The cover song of the untouchable fado caused controversy among many, but over time became accepted as a heartfelt tribute of Variações to Amália Rodrigues, to whom he dedicated his first LP, "Anjo da Guarda", released in 1983, to great critical and popular acclaim. Two of the songs from this release, "O Corpo É Que Paga" and "É P'ra Amanhã" experienced frequent radio airplay, the latter being released as a Summer single.
"Dar & Receber"
After a series of concerts, António returned to the studio and, between the 6 and 25 February 1984, recorded his second and final LP, entitled "Dar & Receber" (together with most of the Heróis do Mar line-up), which would be released in May of the same year and received once again with great enthusiasm on all fronts (having in the torch song "Canção de Engate" one of the artist's biggest hits). Two months later, he would perform his last concert in the Portuguese parish of Viatodos (part of the municipality of Barcelos), during the festival of "Feira da Isabelinha". In April he would make his last public appearance at the television show A Festa Continua, hosted by Júlio Isidro.
Death
On 18 May 1984, Variações was admitted to the Pulido Valente hospital with symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis and later transferred to the Red Cross Clinic. At the time, the health of the artist was severely debilitated and rumours about his condition being brought on by AIDS started to circulate, which, given the prejudice towards the disease at the time, made him a target of some discrimination. Save for his family and closest friends, he received few visitors during his stay at the hospital. In June, the press released news that his health state had deteriorated considerably.
At dawn on 13 June, António Variações died due to a bilateral bronchial pneumonia. His funeral was held on 15 June at the Estrela Basilica, where family, friends, fellow musicians, barbers, and fans paid their last respects. The funeral stirred some controversy because the authorities ordered that his coffin be sealed for public health concerns, which further fueled the rumors that he had died as a result of AIDS-related complications. The family of António Variações doesn't acknowledge that this was the actual cause of death (or that he was a homosexual), but it is assumed by most that he was one of the first public victims of the disease in Portugal. His former manager, Teresa Couto Pinto, has claimed that, prior to his death, Variações had received clinical test results performed in the United States confirming that he was indeed HIV-positive. His remains were buried in the cemetery of Fiscal, Amares, where they still rest today.
Musical style
António Variações had no formal music training. His first musical influence was his father, who played accordion and cavaquinho, but never had the chance to become a serious musician. From his travels abroad, Variações was able to get in touch with artists and genres which were not widely known back home and began fusing genres such as pop, rock, jazz, blues and new wave with his Portuguese folk and fado roots.
Not knowing how to play or compose music did not stop António from making music by himself. He would, using a tape recorder, mimicking sounds and rhythms while he sang, using his own voice or even tapping his hands on different objects. These recordings were then used by his supporting studio musicians as the basis for the song arrangements. Variações' music is characterized by the use of a variety of instruments, ranging from synthesizers, to Portuguese and classical guitars, to accordions and more. Defying genre definition, he created his own description for his sound: something between Braga and New York, reflecting the cosmopolitan, yet down to earth and rural aspect of his eclectic style. He was intent on becoming a popular artist in the true sense of the word and he managed to reach audiences which were very diverse, from the blue collar to the white collar workers, to the uneducated and the intellectuals, to young and old alike.
Lyrics
Despite having only the minimum education (at the time, four years of basic instruction, although he also attended night school classes in Lisbon for some time) and no music training, Variações had a deep sense of rhythm and a keen mastery of the written word. Variações' lyrics are often a mix of proverbs, popular wisdom, and personal experiences and he had a notable ability to spin commonplaces into original and compelling imagery. This popular character of his words made it easy for most of his listeners to identify with the themes of the songs, which often speak about restlessness, feelings of escapism or the deceitful nature of love affairs. A few of his songs have an autobiographical resonance (such as "Olhei P'ra Trás", where he describes the sorrowful but hopeful departure from his small village or "Deolinda de Jesus", dedicated to his mother).
Influences
António Variações was a fervent admirer of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa (dedicating the LP "Dar & Receber" to Pessoa, in a cryptically unfinished sentence, and using one of his poems on the song "Canção") and some of his lyrics share similarities with the feelings expressed on some of Pessoa's poems. Another of the artist's major influences was Amália Rodrigues, a fado singer of international renown. Apart from dedicating his first LP to her and covering one of her songs, he also wrote an ode to the singer, recorded as the song "Voz-Amália-de-Nós", in which he sings "All of us have Amália in our voice and we have in her voice the voice of all of us" (Amália Rodrigues is a Portuguese national icon). Both artists would only meet on stage once, a concert at the Aula Magna of the University of Lisbon, on 26 May 1983. Amália paid back homage to António by attending his funeral celebration.
From his extensive travels abroad, he got acquainted with the work of foreign artists like David Bowie, Bryan Ferry, The Kinks, Elvis Presley and The Beatles. This encounter with a different musical culture left a deep impression on him; a testament to this is the fact that his first song experiments were written in English (although he soon abandoned this approach, in search of a more authentic and personal style of writing, in Portuguese).
Collaborators
Because Variações did not have the knowledge to properly compose music by himself, collaboration with other musicians at the writing, recording and producing stages was necessary. He would first collaborate with the musicians Vítor Rua, Tóli César Machado (both from the band GNR) and José Moz Carrapa on his first LP, "Anjo da Guarda", and then with Pedro Ayres Magalhães and Carlos Maria Trindade, at the time, part of the band Heróis do Mar (and later, Madredeus) on the recording of "Dar & Receber". The five members of Heróis do Mar acted as António's studio band; they would become close to Variações, especially Pedro Ayres Magalhães, who speaks fondly of him on the liner notes of "Dar & Receber": "I thank you António, for your enthusiasm and trust, and I would like to write here that I've gained a friendship".
Humanos
At the time of his death, Variações left behind a box containing over forty tapes and studio reels, which were forgotten for a long time, at first in the possession of his brother, Jaime Ribeiro. These were then kept for over ten years by David Ferreira at EMI-Valentim de Carvalho, until journalist Nuno Galopim took up the enterprise of listening to and transcribing them, which would become the beginning of the musical project known as Humanos.
Discography
Lifetime releases
Singles
1982 - Povo Que Lavas No Rio/Estou Além
1983 - É P'ra Amanhã.../Quando Fala Um Português...
LPs
1983 - Anjo da Guarda
1984 - Dar & Receber
Posthumous releases and remasterings
Singles
1997 - Canção de Engate
1997 - O Corpo É Que Paga/É P'ra Amanhã... (remixed by Nuno Miguel)
1998 - Minha cara sem fronteiras - entre Braga e Nova Iorque
Albums
1997 - O Melhor de António Variações (best-of)
1998 - Anjo da Guarda (third studio album, includes the bonus track Povo que lavas no rio)
2000 - Dar & Receber (fourth studio album, includes three versions (two of which are remixes) of Minha cara sem fronteiras)
2006 - A História de António Variações - entre Braga e Nova Iorque (best-of which includes previously unreleased demos)
Tributes
Cover songs
1987 - Delfins - Canção de Engate
1995 - Amarguinhas - Estou Além
1995 - Íris - Estou Além
1996 - MDA - Dar & Receber
1996 - MDA - Estou Além
1997 - Isabel Sivestre - Deolinda de Jesus
2004 - Donna Maria - Estou Além
2004 - Funkoffandfly - Dar e receber
2005 - RAMP - Anjinho da Guarda
2008 - André Sardet - Anjinho da Guarda
2012 - Tiago Bettencourt - Canção de Engate
2013 - Dead Combo & Márcia - Visões Ficções
2014 - OqueStrada - Parei na Madrugada [inedit song]
2015 - Linda Martini - Visões-ficções
2016 - Telmo Pires - Ao passar por Braga abaixo [inedit song]
2017 - Filipe Catto - Canção de Engate
2017 - União das Tribos feat. Miguel Ângelo - Canção de Engate
2017 - The Beheaded - Canção de Engate
2020 - Lina e Raül Refree - Voz Amália de Nós
2020 - Zeca Baleiro - Canção de Engate
Albums
1989 - Lena D'Água - Tu Aqui [5 inedit songs of Variações]
1994 - Variações - As canções de António
2004 - Humanos - Humanos [inedit songs of Variações]
2006 - Humanos - Humanos ao Vivo - [1 CD + 2 DVD, inedit songs of Variações]
2019 - Variações - Variações
Variações (film)
A biographical movie about António Variações was released in August 2019 in Portugal. The script was written by film director João Maia and it is a Production by David & Golias, with António's role being portrayed by Sérgio Praia.
See also
Humanos
Bibliography
Gonzaga, Manuela; António Variações: Entre Braga e Nova Iorque; Âncora Editora; 2006;
Variações, António; Muda de Vida; Relógio de Água Editores; 2006;
External links
António Variações (Official site)
A História de António Variações (Official site of the album)
Humanos (Official site of the project)
Variações (Spotify streaming of Variações songs)
References
1944 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Portuguese male singers
20th-century Portuguese male writers
20th-century Portuguese songwriters
Portuguese male songwriters
Portuguese folk musicians
Portuguese pop musicians
Portuguese folk singers
Portuguese pop singers
Portuguese hairdressers
Portuguese gay musicians
Portuguese LGBT singers
Portuguese LGBT songwriters
Gay songwriters
AIDS-related deaths in Portugal
People from Braga
Gay singers
Folk-pop singers
20th-century Portuguese LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio%20Varia%C3%A7%C3%B5es |
The list of ship commissionings in 2005 includes a chronological list of all ships commissioned in 2005.
See also
2005
Ship commissionings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20commissionings%20in%202005 |
Max Stern (1898 – May 21, 1982) was an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist who established and built the Hartz Mountain Corporation.
Early life and education
He was born to a Jewish family in Fulda, Hesse, Germany, to parents Emanuel and Caroline Stern. He emigrated to the United States in 1926 fleeing the religious prejudice that he experienced in Germany.
Career
Stern founded the Hartz Mountain Corporation, a large pet products manufacturer and real estate development company. Stern was also the leader of Yeshiva University for 41 years.
Personal life
Stern was twice-married:
His first wife was Hilda Lowenthal (born 1922 in Eschwege, Germany) who emigrated to New York in 1935. The couple had three children: Stanley, Leonard, and Gloria. All were reared in the Jewish tradition.
In 1950, he married Ghity Lindenbaum (née Amiel). They remained married until Max's death in 1982. Ghity was born into a Jewish family in Lithuania where she married her first husband, Nathan Lindenbaum in 1928. They had four children: Marcel, Maidy, Henry, and Armand. In 1940, fleeing Nazi Germany, the family emigrated to the United States settling in New York City. Nathan died in 1946. Her father, Moshe Avigdor Amiel, was chief rabbi in Antwerp, Belgium, and later became the chief rabbi of Tel Aviv.
Philanthropy
As a leading Jewish philanthropist, he helped many charitable organizations both in the U.S. and Israel.
Stern founded the Stern College for Women — the undergraduate women's college of arts and sciences of Yeshiva University, located in New York City, New York, which is associated with Modern Orthodox Judaism — with a major grant, in honor of his late parents Emanuel and Caroline Stern.
The Max Stern Academic College of Emek Yezreel, located in Jezreel Valley, Israel, is named after him.
Religion
Stern was a communal lay leader.
Death
He died in 1982, age 83 or 84, leaving his son, Leonard N. Stern, to carry on the family business. He is interred in the Sharon Gardens Division of Kensico Cemetery.
References
1898 births
1982 deaths
American chairpersons of corporations
American financiers
American investors
American Orthodox Jews
American people of German-Jewish descent
American real estate businesspeople
Burials at Kensico Cemetery
Businesspeople from New York City
German emigrants to the United States
German Orthodox Jews
American philanthropists
People from Fulda
Yeshiva University
Philanthropists from New York (state)
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Stern%20%28businessman%29 |
This is a list of political science journals presenting representative academic journals in the field of political science.
A
Acta Politica
African Affairs
American Journal of Political Science
American Political Science Review
American Politics Research
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
Annual Review of Political Science
Armed Forces & Society
Australian Journal of Political Science
Australian Journal of Politics and History
Australian Quarterly
B
British Journal of Political Science
British Journal of Politics and International Relations
C
Canadian Journal of Political Science
Caucasian Review of International Affairs
Central European Journal of International and Security Studies
Comparative European Politics
Comparative Political Studies
Conflict Management and Peace Science
Constellations
Contemporary Political Theory
Cooperation and Conflict
Critical Review (journal)
D
Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe
E
East European Politics
Electoral Studies
Environmental Politics (journal)
European Journal of International Relations
European Journal of Political Economy
European Journal of Political Research
European Journal of Political Theory
European Political Science
European Political Science Review
European Union Politics
F
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy Analysis
G
Global Environmental Politics
Global Governance
Global Policy
Government and Opposition
Governance
H
History of Political Thought (journal)
I
Icelandic Review of Politics and Administration
Independent Review
International Affairs
International Journal of Conflict and Violence
International Journal of Press/Politics
International Journal of Transitional Justice
International Organization
International Political Science Review
International Security
International Studies Quarterly
International Studies Review
International Theory
J
Journal for Peace and Justice Studies
Journal of Common Market Studies
Journal of Conflict Resolution
Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management
Journal of Democracy
Journal of European Integration
Journal of European Public Policy
Journal of Information Technology & Politics
Journal of Law and Economics
The Journal of Legislative Studies
Journal of Moral Philosophy
Journal of Peace Research
Journal of Political Economy
Journal of Political Ideologies
Journal of Political Philosophy
Journal of Politics
Journal of Politics & Society
Journal of Theoretical Politics
Journal of Women, Politics & Policy
L
Legislative Studies Quarterly
M
Mediterranean Politics
Moral Philosophy and Politics
N
Nations and Nationalism
New Left Review
New Political Economy
P
Parliamentary Affairs
Party Politics
Perspectives on Political Science
Perspectives on Politics
Philosophy & Public Affairs
Policy & Internet
Policy Studies Journal
Political Analysis
Political Behavior
Political Communication
Political Geography
Political Psychology
The Political Quarterly
Political Research Quarterly
Political Science
Political Science Quarterly
Political Studies Review
Politics (academic journal)
Politics & Gender
Politics & Society
Political Theory
Presidential Studies Quarterly
PS: Political Science & Politics
Public Administration
Public Choice
Public Opinion Quarterly
Publius
Q
Quarterly Journal of Political Science
R
Radical Philosophy Review
Regulation & Governance
Res Publica
Review of International Organizations
Review of International Political Economy
Review of International Studies
Review of Policy Research
Review of Politics
S
Scandinavian Political Studies
Security Dialogue
Security Studies
Social Philosophy Today
Social Science Quarterly
Social Theory and Practice
Socio-Economic Review
South European Society and Politics
Studies in American Political Development
Survival
Swiss Political Science Review
T
Teorija in praksa
Terrorism and Political Violence
W
West European Politics
World Politics
Y
Yale Journal of International Affairs
Further reading
Pdf.
Pdf.
View online.
This listing of 118 journals in political science identifies the journals' field(s) of specialization, requirements for submitting manuscripts, procedures for reviewing manuscripts, and rates of manuscript submission and acceptance. Includes details on journal web sites and electronic submission information.
Political science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20political%20science%20journals |
The on-board data handling (OBDH) subsystem of a spacecraft is the subsystem which carries and stores data between the various electronics units and the ground segment, via the telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C) subsystem.
In the earlier decades of the space industry, the OBDH function was usually considered a part of the TT&C, particularly before computers became common on board. In recent years, the OBDH function has expanded, so much that it is generally considered a separate subsystem to the TT&C, which is these days concerned solely with the RF link between the ground and the spacecraft.
Functions commonly performed by the OBDH are:
Reception, error correction and decoding of telecommands (TCs) from the TT&C
Forwarding of telecommands for execution by the target Avionics
Storage of telecommands until a defined time ('time tagged' TCs)
Storage of telecommands until a defined position ('position tagged' TCs)
Measurement of discrete values such as voltages, temperatures, binary statuses etc.
Collection of measurements made by other units and subsystems via one or more data busses, such as MIL-STD-1553
Real-time buffering of the measurements in a data pool
Provision of a processing capability to achieve the aims of the mission, often using the data collected
Collation and encoding of pre-defined telemetry frames
Storage of telemetry frames in a mass memory
Downlinking of telemetry to the ground, via the TT&C
Management and distribution of time signals
Telecommand reception
The OBDH receives the TCs as a synchronous PCM data stream from the TT&C
Telecommand execution
The desired effect of the telecommand may be just to change a value in the on-board software, or to open/close a latching relay to reconfigure or power a unit, or maybe to fire a thruster or main engine. Whichever effect is desired, the OBDH subsystem will facilitate this either by sending an electric pulse from the OBC, or by passing the command through a data bus to the unit which will eventually execute the TC. Some TCs are part of a large block of commands, used to upload updated software or data tables to fine tune the operation of the spacecraft, or to deal with anomalies.
Time-tagged telecommands
It is often required to delay a command's execution until a certain time. This is often because the spacecraft is not in view of the ground station, but may also be for reasons of precision. The OBC will store the TC until the required time in a queue, and then execute it.
Position-tagged telecommands
Similar to time-tagged commands are commands that are stored for execution until the spacecraft is at a specified position. These are most useful for earth observation satellites, which need to start an observation over a specified point of the Earth's surface. The spacecraft, often in sun-synchronous orbits, take a precisely repeating track over the earth. Observations which are taken from the same position may be compared using interferometry, if they are in close enough register.
The precise position required is sensed using GPS.
Once a position tagged command has been executed, it may be flagged for deletion or left to execute again when the spacecraft is once again over the same point.
Processing function
The modern OBDH always uses an on-board computer (OBC) that is reliable, usually with redundant processors. The processing power is made available to other applications which support the spacecraft bus, such as attitude control algorithms, thermal control, failure detection isolation and recovery. If the mission itself requires only a small amount of computing power (such as a small scientific satellite) then the payload may also be controlled by the software running on the OBC, to save launch mass and the considerable expense of a dedicated payload computer.
See also
Spacecraft bus
References
External links
https://ecss.nl/standard/ecss-e-st-50-04c-space-data-links-telecommand-protocols-synchronization-and-channel-coding/
Avionics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board%20data%20handling |
This is a list companies in Amarillo, Texas that are headquartered or have a large presence in the city.
Corporate presence
Amarillo Design Bureau, a company specializing in tactical and strategic board wargames
Amarillo National Bank, one of the largest privately held banks in the US
Pantex, nuclear weapons assembly and disassembly
Major companies in Amarillo
ASARCO, copper smelter
Bell Helicopter Textron, helicopter and tiltrotor manufacturer
Big Lots, retail
BNSF Railway, railroad
Owens-Corning, fiberglass
Tyson Foods, beef processor
Weyerhaeuser, paper and packaging
Xcel Energy, electric provider
References
Lists of companies based in Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20companies%20in%20Amarillo%2C%20Texas |
The Catauxi are a tribe of South American Indians of the Purus River district, Brazil. According to Kroemer (1985 p. 80), the most numerous nations of the Ituxi River were the Cacharari, Canamari, Guarayo, Apurinã, Huatanari, Paumari, Catauxi, and Juma.
The Catauxi were a warlike race, with remarkably clear complexions and handsome features; round wrists and ankles they wear rings of twisted hair. They cultivated mandioc, and made pottery and bark canoes.
References
Indigenous peoples in Brazil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catauxi |
Antiochia in Lydia or Antiocheia in Lydia () was a Hellenistic city founded by Antiochus IV in Lydia, Anatolia (currently, Turkey). It is mentioned by the ancient geographer Stephanos Byzantinos as being located in Lydia, but its precise location is not currently known.
References
Seleucid colonies in Anatolia
Populated places in ancient Lydia
Former populated places in Turkey
Lost ancient cities and towns
Antiochus IV Epiphanes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochia%20%28Lydia%29 |
Fallston High School is a public high school Fallston, Maryland, United States. It serves a thousand students of Harford County.
History
With increasing population growth in this area of once-rural Harford County during the 1970s, the Board of Education determined the need for a secondary school to serve the youth of Fallston. Fallston High School was designed by architect Richard Ayres and built by Cam Construction Company at a cost of $10 million. The ground on which the school is built was formerly a dairy farm. The land was acquired from local Real Estate developer Mr. Joseph Deigert, with an adjacent four acres set aside as a new home for the Fallston Volunteer Fire Company. Fallston High School opened in November 1977 with a staff of 73 and a student population of 1400 in grades 6 through 10, with grades 11 and 12 added in subsequent years. The majority of the original Fallston students transferred from Bel Air schools. Initially the school was a combined Middle/High School but was converted solely to a High School (9-12) with the opening of Fallston Middle School (6th-8th grades) on an adjacent piece of property in 1993. Fallston High School was visited by President Reagan during his time as president on December 4, 1985. The school has a conference room named the Reagan Room to commemorate his visit.
Extracurricular activities
There are many after school programs available to students, including competitive and non-competitive activities. To keep students' focus on academic achievement, the school has an Eligibility Committee to review student academic progress. If a student enrolled in an extracurricular activity is failing in one or more subject, he or she will be declared ineligible to participate in extracurricular activities.
Athletics
Maryland Public Secondary Schools Athletic Association (MPSSAA) Sanctioned Sports
Fall: Field Hockey,
Football,
Men's and Women's Soccer,
Cross Country,
Cheerleading,
Men's and Women's Volleyball,
Golf
Winter: Men's and Women's Basketball, Wrestling, Cheerleading, Indoor Track, Men's and Women's Swimming
Spring: Baseball, Softball, Men's and Women's Lacrosse, Track & Field, Tennis
Non-Sanctioned Sports: Ice Hockey, Bowling
Maryland State Championship Teams
Men's Cross Country: 1981
Men's Lacrosse : 1985, 1987, 2001, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2021, 2023
Women's Field Hockey: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012
Men's Soccer: 1992
Women's Soccer: 1994, 1996, 2009, 2015, 2021
Women's Softball : 2004
Women's Indoor Track : 2005
Men's Swimming : 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011
Women's Basketball : 2009, 2010, 2022
Women's Lacrosse : 2009, 2012
Women's Volleyball: 2010
Ice Hockey: 2010
Academics, arts, and cultural
Honor societies and selective groups
German National Honor Society
Spanish National Honor Society
French National Honor Society
National Honor Society
National English Honors Society
Rho Kappa Social Studies National Honors Society
Student Government Association
International Thespians Society
Mu Alpha Theta
National Business Honor Society
Science National Honor Society
Competitive organizations
Dance Team (suspended operations in 2017): State Champions 2008, 2011
It's Academic
Envirothon Team
Marching Band
The Fallston High School Cougar Marching Band toured in the Tournament of Bands circuit, as well as the Cavalcade of Bands circuit. It has been to the Atlantic Coast Championships of the Tournament of Bands in the years 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2006. After 2006, the Band stopped competition but continues to play at football games and parades.
Notable alumni
Sheryl Davis Kohl, former member of Maryland House of Delegates, graduated in 1980
Chase Kalisz, swimmer, member of the USA 2016 Summer Olympics team, 2016 Olympic Silver Medalist in the 400 Individual Medley, graduated in 2012
Kimmie Meissner, member of the USA 2006 Winter Olympics team, 2007 U.S. Figure Skating Champion, and 2006 World Figure Skating Champion, graduated in 2007
Notable events
Then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan visited the school on December 4, 1985.
Fallston High was featured in Sports Illustrated magazine (February 20, 2006 issue) for the Kimmie Meissner Olympic "Send Off."
Daniel "Rudy" Ruettiger (Notre Dame University) came to Fallston High as a public speaker.
Former Attorney General of the United States Edwin Meese III visited the school in 2005.
Selected by Newsweek Magazine as one of America's top public High Schools in 2009, 2010 and 2012.
References
Sources
Harford County Public Schools
http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2009/americas-best-high-schools/list.html
http://www.newsweek.com/feature/2010/americas-best-high-schools/list.html
https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/maryland/districts/harford-county-public-schools/fallston-high-9116
http://mshl.org/news.php?news_id=249123
Harford County Public Schools
Public high schools in Maryland
Educational institutions established in 1977
1977 establishments in Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallston%20High%20School |
Edward Lee Johnson Jr. (February 24, 1955 – October 26, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. He played 10 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) – mainly as a member of the Atlanta Hawks – from 1977 to 1987. Johnson was a two-time NBA-All-Star with the Hawks in 1980 and 1981, and earned two nominations to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 1979 and 1980. He was nicknamed "Fast Eddie" for his speed and quickness on the court.
Johnson's notorious off-court behaviour due to drug abuse harmed his reputation as a player. He was traded by the Hawks to the Cleveland Cavaliers for the end of the 1985–86 season. He played for the Tampa Bay Thrillers in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) during the 1986–87 season in an attempt to return to the NBA and received a mid-season call-up to play for the Seattle SuperSonics in what would be his final professional stint. Johnson's playing career ended when he received a suspension by the NBA due to a cocaine addiction in 1987. His life after basketball delved further into criminal activities and culminated in Johnson being sentenced to life in prison for sex crimes on a minor in 2008. He died of an undisclosed illness while serving his sentence.
Early life and college career
Johnson was born in Ocala, Florida, and raised in Weirsdale, Florida, as the oldest of five children. His father worked as a laborer. Johnson played basketball with a homemade goal outside his family's house. He was one of the first black students to attend a previously all-white grade school in Weirsdale. He attended Lake Weir High School and started all four years he played. Johnson graduated from Lake Weir as one of the top students in his class.
Johnson played college basketball for the Auburn Tigers from 1973 to 1977. He led the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in scoring as a freshman with 21.8 points per game. Johnson led the Tigers in scoring and assists for his first three seasons, and was nominated to the All-SEC Coaches' first-team from 1974 to 1976. He allegedly had conflicts with Tigers coach Bob Davis who accused Johnson of having "a bad attitude". Johnson's scoring average dipped each season with the Tigers and caused worry amongst professional scouts as to if he was a problematic player.
Professional career
Johnson was selected by the Atlanta Hawks as the 49th overall pick of the 1977 NBA draft. Averaging 10.5 points, the rookie helped the Hawks return to the playoffs after a four-year absence, a feat repeated in six of Johnson's eight full years with the club.
Johnson became a starter in 1978–79. During that season, Johnson advanced as far as he ever would in pursuit of an NBA championship, losing in the conference semifinals to the Washington Bullets. He was a starter four consecutive seasons, averaging at least 16 points each season. Fans voted Johnson into a starting spot in the 1980 NBA All-Star Game, where he scored 22 points on 11-of-16 shooting. He returned as a starter in the 1981 NBA All-Star Game, where he scored 16 points on 7-of-12 shooting.
Johnson was traded to the Cleveland Cavaliers for Johnny Davis during the 1985–86 NBA season. He considered his year with the Cavaliers to be "a waste." Johnson played in the Continental Basketball Association for the Tampa Bay Thrillers during the 1986–87 season as he needed visibility to work his way back into the NBA. He averaged 22 points, 2.5 rebounds and 4.0 assists in 26 games played with the Thrillers. Johnson was named the CBA Newcomer of the Year and nominated to the All-CBA First Team.
Johnson signed a contract with the Seattle SuperSonics as they needed an experienced guard for the end of the 1986–87 NBA season. SuperSonics coach Bernie Bickerstaff had a closed-door meeting with his players before Johnson was signed while the team assigned someone to monitor Johnson's activities due to their wariness of his volatility.
Johnson was considered a desirable person during the NBA season who went out of control during offseasons. Pat Williams, who was then general manager of the Philadelphia 76ers, stated: "Eddie became a time bomb every summer." Johnson battled a cocaine addiction throughout his career. After several suspensions, he finally checked himself into rehab in 1986. After he failed to follow through on mandatory counseling, the NBA suspended him in 1987, with Johnson never returning to play again afterward.
Johnson averaged 15.1 points per game in 675 games played during his 10-year NBA career.
Personal life
Johnson's younger brother, Frank, is a former player and coach in the NBA. He was a distant cousin of fellow basketball player Tree Rollins, who was his teammate on the Hawks.
Johnson had three children.
Off-court issues and imprisonment
Johnson first began using cocaine as a college student. He passed out during a celebratory function at Auburn in 1979 in what was the first public indication of his drug habits. Johnson denied that his drug habits led to his personal issues and stated: "The whole idea of me abusing drugs is outlandish."
During the 1980 NBA off-season, Johnson escaped unharmed after he jumped off a second-story apartment balcony and fled across a parking lot while two men fired gunshots at him in what police believed was part of a drug dispute. Three weeks later, he was arrested for possession of cocaine while driving a rental car in Atlanta but the charges were dropped because the police's search of the car was deemed illegal. Johnson was taken to a private psychiatric facility in Cobb County, Georgia, and underwent therapy for almost a week. The day after Johnson checked himself out of the facility, he was arrested for stealing a car from a car dealer but the charges were again dropped.
Johnson was diagnosed with manic depression by psychiatrists in the Cobb County facility; he doubted the accuracy of the diagnosis. He was prescribed with lithium tablets that he stopped taking during the 1980–81 NBA season without the knowledge of the Hawks team. Johnson believed that he no longer needed the medication and that it contributed to his tiredness during games. The Hawks became aware of the resumption of Johnson's erratic behavior in July 1981 and persuaded him to submit to a local hospital. Johnson showed up at the Hawks' training camp in October directly from the hospital and became increasingly disruptive as he rebuked teammates, left the floor to play with a child in the stands, and jumped rope on the sidelines while oblivious to his surroundings during practice sessions. After being so alarmed by his actions, Atlanta Hawks President Michael Gearon and General Manager Stan Kasten contacted Johnson's psychiatrist, who signed a commitment order to have Johnson placed in Grady Memorial Hospital. Johnson was picked up by police before a planned practice session and taken to Grady. Johnson was taken off the Hawks' suspended list on November 21, 1981.
Johnson's life continued to spiral out of control following his banishment from the NBA. He was arrested and convicted for a litany of crimes over the years, including burglary, robbery, assault on a police officer, and shoplifting. He admitted that he had frequent drug problems which had initially cost him his career.
Johnson's rap sheet numbered about 100 arrests and five stints in and out of the Florida prison system when in 2006, he was arrested for burglary and sexual battery and molestation of an 8-year-old girl, while awaiting trial on charges of raping another woman. The arrest created additional controversy when multiple publications used the picture of another NBA player named Eddie Johnson, who believed his reputation had been damaged due to the incident.
On October 30, 2008, Johnson was convicted of sexual battery of a minor, lewd and lascivious molestation of a minor, and trespassing for the sexual assault of an 8-year-old girl in her home at Parkside Garden Apartments in Ocala, Florida. Johnson denied doing anything inappropriate. The sex crimes carried a mandatory life sentence without parole. Johnson was incarcerated at Santa Rosa Correctional Institution.
Death
Johnson died on October 26, 2020, of an undisclosed illness in Milton, Florida. His death was confirmed on November 3, 2020.
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 79 || – || 23.7 || .484 || – || .816 || 1.9 || 3.0 || 1.3 || .1 || 10.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 78 || – || 30.9 || .510 || – || .832 || 2.2 || 4.6 || 1.6 || .1 || 16.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 79 || – || 33.2 || .487 || .385 || .828 || 2.5 || 4.7 || 1.5 || .3 || 18.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 75 || – || 35.9 || .504 || .300 || .784 || 2.4 || 5.4 || 1.7 || .1 || 19.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 68 || 57 || 34.0 || .450 || .233 || .764 || 2.8 || 5.3 || 1.5 || .2 || 17.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 61 || 57 || 29.7 || .453 || .341 || .785 || 2.0 || 5.2 || 1.0 || .1 || 16.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 67 || 43 || 28.3 || .442 || .372 || .770 || 2.2 || 5.6 || .9 || .1 || 13.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 73 || 66 || 32.4 || .479 || .306 || .798 || 2.6 || 7.8 || .6 || .1 || 16.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 39 || 5 || 22.1 || .473 || .250 || .718 || 1.9 || 5.6 || .3 || .0 || 10.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Cleveland
| 32 || 4 || 19.2 || .440 || .369 || .733 || 1.4 || 3.6 || .3 || .0 || 9.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Seattle
| 24 || 0 || 21.2 || .457 || .333 || .764 || 1.9 || 4.8 || .5 || .0 || 9.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 675 || 232 || 29.6 || .476 || .326 || .791 || 2.3 || 5.1 || 1.1 || .1 || 15.1
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1978
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 2 || – || 32.0 || .632 || – || .875 || 3.0 || 3.0 || 4.0 || .5 || 15.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1979
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 9 || – || 29.1 || .508 || – || .720 || 2.6 || 5.0 || .4 || .2 || 16.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1980
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 5 || – || 37.6 || .514 || .000 || .750 || 3.6 || 4.2 || 1.6 || .4 || 19.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1982
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 2 || – || 33.5 || .346 || .000 || 1.000 || 3.0 || 4.5 || .0 || .5 || 11.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1984
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 5 || – || 24.6 || .352 || .167 || .682 || 1.8 || 4.8 || 1.2 || .0 || 10.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1987
| style="text-align:left;"| Seattle
| 14 || 0 || 12.9 || .534 || .400 || .867 || 1.0 || 3.2 || .4 || .0 || 6.4
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 37 || 0 || 23.9 || .485 || .273 || .778 || 2.1 || 4.1 || .8 || .2 || 11.9
References
External links
1955 births
2020 deaths
21st-century American criminals
African-American basketball players
American male criminals
American men's basketball players
American sportspeople convicted of crimes
American people convicted of child sexual abuse
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
American people who died in prison custody
Atlanta Hawks draft picks
Atlanta Hawks players
Auburn Tigers men's basketball players
Basketball players from Florida
Cleveland Cavaliers players
National Basketball Association All-Stars
National Basketball Association players banned for drug offenses
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Florida
Prisoners who died in Florida detention
Rapid City Thrillers players
Seattle SuperSonics players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida
Tampa Bay Thrillers players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie%20Johnson%20%28basketball%2C%20born%201955%29 |
Bad Wünnenberg is a town in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the river Aabach, approximately 20 km south of Paderborn.
References
Paderborn (district)
Spa towns in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20W%C3%BCnnenberg |
KSNT (channel 27) is a television station in Topeka, Kansas, United States, affiliated with NBC. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group alongside low-power, Class A Fox affiliate KTMJ-CD (channel 43); Nexstar also provides certain services to dual ABC/CW+ affiliate KTKA-TV (channel 49) under joint sales and shared services agreements (JSA/SSA) with Vaughan Media, LLC. The stations share studios on Northwest 25th Street (US 24), near the unincorporated community of Kiro (with a Topeka mailing address), where KSNT's transmitter is also located.
History
Early years
The station first signed on the air on December 28, 1967, as KTSB. It was originally owned by Ralph C. Wilson Jr., founding owner of the AFL (now NFL) franchise Buffalo Bills. It was the second commercial television station to sign on in the Topeka market, and the first full-powered UHF station in Kansas. The station has been an NBC affiliate from its debut. Unlike most then two-station markets, KTSB did not take a formal secondary affiliation with ABC, however it did clear a few shows aired by that network. It had little need to air many ABC programs as the network's two closest affiliates—KMBC-TV in Kansas City and KQTV in St. Joseph—both provide over-the-air signals that decently cover Topeka. After sharing ABC programming with CBS affiliate WIBW-TV (channel 13) for channel 27's first 16 years of operation, both stations lost the local rights to the network when KLDH (channel 49, now KTKA-TV) signed on in June 1983, becoming the market's first full-time ABC affiliate.
In 1982, George Hatch—owner of the Kansas State Network, a chain of NBC-affiliated stations originating at KARD-TV (now KSNW) in Wichita—purchased the station from Wilson. Later that year on August 16, the station changed its call letters to KSNT, as part of an effort to help viewers think of the KSN stations as part of one large network. Over the next few years, the station branded itself under the "KSN" name, but only provided limited simulcasts with KSNW and its three full-time satellite stations in western Kansas (KSNG in Garden City, KSNC in Great Bend and KSNK in McCook, Nebraska); as such, KSNT essentially acted as a de facto semi-satellite of KSNW.
SJL Communications (owned by George Lilly) purchased the station, along with KSNW, from Hatch in 1988; Lilly eventually had part of the microwave system that linked the two stations dismantled in a cost-cutting effort. In 1995, Davenport, Iowa–based Lee Enterprises acquired the Kansas State Network group as well as KSNT. On March 9, 2000, Lee Enterprises announced that it would sell its 16 television station properties, in order to focus on its newspaper and online businesses. Exactly two months later on May 9, 2000, Lee sold KSNT to Indianapolis-based Emmis Communications, as part of a $562.5 million group deal involving KSNW and its satellite stations, and CBS affiliate KMTV-TV in Omaha, Nebraska.
On May 15, 2005, Emmis Communications announced that it would sell its 16 television stations in order to concentrate on its portfolio of radio stations. On September 15, Emmis sold KSNT, KSNW and its satellites as well as CBS affiliate KOIN in Portland, Oregon, and Fox affiliate KHON-TV in Honolulu, Hawaii, to the Montecito Broadcast Group (formerly SJL Broadcast Group) for $259 million; the sale was finalized on January 27, 2006.
New Vision Television ownership, acquisition of KTMJ-CA and LMA with KTKA-TV
On July 24, 2007, Montecito announced that it would sell all of its stations (KSNT, KSNW and its satellites, as well as KHON-TV and KOIN) to New Vision Television. The sale closed on November 1 of that year. Subsequently, on July 7, 2008, New Vision Television announced its intention to buy Fox affiliate KTMJ-CA (channel 43) and its repeaters—KTLJ-CA (channel 6) in Junction City, KMJT-LP (channel 15) in Ogden and KETM-LP (channel 17) in Emporia—from Montgomery Communications. The purchase was completed on September 1. As a result, KTMJ relocated its operations into KSNT's facilities on Northwest 25th Street.
On February 4, 2011, Free State Communications announced that it would sell KTKA to Los Angeles-based PBC Broadcasting for $1.5 million. As part of the deal, New Vision Television – then-owner of KSNT, and which already maintained shared services and local marketing agreements with PBC-owned stations in Youngstown, Ohio, and Savannah, Georgia, would operate KTKA-TV under a local marketing agreement. Despite objections to the sale by the American Cable Association that alleged the sale could give the virtual triopoly involving KSNT, KTKA and KTMJ-CA too much leverage in negotiations for retransmission consent agreements, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the sale on July 21, 2011. PBC officially consummated on the purchase one week later on July 28. Two days later on July 30, KTKA relocated from its existing studio facility on 21st Street and Chelsea Drive in southwestern Topeka, and merged its operations with KSNT and KTMJ-CA at the two stations' facilities on Northwest 25th Street.
Sale to LIN Media, and then Media General, then Nexstar
On May 7, 2012, LIN TV Corporation announced that it would acquire the New Vision Television station group, including KSNT and KTMJ-CD, for $330.4 million and the assumption of $12 million in debt. Along with the outright ownership of KSNT and KTMJ, the agreement included the acquisition of New Vision's shared services agreement with PBC Broadcasting, giving LIN operational control of KTKA-TV. LIN and Vaughan Media (which concurrently purchased the PBC stations) also entered into a joint sales agreement to provide advertising services for KTKA. The sale of New Vision to LIN Media and KTKA's purchase by Vaughan Media was approved by the FCC on October 2, with the transaction closing on October 12, 2012. The deal marked a re-entry into Kansas for LIN, who briefly owned the licenses of Wichita ABC affiliate KAKE and its satellites in 2000, but never held operational control of the stations.
On March 21, 2014, Media General announced that it would purchase the LIN Media stations, including KSNT, KTMJ-CD, and the SSA/JSA with KTKA-TV, in a $1.6 billion merger. The FCC approved the merger on December 12, 2014, with the deal being consummated on December 19; however as a condition of the sale's approval, Media General was originally required to terminate the joint sales agreement between KTKA-TV and KSNT within two years, due to the FCC's ban on agreement involving the sale of advertising encompassing more than 15% of a separately-owned station's airtime. On September 28, 2015, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced it had offered to purchase Media General and its stations, including KSNT & KTMJ. On January 27, 2016, Nexstar announced that it had reached an agreement to acquire Media General. The deal was approved by the FCC on January 11, 2017, and completed on January 17, marking Nexstar's entry into the Topeka market and reuniting KSNT with former sister station and fellow NBC affiliate KSNF in Joplin, Missouri.
KSNT-DT2
On April 10, 2006, Montecito Broadcast Group signed an affiliation agreement with The CW in which KSNT-DT2 would serve as the network's Topeka affiliate. On September 18, 2006, Montecito took over the operations of "Northeast Kansas CW 5" (the channel number referencing its primary cable position in the market on Cox Communications), which originated as a cable-only affiliate of The WB 100+ Station Group—a national feed of The WB intended for smaller markets—when it launched on September 21, 1998, under the fictional call letters "WBKS" (branded on-air as "WB5"). Programming on KSNT-DT2 as a CW affiliate was received through The CW's small-market national feed The CW Plus; as The CW handles programming responsibilities for its CW Plus affiliates during non-network time periods, KSNT only provided local advertising services for the subchannel.
On November 1, 2008, KSNT-DT2 disaffiliated from The CW Plus, which moved to the third digital subchannel of ABC affiliate KTKA-TV, replacing it with a standard-definition simulcast of Fox affiliate KTMJ-CA to provide a digital signal for the low-power station and to extend its programming to the far northern and eastern fringes of the Topeka market.
Programming
KSNT carries the entire NBC programming schedule, though the station airs NBC News Daily "live" with its airing in the Eastern Time Zone as a noontime offering, rather than its usual 1 p.m. Central slot on most affiliates.
News operation
KSNT presently broadcasts 26 hours of locally produced newscasts each week (with four hours each weekday and three hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). Unlike most NBC affiliates, the station does not carry newscasts on weekday middays. In addition, KSNT presently produces an additional hours of locally produced newscasts each week for Fox affiliate KTMJ-CD (consisting of hours on weekdays and a half-hour each on Saturdays and Sundays); KSNT also simulcasts its weekday morning and weeknight 10:00 p.m. newscast on KTKA-TV, which also airs the station's 5:00 p.m. newscast on a half-hour tape delay. Combined across all three stations, KSNT produces a total of 33 hours of newscasts each week.
From its sign-on, KSNT's newscasts have traditionally placed second behind the longer-established WIBW-TV, although it placed far ahead of the perennial third place KTKA-TV after that station signed on in 1983 as KLDH. As a part-time member of the Kansas State Network, KSNT was one of only two stations in the group (along with KSNF in Joplin, Missouri, another former KSNW semi-satellite) that maintained a full in-house news department separate from KSNW; however, KSNT provided news content focusing on northeast Kansas to KSNW and the other KSN stations, while KSNW provided news stories focusing on central and western Kansas to KSNT in turn. While in its role as airing partial simulcasts of KSNW programming, the station used the "Hello News" music package by Frank Gari for its newscasts and station imaging from 1982 to 1986.
In September 2003, KSNT gradually scaled back its sports department, with the departures of sports director Leo Doyle, and later, weekend sports anchor Katrina Hancock; during this time, the station's evening anchors provided sports-related stories on Monday through Thursday evenings, while sports content aired in the form of a standalone segment within the newscasts on Friday through Sunday evenings; this lasted until April 2004, when Lance Veeser was hired as KSNT's sports director. In April 2009, following that station's purchase by New Vision Television, KSNT began producing a two-hour weekday morning newscast at 7:00 a.m. and a half-hour newscast at 9:00 p.m. weeknights for Fox affiliate KTMJ-CA, replacing news simulcasts from fellow Fox station WDAF-TV in Kansas City in those timeslots.
As a result of KTKA's sale to PBC Broadcasting and local marketing agreement with New Vision Television, KSNT took over production of channel 49's newscasts, using existing staff from both stations. KSNT started producing channel 49's newscasts the following day on July 30 – beginning with the 6:00 p.m. newscast – under the uniform branding Kansas First News (which also encompassed the prime time newscast on KTMJ, in an arrangement similar to other joint news operations involving virtual triopolies such as Hawaii News Now involving Raycom Media and American Spirit Media–owned stations in Honolulu and Granite Broadcasting/Malara Broadcast Group's Indiana's NewsCenter operation in Fort Wayne, Indiana and Northland's NewsCenter operation in Duluth, Minnesota), with the two stations initially simulcasting newscasts on weekday mornings and at 6:00 and 10:00 p.m., while KSNT aired a 5:00 p.m. newscast that is exclusive to the station; On May 4, 2013, KSNT and KTKA respectively became the second and third (and last) television stations in the Topeka market to begin broadcasting its local newscasts in high definition.
Beginning with the 5:00 p.m. newscast on January 26, 2015, KSNT quietly dropped the Kansas First News brand, with the introduction of a new graphics package and news set, as well as a uniform logo scheme for all three stations (consisting of only the station's respective call letters and the logo of their affiliated network), with newscasts on KSNT, KTMJ and KTKA being rebranded as KSNT News. KTMJ has been rebranded as Fox 43 News @ 9.
On March 25, 2022, KSNT introduced a new logo and revived the 27 News brand across newscasts seen on both KSNT and KTKA. Newscasts continued to use the previous graphics and music from the KSNT News brand at the time.
Notable former on-air staff
Craig Bolerjack – sports anchor (now a basketball announcer for Fox Sports and Root Sports)
Campbell Brown – reporter (later at NBC News as co-anchor of Weekend Today, and at CNN as host of Campbell Brown)
Steve Doocy – meteorologist (now at Fox News Channel as co-host/meteorologist of Fox and Friends)
Bill Karins – meteorologist (now at NBC News)
Alycia Lane – anchor/reporter (later weekday morning anchor at KNBC in Los Angeles)
Jon Leiberman – reporter (now at Sirius XM Radio as a reporter for Howard 100 News and host of Leiberman Live)
Brent Stover – sports anchor (now at the CBS Sports Network as a play-by-play announcer)
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
KSNT shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 27, on June 12, 2009, the official date on which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 28 to channel 27.
References
External links
1967 establishments in Kansas
Bounce TV affiliates
Ion Television affiliates
NBC network affiliates
Nexstar Media Group
Television channels and stations established in 1967
KSNT | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSNT |
The Journey is the second studio album by Ky-Mani Marley. It was released on July 27, 1999 through Gee Street Records. Production was handled by Clifton Dillon, Eddison Electrik, Roy Jobe, Denroy Morgan, Morgan Heritage, Salaam Remi, Christopher Garvey, Derrick Barnett, Tony "CD" Kelly, Willie Lindo, and Ky-Mani Marley himself. It features guest appearance from Peter Morgan.
The album received good reviews and is Ky-Mani's first album featuring his own songs. The most notable song from this album eventually became "Dear Dad", with lyrics taken from a letter Ky-Mani wrote as a child to his father, Bob Marley, after he died.
Track listing
Charts
References
External links
1999 albums
Ky-Mani Marley albums
Gee Street Records albums
Albums produced by Salaam Remi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Journey%20%28Ky-Mani%20Marley%20album%29 |
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement (TDR) is the chemical reaction of a 1-aminomethyl-cycloalkanol with nitrous acid to form an enlarged cycloketone.
The Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion, Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement, or TDR, provides an easy way to increase amino-substituted cycloalkanes and cycloalkanols in size by one carbon. Ring sizes from cyclopropane through cyclooctane are able to undergo Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion with some degree of success. Yields decrease as initial ring size increases, and the ideal use of TDR is for synthesis of five, six, and seven membered rings. A principal synthetic application of Tiffeneau–Demjanov ring expansion is to bicyclic or polycyclic systems. Several reviews on this reaction have been published.
Discovery
The reaction now known as the Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement (TDR) was discovered in two steps. The first step of occurred in 1901 when Russian chemist Nikolai Demyanov discovered that aminomethylcycloalkanes produce novel products upon treatment with nitrous acid. When this product was identified as the expanded alcohol in 1903, the Demjanov rearrangement was coined.
The Demjanov rearrangement itself has since been successfully used in industry and synthetical organic chemistry. However, its scope is limited. The Demjanov rearrangement is only best suited for expanding four, five, and six member aminomethylcycloalkanes. Moreover, alkenes and un-expanded cycloalcohols form as by-products. Yields diminish as the starting cycloalkane becomes larger.
A discovery by French scientists a few years before World War II would result in the modern TDR reaction. In 1937, Tiffeneau, Weill, and Tchoubar published in Comptes Rendus their finding that 1-aminomethylcycloahexanol converts readily to cycloheptanone upon treatment with nitrous acid.
Perhaps due to such a large ring being expanded, the authors did not immediately relate it to the Demjanov rearrangement. Instead, they envisioned that their reaction was similar to one discovered by Wallack in 1906. Upon oxidation with permanganate, cycloglycols will dehydrate to yield an aldehyde via an epoxide intermediate. The authors postulated that deamination resulted in a similar epoxide intermediate that subsequently formed a ring enlarge cycloketone. However, in the time that followed, scientists began to realize that these reactions were related. By the early 1940s, TDR was in organic vernacular. Tiffeneau's discovery enlarged the synthetic scope of the Demjanov rearrangement as now seven and eight carbon rings could be enlarged. Since the resulting cycloketone could be easily converted to a cycloaminoalcohol again, this new method quickly became popular among organic chemists.
Basic mechanism
The basic reaction mechanism is a diazotation of the amino group by nitrous acid followed by expulsion of nitrogen and formation of a primary carbocation. A rearrangement reaction with ring expansion forms a more stable oxonium ion which is deprotonated.
Early development of mechanism
Although chemists at the time knew very well what the product of a symmetrical 1-aminomethylcycloalcohol would be when exposed to nitrous acid, there was significant debate on the reaction's mechanism that lasted up until the 1980s. Scientists were puzzled over the array of products they would obtain when the reaction was performed on an unsymmetrical 1-aminomethylcycloalcohols and bridged cyclo-systems. Even today, experiments continue that are designed to shed light into the more subtle mechanistic features of this reaction and increase yields of desired expanded products.
In 1960, Peter A.S. Smith and Donald R. Baer, both of the University of Michigan, published a treatise on the TDR. Their proposed mechanism contained within provides an excellent perspective of scientist's understanding of the TDR at that time.
The mechanism proposed by Baer and Smith was the summation of several sources of information. Since the early 1950s, it had been postulated by many that the TDR mechanism involved a carbonium ion. However, a major breakthrough in the development of the TDR mechanism came with the improved understanding of the phenomenon behind amine groups reacting with nitrous acid. Meticulous kinetic studies throughout the late 1950s led scientists to believe that nitrous acid reacts with an amine by first producing a nitrous acid derivative, potentially N2O3. While this derivative would prove incorrect as it relates to TDR, scientists of the time still correctly came to the conclusion that the derivative would react with the amine to produce the diazonium ion. The inferred instability of this diazonium ion gave solid evidence for the existence of a carbocation in the TDR mechanism.
Another piece of information that had implications in the mechanism of the TDR was the simple fact that the reaction proceeds more easily with the conditions discovered by Tiffeneau. By placing an alcohol on the carbon on the reagent, reaction rates and yields are much improved to those of the simple Demjanov rearrangement. Moreover, few unwanted by products are formed, such as olefins. These aforementioned observations were the center around which Smith and Baer's mechanism was constructed. It is easy to see that hydrogen's presence would mean that hydride shifts would occur in competition with carbon shifts during the course of the reaction. Moreover, this shift is likely as it would move place positive charge from a 1° carbon to a 3° carbon. In a mildly basic solvent such as water, this new intermediate could easily produce an olefin via an E1-like reaction.
Such olefins are typically seen in simple Demjanov rearrangements but are not seen in the TDR. The alcohol's presence explains how this E1 reaction does not occur. Moreover, having an alcohol present puts the developing positive charge of the ring enlarged intermediate next to an oxygen. This would be more favorable than hydrogen as oxygen can lend electron density to the carbonium ion via resonance.
This again favors ring expansion and is another caveat that shows how it incorporates higher yields of the TDR over the Demjanov rearrangement.
Smith and Baer' mechanism was also able to account for other observations of the time. Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangements of1-aminomethylcycloalkanols with alkyl substitutions on the side aminomethyl chain had been accomplished by many scientists before 1960. Smith and Baer investigated how such substitution affects the TDR by synthesizing various 1-hydroxycyclohexylbenzyl-amines and exposing them to TDR conditions.
Seeing as six member rings are routinely enlarged by the TDR, one might expect the reaction to occur. However instead of the anticipated ring enlargements, only diols are seen as products. Five member analogues to the above substituted reagents enlarge under TDR conditions. Alkyl substitutions as opposed to aryl substitutions result in diminished TDRs. Smith and Baer assert that these observations support their mechanism. Since substitution stabilizes the carbonium ion after damnification, the resulting carbonium ion is more likely to react with a nucleophile present (water in this case) and not undergo rearrangement. Five member rings rearrange due to the ring strain encouraging the maneuver. This strain makes the carbocation unstable enough to cause a carbon to shift.
Problems with the early mechanism
As definitive as Smith and Baer's early mechanism seems, there are several phenomena that it did not account for. The problem with their mechanism mainly focused around TDR precursors that have alkyl substituents on the ring. When said substituent is placed on the ring as to make the molecule still symmetric, one product is formed upon exposure to TDR conditions. However, if the alkyl is placed on the ring as to make the molecule unsymmetric, several products could form.
The principal method for synthesizing the starting amino alcohols is through the addition of cyanide anion to a cyclic ketone. The resulting hydroxynitrile is then reduced, forming the desired amino alcohol. This method forms diastereomers, possibly affecting the regioselectivity of the reaction. For nearly all asymmetric precursors, one product isomer is formed preferentially to another. As TDR was routinely being used to synthesize various steroids and bicyclic compounds, their precursors were rarely symmetric. As a result, a lot of time was spent identifying and separating products. At the time, this phenomenon baffled chemists. Due to spectroscopic and separation limitations, it was very difficult for scientists to probe this caveat of the TDR in a sophisticated way. However, most believed that what was governing preferential product formation involved the migratory aptitudes of competing carbons and/or steric control. Migratory aptitude made reference to the possibility that the preferred product of the reaction was the result of an initial stability of one carbon migrating in preference to another. This possibility was more the belief and subject of research of earlier scientists, including Marc Tiffeneau himself. However, in the early 1960s, more and more scientists were starting to think that steric factors were the driving force behind the selectivity for this reaction.
Sterics and stereochemistry in the mechanism
As chemists continued to probe this reaction with more and more advanced technology and methods, other factors began to be tabled as possibilities for what was controlling product formation of unsymmetrical amino alcohols. In 1963, Jones and Price of the University of Toronto demonstrated how remote substituents in steroids play a role in product distribution. In 1968, Carlson and Behn of the University of Kansas discovered that experimental conditions also play a role. These latter scientists established that in ring extension via the TDR, initial temperature and concentration of reagents all played a role in eventual product distribution. Indeed, other avenues of the TDR were being explored and charted.
However, Carlson and Behn did manage to report a significant breakthrough in the realm of sterics and migratory aptitudes as they relate to the TDR. As it might be expected based on electronic reasoning, the more highly substituted carbon should migrate preferentially to a less substituted carbon. However, this is not always seen and often accounts of migratory aptitudes show fickle preferences. Thus, the authors assert that such aptitudes are of little importance. Sterically, thanks chiefly to improved spectroscopic methods, they were able to confirm that having the amine group equatorial to the alkane ring corresponded to drastically different product yields.
According to the authors, the preferential formation of D from A does not reflect a preferred conformation of A. Their modeling indicates that both A and B are initially just as likely to become C. He concludes that there must be a steric interaction to develop in the transition state during migration that makes A preferentially form D when exposed to the TDR conditions. The idea that sterics played a factor during migration and was not a factor just at the beginning to the reaction, was new. Carlson and Behn speculate that the factor might lay in transannular hydrogen interactions along the path of migration. Their modeling suggested that this interaction may be more severe for A forming C. However, they are not certain enough to offer this as a definitive explanation as they concede that more subtle conformational and/or electronic effects could be at work as well.
At this point, the mechanism proposed by Smith and Baer seemed to be on its way out. If steric interactions relating to carbon migration during the reaction's transition state were important, this did not support the carbocation envisioned by Smith and Baer. Research around bi-cyclics during the 1970s would shed even more light into the TDR mechanism. In 1973, McKinney and Patel of Marquette University published an article in which they used the TDR for expanding norcamphor and dehydronorcamphor. Two of their observations are important. One centers on the expansion of exo and endo-2-norbornylcarbinyl systems.
One might expect in (I) that A would migrate in preference to B seeing as such a migration would place the developing charge on a 2° carbon and pass the specie through a more favorable chair-like intermediate. This is not seen. Only 38% of the product exhibits A migration. To account for why A migration is not dominant in the expansion of I, the authors assert a least movement argument. Simply put, the migration of the non-bridgehead carbon provides for the least amount of total atom movement, something that plays into the energetics of the reaction. This least movement consideration would prove important in the TDR mechanism as it accounts for products with intermediates passing through unfavorable conformations.
However, McKinney and Patel also confirm that traditional factors such as developing positive charge stability still play a crucial role in the direction of expansion. They accomplish this by expanding 2-norbornenyl carbinyl systems.
By adding a simple double bond to these systems, the authors see a significant increase in the migration of the bridgehead carbon A (50% in this case.) The authors attribute this jump in migration to the fact that this bride carbon migrating allows the developing positive charge to be stabilizing by resonance contributed by the double bond. Therefore, carbocation/ positive charge effects can not be ignored in the discussion of the factors influencing product distribution.
Later mechanistic studies
As evidence continued to mount during the years after Smith and Baer's publication in 1960, it was obvious that the TDR mechanism would need revisiting. This new mechanism would have to de-stress the carbocation as there are other factors that influence ring expansion. Orientation of the developing diazonium ion, the possibility of steric interactions during the reaction, and atomic movement would all have to be included. In 1982, Cooper and Jenner published such a mechanism. Their mechanism has stood to this day as the current understanding of the TDR.
The most obvious departure from Smith and Baer's mechanism is that Cooper and Jenner represent the diazonium departure and subsequent alkyl shift as a concerted step. Such a feature allows for sterics, orientations, and atomic movement to be factors. However, distribution of positive charge is still important in this mechanism as it does explain much of the observed behavior of the TDR. Another observation that should be made is that there is no preference given to these aforementioned factors in the mechanism. That is to say, even today it is very difficult to predict which carbon will migrate preferentially. Indeed, the TDR has become more useful as spectroscopic and separation techniques have advanced. Such advancements allows for the quick identification and isolation of desired products.
Since the mid-1980s, most organic chemists have resigned themselves to accepting the fact that the TDR is governed by several factors that often seem fickle in importance. As a result, much research is now being directed towards the development of techniques to increase migration of a specific carbon. One example of such an effort has recently come out of the University of Melbourne.
Noting that group 4 metal substituents can stabilize positive charge that is β to them, Chow, McClure, and White attempted to use this to direct TDRs in 2004. They hypothesized that placing a silicon trimethyl group β to a carbon that can migrate would increase such migration.
Their results show that this does occur to a small extent. The authors believe that the reason why the carbon migration increases only slightly is that positive charge is not a large factor in displacing the diazonium ion. Since this ion is such a good leaving group, it requires very little 'push' from the developing carbon-carbon bond. Their results again highlight the fact that multiple factors determine the direction of carbon migration.
See also
Demjanov rearrangement
Pinacol rearrangement
References
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffeneau%E2%80%93Demjanov%20rearrangement |
Heidi Marianne Pelttari (born 2 August 1985) is a Finnish retired ice hockey defenceman and member of the Finnish national ice hockey team. She represented Finland in the women's ice hockey tournament at both the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympic Games.
Pelttari was a stand out defensemen for the Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program and played her club career with the Tampereen Ilves of the Naisten SM-sarja.
Career stats
Minnesota Duluth
Note: GP= Games played; G= Gaols; AST= Assists; PTS = Points; PPG = Power Play Goals; SHG = Short handed Goals
Finland
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Ice hockey people from Tampere
Finnish women's ice hockey defencemen
Ilves Naiset players
Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic ice hockey players for Finland
Olympic medalists in ice hockey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi%20Pelttari |
A (; ) or () is a Chinese lidded bowl without a handle, used for the infusion of tea leaves and the consumption of tea. It was invented during the Ming dynasty. It consists of a bowl, a lid, and a saucer.
History
Prior to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), tea was normally consumed from the vessel in which it was prepared. As described by the tea master Lu Yu, this special bowl had to be large enough to accommodate the implements and actions of tea brewing, though compact enough to be held comfortably in the hands for consumption. The term for this versatile piece of equipment was (; lit. 'tea bowl'). It was during the Ming dynasty that the innovations in both tea ritual and tea preparation gave rise to the gaiwan.
Design
Gaiwans are made up of three parts: a saucer, a bowl, and a lid. They can be made from a variety of materials, including porcelain and glass. Gaiwans made from Yixing clay or jade are particularly prized by collectors of tea paraphernalia. They are typically small, with a volume of around 100-150 ml.
A recently excavated Ming princely burial has yielded the first example to survive until modern times of a type of gaiwan set known from 15th-century paintings. There is a blue and white Jingdezhen porcelain stem cup, that has a silver stand and a gold cover (this dated 1437), all decorated with dragons. Presumably many such sets existed, but recycling the precious metal elements was too tempting at some point, leaving only the porcelain cups.
Functions
The gaiwan is considered to be particularly good for brewing teas with delicate flavors and aromas, such as green tea and white tea. The versatility of the gaiwan is also noted in the preparation of oolong infusions because of this particular tea's ability to be infused multiple times, but the gaiwan is suitable for any type of tea. The gaiwan is important in tea tasting due to its open and glazed surfaces: the former allows the tea to be viewed while brewing, and the latter prevents altering of the flavour and aroma of the tea during brewing. The lid of the gaiwan allows the tea to be infused right in the bowl and either be drunk right from the bowl (traditionally using the lid to block the leaves for ease of consumption), or decanted into another container.
Gaiwan is the preferred method for brewing green and white teas as the gaiwan's porcelain absorbs the heat and does not damage the tea. Gaiwans are less suitable for black teas as the large lid allows heat to escape too quickly during the steeping process. They are especially common in the north of China for enjoying scented teas like jasmine tea.
Use
Usually all three parts are held at once with both hands. The saucer is held with the fingers of the right hand while the thumb rests on the edge of the bowl. The left hand then holds the lid, which is used to brush away the tea leaves before drinking. It can take some practice to do this, as the liquid is hot.
See also
Chinese tea
Chawan
References
Teaware
Chinese porcelain
Pottery shapes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiwan |
James Fenner (January 22, 1771April 17, 1846) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator as well as the 7th, 11th and 17th Governor of Rhode Island (on three occasions). He was the son of Arthur Fenner, the fourth governor of Rhode Island.
Biography
Fenner was born in Providence in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. He graduated from Brown University in 1789, and was married to Sarah Whipple Jenckes (his first cousin, once removed) on November 17, 1792. He served as United States senator from 1805 to 1807, then gave up his senatorship to become Governor of Rhode Island, two years after his father died in office. Fenner served as governor from 1807 to 1811, from 1824 to 1831, and from 1843 to 1845. Fenner was elected to his first two terms as a Democratic-Republican and as his third term as a member of the Law and Order Party of Rhode Island. In his final term, Fenner became the first governor to serve under the Rhode Island Constitution, adopted in 1842.
Fenner died in his mansion "What Cheer" in 1846, and was interred in the North Burial Ground in Providence.
Fenner had four children with his wife, Sarah Jenckes:
Almira Theodosia (January 17, 1793 – October 10, 1872)
Sarah
Freelove (ca. 1799 – August 2, 1817)
Arthur (ca. 1810 – March 8, 1832)
External links
Gov. James Fenner in the Fenner Genealogy
Governors of Rhode Island
1771 births
1846 deaths
Brown University alumni
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
United States senators from Rhode Island
Rhode Island Democratic-Republicans
Law and Order Party of Rhode Island state governors of the United States
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators
Burials at North Burying Ground (Providence)
Democratic-Republican Party state governors of the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Fenner |
"Jurassic Park" is a parody of Richard Harris's version of Jimmy Webb's song "MacArthur Park", written and performed by "Weird Al" Yankovic; it was released both as a single and as part of Yankovic's Alapalooza album in October 1993. "Jurassic Park" was penned by Yankovic after he remembered the enjoyment he had when he combined a classic rock track with a recent movie theme with his 1985 song "Yoda". Yankovic decided to combine the plot of the recent movie Jurassic Park—a film about a park on a fictional island where geneticists have succeeded in cloning dinosaurs—with the classic Richard Harris track "MacArthur Park".
The song was paired with an elaborately animated music video, which was created by Mark Osborne and Scott Nordlund almost entirely via claymation. The video did not receive extensive play on MTV, although it was popular on The Box, VH1, and in Canada, where it was played on MuchMusic. The video, due to its animation, also later went on to be praised at various animation festivals worldwide.
"Jurassic Park" was met with mixed to positive reviews; while many reviewers enjoyed Yankovic's humor, others felt that the song did not satirize the source material, but instead merely recounted the plot to the movie. Webb himself was very pleased with the final result and has been known to sing the parody lyrics in concert. Although the single did not chart in the United States, it peaked at number 5 on the Canadian magazine The Records single chart. The video was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 37th Grammy Awards, although it did not win.
Writing
Yankovic was inspired to write the song after he heard The Kinks' song "Lola" while driving in his car one day, noting, "I was driving a rent-a-car through Florida when the song 'Lola' came on the radio, and it got me thinking about how much fun I had doing 'Yoda' [a song from 1985's Dare to Be Stupid] where I took a then-current topic and combined it with a classic rock tune." He soon turned his attention to the then-recently-released film Jurassic Park, based on the eponymous 1990 novel by Michael Crichton, which involved a group of scientists visiting the titular park located on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, where geneticists have successfully created genetically-engineered dinosaurs. Deciding to write a parody about the movie, he considered various songs to spoof, eventually deciding on the 1968 hit single "MacArthur Park", which was performed by Richard Harris. Yankovic approached the original song's writer, Jimmy Webb, who agreed to the idea and was so amused by the parody that he later penned a letter to Yankovic that read, "Well, [this parody] oughta bury that song once and for all!" Additionally, Crichton and director Steven Spielberg permitted Yankovic to produce the track.
Recording and lyrics
Yankovic entered the studio to record "Jurassic Park" on July 16, 1993. Backing Yankovic were Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz on drums, Steve Jay on bass, and Jim West on guitar. "MacArthur Park" contained an actual orchestra complete with a strings section. "Jurassic Park", however, features synth strings courtesy of keyboardist Brad Buxer, who programmed the section himself. Intermixed during the interlude are various dinosaur sound effects courtesy of Sandy Berman; Berman had previously created similar sounds for a theme park attraction, and loaned Yankovic the sound effects. At 3:53 in length, the song is considerably shorter than the original, which clocks in at 7:21. Largely, this is due to the fact that the middle section featured in the original—the so called "After the Loves of My Life" section—is omitted from Yankovic's parody.
The song itself recounts both the plot of the movie, and contains various in-jokes and references therein. One line about lawyers—"A huge tyrannosaurus ate our lawyer/ Well, I suppose that proves they're really not all bad"—was deliberately placed in the song to be ambiguous, as it could either be referring to lawyers or dinosaurs as being "not all bad". The song also makes various pop culture references, mentioning both E tickets and Barney.
Music video
When it came time for a video for "Jurassic Park", Yankovic opted to use stop-motion and claymation; he joked during a Q&A that this was because "it's just too hard to find real live dinosaurs these days." "Jurassic Park" was Yankovic's first video that was entirely animated—previous videos, such as "Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies" and "Dare to Be Stupid" had featured elements of animation. The video was directed by Mark Osborne and Scott Nordlund. Yankovic initially heard of the duo from Bill Manspeaker, the lead singer of the comedy rock band Green Jellÿ. After being hired for the project, the two "basically turned a private residence in Los Angeles into a clay animation studio." The two worked between July and August 1993, and slept in shifts, so that the final project would be ready for its release in October 1993. Yankovic remained hands-off in its creation, allowing the two full creative freedom for the video. One critic noted that the music video seems to have been done in the style of Will Vinton's Dinosaur! A Fun-Filled Trip Back in Time! The video parodies scenes from, as well as the general plot of, the 1993 movie, and contains a myriad of sight-gags—as is usual for Yankovic's videos—such as a claymation version of Steven Spielberg running from dinosaurs, Barney having his head bitten off, and a Velociraptor attempting to break down a door, only to realize it has a key.
Release
Reception
"Jurassic Park" was released as the lead single from Yankovic's 1993 album Alapalooza. The single did not chart in the United States, but it sold well in Canada, where it peaked at number 5 on the Canadian magazine The Records single chart. The video for "Jurassic Park" received light rotation on MTV. Yankovic later explained in an interview that "[MTV] played it a few times, and then just yanked it, because it wasn't really part of their sound." In contrast, the single was a success on The Box and they played it "incessantly". Furthermore, in Canada, the song was a massive success on MuchMusic, making Alapalooza Yankovic's best selling album in Canada, with over 200,000 units sold, according to Music Canada. However, the video was played and remained popular on VH1 well after its release; it ranked within the Top 50 Most-Played Clips during the months of August and September 1999, according to Billboard magazine. The video for "Jurassic Park" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video at the 37th Grammy Awards, but lost to the video for "Love Is Strong" by The Rolling Stones. Nonetheless, it received attention in animation festivals worldwide for its use of claymation effects.
Jimmy Webb was particularly pleased with the finished product. According to Yankovic, several times during different concerts in New York and Los Angeles that Yankovic was in attendance, Webb would start to perform the original, feign forgetting the words, and then invite Yankovic on stage to help him sing "Jurassic Park" instead. For a Christmas present one year, Webb even sent Yankovic a rubber dinosaur mask as a joke. Yankovic later noted that Webb "was the coolest".
Yankovic referred to the song during his Rifftrax commentary for Jurassic Park, declaring, "Jurassic Park in the light? Not so frightening."
Reviews
Chris Hicks of the Deseret News called the single "absolutely hilarious", and rhetorically asked "who else would think of adapting that ridiculously popular movie's themes to new lyrics for Jimmy Webb's classic ditty 'MacArthur Park'?" Hicks felt that the song's funniest moments involved the jokes revolving around lawyers and the mention of Barney. Amanda Cohen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that it combined "the schlock of the original song with schtick about the dinosaur movie" and proved that "Yankovic is as funny as ever". Furthermore, she noted that it was evidence that "his voice improves with every new release". In a review of the Spike and Mike's Festival of Animation, Arthur Salm called the piece a "knockout" and praised the humor, specifically highlighting the claymation cameo of Steven Spielberg and the "goofy velociraptor" from the opening of the video.
Some critics felt that the song did not satirize the source material, but instead merely regurgitated the plot to Jurassic Park. Entertainment Weekly referred to the claymation video for the "Jurassic Park" as "clever but toothless". The magazine argued that Yankovic's parody did not lampoon the original material, but instead transposed new elements on top of them. Rob Owen of Richmond Times-Dispatch wrote that the song "does nothing but recount the plot of the hit movie" and that "dinosaurs don't lend themselves to music".
Track listing
CD single
"Jurassic Park" – 3:53
"Frank's 2000" TV" – 4:04
Credits and personnel
"Weird" Al Yankovic – vocals, background vocals, keyboards, production, arrangement
Jim West – guitar
Steve Jay – bass guitar
Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz – drums, tambourine, cymbals and timpani
Brad Buxer – keyboards, synthetic orchestration
Sandy Berman – dinosaur growls
Tony Papa – engineering
Charts
See also
List of singles by "Weird Al" Yankovic
List of songs by "Weird Al" Yankovic
References
External links
1993 singles
1993 songs
Music videos directed by Mark Osborne
Scotti Brothers Records singles
Songs about dinosaurs
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
Songs written by Jimmy Webb
Stop-motion animated music videos
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Works based on Jurassic Park | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20Park%20%28song%29 |
Kimberly Foster (born July 6, 1961) is an American former actress, best known for her role as Michelle Stevens in the CBS prime time soap opera Dallas from 1989 to 1991.
Life and career
Kimberly Foster was born in Fort Smith, Arkansas. She graduated from Booneville High School and was a cheerleader. Kim, as she was known growing up, was raised in Booneville, Arkansas, the daughter of Marion Gary Foster and Paula (Atkins) Foster. She made her screen debut appearing opposite Joan Collins in the 1983 television film Making of a Male Model and later guest starred in a number of shows include The Fall Guy, Paper Dolls, Knight Rider, The A-Team and Hotel.
In 1985, Foster was regular cast member in the short-lived NBC drama series The Best Times produced by Lorimar Television. The following year, she made her film debut in the romantic comedy One Crazy Summer with John Cusack. She later appeared in Dragnet (1987) with Tom Hanks and Dan Aykroyd, You Can't Hurry Love (1988) with Bridget Fonda, and It Takes Two (1988) with fellow Arkansan George Newbern. In 1989, Foster was cast in a series regular role as Michelle Stevens in the thirteenth and fourteenth seasons of the CBS prime-time soap opera Dallas which she played from 1989 to 1991. Her character was briefly a sister-in-law to Bobby Ewing and later briefly a daughter-in-law to J.R. Ewing.
After Dallas, Foster starred in the 1993 vampire comedy film Loves Bites and the following year joined the cast of the ABC daytime drama soap opera, All My Children playing Liz Sloan to 1995.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Arkansas
1961 births
Living people
People from Fort Smith, Arkansas
American soap opera actresses
20th-century American actresses
People from Booneville, Arkansas
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly%20Foster%20%28actress%29 |
Formosa is a municipality located in the state of Goiás, Brazil, approximately 80 kilometers northeast of Brasília. The population was 123,684 (estimation 2020) in a total area of 5,813.637 km2. Formosa is known for its waterfalls and natural environment. It is a large producer of cattle and grains and is one of the fastest-growing cities in the state.
History
Arraial dos Couros was the first name of Formosa, which was founded in the second half of the eighteenth century on an uncertain date. For lack of documentation the early history is fragmented and historians can only speculate about the real facts.
What is known is that problems connected to the area of health were the motive for the transfer of the old settlement which was founded and built by black slaves, located on the banks of the Itiquira River and the Paranã in the tropical Paranã valley. At the time a devastating fever swept the place, probably caused by the unhealthy climate of the river location, and the population was afflicted by a degenerative malaria. For fear of getting the disease the move was made very quickly.
Even today it is not known who was responsible for the move or the date in which it occurred. The historians register the existence of a new settlement called Couros. It is believed that the name Arraial dos Couros comes from the improvised houses which were covered with the leather of the loads of the tradesmen. The first huts were set up in the old Street of the Crioulos which has been transformed into the present-day Alves de Castro Street. Another theory is that the name could have come from the existence in the site of an artisan who made saddlebags and rawhides for transporting small loads such as hard molasses, salt, rice and other food items.
On August 1, 1843, the settlement was elevated to the category of Vila (town), and received the name of Vila Formosa da Imperatriz, chosen for the beauty of the area and to pay homage to the Empress Teresa Cristina.
The municipality of Formosa was only created on February 22, 1844.
Other important dates are:
1910 - founding of Colégio São José, the Catholic school
1913 - the weather station was established
1920 - arrival of the first automobile in Formosa
1926 - arrival of the first airplane
1928 - inauguration of the telegraph
1932 - the first electric light
1943 - the first Agro-Pecuária (Agro-Cattle) Fair
1960 - the first public telephone
Geography
Formosa belongs to the micro-region called Entorno do Distrito Federal, which is composed of 20 municipalities with 960,000 inhabitants in a total area of 38,212.00 km².
It has municipal boundaries with:
North: São João d'Aliança
South: Cabeceira Grande, Minas Gerais
East: Buritis, Minas Gerais
West: Federal District
The average elevation of this large area is around 1000 meters, about the same as Brasília, eighty kilometers away. The terrain is for the most part characterized by gently undulating flat plateau lands, especially to the north and south. There is a deep valley formed by the Paranã river which begins just on the northeastern limits of the urban area. This valley has a more tropical vegetation and once had dense forests, now cleared for the most part for cattle raising. The flatlands surrounding Formosa are characterized by cerrado vegetation, consisting of grasslands, interspersed by low, thorn-covered trees, many of which are protected against the annual fires by thick bark.
Land
Formosa is located in the second largest of Brazil's eco-regions, the Cerrado. The term "Cerrado" means "dense" or "closed" in both Portuguese and Spanish, an unusual term for a region that consists mainly of tree and scrub savannah. Local diversity in parts of the Cerrado is quite impressive. Just within the limits of Brasília, the 37-year-old capital of Brazil located at the heart of the Cerrado, there are some 81 mammals, 429 birds, 40 snakes and lizards, 11 amphibians, 1,000 butterflies, and 550 bees and wasps recorded to date.
Where rivers cut the flatlands there are still areas of dense vegetation, which once had stands of hard tropical wood such as aroeira, angico, peroba, jacaranda, jatobá and pau ferro. One of the most notable trees is the ipê roxo (tabebuia), or purple ipê. Most of this vegetation has been eliminated by the need to find hard woods for fenceposts and other uses. Even the typical cerrado vegetation has gradually disappeared and been replaced by expanses of soybeans or cattle pasture. See List of plants of cerrado vegetation.
The fauna has trickled to traces of what it once was, especially in those areas suitable for mechanized agriculture. Only in the Paranã valley, a land of few people and cattle ranches that have caused less damage than soy beans has there been some preservation of wildlife. Birds abound, with parakeets, araras, caracara hawks, wild doves, and toucans a not uncommon sight. The urubu (black vulture), nature's dustman, is ubiquitous. Mammals consist of the guará wolf, the armadillo, the ema (a small rhea), deer, two species of monkey: the prego (nail) monkey and the guariba or howler monkey, and the occasional onça pintada or jaguar. In addition, the Cerrado harbors 80 species of bats, which roughly correspond to 60% of the 138 Brazilian bat species, and more than 40% of the total South American bat fauna. Considering only the Cerrado, which has 109 species of non-flying mammals, bats represent 42% of the total mammalian fauna, being, by far, the richest group, followed by rodents (46 sp), carnivores (21) and marsupials (18).
The most common insect is probably the leaf cutting ant, but common sights are the termites with their innumerable termite hills covering the landscape, several species of spiders, wild bees, dung beetles, especially around the cattle ranches, enormous night moths, and the fireflies with their eerie nocturnal lights. One species of black spider lives in a compact group like a large ball during the daylight hours, their thick as fish line web stretching between large trees. At dusk the spiders scurry out from their cluster to take up positions on the long web and catch the nocturnal insects as they fly blindly to their fate.
One insect which is harmful to man is the barbeiro or barber bug (a species of assassin bug) which lives in the walls of poor, country hovels and feeds on the inhabitants at night. It is responsible for the Chagas disease, which has no cure and is usually fatal. New cases are rare because of a national campaign of elimination of the insect host.
Ticks are abundant, especially in high grass, as are screwworm flies (called berne in Portuguese) which cause havoc in cattle herds and can even lay their eggs on humans. The damage to the cow's hide can be disastrous unless controlled.
A common parasite on farms is the bicho do pe or foot worm (Tunga penetrans), which especially embeds itself between the toes. Luckily, at this elevation other tropical illnesses such as malaria and yellow fever are rare.
The upper Paranã valley though, with its lower elevation and higher temperatures is quite unhealthy and its inhabitants run the risk of a wide gamut of tropical diseases as well as the added attraction of poisonous snake bites. Medical care in this region is nonexistent.
Rivers, lakes and waterfalls
Formosa lies at the source of three Brazilian river basins: the Amazon River represented by the Ribeirão Bandeirinha, the Río de la Plata represented by the Ribeirão Pipiripau and the São Francisco River represented by the Ribeirão Santa Rita, being called by the poet from Goiás, Leo Lince – "Cradle of the Waters of Brazil".
There are many rivers and waterfalls in the surrounding area. An attractive lake with a rather paradoxical name - Lagoa Feia - is located on the edge of the city. One of Brazil's highest waterfalls - Itiquira Falls is located about 30 km to the north. The main rivers of the Municipality are:
The Paranã River – is the most important with a length of 500 km. It begins in a series of streams and in the eastern valley of the Serra Geral do Paranã, 4 km from the city. It flows through the interior of the municipality in a northern direction and receives more than 30 tributaries. It separates the municipalities of Formosa and São João d'Aliança. In the extreme north it receives the Paraim on the border with Flores de Goiás.
The Preto River – it begins in Lagoa Feia, on the border with the Federal District and serves as a boundary between the DF and the state of Goiás. It receives several tributaries, the most important being the Ribeirão Bezerra.
The Urucuia – its source is located to the east, 26 km from Formosa.
Climate
The climate is characterized as tropical altitude. The average temperature is about 25 °C. Temperatures vary little from month to month with perhaps a slight increase in the rainy season. The south of the municipality is higher and therefore temperatures are lower while the Paranã valley has hot and humid weather. What characterizes the climate of Formosa is less temperature than rainfall. The year may be divided into two seasons, the summer or rainy season lasting from October to April and the winter or dry season lasting from May to September.
Economy
Economic activity in Formosa is based primarily on services and agriculture with soybeans, cattle raising, rice, manioc and corn being the main sources of income. The GDP in 2005 was R$428 million, of which 290 million was generated by services. There are several small industries producing furniture and bricks.
Cattle raising
Extensive cattle raising for meat is still the main economic activity of the municipality. The 2006 census showed that there were 237,000 cows, of which 25,800 were dairy cows. Most of this cattle is exported, especially to the nearby market of two million people in the Federal District. Sheep raising is an activity - 1,899 - and is mainly done by Gaucho immigrants from Rio Grande do Sul.
In recent years more enterprising farmers, especially those who have come from the south - the Gauchos - have utilized soil correction, replacement of traditional grasses by imported, drought resistant varieties (braquiara), and pasture rotation to increase productivity.
Other than poor grasses the biggest problem in this area has always been the long period of drought during the winter months of June, July, and August. In some years not one drop of rain falls. Pastures turn brown and reservoirs and streams dry up. Cattle begin to lose weight and mortality increases. Ranches must have a substantial stand of elephant grass and sugar cane to serve as the basis for feed which is supplemented by ground corn (the corn is picked and left to dry in storage) or rice bran (farelo). Many farms produce these crops only for cattle feed purposes. Silage is also becoming popular but traditional ranchers resist any change.
Dairy farming is in the incipient stage in Formosa and mechanical milking is still rare. The low price of milk paid to the producers, the high cost of technology, and the lack of trained personnel discourage improvement in this area.
Agriculture
Agriculture is characterized by the moderate production of soybeans and corn. The growing of soybeans was associated not only to modernization but to the obtaining of easy rural credit by producers who came from the south of the country - Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná - looking for abundant and cheap land. The arrival of these farmers caused a revolution in the development of the municipality. Soybeans, corn, rice, and beans began to be planted with advanced techniques - mechanization, soil correction, chemical fertilizers, and even pivot irrigation.
The local economy, which had been based entirely on cattle raising, went through a transformation which created more jobs and service enterprises. Huge grain storage facilities have appeared on the outskirts of town and there are now dozens of shops specializing in supporting the agricultural economy.
Other important agricultural products from the region are rice, sugar cane, beans, manioc, tomatoes, and pineapples. Fruit trees are planted in every back yard and on the fazendas, but production is mainly for local consumption. Common fruits are oranges, lemons, tangerines, papaya, mango and passion fruit.
Agricultural data (2006)
Farms: 2,501
Total area: 303,633
Area in permanent crops: 5,798
Area in perennial crops: 43,569 hectares
Natural Pasture: 185,318 hectares
Woodland and Forest: 78,638 hectares
Persons connected to agriculture: 6,500
Cattle herd: 237,000 head
Tractors: 479
Main crops: soybeans (7,500 hectares), corn (3,500 hectares),beans (1,300 hectares), and rice (800 hectares)
Industry, commerce, and services
The economic scene in Formosa is made up of small enterprises including cereal processing, brickworks, lumber mills, furniture factories, and bakeries. Almost all of them are family owned. Out of the 1463 economic entities listed in 2004, 997 had fewer than 4 workers. There were only 9 with more than 50 workers.
Commerce and services are probably the fastest growing segment of the local economy. With a population of 90,000 in the region there is a need for a variety of goods and services. As mentioned above, there are a large number of enterprises selling agricultural products or connected to agriculture such as tractor repair or machine repair shops. Construction materials firms are also important.
Health and education
In 2005 there were 37 health establishments. These consisted of 18 public clinics and 15 private clinics. There were 03 private hospitals and 01 public hospital. There were 113 hospital beds available to the public. In the educational sector there were 60 public and 10 private primary schools. There were 12 public and 7 private middle schools. There were 50 pre-schools—40 public and 10 private. In higher education there were 02 schools, one public and 01 private. Total enrollment in 2005 was 3,300 students.
Quality of life
Since housing is cheaper in Formosa than in nearby Brasília many people live there and commute, usually by bus, to the capital. This influx of new dwellers has caused the population of Formosa to grow rapidly in recent years. This fact, in addition to the lack of public investment, has overburdened services such as health and education. the city had no sewage system or sewage treatment plant, although extensive construction began in 2005 to remedy this problem. Almost all of the houses use septic tanks, endangering the groundwater which is vital to this region where so many important rivers have their source. Most public schools give poorly taught lessons to students, mainly because the government funds are not enough to assist the education professionals, keep adequate spaces or teaching tools and materials. Private schools provide little better, mainly just paying the yearly fees is enough for the students to receive a high school diploma. Public security is minimal, waiting times for police to arrive when called is up to an hour. When large public shows appear in the outskirts of the city, the infrastructure is quickly overwhelmed and violence soon starts. Lack of oversight of local police also contributes to public safety problems.
Human Development Index 2000
MHDI: 0.750
State ranking: 75 (out of 242 municipalities)
National ranking: 1,867 (out of 5,507 municipalities).
Tourist sites
The most important tourist attraction in Formosa is Itiquira Falls, but the surrounding area is rich in caves, waterfalls, and rushing rivers. In recent times groups of criminals have taken to robbing people walking the pathways to Itiquira and so caution is recommended when visiting this site is small groups. All information about tourist sites is from the Prefeitura de Formosa
Lagoa Feia
Lagoa Feia means "ugly lake" in Portuguese. Located four kilometers from the center of the town, the Preto River, which flows south into the São Francisco, begins here. The south bank is part of an army base which is used for field training.
O Buraco das Araras
This cave, called Hole of the Macaws, is 41 kilometers from Formosa, following BR-20 north as far as the village of Bezerra. The cave is located in the middle of a flat landscape with scarce vegetation. One may see high trees and a river which forms a lake at the entrance of a cavern. This crater is 126 meters deep. The cave itself is one of the largest dolinas (caves formed by the caving in of the ceiling) in the world and was discovered in 1912.
Inside the immense hole there are tropical vegetation, ancient trees, volcanic rocks, and several species of animals like monkeys, wild cats and assorted birds. The parrots, who lent their name to the place, no longer live here, mainly due to destruction of the population for the illegal pet trade by local inhabitants . There are no tourist conveniences, and descent into the crater is considered dangerous.
Buraco das Andorinhas
There is another crater called Buraco das Andorinhas (Hole of the Swallows) which is located in the same area. It too has a subterranean lake and was formed by the caving in of the ceiling of a cavern. Access is very difficult and recommended for the young and adventurous. To reach the mouth of the cavern one must use ropes because the wall has no steps, and is covered with loose rock, wet clay, and moss. Once down, one will arrive at the entrance of one of the caverns which is surrounded by ferns. From this point on it is completely dark, so the use of helmets and lights is required.
Lajeado
It is a rock formation that cover over 500 meters of the riverbed which makes its descent forming falls that end in a pool of crystal water, two meters deep. The site has no tourist facilities.
The Upper Itiquira and Indaiá
Located in the micro-basin of the Itiquira River, the Indaiá Falls take their name from the company that bottles mineral water in the site. The walk down to the river and the falls is slightly difficult since it follows a very steep series of steps, which can be treacherous in the rainy season. The landscape has one thousand waterfalls, the smallest having 50 meters height. There are many pools for swimming in the polluted water. The river passes through a canyon and is surrounded by dense vegetation. Another poorly marked path will take the hardy walker to the top of the Itiquira Falls. In the area there is a camping site with adequate bathrooms. Recently it has become an hangout for armed robbers who wait for people either walking to or from the waterfalls and then rob people of all their possessions knowing that there isn't a big chance of the police interfering. No caution is recommended before venturing to the falls in large groups or into areas where there are bunches of people.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Frigoletto
Sepin
External links
City Hall of Formosa website
Cachoeira de Itiquira
Museu dos Couros
Formosa seen from space
Municipalities in Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa%2C%20Goi%C3%A1s |
Östra Södermanlands Järnväg (Ö.Sl.J.), Eastern Södermanland Railway is a narrow gauge railway in Mariefred, Sweden. Steam-hauled passenger traffic is provided all days of the week during the summer.
Operations began on a small scale at the Lina brick works in Södertälje in 1959, until a chance to take over the recently closed Läggesta-Mariefred appeared in 1964.
General remarks
Ö.Sl.J. operates traffic with narrow gauge locomotives and carriages dating from the period 1890-1925. Scheduled traffic run between Mariefred - Läggesta - Taxinge-Näsby, a total length of .
The collection of rolling stock of this heritage railway is centered on the seven Swedish railways which ran scheduled passenger traffic on narrow gauge track. The collection of passenger cars is internationally noteworthy, as narrow gauge is typically used for industrial freight only.
Mariefred – Läggesta
This is part of the line is the heart of Ö.Sl.J. The line was originally the SJ standard gauge spur line from Läggesta to Mariefred, which the Swedish State Railways (SJ) operated until 1964 when the line was closed. Ö.Sl.J. took over the track and station in Mariefred after a few years and relaid the track to narrow gauge.
Läggesta – Taxinge-Näsby
When the new SJ main line "Svealandsbanan" (Södertälje - Eskilstuna) was built in 1995, the old Södertälje - Eskilstuna line was closed and the track torn up on most of the line. Soon after this Ö.Sl.J. got permission to use the long remaining part of the line from Läggesta to Taxinge-Näsby. After a 10 years long trial period running a type Y7 railcar the line has been undergoing regauging to narrow gauge. Traffic with trains on tracks started in May 2011.
The collection
Steam Locomotives at Östra Södermanlands Järnväg:
Nr.1 Lotta (Under restoration)
No 2 Lessebo (The only remaining original design Mallet locomotive in the world. Not operational)
Nr.2 Virå (Operational)
Nr.3 Dylta (Not operational)
Nr.4 km Nelsson (Not operational)
Nr.5 Hamra (Machinery overhaul)
Nr.6 Christina Hjelm (Under reconstruction)
Nr.7 Helgenäs (Boiler overhaul)
Nr.8 Emsfors (Operational)
Nr.9 JGJ 9 (Operational)
Nr.10 Avesta (Operational)
See also
List of heritage railways
External links
Östra Södermanlands Järnväg - Official website
Railway museums in Sweden
Heritage railways in Sweden
600 mm gauge railways in Sweden
Museums in Södermanland County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stra%20S%C3%B6dermanlands%20J%C3%A4rnv%C3%A4g |
Barbara Stock (born May 26, 1956) is an American former actress, best known for roles as Susan Silverman in ABC crime drama series Spenser: For Hire (1985–1988), and as Liz Adams in CBS primetime soap opera Dallas (1990–1991); she also appeared in the role of Heather Wilson in two episodes in season five of the series.
Life and career
Stock was born in Downers Grove, Illinois, and began acting professionally in 1978. Beforehand, she hosted the local talk show "Mid-Morning" on WTTV (now CBS4) Indianapolis from their facilities in Bloomington. She played the role of Claudia in the Tommy Tune-directed, Tony Award-winning musical Nine on Broadway, replacing Shelley Burch in the original cast in 1983. She is best known for having appeared in the prime-time drama Spenser: For Hire for two non-consecutive seasons (1985–1986; 1987–1988) as Susan Silverman, the love interest of Spenser (Robert Urich).
Stock starred in the final season of CBS primetime soap opera Dallas from 1990 to 1991 as Liz Adams, the fiancée of Cliff Barnes (Ken Kercheval). She later starred in the ABC primetime soap opera miniseries Trade Winds as Grace Sommers. She also appeared in "The Subway," an episode of Seinfeld, where she enticed George Costanza (Jason Alexander) off a subway, brought him to a hotel, then handcuffed him to a bed and robbed him of eight dollars and all of his clothes. In 1997, Stock had a recurring role on the now-defunct ABC daytime soap opera Port Charles as Nicole Devlin.
Stock appeared in more than 100 hours of television and made over 30 guest appearances on television shows, including CHiPs, The Facts of Life, Fantasy Island, Remington Steele, Knight Rider, The A-Team , Moonlighting, Murder, She Wrote, The Twilight Zone, MacGyver, Touched by an Angel, and Charmed. Her final screen appearance was in the 2001 television film The Princess & the Marine, alongside Mark-Paul Gosselaar.
After she gave up acting, Stock started an interior design firm whose clientele were generally located in Los Angeles and the San Fernando Valley.
Filmography
References
External links
1956 births
Actresses from Illinois
American television actresses
Living people
American soap opera actresses
20th-century American actresses
American interior designers
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Stock |
Illinois Route 104 is a state highway in central and western Illinois. It extends from Illinois Route 29 near Taylorville, west over the Illinois River at Meredosia to its western terminus in downtown Quincy. This is a distance of .
Route description
Illinois 104 crosses Interstate 55 at Exit 82 near Pawnee, and crosses Interstate 172 at Exit 14 near Quincy. The road also crosses Interstate 72 near Jacksonville, but there is no interchange at this crossing.
Illinois 104 doubles as the primary east–west street within the municipality of Quincy, Illinois. Called Broadway Street, the highway carries traffic up and down the Mississippi River bluffs that divide the city.
In Jacksonville, Illinois 104 intersects the new U.S. Route 67 Jacksonville Bypass and follows portions of the new Business U.S. 67 through the city. Northwest of the city, Illinois 104 and U.S. 67 are concurrent for 13 miles (21 km).
Points of interest
Points of interest along the road include:
Illinois College, Jacksonville, Ill., one of the oldest colleges in Illinois (1829) .
Quincy National Cemetery, Quincy, Ill. (1870); 582 interments, including 221 Union soldiers buried before 1882 .
History
Prior to 1937, Illinois 104 had run from Mount Sterling on what is now Illinois Route 99 to Taylorville on modern Illinois 104. After 1937, the route took its current routing.
Major Intersections
References
External links
104
Transportation in Adams County, Illinois
Transportation in Pike County, Illinois
Transportation in Morgan County, Illinois
Transportation in Sangamon County, Illinois
Transportation in Christian County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Route%20104 |
Renzo Barbera (19 April 1920 in Palermo – 20 May 2002 in Palermo) was an Italian businessman and the chairman of Palermo Football Club from 1970 to 1980. He was nicknamed "Presidentissimo" and "The Last Leopard".
During his presidency the "rosanero" team reached two Coppa Italia finals in 1974 (against Bologna) and in 1979 (against Juventus). After the experience as chairman of Palermo, he was elected president of the Sicilian Organising Committee of the 1990 FIFA World Cup. He died on 20 May 2002 of heart disease.
On 18 September 2002, the Palermo stadium La Favorita was renamed as Renzo Barbera.
References
Further reading
Bagnati G., Maggio V., Prestigiacomo V., Il Palermo racconta: storie, confessioni e leggende rosanero (2004)
Angelini A., 101 gol che hanno cambiato la storia del calcio italiano (2010)
Melati P., Vitale F., Vivi da morire (2015)
1920 births
2002 deaths
Businesspeople from Palermo
Italian football chairmen and investors
Palermo FC chairmen and investors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo%20Barbera |
"Achy Breaky Song" is a country song by American song parodist "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on his album Alapalooza, parodying the song "Achy Breaky Heart" by Billy Ray Cyrus. The song details a disgruntled listener's disdain for the song ("Don't play that song, that achy breaky song..."), as well as several alternatives he would rather endure, rather than having to listen to it anymore. These even include physical torture such as being "tie[d]... to a chair and kick[ed]... down the stairs".
"Achy Breaky Song" was Yankovic's first single to get considerable airplay on country radio stations. The liner notes for the album Alapalooza state that "All songwriting proceeds from Achy Breaky Song will be donated to the United Cerebral Palsy Association." Yankovic stated that this was done because since the song itself was so "mean-spirited" he thought that he might as well donate the money earned to a charitable cause.
The song references Donny & Marie, Barry Manilow, New Kids on the Block, the Village People, Vanilla Ice, the Bee Gees, Debby Boone, ABBA, Slim Whitman, Gheorghe Zamfir, Yoko Ono and Tiffany as artists the narrator would rather listen to than "Achy Breaky Heart." Yankovic had previously recorded parodies of songs by New Kids on the Block and Tiffany.
18 years later, Yankovic parodied Cyrus' daughter Miley on the 2011 album Alpocalypse with the song "Party in the CIA", also including references to torture in the lyrics, a parody of her song "Party in the U.S.A.".
References
"Weird Al" Yankovic songs
Songs with lyrics by "Weird Al" Yankovic
1993 singles
1993 songs
Charity singles
Songs about country music
Scotti Brothers Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achy%20Breaky%20Song |
is a Japanese manga series written by Buronson and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami. It was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1998 to 2004. It was adapted into a two live-action films which premiered in 2004.
In 2002, Heat won the 47th Shogakukan Manga Award for the general manga category.
Plot
The story follows a young man named , who suddenly rises in the criminal world of Shinjuku, Tokyo, and becomes the leader of a group of amateurs who show no reluctance to face police and gangs alike. His successes in the Tokyo underground cause a chief and a yakuza boss to create a conspiracy to eliminate him.
Media
Manga
Written by Buronson and illustrated by Ryoichi Ikegami, Heat was serialized in Shogakukan's seinen manga magazine Big Comic Superior from 1998 to 2004. Shogakukan collected its chapters in seventeen tankōbon volumes, released from March 30, 1999, to May 28, 2004.
Films
Two live action films distributed by KSS, Heat and Heat 2, premiered on February 14, 2004. The films, directed by , star as Tatsumi Karasawa. Heat and Heat 2 were released on home video on April 9 and May 14, 2004, respectively.
Reception
Heat won the 47th Shogakukan Manga Award for the general manga category in 2002.
References
External links
Ryoichi Ikegami
Action anime and manga
Seinen manga
Shogakukan manga
Thriller anime and manga
Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga
Yakuza in anime and manga
Yoshiyuki Okamura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20%28manga%29 |
Büren is a municipality in the district of Paderborn, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Büren is situated at the confluence of the rivers Alme and Afte, approx. 20 km south-west of Paderborn and approx. 30 km south-east of Lippstadt.
Neighbouring municipalities
Brilon
Geseke
Rüthen
Salzkotten
Bad Wünnenberg
Division of the town
After the local government reforms of 1975 Büren consists of the following districts:
Transportation
Train connections to the outside world are laid off.
Twin towns – sister cities
Büren is twinned with:
Kortemark, Belgium (1981)
Charenton-le-Pont, France (1989)
Mittersill, Austria (1995)
Ignalina, Lithuania (2003)
Culture and notable places
The village of Wewelsburg is the home of the Wewelsburg Renaissance castle, which was a focus of SS mythology during the Nazism era. The castle now hosts the museum of the district of Paderborn with the permanent exhibition "Wewelsburg 1933–1945. Place of cult and terror of the SS".
Notable people
Adelaide II of Büren (die 1220), abbess
Moritz von Büren (1604–1661), founder of the Jesuit college
Daniel Farke (born 1976), football player and manager
Michael Henke (born 1957), football player and manager
References
External links
Official site
Paderborn (district) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCren%2C%20Westphalia |
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