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Rathangan GAA Club is a Gaelic football club based in Rathangan, County Kildare, Ireland. In more recent times, Rathangan GAA have been selected to play in the very successful RTÉ production Celebrity Bainisteoir. They were managed by Today FM DJ Ray D'Arcy.
Achievements
Kildare Senior Football Championship: (1) 1925
Leinster Leader Cup 1922, 1925
Kildare Intermediate Football League 1969
Kildare Intermediate Football Championship: 1941, 1981, 1993, 2001
Kildare Junior A Football Championship 1970
Kildare Senior Football League Division 1: 2006
U.20 Division 3 league 2022
U. 23 Championship 2023
Declan Brennan , Bobby o loughlin
References
Gaelic games clubs in County Kildare
Gaelic football clubs in County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathangan%20GAA |
Pauline Lafont (6 April 196311 August 1988) was a French actress. She was the daughter of film star Bernadette Lafont and Diourka Medveczky, a Hungarian sculptor.
Born Pauline Aïda Simone Medveczky in Nîmes, France, she died in a hiking accident in Barre-des-Cévennes, Lozère, France. Three months and ten days after she had set out, her body was found by a passing farmer at the foot of a cliff, four kilometres from her home. Investigators determined she had fallen more than ten metres and died instantly. Prior to the discovery of her body, her disappearance had triggered several rumours regarding her whereabouts.
Filmography
Film
1976: Vincent mit l'âne dans un pré (et s'en vint dans l'autre) (directed by Pierre Zucca) - Une petite fille
1983: Les Planqués du régiment (directed by Michel Caputo) - Christiane, l'infirmière
1983: Papy fait de la résistance (directed by Jean-Marie Poiré) - Colette Bourdelle
1983: Balade sanglante (Short, directed by Sylvain Madigan)
1983: Vive les femmes ! (directed by Claude Confortes) - Pauline
1984: The Bay Boy (directed by Daniel Petrie) - Janine Chaisson
1985: L'amour braque (directed by Andrzej Żuławski) - Martine (uncredited)
1985: Poulet au vinaigre (directed by Claude Chabrol) - Henriette
1985: Le pactole (directed by Jean-Pierre Mocky) - Anne Beaulieu
1986: La galette du roi (directed by Jean-Michel Ribes) - Maria-Helena de Castigliani
1986: I Hate Actors (directed by Gérard Krawczyk) - Elvina
1987: Sale temps (Short, directed by Alain Pigeaux) - Rachel
1987: L'été en pente douce (directed by Gérard Krawczyk) - Lilas
1987: Keep Up Your Right (directed by Jean-Luc Godard) - La golfeuse
1987: Sale destin (Short, directed by Sylvain Madigan) - (voice)
1987: Jing du qiu xia (directed by Hong Xie)
1988: Deux minutes de soleil en plus (directed by Gérard Vergez) - Cat
Television
1984: Dernier banco (TV Movie) - Madeleine
1984: Un chien écrasé - Manu
1986: Le petit docteur - Anna
1988: Coup de pouce - Caroline (final appearance)
References
External links
French film actresses
People from Nîmes
Mountaineering deaths
Sport deaths in France
1963 births
1988 deaths
20th-century French actresses
French people of Hungarian descent
French television actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline%20Lafont |
The Canje River (sometimes referred to as Canje Creek), located in northeastern Guyana, is the main tributary of the Berbice River. It runs roughly parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast in East Berbice-Corentyne, region 6.
The settlement of Baracara is on the Canje. It was settled by escaped slaves in the 1800s, and the river is still an important mode of transportation.
History
The Dutch established an outpost, Concordia Post, on the river. In 1763 a slave revolt began on two plantations on the Canje River.
Economics
The Canje River supplies water to the Guyana Sugar Corporation's Skeldon Estate (c. 12,000 acres (49 km2)); Albion Estate (20,000 acres (80 km2)); and Rose Hall Estate (12,000 to 14,000 acres (49 to 51 km2)). The Manarabisi Rice Cultivation (17,000 acres (69 km2)) and Black Bush Polder (17,000 acres (69 km2)) also depend on this river.
Pumps have been placed along the Canje River that lead to the cultivation area. There are two pumps at Skeldon. These push the water to the long Sandaka Canal then into the sugarcane cultivation area. At the long Manarabisi Canal there are two pumps and three pumps at the 7 mile (10 km) long Black Bush Polder. When all these pumps are in operation during the irrigation season, the level of water in the Canje River drops and a sufficient volume of water cannot be supplied. At this point, the gate on the Berbice River end of the Torani Canal is opened to allow for flow into the Canje Creek.
In addition to agriculture, the land of the Canje basin has been of some interest by international firms for production of biofuel.
Fauna
Guyana's national bird, the hoatzin, also known as the Canje pheasant is named for its presence in the river.
References
Rivers of Guyana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canje%20River |
Prince Amartey (25 June 1944 – 23 September 2022) was a Ghanaian boxer, who won the bronze medal in the middleweight division (– 75 kg) at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. He shared the podium with USA's Marvin Johnson. Previously, he competed in the light middleweight category at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
At the 1970 British Commonwealth Games, he lost his opening bout to Patrick Doherty of Northern Ireland.
Amartey also participated in the World Armed Forces Games in Rotterdam in 1971.
In 2015, it was reported that he was working as a sweeper at a private health facility in Ho and that he often wandered on the streets as a hungry man and a pauper. His problems began in 1974 when Amartey was dismissed from the Ghana Army as a result of mental health problems when he held the rank of corporal. Amartey then took up menial jobs in order to survive.
In March 2021, he received some items and an undisclosed amount from a Ho-based social club called Club 50. The items included toiletries and sanitation items.
In 2021, the GAF set up a business for Prince to take care of his needs. The Ghana Armed Forces opened a provision store at the Ho barracks. The store was commissioned on 5 August 2021 and was handed over to his family.
References
1944 births
2022 deaths
People from Volta Region
Light-middleweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
Boxers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Ghana
Olympic bronze medalists for Ghana
Olympic medalists in boxing
Ghanaian male boxers
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games competitors for Ghana
Boxers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games
Ghana Army personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Amartey |
Military College GAA was a prominent participant in County Kildare GAA competition, significant in Kildare GAA history. They won the Kildare Senior Football Championship in 1956 and the Kildare Senior Hurling Championship in 1957, 1958 and 1962.
References
Gaelic games clubs in County Kildare | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20College%20GAA |
Göllheim () is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated north of the Palatinate forest, approx. 25 km west of Worms. It was the site of the 1298 Battle of Göllheim.
Göllheim is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Göllheim.
Buildings
Sculptures
References
Palatinate Forest
Donnersbergkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6llheim |
De Haukes is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about 14 km southeast of Den Helder. De Haukes is located on the west end of the former island. The harbour of Wieringen used to be here, until the island was connected to the mainland by the Amsteldiepdijk.
The hamlet is considered part of Westerland. It has place name signs. In 1840, it was home to 20 people.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Haukes |
Colegio San Carlos is an all-male, private, bilingual (Spanish and English) school in Bogotá, Colombia. The school has been recognized as one of the sources of many national leaders.
The school works under the auspice of the local Roman Catholic Benedictine Monasterio de Tibatí, and the Assumption Abbey in Richardton, North Dakota, United States. It enrolls 1,400 students in grades transition through 11th grade which is equivalent to 1st through 12th grades or a combined primary and secondary education in the United States. San Carlos has welcomed students from all creeds and religions: it is not mandatory to be a Catholic to be a San Carlos student. The school has also welcomed people from all walks of life and nationalities, since its inception. However, an IQ test and other intelligence and dexterity examinations are required for students' enrollment in the school.
San Carlos is named after Saint Charles Borromeo and its motto, Ora et Labora ("Pray and Work" in Latin), is based on the teachings of Saint Benedict.
History
In April 1960, Abbot Ignatius Hunkler received an invitation from Colombian Archbishop Luis Concha Córdoba to establish a boys school in Bogotá. The Abbot in turn invited him to Assumption Abbey in Richardton, North Dakota, in order to present this proposal to the monastic community. He went there, and the monks agreed to accept the task. As a result, monks Lawrence Wagner O.S.B., Frederic Mundt O.S.B., Anselm Ruelle O.S.B. and Adrian Mundt O.S.B., were sent to Puerto Rico in June to learn Spanish. They arrived in Bogotá on August 6, 1960, the same day the city was celebrating its foundation -(it was founded in 1538). They immediately began preparations to run the school. Colegio San Carlos officially opened its doors on February 4, 1961. Since its inception in the 1960s, the school has been educating future scientists, politicians, doctors, lawyers, engineers, artists, architects and many others to be leaders in their professions and their communities.
The school's most important principals have been Fr. Sebastian Schmidt O.S.B. (1934-2017) who was rector only for a few years, but remained a strong presence throughout the history of the school as a teacher, staff member and sports coach, and Fr. Francis Wehri O.S.B. who by mid-1966 replaced Schmidt.
Wehri, also born in 1934, was in charge of leading the school for 49 continuous years. A dedicated musician (proficient in piano and organ), he arrived in Colombia with little knowledge of Spanish, and took the office of rector at 36 years of age. He soon managed to become a permanent reference for excellence in educational standards and academic guidance on a national level. After many years in this tenure he was awarded Colombian honorary citizenship by president Juan Manuel Santos, and in 2011 also received the country's highest distinction: The Cruz de Boyacá. After a short period of illness, Wehri resigned his post as rector, but decided to stay in Colombia and continue residing at the school's monastery. He died in Bogotá on July 30, 2017, and was replaced two years before his death by secular and current rector Juan Fernando Corral Strassman, a 1970s alumnus.
Academic performance
Colegio San Carlos is highly recognized in Colombia for consistently directly placing some 15% of its graduates in universities throughout the world.
Some of the prestigious schools that San Carlistas have attended directly after graduation include: MIT, UC Berkeley, Stanford University, Cornell University, UCLA, UC Merced, Georgetown University, Lehigh University, Harvard University, Princeton University, University of Pennsylvania, University of Chicago, Columbia University, Brown University, RISD, University of Michigan, University of Miami, Cambridge University, Oxford University, Architectural Association School of Architecture and the London School of Economics. Many San Carlos graduates who study in Colombian universities later apply for postgraduate studies abroad.
Even though the school has not adopted any international teaching system such as the AP or IB, its high-profile compulsory curriculum ensures a high-quality, fully bilingual, homogeneous education for its pupils. All graduating students must take the ICFES national standardized exam. Students wishing to study abroad are encouraged to sit for standardized tests such as the SAT or the ACT.
In 2011 the school celebrated its 50th anniversary. At the time, 3,404 students had officially graduated.
Colegio San Carlos has consistently ranked 1st among the ten most important schools in Colombia, and has earned notoriety in Maths, Biology, Chemistry and Physics performance on a national and international level.
Notable alumni
Includes year of graduation or time spent in the school. Sorted alphabetically by last name:
Andrés Pastrana Arango, 1972 - former Mayor of Bogotá, former President of Colombia (1998–2002), former Ambassador of Colombia to the United States, and son of Misael Pastrana Borrero (also former President of Colombia from 1970 to 1974)
Andrés Cabas, 1995 - musician, singer
Francisco Santos Calderón, 1979 - former vice-president of Colombia (2002–2010 - during Álvaro Uribe Vélez's presidency). Current Ambassador of Colombia to the United States
Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, former President of Colombia (2010-2018), recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize, Minister of National Defense during Uribe's presidency. Santos studied at San Carlos until 9th grade and completed high school studies while serving for the Colombian Navy in the city of Cartagena
Mateo Camargo, 1996 - musician, guitarist of Madina Lake
Andrés Cepeda, musician, singer (studied at San Carlos until 6th grade)
Miguel Gómez, 1992 - New York based photographer, visual artist and photography lecturer
Gabriel Silva Luján, 1976 - former Ambassador of Colombia to the United States, former Minister of National Defense, and general manager of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia
Luis Alberto Moreno, 1971 - former Ambassador of Colombia to the United States under Andrés Pastrana's presidency, former President of the Instituto de Fomento Industrial. Current President of the Inter-American Development Bank where he has served since 2005
Juan Sebastián Muñoz, 2011 - professional golfer
Mauricio Rodríguez Múnera, 1975 - journalist, diplomat, former ambassador of Colombia to the United Kingdom
Stefano Quintarelli, 1981 - Italian congressman, and president of Agencia Digital Italiana
Carlos Serrano, 1981 - musician in the Baroque and Classical Genres, recorder player and founder of Música Ficta
Juan Pablo Shuk, 1984 - television and film actor in Colombia, currently based in Spain
Sports
Colegio San Carlos has a rich history of participation in competitions and winning sports championships especially in basketball, football, volleyball and track and field. The school is an active founding member of the UNCOLI Association (Union of International Schools in Bogotá), which currently has 27 participating associates. Fr. Sebastian Schmidt was on the board of UNCOLI from the start, alongside Howard Paul from Colegio Nueva Granada. San Carlos students are encouraged to participate in athletics from a young age. Historical sports rivalries have been strong between San Carlos and both Colegio Nueva Granada, Gimnasio Campestre, Lycée français Louis Pasteur (Spanish: Liceo Francés Louis Pasteur), and Lycée Français International de Bogotá (English: International French Lyceum of Bogotá).
Competitive tournaments with other UNCOLI schools are available in the following age categories:
Mayores (grades 11 and 10)
Juvenil (grades 9 and 8)
Infantil (grades 7 and 6)
Pre-Infantil (grades 5 and 4)
Benjamines (grade 3, non-sanctioned)
The school is equipped with five full-sized football fields, eight outdoor basketball courts, five outdoor volleyball courts, a 400 m outdoor track and two multi-purpose indoor gyms used for basketball and volleyball competitions. In football, basketball and volleyball, the school has won over more than 250 titles in its history, making it the most successful school in the UNCOLI tournament's history.
References
External links
Assumption Abbey Richardton, North Dakota
CSC Alumni Association
SACMUN (San Carlos Model United Nations)
Schools in Bogotá
Benedictine schools
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in Colombia
International schools in Colombia
International schools in Bogotá
American international schools in Colombia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio%20San%20Carlos |
Marv may refer to:
Initialism
Maneuverable reentry vehicle (MARV), a type of missile warhead
Marburg virus (MARV), a virus of humans and non-human primates
M.A.R.V., otherwise known as the Mammoth Armed Reclamation Vehicle, a fictional tank from Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath
People
Marv Goldberg (born 1944), American writer and music historian in the field of rhythm & blues (R&B)
Marvin Heemeyer (1951–2004), American muffler shop owner who attacked a Colorado town with a bulldozer
Marv Johnson (1938–1993), American R&B and soul singer
Marv Newland (born 1947), American-Canadian filmmaker who specializes in animation
Marv Wolfman (born 1946), American comic book writer
Sports figures
Marv Albert (born 1941), American television and radio sportscaster
Marv Harshman (1917–2013), American college men's former basketball coach
Marv Levy (born 1925), American football coach of Buffalo Bills and executive
Marv Rotblatt (1927–2013), American left-handed baseball player for the Chicago White Sox
Marv Throneberry (1933–1994), American Major League Baseball player
Fictional people
Marv, one of the main antagonists in the Home Alone franchise portrayed by Daniel Stern in the first two films and French Stewart in the fourth one
Dr. Kio Marv (VRAM 01k, reversed) a fictional Czech scientist in the game Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake
Marv (Sin City), a fictional character from the graphic novel series Sin City
Marv, a character from Crawl
Other uses
Marv Films, the name of Matthew Vaughn's UK-based production company
Merv, Turkmenistan, also spelled Marv
Battle of Marv, 1510
See also
Marvé Beach, a beach located in the Western Suburb of Malad in the city of Mumbai, India | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv |
Brisbane Phoenix Football Club is a football (soccer) club located in the Australian city of Brisbane, Queensland.
History
The club was formed as a junior team by a group of disgruntled Brisbane Lions members, mostly British immigrants, and was originally known as Inala City Soccer Club. They adopted the colours of Crystal Palace F.C. (maroon, sky-blue and white) and played their first year at the fields of the Darra United Soccer Club. A bond of friendship was formed between the two clubs. In 1973, Inala City was offered their own fields at Freeman Road, Richlands.
In 1979, Inala City expanded to form a senior club, absorbing some of its own juniors who had progressed. The club was placed in Brisbane's Division 3 and appears to have replaced the Inala Rangers club in this division. In their first season, the senior club was led by Matt Jackson to a grand final win and a victory in the Qantas Cup, a cup competition for clubs outside the Brisbane League's top two divisions. They continued to achieve well through the early to mid-1980s and the grounds were improved. In 1987, Prime Minister Bob Hawke opened a new clubhouse extension, which allowed the club to host many social functions.
In 1992 the club finished top of Division Two was promoted to the Brisbane Premier League for the 1993 season but struggled to compete at this level and was relegated the same year. Thereafter, it floated between Division 1 and Division 2.
As with many clubs at this time, Inala City's membership and volunteer numbers declined somewhat. The club attracted a new management and coaching team in 2003, changed its name to Brisbane Force Soccer Club and started a rebuilding program. In 2005 they merged with Darra United. Darra United had its own distinguished history, having won four league titles and three grand finals during the 30 seasons prior to the amalgamation.
Brisbane Force won three grand finals in four seasons between 2004 and 2007, including a 2–0 win against Beenleigh in the 2007 Premier Division 1 grand final.
After a reorganisation of the competition structure by Football Brisbane, Brisbane Force was elevated to the Brisbane Premier League for the 2013 season. The club managed to finish 10th out of 12 clubs in its first season, but finished in 11th place in 2014 and was relegated. After failing to complete its fixtures in the 2015 Capital League 1 season, the club dropped to Capital League 2 for 2016, but managed to finish in 4th place and qualify for the final series.
On 3 March 2017 the club president announced at the Annual General Meeting held the night before that the club's name was changed to Brisbane Phoenix Football Club.
On 7 December 2017 Brisbane Phoenix advised Football Brisbane that they will be withdrawing from all 2018 competitions, which includes both junior and senior competitions.
Recent Seasons
1 Withdrew from 2015 season after 14 matches. Results from their first 11 rounds stood, subsequent round results were annulled.
Source:
The tier is the level in the Australian soccer league system. Tiers were adjusted when the Qld State League commenced in 2008.
Honours
Due to frequent restructures and re-classifications of divisions in Brisbane football, the honours below list the tier in the Brisbane football pyramid.
Brisbane Phoenix/Brisbane Force
Premier Division 2 (Tier 3) – Grand Final winner 2004
Premier Division 2 (Tier 3) – Premiers and Grand Final winner 2005
Premier Division 1 (Tier 2) – Grand Final winner 2007
Inala City
Brisbane Division 3 (Tier 3) – Grand Final winner 1979
Qantas Cup (Tier 3 and below) – Cup Final winner 1979
Brisbane Division 2 (Tier 4) – Premiers 1985
Brisbane Division 2 (Tier 2) – Premiers 1992
Brisbane Division 1 (Tier 3) – Premiers 2001
Darra United
Brisbane Division 3 (Tier 3) – Premiers and Grand Final winner 1977
Brisbane Division 4 (Tier 4) – Premiers and Grand Final winner 1988
Brisbane Division 1 (Tier 3) – Premiers and Champions 2000
Metro League Division 1 (Tier 4) – Premiers and Grand Final winner 2004
Club captains
2016–2017: Christopher Parsons
2011–2015: Daniel Connor
2010: Dave Maclot
2006–2009: Roger Hunter
2004–2006: Andrej Gaseca
Current squad
Brody Sams
Zac Foy
Ben Taylor
James Bell
Roger Hunter
Takumi Imamura
Jeye Comerford
Dave Maclot
Pat McCarthy
Daniel Connor
Ben Clarke
Adam Whitby
Jesse Devereaux
Radha Amaro
Dylan Sinclair
Mario Perkic
Brent Woodley
Matt Spall
Trent Freeman
Kenan Koldzo
Dominic Robert
References
External links
Brisbane Phoenix FC Official Website
Soccer clubs in Brisbane
Brisbane Premier League teams
Association football clubs established in 1972
1972 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane%20Phoenix%20FC |
Albert Krebs (3 March 1899 in Amorbach – 26 June 1974 in Hamburg) was the Nazi Gauleiter in Hamburg in the time of the Third Reich.
Krebs, a higher archive official's son, did his Abitur in 1917 after finishing school at the Gymnasium in Aschaffenburg and thereafter reported to the military as a volunteer. He was not deployed in the First World War.
Krebs was discharged in March 1919, leaving him free to begin studies in Germanistics, history, national economics, and English language in Würzburg, Tübingen, Marburg and Frankfurt am Main. Krebs had been busying himself in the youth movement even before the war. Furthermore, during his studies, he was in the Gildenschaft (a Studentenverbindung umbrella group) and in the Freikorps von Epp and Oberland in 1919. In 1922, he received his doctorate and, in the same year, he joined the Nazi party. In March 1925, Krebs was working at the Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband (German National Trade Assistants' Federation; DHV) in Spandau in Berlin.
After the reestablishment of the NSDAP, Krebs rejoined it on 10 May 1926 (Membership No. 35,589). On the resignation of Hamburg Gauleiter Josef Klant on 4 November 1926, Hamburg was downgraded from the status of a Nazi Gau. Krebs then was appointed Chairman (in effect, Ortsgruppenleiter) of the new "Independent Ortsgruppe Hamburg". After the Local Group was once again raised to Gau status on 26 February 1928, Krebs became Gauleiter of Gau Hamburg. After some infighting, in which Krebs did not feel he was being supported enough by the party leadership in Munich, he stepped down as Gauleiter on 3 September 1928.
From 1929 to January 1931, Krebs was editor of the weekly Hamburger Volksblatt, the first Nazi newspaper in the city. In April 1930, Krebs took over the leadership of the Hamburg Betriebszellenorganisation, the Nazi Factory Cell Organization. A further career advance made it possible for him, starting in January 1931, to work as the first editor-in-chief of the Nazi daily newspaper Hamburger Tageblatt. As a member of the left wing of the Party, he was not comfortable with the Party leadership's move to accommodate more conservative and business interests. Owing to an article published early in 1932 that was critical of Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher's cabinet, Krebs was upbraided by Adolf Hitler personally, removed as editor and expelled from the Party on 20 May 1932.
Professionally, he continued his activities as a national education and cultural consultant at the DHV until its dissolution in April 1934. Thereafter he worked as a freelancer at the German Office Workers' Union (Deutsche Angestellten-Gewerkschaft; DAG). From September 1934 to March 1938 he was the Director of the Hamburg Public Library. His last position was as Senate Director of the Hamburg Cultural Administration from April 1940 to July 1945.
With the beginning of the Russian Campaign, Krebs was called up for service and assigned as special leader of the Propagandabteilung Ostland and took over cultural affairs in the cities of Riga and Tallinn. Through his acquaintance with Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg, to whom he had been introduced in 1942, Krebs knew in advance about the resistance's plans to overthrow the Führer and also about the attempt on Hitler's life. After it failed on 20 July 1944, he had to go underground. After the end of World War II, in Denazification proceedings, Krebs was banned from working as a journalist and lost his pension rights. On appeal, however, that ban was overturned in proceedings in October 1949.
In his autobiographical chronicle, published in 1959, "Tendenzen und Gestalten der NSDAP" ("The NSDAP's Tendencies and Shapes"), Krebs portrayed himself as a contemporary who was at first impressed by Nazism's political ideas and goals, but who after personal experience with Hitler's dictatorial leadership style and the "incompetence in the NS Führer State" withdrew, disappointed, from political life.
References
Sources
The infancy of Nazism. Memoirs of Ex-Gauleiter Albert Krebs 1923–1933. Hrsg. und Übers. William Sheridan Allen. Franklin Watts, New Viewpoints, NY 1976, .
Albert Krebs in deutsche-biographie
1899 births
1974 deaths
Gauleiters
German newspaper editors
Nazi Party officials
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
People from Amorbach
20th-century Freikorps personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Krebs |
The Pink Panthers are an international jewel thief network responsible for a number of robberies and thefts described as some of the most audacious in the history of organized crime. The organization has roughly 800 core members, many of whom are ex-soldiers with extensive military and paramilitary backgrounds. Both women and men play an equal part in the structure of the organization. The organization's membership mostly consists of Serbian, Montenegrin and other former Yugoslavian state citizens, believed to be remnants of the Bosnian War who have made criminal use of their militaristic skills. The organization was named by Interpol after The Pink Panther series of crime comedy films.
The Pink Panthers are responsible for what have been termed some of the most "glamorous" heists in history, with one criminologist even describing their crimes as "artistry". They have operated in numerous countries and on several continents, and include Japan's most successful robbery amongst their thefts. A film documentary based upon their thefts, Smash & Grab, was released on 2 July 2013.
Some law enforcement agencies suspect that the group is responsible for over US$500 million in robberies of gold and diamonds from the United Arab Emirates, Switzerland, Japan, France, Liechtenstein, Germany, United States of America, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Spain, Monaco, Austria, Australia, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium. Law enforcement authorities suspect their involvement in the heist of the jewellery store Harry Winston in Paris on 9 December 2008. The thieves escaped with more than €80 million worth of jewellery.
Raids
In 2003, the gang first came to attention and earned the nickname "Pink Panthers" following the theft of a £500,000 diamond from a jewellers in the Mayfair area of London. The thieves hid the diamond in a jar of face cream, mimicking an act seen in the film The Return of the Pink Panther. In May 2005, Graff, a diamond specialist in London, was targeted by Pink Panthers and lost a total of £1 million in jewellery. Three men were suspected of being behind the theft; one was in possession of a firearm. Graff had been targeted in 2002 and lost £23 million on that occasion, £3 million of which was recovered two years later. One of the thieves was sentenced to 15 years in prison in July 2004.
In the space of six years during the 21st century, the Pink Panthers robbed 120 stores in 20 countries. Japan, United Kingdom, Denmark, Monaco, France, Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates and the United States have all been targeted by the gang, with the attention to detail of the heists ensuring a high rate of success. Before robbing a jewellery store in Biarritz, the gang covered a nearby bench in fresh paint to deter anyone from sitting on it and seeing them in action.
The gang is suspected of participating in at least two smash-and-grab jewellery robberies in Tokyo's Ginza district. The first, in 2004, netted ¥3.5 million in gems. The second, in June 2007, took jewellery valued at ¥284 million; during the heist, Rifat Hadžiahmetović and Radovan Jelušić sprayed tear gas at three saleswomen before taking a tiara, necklaces, and other jewels and fleeing the store.
The gang is also known for its escapes and its attempts to break into their chosen store. The gang robbed a jewellery store in Saint-Tropez in 2005 wearing T-shirts emblazoned with flowery designs, before making their escape on a speedboat. Prior to one 2008 robbery of Graff jewellers in Dubai, eight gang members drove a pair of Audis through a window, taking watches and other items worth a total of £8 million. In a further robbery in December 2008, four gang members dressed themselves up as women before breaking into Harry Winston jewellers in Paris. The gang escaped from the store with items worth over US$100 million (£60 million).
Speculation also exists as to certain other robberies having been conducted by the gang; in the August 2009 robbery of Graff Diamonds in London a key element in the speculation being that the robbers made no attempt to hide their faces, suggesting that they had already altered their appearances with prosthetic makeup.
In 2013, the gang was suspected to have struck again when a man wearing a baseball cap and a scarf covering his face broke into the Carlton Hotel in Cannes and made off with $136 million worth of jewels and jewellery being stored by the Leviev diamond house for an exhibit. Nice-Matin, a leading newspaper in the region, speculated that this may have been the most costly jewellery theft in history.
Arrests and breakouts
According to Interpol, a number of the gang's members have been identified and linked through DNA matching. In 2005, three Serbs, two men and one woman were arrested in Belgrade on suspicion of being part of the gang; in October 2007, they were sentenced to jail terms by a court in Serbia for the theft of the Comtesse de Vendome necklace, worth approximately £15 million ($30 million), in March 2004 from a Tokyo jewellery boutique, in what was Japan's biggest ever jewel robbery. The gang leader was sentenced to seven years of imprisonment, while the other two were handed lesser sentences.
Three Pink Panthers from Serbia were declared guilty of robberies carried out in Biarritz, Cannes, Courchevel and Saint-Tropez by one court in Chambéry in 2008. Two were given jail terms of six and 10 years.
One suspect in a June 2007 Ginza heist, an ethnic Bosniak Montenegrin national named Rifat Hadžiahmetović, who had been travelling on a forged Bulgarian passport, was arrested in March 2009 by Cypriot police at Larnaca International Airport. Hadžiahmetović was due to serve a sentence in Cyprus for travelling on a forged passport before being extradited to Spain. He was extradited from Spain to Japan and, in September 2011, was sentenced to 10 years in prison. His accomplice, Radovan Jelušić, was arrested in Italy in 2010 over a separate crime, then was extradited to Montenegro to stand trial on 18 May 2012.
On 20 June 2009, French police in Monte Carlo detained another three members of the gang seen loitering near jewellery shops in Monaco. The gang members drove up outside a casino in Casino Square on 18 June 2009. The men were told to lie down and were then handcuffed before being whisked away from the scene quickly.
One of the three arrested, Serbian Dragan Mikić, was of special interest to the police investigation into the gang, having been placed on Interpol's "Most Wanted" list, suspected to be a senior member of the Pink Panthers. Mikić has been on the run since 2005, after breaking out of jail via a ladder whilst other people fired machine guns at the prison.
A head figure of the Pink Panthers, Mitar Marjanović, was arrested on 8 March 2012 in Rome, after two of his accomplices in a bank robbery, committed a month earlier, dropped stolen items containing Marjanovic's fingerprints.
On 14 March 2012, three more members of the gang were arrested in Athens, Greece. Two of the three were male Serbians, aged 20 and 36, and were arrested while casing a jewellery store. Patrolling police were prompted to question them due to their wearing wigs. The two men fled, the 36 year-old suspect firing at and injuring a police officer during the pursuit that followed. Both were arrested and led police to the arrest of the third person, 43 year-old Serbian female Olivera Vasić Ćirković. On 12 July 2012, Olivera escaped from prison in Athens when a man who entered the prison on the pretext of delivering art supplies knocked out a guard and stole her keys.
On 14 May 2013, a member of the gang escaped from the "Bois-Mermet" prison in Lausanne, Switzerland. , he has not yet been caught. He escaped with the help of three outside accomplices who meticulously prepared the operation. Four other prisoners got away at the same time. On 25 July 2013, Milan Poparić, who was serving a sentence of almost seven years for a 2009 robbery at a jewellery store, was the third Pink Panther to escape from a Swiss prison since May 2013. Also escaping was Swiss kidnapper, arsonist and money launderer Adrian Albrecht. They were helped out of the prison at Orbe, in western Switzerland, by accomplices who broke through the perimeter fence and brought ladders for the escapees while keeping the prison guards at bay with fire from AK-47s.
On 3 June 2015, six were arrested in Zagreb, Croatia while they were preparing for a heist with munitions and two cars similar to those driven by security forces in Croatia; three of the arrested were Serbs, two Bosnian, and one Montenegrin. Names of the arrested Serbs were Saša Antonić, Aleksandar Tasić and Dejan Kostić.
References
Further reading
Jewel thieves
Organized crime groups in Europe
Serbian criminals
Serbian Mafia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Panthers |
Oosterland is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about southeast of Den Helder. From 1918 to 1923, Oosterland was the residence of the exiled German crown prince, Friedrich Wilhelm von Hohenzollern.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1343 or 1344 as "van Oestenlande", and means "eastern land". It was located on the former island of Wieringen. Oost (east) has been added to distinguish from Westerland. Oosterland is a church village which developed in the 11th century.
The Dutch Reformed church was built on a slight elevation around 1100. The tower probably dates from the 13th century, and contains a bell from 1499. The church was restored between 1888 and 1890 by Pierre Cuypers.
Oosterland was home to 125 people in 1840. Between 1925 and 1928, a little neighbourhood was built in Oosterland for the engineers of the Zuiderzee project which transformed the former sea into the lake IJsselmeer.
Gallery
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterland%2C%20North%20Holland |
Middlebush is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in Franklin Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 2,326. It is perhaps most distinguished as being the host section for Franklin Township's municipal complex.
Middlebush still has a rural feel with 19th-century homes and tree-lined streets. Middlebush was once a stop on the Millstone and New Brunswick Railroad, and this legacy is evident in the street named Railroad Avenue that presently has no railroad tracks in sight.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Middlebush had a total area of 1.990 square miles (5.155 km2), including 1.989 square miles (5.151 km2) of land and 0.001 square miles (0.004 km2) of water (0.07%).
Demographics
2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 2,326 people, 834 households, and 592 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 868 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 62.81% (1,461) White, 12.64% (294) Black or African American, 0.17% (4) Native American, 20.03% (466) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 1.72% (40) from other races, and 2.62% (61) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.92% (161) of the population.
Of the 834 households, 34.3% had children under the age of 18; 63.2% were married couples living together; 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present and 29.0% were non-families. Of all households, 25.5% were made up of individuals and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.40.
24.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females, the population had 97.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 92.0 males.
Points of interest
Middlebush Reformed Church
Middlebush Park is Franklin Township's newest municipal park. Located in Middlebush, off DeMott Lane, the park hosts ballfields and a children's playground.
Stage House Tavern was Colonial Farms, which now houses the restaurant.
Middlebush Giant was a circus performer and sideshow attraction who retired to a farm in Middlebush.
Cedar Grove Cemetery, Franklin is located off Amwell Avenue and contains the body of the Middlebush Giant.
Middlebush Volunteer Fire Department
Historic district
The Middlebush Village Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 2007.
References
Census-designated places in Somerset County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlebush%2C%20New%20Jersey |
Rockenhausen is a town in the Donnersbergkreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the river Alsenz, approx. north of Kaiserslautern.
Rockenhausen is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Nordpfälzer Land. The town consists the villages Marienthal, Dörnbach, and Rockenhausen itself.
History
Rockenhausen received its town charter in 1332. At that time subordinated to the Raugrafen, the town belonged to the Electoral Palatinate from 1457. During the Thirty Years' War, it was almost completely destroyed, as were almost all other villages in the region.
After 1792 the region was occupied by French troops in the First Revolutionary War and annexed after the peace of Campo Formio (1797). From 1798 to 1814 Rockenhausen belonged to the French department Donnersberg and was the capital (chef-lieu) of the canton Rockenhausen. Due to the agreements made at the Congress of Vienna (1815) and an exchange contract with Austria, the region became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816. From 1818 Rockenhausen was assigned to the Landkommissariat Kirchheim in the Bavarian Rheinkreis, later to the Bezirksamt Kirchheimbolanden. On 1 December 1900 the district office Rockenhausen was formed from parts of the district offices Kirchheimbolanden and Kaiserslautern. On January 1, 1939, the district office was renamed into the district of Rockenhausen.[4]
After the Second World War, Rockenhausen became part of the newly formed state of Rhineland-Palatinate within the French occupation zone and belonged to the administrative district of Palatinate until 1968.
On 7 June 1969, the district of Rockenhausen was united with the district of Kirchheimbolanden to form today's Donnersberg district. On 10 June 1979, the previously independent municipalities of Dörnbach with 550 inhabitants and Marienthal/Pfalz with 280 inhabitants were incorporated into the town.
Notable citizens
Uta Frith, (born 1941) - developmental psychologist, now resident and professionally active in the United Kingdom.
References
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Donnersbergkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockenhausen |
The Durbin–Wu–Hausman test (also called Hausman specification test) is a statistical hypothesis test in econometrics named after James Durbin, De-Min Wu, and Jerry A. Hausman. The test evaluates the consistency of an estimator when compared to an alternative, less efficient estimator which is already known to be consistent. It helps one evaluate if a statistical model corresponds to the data.
Details
Consider the linear model y = Xb + e, where y is the dependent variable and X is vector of regressors, b is a vector of coefficients and e is the error term. We have two estimators for b: b0 and b1. Under the null hypothesis, both of these estimators are consistent, but b1 is efficient (has the smallest asymptotic variance), at least in the class of estimators containing b0. Under the alternative hypothesis, b0 is consistent, whereas b1 isn't.
Then the Wu–Hausman statistic is:
where † denotes the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse. Under the null hypothesis, this statistic has asymptotically the chi-squared distribution with the number of degrees of freedom equal to the rank of matrix .
If we reject the null hypothesis, it means that b1 is inconsistent. This test can be used to check for the endogeneity of a variable (by comparing instrumental variable (IV) estimates to ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates). It can also be used to check the validity of extra instruments by comparing IV estimates using a full set of instruments Z to IV estimates that use a proper subset of Z. Note that in order for the test to work in the latter case, we must be certain of the validity of the subset of Z and that subset must have enough instruments to identify the parameters of the equation.
Hausman also showed that the covariance between an efficient estimator and the difference of an efficient and inefficient estimator is zero.
Derivation
Assuming joint normality of the estimators.
Consider the function :
By the delta method
Using the commonly used result, showed by Hausman, that the covariance of an efficient estimator with its difference from an inefficient estimator is zero yields
The chi-squared test is based on the Wald criterion
where † denotes the Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse and K denotes the dimension of vector b.
Panel data
The Hausman test can be used to differentiate between fixed effects model and random effects model in panel analysis. In this case, Random effects (RE) is preferred under the null hypothesis due to higher efficiency, while under the alternative Fixed effects (FE) is at least as consistent and thus preferred.
See also
Regression model validation
Statistical model specification
References
Further reading
Econometric modeling
Statistical tests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durbin%E2%80%93Wu%E2%80%93Hausman%20test |
Stroe is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about southeast of Den Helder.
Stroe is considered part of Hippolytushoef. It has place name signs. Stroe was home to 175 people in 1840. It used to have a church, but it was demolished in the late-19th century. There were also a clandestine Mennonite church in farm, but it burnt down in 1934.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroe%2C%20North%20Holland |
Fandaqumiya, (, al-Fandaqumiyah, Pentakomia) is a Palestinian village located in the Jenin Governorate of the northern West Bank, northwest of Nablus. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 3,363 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 4,265 by 2017.
Etymology
The Arabic name of the village, Al Fandaqumiyah (الفندقومي), is a corruption of the Greek term Pentakomia: Komia means 'village' or 'community', while penta means 'five'. Pentakomia probably refers to an administrative unit of five villages which existed in the area.
A Pentakomia in Greece as well as one on the Euphrates River probably share the etymology, and the Hebron area village of Tarqumiyah (Arabic ترقوميا) is based on the Greek Trikomia, or 'community of three.'
Geography
Fandaqumiya is located in the northern West Bank, on the road leading north from Nablus to Jenin. The village is partly situated on the slope of a hill in the Musheirif Range and partly built on adjacent ridges in between the valley of Jaba' to the north and the Musheirif hills to the south. Its old core is in the slope part of the village with an elevation of 470 meters above sea level (about 30 meters higher than its surroundings) and a total area of 20 dunams.
The nearest localities are Jaba' to the immediate east, Beit Imrin to the south, Burqa to the southwest, Silat ad-Dhahr to the immediate west, and Ajjah to the north. as well as the former Israeli settlements of Homesh and Sa-Nur, which were dismantled in Israel's 2005 unilateral disengagement plan.
History
Antiquity
The earliest findings in Fandaqumiya include a white clay jar filled with burned bones, which was found in a tomb. The examination of this jar at the Archaeological Department of the An-Najah National University suggested that it be dated to the Neolithic Period. A stone tool, circular in shape with a hole in the middle, was found alongside the jar, though it was never dated.
Pottery sherds from the Hellenistic, early and late Roman and the Byzantine eras have been found here. A sacred cave exists above the village on the south, which is probably an ancient rock-cut chapel.
Aaron Demsky identified Fandaqumiya with Penṭāḳūmewatha (), mentioned in the 6th-7th century Mosaic of Reḥob as being a Jewish village in a region of Sebaste which was inhabited mostly by non-Jews and, therefore, agricultural produce obtained from the area could be taken by Jews without the normal restrictions imposed during the Sabbatical years, or the need for tithing.
Medieval period
The village is mentioned in Crusader sources of 1178, as a place sold to the Knights Hospitallers.
Yaqut al-Hamawi (1179–1229) noted it as "a village belonging to and lying among the hills of Nablus."
Pottery sherds from the early Muslim and Medieval eras have also been found here.
Ottoman era
In 1596 Fandaqumiyya appeared in the Ottoman tax registers as being in the nahiya of Jabal Sami, part of the Sanjak of Nablus. It had a population of eleven households and one bachelor, all Muslim. The inhabitants paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 11,752 akçe. Fandaqumiya was mentioned by the Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi in 1640.
In 1830, during the military campaign against a revolt by the Jarrar family of Sanur, Emir Bashir Shihab's forces set fire to Fandaqumiya. In 1838, Edward Robinson passed by and noted it as a being a small village, located in the esh-Sharawiyeh esh-Shurkiyeh (the Eastern) district, north of Nablus.
French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863 and 1870, and estimated it as having about 500 inhabitants. He describes it as being situated on the slopes of a high hill. With abundant waters, the whole slope was cultivated with beautiful olive trees, figs and pomegranates.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Fandaqumiya as "a very small village on the slope of the hill, with three springs to the south-west, small and marshy."
A spur of the Ottoman Hejaz railway to Damascus was built through the area, and a station was opened nearby at Sebastia. After the collapse of the Ottomans, locals took apart the rail infrastructure for secondary use in construction. Many of the steel beams can still be seen in the roofs of local homes.
British Mandate era
In 1917, Fandaqumiya was captured by General Allenby's British forces from the Ottomans, and three years later it was assigned to British Mandatory Palestine. In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Fandaqumiya had a population of 327, all Muslims. This increased in the 1931 census to a population of 445, still all Muslim, living in 101 houses.
Soon after the British arrived, they built a police fort on a nearby hill. Despite many villagers being employed in the construction, relations with the British forces were at times rocky owing to tax disputes. During the riots of 1936-1939, some villagers launched attacks on the British troops, and the village was subject to British reprisals. During the 1940s, the British administration funded modern water and agriculture development projects as well as an elementary school.
In the 1945 statistics the population was 630 Muslims, with 4,079 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. 885 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 2,737 dunams for cereals, while 14 dunams were built-up (urban) land.
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Fandaqumiya came under Jordanian rule.
The Jordanian census of 1961 found 1,014 inhabitants in Fandaqumiya.
Post-1967
Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Al Fandaqumiya has been under Israeli occupation, along with the rest of the West Bank. Under the Oslo Accords, the town was assigned to Area B.
References
Bibliography
External links
Welcome To al-Fandaqumiya
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 11: IAA, Wikimedia commons
Erection of a permanent military checkpoint and devastation of land inside the evacuated colony of Sanur, 12, May, 2007, POICA
Villages in the West Bank
Jenin Governorate
Municipalities of the State of Palestine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandaqumiya |
Iron-56 (56Fe) is the most common isotope of iron. About 91.754% of all iron is iron-56.
Of all nuclides, iron-56 has the lowest mass per nucleon. With 8.8 MeV binding energy per nucleon, iron-56 is one of the most tightly bound nuclei.
Nickel-62, a relatively rare isotope of nickel, has a higher nuclear binding energy per nucleon; this is consistent with having a higher mass-per-nucleon because nickel-62 has a greater proportion of neutrons, which are slightly more massive than protons. (See the nickel-62 article for more). Light elements undergoing nuclear fusion and heavy elements undergoing nuclear fission release energy as their nucleons bind more tightly, so 62Ni might be expected to be common. However, during nucleosynthesis in stars the competition between photodisintegration and alpha capturing causes more 56Ni to be produced than 62Ni (56Fe is produced later in the star's ejection shell as 56Ni decays).
Production of these elements has decreased considerably from what it was at the beginning of the stelliferous era.
Nonetheless, 28 atoms of nickel-62 fusing into 31 atoms of iron-56 releases of energy. As the Universe ages, matter will slowly convert to ever more tightly bound nuclei, approaching 56Fe, ultimately leading to the formation of iron stars over ≈101500 years in an expanding universe without proton decay.
See also
Isotopes of iron
Iron star
References
Isotopes of iron | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-56 |
Oosterland refers to two villages in the Netherlands:
Oosterland, Zeeland
Oosterland, North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterland |
Stroe may refer to:
Places
Stroe, Gelderland, a village in the Netherlands
Stroe, North Holland, a village in the Netherlands
Stroe, a tributary of the river Nechit in Romania
Name
Romanian surname
Aurel Stroe (1932–2008)
Corneliu Stroe (1949–2017)
Giuliano Stroe (born 2004)
Radu Stroe (born 1949)
Romanian male given name
Stroe Belloescu (1838–1912)
See also
Stroești (disambiguation)
Stroiești (disambiguation)
Romanian-language surnames
Romanian masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroe |
The Supreme Privy Council () of Imperial Russia, founded on 19 February 1726 and operative until 1730, originated as a body of advisors to Empress Catherine I.
History
Originally, the council comprised six members—Alexander Menshikov, Fyodor Apraksin, Gavriil Golovkin, Andrey Osterman, Peter Tolstoy, and Dmitry Mikhaylovich Golitsyn. Several months later, Catherine's son-in-law, Karl Friedrich, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, joined the council. During Catherine's reign (1725–1727), her favorite, Prince Menshikov, dominated the council.
In her testament the Empress Catherine I authorized the council to wield power equal to that of her successor Peter II, except in matters of succession. Peter II, Catherine's step-grandson, assumed the throne on 6 May 1727; Menshikov organised for the 11-year-old Peter to become engaged to his 15-year-old daughter Maria Alexandrovna Menshikova (25 May 1727). By the time of Menshikov's downfall in September 1727 the council's make-up had changed drastically: Apraksin had died, Tolstoy had been exiled, and the Duke of Holstein had left Russia. Thereupon the Council expanded to eight members, of which six represented old boyar families opposing the Westernization reforms of Peter the Great—the Dolgorukovs and the Golitsyns. Osterman and Golovkin retained the other two seats.
As the conservative influence prevailed among its members, the council, although nominally a consultative body, monopolized supreme power and had the imperial capital moved de facto back to Moscow. The collegia (i.e., ministries) and the Senate, instituted by Peter the Great as supreme governing bodies, were held accountable before the Council rather than to the young Emperor. The Senate was renamed from "Governing" to "High".
After Peter II's death in 1730, the Council chose a rather improbable successor—the daughter of Tsar Ivan V, Anna Ivanovna, Duchess of Courland, whom they deemed easily amenable to manipulation and too conservative to restore Peter I's reforms. Anna was allowed to ascend the throne only after she had signed the famous "Conditions" which conferred on the council the powers of war and peace and of taxation. According to the Conditions, Anna couldn't promote officers to ranks higher than colonel or interfere in military affairs. She promised not to marry and not to choose her successor. The Council modelled the Conditions on the form of government recently instituted in Great Britain. If implemented, they could have led to Russia's transformation into a constitutional monarchy. If she were to violate the Conditions, Anna was to be dethroned.
A month after signing the document, on 25 February 1730, Anna, on the advice of her close counsellor, Ernst Johann von Biron, won the sympathies of the Leib Guard and tore up the terms of her accession. Within days, the council was abolished and many of its members were exiled to Siberia.
See also
Privy Councillor (Russia)
Active Privy Councillor
Active Privy Councillor, 1st class
Conditions (Russia)
References
Privy councils
Government of the Russian Empire
1730 disestablishments in the Russian Empire
1726 establishments in the Russian Empire
18th-century disestablishments in the Russian Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Privy%20Council |
The Nieuport 28 C.1, a French biplane fighter aircraft flown during World War I, was built by Nieuport and designed by Gustave Delage. Owing its lineage to the successful line of sesquiplane fighters that included the Nieuport 17, the Nieuport 28 continued a similar design philosophy of a lightweight and highly maneuverable aircraft.
By the time the Nieuport 28 was available, the SPAD XIII had been chosen to equip the escadrilles de chasse of the Aéronautique Militaire for 1918, and this fighter was also the first choice for the projected American "pursuit" squadrons. In the event, a shortage of SPADs led to Nieuport 28s being issued to four American squadrons between March and August 1918, becoming the first aircraft to see operational service with an American fighter squadron.
Nieuport 28s saw considerable post-war service: in particular 50 from a later production run were shipped to America, and as well as army and naval service these found civilian use, especially in Hollywood films.
Development
Background and origins
By the middle of 1917, it was obvious that the Nieuport 17 and its immediate developments, such as the Nieuport 24bis, could provide only moderate performance gains over the standard model, so that they were unable to keep pace with the latest German fighters. In fact, the Nieuport 17 line was already being supplanted in French service by the SPAD S.VII, as quickly as supplies of the Hispano-Suiza engine would allow. It had become increasingly apparent that the basic sesquiplane "v-strut" layout was approaching the limits of its development.
The Nieuport 28 design advanced the concept of the lightly built, highly maneuverable rotary engined fighter typified by the Nieuport 17 to the more demanding conditions of the times. Bowers refers to it as being "an excellent example of the step-by-step evolution of a single basic design to its point of ultimate development and then its transition into a new model to meet changing requirements".
Prototypes
During 1917 the Nieuport company experimented with a number of new designs - including monoplanes, biplanes and triplanes. None of these types achieved production status and never received an official military designation, but the results of tests provided information later used in future Nieuport fighters, including the 28.
Several prototypes of the new fighter were constructed. Three different dihedral settings for the top wing were tried, including a completely flat wing, and one with marked dihedral that rested very close to the top of the front fuselage. Production aircraft featured an intermediate configuration, which involved a slight dihedral in the upper wing and taller cabane struts, providing room to accommodate a second machine gun, mounted under the wing's center section.
Additional prototypes based on the design of the N28 were built to test various features of the Nieuport 29, including its wooden monocoque fuselage, and alternate engine installations, such as the Hispano-Suiza 8Fb, Le Rhône 9R, 275 hp Lorraine-Dietrich 8Bd, and Clerget 11E.
Design
The Nieuport 28's design featured several improvements over the 27, including the adoption of a more powerful engine, a twin-machine gun armament, and a new wing structure. For the first time, a production Nieuport fighter was fitted with conventional two-spar wings, top and bottom, in place of the sesquiplane "v-strut" layout of the earlier Nieuports. Both wings featured elliptical wingtips, instead of the angular raked tips common to Nieuport's earlier designs. The upper wing was built in two sections, joined together over the fuselage center-line. The leading edge of both wings was laminated with plywood. Ailerons were fitted to the lower wings only and controlled via torque tubes.
In order to provide a more streamlined profile, the fuselage was longer and slimmer, so narrow that its twin Vickers machine guns were offset to port, one between the cabane struts and one just outboard of them. The design of the tail unit closely followed that of the Nieuport 27.
Operational history
By early 1918, when the first production examples of the Nieuport 28 became available, the SPAD S.XIII was already firmly established as the standard French fighter, and the Nieuport 28 was "surplus" from the French point of view. On the other hand, the United States Army Air Service was desperately short of fighters to equip its projected "pursuit" (fighter) squadrons. Since the SPAD S.XIIIs the Americans actually wanted were initially unavailable due to engine shortages, the Nieuport was offered to the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) as an interim alternative.
A total of 297 Nieuport 28s were purchased by the Americans (none of our sources make it clear if this refers only to the initial order or includes Nieuport 28A trainers accepted from the late 1918 contract). The 94th and 95th Aero Squadron received the initial allotments, starting in March 1918. In all, four AEF pursuit squadrons: the 27th, 94th, 95th and 147th Aero Squadrons, flew Nieuport 28s operationally for various periods between March and August 1918.
The factory delivered the Nieuport 28s to the Americans in mid-February 1918 without armament. At the time, the AEF had no spare Vickers machine guns to supply to the squadrons, so that the first flights were unarmed training flights for pilots to familiarize themselves with the handling and performance of the new type. When deliveries of Vickers guns to the American squadrons finally started in mid-March, and until sufficient guns had been received for all of the fighters to be fully equipped, some aircraft were flown on patrol with only one machine gun fitted.
On 14 April 1918, the second armed patrol of an AEF fighter unit resulted in two victories when Lieutenants Alan Winslow and Douglas Campbell (the first American-trained ace) of the 94th Aero Squadron each downed an enemy aircraft over their own airfield at Gengoult. Several well-known World War I American fighter pilots, including the 26-victory ace, Captain Eddie Rickenbacker, began their operational careers on the Nieuport 28. Quentin Roosevelt (the son of former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt) was shot down and killed flying the type.
The 94th and 95th had the task of dealing with the type's teething troubles. Initially undercarriages failed on landing – this was corrected by using heavier bracing wire. The Nieuport 28's 160 hp Gnome 9N rotary engine and fuel system proved to be unreliable and prone to fires. Field improvements to fuel lines, and increased familiarity of the American pilots (and their ground crews) with the requirements of monosoupape engines reduced these problems, but the definitive solution adopted was simply not completely filling the reserve fuel tank, a move which came at the expense of range. More seriously, a structural problem emerged – during a sharp pull out from a steep dive, the plywood leading edge of the top wing could break away, taking the fabric with it. On the whole, although the pilots of the 94th and the 95th appreciated the maneuverability and good handling of the Nieuport, and were reasonably happy with its general performance, their confidence in the fighter's structural integrity was shaken.
The 27th and 147th Aero Squadrons arrived at the front three months later, starting combat operations on 2 June 1918. In July 1918, the 94th and 95th Aero Squadrons received their first SPAD XIIIs and some of their surviving Nieuport 28s were then transferred to the 27th and 147th Aero Squadrons. By the end of August 1918, all four American squadrons were fully outfitted with SPAD XIIIs. The pilots of the 94th and 95th Aero Squadrons welcomed the SPADs, although the 27th and 147th Aero Squadrons were much less enthusiastic about the change. The Nieuport 28 certainly possessed superior maneuverability to its SPAD replacement.
Twelve Army Nieuports were transferred to the U.S. Navy to be flown from launching platforms mounted on the forward turrets of eight battleships, in a similar manner to the Sopwith Camel 2F.1s embarked at this time by the British Royal Navy Grand Fleet. Similarly, they were fitted with hydrovanes as a means of mitigating the dangers of a water landing (ditching), and flotation gear, inflated using compressed air, to prevent the aircraft from sinking.
Nieuport 28A
During late 1918, about the time that the type was withdrawn from front line use, the United States Army placed an order for an additional 600 improved Nieuport 28s, which were given the American designation 28A. Although these were mainly intended as advanced trainers, early problems with the SPAD S.XIII in American service meant that the possibility of re-introducing the Nieuport fighters into the operational squadrons was not discounted, and provision was made for the installation of twin M1917/M1918 Marlin guns, mounted side by side under the center section.
The Nieuport 28A was to feature an improved upper wing leading edge structure and a redesigned fuel system, correcting faults in the initial production batch. As the Nieuport company were preoccupied with later types, production was undertaken by Lioré et Olivier who had built 170 Nieuport 28As and parts for another 100 by the end of the war, when the remainder of the order was cancelled.
Postwar
Postwar, approximately 50 new Nieuport 28As which had not previously seen service were shipped to the U.S. During the 1920s, Nieuport 28s were also in service with various air forces; Switzerland obtained 15, while Argentina received a couple of aircraft. Switzerland acquired its examples in 1919, and continued to fly the type throughout the 1920s, retiring their last Nieuport 28s from active service in 1930.
The type also found its way into civilian use. Several were used for aerial races; Nieuport 28 racers were often modified by reducing the wing span by up to five feet and replacing the parallel wing struts with a single 'I'-shaped strut.
During the same period, a number of Nieuport 28s made their way to Hollywood where they appeared in the movies, The Dawn Patrol (1930), as well as its remake in 1938, Ace of Aces (1933) and Men with Wings (1938). The Nieuport 28s appeared in several later films set during World War I, including the Lafayette Escadrille (1958).
Surviving aircraft
Along with the replicas, a number of original surviving aircraft are found in museum collections worldwide. Original airframes are located in the Flieger Flab Museum in Dübendorf, and the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne, Switzerland, a U.S. Navy Nieuport 28 at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida, the San Diego Air and Space Museum, and the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum,
The only airworthy example of the type is on display as of September 2023 at the American Heritage Museum in Hudson, Massachusetts following a two-year restoration by Mikael Carlson in Sebbarp, Sweden. This aircraft was owned by Frank Tallman and Paul Mantz of Tallmantz Aviation for Hollywood film productions from the 1930's until the 1960's before being sold at auction in 1968 to veteran race car driver Jim Hall for $14,500. It crashed during an event at the museum, but museum officials have stated their intent to repair the plane.
Replicas
In the early 1930s, as the supply of original Nieuport 28s diminished, the Garland-Lincoln LF-1 (Lincoln-Flagg-1) was built in Glendale, California specifically to represent a generic World War I fighter for movie stunt work. While very similar in general appearance, the LF-1 was shorter than a genuine "28", had a steel tube framework, a one-piece upper wing without dihedral, and was fitted with a more powerful Wright J-4-B radial engine. A Garland-Lincoln LF-1 (N12237) was featured in Hell in the Heavens (1934), Dawn Patrol (mixed in with authentic Nieuport 28s) (1938), and Men with Wings (1938). It was later used by Frank Tallman and Paul Mantz for other film and television work.
In more recent times, the Nieuport 28 has become a favorite subject for homebuilders wishing to recreate a World War 1 fighter, as its wood construction (some replicas substitute a metal tube fuselage), light weight and availability of modern engines such as the Rotec R3600 nine-cylinder radial, have led to number of replicas being offered as kits., a number of home-built replicas have taken to the air.
Reproductions are found at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, the Stampe et Vertongen Museum in Belgium, and at the Airbase Arizona Museum of the Commemorative Air Force at Falcon Field (Arizona), near Mesa, AZ. A flying replica in Eddie Rickenbaker's colors is found at the Great War Flying Museum, Brampton Airport in Caledon, Ontario, Canada.
Operators
Argentine Air Force (2 aircraft)
Aéronautique Militaire
Swiss Air Force (15 aircraft)
United States Army Air Service
27th Aero Squadron
94th Aero Squadron
95th Aero Squadron
147th Aero Squadron
U.S. Navy
Specifications
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Bowers, Peter M. The Nieuport 28C-I (Aircraft in Profile no. 79). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
Cheesman E.F. (ed.) Fighter Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford Publications, 1960, pp. 98–99.
Cooksley, Peter. Nieuport Fighters in Action (Aircraft No. 167). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1997. .
Davilla, James J. and Arthur M. Soltan. French Aircraft of the First World War. Boulder, Colorado: Flying Machines Press, 1997. .
Dorr, Robert F. and David Donald. Fighters of the United States Air Force: From World War I Pursuits to the F-117. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1990. .
Guttman, Jon. Nieuport 28 – Windsock Datafile 36. Berkhamsted, Herts, UK: Albatros Productions, Ltd., 1992. .
Guttman, Jon. USAS 1st Pursuit Group (Aviation Elite Units). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publications, 2008. .
Hamady, Theodore. The Nieuport 28: America's First Fighter. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2008. .
Hardwick, Jack and Ed Schnepf. "A Viewer's Guide to Aviation Movies". The Making of the Great Aviation Films, General Aviation Series, Volume 2, 1989.
Hartney, Harold E. Up And At 'Em: The War Memoirs of an American Ace (Flight, Its First Seventy-Five Years). New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1971. .
Sanger, Ray. Nieuport Aircraft of World War One, Crowood Press, Wiltshire, 2002
Treadwell, Terry C. America's First Air War: The United States Army, Naval and Marine Air Services in the First World War. London: Airlife Publishing, 2000. .
1910s French fighter aircraft
Military aircraft of World War I
028
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Single-engined tractor aircraft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport%2028 |
Peter Francis Tague (June 4, 1871 – September 17, 1941) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Boston, Massachusetts.
Early years
Tague was a son of Peter and Mary (Shaw) Tague, immigrants from Ireland. His father was a cooper.
Tague attended Frothingham Grammar school and English High School in Boston. He then entered business, supplying blacksmiths and building contractors.
Tague married Josephine T. Fitzgerald on January 31, 1900; they had two sons.
Business career
Tague was a bookkeeper and Northeast representative of Never Slip Manufacturing Company. He later became a manufacturing chemist and a supplier of chemicals to business.
Political career
Tague became a member of the Boston Common Council in 1894, at the age of just 23. He served for two years, and then was elected a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, serving in 1897-1898. The following year he was elected a State senator, serving for two years. He gave up politics for a time to concentrate on his business. He ran again in 1913, winning election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives.
U.S. Congress
Tague next entered national politics, serving as a Democrat in the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses (March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1919).
1918 election
In 1918, Tague was faced with a major challenge from former Boston mayor John F. Fitzgerald. Tague lost the primary to Fitzgerald by 50 votes. He contested his loss in the primary and appealed to the election commissioners, but he lost that appeal and Fitzgerald was declared the nominee of the Democratic Party. Tague contested the general election as a sticker and write-in candidate and initially he narrowly lost the general election to Fitzgerald, by 238 votes.
Tague contested the election result. After the House of Representatives election committee canvassed over 1,300 votes Fitzgerald's plurality went down to 10 votes. After determining that one-third of the votes in three precincts of Boston's Ward 5 were fraudulent, the committee threw out the votes of those precincts. The committee determined that the election had been tainted by illegal registrations and fraud. They determined that Tague won the election by 525 votes. On October 2, 1919, by a vote of 5 to 2, the committee voted to unseat Fitzgerald and to seat Tague.
On October 23, 1919, the full House of Representatives unseated Fitzgerald and seated Tague.
Tague was reelected to the Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth Congresses, serving from October 23, 1919, to March 3, 1925. Tague is noted for having introduced a bill in Congress in 1921 to investigate the KKK, which then was becoming a powerful force nationwide. He was defeated for reelection in 1924.
Boston mayoral candidate
Tague was an unsuccessful candidate for Mayor of Boston in December 1917, finishing fourth in a field of four candidates; the election was won by Andrew James Peters.
Later years
Following his defeat for Congress in 1924, Tague resumed his business career. He was appointed assessor of Boston in 1930 and chairman of the election commission of Boston the same year. In 1936, he was appointed postmaster and served until his death.
Tague died in Boston on September 17, 1941, at the age of 70. He was interred in Holy Cross Cemetery in Malden, Massachusetts.
References
External links
1871 births
1941 deaths
American people of Irish descent
Boston City Council members
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery (Malden, Massachusetts) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Francis%20Tague |
Olympic Football Club is a semi-professional soccer club based in Brisbane, Queensland. The club was founded in 1967 and currently competes in the National Premier Leagues Queensland, with home matches played at Goodwin Park. The club has grown tremendously in the past 15 years growing from 190 registered players to over 855 players.
History
Olympic FC was founded in 1967 by Greek immigrants, under the name Pan Rhodian Soccer Club, affiliated with Queensland Soccer Association. The following year the club joined the Queensland Soccer Federation, changing its name to Brisbane Olympic United as a condition of joining the federation. The club colours were originally blue and white until changing to red and white in the late 2000s. In 2008, the club again changed its name to Olympic FC upon joining the Queensland State League (QSL). After playing in the QSL in 2008 and 2009, the club elected to play in the Brisbane Premier League for the 2010 season.
The Queensland State League was ultimately superseded by the National Premier Leagues competition. In 2013, Olympic FC was awarded a licence to compete in the inaugural Queensland National Premier Leagues season, a recognition of the club's stature in the state. The NPL is Australia's second highest footballing tier.
Club performance
Olympic has won NPL Queensland competition on one occasion. In the competition's inaugural 2013 season, Olympic secured a league premiership with two rounds remaining, defeating Moreton Bay United 3–1. Olympic FC then secured a victory over Brisbane City 3–3 (3–0) on penalties in the NPL Queensland Grand Final at Goodwin Park. Since 2013, Olympic FC has continued to perform well in the competition, securing multiple top table finishes.
The club lost 2–1 to Lions FC again in the 2018 NPL Queensland Grand Final at Lions Stadium.
Olympic FC has played in the national rounds of the FFA Cup on two occasion. The club qualified in 2014, progressing to the Round of 16 before losing narrowly to the Central Coast Mariners, an A-League, professional side. The club qualified again in 2018, but lost to local rivals Lions FC in the Round of 32.
Home ground
Olympic FC first played at Pineapple Park, a field near the Gabba Cricket Ground in Kangaroo Point. In the 1970s, Olympic moved to Dutton Park. In 1982, the club moved to the current home ground in Yeronga, Goodwin Park.
Notable players
Olympic FC has developed notable players. Michael Zullo, A-League champion and Socceroo, played for Olympic FC as a boy.
Jai Ingham and Dane Ingham both spent formative years at the club before playing professionally in the A-League. Both brothers have played for New Zealand internationally, with Dane Ingham notably starting all of New Zealand's matches at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, competing against Cristiano Ronaldo when playing Portugal. Dane was just 18 when making his debut, making him the second youngest player to ever play at the FIFA Confederations Cup.
Current squad
Staff
References
External links
Olympic FC Official Website
National Premier Leagues clubs
Queensland State League soccer teams
Brisbane Premier League teams
Association football clubs established in 1967
1967 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic%20FC |
In India, the Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) is the Government term for the reserve requirement that commercial banks are required to maintain in the form of cash, gold reserves,Govt. bonds and other Reserve Bank of India (RBI)- approved securities before providing credit to the customers. The SLR to be maintained by banks is determined by the RBI in order to control liquidity expansion. The SLR is determined as a percentage of total demand and time liabilities. Time liabilities refer to the liabilities which the commercial banks are liable to repay to the customers after an agreed period, and demand liabilities are customer deposits which are repayable on demand. An example of a time liability is a six-month fixed deposit which is not payable on demand but only after six months. An example of a demand liability is a deposit maintained in a saving account or current account that is payable on demand.
The SLR is commonly used to control inflation and fuel growth, by decreasing or increasing the money supply. Indian banks' holdings of government securities are now close to the statutory minimum that banks are required to hold to comply with existing regulation. When measured in rupees, such holdings decreased for the first time in a little less than 40 years (since the nationalisation of banks in 1969) in 2005–06. It is 18.00 percent as in June 2020.
Usage
SLR is used by bankers and indicates the minimum percentage of deposits that the bank has to maintain in form of gold, cash or other approved securities. Thus, we can say that it is ratio of cash and some other approved liability (deposits). It regulates the credit growth in India.
The liabilities that the banks are liable to pay within one month's time, due to completion of maturity period, are also considered as time liabilities. The maximum limit of SLR is 40% and minimum limit of SLR is 0 In India, Reserve Bank of India always determines the percentage of SLR.
There are some statutory requirements for temporarily placing the money in government bonds. Following this requirement, Reserve Bank of India fixes the level of SLR. However, as most banks currently keep an SLR higher than required (>26%) due to lack of credible lending options, near term reductions are unlikely to increase liquidity and are more symbolic.
The SLR is fixed for a number of reasons. The chief driving force is increasing or decreasing liquidity which can result in a desired outcome. A few uses of mandating SLR are:
Controlling the expansion of bank credit. By changing the level of SLR, the Reserve Bank of India can increase or decrease bank credit expansion.
Ensuring the solvency of commercial banks
By reducing the level of SLR, the RBI can increase liquidity with the commercial banks, resulting in increased investment. This is done to fuel growth and demand.
Compelling the commercial banks to invest in government securities like government bonds
If any Indian bank fails to maintain the required level of the statutory liquidity ratio, it becomes liable to pay penalty to the Reserve Bank of India. The defaulter bank pays penal interest at the rate of 3% per annum above the bank rate, on the shortfall amount for that particular day. However, according to the Circular released by the Department of Banking Operations and Development, Reserve Bank of India, if the defaulter bank continues to default on the next working day, the rate of penal interest can be increased to 5% per annum above the bank rate. This restriction is imposed by RBI on banks to make funds available to customers on demand as soon as possible. Gold and government securities (or gilts) are included along with cash because they are highly liquid and safe assets.
The RBI can increase the SLR to control inflation, suck liquidity out of the market, to tighten the measure to safeguard the customers' money. Decrease in SLR rate is done to encourage growth. In a growing economy banks would like to invest in stock market, not in government securities or gold as the latter would yield less returns. One more reason is long term government securities (or any bond) are sensitive to interest rate changes. However, in an emerging economy, interest rate change is a common activity.
Value and formula
The quantum is specified as some percentage of the total demand and time liabilities ( i.e. the liabilities of the bank which are payable on demand anytime, and those liabilities which are accruing in one months time due to maturity) of a bank.
SLR rate = (liquid assets / (demand + time liabilities)) × 100%
This percentage is fixed by the Reserve Bank of India. The maximum limit for the SLR was 40% in India. Following the amendment of the Banking regulation Act (1949) in January 2017, the floor rate of 20.75% for SLR was removed. From April 11, 2020, rate of SLR is 18.00%.
See also
Bank rate
Basel Accords
Capital adequacy
Cash reserve ratio
References
Further reading
SLR Historical Chart
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Banking
Monetary policy
Financial ratios
Capital requirement | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory%20liquidity%20ratio |
June Mountain ski area is a winter resort in the eastern Sierra Nevada of California, located near June Lake, southeast of Yosemite National Park.
June Mountain, like its neighbor and current owner, Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, has traditionally been popular with skiers from Southern California, in part because of its relative ease of automobile access in winter compared to the Lake Tahoe resorts, which are traditionally more accessible to Northern California residents. It is also popular with locals, elementary and high school ski programs, and race teams in the surrounding small towns of Mono County, many of whom depend on the resort for a substantial portion of their winter tourism base.
June Mountain hosted the 2006 Ski Mountaineering Race Series and the ski and snowboard portions of the 2006 California Winter Games in March 2006.
June Mountain also offers chair lift rides to the chalet throughout the summer and contains hiking trails and other scenic features that are accessible throughout the summer months.
On June 21, 2012, Mammoth Mountain and the Starwood Capital Group announced that they would close June Mountain for the summer and winter 2012–2013 season, after 50 years of continuous operation. An active citizen movement arose in response, raising concerns about the prospects for sustaining the local community if the mountain closed. With a new strategy to finally invest in snowmaking, a chairlift, and marketing, June Mountain re-opened for the 2013–2014 season.
In 2014, Mammoth Mountain purchased Bear Mountain and Snow Summit for $38 million. In 2017, Mammoth Resorts announced its sale by Starwood to a partnership of Aspen Skiing Company and KSL Capital Partners, later named Alterra Mountain Company.
Lifts and Trails
June Mountain operates 7 ski lifts: 2 high-speed quads, 4 doubles, and 1 people mover for beginners. Throughout 1996 to 1997, Doppelmayr retrofitted two high-speed quads, introducing new grips and other technological improvements. Most of the double chairlifts were built by Riblet and retrofitted by Lift Engineering (Yan Lifts). Chair J1, a double chair, carries skiers and snowboarders from the lower ticket office up to June Meadows Chalet where most amenities the resort has to offer are located. From the chalet, riders can either head down the challenging front face of the resort back to the base area, or continue to the more intermediate upper mountain. Chair J6, a high speed quad lift, provides direct access to the top of Rainbow Mountain and a variety of intermediate runs. The other lift option from the chalet is chair J2 which leads to Stew Pot Slims, where food and beverages are available, and gives skiers and snowboarders access to the smaller of the two terrain parks on the mountain as well the 22 foot superpipe. From the top of chair J2, chair J4, and chair J7. Chair J4 also leads to the summit of Rainbow Mountain, while chair J7 goes to the summit of June Mountain. J7 provides access to some of the more iconic runs on the mountain, as well as the largest terrain park found in the resort. The total uphill capacity of the lifts at June Mountain is 10,000 rides per hour.
Main Lifts:
Removed Lifts:
Mountains
June Mountain ski area consists of two mountains, Rainbow Mountain, with an elevation of 10,040 feet (3,060 m), and June Mountain, with a peak of 10,090 feet (3,075 m). The total vertical rise from the lower ticket office to the summit of June Mountain is 2,545 feet. June Mountain averages 250 inches of snowfall a year along with some snowmaking capabilities and normal season runs from December through April. The ski area covers 1,500 acres and has 35 named trails of which 20% are advanced, 45% are intermediate, and 35% are beginner. June Mountain is also home to two terrain parks and a 22-foot superpipe. Many opportunities exist, however, for riders to explore the trees that cover much of the ski areas total acreage and access fresh snow off piste. June Mountain has also established itself as a favorite spot among locals due to its small crowds and easy access to powder following a storm.
Backcountry
The lifts at June Mountain Ski Resort also give riders access to multiple backcountry ski locations that would normally require an all day hike to reach. Examples of these backcountry zones are San Joaquin Ridge, the Negatives, Fern Creek, Carson Peak, Devil's Slide, and Four Seasons. Due to the location of the resort, 5,000 foot descents are easily available with only 2,000 feet of ascending by skis. Because of this and the variety of backcountry terrain found in the immediate proximity of the resort, June Mountain is considered to have some of the best lift accessed backcountry in the West.
Services
Most of the mountain's services are found at June Meadows chalet, at the top of chair J1. Services include a restaurant and a renowned bar. It is also the home of the ski school, a general merchandise shop, and a ski shop, supplying skis, snowboards, and their requirements. Another restaurant on the mountain, "Stew Pots Slim's", located at the base of chair J7, is popular with more advanced skiers, for its location next to the terrain parks and June Mountain's many advanced runs. It serves drinks, sandwiches, soups and chili.
Other
June Mountain has some snowmaking, but it is rarely used, for the mountain averages about 250 inches (6.4 m) of snowfall per year. It also has a small grooming fleet for the terrain park and trails. June Mountain used to be home to the QMC, or Quad Monocable Tramway, a type of gondola similar to a funitel or funifor. It was built by Yan Lifts (Lift Engineering), but was removed in 1996 due to technical problems. It was bought by Dave McCoy in 1986, owner of Mammoth Mountain. The ski resort is now owned by Mammoth Mountain Ski resort.
References
External links
June Mountain official website
June mountain stats
Skilifts.org
Skiresort.info test report
Alterra Mountain Company
Ski areas and resorts in California
Companies based in Mono County, California
Buildings and structures in Mono County, California
Tourist attractions in Mono County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%20Mountain%20ski%20area |
Mary Elizabeth Walton was a nineteenth-century American inventor who was awarded two patents for pollution-reducing devices. In 1881, Walton created a method for reducing the environmental hazards of the smoke emitted from locomotive, industrial and residential chimneys. Her system deflected the emissions being produced by factory smokestacks into water tanks, where the pollutants were retained and later flushed "into the sewer, or into other suitable channels for conducting them to a distant or any desired locality". This water tank system redirected smoke, odors, and pollutants away from the city and out of the air before society had even come to an understanding of the problem. The extent of the problem was a dark cloud that hung in the air and an unpleasant odor, yet Walton inadvertently also helped to reduce air pollution and cancer-causing coal smoke.
Mary Walton also invented a system for reducing the noise produced by the elevated railway systems that were rapidly expanding in New York City, where she lived near the Sixth Avenue Line. Walton had chosen to pursue a solution after hearing that young Thomas Edison had tried and failed. After experimentation and research, she was able to narrow down that much of the sound was a result of amplification from wooden support boxes. To test various solutions, she built a model of the tracks in her basement. From these tests, she determined that lining the boxes with cotton and filling them with sand served to effectively dampen the sound of the trains. Her system deadened the noise caused by trains running over the tracks by cradling the tracks in a wooden box lined with cotton and filled with sand. The rights to her invention, patented in 1881, were sold to the Metropolitan Railroad for $10,000 and the system was soon adopted by other elevated railway companies. Her idea of using sand to dampen sound pollution in New York was inspired by the use of sand to dampen the clanging of anvils near her home. Mary Walton was a true innovator, noticing and experiencing problems in her life and targeting that as a way to make the world a better place.
Early life
There is little documentation of Mary Walton’s life. As a woman inventor, she was woefully overlooked as a person and she is a bit of an enigma in how she was capable of creating two beneficial inventions as a woman in the 1880s. However, a statement made in 1884 and published in the Weekly Transcript of Lexington, Kentucky, provides some crucial information about her youth. Walton is quoted as saying, “My father had no sons, and believed in educating his daughters. He spared no pains or expense to this end". Still, while this provides some insight to her youth, there is no record of her having received a formal education, much less one focused on environmental engineering. The culture and time period made it a challenge for a woman to receive any education; it would seem impossible that she received a specialized education in a STEM field.
Innovations
The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 1860s after the Civil War, drove workers and immigrants to cities like New York in search of industrial jobs. Smokestacks billowed heavy plumes of smoke into the air, while factory jobs improved livelihoods. Aside from manufacturing pollution, new elevated trains that transported employees into and out of cities produced loud noise and emitted poisonous smoke along the rails. Mary Walton ran a boarding house in New York City in 1879, which was right across from the elevated train. Walton decided to handle the problems herself, disgusted by the dark smoke and roar of the railway engines.
Walton's invention (patent #221,880) diverted smokestack pollutants into water tanks, where they were kept until they were discharged into the city's sewage system. Walton went on to address the rattling and clanging noises from the elevated trains a few years later. New York City even enlisted the help of America's most famous inventors, including Thomas Edison, to find a solution. However, it was not renowned inventor Thomas Edison that was able to solve the problem. Mary Walton, a woman in the working class, experienced the effects of this problem daily as she lived alongside tracks. Her boarding house at 6th Avenue and 12th Street was against the city’s new Gilbert Elevated Railway. Innovation is problem solving, and Walton experienced the pain point to a greater extent than Edison, likely contributing to her insistence to generate a solution.
Walton realized after several days of riding the trains that the tracks enhanced the train's noise due to the basic timber supports they went through. In her basement, Walton set up a miniature railroad track and discovered an outstanding sound-dampening device. She cradled the rails in a box-like framework of wood that was tar-painted, cotton-lined, and sand-filled. The sound was absorbed by the surrounding materials as the vibrations from the rails were absorbed.
Walton got patent #237,422 on February 8, 1881, after successful trials. She sold the rights to the Metropolitan Railroad of Innovative York City for $10,000 and the system was soon adopted by other elevated railway companies, which thrived as a result of Walton's new, environmentally friendly system.
Legacy
Walton’s technology and engineering advances solved a very real problem. After its adoption in New York, Walton traveled to England to promote her pollution deterrent and noise blocker, as she was aware of the dark cloud that hung over London throughout their Industrial Revolution. Walton’s invention was hailed by British officials to be one of the greatest inventions of the age.
Walton’s invention was primarily focused on elevated railways, which have almost all been phased out and replaced by underground rails, a trend that began in the 1930s. One example of such replacement is in New York, the very city that both inspired and implemented Walton’s innovation. Evidence of this old railway system can be found along New York’s Highline, an area that has now been transformed into a green space in the city. However, there are still some elevated railways in Chicago, and Walton’s technology has been adopted both domestically and internationally, meaning that while it’s not to the same extent it was in her lifetime, remnants of her patented solutions to pollution and noise still exist today.
Understanding of the issues of air pollution and constant noise on the environment and the human body has grown significantly today, revealing the inadvertent positive impacts that Walton had on her society. Significant amounts of air pollution have been found to cause cancer, and the water tank redirection system that Walton devised helped to improve air quality. And while the noise of the railcars was surely disruptive for the day to day life of New Yorkers, having noise that is either too loud or too persistent can cause physical complications such as an increased risk of hearing loss, stress, anxiety, depression, high blood pressure, and heart disease. Mary Walton helped to address these problems, before even understanding them fully.
Walton is hailed as a STEM feminist and role model. "The most noted machinists and inventors of the century [Thomas Edison among them] had given their attention to the subject without being able to provide a solution, when, lo, a woman's brain did the work..." the Woman's Journal wrote twenty years later. However, when prompted to think of an inventor, or even a woman inventor, Mary Walton’s name is not mentioned enough. She was ahead of her time in engineering ability, in gender roles, and in air quality and pollution prevention, and she still has yet to receive the attention she so rightfully deserves.
References
External links
Mary Walton Profile on ENGINEERING.com
American inventors
Women inventors
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Walton |
Long Sutton is a market town in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies in The Fens, close to the Wash, east of Spalding.
History
Long Sutton belonged historically to the wapentake of Elloe in the Parts of Holland.
A flood in 1236 that destroyed Wisbech Castle is also said to have washed away the village of Dolproon (or Dolprun) near Long Sutton and its existence has been handed down in the lines: "When Dolproon stood, Long Sutton was a wood. When Dolproon was washed down, Long Sutton became a town."
By the mid-14th century, it was considered to be one of the richest communities in Lincolnshire.
In the 1800s the town was on the circuits of touring theatre companies, in 1842 the Bullen theatre company performed here. Long Sutton Market House was completed in 1856.
Long Sutton railway station on the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway opened in July 1862 and closed in 1959 when passenger services were withdrawn.
In 1987 a Butterfly Park was opened near Long Sutton. The park was closed in October 2012 after a series of losses and bad weather.
On 21 June 2012, at about 2:30 pm, a tornado hit Long Sutton. Particular damage was caused in Woad Lane with the tornado "leaving a trail of destruction in its wake".
Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This stretches south to Tydd St Mary, with a total population at the 2011 Census of 7,260.
Community
Long Sutton is the terminus of the A1101. It is now bypassed, with Sutton Bridge, by the A17 which follows the former railway. In 2001 the town had a population of 6,461.
Long Sutton is served by one main local newspaper company, Spalding Today, which produces the Spalding Guardian and the Lincolnshire Free Press.
Food canning factory
Among the largest local employers since the 1940s was the canning factory of Lockwoods Foods Ltd in Bridge Road, between Sutton Bridge and Long Sutton. It produced a range of own-brand canned food and drink products ranging from mushy peas to seasonal strawberries and cola to ginger beer and lemonade shandy. The firm catered to UK and overseas markets, including third-party brands such as Del Monte. In the 1980s the factory was bought by Premier Foods, as Lockwoods Foods Limited went into administrative receivership. Premier Foods, among other food brands, later produced the staple Fray Bentos canned steak and kidney pie at the Long Sutton factory. After the sale of Fray Bentos to Baxters in 2011, production moved to Scotland in 2013. The factory now belongs to the Princes Food & Drink Group. Long Sutton is its largest food production site in the United Kingdom.
Facilities and landmarks
Long Sutton County Primary School is in Dick Turpin Way in the centre of Long Sutton. It has about 400 pupils. University Academy Long Sutton is the local co-educational secondary modern school.
St Mary's Church has a 13th-century lead-covered timber spire similar in design to Chesterfield Parish Church's twisted spire, but Long Sutton's is straight. The church is a Grade I listed building. The spire is high.
Within the church is a memorial inscribed "Alas! Poor Bailey" to a local surgeon, John Bailey, who was killed by robbers while returning from a visit to a patient in Tydd St Mary just after midnight on 22 April 1795. His murderers were not caught.
Town public houses are the Olde Ship Inn in London Road, the Crown and Woolpack in High Street, and the Corn Exchange and the Granary in Market Street.
Sport
The town's Long Sutton Athletic F.C. plays in the Peterborough and District Football League. It previously played in the Eastern Counties Football League.
Notable people
In birth order:
Christopher Helme (1603 – c. 1650), born in Long Sutton, was an emigrant to Massachusetts Bay Colony and a founder of Exeter, New Hampshire.
Dick Turpin (1705–1739), highwayman, lived in Long Sutton for about nine months as John Palmer (or Parmen). There is a road in the town named after him.
Alfred Fletcher (1841–1915), journalist and left-wing politician, was born in Long Sutton.
Richard Winfrey (1858–1944) was a Liberal MP, newspaper publisher and campaigner for agricultural rights. His family donated Winfrey Park.
Henry Harold Welch Pearson (1870–1916) was a Long Sutton-born South African botanist. The African genus Pearsonia was named after him.
Reginald Skelton (1872–1958), born in Long Sutton, was a naval vice-admiral and polar explorer. He was knighted in 1931.
Alfred Haines (1877–1935) from Long Sutton became a first-class cricketer playing for Gloucestershire.
Alfred Piccaver (1884–1958), operatic tenor, was born in Long Sutton.
References
External links
Long Sutton Parish Council
St Mary's church
Towns in Lincolnshire
Market towns in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
South Holland, Lincolnshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Sutton%2C%20Lincolnshire |
Winnweiler is a municipality in the Donnersbergkreis, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated on the upper course of the river Alsenz, approx. north-east of Kaiserslautern. Winnweiler is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") Winnweiler. Winnweiler station is on the Alsenz Valley Railway (Alsenztalbahn), running between Hochspeyer and Bad Münster am Stein.
The settlement in Rhenish Franconia was first mentioned in an 891 deed, from the 12th century onwards it was a possession of the Counts of Falkenstein. As a Lorraine exclave it fell to the House of Habsburg upon the marriage of Maria Theresa of Austria with Duke Francis III Stephen in 1736. It was thereafter administered as an Oberamt of Further Austria until its occupation by French troops in 1797.
Geography
Winnweiler is located in the Saar-Nahe-Bergland and on the edge of the Donnersberg nature reserve.
The municipality is divided into the following districts
Alsenbrück-Langmeil with the living quarters Bahnhof Langmeil, Salomonsmühle, Sattelhof, Wäschbacherhof and Ziegelhütte
with the residential areas Eisenschmelz, Kahlheckerhof and Kupferschmelz
Potzbach with the Leithöfe residential area
Winnweiler with the residential areas Igelbornerhöhe and chapel
Culture
To the east of Winnweiler on the Leisbühl stands a war memorial from 1933, in whose half-open hall a soldier figure as well as commemorative plaques with the names of fallen soldiers commemorate the two world wars. At the northern corner of the square building there is an attached 12.5 m high stair tower leading to an 8.5 m high viewing platform above the hall. From here you have a good view towards Winnweiler and the surrounding area.
Economy and infrastructure
Traffic
Winnweiler is connected to the national road network via the Federal Motorway 63 (Mainz-Kaiserslautern) and the Federal Road 48 (Bingen am Rhein-Bad Bergzabern). The Bingen-Winnweiler section was already a national road (R 40). There was also a station on the Alsenztalbahn (Kaiserslautern-Bingen) in Langmeil, which, however, has not been served since December 2006, as demand had fallen sharply due to the better locations of the Winnweiler and Enkenbach stations and the opening of the Münchweiler stop on the Alsenz in 1999. Here the Zellertalbahn (Monsheim-Langmeil) branches off. This line has been used for some years on Sundays and public holidays in summer again for the excursion traffic. The trains run from Monsheim via Langmeil to Hochspeyer.
Education
In addition to the Montessori primary school, the town also offers the Realschule plus Albert-Schweitzer-Schule. There is also the Wilhelm-Erb-Gymnasium, a former Latin school. The next university town is Kaiserslautern.
Sports
Winnweiler is served by a local sports club, ASV Winnweiler. This club was formed in 1910 and continues to provide sports training and character-building in young people. ASV Winnweiler fields teams at most levels of official German football from grade school to adult men and women's teams. The sports field consists of one lighted turf pitch, one lighted smaller cage (for warm-up or training similar to futsal or indoor football), and one grass pitch. The clubhouse is a full-service clubhouse with food, drinks, indoor and outdoor seating, and restrooms - along with several locker rooms for the players. Play on the turf pitch can be viewed from the clubhouse. Matches are played among local teams and friendly rivalries are common.
Notable people
Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (18401921), neurologist
References
Donnersbergkreis
Palatinate (region) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnweiler |
Systems theory in political science is a highly abstract, partly holistic view of politics, influenced by cybernetics. The adaptation of system theory to political science was conceived by David Easton in 1953.
Overview
In simple terms, Easton's behavioral approach to politics, proposed that a political system could be seen as a delimited (i.e. all political systems have precise boundaries) and fluid (changing) system of steps in decision making. Greatly simplifying his model:
Influence of computers on the discipline of political science and the political system work within an environment.
The environment generates different demands from different section of society such as reservation system in the matter of a certain group, demand for better transportation etc.
Step 1. changes in the social or physical environment surrounding a political system produce "demands" and "supports" for action or the status quo directed as "inputs" towards the political system, through political behavior.
Step 2, these demands and supporting groups stimulate competition in a political system, leading to decisions or "outputs" directed at some aspect of the surrounding social or physical environment.
Step 3, after a decision or output is made (e.g., a specific policy), it interacts with its environment, and if it produces change in the environment, there are "outcomes."
Step 4, when a new policy interacts with its environment, outcomes may generate new demands or supports and groups in support or against the policy ("feedback") or a new policy on some related matter.
Step 5, feedback, leads back to Step 1, forming a never-ending cycle.
Political analysis
Easton aspired to make politics a science, that is, working with highly abstract models that described the regularities of patterns and processes in political life in general. In his view, the highest level of abstraction could make scientific generalizations about politics possible. In sum, politics should be seen as a whole, not as a collection of different problems to be solved.
His main model was driven by an organic view of politics, as if it were a living object. His theory is a statement of what makes political systems adapt and survive. He describes politics in a constant flux, thereby rejecting the idea of "equilibrium", so prevalent in some other political theories (see institutionalism). Moreover, he rejects the idea that politics could be examined by looking at different levels of analysis. His abstractions could account for any group and demand at any given time. That is, interest group theory and elite theory can be subsumed in political systems analysis.
His theory was and is highly influential in the pluralist tradition in political science. (see Harold Lasswell and Robert Dahl)
Critiques
Easton's approach has been criticised for being unfalsifiable and holding a Western or American bias, as well as not explaining crises or the breakdown of the system.
See also
Behavioralism
Karl W. Deutsch
Structural-functionalism
Niklas Luhmann
References
1953 introductions
Comparative politics
Political science
Political science
es:Teoría sistémica en ciencia política | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20theory%20in%20political%20science |
F.Y.P, the Five Year Plan, was a punk rock band founded in 1989 by Todd Congelliere, a predecessor to his more recent bands Toys That Kill and Underground Railroad to Candyland. During its history (from 1989 to 1999), it had a total of 20 different members.
History
F.Y.P, or the Five Year Plan, was a punk rock band of Todd Congelliere's that preceded the more recent bands Toys That Kill and Underground Railroad to Candyland. The group began as a one-man band with a cheap Fisher Price drum machine providing the beat.
Congelliere began work with F.Y.P in 1989, and disbanded it in 1999. Over the course of its existence that band had 20 members.
In 2012, original members Congelliere and Sean Cole with two other members of Toys That Kill, bassist Casey (Chachi) Ferrara and drummer Mike "Jimmy Jackets" Felix, reunited as F.Y.P. for a handful of shows. By 2015 Congelliere had again stopped performing as F.Y.P.
Discography
Albums
Finish Your Popcorn (1992)
Dance My Dunce (1993)
Toilet Kids Bread (1996), produced by Blag Dahlia (of The Dwarves)
My Man Grumpy (1997), also produced by Blag Dahlia
Toys That Kill (2000)
Five Year Plan (Collection of Previously Recorded Demos) (2006)
Singles and EPs
Extra Credit (1990)
Made In USA (1991)
Cooties (1993)
My Neighbores Is Stoopid (1993)
Guido, Where Are You? (1993)
Incomplete Crap (1994)
Idiocy 101 (1994)
Incomplete Crap Vol. 2 (1999)
Come Home Smelly (2000)
Split EPs
Propagandhi/F.Y.P. (1996)
Chaniwa/F.Y.P (1999)
See also
Recess Records
Toys That Kill
References
External links
Recess Records
Browse for F.Y.P Press Reviews
[ AllMusic entry]
Punk rock groups from California
Pop punk groups from California
Recess Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.Y.P |
Within the boundaries of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, there have been many layers of prehistoric cultures whose creation and disappearance are linked to migrations of unidentified ethnic groups.
Prehistory
The Paleolithic in Bosnia is marked by the oldest Paleolithic monument in southeastern Europe, the engravings in Badanj Cave near Stolac in Herzegovina. A magnificent one is Horse attacked by arrows, preserved in fragments and dated around 14000 – 12000 BC.
During the time when Neolithic cultures were appearing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there existed interesting mixtures of Mediterranean and Pannonian cultures.
Herzegovina was under the influence of impresso ceramics from the western Mediterranean, as seen in Green Cave near Mostar, Čairi near Stolac, Lisičići near Konjic and Peć Mlini near Grude. People then lived in caves or simple settlements on hilltops.
On the upper mainstream of the Bosna river and in northeast parts of Bosnia (Obre I near Kakanj), people lived in wooden houses built by the river. In this culture we can see influences from Adriatic cultures in the south and the Starčević culture in the northeast. Original expressions of Kakanj culture are ceramic pots on four legs, called rhyton. We can also find them in the Danilo culture on the Croatian coast. Due to these objects, Kakanj culture is considered a part of the wide circle of Neolithic populations that followed a cult of life force (from northern Italy, Dalmatia and Epirus to the Aegean).
The Butmir culture near Sarajevo is distinctive, with fine glazed ceramics and miscellaneous geometrical decorations (often spirals). Figures from Butmir are unique sculptures modeled with hand; heads are almost like portraits with emphasized parts of body.
Bronze Age settlements in Herzegovina were built like citadels (natively called gradina), and in Bosnia we have necropolises with stone tumuli. During this time, bronze arms, decorated plates, flat necklaces, and fibulas were decorated with a specific geometrical style of engraved ornament.
Illyrian period
The bronze culture of the Illyrians, an ethnic group with a distinct culture and art form, started to organize itself in today's Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Albania and parts of northern Greece.
From 8th century BC, Illyrian tribes evolved into kingdoms. The earliest recorded kingdom in Illyria (a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by the Illyrians, as recorded in classical antiquity) was that of the Enchele in the 8th century BC. The era in which we observe other Illyrian kingdoms begins approximately at 400 BC and ends at 167 BC.[7] The Autariatae under Pleurias (337 BC) were considered to have been a kingdom.[8] The Kingdom of the Ardiaei (originally a tribe from the Neretva valley region) began at 230 BC and ended at 167 BC.[9] The most notable Illyrian kingdoms and dynasties were those of Bardyllis of the Dardani and of Agron of the Ardiaei who created the last and best-known Illyrian kingdom.[10] Agron ruled over the Ardiaei and had extended his rule to other tribes as well.
From the 7th century BC, bronze was replaced by iron, after which only jewelry and art objects were still made out of bronze. Illyrian tribes, under the influence of Hallstatt cultures to the north, formed regional centers that were slightly different.
A very important role in their life was the cult of the dead, which is seen in their careful burials and burial ceremonies, as well as the richness of their burial sites. In northern parts, there was a long tradition of cremation and burial in shallow graves, while in the south the dead were buried in large stone or earth tumuli (natively called gromile) that in Herzegovina were reaching monumental sizes, more than 50 m wide and 5 m high.
Japodian tribes had an affinity to decoration (heavy, oversized necklaces out of yellow, blue or white glass paste, and large bronze fibulas, as well as spiral bracelets, diadems and helmets out of bronze foil).
In the 4th century BC, the first invasion of Celts is recorded. They brought the technique of the pottery wheel, new types of fibulas and different bronze and iron belts. They only passed on their way to Greece, so their influence in Bosnia and Herzegovina is negligible. Celtic migrations displaced many Illyrian tribes from their former lands, but some Celtic and Illyrian tribes mixed. Concrete historical evidence for this period is scarce, but overall it appears that the region was populated by a number of different peoples speaking distinct languages.
In the Neretva Delta in the south, there were important Hellenistic influence of the Illyrian Daors tribe. Their capital was Daorson in Ošanići near Stolac, the main center of ancient culture in B&H. Daorson in the 4th century BC was surrounded by megalithic, 5 m high stonewalls (as large as those of Mycenae in Greece), composed of large trapezoid stone blocks. Daors made unique bronze coins and sculptures.
Roman period
Conflict between the Illyrians and ancient Romans started in 229 BC. In the year 168 BC, the land of Illyrians became the Roman province of Illyricum. Rome completed its annexation of the region in 9 A.D, ending a three-year rebellion of Illyrians against Romans. In the year 10 A.D., Illyria was divided and the northern strip of today's Bosnia along the south side of the Sava River became part of the new province of Pannonia. The rest of what is today Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia, and western Serbia became part of the Roman province of Dalmatia.
In the Roman period, Latin-speaking settlers from all over the Roman Empire settled among the Illyrians and Roman soldiers were encouraged to retire in the region. Several towns of today's Bosnia were founded under Roman rule. For example, the town of Blagaj on the Buna River is built on the site of the Roman town of Bona. Roman Bosnia enjoyed a huge development, with many "Roman via" and "castra" and an economy based on the exploitation of mines. Following Roman rule there was a large number of Vlachs who were descended from a pre-Slavic population. Related to Romanians and originally speaking a language related to Romanian,
the Vlachs are now Slavic speaking.
Christianity had already arrived in the region by the end of the 1st century, and numerous artifacts and objects from the time testify to this. Following events from the years 337 and 395, when the Roman Empire split, Dalmatia and Pannonia were included in the Western Roman Empire. The region was conquered by Huns, and later by the Ostrogoths in 455. The Ostrogoth Kingdom was defeated by Byzantine Empire in the Gothic War (535–553) by the Emperor Justinian I, and the area was re-conquered for the Byzantine Empire.
Notes
Sources
Noel Malcolm, Bosnia A Short History, Macmillan London Limited, 1994.
“Umjetničko Blago Bosne i Hercegovine”, several authors, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1987. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20history%20of%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina |
The California State Games is an annual Olympic-style competition for California's amateur athletes of all ages and abilities. The Games is a member of the National Congress of State Games and of the United States Olympic Committee. Most of the events are held in locations throughout San Diego County (home of one of the USOC's three Olympic Training Center campuses) for both the Winter and Summer competitions. Skiing events held during the 2004 to 2007 Games took place at the June Mountain Ski Area in Mono County on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada.
Summer Games
Sporting events
Archery
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
BMX
Field Hockey
Jr. Lifeguards
Judo
Pickleball
Powerlifting
Rugby
Skateboarding
Soccer
Softball
Surfing
Swimming
Synchronised swimming
Table Tennis
Track & Field (Youth)
Track & Field (Adult)
Water Polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Winter Games
Sporting events
Current events
Ice Hockey - Competition takes place in February
Figure Skating - Competition takes place in March
Gymnastics - Competition takes place in March
Roller Skating - Competition takes place in March
Past Events
skiing
snowboarding
References
External links
California State Games
Multi-sport events in the United States
Sports competitions in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20State%20Games |
Fifty Fifty (Urdu script: ففٹی ففٹی) is a popular Pakistan Television Corporation sketch comedy series which was aired on the national television PTV from 1978 to 1984, based loosely on the American comedy show Saturday Night Live. The programme was a sketch comedy considered by many critics as one of the best television shows to be produced in Pakistan.
The content of the show includes satire and parody, with some slapstick comedy. It is widely considered to be a trendsetter in its genre, with its content being ethnically balanced and written to respect all Pakistani communities.
Regulars on the show included TV actors Ismail Tara, Zeba Shehnaz, Ashraf Khan,Majid Jahangir and Khalid Abbas Dar. Some golden-era songs of Naheed Akhtar and Ghulam Ali were also featured on the show. It was produced and directed by acclaimed Pakistani film and TV director Shoaib Mansoor and written by Anwar Maqsood.
Fifty Fifty and Alif Noon are the two prominent comedy series in Pakistan television in the 1980s. Their writers were regarded as being dedicated to creativity and patriotic values, and that is why they are still the most-in-demand comedy serials.
Cast
Majid Jahangir
Ismail Tara
Zeba Shehnaz
Ashraf Khan
Bushra Ansari
Durdana Butt
Arshad Mehmood
Asma Abbas
Javed Sheikh
Mukhtiar Surhio
Latif Kapadia
Pandit Satyanashi
Salahuddin Toofani
Umer Shareef
Anwar Maqsood
Fareed Khan
Ghulam Mustafa
Moin Akhtar
Khalid Abbas Dar
Awards
References
Pakistani television series
Pakistan Television Corporation original programming
Pakistani comedy television series
Television sketch shows
Urdu-language television shows
1970s Pakistani television series
1980s Pakistani television series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty%20Fifty%20%28Pakistani%20TV%20series%29 |
Capalaba Football Club (formerly the Capalaba Bulldogs Soccer Club) is a semi-professional Australian soccer club based in Capalaba, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, who plays in the National Premier Leagues Queensland.
History
The club was formed in 1972, and currently play in National Premier Leagues after being promoted from Football Queensland Premier League.
Home ground
The club plays out of John Fredericks Park on Old Cleveland Road Capalaba.
Personnel
Current Personnel:
NPL Senior Head Coach: David Booth
NPL Senior Assistant Coach: Jordan Good
NPL 20's Head Coach: Minjae Lee
NPL U18's Head Coach: Andre Bennett
Current squad
References
External links
Capalaba Bulldogs Official Website
Association football clubs established in 1972
Soccer clubs in Brisbane
Brisbane Premier League teams
1972 establishments in Australia
Capalaba, Queensland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capalaba%20FC |
The Newark Evening News was an American newspaper published in Newark, New Jersey. As New Jersey's largest city, Newark played a major role in New Jersey's journalistic history. At its apex, The News was widely regarded as the newspaper of record in New Jersey. It had bureaus in Montclair, Elizabeth, Metuchen, Morristown, Plainfield, Kearny, and Belmar. There were also bureaus in the New Jersey State House in Trenton and in Washington, DC.
History
The News was founded in 1883 by Wallace Scudder. The newspaper was operated by the Scudder family for 86 of its 88 years. The grandson of Wallace Scudder, Richard Scudder, worked as the newspaper's publisher from 1952 until 1972.
For years, the paper thrived as a daily and Sunday paper. It had five editorial writers, an editorial cartoonist, a military writer, and an aviation writer. The paper even had a Sunday magazine. However, a great deal of the paper's focus was on politics.
In 1970, the paper was sold to Media General. In February 1971, the newsroom, which had never been organized, voted to go out on strike and walked out in May 1971. The strike lasted almost a full year — not settling until April 1972. It faced increasing competition from the Newark Star-Ledger, and for its final four months, the daily editions of the Newark Evening News were printed on Star-Ledger presses. That was because the paper's new owners had sold the presses, along with the Sunday News edition, to the Star-Ledger.
The paper folded on August 31, 1972.
Historic research
Since its demise, the Newark Public Library acquired the paper's records. The Charles F. Cummings New Jersey Information Center at Newark Public Library owns the News's indices and clippings files, as well as a full run of microfilm. They have digitized the paper up through 1931.
Distinguished Newark Evening News alumni
John T. Cunningham, prolific and wide-ranging writer on the history of New Jersey.
Lloyd M. Felmly, Editor of the Newark Evening News and a friend of public health. There is an award set up in his honor. Lloyd M. Felmly Award: Established in 1976, the annual award is presented to an individual for outstanding contribution in the media to the cause of public health in New Jersey.
Howard Roger Garis, reporter, who created the Uncle Wiggily character as a News reporter. His Uncle Wiggily books later sold in the millions, and the Wiggily character appeared daily in the News for nearly four decades. He also wrote the first 32 volumes in the Tom Swift, series, written under the pen name Victor Appleton.
Lilian McNamara (Garis). The first female reporter on the News, she later married fellow News reporter, Howard Garis. She helped launch the Bobbsey Twins series and wrote some of the early volumes.
George P. Oslin, leading reporter. He later became Public Relations head of Western Union, and in 1933 invented the singing telegram.
Lute Pease, News editorial cartoonist and winner of the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for "Who, Me?"
Richard Reeves, writer for the News from 1963 to 1965. Later he spent one year at the New York Herald Tribune and then The New York Times as Chief Political Correspondent. His best-selling books included President Kennedy: Profile of Power (1993), and President Nixon: Alone in the White House (2001). He is currently a syndicated columnist and lecturer at the Annenberg School for Communication in Los Angeles.
Andrew E. Svenson worked for the News from 1932 until 1948. After leaving the newspaper, he joined the Stratemeyer Syndicate, where he became a partner in 1961. Svenson shared the major writing chores with Harriet Adams. Under a variety of pseudonyms, many shared with other authors, Svenson wrote books for the Hardy Boys, Bobbsey Twins, Tom Swift, and Honey Bunch series.
Arthur Sylvester headed the News bureau in Washington, D.C.. In 1960, he joined the Kennedy administration as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs.
Cecil Dorrian was one of two accredited female war correspondents during WWI and wrote for the News
References
Mackin, Tom (August 30, 1981). "The Newark News: In Memoriam". The New York Times.
Defunct newspapers published in New Jersey
Newspapers established in 1872
Publications disestablished in 1973
Evening newspapers
Daily newspapers published in the United States
1872 establishments in New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark%20Evening%20News |
Natalya Anatolyevna Petrusyova (; born 2 September 1955) is a former speed skater.
Short biography
Natalya Petrusyova trained at Burevestnik. Competing for the Soviet Union, Petrusyova was a very successful skater – once Olympic Champion (on the 1,000 m), twice World Allround Champion, once World Sprint Champion, twice European Allround Champion, three times Soviet Allround Champion, twice Soviet Sprint Champion, and ten-time world record holder.
Petrusyova was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples in 1980. After her speed skating career had ended, Petrusyova became the senior speed skating coach at the Committee for Physical Culture and Sports in Moscow. At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, she was the senior coach of the Russian speed skating team.
She married Vladimir Komarov, a Soviet Olympic speed skater.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Petrusyova at important championships she participated in, listing the years in which she won each:
World records
Over the course of her career, Petrusyova skated ten world records:
Personal records
References
External links
Natalya Petrusyova at SkateResults.com
Personal records at Skatebase.com
1955 births
Living people
Russian female speed skaters
Soviet female speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for the Soviet Union
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Speed skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Burevestnik (sports society) sportspeople
Olympic medalists in speed skating
World record setters in speed skating
Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics
World Allround Speed Skating Championships medalists
Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya%20Petrusyova |
Lewis Temple (22 October 1800 – 18 May 1854) was an American "negro whalecraft maker," blacksmith, abolitionist, and inventor. He was born in slavery in Richmond, Virginia, and moved to the whaling village of New Bedford, Massachusetts during the 1820s, where he worked as a blacksmith. He married Mary Clark in 1829 and they had three children. He is best remembered for the invention of "Temple's Toggle" or "Temple's Iron" which was a harpoon toggle tip based upon Eskimo and Indian harpoon tips brought back to New England by Whalers in 1835. After some trials, whalers took to the improved harpoon as it prevented the whale from pulling free. Temple never patented his invention which resulted in others copying his work and selling it as their own. Temple did live well, enough to build a larger shop. Unfortunately, due to the negligence of a city construction worker, he fell and was injured. He sued the city and won two thousand dollars, which he never received. He died from his injuries in May 1854, aged 53. His profits from the invention went largely to paying off his debts.
See also
List of African-American inventors and scientists
References
Citations
Bibliography
Black History Month Daily Feature: Lewis Temple, Infozine.com website, February 22, 2006.
Gary L. Frost. "Lewis Temple." Article in Henry Louis Gates and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds. African American Lives (Oxford University Press, 2004), 803–804. .
Kathryn Grover. The Fugitive's Gibraltar: Escaping Slaves and Abolitionism in New Bedford, Massachusetts (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001). .
Spence, Bill. "Harpooned, The Story of Whaling." 1980, Crescent Books. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-91692
Sidney Kaplan. "Lewis Temple and the Hunting of the Whale." The New England Quarterly 26 (March 1953): 78–88
External links
New Bedford Whaling Museum::Lewis Temple & Harpoons
1800 births
1854 deaths
African-American abolitionists
19th-century American inventors
American blacksmiths
American people in whaling
19th-century American slaves
Abolitionists from New Bedford, Massachusetts
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in Massachusetts
People from Richmond, Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Temple |
Fabrice Dimitri Pancrate (; born 2 May 1980) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Club career
Career in France
Pancrate started his professional career in Louhans-Cuiseaux in 1999, where he played two matches. Then, he joined En Avant Guingamp, where he stayed from 2000 until 2002, playing six matches. After his spell at Guingamp, he was transferred to Le Mans, where he scored eight times in 64 appearances.
Paris Saint-Germain and loans
On 2 August 2004, Pancrate was sold to Paris Saint-Germain for £2,000,000 and played 91 matches, scoring 10 in the domestic league. In 2007, he went on loan from February until May to Real Betis in the Spanish La Liga, playing his first match against Athletic Bilbao on 4 February. Pancrate was again sent on loan for the 2007–08 season, this time to Sochaux. After five years, he was released by Paris Saint-Germain.
Newcastle United
On 21 November 2009, Pancrate signed a contract with Newcastle until the end of the season with an option to extend. He was given the number 21 shirt. In January 2010, Newcastle signed up fellow right winger Wayne Routledge from Queens Park Rangers on a long-term deal, putting Pancrate's future in doubt, with many Toon fans doubting his ability.
Pancrate made his debut for Newcastle, coming on as a substitute, in a 3–0 win over Swansea City. He scored his first goal on 5 December 2009, after producing an impressive bit of skill, before mullering the ball in off the crossbar, in a 2–0 home victory over Watford, after coming on as a substitute. He has also set up goals for Ryan Taylor in games against Coventry City and Preston North End.
Pancrate was released at the end of the season.
Honours
Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de France: 2005–06
Newcastle United
Football League Championship; promotion to the FA Premier League: 2009–10
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Paris
Men's association football midfielders
French men's footballers
French people of Martiniquais descent
French expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Louhans-Cuiseaux FC players
En Avant Guingamp players
Le Mans FC players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Real Betis players
Newcastle United F.C. players
FC Nantes players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
La Liga players
English Football League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice%20Pancrate |
The Taipei Zoo, sometimes referred to as the Muzha Zoo, is a public zoological garden in Wenshan District, Taipei, Taiwan. It is the most famous zoological garden in Taiwan and a leader in conservation, research and education, and recreation. It is one of the largest zoos in Asia, with a total area of 165 hectares, of which more than 90 ha are developed.
History
The Taipei Zoo was founded as in 1914, when Taiwan was under Japanese rule, in Mt. Maruyama (modern-day Yuanshan) on the northern suburb of Taihoku (modern-day Taipei). It was originally a private zoological garden owned by a Japanese citizen, Mr. Oe. The Japanese government in Taiwan bought the property the following year and opened it as a public park. After World War II, the Republic of China (ROC) retreated to Taiwan and the ownership of the park was passed to the Taipei City Government of ROC. An Asian elephant named Lin Wang that served with the Chinese Expeditionary Force during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and later relocated to Taiwan with the Kuomintang forces was moved to the zoo, and lived out most of his life and was the most popular animal at the zoo, and the most famous animal in Taiwan until it received 2 pandas from China. Many adults and children alike affectionately called the bull elephant "Grandpa Lin Wang". Due to a need for expansion and for better conditions for the animals, the zoo was moved to its current site in Muzha on the southeastern suburb of Taipei City in 1986. It is, therefore, sometimes referred to as the "Muzha Zoo" to be distinguished from the former "Yuan-shan Zoo". The current site encloses 165 hectares, including 90 hectares open to the public.
The zoo was badly hit during Typhoon Soudelor on 8 August 2015 which caused NT$10 million of loss with additional NT$4 million in reparation cost. The zoo opened again on 11 August 2015 while some parts of it were still kept closed.
The zoo was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister’s Commendation for their contributions to promotion of mutual understanding between Japan and Taiwan on December 1, 2020.
Exhibitions
Formosan Animal Area
Located near the zoo entrance, the area features animals indigenous to Taiwan such as clouded leopards, Eurasian otters, Formosan black bears, Formosan rock macaques, Formosan sika deer, leopard cats, Taiwan serows, Taiwanese pangolins and wild boars.
Children's Zoo
Young guests can interact with domestic animals like alpacas, chickens, donkeys and pigs. The Children's Zoo also has habitats for some wild animals like meerkats, raccoons and South American coati.
Insectarium
The statue of a stag beetle stands at the entrance of the zoo's insectarium, which contains lots of species of insects and arachnids. Behind the Insectarium is a butterfly garden with more than 125 species of butterfly.
Tropical Rainforest Area
Animals from the rainforests of Southeast Asia are featured here, including Asian elephants, Asian small-clawed otters, Bengal tigers, Bornean orangutans, great hornbills, leopards, Malayan tapirs and siamangs, alongside a few animals from South America like black-capped squirrel monkeys, capybaras and giant anteaters.
Pangolin Dome
The Pangolin Dome is a pavilion which was completed in 2019 at a cost of NT$390 million. Its design was inspired by the shape of a pangolin and is intended to raise public awareness about wildlife trafficking in general and more specifically the pangolin trade. The pavilion sits on 1.5 hectares, is 24 meters tall, and comprises six outdoor exhibits and one indoor. The large dome-shaped indoor exhibit is used to display several tropical rainforest species. A female aye-aye arrived from the Ueno Zoo in 2019.
Giant Panda House
In 2008, the zoo received two pandas from the People's Republic of China (PRC), named Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (meaning "reunion"), as a gesture of unity. The gift of the endangered pandas had been rejected by President Chen Shui-bian in 2005 who viewed it as a propaganda tool against Taiwan's independence, but the next president, Ma Ying-jeou, of the Kuomintang, had forged stronger economic and diplomatic relations with the PRC under his presidency, and was willing to accept them. The offering of pandas as a gift from the PRC is often known as "panda diplomacy", and the zoo expected to draw around 30,000 visitors a day as a result of their arrival. The move was criticized by supporters of Taiwan's independence and the opposition Democratic Progressive Party, who said that "Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan means a union, which perfectly matches Beijing's goal of bringing Taiwan into its fold."
The offspring of Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan, Yuan Zai, was born on July 6, 2013. She is the first panda cub to be born in Taiwan. Yuan Zai's public debut was on January 6, 2014.
Desert Animal Area
This sub-section of the zoo contains addaxes, African wild asses and Bactrian camels.
Australian Animal Area
A pair of koalas arrived from the Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary in 1999 and koalas have been prominently kept on display ever since. Additionally, eastern grey kangaroos, emus and southern cassowaries are also displayed here.
African Animal Zone
The exhibit simulates the East African savanna and covers 6 hectares of land for several large animals. These include African bush elephants, Chapman's zebras, common elands, giraffes, bongos, hippos, lions, spotted hyenas, olive baboons, lemurs, pygmy hippos, western lowland gorillas and white rhinos.
Bird World
More than 130 species of bird are on display, including black-faced spoonbills, cockatoos, eagles, flamingos, parrots, pelicans, pheasants, pigeons, red-crowned cranes, scarlet ibises and other waterfowl.
Amphibian and Reptile House
The Amphibian and Reptile House has a wavy ceiling, meant to resemble the movement of snakes. Over 90 species of reptiles and amphibians are housed in here, including Aldabra giant tortoises, ball pythons, eastern blue-tongued skinks, green tree pythons, Indian star tortoises, Taipei tree frogs and many more.
Temperate Zone Animal Area
Multiple temperate species are on display here, these include American bisons, brown bears, gray wolves, Przewalski's horses, pumas, red pandas and tomistoma. The zoo's penguin house is also located nearby, including two species of penguins, the African penguin and king penguin.
Transportation
MetroTaipei Zoo station
:BR01
:Y01
GondolaTaipei Zoo station
Taipei Zoo South station
The zoo is accessible from Taipei Zoo Station of the Taipei Metro.
Gallery
References
External links
1914 establishments in Taiwan
Zoos established in 1914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei%20Zoo |
Butuanon may refer to:
The Butuanon language, an Austronesian language and member of the Visayan language family, spoken in the Philippines
The Butuanon people, speakers of the Butuanon language
Butuan and its residents, in the Agusan del Norte province of the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butuanon |
Vatrop is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about 17 km southeast of Den Helder.
Vatrop is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Den Oever. It has no place name signs, and consists of about 10 houses.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatrop |
A navigation system is a computing system that aids in navigation. Navigation systems may be entirely on board the vehicle or vessel that the system is controlling (for example, on the ship's bridge) or located elsewhere, making use of radio or other signal transmission to control the vehicle or vessel. In some cases, a combination of these methods is used.
Navigation systems may be capable of one or more of:
containing maps, which may be displayed in human-readable format via text or in a graphical format
determining a vehicle or vessel's location via sensors, maps, or information from external sources
providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech
providing directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe or guided missile
providing information on nearby vehicles or vessels, or other hazards or obstacles
providing information on traffic conditions and suggesting alternative directions
simultaneous localization and mapping
acoustic positioning for underwater navigation
The first in-car navigation system available to consumers in 1985 was called Etak Navigation. The company, Etak, was led by engineer Stan Honey and incubated by Nolan Bushnell's Catalyst Technologies in Silicon Valley. Etak held a number of patents and produced digitized maps for the navigation system. The maps were streamed to the navigation system from special tape cassettes. The early digitized maps turned out to be more valuable than the navigation system. The car icon used in Etak Navigation display was a vector-based graphic based on Atari, Inc.'s Asteroids spaceship.
Types of navigation systems
Automotive navigation system
Marine navigation systems using sonar
Satellite navigation system
Global Positioning System, a group of satellites and computers that can provide information on any person, vessel, or vehicle's location via a GPS receiver
GPS navigation device, a device that can receive GPS signals for the purpose of determining the device's location and possibly to suggest or give directions
GLONASS, satellite navigation system run by Russia
Galileo global navigation satellite system
IRNSS, regional satellite system run by India.
Surgical navigation system, a system that determines the position of surgical instruments in relation to patient images such as CT or MRI scans.
Inertial guidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference
Robotic mapping, the methods and equipment by which an autonomous robot is able to construct (or use) a map or floor plan and to localize itself within it
XNAV for deep space navigation
See also
Positioning system
Guidance, navigation and control
Guidance system
References
Navigation
Navigational equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation%20system |
The Alsenz () is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a right tributary to the Nahe. It rises in Enkenbach-Alsenborn, north-east of Kaiserslautern, flows generally north, and joins the Nahe in Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg. Its length is roughly . Towns along the Alsenz include Winnweiler, Rockenhausen and Alsenz.
Rivers and lakes of Western Palatinate
North Palatinate
Rivers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsenz%20%28river%29 |
Nobu Hospitality, LLC is an American company founded by Nobu Matsuhisa, Robert De Niro, and Meir Teper in partnerships with Drew Nieporent as an Operator with Myriad Restaurant Group.
Background
In 1987, Nobu Matsuhisa moved to Los Angeles and opened the eponymous restaurant Matsuhisa. In 1988, Robert De Niro first visited the restaurant, and thereafter became a regular customer. In 1989, De Niro suggested to Matsuhisa that he open a restaurant in Tribeca, New York City. While Matsuhisa thought De Niro's proposal was attractive, he declined, feeling he should focus on establishing a solid foundation for his Los Angeles restaurant first. De Niro waited until 1994 before he floated the idea to Matsuhisa again, and this time Matsuhisa agreed.
While living in Lima, Peru, Matsuhisa developed his signature style: melding Japanese techniques with Peruvian ingredients.
History
Restaurants
In 1994, Matsuhisa, De Niro, restaurateur Drew Nieporent, and investor Meir Teper agreed to a joint venture and on the 17 September 1994, the first Nobu opened. Nobu's famous signature dish is black cod with miso.
By 1997 the first Nobu opened outside of the United States, in London. As of 2023, counts 56 restaurants.
Hotels
The first Nobu Hotel opened inside Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada in 2013. Two years later, in May 2015, Nobu opened a hotel in the City of Dreams, Manila, Philippines. In October of the same year, Crown Resorts bought a stake of 20% of Nobu for US$100 million. By October 2020, the chain had 13 hotels.
In late November 2022, the first Nobu Hotel in the Southeast opened in Atlanta, Georgia.
References
Japanese cuisine
Japanese culture
Sushi restaurants
1994 establishments in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobu |
Reversine, or 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine, is a small molecule developed by the group of Peter G. Schultz, used for stem cell dedifferentiation.
It also has the potential to selectively induce cell death in cancer cells.
Reversine is known to act as an antagonist of the adenosine A3 receptor. Reversine is a potent inhibitor of the mitotic kinase Mps1 and it is widely used to study the process of chromosome segregation.
References
External links
Adenosine receptor antagonists
Purines
Aromatic amines
4-Morpholinyl compounds
Anilines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversine |
The Hanover Street Bridge – officially, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge – is a bascule bridge crossing the middle branch of the Patapsco River along Hanover Street (Maryland Route 2) in Baltimore, Maryland.
The bridge was built to replace the mile-long "Long Bridge" built by Richard Cromwell in 1856 to move products from his orchard in Anne Arundel County to downtown Baltimore.
The Hanover Street Bridge connects the southern base of the industrialized South Baltimore to the neighborhood of Cherry Hill and Brooklyn. The bridge carries five lanes of traffic: two northbound, two southbound, and one reversible. It employs a lane control system and carries two sidewalks on either side.
Designed by J. E. Greiner Company, the bridge was constructed in 1916 and is characterized as a Beaux Arts-style reinforced cantilever bridge. It is known for its beautiful arches as it spans the water. In the center of the bridge is a drawbridge span surrounded on four corners by classic style towers which lend it a distinctive appearance. The bridge is long.
On May 30, 1993, Baltimore Mayor Kurt Schmoke officially renamed the bridge the "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge".
In the 1990s, the area under the bridge became the site of a rough and sometimes murderously violent "tent city" campsite for the homeless.
, the bridge is in a state of disrepair, riddled with numerous potholes – some exposing the rebar below.
See also
Joe Metheny
Notes
Bascule bridges in the United States
Beaux-Arts architecture in Maryland
Bridges completed in 1916
Cantilever bridges in the United States
Crossings of the Patapsco River
Monuments and memorials in Maryland
Road bridges in Maryland
Vietnam War monuments and memorials in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Street%20Bridge |
Lagos is the largest city of the West-African country of Nigeria, and its former capital; it is the third largest city in Africa in terms of population with about 15.3 million people. It is also the 4th largest economy in Africa.
Historical names
Lagos means "lakes" in Portuguese, the language of the first Europeans to arrive at the land already inhabited by the Awori who are a sub-ethnic group of the Yoruba people. To the Awori, the area was initially known as "Oko" or "Eko". The Portuguese would refer to it as "Onim" and later "Lagos".
To differentiate the modern settlement from the older kingdom in the area, the name "Onim" has been applied to the latter by some historians such as Toby Green.
Beginnings
Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people in the 15th century and Binis in the 16th century. The Awori moved to an island now called Iddo and then to the larger Lagos Island. Their ruler Olofin divided the island among his ten sons. One of them, Aromire, planted pepper on the nearby island of Lagos. The palace of the Oba (king) of the Yoruba, Iga Idunganran, which was later built on this site, is therefore literally translated as "pepper farm palace".
During a dispute between Olofin and a wealthy woman named Aina, the Oba of Benin tried to mediate in these affairs of Iddo Island. The Oba sent envoys to comply with Aina's request to investigate the dispute. The men, who arrived in a canoe, believed the fishing paraphernalia on the shore to be signs of readiness for war from a distance. When they returned to the Oba, they told him of their findings and he sent them back to the battle with military support, accepting a challenge. Aseru, a war chief who was part of these reinforcements, stayed behind on the island of Iddo after the defeat and capture of Olofin. He went on to war against other neighbouring towns and got as far as Iseri, where he eventually died. A certain Asipa then brought his body back to Benin. For his deed, the Oba rewarded him by appointing him ruler of Iddo Island. Asipa was also given the royal drum (Gbedu), which is beaten by the Obas of Lagos to this day. His son Ado became the first king of Lagos and his lineage continues the line of the Obas of Lagos to this day.
Arrival of Europeans
In 1472, Portuguese explorers arrived, and began to trade, eventually followed by other Europeans. Lagos (Portuguese for "lakes") was a name given to the settlement by the Portuguese. Throughout history, it was home to a number of warring ethnic Yoruba groups who had settled in the area. Following its early settlement by the Awori nobility, the state first came to the attention of the Portuguese in the 15th century.
Portuguese explorer Rui de Sequeira visited the area in 1472, naming the area around the city Lago de Curamo, which means Lake of Curamo. It's also probable that the city was named after the homonymous coastal town of Lagos, Portugal, in the Algarve region, where sailors and settlers would have departed.
The area fell under the domain of Benin in the 16th century. By 1600, it served as a frontier town, and Benin limited its local presence to soldiers led by four military commanders. This military presence as well as the exchange with European traders resulted in economic growth, as locals would travel along the coast and from further inland to Lagos Island for trade; at this point, clothes were the main item sold at and exported from the island as well as Benin as a whole.
In the 17th century, the trade with the Portuguese also began to increase, as Onim became a center of the Atlantic slave trade. The local obas (kings) developed good relations with the Portuguese.
By the early 19th century, it was a small kingdom and a tributary to the Oyo Empire. Like many West African states, Onim developed strong diplomatic as well as economic links to South America. It sent embassies to the Portuguese colony of Brazil, and became one of the first countries to recognize the independence of Brazil in 1823. Meanwhile, the Oyo Empire had begun to collapse. This allowed Lagos to assume the leading economic position regionally, becoming the most important market in the Yoruba territories as well as growing substantially.
British influence
In Britain's early 19th-century fight against the transatlantic slave trade, its West Africa Squadron or Preventative Squadron as it was also known, continued to pursue Portuguese, American, French, and Cuban slave ships and to impose anti-slavery treaties with West African coastal chiefs with so much doggedness that they created a strong presence along the West African coast from Sierra Leone all the way to the Niger Delta (today's Nigeria) and as far south as Congo.
From the crowning of Ado as its Oba, Lagos (then called Eko) had served as a major center for slave-trade, from which then Oba of Benin and all of his successors for over two centuries supported — until 1841, when Oba Akitoye ascended to the throne of Lagos and attempted to ban slave trading. Local merchants strongly opposed the intended move, and deposed and exiled the king, and installed Akitoye's brother Kosoko as Oba. Exiled to Europe, Akitoye met with British authorities, who had banned slave trading in 1807, and who therefore decided to support the deposed Oba to regain his throne.
In 1849, Britain appointed John Beecroft Consul of the Bights of Benin and Biafra, a position he held (along with his governorship of Fernando Po) until his death in 1854. John Duncan was appointed Vice Consul and was located at Whydah. At the time of Beecroft's appointment, the Kingdom of Lagos (under Oba Kosoko) was in the western part of the Consulate of the Bights of Benin and Biafra and was a key slave trading port.
In 1851 and with pressure from liberated slaves who now wielded political and business influence, Britain intervened in Lagos in what is now known as the Bombardment of Lagos or Capture of Lagos resulting in the installation of Oba Akitoye and the ouster of Oba Kosoko. Oba Akitoye then signed the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos abolishing slavery. The signing of the 1852 treaty ushered in the Consular Period in Lagos's history wherein Britain provided military protection for Lagos.
The Royal Navy originally used the port of the Spanish island of Fernando Po (now Bioko, Equatorial Guinea) off Nigeria as an extraterritorial base of operations. In 1855, Spain claimed this port for itself. The Royal Navy therefore had to find another naval base. Lagos was the most attractive option.
Colonial Lagos
Following threats from Kosoko and the French who were positioned at Whydah, a decision was made by Lord Palmerston (British Prime Minister) who noted in 1861, "the expediency of losing no time in assuming the formal Protectorate of Lagos". William McCoskry, the Acting Consul in Lagos with Commander Bedingfield convened a meeting with Oba Dosunmu on 30 July 1861 aboard HMS Prometheus where Britain's intent was explained and a response to the terms were required by August 1861. Dosunmu resisted the terms of the treaty but under the threat to unleash a bombardment on Lagos by Commander Bedingfield, Dosunmu relented and signed the Lagos Treaty of Cession on 6 August 1861.
Lagos as colony
Lagos was declared a colony on 5 March 1862 but governed by the Gold Coast, modern day Ghana. In 1886, Lagos became a separate colony from the Gold Coast under Governor Cornelius Alfred Moloney. Navy port Lagos became an essential trading centre as traders realised they could count on the protection of the Royal Navy to protect them from pirates, for example.
Lagos quickly became a destination for immigration. Along with migrants from all over Nigeria and other West African nations were the returnee ex-slaves known as Creoles, who came from Freetown, Sierra Leone, Brazil, and the West Indies to Lagos. The Creoles contributed to Lagos's modernization and their knowledge of Portuguese architecture can still be seen from the architecture on Lagos Island. Since the 19th century, Lagos gradually transformed into a melting pot of Africans and Europeans.
In 1869, the Cathedral Church of Christ was established in Lagos. Five years earlier, Samuel Ajayi Crowther had become the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.
Lagos as capital
The central importance of Lagos for Nigeria can be traced back to General Lugard, who advanced far north with British troops after 1900 and, as governor, made Lagos the capital of the south and later of the entire country.
In 1906, Lagos was merged with the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and became its capital. In Lekki, near Lagos, the Nigerian Bitumen Corporation under businessman John Simon Bergheim found oil during test drilling in 1908.
On January 1st 1914, Northern Nigeria and Southern Nigeria were united into a single state, the "Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria"; Lagos became the capital. However, the British ruled northern and southern Nigeria in different ways, which continues to have an impact to the present day. In the north, "indirect rule" was practised, which left the traditional, partly centuries-old ruling structures largely intact. In the south, like Lagos, the British ruled directly and tried to impart European achievements to the local inhabitants. This includes the "Nigerian Council" of the Clifford Constitution of 1922, a kind of parliament with 46 representatives among which four locals, including three from Lagos. Northern Nigerians were not represented.
Modernisation
The Lagos Government Railway began construction of a Cape Gauge railway line from Lagos to Ibadan in 1896, which was opened on 4 March 1901. The line was later extended to Nguru via Oshogbo, Ilorin, Kaduna, Zaria and Kano, making a total length of about 1360 km. From 1902, the LGR also operated the Lagos steam tramway.
Telephone cables connecting Lagos to London had been established by 1886.
Electrification was implemented in Lagos on 19 September 1898, 17 years after its introduction in England. The total generation at that time was 60 kilowatts (kW). The power line supplied the Lagos marina from the Government House to the north side of the island.
In 1901, the first bridge was built between Lagos Island and the mainland, the Carter Bridge, named after the governor from 1891 to 1898.
In 1913, the Lagos Port was commissioned.
Mailboat connection, "Boat Express"
Since 1 February 1914, a regular mailboat service ran between Lagos and Great Britain (Liverpool). The first mail steamer of this line was the S/S Akoko. The contact of the colony of Nigeria with Great Britain was mainly maintained by such mail ships before the beginning of air transport (1945). Once a month, a mail steamer of the Elder Dempster Lines from Liverpool docked in the capital Lagos/Apapa and in Calabar/Port Harcourt. These were alternately the MS Apapa and her sister ship, the MS Accra. In addition to letters and parcels, they also carried cargo and about 100 passengers and also stopped in Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Gold Coast (Ghana). This was how colonial officials, colonial army officers, business travellers and globetrotters reached the West African colonies of the Commonwealth or home. Travellers from mail steamers could board the "Boat Express" waiting next to the steamer and reach Kano in far northern Nigeria within 43 hours in sleeping and dining cars. Such passengers were predominantly the officers of the colonial army in the first class compartment.
In 1935, the railway network in colonial Nigeria reached its maximum expansion. It comprised 3,056 km of track at that time. In 1916, a 550 m railway bridge over the Niger River and in 1932 (or 1934) a bridge over the Benue River had connected the three parts of the rail network. 179 mainline and 54 shunting locomotives were in use. The maintenance and repair workshop in Ebute Metta employed 1,500 locals. High school graduates could be trained by the railway company as locomotive drivers or technicians in six-year courses - during which they worked in the workshop mentioned above and in the construction department, for example. During this training, the apprentices were paid and received an annual salary of £480 (about £48,000 in today's money, significantly more than the average Nigerian income today) upon completion of the training. For the trainees in Lagos, the railway company had specially provided a discarded but still functioning steam locomotive, which they could use to learn how it worked.
Second World War
During the Second World War, in 1942, Lagos played a role in "Operation Postmaster". In an adventurous way, British special agents on the nearby but Spanish and thus neutral island of Bioko captured Italian and German supply ships for U-boats in the South Atlantic and brought them to the home port of Lagos. The incident - in which no shot was fired - almost led to Franco's Spain entering the war alongside the Third Reich and fascist Italy.
In June 1945, railway workers in Lagos initiated a nationwide general strike. It was the first of its kind in the nation, growing to comprise 200,000 workers and seventeen labor unions. In 1946, the commission increased wages of workers. The strike served as a focal point for criticism of British rule of Nigeria. It has been cited as a "turning point" in Nigerian labor relations. An article on the strike in the Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria declared its main legacy to be "the need for mutual sobriety." Nigeria did not have another general strike for nineteen years.
Independence
Lagos maintained its status as capital when Nigeria obtained its independence from Britain in 1960. Lagos experienced rapid growth throughout the 1960s and 1970s as a result of Nigeria's economic boom. This continued through the 1980s and 1990s up to the present date.
Split into 13 LGA's
Before 27 May 1967, Lagos had been administered directly by the Federal Government as a Federal Territory through the Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs, while the Lagos City Council (LCC) governed the city. Lagos, along with the towns from the then Western region (Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry), were eventually merged to create Lagos State. Lagos city was split into the present day seven Local Government Areas (LGAs), while the other towns now make up 13 LGAs in the state. Lagos played the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital until 1976 when the state capital was moved to Ikeja. Lagos was adversely affected during Nigeria's military rule.
Music Industry, McCartney's "Band on the Run"
Lagos has been a centre of the music industry since the seventies. International stars like Beyoncé also record their hits in Lagos.
The pioneer in this respect was Paul McCartney, who recorded the album "Band on the Run" with his then band Wings at the EMI studio on 7 Wharf Road in Apapa, Lagos, from August to October 1973. Among other things, the ex-Beatle hoped for inspiration from the exotic location. "Band on the Run" is still (2023) McCartney's most successful album, which is also praised by critics.
The cement armada
One of the strangest chapters in the history of Lagos is that of the "cement armada". Due to corruption and incompetence of the central government under General Gowon, hundreds of ships with ordered cement deliveries - half of the world supply - were lying outside the port in 1974, causing chaotic scenes.
Volkswagen plant in Lagos
Volkswagen of Nigeria began assembling the VW 1300 in Lagos on 21 March 1975. In 1976, it produced over 16,000 vehicles, including the Passat and the Audi 100. In 1982, the Shagari government reacted to Nigeria's lack of foreign currency by imposing import restrictions, which hampered production in Lagos in the 1980s.
In March 1990, the Volkswagen Group decided to withdraw from the Nigeria business. Negotiations on a sale to a Nigerian group of companies, which began in 1992, failed to reach a conclusion because of internal political power struggles. In 1994, Volkswagen withdrew the last German employees. Since then, production has been at a standstill. The district where the production plant was located is still called "Volkswagen".
FESTAC 77
From January to February 1977, the Second World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture (FESTAC) took place in Lagos (and in Kaduna). FESTAC 77 is believed to be the largest cultural event held in Africa in the 20th century. It included events and exhibitions on African art, film, music, literature, dance and religion. The site on the Badagry Expressway in the west of the city is still called "Festac town" today.
Visit of Jimmy Carter
From 31 March to 3 April 1977, the then US President Jimmy Carter visited Lagos. To date, it is the only visit by a US president to the city (as of 2023).
Not Nigerias capital anymore
In 1991, Ibrahim Babangida, the Military President and other government functions moved to the newly built capital Abuja. This was as a result of intelligence reports on the safety of his life and what was later to be termed his hidden agenda, which was the plan to turn himself into a civilian president. He finished what was started by the Murtala/Obasanjo regime. The change resulted in Lagos losing some prestige and economic leverage. However, Lagos remains the financial center of the country, and also grew to become the most populous conurbation in the country.
New millennium
The rise of Nollywood
After 2000, the centre of the Nigerian film industry, commonly referred to as Nollywood, developed in the Surulere district. Lagos itself has since been the location and setting for many films. The 2016 film "Captain America: Civil War" contains a scene set in Lagos. The Spanish police series "La unidad" (2020 - 2023), the British drama "The Last Tree" (2019) and the US-Spanish drama "The Way, Chapter 2" with Martin Sheen (2023 still in development) also use Lagos as a filming location. The film "93 days" (2016) with Danny Glover is a somewhat melodramatic but fact-based account of the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Lagos and was filmed on original locations. Since the success of the Nigerian thriller "The Figurine", Nigerian film has increasingly focused on high-quality productions that are also commercially successful. This in turn has led to ever new records in box office takings in Nigeria (2009: "The Figurine", 2013: "Half of a Yellow Sun", 2016: "The Wedding Party").
Emergency situations
On 27 January 2002, explosions occurred at a barracks site in the city. According to military sources, the cause was the spread of a fire from a street market. It led to about 30 explosions in an ammunition depot, which affected adjacent buildings. People fled in panic. The disaster emanating from the ammunition depot cost at least a thousand lives. Many families were left homeless as their homes were destroyed. Impacts occurred within a seven-kilometre radius of the explosion site. Many children drowned in a sewer as they fled.
In 2012, 163 people were killed when a McDonnell Douglas MD-83 crashed into a local furniture works and printing press building.
On 1 November 2021, a 21-storey high-rise building under construction in the affluent Ikoyi district collapsed (full article here). 44 people were killed, including the owner and the construction manager who were investigating problems in the structure on site at the time of the collapse. According to witnesses, a pillar on the first floor showed cracks. The owner, Femi Osibona, demanded that the contractor replaced this pillar with a new, intact one and offered the construction workers breakfast for the extra work. Shortly afterwards, the building had collapsed. The building permit had only allowed 15 storeys and the original contractor had withdrawn from the project a year earlier because of the deliberate deviations from the building plan. For example, after two identical buildings were built in close proximity, a different concrete mix had been used. - The construction disaster is the largest of its kind in Lagos (as of 2023); multi-storey buildings often collapse in the metropolis of Lagos, but the number of storeys and fatalities are quite a bit lower than in the above case.
Narrow escape: Ebola in Lagos
On 20 July 2014, a traveller from Liberia infected with Ebola arrived at the airport in Lagos and was diagnosed after being admitted to a private hospital. This patient may have infected 72 people at the airport and hospital. The patient died on 25 July; as of 24 September, there were 19 laboratory-confirmed Ebola cases and one probable case in two states, with 894 contacts identified and followed up as part of the response. No new cases had emerged since 31 August, suggesting that the Ebola outbreak in Nigeria may be contained. The rapidly established Emergency Operations Centre, which used an Incident Management System (IMS) to coordinate response and consolidate decision-making, was instrumental in containing the outbreak in Nigeria at an early stage and avoiding a disaster scenario.
Tech Hub in Yaba, Zuckerberg visit
On 30 August 2016, Mark Zuckerberg visited tech startups in the Yaba district, in particular CcHUB and IT instructor Andela. During his surprise visit, Zuckerberg spoke to children who are learning programming languages during their summer holidays, among other things. In October 2017, Facebook established the first African SME Council in Nigeria to support small and medium-sized enterprises.
Infrastructure measures
On 10 June 2021, Lagos received a standard gauge railway link with Nigeria's third largest city, Ibadan, including a modern central station, Mobolaji Johnson. While other sub-Saharan African countries continue to use or decommission railway networks from the colonial era, Nigeria is expanding its rail network with Chinese assistance. In 2022, the Nigerian Railway Corporation reported profitable operation of the Lagos-Ibadan line despite restrictions due to Covid epidemic.
In January 2023, the new deep-sea port of Lekki was opened to relieve traffic at the more centrally located but congested and shallower ports of Apapa and Tin Can Island.
On 4 September 2023, the first section, the blue line, of the Lagos suburban railway went into operation.
Obas (Kings) of Onim / Lagos
Ashipa (1600–1630)
King Ado (1630–1669) first King of Lagos
King Gabaro (1669–1704)
King Akinsemoyin (1704–1749)
Eletu Kekere (1749)
King Ologun Kutere (1749–1775)
Adele Ajosun (1775-1780 & 1832-1834)
Eshilokun (1780–1819)
Oba Idewu Ojulari (1819–1832)
King Oluwole (1836–1841)
King Akintoye (1841-1845 & 1851-1853)
Oba Kosoko (1845–1851)
King Dosunmu [Docemo] (1853–1885)
Oba Oyekan I (1885–1900)
Oba Eshugbayi Eleko (1901-1925 & 1932)
Oba Ibikunle Akitoye (1925–1928)
Oba Sanusi Olusi (1928–1931)
Oba Falolu Dosunmu (1932–1949)
Oba Adeniji Adele (1949–1964)
Oba Adeyinka Oyekan II (1965–2003)
Oba Rilwan Akiolu (2003–present)
See also
Timeline of Lagos
Oba of Lagos
References
Works cited
Further reading
Victorian Lagos: Aspects of Nineteenth Century Lagos Life by Michael J. C.Echeruo. London: Macmillan 1977. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lagos |
Saint Renatus (Italian: San Renato, French: Saint-René) is the name of a French and an Italian saint of the Catholic Church who is claimed to be the same person. There are different stories of two saints with by the name Renatus, who were later merged into a single one based on their described similarities and contemporaneity. Both are venerated in Italy and France. They were: Saint Renatus of Sorrento (San Renato di Sorrento), and Saint Renatus of Angers (Saint-René d'Angers). Part of their stories seem to be a legend, part incomplete and part deficient historically documented.
Due to the Angevin domination of Naples from the 13th to the 15th century, and the fact that they were both bishops and saints from the same age, the personality of Renatus of Sorrento was linked with the figure of Renatus of Angers.
Saint Renatus of Angers (Saint-René d'Angers)
The first story of the lesser known Saint-René began when the Italian Saint Maurilius, the bishop of the French city of Angers (Anjou) in the 5th century, was one day called to assist a moribund child. Unfortunately he was detained by a pressing task in the church, and arrived too late to minister the sacrament of baptism to the child. Feeling responsible for the loss, Maurice decided to expiate it, and left Angers in secret and embarked upon a ship, throwing the keys to the cathedral's treasury into the high seas. He then went further to England, to work as the royal gardener. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of Angers had found the keys inside the liver of a big fish which was caught by the local fishermen. They traced the whereabouts of the bishop to England and convinced him to return to their city. Arriving at Angers, Maurilius prayed at the dead child's tomb, and, in a miracle, the child resuscitated, smiling, "fresh as the flowers growing on the tomb". Because of this Maurilius baptized the boy as Renatus. Renatus later succeeded Maurilius as the bishop of Angers, and came to sainthood himself, later as Saint René (French for reborn).
Saint-René is mostly venerated in France on November 12.
Saint Renatus of Sorrento (San Renato di Sorrento)
The second story of the better known San Renato is about a bishop in the 5th century who lived in the city of Sorrento, near Naples, in the province of Campania; therefore he was a member of the early Christian church. He was the first bishop of Sorrento, and probably was one of the hermits who lived in the hills near the city. According to Antonio Borrelli, he may have been an early member of the hermits, such as Catellus of Castellammare or Antoninus of Sorrento, who lived between the 7th and 9th centuries as hermits on the hills of the Sorrentine Peninsula.
A homily dedicated to the saint, composed at the end of the eighth century, does not refer to him as a bishop, nor is he mentioned as such in the Life of Saint Antoninus, Abbot of Sorrento, composed in the 9th century or sometime after. The Life includes a description of the saints obtained from painting hanging at the time in the cathedral of Sorrento. In this work, Renatus is depicted as an old man and appears with the patron saints of Sorrento: Antoninus of Sorrento, Athanasius of Sorrento, Baculus of Sorrento, and Valerius of Sorrento. In the narrative, the saints appear to Duke Sergius I of Naples on the eve of battle against Moorish forces in 846 AD.
Renatus' place of prayer (oratorio) became the city's first cathedral, which later was substituted in 1603 by a big basilica built by the Benedictines of Monte Cassino, during a time of renewed interest in the relics associated with Renatus and Valerius of Sorrento.
Renatus’ cult was diffused throughout Campania. In Sorrento there was a chapel in the cathedral dedicated to the saint, where he is venerated with the title of Confessor of the Faith. On Monte Faito, in the Municipality of Vico Equense, there was a small church dedicated to Renatus.
Several centers for Renatus’ cult appeared in Naples, and are mentioned in documents dating from July 1276 and March 1367. There were also centers of his cult in Capua, Sarno, and Nola in the fourteenth century.
The present-day Duomo of Sorrento has a chapel dedicated to San Renato. He was also venerated on October 6.
Fusion
The story goes on when in 1262, Charles I d'Anjou, a prince of the House of Anjou, now a powerful dynasty, conquered Naples. The French conquerors soon discovered the local saint of devotion, Saint Renatus of Sorrento. The Sorrentini became acquainted with the story of Saint Renatus of Angers. Since they seemed to be contemporaries, and were physically described by their contemporaries as being very similar (a bald old man, with a long beard) one single figure of devotion was born by common consent, and the legend was amplified by telling how the Bishop of Angers came to Sorrento in old age, and went to live as a hermit, and became the new Bishop of Sorrento. Thus, Renatus of Angers and Renatus of Sorrento were identified as being the same person. Although plausible, no historical and documental proof of this identity ever came to light, however.
Veneration
Saint Renatus of Angers, by confusion of his name with reins, "kidneys" (once believed to be the seat of sexual power) was invoked for fertility as one of the phallic saints.
Trivia
About a millennium after the saints lived, René of Anjou, named after Saint-René and born in the castle of Angers became King René I of Naples (near Sorrento). He was known as the Good King René (French Le bon roi René).
References
Sources
San Renato di Angers. Santi e Beati.
San Renato di Sorrento. Santi e Beati.
Italian saints
5th-century Christian saints
5th-century Gallo-Roman people
Gallo-Roman saints | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Renatus |
Lee Jones is an online poker executive and the author of Winning Low-Limit Hold 'em.
Education
Jones earned his B.S. in Computer Science from Duke University in North Carolina in 1978, and his M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 1983.
In 2019, Lee partnered with Tommy Angelo to create the video series called PokerSimple.
He also contributes a monthly column to Bluff Magazine.
Career
From October 2003 to April 2007, Jones worked as the cardroom manager of the PokerStars online poker cardroom. As the poker room manager, Jones decided which poker tournaments and games to offer the players. In April 2007, Jones left PokerStars and began work with the European Poker Tour. Jones said that he was making the change "to expand [his] horizons and stretch some new muscles." Jones organized, hosted, and provided television commentary for EPT events, while also still serving as a consultant for PokerStars.
In April 2008 Jones announced he was leaving EPT to become COO of CardRunners, a poker instructional website. He left Cardrunners in 2009.
In May 2009 Jones signed on with the Cake Poker Network's flagship member Cake Poker as the Card Room Manager. He was also acting as a player advocate at Cake Poker. He resigned from Cake Poker in December 2010 citing "strategic decisions with which I'm not comfortable"
In 2012, Jones returned to work with PokerStars when they acquired FullTiltPoker.
In 2014, Jones earned 14th place in the Isle of Man stop of UKIPT (United Kingdom and Ireland Poker Tour)
Heads-up poker system
In 2006 Jones and a former math lecturer named James Kittock (now at Google) developed a system for playing heads-up that they called the Sit and Go Endgame System (SAGE). This drew a mention in the New York Times poker column.
Notes
External links
Official site
Lee Jones Interview (audio + transcript)
American poker players
American gambling writers
American male non-fiction writers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Duke University alumni
American chief operating officers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Jones%20%28author%29 |
Noordburen is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon. Noordburen lies about 14 km southeast of Den Helder, and one km north of Hippolytushoef.
Noordburen is not a statistical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Hippolytushoef. Noordburen has place name signs, and consists of a handful of houses.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordburen |
Hyżne is a village in Rzeszów County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Hyżne. It lies on the Tatyna river, approximately south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
References
Villages in Rzeszów County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%BCne |
Discovery High School may refer to:
Discovery High School, a high school in El Paso County, Colorado
Discovery High School (Georgia), a high school in Lawrenceville, Georgia
Discovery Alternative High School, a high school in Kent County, Michigan
Discovery High School, a high school in New York City
Discovery High School (Washington), a high school in Longview Public Schools in Longview, Washington
Discovery High School of Newton-Conover, a high school in Newton, North Carolina
Discovery Alternative High School, a high school in South Kitsap School District, Washington
See also
Discovery Academy (disambiguation)
Discovery School (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20High%20School |
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein (U.K. title: Teenage Frankenstein) is a film starring Whit Bissell, Phyllis Coates and Gary Conway, released by American International Pictures (AIP) in November 1957 as a double feature with Blood of Dracula. It is the follow-up to AIP's box office hit I Was a Teenage Werewolf, released less than five months earlier. Both films later received a sequel in the crossover How to Make a Monster, released in July 1958. The film stars Whit Bissell, Phyllis Coates, Robert Burton, Gary Conway and George Lynn.
Plot
Professor Frankenstein, a guest lecturer from England, talks Dr. Karlton into becoming an unwilling accomplice in his secret plan to actually assemble a human being from the parts of different cadavers. After recovering a body from a catastrophic automobile wreck, Professor Frankenstein takes the body to his laboratory/morgue, where he keeps spare parts of human beings in various drawers. The professor also enlists the aid of Margaret, as his secretary, to keep all callers away from the laboratory.
Margaret, becoming suspicious of what is going on, decides to investigate and goes down to the morgue. She is panic-stricken by the monster, who has been activated following the grafting of a new leg and arm. She dares not tell the professor about her discovery and keeps silent for the present.
One night, the monster leaves the laboratory. He peers into a girl's apartment. The girl becomes hysterical and starts screaming; in his attempt to silence her, he kills her in panic and flees. The next morning, the hunt for the murderer is on. Margaret, angry at the professor, tells him that she knows that the monster is responsible for the murder. The professor, taking no chances, has the monster kill her and feeds her remains to his pet alligator. Dr. Karlton, sent out of town, knows nothing about this.
The professor accompanies the monster to a lover's lane, where he kills a teenage boy in order to obtain his face. The boy's face is successfully grafted onto the monster. Professor Frankenstein tells Dr. Karlton of his plans to dismember his creation and ship him in various boxes to England and then return there to put him together again. When they strap the monster down again, he becomes suspicious and tears loose. He throws Professor Frankenstein into the alligator pit while Dr. Karlton runs for help.
When Dr. Karlton arrives with the police, the monster, maddened with fright, backs into the electrical dial board. Contact with his iron wrist bands electrocutes him and he falls to the ground, dead. Karlton tells the police that he will never forget the way the monster's face looked after the accident.
Cast
Whit Bissell as Professor Frankenstein
Phyllis Coates as Margaret
Robert Burton as Dr. Karlton
Gary Conway as the teenage Frankenstein monster/Bob
George Lynn as Sergeant Burns
John Cliff as Sergeant McAfee
Marshall Bradford as Dr. Randolph
Claudia Bryar as Arlene's mother
Angela Blake as beautiful girl
Russ Whiteman as Dr. Elwood
Production
I Was a Teenage Werewolf had been a big success for AIP and a Texas exhibitor requested two new horror movies from the studio if they could be ready by Thanksgiving. American International Pictures commissioned Herman Cohen to make I Was a Teenage Frankenstein and Blood of Dracula. Cohen says the two films were written and put in front of the cameras in only four weeks "so I had to really, really cut down" in terms of production values.
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein was filmed in black-and-white, with the ending in color for a vivid effect. The film was shot at Ziv Studios. Cohen says that the alligator they hired for the movie had been used to dispose of the bodies of the victims of serial killer Joe Ball from a small town outside San Antonio.
Reception
Upon its 1958 release, film critic Richard W. Nason, in his review for The New York Times, said,
If you discount any immediate connection between the mass media and the temper of the culture, then the film warrants little attention...The automaton, enacted by Gary Conway, is a teenager assemble[d] from the limbs of other teenagers. This is, in one sense, abhorrent. It forces one to acknowledge the impression that such films may aggravate the mass social sickness euphemistically termed 'juvenile delinquency'...In this particular film, there are graphic displays of human dismemberment. Before one such act of surgical perversion, the mad doctor'[s] assistant says 'I have no stomach for it.' That would be a plausible reaction for any adult who had read the day's headlines about teenage crime.
In 2009, film historian and critic Leonard Maltin dismissed I Was a Teenage Frankenstein as "campy junk...Doesn't live up to that title, worth catching only for Bissell's immortal line, 'Answer me! You have a civil tongue in your head! I know – I sewed it in there!'".
In 2018, critic and filmmaker Christopher Stewardson wrote "Flatly directed, statically shot, but with enough pseudo-scientific positing to enjoy, I Was a Teenage Frankenstein is strangely enjoyable".
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein was released on VHS videocassette in 1991 by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video under the shortened title Teenage Frankenstein, which was the original theatrical title that was used when the film was released in the U.K. by Anglo-Amalgamated.
Copyright
As of 2015, all rights to the motion picture I Was a Teenage Frankenstein and its derivatives were the property of Susan Hart, the widow of producer James H. Nicholson.
See also
List of American films of 1957
List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster
Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, 1818 novel by Mary Shelley
References
Notes
Bibliography
Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide 2009. New York: New American Library, 2009 (originally published as TV Movies, then Leonard Maltin's Movie & Video Guide), first edition 1969, published annually since 1988 .
External links
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein at TCMDB
I Was a Teenage Frankenstein at Family Friendly Movies
1957 films
1957 horror films
1950s teen films
1950s science fiction horror films
American teen horror films
American International Pictures films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Herbert L. Strock
Frankenstein films
Films scored by Paul Dunlap
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Was%20a%20Teenage%20Frankenstein |
WMFD-TV (channel 68) is an independent television station in Mansfield, Ohio, owned by Mid-State Television, Inc., along with sister radio stations WVNO-FM (106.1) and WRGM (1440 AM/106.7 FM). The stations share studios on Park Avenue West in Ontario, Ohio (with a Mansfield mailing address), where WMFD-TV's transmitter is also located.
WMFD-TV is available on digital cable systems in the North-Central Ohio area and seen in the Cleveland market via Spectrum cable, DirecTV and Dish Network.
History
The station first signed on the air on January 10, 1986, as WCEO-TV, originally broadcasting on UHF channel 68. It changed its call letters to WCOM on July 24, 1987. The station attempted to enter the Columbus market by construction with a tall transmitter tower (the tallest ever erected in Ohio) south of Mansfield in Butler, but it never achieved cable carriage in the market and shut down in 1989.
Channel 68 returned to the air under the current WMFD-TV call letters on June 1, 1992; this time, targeting viewers in north-central Ohio (the WMFD-TV callsign was previously used on what is now WECT in Wilmington, North Carolina, from that station's sign-on in 1954 until 1958).
Low-power station WOHZ-CD was co-owned with WMFD until Mid-State Television sold the station to Gray Television in 2020.
Programming
As the only full power television station specifically serving the Mid-Ohio region, WMFD concentrates on local programming such as Bon Appetit: The Dining Show and Focus on North Central Ohio. The station produces local newscasts, branded as NewsWatch, which air weekdays at 6 a.m. and noon for a half-hour, and for an hour each weeknight at 5, 6, 10 and 11 p.m.
Outside of local programs, the station fills out the remainder of its schedule with syndicated programming and infomercials.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
Analog-to-digital conversion
WMFD-TV signed on its digital signal on VHF channel 12 in 1998, claiming to be the first independent station in the United States to begin digital television broadcasts. The station shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 68, on June 16, 2008. The station's digital signal continued to broadcasts on its pre-transition VHF channel 12. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 68, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition.
References
External links
Official website
Television channels and stations established in 1986
1986 establishments in Ohio
MFD-TV
Independent television stations in the United States
TheGrio affiliates
Mansfield, Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMFD-TV |
Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle or Kölle (July 14, 1823 – February 18, 1902) was a German missionary working on behalf of the London-based Church Missionary Society, at first in Sierra Leone, where he became a pioneer scholar of the languages of Africa, and later in Constantinople. He published a major study in 1854, Polyglotta Africana, marking the beginning of serious study by Europeans of African languages.
Life
Sigismund Koelle was born in Cleebronn in the Württemberg region of southern Germany. In his Württemberg origin he resembles his contemporaries Johann Ludwig Krapf (born 1810) and Johannes Rebmann (born 1820), who also worked as linguists and missionaries for the Church Missionary Society, but in East Africa. Another CMS missionary born in Württemberg was Karl Gottlieb Pfander (born 1803), who was Koelle's colleague in Istanbul.
After training in the Basel Mission, a missionary seminary in Basel, Switzerland, Koelle transferred in 1845 to the Church Missionary Society based in London; after further training in Islington he was ordained by the Bishop of London, Charles Blomfield. From December 1847 to February 1853 he lived and worked in Sierra Leone, the British protectorate established in West Africa for liberated slaves.
Koelle taught at Fourah Bay College, which was founded by the Church Missionary Society in 1827. "He was a Semitic scholar, and started a Hebrew class at Fourah Bay; and very soon African youths, the children of liberated slaves, could be seen reading the Old Testament in the original." While in Sierra Leone he also collected linguistic material from many African languages, some of it from freed slaves such as Ali Eisami, a Kanuri man. Koelle's major work, Polyglotta Africana (1854), is considered the beginning of the serious study of a large range of African languages by European scholars.
Grammar of the Vai language
In 1849, when Koelle had been in Freetown for just over a year, he was asked to investigate a report that speakers of the Vy, Vei, or Vai language were using a script of their own invention. Koelle made a 7-week trip to Vailand to meet the inventor of the script, and wrote an account of his journey which was published later that same year. In mid 1850, Koelle spent a few weeks in the Gallinas district of Vailand, and from November 1850 to March 1851 he worked again in the Cape Mount district. By July 1851 he had completed his Vai grammar, and it was published by the Church Missionary Society in 1854.
Polyglotta Africana
The second great linguistic work carried out by Koelle during his five years in Sierra Leone was the Polyglotta Africana. The idea of this was to use the fact that Sierra Leone was a melting pot of ex-slaves from all over Africa to compile a list of 280 basic words (a sort of early Swadesh list) in some 160 languages and dialects. These were then grouped as far as possible in families. Most of the informants who contributed to this work came from West Africa, but there were also others from as far away as Mozambique. One area that was lacking was the Swahili coast of Kenya and Tanzania, since it seems that slaves from this region were generally taken northwards to Zanzibar and Arabia rather than southward towards America and Brazil. The pronunciations of all the words were carefully noted using an alphabet similar, though not identical, to that devised by Karl Richard Lepsius, which was not yet available at that time. The name of the book was imitated from a well-known work called Asia Polyglotta (1823) by the German scholar Julius Klaproth.
In the introduction Koelle tells us that he wanted a selection of words that would be simple enough for each informant to be interviewed on a single day, and for this reason he omitted pronouns, which would have taken much longer to elicit. He adds that a few years earlier during a long vacation he had made a similar such list, of just 71 languages, and that in making the present list he had learnt from that experience. Included with a book is a map of Africa showing the approximate location, as far as it could be ascertained, of each language, prepared by the cartographer August Heinrich Petermann.
The value of the list is not merely linguistic, since the work not only includes the words themselves, arranged with all the languages spread out on two facing pages for each group of three English words, but Koelle also added a short biography of each informant, with geographical information about their place of origin, and an indication of how many other people they knew in Sierra Leone who spoke the same language. This information, combined with a census of Sierra Leone conducted in 1848, has proved invaluable to historians researching the African slave trade in the 19th century. Of the 210 informants, there were 179 ex-slaves (two of them women), while the rest were mostly traders or sailors. An analysis of the data shows that typically Koelle's informants were middle-aged or elderly men who had been living in Freetown for ten years or more. Three-quarters of the ex-slaves had left their homeland more than ten years earlier, and half of them more than 20 years before; and three-quarters of the informants were over 40 years old. Another interesting facet of the book is the manner in which the informants had been made slaves. Some had been captured in war, some kidnapped, some sold by a relative, others condemned for a debt or sentenced for a crime.
Grammar of the Kanuri language
Another work researched and written by Koelle in Sierra Leone was the Grammar of the Bornu or Kanuri Language, also published in 1854. Koelle was engaged on this at intervals from 1848 to 1853, working for several hours a day with an informant called Ali Eisami Gazirma (also known as William Harding). Eisami also provided the material for another work, African Native Literature, which consists of proverbs, fables, descriptive accounts, and historical fragments in the Kanuri language.
Of Koelle's grammar, a later researcher, A. Von Duisburg, wrote:
"Koelle's Grammar is compiled with very great industry, but it unfortunately contains numerous errors, which may be explained by the fact that Koelle was never in Bornu or any racially allied country. His chief informant was an interpreter resident in Sierra Leone, who had left his mother-country more than forty years before Koelle made use of him in his linguistic studies. An examination of the above-mentioned Grammar warrants the assumption that Koelle himself never spoke Kanuri. He himself admits in the Preface to his Grammar that his interpreter did not seem to be reliable as regards the pronunciation of consonants, a fact which is frequently noticeable in the Grammar."
However, the translator P. A. Benton adds in a footnote: "I cannot agree. Koelle seems to me to be extraordinarily accurate."
Later career
After 1853, Koelle, who had become ill by the end of his stay in Sierra Leone, never returned to West Africa. For a time he continued his linguistic researches, in particular on questions of standard orthography, in connection with the Standard Alphabet which was being discussed in 1854 by Karl Lepsius. In 1855 he was sent to Egypt, but remained only a short time; he moved on to Haifa in Palestine in the same year. In 1856 he was awarded the Volney Prize of 1,200 francs by the French Academy of Sciences for his work on the Polyglotta Africana.
In 1859 he was posted by the Church Missionary Society to Constantinople (Istanbul) to join Karl Gottlieb Pfander, who had gone out the year before. Together with another missionary, R. H. Weakley, he had some success in converting Turks to Christianity. However, in 1864, there was a violent reaction from the Turkish government and several Turkish converts were arrested. Pfander and Weakley were forced to leave Constantinople, while Koelle remained behind for a few more years. When the Church Missionary Society withdrew from the city in 1877, he stayed on there for a time as an independent missionary, until in 1879 he too was forced to depart, after being arrested, together with a Turkish friend, Ahmed Tewfik, who had helped him translate the Anglican prayer book into Turkish. Koelle was released after a few hours, but Tewfik was imprisoned and sentenced to death. After pressure from the British Government, Tewfik was sent into exile on the island of Chios, and eventually escaped to England, where he was baptized in 1881 into the Anglican church in a ceremony in St Paul's, Onslow Square London, witnessed among others by Koelle's father-in-law, Archdeacon Philpot. However, it seems that he was unhappy with his new life and after being sent to Egypt in 1883 he eventually voluntarily gave himself up again to his captors in Chios.
Sigismund Koelle died in London in 1902.
Family
After returning from Africa, Koelle married Charlotte Elizabeth Philpot (1826–1919), the daughter of an English archdeacon. They had seven children. One of them, Constantine Philpot Koelle, born in Constantinople in 1862, later became a Church of England clergyman. One of Constantine's sons, Sir Harry Philpot Koelle (1901–1980), was to become a vice-admiral in the British Navy. His descendants pronounce the name as "Kelly".
Works by Sigismund Koelle
Koelle, S. W. (1849). Narrative of an expedition into the Vy country of West Africa and the discovery of a system of syllabic writing recently invented by the natives of the Vy tribe. London: Seeleys, Fleet Street; Hatchards, Picadilly; J. Nisbet and Co. Berners Street.
Koelle, S. W. (1854). Outline of a Grammar of the Vei Language, Together with a Vei-English Vocabulary, and an Account of the Discovery and Nature of the Vei Mode of Syllabic Writing. London: Church Missionary House.
Koelle, S. W. (1854). Grammar of the Bornu Or Kanuri Language (Google books)
Koelle, S. W. (1854). African native literature, or Proverbs, tales, fables, & historical fragments in the Kanuri or Bornu language. To which are added a translation of the above and a Kanuri-English vocabulary.
Koelle, S. W. (1854). Polyglotta Africana, or a comparative vocabulary of nearly three hundred words and phrases, in more than one hundred distinct African languages. London, Church Missionary House. (Click on the spanner icon to download.)
Koelle, S. W. (1865). Food for Reflection: Being an Historical Comparison Between Mohammedanism and Christianity. London. (Published under the pseudonym Abd Isa.)
Koelle, S. W. (1883). The Book of Common Prayer, Translated into Turkish. London: SPCK.
Koelle, S. W. (1885). The death of Christ upon the cross. A fact, not a fiction: being a word in defence of Christianity against Mohammedan attacks. (Published under the name Abd Isa.)
Koelle, S. W. (1889). Mohammed and Mohammedanism, Critically Considered. London: Rivingtons.
Koelle, S. W. (1890). "Is Mohammed as Innocent of Imposture as Jesus Christ?" in Church Missionary Intelligencer and Record, 15, 162–65.
Koelle, S. W. (1896). The Apocatastasis, or Restitution of All Things. London.
Koelle, S. W. (1905) The Goal of the Universe or the Travail of the World's Saviour. (Reviewed in The Journal of Theological Studies, Vol. 8, No. 31 (April, 1907), pp. 471–472.)
Bibliography
Anderson, Richard; Lovejoy, Henry B. (2020). Liberated Africans and the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 1807-1896. University of Rochester Press.
Curtin, Philip D.; Vansina, Jan (1964). "Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade" The Journal of African History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1964), pp. 185–208.
Dalby, D. (1964). "Provisional identification of languages in the Polyglotta Africana", Sierra Leone Language Review (1964), 3, 83–90.
Guthrie, Malcolm (1964). "Bantu Languages in the Polyglotta Africana". Sierra Leone Language Review 3, 59–64.
Hair, P. E. H. (1963), "Koelle at Freetown: An Historical Introduction”, in Koelle, (1963 [1854a]), Polyglotta Africana, ed. P. E. H. Hair. Graz, pp. 7–17.
Hair, P. E. H. (1965) "The Enslavement of Koelle's Informants". The Journal of African History, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1965), pp. 193–203.
Houis, Maurice (1966). "Review: (Untitled). Reviewed Work: Polyglotta Africana by Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle." L'Homme. T. 6, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1966), pp. 136–139. (in French)
Johnston, Harry H. (1917). "The Bantu and the Semi-Bantu Languages" Journal of the Royal African Society, Jan., 1917, Vol. 16, No. 62, pp. 97-110.
Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Bacon, Margaret Hope (eds) (2005). Back to Africa: Benjamin Coates and the Colonization Movement in America, 1848–1880. Pennsylvania State University.
Pugach, Sara (2006). "Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm (1823–1902)".
Solleveld, Floris (2020). "Language Gathering and Philological Expertise: Sigismund Koelle, Wilhelm Bleek, and the Languages of Africa". Les Linguistes allemands du XIXème siècle et leurs interlocuteurs étrangers. pp. 169–200.
Stock, Eugene (1899). History of the Church Missionary Society Vol 2. London.
Stock, Eugene (1899). History of the Church Missionary Society Vol 3. London.
Stammerjohann, Harro (ed.) (2009). Lexicon Grammaticorum: A bio-bibliographical companion to the history of Linguistics. Tübingen; 2nd edition, p. 823.
Vander Werff, Lyle L. (1977). Christian Mission to Muslims: The Record. William Carey Library.
References
1823 births
1902 deaths
Missionary linguists
German Anglican missionaries
Anglican missionaries in Sierra Leone
German expatriates in Sierra Leone
Linguists from Germany
Linguists of Niger–Congo languages | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund%20Koelle |
Round Mountain may refer to:
United States
Communities
Round Mountain, Alabama
Round Mountain, California
Round Mountain, Nevada
Round Mountain, Texas
Mountains
Round Mountain (Taconic Mountains), on the Connecticut/Massachusetts border
Round Mountain (Massachusetts), a former peak of the Holyoke Range, nearly leveled by quarrying
Round Mountain, a mountain in Gallatin County, Montana
Round Mountain, a mountain in Mineral County, Montana
Round Mountain (Hamilton County, New York), in the Adirondack Mountains
Round Mountain (Herkimer County, New York), in the Adirondack Mountains
Round Mountain (Utah), a summit in Castle Valley
Round Mountain (Washington), in Skagit County
Round Mountain, a mountain located near Mica Peak in Spokane County, Washington
Other uses
Round Mountain Gold Mine
Battle of Round Mountain, a battle during the U. S. Civil War for control of Indian Territory in 1861
Australia
Community
Round Mountain, New South Wales, a town in coastal northeastern New South Wales
Mountains
Round Mountain (New England Tableland), a peak in the New England region of northeastern New South Wales
Round Mountain (Snowy Mountains), a peak in the Snowy Mountains of southeastern New South Wales
Canada
Round Mountain (volcano), an eroded volcanic outcrop in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in British Columbia
See also
Rounds Mountain, a peak in the Taconic Mountains, United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round%20Mountain |
The Lake of Tunis ( Buḥayra Tūnis; ) is a natural lagoon located between the Tunisian capital city of Tunis and the Gulf of Tunis (Mediterranean Sea). The lake covers a total of 37 square kilometres, in contrast to its size its depth is very shallow. It was once the natural harbour of Tunis.
History
The Tunis-Carthage connection was very important to the Romans, as it meant control over the fertile hinterland. The Romans therefore built a dam through the lake. The dam is used today as an expressway for automobiles and railway connecting Tunis to the harbour, La Goulette, and the coastal cities of Carthage, Sidi Bou Said, and La Marsa.
The northern lake includes the island of Chikly, once home to a Spanish stronghold, and now (since 1993) a nature reserve.
The lake continued to aggrade (an increase in land elevation, in this case of the lake bed, due to the deposition of sediment) during the 19th century. French colonial forces traversed the lake with a 10-kilometer long, 450-meter wide, and 6-meter deep canal.
Development
Recently , the Tunisian government and Sama Dubai of the UAE (led by Dubai Governor Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum) have joint-ventured an investment agreement to develop the southern shore of the lake into a new commercial, residential and touristic center in Tunisia and the Mediterranean. Total costs of the investment, considered the biggest in Tunisia's history, will be around US$18 billion. The project should be ready in the next 10 to 15 years.
References
Tunis, Lake of
Ramsar sites in Tunisia
Tunisia geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20of%20Tunis |
Cape Henlopen High School (CHHS) is a public high school in unincorporated Sussex County, Delaware, United States, with a Lewes postal address. The school is part of the Cape Henlopen School District and is located between Savannah Road and King's Highway. Cape Henlopen's school colors are bright gold and Columbia blue. Its mascot is Thor the Viking. The school is known for its expansive career pathways. In athletics, the school is best known for its championship-winning lacrosse and field hockey teams
In the 2020-21 school year, there were 1,637 students enrolled at the high school.
History
The original Cape Henlopen High School opened in 1969. It was a combination of three area schools that housed their high school grade levels with other grades: Rehoboth School, Lewes School, and Milton School. Initially school was held at the former Lewes High School.
The district began construction of a new building to house Cape Henlopen High School in 1974. In September 1976, the new Cape Henlopen High School opened on Kings Hwy. The school was a model of 1970s architecture and echoed the educational sentiment of the day that called for minimal distraction in a classroom. The school's very few windows were positioned in places where it would be difficult for students to gaze out of them during classroom time. It was possible for a student to enter the building at the beginning of the school day and not see the sunshine again until he or she left at the end of the school day. Over time the sentiments of educators changed, and, because the school was showing its age, when construction began on the new school (located on the same property of the current school) in 2007, the decision was made to make it as bright a place as possible.
Construction of the new school was completed in the fall of 2009. The new Cape Henlopen High School incorporates energy-efficient materials and state-of-the-art technology. It also incorporates a separate 9th-grade academy and vocational wing, eliminating the use of the Ninth Grade Campus building. The main building's design relies heavily on the school colors, with walls being painted to match the colors. The floor tiles are adorned with the blue and gold. The exterior is primary brick. The gymnasium features a wooden floor with blue decorations and “Vikings” written at each end. The large bleachers have “CAPE” painted onto them. The school's expansive library features a high rising ceiling with modern light fixtures and coves cut into the wall for students to sit and read. The cafeteria has a high rising ceiling. multiple TV's display pertinent information to students. On the wall above the cafeteria's exit is multiple clocks showing times from other capes around the world including Cape Town
It was announced during the 2018–19 school year that an addition would be placed on the school. The addition is to have two stories, with a commons to span both stories. The new number of classrooms ranging 20-21 based on how many classrooms the funds can obtain. A skylight was to be installed. The school board approved it in 2018. The plans were announced during the 2018 referendum. The addition is complete and located on the Kings Highway side of the building. It would result in an additional capacity of about 450 students. New features include a UN-style classrooms, 6 dedicated consortium classrooms, access corridors from the ninth grade wing, and an additional courtyard. The addition follows the same exterior architecture as the main campus. The addition also adds an extension to the cafeteria that has been completed. Groundbreaking occurred in 2019.
During the 2021-22 school year the wing would open, serving as a “Freshman” wing. Most students refer to it as the “J Wing” because all room numbers start with a J.
The additions architecture follows the main building with an extreme modern twist. The first floor common area features a massive mural composing pictures of local landmarks all tinted blue. All of the new classrooms feature new desk and chairs. The bathrooms have some of the fanciest features. Including sinks, with soap dispensers, a faucet, and a dryer all built into one. The addition provided space for a secondary courtyard with a stage.
Athletics
Cape Henlopen High School participates in athletics in the Henlopen Conference and is one of the larger high schools based on enrollment, thereby competing in the Henlopen North. Their 37 state championships rank them #1 in the Henlopen Conference for total state championships. The Lady Vikings' win of the 2009 Lacrosse title made them the first public high school in the state to win the championship that had been held since 1998. They also have a defending conference championship girls' cross country team that is looking to defend the title. Beside them is the boys' cross country team, coached by George Pepper. In May 2010 Cape's Lady Vikings Lacrosse team was titled State Champions for the second year in a row. As of 2015, Cape's girls' field hockey team has won five consecutive state championships, making them the first high school in the state to do so.
On May 23, 2013, Cape's girls' lacrosse team won its fifth straight state championship, defeating Tower Hill 12–10 at Dover High School. Cape became the first public school to win a girls' lacrosse title and is one of only three schools in the state to ever win the championship. The win extended Cape's winning streak against Delaware opponents to 63 games.
Extracurricular activities
Cape Henlopen High School has an Army JROTC program, under the leadership of Senior Army Instructor LTC Ron Erale, and Army Instructors 1SG Phillip Webb and SFC Hurt. Cape Henlopen competes in competitions all over the area with its Raider, Rifle, and Drill teams and its Color Guard. Its Raider Team is one of the best in the region, acting as the vanguard for the entire program.
The school bands take an active part in the community. The concert and marching band have over 100 members every year, and they perform in numerous local parades, as well as in competitions in places like London, Boston, Toronto, Miami, and Cleveland. The jazz band also participates in many local events, performing for Veterans Day and Memorial Day services, for local retirement homes, country clubs, and the Rehoboth Beach Bandstand. The band was started in the 1970s by Barry Eli, and since then, the group has been awarded numerous trophies and has taken many "superior" titles. Eli retired from Cape in 2008.
The school also participates in the Delaware State ProStart Invitational, a culinary competition held yearly in the Chase Center.
Notable alumni
Jimmie Allen, country singer
Jake Gelof (born 2002), baseball third baseman
Zack Gelof (born 1999), baseball second baseman for the Oakland A's
Kathy McGuiness, former state auditor of Delaware
Chris Short, Major League Baseball pitcher, 2x All Star with the Philadelphia Phillies, attended Lewes High School for three years.
Bryan Stevenson, lawyer, activist, author, law professor; founder and executive director of Equal Justice Initiative
Notable faculty
Dave Frederick, sportswriter and coach, taught at the school for several years
References
External links
High schools in Sussex County, Delaware
Public high schools in Delaware
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in Delaware
Buildings and structures in Lewes, Delaware | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape%20Henlopen%20High%20School |
Soil contamination, soil pollution, or land pollution as a part of land degradation is caused by the presence of xenobiotic (human-made) chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals or improper disposal of waste. The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene and benzo(a)pyrene), solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals. Contamination is correlated with the degree of industrialization and intensity of chemical substance. The concern over soil contamination stems primarily from health risks, from direct contact with the contaminated soil, vapour from the contaminants, or from secondary contamination of water supplies within and underlying the soil. Mapping of contaminated soil sites and the resulting clean ups are time-consuming and expensive tasks, and require expertise in geology, hydrology, chemistry, computer modelling, and GIS in Environmental Contamination, as well as an appreciation of the history of industrial chemistry.
In North America and Western Europe the extent of contaminated land is best known, with many of countries in these areas having a legal framework to identify and deal with this environmental problem. Developing countries tend to be less tightly regulated despite some of them having undergone significant industrialization.
Causes
Soil pollution can be caused by the following (non-exhaustive list) :
Microplastics
Oil spills
Mining and activities by other heavy industries
Accidental spills may happen during activities, etc.
Corrosion of underground storage tanks (including piping used to transmit the contents)
Acid rain
Intensive farming
Agrochemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers
Petrochemicals
Industrial accidents
Road debris
Construction activities
Exterior lead-based paints
Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
Ammunitions, chemical agents, and other agents of war
Waste disposal
Oil and fuel dumping
Nuclear wastes
Direct discharge of industrial wastes to the soil
Discharge of sewage
Landfill and illegal dumping
Coal ash
Electronic waste
Contaminated by rocks containing large amounts of toxic elements.
Contaminated by Pb due to vehicle exhaust, Cd, and Zn caused by tire wear.
Contamination by strengthening air pollutants by incineration of fossil raw materials.
The most common chemicals involved are petroleum hydrocarbons, solvents, pesticides, lead, and other heavy metals.
Any activity that leads to other forms of soil degradation (erosion, compaction, etc.) may indirectly worsen the contamination effects in that soil remediation becomes more tedious.
Historical deposition of coal ash used for residential, commercial, and industrial heating, as well as for industrial processes such as ore smelting, were a common source of contamination in areas that were industrialized before about 1960. Coal naturally concentrates lead and zinc during its formation, as well as other heavy metals to a lesser degree. When the coal is burned, most of these metals become concentrated in the ash (the principal exception being mercury). Coal ash and slag may contain sufficient lead to qualify as a "characteristic hazardous waste", defined in the US as containing more than 5 mg/L of extractable lead using the TCLP procedure. In addition to lead, coal ash typically contains variable but significant concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; e.g., benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(cd)pyrene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and others). These PAHs are known human carcinogens and the acceptable concentrations of them in soil are typically around 1 mg/kg. Coal ash and slag can be recognised by the presence of off-white grains in soil, gray heterogeneous soil, or (coal slag) bubbly, vesicular pebble-sized grains.
Treated sewage sludge, known in the industry as biosolids, has become controversial as a "fertilizer". As it is the byproduct of sewage treatment, it generally contains more contaminants such as organisms, pesticides, and heavy metals than other soil.
In the European Union, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive allows sewage sludge to be sprayed onto land. The volume is expected to double to 185,000 tons of dry solids in 2005. This has good agricultural properties due to the high nitrogen and phosphate content. In 1990/1991, 13% wet weight was sprayed onto 0.13% of the land; however, this is expected to rise 15 fold by 2005. Advocates say there is a need to control this so that pathogenic microorganisms do not get into water courses and to ensure that there is no accumulation of heavy metals in the top soil.
Pesticides and herbicides
A pesticide is a substance used to kill a pest. A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial, disinfectant or device used against any pest. Pests include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms) and microbes that compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a vector for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other organisms.
Herbicides are used to kill weeds, especially on pavements and railways. They are similar to auxins and most are biodegradable by soil bacteria. However, one group derived from trinitrotoluene (2:4 D and 2:4:5 T) have the impurity dioxin, which is very toxic and causes fatality even in low concentrations. Another herbicide is Paraquat. It is highly toxic but it rapidly degrades in soil due to the action of bacteria and does not kill soil fauna.
Insecticides are used to rid farms of pests which damage crops. The insects damage not only standing crops but also stored ones and in the tropics it is reckoned that one third of the total production is lost during food storage. As with fungicides, the first insecticides used in the nineteenth century were inorganic e.g. Paris Green and other compounds of arsenic. Nicotine has also been used since 1690.
There are now two main groups of synthetic insecticides –
1. Organochlorines include DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin and BHC. They are cheap to produce, potent and persistent. DDT was used on a massive scale from the 1930s, with a peak of 72,000 tonnes used 1970. Then usage fell as the harmful environmental effects were realized. It was found worldwide in fish and birds and was even discovered in the snow in the Antarctic. It is only slightly soluble in water but is very soluble in the bloodstream. It affects the nervous and endocrine systems and causes the eggshells of birds to lack calcium causing them to be easily breakable. It is thought to be responsible for the decline of the numbers of birds of prey like ospreys and peregrine falcons in the 1950s – they are now recovering. As well as increased concentration via the food chain, it is known to enter via permeable membranes, so fish get it through their gills. As it has low water solubility, it tends to stay at the water surface, so organisms that live there are most affected. DDT found in fish that formed part of the human food chain caused concern, but the levels found in the liver, kidney and brain tissues was less than 1 ppm and in fat was 10 ppm, which was below the level likely to cause harm. However, DDT was banned in the UK and the United States to stop the further buildup of it in the food chain. U.S. manufacturers continued to sell DDT to developing countries, who could not afford the expensive replacement chemicals and who did not have such stringent regulations governing the use of pesticides.
2. Organophosphates, e.g. parathion, methyl parathion and about 40 other insecticides are available nationally. Parathion is highly toxic, methyl-parathion is less so and Malathion is generally considered safe as it has low toxicity and is rapidly broken down in the mammalian liver. This group works by preventing normal nerve transmission as cholinesterase is prevented from breaking down the transmitter substance acetylcholine, resulting in uncontrolled muscle movements.
Agents of war
The disposal of munitions, and a lack of care in manufacture of munitions caused by the urgency of production, can contaminate soil for extended periods. There is little published evidence on this type of contamination largely because of restrictions placed by governments of many countries on the publication of material related to war effort. However, mustard gas stored during World War II has contaminated some sites for up to 50 years and the testing of Anthrax as a potential biological weapon contaminated the whole island of Gruinard.
Human health
Exposure pathways
Contaminated or polluted soil directly affects human health through direct contact with soil or via inhalation of soil contaminants that have vaporized; potentially greater threats are posed by the infiltration of soil contamination into groundwater aquifers used for human consumption, sometimes in areas apparently far removed from any apparent source of above-ground contamination. Toxic metals can also make their way up the food chain through plants that reside in soils containing high concentrations of heavy metals. This tends to result in the development of pollution-related diseases.
Most exposure is accidental, and exposure can happen through:
Ingesting dust or soil directly
Ingesting food or vegetables grown in contaminated soil or with foods in contact with contaminants
Skin contact with dust or soil
Vapors from the soil
Inhaling clouds of dust while working in soils or windy environments
However, some studies estimate that 90% of exposure is through eating contaminated food.
Consequences
Health consequences from exposure to soil contamination vary greatly depending on pollutant type, the pathway of attack, and the vulnerability of the exposed population. Researchers suggest that pesticides and heavy metals in soil may harm cardiovascular health, including inflammation and change in the body's internal clock.
Chronic exposure to chromium, lead , and other metals, petroleum, solvents, and many pesticide and herbicide formulations can be carcinogenic, can cause congenital disorders, or can cause other chronic health conditions. Industrial or man-made concentrations of naturally occurring substances, such as nitrate and ammonia associated with livestock manure from agricultural operations, have also been identified as health hazards in soil and groundwater.
Chronic exposure to benzene at sufficient concentrations is known to be associated with a higher incidence of leukemia. Mercury and cyclodienes are known to induce higher incidences of kidney damage and some irreversible diseases. PCBs and cyclodienes are linked to liver toxicity. Organophosphates and carbonates can cause a chain of responses leading to neuromuscular blockage. Many chlorinated solvents induce liver changes, kidney changes, and depression of the central nervous system. There is an entire spectrum of further health effects such as headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation and skin rash for the above cited and other chemicals. At sufficient dosages a large number of soil contaminants can cause death by exposure via direct contact, inhalation or ingestion of contaminants in groundwater contaminated through soil.
The Scottish Government has commissioned the Institute of Occupational Medicine to undertake a review of methods to assess risk to human health from contaminated land. The overall aim of the project is to work up guidance that should be useful to Scottish Local Authorities in assessing whether sites represent a significant possibility of significant harm (SPOSH) to human health. It is envisaged that the output of the project will be a short document providing high level guidance on health risk assessment with reference to existing published guidance and methodologies that have been identified as being particularly relevant and helpful. The project will examine how policy guidelines have been developed for determining the acceptability of risks to human health and propose an approach for assessing what constitutes unacceptable risk in line with the criteria for SPOSH as defined in the legislation and the Scottish Statutory Guidance.
Ecosystem effects
Not unexpectedly, soil contaminants can have significant deleterious consequences for ecosystems. There are radical soil chemistry changes which can arise from the presence of many hazardous chemicals even at low concentration of the contaminant species. These changes can manifest in the alteration of metabolism of endemic microorganisms and arthropods resident in a given soil environment. The result can be virtual eradication of some of the primary food chain, which in turn could have major consequences for predator or consumer species. Even if the chemical effect on lower life forms is small, the lower pyramid levels of the food chain may ingest alien chemicals, which normally become more concentrated for each consuming rung of the food chain. Many of these effects are now well known, such as the concentration of persistent DDT materials for avian consumers, leading to weakening of egg shells, increased chick mortality and potential extinction of species.
Effects occur to agricultural lands which have certain types of soil contamination. Contaminants typically alter plant metabolism, often causing a reduction in crop yields. This has a secondary effect upon soil conservation, since the languishing crops cannot shield the Earth's soil from erosion. Some of these chemical contaminants have long half-lives and in other cases derivative chemicals are formed from decay of primary soil contaminants.
Potential effects of contaminants to soil functions
Heavy metals and other soil contaminants can adversely affect the activity, species composition and abundance of soil microorganisms, thereby threatening soil functions such as biochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen. However, soil contaminants can also become less bioavailable by time, and microorganisms and ecosystems can adapt to altered conditions. Soil properties such as pH, organic matter content and texture are very important and modify mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of pollutants in contaminated soils. The same amount of contaminant can be toxic in one soil but totally harmless in another soil. This stresses the need for soil-specific risks assessment and measures.
Cleanup options
Cleanup or environmental remediation is analyzed by environmental scientists who utilize field measurement of soil chemicals and also apply computer models (GIS in Environmental Contamination) for analyzing transport and fate of soil chemicals. Various technologies have been developed for remediation of oil-contaminated soil and sediments There are several principal strategies for remediation:
Excavate soil and take it to a disposal site away from ready pathways for human or sensitive ecosystem contact. This technique also applies to dredging of bay muds containing toxins.
Aeration of soils at the contaminated site (with attendant risk of creating air pollution)
Thermal remediation by introduction of heat to raise subsurface temperatures sufficiently high to volatilize chemical contaminants out of the soil for vapor extraction. Technologies include ISTD, electrical resistance heating (ERH), and ET-DSP.
Bioremediation, involving microbial digestion of certain organic chemicals. Techniques used in bioremediation include landfarming, biostimulation and bioaugmentating soil biota with commercially available microflora.
Extraction of groundwater or soil vapor with an active electromechanical system, with subsequent stripping of the contaminants from the extract.
Containment of the soil contaminants (such as by capping or paving over in place).
Phytoremediation, or using plants (such as willow) to extract heavy metals.
Mycoremediation, or using fungus to metabolize contaminants and accumulate heavy metals.
Remediation of oil contaminated sediments with self-collapsing air microbubbles.
Surfactant leaching
Interfacial solar evaporation to extract heavy metal ions from moist soil
By country
Various national standards for concentrations of particular contaminants include the United States EPA Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals (U.S. PRGs), the U.S. EPA Region 3 Risk Based Concentrations (U.S. EPA RBCs) and National Environment Protection Council of Australia Guideline on Investigation Levels in Soil and Groundwater.
People's Republic of China
The immense and sustained growth of the People's Republic of China since the 1970s has exacted a price from the land in increased soil pollution. The Ministry of Ecology and Environment believes it to be a threat to the environment, to food safety and to sustainable agriculture. According to a scientific sampling, 150 million mu (100,000 square kilometres) of China's cultivated land have been polluted, with contaminated water being used to irrigate a further 32.5 million mu (21,670 square kilometres) and another 2 million mu (1,300 square kilometres) covered or destroyed by solid waste. In total, the area accounts for one-tenth of China's cultivatable land, and is mostly in economically developed areas. An estimated 12 million tonnes of grain are contaminated by heavy metals every year, causing direct losses of 20 billion yuan ($2.57 billion USD). Recent survey shows that 19% of the agricultural soils are contaminated which contains heavy metals and metalloids. And the rate of these heavy metals in the soil has been increased dramatically.
European Union
According to the received data from Member states, in the European Union the number of estimated potential contaminated sites is more than 2.5 million and the identified contaminated sites around 342 thousand. Municipal and industrial wastes contribute most to soil contamination (38%), followed by the industrial/commercial sector (34%). Mineral oil and heavy metals are the main contaminants contributing around 60% to soil contamination. In terms of budget, the management of contaminated sites is estimated to cost around 6 billion Euros (€) annually.
United Kingdom
Generic guidance commonly used in the United Kingdom are the Soil Guideline Values published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and the Environment Agency. These are screening values that demonstrate the minimal acceptable level of a substance. Above this there can be no assurances in terms of significant risk of harm to human health. These have been derived using the Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Model (CLEA UK). Certain input parameters such as Health Criteria Values, age and land use are fed into CLEA UK to obtain a probabilistic output.
Guidance by the Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) has been formally withdrawn by DEFRA, for use as a prescriptive document to determine the potential need for remediation or further assessment.
The CLEA model published by DEFRA and the Environment Agency (EA) in March 2002 sets a framework for the appropriate assessment of risks to human health from contaminated land, as required by Part IIA of the Environmental Protection Act 1990. As part of this framework, generic Soil Guideline Values (SGVs) have currently been derived for ten contaminants to be used as "intervention values". These values should not be considered as remedial targets but values above which further detailed assessment should be considered; see Dutch standards.
Three sets of CLEA SGVs have been produced for three different land uses, namely
residential (with and without plant uptake)
allotments
commercial/industrial
It is intended that the SGVs replace the former ICRCL values. The CLEA SGVs relate to assessing chronic (long term) risks to human health and do not apply to the protection of ground workers during construction, or other potential receptors such as groundwater, buildings, plants or other ecosystems. The CLEA SGVs are not directly applicable to a site completely covered in hardstanding, as there is no direct exposure route to contaminated soils.
To date, the first ten of fifty-five contaminant SGVs have been published, for the following: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, inorganic mercury, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol and toluene. Draft SGVs for benzene, naphthalene and xylene have been produced but their publication is on hold. Toxicological data (Tox) has been published for each of these contaminants as well as for benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane and 1,1,1,2 tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethane, tetrachloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethene and xylene. The SGVs for ethyl benzene, phenol and toluene are dependent on the soil organic matter (SOM) content (which can be calculated from the total organic carbon (TOC) content). As an initial screen the SGVs for 1% SOM are considered to be appropriate.
Canada
As of February 2021, there are a total of 2,500 plus contaminated sites in Canada. One infamous contaminated sited is located near a nickel-copper smelting site in Sudbury, Ontario. A study investigating the heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of the smelter reveals that elevated levels of nickel and copper were found in the soil; values going as high as 5,104ppm Ni, and 2,892 ppm Cu within a 1.1 km range of the smelter location. Other metals were also found in the soil; such metals include iron, cobalt, and silver. Furthermore, upon examining the different vegetation surrounding the smelter it was evident that they too had been affected; the results show that the plants contained nickel, copper and aluminium as a result of soil contamination.
India
In March 2009, the issue of uranium poisoning in Punjab attracted press coverage. It was alleged to be caused by fly ash ponds of thermal power stations, which reportedly lead to severe birth defects in children in the Faridkot and Bhatinda districts of Punjab. The news reports claimed the uranium levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit. In 2012, the Government of India confirmed that the ground water in Malwa belt of Punjab has uranium metal that is 50% above the trace limits set by the United Nations' World Health Organization (WHO). Scientific studies, based on over 1000 samples from various sampling points, could not trace the source to fly ash and any sources from thermal power plants or industry as originally alleged. The study also revealed that the uranium concentration in ground water of Malwa district is not 60 times the WHO limits, but only 50% above the WHO limit in 3 locations. This highest concentration found in samples was less than those found naturally in ground waters currently used for human purposes elsewhere, such as Finland. Research is underway to identify natural or other sources for the uranium.
See also
Contamination control
Dutch pollutant standards
Environmental policy in China#Soil pollution
GIS in environmental contamination
Groundwater pollution
Habitat destruction
Index of waste management articles
Land degradation
Landfill
List of solid waste treatment technologies
List of waste management companies
Litter
Pesticide drift
Plasticulture
Plastic-eating organisms
Remediation of contaminated sites with cement
Triangle of death (Italy)
Water pollution
References
Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Yigini, Y., Montanarella, L. (2013) Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network. Journal of Environmental and Public Health In Press. doi:10.1155/2013/158764
External links
Portal for soil and water management in Europe Independent information gateway originally funded by the European Commission for topics related to soil and water, including contaminated land, soil and water management.
European Soil Portal: Soil Contamination At EU-level, the issue of contaminated sites (local contamination) and contaminated land (diffuse contamination) has been considered by: European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC).
Article on soil contamination in China
Arsenic in groundwater Book on arsenic in groundwater by IAH's Netherlands Chapter and the Netherlands Hydrological Society
Environmental chemistry
Environmental issues with soil
Pollution
Soil chemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20contamination |
Koelle is a German surname. It may refer to:
Fritz Koelle (1895–1953), German sculptor
Heinz-Hermann Koelle (1925–2011), German aerospace engineer and pilot
Johann Ludwig Christian Koelle (1763–1797), German physician and botanist
Sigismund Koelle (1820–1902), German Christian missionary and linguist
Arthur Gaylord Koelle (1934-2016), Orange County Judge, District Attorney | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koelle |
Sir Hugh Francis Ivo Elliott, 3rd Baronet, OBE (Allahabad 10 March 1913 – 21 December 1989) was an eminent British conservationist, ornithologist and colonial civil servant.
Born in India in 1913, the elder son of Sir Ivo Elliott, 2nd Baronet, he was educated at the Dragon School in Oxford, Eastbourne College and University College, Oxford where he was an active member of the Oxford Ornithological Society. From 1937 until 1950, he worked as a colonial civil servant, in Tanganyika Territory, where he was District Commissioner in Moshi. He was seconded in 1950 to Tristan da Cunha, where he served as the territory's first Administrator. In the 1953 New Year Honours he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in recognition of his service to the community on Tristan da Cunha. He returned to Africa in 1953, working in the Ministry of Natural Resources in Dar es Salaam; he was promoted to Permanent Secretary in 1958 and remained in that position until retirement in 1961 shortly before Independence. While at the Ministry he made an important contribution to the development of National Parks, in particular the creation of the Serengeti National Park and Ngorongoro Conservation Area. In his spare time, he was an avid and serious birdwatcher, both in Tanganyika, collecting specimens, making systematic observations, and publishing articles in ornithological journals, and on Tristan, making an important contribution to the ornithology of the islands.
Upon retiring from the colonial civil service in 1961 he was appointed Commonwealth Liaison Officer for the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), based in Switzerland. In 1962 he also took on the role of Acting Secretary General of the IUCN and became Secretary General in 1964. Then in 1966 he changed role to become Secretary of the IUCN's Ecology Commission until 1970, but continued to edit the IUCN's technical publications for several more years. He served on the committee of the British Ornithologists' Union, being Honorary Secretary 1962–66, Vice-President 1970–73 and President 1975–79. He was a Trustee of the British Museum (Natural History) 1971–81 and Chairman of the British Section of the International Council for Bird Preservation 1980–81.
His highly regarded book, The Herons of the World, written in co-authorship with James Hancock, was published in 1978. He also wrote, in co-authorship with Jacqueline Henricot, a two-volume book entitled "World Guide to National Parks and Nature Reserves", but it was never published because of his illness in his latter years.
He was survived by his wife Elizabeth (d. 2007), his daughters Susan Elspeth Elliott (d. 2017) and Judith Margery Elliott, and his son Clive Christopher Hugh Elliott (d. 2018).
References
Further reading
"Sir Hugh Elliott", The Times (London), 10 January 1990, p. 14.
1913 births
1989 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Alumni of University College, Oxford
British conservationists
British ornithologists
Administrators of Tristan da Cunha
People educated at Eastbourne College
People educated at The Dragon School
People associated with the International Union for Conservation of Nature
20th-century British zoologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Hugh%20Elliott%2C%203rd%20Baronet |
Catalogue Service for the Web (CSW), sometimes seen as Catalogue Service - Web, is a standard for exposing a catalogue of geospatial records in XML on the Internet (over HTTP). The catalogue is made up of records that describe geospatial data (e.g. KML), geospatial services (e.g. WMS), and related resources.
CSW is one part (or "profile") of the OGC Catalogue Service, which defines common interfaces to discover, browse, and query metadata about data, services, and other potential resources. Version 2.0 of the specification was released in May 2004. The most recent release is 2.0.2, which was published in 2007.
The records are in XML according to the standard. Typically the records include Dublin Core, ISO 19139 or FGDC metadata, encoded in UTF-8 characters. Each record must contain certain core fields including: Title, Format, Type (e.g. Dataset, DatasetCollection or Service), BoundingBox (a rectangle of interest, expressed in latitude and longitude), Coordinate Reference System, and Association (a link to another metadata record).
Operations defined by the CSW standard include:
GetCapabilities: "allows CSW clients to retrieve service metadata from a server"
DescribeRecord: "allows a client to discover elements of the information model supported by the target catalogue service. The operation allows some or all of the information model to be described".
GetRecords: search for records, returning record IDs
GetRecordById: "retrieves the default representation of catalogue records using their identifier"
GetDomain (optional): "used to obtain runtime information about the range of values of a metadata record element or request parameter"
Harvest (optional): create/update metadata by asking the server to 'pull' metadata from somewhere
Transaction (optional): create/edit metadata by 'pushing' the metadata to the server
Requests can encode the parameters in three different ways:
GET with URL parameters
POST with form-encoded payload
POST with XML payload
Responses are in XML.
Sample interaction
GeoServer implements many OGC standards, including CSW. An example of the DescribeRecord operation is as follows:
http://localhost:8080/geoserver/csw?service=CSW&version=2.0.2&request=DescribeRecord&typeName=gmd:MD_Metadata
A (truncated) response:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<csw:DescribeRecordResponse xmlns:csw="http://www.opengis.net/cat/csw/2.0.2" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.opengis.net/cat/csw/2.0.2 http://localhost:8080/geoserver/schemas/csw/2.0.2CSW-discovery.xsd">
<csw:SchemaComponent targetNamespace="http://www.opengis.net/cat/csw/2.0.2" schemaLanguage="http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema">
<xs:schema xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:gco="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gco" xmlns:gmd="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd" targetNamespace="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd" elementFormDefault="qualified" version="2012-07-13">
<!-- ================================= Annotation ================================ -->
<xs:annotation>
<xs:documentation>Geographic MetaData (GMD) extensible markup language is a component of the XML Schema Implementation of Geographic Information Metadata documented in ISO/TS 19139:2007. GMD includes all the definitions of http://www.isotc211.org/2005/gmd namespace. The root document of this namespace is the file gmd.xsd. This identification.xsd schema implements the UML conceptual schema defined in A.2.2 of ISO 19115:2003. It contains the implementation of the following classes: MD_Identification, MD_BrowseGraphic, MD_DataIdentification, MD_ServiceIdentification, MD_RepresentativeFraction, MD_Usage, MD_Keywords, DS_Association, MD_AggregateInformation, MD_CharacterSetCode, MD_SpatialRepresentationTypeCode, MD_TopicCategoryCode, MD_ProgressCode, MD_KeywordTypeCode, DS_AssociationTypeCode, DS_InitiativeTypeCode, MD_ResolutionType.</xs:documentation>
</xs:annotation>
Versions
Versions 2.0.0, 2.0.1 and 2.0.2 are subtly different, and different vendors implement them with variations. Typically a CSW server will accept requests in one CSW version only, and it is up to the client to be flexible. e.g. ESRI Geoportal can be configured to harvest documents from CSW servers of a variety of versions and vendor variants such as "GeoNetwork CSW 2.0.2 APISO".
See also
Web Map Service (WMS)
Web Feature Service (WFS)
Web Coverage Service (WCS)
Web Coverage Processing Service (WCPS)
Web Processing Service (WPS)
References
External links
OGC Catalogue Service
OpenGIS Catalogue Service Implementation Specification (PDF)
Implementations of CSW 2.0.2 registered with OGC
OGC e-Learning about CSW
pycsw - Open source Python implementation of CSW
GeoNetwork - Open source Java implementation of CSW
OWSLib - Open source Python client for CSW 2.0.2
Web mapping
Open Geospatial Consortium
Metadata standards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue%20Service%20for%20the%20Web |
Mr. Dream was an American punk rock music group. They released their debut album, Trash Hit, on March 1, 2011. They released Ultimate in Luxury as a "posthumous LP" on July 7, 2014, shortly after their breakup.
History
Based in Brooklyn, New York, Mr. Dream was composed of Adam Moerder (vocals, guitarist), Matt Morello (vocals, bass guitarist) and Nick Sylvester (drums, producer). Moerder has written several pieces for various publications, including The New Yorker and Pitchfork. Sylvester was a writer at the Village Voice and Pitchfork.
Moerder and Sylvester originally met while writing for the Harvard Lampoon. Several years after graduating from college, Moerder, Sylvester and Morello had relocated to Brooklyn and started practicing and writing together as Mr. Dream. After self funding and utilizing the generosity of friends, the band started fund raising on Kickstarter. Raising over $3,000 from supporters, the band produced Mr. Dream Goes to Jail, a four-song EP. Supporters received a vinyl copy of the EP.
The band performed with several different bands throughout the New York City area. Notably, Sleigh Bells, M.I.A. at Coco 66 in May 2010. For promotion of Trash Hit, they opened for CSS and Sleigh Bells in Washington DC, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston, which marked the first time the band performed outside of New York City. The band also opened for Archers of Loaf in New York in June 2011.
The Ultimate in Luxury (2014)
On October 23, 2013, Mr. Dream announced a new full-length album, The Ultimate in Luxury. In a nod to Moerder and Sylvester's journalistic roots, the release date is scheduled for "TK". The first single released from the album was "Fringy Slider" which was described as having a sound similar to "an early Franz Ferdinand track."
The Ultimate in Luxury was reviewed favorably, being called "slimy and sweet" and a "glamorously sardonic eulogy." The album was made available for streaming on Soundcloud, and for sale as a cassette on the Godmode Records website. The cassette also shipped with an option for an essay from one of the band's two writers, Moerder or Sylvester.
Critical reception
Critical reception was largely favorable, with Stereogum listing them as one of their top 40 new bands of 2010 "because they write smart, ballsy songs." The Fader praised them as "an antidote to the pulseless navel-gazing of certain lo-fi softies of late" and also noted that they don't "suck," despite their music critic background. Fluxblog's Matthew Perpetua also overcame his music critic fears and noted that the band created "brainy yet very physical rock music that is always desirable but generally scarce". Mr. Dream was compared to Franz Ferdinand,The Jesus Lizard, Pixies, Hüsker Dü and The Wipers.
Discography
Albums
The Ultimate in Luxury (2014)
Fatherland (2012)
Trash Hit (2011)
No Girls Allowed (EP) (2010)
Mr. Dream Goes to Jail (EP) (2009)
Demos
Criminal Record (2010)
Singles
"Fringy Slider" (October 2013)
"What a Mess" (January 2012)
"The Room" (January 2012)
"Knuckle Sandwich" (February 2010)
"Scarred for Life" (July 2010)
"Learn the Language" (October 2010)
"Crime" (January 2011)
"Moneybags" (August 2011)
References
External links
Musical groups established in 2008
Indie rock musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from Brooklyn | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Dream |
Western Spirit Football Club are an Australian football (soccer) club from Goodna, a suburb of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. The club was formed in 2005 from a merger between Goodna Soccer Club and Camira Soccer Club and currently play in Brisbane Premier League Division 1. They narrowly missed out on promotion in 2015 finishing 3rd and then going on to make the Grand final, going down to Souths United 3–0.
The club draws its members mainly from the outer Brisbane suburbs Goodna, Camira, Springfield, Redbank Plains, Forest Lake, Inala and even Greenbank.
Although Western Spirit is a relatively new club it is one of the largest clubs in the Ipswich area, as well as being 1 of only 3 clubs in the district to have 2 or more fields being in ownership of the club. The club offers almost every age-group and gender, membership, with members participating in an active team.
Football Kit
References
Soccer clubs in Queensland
Brisbane Premier League teams
Association football clubs established in 2005
2005 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Spirit%20FC |
In historical linguistics, sister languages are languages that are descended from a common ancestral language. Every language in a language family that descends from the same language as the others is a sister to them.
A commonly given example is the Romance languages, each of which is a continuation of Vulgar Latin. Italian and French (both Romance languages) have about 89% lexical overlap, meaning 89 percent of words share the same characteristics and root origins. Similarly, Spanish and Portuguese also have about 89% lexical overlap. Spanish and Romanian overlap less, about 67%, because while Spanish and Portuguese have undergone Arabic influence, Romanian has undergone many different influences over the years, particularly from the Slavic languages and Greek. Along with a large amount of shared vocabulary, the Romance languages share numerous features of morphology and syntax because they are all continuations of their common ancestor, Latin.
Another example is relationship between Modern Scots and English. Scots is considered to be a sister language of English because they are both descended from the common ancestor Old English (via Early Middle English). The phonological development of the two languages is divergent, with different loanwords entering each language from sources such as Norse, Latin, and French. Political and cultural events have largely dictated the decline of broad Scots as a standard variety in the modern period, and Scots is currently confined to largely spoken use and unofficial functions.
See also
Daughter language
Language family
Lexical similarity
References
Historical linguistics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister%20language |
(reformed) or (traditional) is a German proverbial expression which translates as "there must be order". The idea of "order" is generally recognized as a key cliche for describing German culture. Franz von Papen, for instance, cited it in 1932 as Frederick the Great's "classic expression". As a slogan used by Paul von Hindenburg, it became "world famous" in 1930, according to The New York Times. A longer version is contained in a mid-19th century collection of proverbs where the title is a Wellerism: (in English: "Order must be, said Hans, as they took him to the prison)."
Related German proverbs are , literally "order is half of life", humorously extended in the antiproverb ("and disorder the other half"). Similarly, a proverb says meaning "he who keeps order is just too lazy to spend his time searching".
Present interpretation of the expression distorts its original meaning. The expression was introduced by Martin Luther as Ordnung muss sein unter den Leuten ("Law must be among people"), Ordnung in the sense of True Law of God as opposed to human rules, for Orden und Regeln sind nichts ("Orders and rules are nothing") (on the same page) and Liebe zu Geld... ist nicht Gottes Werk oder Ordnung (Love for money... is not God's work or “Ordnung”).
There is an (Public Office for Order, Code enforcement) in every German municipality and city. Minor or petty offenses are called , meaning "contravention" or "offense", in the sense of "contrarity to (public) order", similar to the American term "disorderly conduct".
In popular culture
The proverb forms part of the title of an early 2000s German television sitcom, "Hausmeister Krause – Ordnung muss sein", set in a Cologne housing development and starring Tom Gerhardt as Hausmeister Krause, a janitor with an authoritarian streak.
References
Proverbs
Slogans
Political quotes
1930s neologisms
German words and phrases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnung%20muss%20sein |
This is a list of all the past winners of the official GAA GPA All Stars Awards in hurling since the first awards in 1971. As an insight to the prominent players of the 1960s, it also includes the unofficial "Cuchulainn" awards presented from 1963 to 1967 under the auspices of Gaelic Weekly magazine.
Since 1971, the All Ordinaries Awards in hurling have been presented annually to a set of fifteen hurlers from that year's All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, who are seen to be deserving of being named in a "Team of the Year". The shortlist is compiled by a selection committee steering group, while the overall winners are chosen by inter-county players themselves. The All Star is regarded by players as the highest individual award available to them, due to it being picked by their peers.
Limerick hold the record for most All-Star winners in one year with 12 players chosen in the hurling selection for 2021.
Key
Cú Chulainn Awards
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
All Star awards listed by year 1970s
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990s
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
List of nominees
1998
List of nominees
1999
List of nominees
2000s
2000
List of nominees
2001
List of nominees
2002
List of nominees
2003
List of nominees
2004
List of nominees
2005
List of nominees
2006
List of nominees
2007
Details
List of nominees
2008
Details
List of nominees
2009
Details
List of nominees
2010s
2010
Details
List of nominees
2011
Details
List of nominees
2012
Details
List of nominees
2013
List of nominees
2014
List of nominees
2015
List of nominees
2016
List of nominees
2017
List of nominees
2018
List of nominees
2019
List of nominees
2020s
2020
Like of nominees
2021
List of nominees
2022
List of nominees
Use of colours above
Notes
References
External links
All Stars at the Gaelic Athletic Association
Hurling
Hurling awards
All Stars Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20All%20Stars%20Awards%20winners%20%28hurling%29 |
Washington Heights may refer to:
Places
Japan
Washington Heights (Tokyo), a former US Army barracks and housing area during the occupation of Japan
United States
Washington Heights, Chicago, Illinois
Washington Heights, East Brunswick, New Jersey
Washington Heights, Manhattan, New York City, New York
Washington Heights, Walkill, New York
Washington Heights, Roanoke, Virginia
Washington Heights, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Washington Heights Historic District, Washington, D.C.
Other uses
Washington Heights (film), a 2003 film set in Washington Heights, Manhattan
Washington Heights (TV series), an MTV reality show | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%20Heights |
The MPI MPXpress is a line of diesel-electric locomotives built by MotivePower (a subsidiary of Wabtec) for commuter rail service. There are five MPXpress models: MP36PH-3S, MP36PH-3C, MP40PH-3C, MP32PH-Q, and MP54AC. Of these, only the MP54AC conforms to federal Tier 4 emissions standards, making it the only model that can be sold in the United States.
The MPXpress line had the first production passenger locomotive that met FRA safety regulations regarding crashworthiness and fire safety. The models in the line also meet APTA crashworthiness standards.
The MPXpress line has also kept pace with increasingly stringent EPA locomotive emissions regulations, having provided the first—and in some cases, only—passenger locomotive for each of the four emission levels (tiers) that were specified by the EPA between 2002 and 2015.
The MPXpress is used by numerous public transit agencies in Canada and the United States; of them, GO Transit has the most, with 93 in their fleet.
, Wabtec no longer lists the MPXpress in its locomotive portfolio.
Models
MP36PH-3S
The MP36PH-3S uses a 16-cylinder EMD 645F3B diesel engine as its prime mover, capable of generating 3,600 hp. Head-end power (HEP) is generated by a static inverter that receives its power through connections to the prime mover (hence the "S" (static) designation). Compared to a locomotive with a separate HEP generator, the prime mover must constantly maintain a higher RPM in order to supply power to the passenger cars. The setup is simpler but leads to higher noise levels and higher fuel consumption.
When providing the maximum 500 kW HEP load, maximum traction power is reduced to 2,930 hp since HEP generation diverts some power from the prime mover.
The MP36PH-3S was the first variety of MPXpress locomotive to be built and the launch customer was Metra, a commuter railroad in the Chicago area. Metra ordered 27 of these locomotives in 2001, which were built and delivered between 2003 and 2004. Fourteen were to replace the railroad's aged F40C fleet, while the rest were for fleet expansion. Until 2021, when the 3S variants were converted to 3C's, Metra was the only remaining operator of the MP36PH-3S variant of the MPXpress.
When the locomotives were first delivered, the onboard computer systems proved problematic. At one point in 2004, because Metra had so many MPXpress locomotives out of service, two F40Cs had to be placed back into service for a short time.
Conversion to MP36PH-3C specification
Starting in 2015, Metra began converting its MP36PH-3S locomotives to the MP36PH-3C specification by removing the static inverter and replacing it with a separate HEP generator. Metra's MP36PH-3C locomotives all have extended radiators to supply the extra cooling for the new Caterpillar generators. Locomotive No. 417 was the first one to be converted and was sent to MPI in Boise. The rest were rebuilt at Metra's 47th Street shops on the South Side of Chicago. As of 2021, all of the MP36PH-3S locomotives have been converted to the MP36PH-3C specification.
MP36PH-3C
The MP36PH-3C has the same EMD 645F3B prime mover as the MP36PH-3S model, but with a separate head-end power generator, a Caterpillar C-27.
The launch customer for the MP36PH-3C was Caltrain, a commuter railroad in the San Francisco Bay Area. Caltrain ordered 6 of these locomotives in 2003, which were built and delivered that same year. This locomotive has gone on to become the most popular MPXpress variant, with 100 delivered to nine different customers.
MP40PH-3C
The MP40PH-3C introduced a new prime mover, the larger 16-cylinder EMD 710G3B series diesel engine, capable of generating 4,000 hp. The MP40PH-3C also uses an EMD alternator and traction motors.
The launch customer for the MP40PH-3C was GO Transit, a commuter railroad in the Toronto area. The MP40PH-3C was developed in response to a bid request from GO Transit for locomotives capable of generating 4,000 hp, hauling 12 passenger cars and traveling at speeds up to . MotivePower and GE Transportation responded to the request, with MotivePower being selected as the winning bidder. GO Transit placed an order for 27 locomotives in 2006, which were built and delivered between 2007 and 2008.
In 2011, MotivePower upgraded the MP40PH-3C to comply with the EPA's more stringent Tier 3 emissions standard, which was in effect between 2012 and 2014. Three locomotives meeting this standard were built, all delivered to Sounder commuter rail in the Seattle area. Ten additional locomotives for GO Transit are also Tier 3 compliant.
MP32PH-Q
The MP32PH-Q was built from 2013 to 2014 for SunRail. They have similar specifications as new MPXpress locomotives, but are rebuilt and refurbished from units that had previously operated on MARC as GP40WH-2 locomotives. Inside the locomotive, the 3,000 hp EMD 16-645E3C prime mover has been rebuilt and electronics have been upgraded using the same equipment as other MPXpress locomotives, as well as a horsepower upgrade from 3,000 to 3,600. On the exterior, the MP32PH-Q retains the hood unit layout of the former GP40WH-2, but a new four-window MPXpress cab replaces the original cab.
MP54AC
The MP54AC (also known as MP40PHTC-T4AC) is the latest locomotive in the MPXpress family and the only model available for sale in the US. It is designed to both meet the EPA's stringent Tier 4 emissions standard and offer higher performance than the MP40PH-3C. The MP54AC is a genset locomotive, using a pair of Cummins QSK60 60-liter, 16-cylinder engines rated at 2,700 hp each (5,400 hp total) and during periods of low power demand, the locomotive can operate on just one engine to reduce noise pollution and boost fuel efficiency. The 5,400 total horsepower qualifies the MP54AC as the most powerful diesel-electric passenger locomotive in North America, both currently and historically.
Currently, the MP54AC can be built as new or by having existing MPXpress locomotives rebuilt to the standard.
GO Transit was the launch customer for the MP54AC. The first prototype unit was built by converting a MP40PH-3C owned by GO Transit (unit 647). MotivePower removed the EMD prime mover and HEP motor and replaced them with the twin Cummins engines. Heavy modifications were made to the body to accommodate extra air intake and exhaust stacks. Unit 647 was delivered to GO Transit late 2015 and was seen under testing on December 12, 2015.
Initially GO Transit had planned to convert a total of ten MP40PH-3Cs to the new MP54AC standard; it later ordered 16 additional newly built MP54AC locomotives and eventually converted the order for rebuilt units to new builds for a total of 26.
The MP54AC competes with other Tier 4 compliant locomotives, such as the Siemens Charger series and the EMD F125. Both the MP54AC and F125 have struggled to find customers, unlike the Charger series, which has sold more than 350 units including large orders from Amtrak and Via Rail.
Operators
Internal layout
References
External links
Wabtec Corporation
MPI locomotives
B-B locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States
EPA Tier 2-compliant locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Diesel-electric locomotives of Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPI%20MPXpress |
Quietism is the name given (especially in Roman Catholic theology) to a set of contemplative practices that rose in popularity in France, Italy, and Spain during the late 1670s and 1680s, particularly associated with the writings of the Spanish mystic Miguel de Molinos (and subsequently François Malaval and Madame Guyon), and which were condemned as heresy by Pope Innocent XI in the papal bull Coelestis Pastor of 1687. "Quietism" was seen by critics as holding that man's highest perfection consists in a sort of psychical self-annihilation and a consequent absorption of the soul into the Divine Essence even during the present life.
The Quietist controversy of the 1670s and 1680s
Quietism is particularly associated with the writings of Miguel de Molinos. He published the Spiritual Guide in 1675. Molinos recommended absolute passivity and contemplation in total repose of the spirit. He was aware of the focus in the writings of Ignatius of Loyola on meditation, and the likelihood that Jesuit writers would react poorly to any perceived attack on Ignatius’s thought. He said the meditation was an important stage of the spiritual life, but that it was well-established that in order to pass to the state of contemplation one must leave behind meditative practices.
The doctrines of quietism were finally condemned by Pope Innocent XI in the bull Coelestis Pastor of 1687. However, theologian Bernard McGinn says that the particular errors condemned in the bull are not in the Spiritual Guide. Molino's work was marked by imprecision and ambiguities that left it subject to unintended interpretations.
Quietism in France
From Molinos' teaching developed a less radical form known as Semiquietism, whose principle advocates were Fénelon and Madame Guyon. Quietism spread among Roman Catholics through small groups into France. The most noted representative was Mme Guyon, especially with her work A Short and Easy Method of Prayer, who claimed not to have known the teaching of Molinos directly, but certainly did have contact with François Malaval, a proponent of Molinos.
Madame Guyon won an influential convert at the court of Louis XIV in Madame de Maintenon, and influenced the circle of devout Catholics in the court for a time. She was also a spiritual counsellor to Archbishop Fénelon of Cambrai. A commission in France found most of Madame Guyon's works intolerable and the government confined her, first in a convent, then in the Bastille, leading eventually to her exile to Blois in 1703.
In 1699, after Fénelon's spirited defense in a press war with Bossuet, Pope Innocent XII prohibited the circulation of Fénelon's Maxims of the Saints, to which Fénelon submitted at once. The Inquisition's proceedings against remaining quietists in Italy lasted until the eighteenth century. Jean Pierre de Caussade, the Jesuit and author of the spiritual treatise Abandonment to Divine Providence, was forced to withdraw for two years (1731–1733) from his position as spiritual director to a community of nuns after he was suspected of Quietism (a charge of which he was acquitted).
Usage
Since the late seventeenth century, "Quietism" has functioned (especially within Roman Catholic theology, though also to an extent within Protestant theology), as the shorthand for accounts which are perceived to fall foul of the same theological errors, and thus to be heretical. As such, the term has come to be applied to beliefs far outside its original context. The term quietism was not used until the 17th century, so some writers have dubbed the expression of such errors before this era as "pre-quietism".
Although both Molinos and other authors condemned in the late seventeenth century, as well as their opponents, spoke of the Quietists (in other words, those who were devoted to the "prayer of quiet", an expression used by Teresa of Avila, John of the Cross and others), "Quietism" was a creation of its opponents, a somewhat artificial systematisation made on the basis of ecclesiastical condemnations and commentary upon them. No single author – even Molinos, generally seen as the main representative of Quietist thought – advocated all the positions that formed the Quietism of later Catholic doctrinal textbooks; as such, at least one author suggests that it is better to speak of a Quietist tendency or orientation, one which may be located in analogous forms through Christian history.
Similar concepts
Apatheia to the Stoics meant "equanimity", the characteristic of the sage. The Stoics thought that living virtuously provided freedom from the passions, resulting in apatheia.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, an analogous dispute might be located in Hesychasm in which "the supreme aim of life on earth is the contemplation of the uncreated light whereby man is intimately united with God". However, according to Bishop Kallistos Ware, "The distinctive tenets of the 17th-century Western quietists is not characteristic of Greek hesychasm."
In early Christianity, suspicion over forms of mystical teaching may be seen as controversies over Gnosticism in the second and third centuries, and over the Messalian heresy in the fourth and fifth centuries.
Likewise, the twelfth and thirteenth-century Brethren of the Free Spirit, Beguines and Beghards were all accused of holding beliefs with similarities to those condemned in the Quietist controversy. Among the ideas seen as errors and condemned by the Council of Vienne (1311–12) are the propositions that humankind in the present life can attain such a degree of perfection as to become utterly sinless; that the "perfect" have no need to fast or pray, but may freely grant the body whatsoever it craves.
The Cathars' denial of the need for sacerdotal rites has been perceived as a form of quietism. This may be a tacit reference to the Cathars or Albigenses of southern France and Catalonia, and that they are not subject to any human authority or bound by the precepts of the Church. Similar assertions of individual autonomy on the part of the Fraticelli led to their condemnation by John XXII in 1317. Alternatively, it is likely to be a direct reference to the so-called Beguine, Margaret Porete, burned alive at the stake in Paris in 1310 formally as a relapsed heretic, but also on account of her work "The Mirror of Simple Souls", written, importantly, in the French vernacular. Margaret is truly unique in her thought, but that the perfected soul becomes free of virtue and of its obligations and of those of the church she states clearly in her work, which is a theme throughout.
The condemnation of the ideas of Meister Eckhart in 1329 may also be seen as an instance of an analogous concern in Christian history. Eckhart's assertions that we are totally transformed into God just as in the sacrament the bread is changed into the body of Christ (see transubstantiation) and the value of internal actions, which are wrought by the Godhead abiding within us, have often been linked to later Quietist heresies.
In early sixteenth-century Spain, concern over a set of beliefs held by those known as alumbrados raised similar concerns to those of Quietism. These concerns continued into the mid-sixteenth century and in the writings of Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross. Both were very active reformers and cautioned against a simple-minded "don't think anything" (no pensar nada) approach to meditation and contemplation; further, both acknowledged the authority of the Catholic Church and did not oppose its teaching concerning contemplative prayer. Thus, their work was not condemned as heresy, being consistent with Church teaching. This did not stop John's work, however, coming under suspicion after his death; the fact he was not canonised until 1726 is largely due to seventeenth-century suspicions of beliefs similar to those termed "Quietist" later in the century.
George Fox came to the conclusion that the only real spirituality was achieved by paying attention to the Holy Spirit (the Godhead) through silence, and founded the Quaker movement on this basis – one which shared much resemblance with "Quietist" thought. Quietist thinking was also influential among the British Quakers of the later 19th century, when the tract A Reasonable Faith, by Three Friends (William Pollard, Francis Frith and W. E. Turner (1884 and 1886)) caused sharp controversy with evangelicals in the society.
The Capuchin friar Benet Canfield (1562–1611), an English Catholic living in Belgium, espoused quietism in a tract called Way of Perfection, on deep prayer and meditation.
See also
Ataraxia
Hesychasm
Johannes Kelpius
Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Taoism
Zen Buddhism
Nondualism
Pietism (Pietistic Lutheranism)
References
Further reading
Dandelion, P., A Sociological Analysis of the Theology of Quakers: The Silent Revolution New York, Ontario & Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press, 1996.
Renoux, Christian, "Quietism", in The Papacy: An Encyclopedia, vol 3, edited by Philippe Levillain, 3 vols, (London: Routledge, 2002)
de Molinos, Miguel, The Spiritual Guide, ed and trans by Robert P. Baird, (New York: Paulist Press, 2010)
External links
17th-century Christianity
Christian mysticism
Heresy in Christianity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietism%20%28Christian%20contemplation%29 |
Mazhar Kaleem (Urdu: مظہر کلیم) (1942 – 2018) original name Mazhar Nawaz Khan was a Pakistani novelist chiefly known in Imran Series, Urdu spy fiction written within Imran Series mythos created by Ibn-e-Safi.
He was known for writing the Imran Series and had written short stories for children as well. He was the anchorperson of a saraiki radio talk show from Radio Multan, "Jamhoor-de-Awaz". He was a lawyer who was elected Senior Vice-President of Multan Bar Council.
In "his writing career of over five decades, he has written around 600 spy fiction novels on Ibn-e-Safi Imran Series", as well as "around 5000 short stories (not confirmed) for children including the famous series of Umro Aiyyar."
Biography
Mazhar was born to Mr. Hamid Yar Khan who was a Police officer. He did his B.A. from Emerson College and did M.A. (Urdu) from the Multan Campus of Punjab University.
Mazhar Kaleem was born on 22 July 1942 in Multan. His father Hamid Yar Khan was a retired police Inspector. He belonged to a Pathan family, "Muhammad Zai" in Multan, who settled in Multan after migrating from Afghanistan in the late 19th century. His original name is Mazhar Nawaz Khan; however he is now only known as his literary pen name, Mazhar Kaleem Khan.
He studied in Islamia high school Multan and graduated from Emerson College (Current Government College) . He was a color holder in basketball and bodybuilding from Emerson College. After graduating he taught as a master in a government high school, Daulat Gate, but he left it to pursue more studies at the University of Multan (currently Bahauddin Zakariya University) to do his M.A. in Urdu Literature and LL.B. He was a senior lawyer in Multan Bench of Lahore High Court. Professionally he was a lawyer and not a novelist which was his part-time hobby. He was also anchor person of a radio talk show from Radio Multan. His original name is Mazhar Nawaz Khan while Kaleem is his literary adoption. He had two sons and four daughters but his eldest son Faisal Jan died at the age of 31. The second son Fahad Usman Khan is working in a Multinational Bank.
Mazhar Kaleem is a contemporary of Ibn-e-Safi in writing Imran series and he just used the few principal characters but always had a different style. While many writers notably Safdar Shaheen & Ibne-Rahat tried to cash in on the popularity of Imran he is unparalleled now as undisputed master of writing Imran Series. He has written over four hundred novels. He was based in Multan.
Works
He has written over five hundred books in Imran Series both mystery long and short novels of Imran Series and short stories for children.
Stories
Action Agency
Basashi
Be Jurm
Black Sun
Black Feather
Blue Eye
Double White
Dus Crore May Dou Shetaan
Fohag International
Gang war
Hawk Eye
HaaraKari
Kamran Mission
Limelight
Sabolat
Safli Dunya
Shogi Pama
Silver Girl
Terntola
Weather boss
Asadam
Chief Agent
Dashing Agent
See also
Imran Series By Mazhar Kaleem
Pakishia Secret Service
References
1942 births
2018 deaths
Pakistani writers
Pakistani spy fiction writers
Urdu-language fiction writers
People from Multan
Pashtun writers
Government Emerson College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhar%20Kaleem |
This is a list of all past winners of the official GAA GPA All Stars Awards in Gaelic football since the first awards in 1971. As an insight to the prominent players of the 1960s, it also includes the unofficial "Cuchulainn" awards presented from 1963 to 1967 under the auspices of Gaelic Weekly magazine.
For each year since 1995, when the official award began, the All Stars Footballer of the Year is highlighted with FOTY. If the footballer of the year did not win an All Star Award, his name is added to the list as FOTY. The unofficial Texaco Footballer of the Year, awarded since 1958, is a guide to the leading players of the past.
Overview
By the end of 2013, 387 different footballers had received awards. For those with the highest numbers of awards, see GAA GPA All Stars Awards.
As of 2022, the players are from the following teams:
Given as Team, team's overall total/number of different players to have won while representing this team:
Kerry, 155/64 (list)
Dublin, 141/66 (list)
Cork, 64/42 (list)
Tyrone, 57/33 (list)
Meath, 48/26 (list)
Galway, 43/29 (list)
Donegal, 34/22 (list)
Offaly, 30/19 (list)
Derry, 29/19 (list)
Mayo, 28? (list)
Armagh, 24/8 (list)
Down, 23/18 (list)
Kildare, 15/12 (list)
Roscommon, 15/11 (list)
Monaghan, 13/9 (list)
Cavan, 5/5
Laois, 5/5
Westmeath, 5/4
Sligo, 4/4
Fermanagh, 4/3
Tipperary, 4/3
Leitrim, 2/2
Louth, 2?
Antrim, 1
Clare, 1
Wexford, 1
Wicklow, 1
No player has received an All Star while representing Carlow, Kilkenny**, Limerick, Longford, Waterford, or the overseas county teams of London and New York in football.
Cú Chulainn Awards
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1970s
1971
County breakdown
Galway = 4
Offaly = 4
Mayo = 1
Kerry = 1
Meath = 1
Cork = 1
Sligo = 1
Antrim = 1
Down = 1
1972
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Offaly = 7
Kerry = 2
Donegal = 1
Galway = 1
Cork = 1
Roscommon = 1
Down = 1
Armagh = 1
1973
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Cork = 7
Offaly = 3
Galway = 3
Kerry = 1
Derry = 1
1974
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 6
Galway = 3
Cork = 2
Donegal = 1
Sligo = 1
Roscommon = 1
Kerry = 1
1975
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 5
Dublin = 3
Derry = 3
Meath = 2
Cork = 1
Down = 1
1976
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 7
Kerry = 5
Cork = 2
Galway = 1
1977
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 9
Armagh = 3
Kerry = 2
Roscommon = 1
1978
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Dublin = 3
Kildare = 1
Roscommon = 1
Cavan = 1
Down = 1
Offaly = 1
Cork = 1
1979
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Dublin = 3
Roscommon = 3
Monaghan = 1
Offaly = 1
Mayo = 1
1980s
1980
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 7
Roscommon = 3
Cork = 2
Tyrone = 1
Armagh = 1
Offaly = 1
1981
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 9
Offaly = 3
Galway = 2
Down = 1
1982
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Offaly = 7
Kerry = 5
Cork = 1
Fermanagh = 1
Armagh = 1
1983
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 4
Kerry = 2
Offaly = 2
Cork = 2
Down = 2
Galway = 1
Donegal = 1
Meath = 1
1984
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 7
Dublin = 3
Tyrone = 2
Meath = 1
Galway = 1
Derry = 1
1985
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 5
Dublin = 4
Mayo = 3
Monaghan = 1
Roscommon = 1
1986
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Tyrone = 4
Laois = 2
Roscommon = 1
Meath = 1
Monaghan = 1
1987
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Meath = 5
Cork = 4
Derry = 2
Kerry = 2
Dublin = 1
Galway = 1
1988
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Meath = 5
Cork = 4
Dublin = 3
Monaghan = 2
Kerry = 1
1989
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Cork = 6
Mayo = 5
Dublin = 1
Kerry = 1
Tyrone = 1
Roscommon = 1
1990s
1990
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Cork = 6
Meath = 4
Leitrim = 1
Galway = 1
Donegal = 1
Wicklow = 1
Down = 1
1991
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Meath = 6
Down = 4
Dublin = 3
Roscommon = 1
Kildare = 1
1992
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Donegal = 7
Derry = 3
Dublin = 3
Clare = 1
Mayo = 1
1993
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Derry = 7
Dublin = 3
Cork = 2
Donegal = 1
Mayo = 1
Armagh = 1
1994
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Down = 7
Dublin = 3
Meath = 2
Leitrim = 1
Cork = 1
Tyrone = 1
1995
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 7
Derry = 2
Cork = 2
Tyrone = 2
Galway = 1
Meath = 1
1996
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Meath = 5
Mayo = 5
Tyrone = 2
Dublin = 1
Derry = 1
Kerry = 1
1997
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 5
Kildare = 3
Mayo = 2
Meath = 2
Offaly = 1
Cavan = 1
Derry = 1
List of nominees
1998
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Galway = 7
Kildare = 5
Derry = 1
Meath = 1
Tipperary = 1
List of nominees
1999
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Meath = 7
Cork = 4
Armagh = 2
Dublin = 1
Mayo = 1
List of nominees
2000s
2000
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Galway = 4
Derry = 2
Armagh = 2
Kildare = 1
List of nominees
2001
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Galway = 6
Meath = 4
Dublin = 1
Roscommon = 1
Westmeath = 1
Tyrone = 1
Kerry = 1
List of nominees
2002
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Armagh = 6
Dublin = 3
Kerry = 2
Cork = 1
Donegal = 1
Sligo = 1
Tyrone = 1
List of nominees
2003
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Tyrone = 7
Laois = 3
Armagh = 2
Galway = 1
Tipperary = 1
Donegal = 1
List of nominees
2004
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Fermanagh = 2
Mayo = 2
Westmeath = 2
Tyrone = 1
Derry = 1
Wexford = 1
List of nominees
2005
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Tyrone = 8
Kerry = 4
Armagh = 3
List of nominees
2006
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Dublin = 2
Cork = 2
Mayo = 2
Fermanagh = 1
Donegal = 1
Armagh = 1
List of nominees
2007
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 6
Dublin = 4
Derry = 2
Cork = 1
Meath = 1
Monaghan = 1
List of nominees
2008
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Tyrone = 7
Kerry = 4
Westmeath = 2
Dublin = 1
Armagh = 1
List of nominees
2009
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 7
Cork = 5
Donegal = 1
Kildare = 1
Tyrone = 1
List of nominees
2010s
2010
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Cork = 4
Down = 4
Kildare = 2
Sligo = 1
Louth = 1
Tyrone = 1
Kerry = 1
Dublin = 1
List of nominations
2011
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 6
Kerry = 4
Donegal = 3
Mayo = 1
Kildare = 1
List of nominees
2012
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Donegal = 8
Mayo = 4
Cork = 2
Dublin = 1
List of nominees
2013
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 6
Mayo = 4
Monaghan = 2
Kerry = 2
Tyrone = 1
List of nominees
2014
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry= 5
Donegal= 4
Dublin= 3
Mayo= 3
List of nominees
2015
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin= 7
Kerry= 4
Mayo= 2
Tyrone= 1
Monaghan= 1
List of nominees
2016
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 6
Mayo = 4
Tyrone = 2
Donegal = 1
Kerry = 1
Tipperary = 1
List of nominees
2017
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 7
Mayo = 6
Kerry = 1
Tyrone = 1
List of nominees
2018
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 7
Monaghan = 3
Tyrone = 2
Kerry = 1
Donegal = 1
Galway = 1
List of nominees
2019
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 7
Kerry = 4
Tyrone = 2
Mayo = 1
Donegal = 1
List of nominees
2020s
2020
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Dublin = 9
Cavan = 3
Mayo = 2
Tipperary = 1
2021
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Tyrone = 8
Mayo = 3
Kerry = 3
Dublin = 1
2022
Player has previously been selected.
County breakdown
Kerry = 7
Galway = 5
Derry = 2
Dublin = 1
All Star Awards listed by team
Armagh
Cork
Derry
Donegal
Down
Dublin
Galway
Kerry
Kildare
Mayo
Meath
Monaghan
Offaly
Roscommon
Tyrone
See also
List of All Stars Awards winners (hurling)
Ladies' Gaelic football All Stars Awards
Camogie All Stars Awards
References
External links
All Stars at the Gaelic Athletic Association
Football
Gaelic football awards
All Stars Awards winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20All%20Stars%20Awards%20winners%20%28football%29 |
Brisbane Knights Football Club is an Australian soccer club from Rocklea, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The club currently plays in the Brisbane Premier League, the first tier of senior football in Brisbane (third tier in Queensland and fourth overall in Australia).
History
The club was initially formed in 1952 under the name HNK Croatia Brisbane but struggled to sustain a full squad of players for the entire season, so the club disbanded. With the steady growth of the Croatian community in following years, the club was reformed in 1957. On 15 May 1957 the club was registered with the governing federation as an official soccer club.
The club also played under the names New Farm SC (from 1971-1974), Sunnyside United SC (1975-1987), Croatia Soccer Club (1988), Brisbane Croatia Soccer Club and Rocklea United SC. In the early years the club played at council grounds throughout Brisbane until 1970, when the local Croatian community purchased 50-odd acres of land at Rocklea, an inner city south-west suburb of Brisbane. In the 1980s the club competed in the Brisbane Premier League.
Recent History
After relegation from the Capital League 1 in 2013, the Knights managed immediate promotion in 2014, finishing runners up in the Capital League 2. In 2015, Knights finished fifth in League 1. Brisbane Knights hosted the 41st annual Australian-Croatian Soccer Tournament in October 2015. It was the fourth time the Queensland club hosted the tournament, having previously hosted in 1982 (winning the tournament for the first and only time to date), 1989 and 2001. Melbourne Knights FC took out their sixth title at the tournament.
After another mid-table finish in 2016, Knights finished in third place in League 1 in 2017 and were promoted back to the Brisbane Premier League due to a league re-structure, where Football Queensland Premier League became the new state-wide second tier and the BPL became the third state tier. The Knights finished in the lower half of the BPL table in both 2018 and 2019.
In January 2020, it was announced that Gold Coast Knights SC had assumed control of Brisbane Knights Football Club.
The COVID-19 pandemic saw the Brisbane Knights field one Men's Brisbane Premier League squad. All matches were played as away fixtures whilst extensive repairs were conducted to the fields of the Brisbane Knights by the Gold Coast Knights Football Club.
In 2021, the Brisbane Knights re-assumed control with the guidance from the Gold Coast Knights Football Club with teams in the Men's Brisbane Premier League, Masters Competition and Women's Brisbane City League.
Their home continues to be the Croatian Club Brisbane in Rocklea and in February 2021, the main playing field was re-named the Ivan "Johnny" Mesic Memorial Field, named in honour of one the founders of the Club.
Honours
Australian-Croatian Soccer Tournament Champions 1982
Ampol Cup Runner Up 1985
Division 1 Champions 1999
Division 1 Runner Up 1998
Notable players
Dario Vidošić
See also
List of Croatian football clubs in Australia
Australian-Croatian Soccer Tournament
References
External links
Rocklea United Official Website
Soccer clubs in Brisbane
Brisbane Premier League teams
Croatian sports clubs in Australia
Association football clubs established in 1952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane%20Knights%20FC |
Ithaca (; , ) was, in Greek mythology, the island home of the hero Odysseus. The specific location of the island, as it was described in Homer's Odyssey, is a matter for debate. There have been various theories about its location. Modern Ithaca has traditionally been accepted to be Homer's island. One recent alternative candidate is Paliki, which may have been an island separated from the rest of Kefalonia, as argued by Bittlestone, Diggle and Underhill in Odysseus Unbound. This theory, however, has not been generally accepted on grounds of geology, archaeology, philology, or historical and Homeric analysis. “What is clearly missing,” wrote Dr Christine Haywood reviewing Odysseus Unbound, “is a good knowledge of the complexities of Homeric language, and the support of archaeology.”
The central characters of the epic such as Odysseus, Achilles, Agamemnon and Hector are sometimes believed to be fictional characters. Yet there are many claims that some Homeric hero long ago had inhabited a particular contemporary region or village. This, and the extremely detailed geographic descriptions in the epic itself, have invited investigation of the possibility that Homer's heroes might have existed and that the location of the sites described therein might be found.
Heinrich Schliemann believed he tracked down several of the more famous traditions surrounding these heroes. Many locations around the Mediterranean were claimed to have been the heroes' "homes", such as the ruins at Mycenae and the little hill near the western Turkish town of Hissarlik. Schliemann's work and excavations proposed, to a very sceptical world, that Homer's Agamemnon had lived at Mycenae, and that "Troy" itself indeed had existed at Hisarlik. Much work has been done to identify other Homeric sites such as the palace of Nestor at Pylos. These attempts have been the subject of much scholarly research, archaeological work, and controversy.
Theories on the location of "Homer's 'Ithaca'" were formulated as early as the 2nd century BC to as recently as AD 2005. Each approach to identifying a location has been different, varying in degrees of scientific procedure, empirical investigation, informed hypothesis, wishful thinking, fervent belief, and sheer fantasy. Each investigator and each investigation merits interest, as an indicator both of the temper of the times in which a particular theory was developed, and of the perennial interest in Odysseus and the possible facts of his life. Some of the latest "Homer's 'Ithaca'" approaches resemble some of the earliest.
Leading precursors
Theorists, and excavations elsewhere, on the location of "Homer's 'Ithaca'"
Eratosthenes (276 BC – 194 BC).
Demetrius of Scepsis (near Troy) -- writing mid-2nd century BC (near Troy) -- source used by Strabo (below).
. See Bittlestone/Diggle/Underhill (below): James Diggle at p. 508.
Apollodorus of Athens (born c. 180 BC) -- writing mid-2nd century BC—source used by Strabo (below), and Apollodorus also relied upon Demetrius of Scepsis (above).
244, F 154-207.
. See Bittlestone/Diggle/Underhill (below): James Diggle at p. 508.
Strabo (63/4 BC – c. 24 AD).
William Gell—writing in 1807—he believed Homer's "Ithaca" was on the Aetos isthmus of Ithaki island, facing east, in or near the bay of Vathy.
William M. Leake—writing in 1835—he thought "Ithaca" was on the northwestern coast of Ithaki island, near Polis Bay.
Théophile Cailleux—writing in 1878—located "Ithaca" in south-west Spain, in the delta of the Guadalete, near Cádiz.
Samuel Butler developed a controversial theory that the Odyssey came from the pen of a young Sicilian woman, who presents herself in the poem as Nausicaa, and that the scenes of the poem reflected the coast of Sicily, especially the territory of Trapani and its nearby islands. He described the "evidence" for this theory in his The Authoress of the Odyssey (1897) and in the introduction and footnotes to his prose translation of the Odyssey (1900). Robert Graves elaborated on this hypothesis in his novel Homer's Daughter.
Wilhelm Dörpfeld (December 26, 1853 – April 25, 1940) -- having performed extensive excavations at various locations of Ithaca and Lefkada, he proposed that the palace of Odysseus was located west of Nidri at the south coast of Lefkada.
G. Volterras—writing in 1903—he believed Paliki once may have had "Strabo's channel" at the isthmus which now separates Paliki and Kefalonia (see Bittlestone/Diggle/Underhill, below).
A.E.H. Goekoop—writing in 1908—he believed "Ithaca" was in southwestern Kefalonia island, on the St. George hilltop near Mazarakata village, southeast of the city of Argostoli, with its harbor at Minies near the modern airport.
Lord Rennell of Rodd—writing in 1927—believed "Ithaca" was on Ithaki island.
W.A. Heurtley and Sylvia Benton—believed "Ithaca" was on Ithaki island, and their excavations at the Polis Bay harbor turned up 8th- to 9th-century BC artifacts.
C.H. Goekoop—writing in 1990, grandson of A.E.H. Goekoop—he thought "Ithaca" was on Kefalonia, but in the northern Erissos region, near the town of Fiscardo.
E.S. Tsimaratos—published posthumously in 1998—he thought "Ithaca" was in central Kefalonia, but he agreed with Strabo about Paliki once having been cut off from Kefalonia.
J.V. Luce (1920-2011), writing in 1998, believed "Ithaca" was on Ithaki island.
Nicolas G. Livadas (Author), Constantine Bisticas (Editor, Translator)
Henriette Putman Cramer, Gerasimos Metaxas - the authors believe that the centre of Homeric Ithaca was in south-east Kefalonia where now the village of Poros in the Eleios-Pronnoi municipality is situated.
Gilles Le Noan — writing in 1989-2005 — suggested Paliki as the location of "Ithaca", but discounted the geology supporting "Strabo's channel".
Christos Tzakos — writing 1999-2005 — believed "Ithaca" was on Ithaki island.
Robert Bittlestone, James Diggle & John Underhill — first working in 2003 — believe Paliki is the location of "Ithaca", and also believe in "Strabo's Channel" separated it from Cephalonia, see Odysseus Unbound.
Odysseus Unbound website
Athenagoras Eleutheriuo argued that Paxos was Homeric Ithaca
Dimitris I. Paizis-Danias published ten maps of Cephallenian theories and argued that Homer's Ithaca was on Ithaki
Felice Vinci suggests that many Homeric places can be identified in the geographic landscape of the Baltic.
Manolis Koutlis - placed Ithaca on Faial in the Azores.
Jonathan Brown - located Ithaca on Ithaki after travelling to Cephalonia, Lefkada, Corfu, Sicily, Spain, Denmark, and the Azores to examine other theories.
National Library of Australia, Trove
See also
Geography of the Odyssey
Historicity of the Homeric epics
Trojan War
Where Troy Once Stood
References
Bittlestone, Diggle & Underhill (2005), cited above, Chapter 9 generally.
Several of the floruit dates above are taken from Wikipedia articles about the writers.
External links
www.friendsofhomer.gr
Odysseus Unbound website; Odysseus Unbound discussion forum
Collection of Homer-related links
Homer's Odyssey resources on the Web, by Jorn Barger
Wake of Odysseus, on localization by Jonathan Burgess
The Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University
Perseus at Tufts, Greek & Roman materials
Perseus at Tufts, a search on "homer*", which currently reaches 77 results, including "homeric": Art objects (1), Images (8), Reference articles (6), Text sections (19), Source citations (30), Texts (13)
Geography of the Odyssey
Locations in Greek mythology
History of the Ionian Islands
Homeric scholarship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%27s%20Ithaca |
Leslie Mah is an American musician and performer.
Biography
Mah first began performing with Anti-Scrunti Faction, a hardcore punk band based in Boulder, Colorado which she co-founded with Tracie Thomas. The group first appeared on the Flipside fanzine compilation, Flipside Vinyl Fanzine Vol.1 in 1984 and, in 1985, released one single and an album, Damsels In Distress, on Flipside. The two lead performers and songwriters, Mah and Thomas, were part of the formation of the early Queercore movement, appearing in the seminal zine J.D.s, and starred and performed in The Yo-Yo Gang by G.B. Jones, released in 1992.
In 1988, Mah moved to San Francisco and helped found another of the pioneering queercore punk bands, Tribe 8, for which she played guitar. The group released their first single on Harp Records, following up with EPS on fledgling queercore label Outpunk and were later signed to the independent record label Alternative Tentacles, releasing a number of singles and albums in the years they were together.
As a band, they first appeared on film in A Gun for Jennifer; performed in She's Real, Worse Than Queer, which featured interviews with Mah, Lynn Breedlove and other members of the band; and were the subjects of the documentary Rise Above: A Tribe 8 Documentary by Tracy Flannigan, which played at film festivals around the world and won several awards including 'Best Documentary'.
Mah has also appeared in other independent films such as Shut Up White Boy by Vu T. Thu Ha, and directed her own film called Estrofemme. She has also performed with groups such as Grannies and Trannies at the music festival Homo-A-GoGo.
Mah began working as a professional tattoo artist in 1995 in San Francisco. She is a founder of the Diving Swallow Tattoo collective in Oakland, California.
Filmography
The Yo-Yo Gang by G.B. Jones, 1992
A Gun For Jennifer, 1996
She's Real, Worse Than Queer by Lucy Thane, 1997
Shut Up White Boy by [Vũ T. Thu Hà]
Estrofemme by Leslie Mah, 1998
Rise Above: A Tribe 8 Documentary by Tracy Flannigan, 2003
FtF: Female to Femme, directed by Kami Chisholm and Elizabeth Stark, 2006
Hot Chick Hot Rod Stoner BBQ by Tina Gordon, 2006
Godspeed by Lynn Breedlove and Jen Gilomen, 2007
Publications
Dragon Ladies: Asian American Feminists Breathe Fire, edited by Sonia Shah, South End Press, 1997
References
External links
Leslie Mah Tattoo
Diving Swallow Tattoo
Living people
American women guitarists
American punk rock bass guitarists
Women bass guitarists
Women punk rock singers
American lesbian musicians
American LGBT singers
Musicians from Boulder, Colorado
American tattoo artists
Queercore musicians
1964 births
Guitarists from Colorado
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American LGBT people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Mah |
The Arcadian League () was a league of city-states in ancient Greece. It combined the various cities of Arcadia, in the Peloponnese, into a single state. The league was founded in 370 BC, taking advantage of the decreased power of Sparta, which had previously dominated and controlled Arcadia. Mantinea, a city that had suffered under Spartan dominance, was particularly prominent in pushing for its founding. The league was responsible for the foundation of Megalopolis.
Although initially successful in resisting Spartan influence in Arcadia, the league was soon divided in the power struggles that engulfed Greece in the 4th century BC. Thebes, which had been instrumental in the founding of the league, soon came into conflict with Mantinea. At the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), the cities of the league fought against each other, Mantinea fighting alongside Sparta and Athens, while Tegea and others sided with Thebes.
Arcadia and the Peloponnese before 370
Beginning in the 6th century BC and continuing through the 5th and early 4th centuries, Sparta dominated the Peloponnese, and compelled its neighbors to join its Peloponnesian League and fight in its wars. This dominance naturally aroused anger amongst these neighboring states, and Sparta's allies proved themselves willing to rise up against their overlord on several occasions. In 418 BC, Mantinea joined a league of Peloponnesian democratic states that briefly pursued an anti-Spartan policy before being defeated at the Battle of Mantinea (418 BC).
After the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC, Sparta, under king Agesilaus, took several opportunities over the ensuing years to discipline a number of restive allies. In 385 BC, the Spartans attacked Mantinea and forced the city to dissolve, splitting it into five separate villages, each of which was governed by a Spartan-backed oligarchy. Oligarchic governments throughout the rest of Arcadia also received Spartan support.
The Spartan military dominance that enabled this interference in Arcadian affairs was suddenly ended in 371 BC, when Epaminondas and his Boeotian army decisively defeated a Spartan army at Leuctra, killing a sizable portion of the elite Spartiate class. This development upset the balance of power in the Peloponnese and opened new possibilities for action by anti-Spartan factions.
Formation of the league
The first sign of rebellious activity in Arcadia came in the spring of 370 BC, when the city of Mantinea began reassembling from the villages it had been divided into, under democratic leadership. Shortly after this, a number of Arcadian communities began to assemble into a league for mutual protection against Sparta, an effort led by Lycomedes, a Mantinean. Substantial resistance was encountered at Tegea, where an oligarchic government was in power, but Tegean democrats overthrew this government with the aid of Mantinean troops, and the formation of the league proceeded. A Spartan army under Agesilaus was sent to attempt to restore the oligarchs, but achieved nothing. After driving off the Spartans, the Arcadians began work on the new city of Megalopolis, a strongly fortified capital city positioned to serve as a bulwark against Sparta.
Although this first attempt to break up the new league had ended without success, the threat of further military intervention prompted the Arcadians to dispatch ambassadors to Athens, requesting protection. The Athenians were theoretically bound by the terms of a treaty signed in late 371 BC to protect the autonomy of all Greek states, but their desire to maintain the strength of Sparta as a check on the ambitions of the Thebans led them to refuse the Arcadians' request. Continuing to Thebes, however, the Arcadians soon obtained the assistance they sought. A massive Boeotian army, led by Epaminondas and Pelopidas, was dispatched to the Peloponnese.
Reaching Arcadia, this army was swelled to some 50,000 to 70,000 men by the arrival of Argive, Elean, and Arcadian forces. For the Spartans to challenge such a massive force in the field would have been little short of suicidal; accordingly, over the next several months, Epaminondas twice led the army south into Spartan territory, first to ravage Laconia and then to liberate Messenia. This latter action, by depriving Sparta of much of her territory and placing a new hostile state on her borders, essentially ended any serious threat to the Arcadians. As the Theban army returned north, the Arcadians were free to go on with organizing their league without fear of Spartan interference. By 369 BC, most if not all Arcadian states had joined the league.
Government and structure
Cities entering the Arcadian league seem to have surrendered a large degree of their autonomy to the federal government. The league maintained a standing army, and a section of the new capital at Megalopolis was filled with federal buildings and barracks for that army. The league conducted a unified foreign policy, led by a chief executive or executives—which is not clear—holding the title of strategos.
The league had a democratic constitution, although how widely the franchise was extended is unclear. The body of voting citizens was known as the myrioi, or "ten thousand." If this number is taken as a rough estimate of the actual size of the body, the body would have consisted only of citizens of hoplite class or higher—the upper middle class and up. If, on the other hand, the word is interpreted in its figurative meaning of "a very large number," it is possible that the body may have been much larger, possibly including all free males. A smaller council, the Boule, was composed of an unknown number of representatives from the various cities of the federation. This council probably handled administrative matters, and, if it served a similar function to the council of the same name at Athens, may have prepared resolutions to be debated by the myrioi. Finally, 50 officials known as demiourgoi probably served as a working committee of the Boule.
The league created the Epariti, a military unit with the role to preserve the independence of the Arcadian towns and defend the common interests of the league. They were 5,000 and were paid by the state.
History after 370 BC
After its establishment in 370 BC, the Arcadian League took an active role in the politics of the Peloponnese. Arcadian soldiers campaigned with a Theban army during Epaminondas's second invasion of the Peloponnese in 369 BC, and continued to campaign in 368 BC, defeating a joint Athenian and Corinthian force, then raiding successfully into Spartan territory, but in the summer of 368 BC, a Spartan force invaded Arcadia and wiped out an Arcadian force without suffering a single casualty, in what became known as the "tearless battle." Xenophon asserts that the Arcadians' allies, the Thebans and Eleans, "were almost as well pleased as the Lacedaemonians at the misfortune of the Arcadians – so vexed had they become by this time at their presumption." After this defeat, the Arcadians hurried the completion of the fortifications at Megalopolis to prevent further Spartan incursions. The league's military fortunes revived over the next few years, however, and in 365 BC the league fought and won a war against Elis. In 364 BC, the Arcadian strategos Aeneas of Stymphalos intervened in Sicyon, expelling the tyrant of that city.
A Theban army had invaded the Peloponnese in 366 BC, but the purpose of that expedition was to establish Achaea as a counterweight to Arcadian influence; although this effort was largely a failure, it antagonized leading Arcadians. Accordingly, in that same year, Lycomedes persuaded the myrioi to make an alliance with Athens; the Athenians, although reluctant to ally with enemies of their allies the Spartans, could not pass up such a chance to undermine Theban influence. By 362 BC, the question of whether to continue as an ally of Thebes had become so pressing as to divide the Arcadian League, with Mantinea siding with Sparta and Athens while Tegea and Megalopolis remained loyal to Thebes. Thus, the cities of the league fought on different sides at the Battle of Mantinea in that year. That battle, a Theban victory, was followed by a Common Peace which brought peace to the region for a time.
Although it never regained the prominence it had held during the 360s BC, an Arcadian league in some form—whether a continuation or a recreation of the original league is unclear—continued to exist in the years after the Battle of Mantinea. Various references indicate that the league endured at least into the 3rd century BC. According to an obscure passage in Pausanias, the Arcadian League may have experienced a short period of revival between 250 and 245 BC, after the liberation of Megalopolis from tyranny. The date of its final disappearance is uncertain, but at the latest it had vanished by the 230s BC, as the Arcadian cities joined the Achaean League.
References
Citations
Sources
Greek city-state federations
League
States and territories established in the 4th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC
370 BC
370s BC establishments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadian%20League |
The Careto tradition is a religious or folk ritual practiced in the Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro region of Portugal, believed to have roots in pre-historical Celtic traditions. It is found particularly in the villages of Podence (Macedo de Cavaleiros, Bragança District), Vila Boa de Ousilhão (Vinhais, Bragança District), Varge (Aveleda, Bragança District), among others. It currently takes place during Winter and especially Carnival, and is one of the oldest traditions being practiced in Portugal still today. Although there are "rituals" practiced at the village of Lazarim (Lamego, Viseu District), these are not of Celtic origin as their origin is only registered as starting in the second half of the last century.
The Careto is a masked character portrayed by young men dressed in suits made of colourful fringe wool quilts, wearing brass, leather or wooden masks and rattles in their belts.
Origins
The Caretos tradition is thought to have Celtic roots, from a pre-Roman period. It is probably related to the existence of the Gallaeci and Bracari peoples in Galicia and northern Portugal.
The origin of the masked people is linked to the cult of ancestors, considered privileged holders of powers over the essential bases of the individual's survival on the physical and mental plane, ensuring the fertility of the fields, the fecundity of men and animals, the maintenance of civic law and moral, and the origin modeled and established by them. The masked assumes himself as the central character, around which all the festive action unfolds, playing the most varied roles, depending on the tradition and ritual of each place.
The mask is an element that, temporally and spatially, knows an enormous representation and a universalism that no other material testimony of human culture equals. Through it, the world of gods and the dead is temporarily established among men - it embodies the principle of the game of life.
The solstice rites are those that the masked men celebrate during the twelve-day cycle, at first, Christmas and Santo Estêvão – winter solstice, and at a second moment, Carnival, coming sequentially from the first, through symbolic rites, in very similar ways. by moving celebrations from the solstice to the vernal equinox. The masquerade parties are rites of the deepest esotericism and symbolism that have resisted the passage of time and are still very much alive in the culture of the people of the Nordeste Transmontano region.
Costume
The costume of the Careto, as a rule, is made of home-made quilts, decorated with red wool weave, consisting of a hooded jacket and trousers, covered with thick fringes of coloured wool. Recently, they use overalls that are covered with fringed rows of fabric in bright and contrasting colours such as red, yellow and green. The Caretos wear a mask made of brass, leather or wood, painted with vivid colours such as red, yellow or black, and a salient nose.
In some regions, the suit is completed with cattle collars equipped with bells, worn over the shoulder, a wide belt with a string of rattles to “rattle” the women in a provocative attitude with an obscure sense of fertility.
In Lazarim, the mask is made of alder wood decorated with horns and other accessories.
Tradition
The Caretos party is part of an age-old tradition that is celebrated in Portugal on Shrovetide. In Trás-os-Montes it is celebrated in several villages in the municipalities of Vinhais, Bragança, Macedo de Cavaleiros (especially Podence) and Vimioso, and in the Alto Douro in Lazarim in the municipality of Lamego.
In winter, at sunset, a festive season begins in the region of Trás-os-Montes that goes on until Carnival, full of moments of fun that stir up the streets of cities and villages. It is a time of celebration that symbolizes rejuvenation and the beginning of a new cycle, both in nature and in social life.
A large part of these festivities, which still exist in small towns in Portugal and Spain, are particularly popular during the period known as the “Cycle of the 12 days”, which runs from Christmas to the Epiphany (Twelfth Day). At these festivities, young people have, similar to what happened in some civilizations of antiquity, to show evidence that they are able to take on a more active role in the life of the communities in which they are inserted, since among the elderly and children, they are the strongest element. Thus, these celebrations are also manifestations of social cohesion.
The Feast of Boys, which is also called Feast of Santo Estêvão, is probably the most important. It is a tradition that originates from ancient rituals of passage from adolescence to adulthood. Early in the morning, the boys parade through the streets with the typical colorful costumes and Caretos, provoking, rattling and interacting with the population, in great revelry. Also, the Feast of the Kings (or Epiphany), despite being associated with the birth of Jesus Christ, continues, in many villages, to be celebrated with the presence of these masked boys.
The Shrovetide Chocalheiro is the pinnacle of irreverent manifestations that at this time are not only allowed, but also constitute an attraction and make news. In some areas of the region, it is on this day that the masked figures of Death, the Devil and the Censorship take to the streets, committing the most diverse misdeeds. Shrove Tuesday and the prior Sunday are the days when the Caretos are most active. They appear in groups from every corner of the village running and shouting excitedly, frightening the people and “robbing” all the wineries. The main target of these masquerade groups are single young girls, who make them climb to the top of walls and verandas.
A little throughout the region of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, this is a time of celebration announced by the sound of the bagpipes of the rounds, it is the time of processions, loas, community meals and collections.
Scholars associate the Careto tradition with memories of magical practices related to agrarian fertility cults.
Facanito
The Facanito is a child who disguises himself as a “Careto” and tries to imitate the Caretos in their merrymaking, fulfilling his own initiation ritual and ensuring the continuity of tradition.
In the Middle Ages in Trás-os-Montes it was referred to as a "little devil that feeds on ground steel". In Miranda do Douro, it is the name given to a man of small stature with a provocative air and it is also the name given to a mythological being, very small and restless.
References
External links
Careto's Tradition Article by José Paulo Carvalho Pereira in azibo.org, February 2006
University of Louisville Department of Anthropology
Carnival of Podence (in Portuguese)
Endless energy of the Caretos (in Portuguese)
Carnivals in Portugal
Celtic culture
Cultural festivals in Portugal
Fertility
Macedo de Cavaleiros
Paganism in Europe
Portuguese traditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Careto |
Baelo Claudia was an ancient Roman town of Hispania, located outside of Tarifa, near the village of Bolonia, in southern Spain. Lying on the shores of the Strait of Gibraltar, the town was originally a fishing village and trade link when it was settled some 2,000 years ago. Although prosperous at the time of Emperor Claudius, it went into a decline hastened by earthquakes and was abandoned by the 6th century.
The study of its architectural remains shows its Roman origin at the end of the 2nd century BC, already observed since that time a great wealth that makes it an important economic center in the Mediterranean area.
History
Baelo Claudia is situated on the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar. The town was founded in the end of the 2nd century BC as a result of trade with North Africa (it was a major port for Tangier, in Mauretania Tingitana, for example). It is possible that Baelo Claudia had some functions of governmental administration, but tuna fishing, salting, and the production of garum were the primary sources of wealth. The city was eventually successful enough to be granted the title of municipium by Emperor Claudius.
The life of the inhabitants reached its greatest splendor during the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. In the middle of the 2nd century, however, the town declined, probably as a result of a major earthquake which wiped out a large part. In addition to such natural disasters, by the 3rd century, the town was beset by hordes of pirates, both Germanic and Barbary. Although it experienced a slight renaissance later in the century, by the 6th century, the town had been abandoned.
Excavations have revealed the most comprehensive remains of a Roman town in the whole of the Iberian Peninsula, with extremely interesting monuments such as the basilica, theatre, market, and the temple of Isis. The spectacular setting in El Estrecho Natural Park allows the visitor to see the coast of Morocco. A modern visitors' centre showcases many artefacts and has a comprehensive introduction to the site. It also offers parking, shade, toilets, a shop and good views of the sea. Admission is free to citizens of the European Economic Area (with an ID).
The archeological site
The figure of Jorge Bonsor is key in the recovery of the archaeological site.
Its urban layout are distinguished the two main classical routes of the Roman city: the decumanus maximus, which ran from east to west and at the ends were located the entrance to the city, and the cardo maximus, which crosses it at a right angle and therefore in a north–south direction.
At the intersection of these two main streets was the Forum (main square), whose current pavement is the original slabs of Tarifa, preserved since the 1st century, and around which the main public buildings were distributed. This was an open square with porticos on three sides, from one of which three of them were accessed: the emperor's temple, the curia, and another that served as a meeting room. The main building, located in the background is the basilica, for various purposes and especially the seat of the courts of justice; and on the left side there were small rectangular constructions made of stones: the shops, or tabernae.
In the archaeological site, representative and essential elements of a Roman town have been preserved, namely:
Stone walls, reinforced with more than forty watchtowers, of which the main gates of the city are conserved, the one that was directed to Gades, to the west, and the one that was directed at Carteia (near San Roque). Towards the east, there existed a third door north of the city, called Puerta de Asido.
Administrative buildings: curia (local senate) and the municipal archive.
A public square (forum).
A courthouse (judicial basilica), located in the forum in front of the temples. It has a rectangular plan that measures 19.5 by 35.5 meters. It was presided by a statue of the emperor Trajan more than 3 meters high.
Four temples, three of which are dedicated to the Capitoline Triad (Jupiter, Juno and Minerva). Such a triple layout has only been found in Sbeitla, Tunisia. There is also an Iseum (temple of the Egyptian goddess Isis), related to the Isiac cult on the peninsula.
The largest building in Baelo Claudia is the theater, with a capacity of up to 2000 people, where all the actors were men, even in the roles of women, which to interpret were they put on masks, depending on the character they represented.
Remains of the tabernae (shops), the macellum (market), enclosed area for the sale of meat and other food, formed by 14 stores and an inner courtyard; and the thermae (bath houses).
Four aqueducts supplied water to the city. Evidence of the industrial area include the garum-manufacturing facilities, streets, aqueducts, remnants of the sewerage system, etc. In no other Roman sites on the Iberian Peninsula is it possible to find such a variety of vestiges of Roman urbanism as in Baelo Claudia. The significance of the site is enhanced by the spectacular landscape that surrounds the city.
Its status as a Bien de Interés Cultural (Property of Cultural Interest) was officially announced in 1925 in the Gaceta de Madrid, the state gazette.
The archaeological site has been accompanied by a museum since 2007, incorporated into the Institutional Headquarters and Visitors Center of the Archaeological Site of Baelo Claudia, designed by the architect Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra.
Gallery
The current site
The archaeological site is next to a tourist area, so it is beginning to exploit its potential cultural tourism. The site is easily accessed and visits are free, except for foreigners who must pay a fee to visit it.
The Junta de Andalucía has built a new visitor reception center (of which the architect is Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra) and has carried out a Landscape Action Project in the Ensenada de Bolonia (written and executed by the Andalusian Institute of Historical Heritage between 2010 and 2013). Likewise, the University of Cádiz conducts studies of the site, giving rise to new discoveries, as the only copy of the Doryphoros of Polykleitos in Hispania.
See also
List of Bien de Interés Cultural in the Province of Cádiz
Sources
References
External links
Official website
Map, Directions and Practical Information
Buildings and structures in Tarifa
Roman sites in Spain
Archaeological sites in Andalusia
Former populated places in Spain
Buildings and structures in the Province of Cádiz
Museums in Andalusia
Archaeological museums in Spain
Museums of ancient Rome in Spain
Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Cádiz
1st-century churches
Roman aqueducts outside Rome
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century BC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baelo%20Claudia |
Great Bentley railway station is on the Sunshine Coast Line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, in the East of England, serving the village of Great Bentley as well as the nearby settlements of Brightlingsea, Frating, Thorrington and St Osyth. It is down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Alresford to the west and to the east. Its three-letter station code is GRB.
The station was opened by the Tendring Hundred Railway, a subsidiary of the Great Eastern Railway, in 1866 with the name Bentley Green. It was renamed Great Bentley in 1877. It is currently managed by Greater Anglia, which also operates all trains serving the station.
History
In 1859 the Tendring Hundred Railway was formed to extend the branch line from Hythe to , which opened on 8 May 1863 for both passenger and goods services from . By the time the Wivenhoe extension opened, the line was operated by the Great Eastern Railway (GER) which bought the line from the Tendring Hunded Railway in 1883.
The line was then extended to on 8 January 1866. Bentley Green station opened on the same day. It adopted its current name of Great Bentley in 1877.
Initially the station was served by a single track but the line was doubled between Great Bentley and by the GER in 1891. The Wivenhoe to Great Bentley section was doubled in 1898.
Operation of the station passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923. In 1948 the station became part of the Eastern Region of British Railways. The 1955 modernisation plan proposed the electrification of the line through Great Bentley and electric services commenced on 13 April 1959.
There was once a small goods yard to the east of the station which had cattle pens, coal wharves and an end loading ramp. In later years the main traffic was coal, agricultural fertilisers and sugar beet. The yard was closed in the 1950s.
Network Rail replaced the manually-controlled level crossing gates at Great Bentley with barriers in 2008 as part of a £104 million resignalling project between Colchester and Clacton-on-Sea. The former signal box was located at the eastern end of the "up" (London-bound) platform and had 25 levers for the signals and points.
Great Bentley has two platforms. Platform 1 is used for westbound services towards and London Liverpool Street. Platform 2 is for eastbound services towards and . When built, the two platforms were linked with a lattice footbridge. This was removed in the 1950s when the line was being prepared for electrification.
Services
Current timetable
The typical service pattern is:
Historical timetables
The following services called in July 1922 (the last year of operation by the Great Eastern Railway):
8 up services (Monday-Saturday)
9 down services (Monday-Saturday)
4 up services (Sundays)
3 down services (Sundays)
In June 1956 the timetable showed:
17 up services to Colchester (Monday-Saturday)
15 down services to Clacton (Monday-Saturday)
During the summer of 1972 the timetable showed:
17 up services to Colchester (Monday-Friday)
18 down services to Clacton (Monday-Friday)
Some services worked through to Liverpool Street. On summer Saturdays, 24 down and 21 up trains called.
References
External links
Great Bentley village website with a picture of two steam locomotives at this station
Great Bentley station interactive plan
Live departures from Great Bentley
Railway stations in Essex
DfT Category E stations
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
1866 establishments in England
Great Bentley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Bentley%20railway%20station |
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The Park Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to horses aged three years or older. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 7 furlongs and 6 yards (1,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September.
History
The event was established in 1978 and it used to be sponsored by Kiveton Park Steel. For a period the Kiveton Park Stakes was classed at Listed level and contested over 7 furlongs. It was promoted to Group 3 status in 1986, and extended to a mile in 1993. The word "Kiveton" was removed from its title in 1996.
The race reverted to 7 furlongs in 2003, and it was upgraded to Group 2 in 2004.
The Park Stakes is held during Doncaster's four-day St. Leger Festival. It is currently run on the final day, the same day as the St Leger Stakes.
Records
Most successful horse (2 wins):
Bishop of Cashel – 1995, 1996
Iffraaj – 2005, 2006
Arabian Gleam – 2007, 2008
Leading jockey (5 wins):
Frankie Dettori - Green Line Express (1990), Handsome Ridge (1998), Iffraaj (2006), Wichita (2020), Kinross (2022)
Leading trainer (4 wins):
Sir Michael Stoute – The Quiet Bidder (1982), Soviet Line (1994), Tough Speed (2001). Mustashry (2018)
Winners
The 2006 running took place at York.
See also
Horse racing in Great Britain
List of British flat horse races
References
Paris-Turf:
, , , ,
Racing Post:
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
galopp-sieger.de – Park Stakes.
horseracingintfed.com – International Federation of Horseracing Authorities – Park Stakes (2018).
pedigreequery.com – Park Stakes – Doncaster.
racenewsonline.co.uk – OLBG.com Sponsors Group Two Park Stakes At Doncaster In Three-Year Deal (2012).
Flat races in Great Britain
Doncaster Racecourse
Open mile category horse races
Recurring sporting events established in 1978
1978 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park%20Stakes |
Runaway Bay may refer to:
Runaway Bay, Jamaica
Runaway Bay, Queensland, Australia, a suburb of Gold Coast City
Runaway Bay, Texas, United States
Runaway Bay (TV series), children's television series
Runaway Bay, ship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway%20Bay |
Peninsula Power is an Australian soccer club from Redcliffe, Queensland. It was formed in 2000 following a merger of the Redcliffe City and Margate clubs. It competes in the National Premier Leagues Queensland.
History
Redcliffe City Soccer Club
The Redcliffe Soccer Club initially competed in Brisbane's junior competitions, fielding a team in junior first grade in 1948. The club first competed in Brisbane senior competition in 1952, entering the league in Division 4. In its first 20 years, the club's managed just one season in Division 2 in 1962, winning just two games and being relegated.
The club changed its name to Redcliffe City after the local government area was upgraded in status from a town to a city in 1959. After a decade in the lower divisions, the club played in Division 2 from 1973 to 1978. With the formation of the Queensland State League in 1979, Redcliffe City was promoted to Division 1 but finished 11th and was relegated.
After coming third in Division 2 in 1982, Redcliffe City was promoted to Division 1 for 1983, the division below the newly formed Brisbane Premier League. The following season, the club failed to win a game and was relegated to the third tier of Brisbane soccer in which it competed from 1985 to 1992. After four season in Division 4 (Tier 4), the club returned to the third tier for its final three seasons before merging with Margate after the 1999 season.
Margate Soccer Club
Margate Soccer Club first appeared in senior soccer in the 1977 season, playing a single season in Sunshine Coast Division One. After two season in Brisbane Division 4 in 1985 and 1986, Margate returned to its focus on junior soccer. Returning to senior competition in 1994, the club won the 1997 Division 2 premiership and was promoted to the third tier. In Division 1 (Tier 3) it completed its last two seasons in the same division as Redcliffe City before the two clubs merged in early 2000 to form Peninsula Power.
Peninsula Power FC
Peninsula Power FC was formed in 2000 upon the amalgamation of the Redcliffe City and Margate soccer clubs and initially competed in Division 1, then the third tier of Brisbane soccer. It won its first honours in its first season taking out the Semi-Pro Youth competition. In the 2002 season the club finished top of Division 2 league table, winning the grand final 2–0 over Beenleigh. After grand final losses in 2004 and 2005, promotion to the Brisbane Premier League was won in 2006 with a second-place finish in Premier Division 1.
In 2007, Peninsula Power survived a close relegation battle in their first BPL season after achieving a 0–0 draw against fellow contenders Ipswich Knights on the last day of the season. In 2008 Peninsula Power finished runners-up to Rochedale Rovers in the league and runners-up in the final series after a 3–2 grand final loss to Brisbane City. The following season Peninsula Power went one better, finishing top of the Brisbane Premier League regular season for the first time in 2009. During this period the head coach was Terry Kirkham who saw the club became a mainstay of the BPL during his four season in charge.
From 2008 to 2016, Peninsula Power have qualified for the Brisbane Premier League finals series, never finishing lower than fourth place except for a sixth placing in 2010 when a Final Six finals system operated due to a 14 team league. The crowning achievement of this era was the three consecutive BPLchampionships won in 2013, 2014 and 2015. Each time the club failed to win the regular season premiership, but peaked at the right time. Their grand finals wins were:
2013 Won 5–1 vs Lions FC (Scorers: Power – Ally Graham 4, Joshua Ahern; Lions FC – own goal)
2014 Won 5–0 vs Wolves FC (Scorers: Shaun Feuerriegel 2, Taylor Hart, Greig Henslee, Richard Hurlin)
2015 Won 1–0 vs Lions FC (Scorer: Shaun Feuerriegel)
Peninsula Power has also won Brisbane's premier cup competition twice. Their cup final wins were:
2008 Won 4–2 on penalties (0–0 a.e.t.) vs Eastern Suburbs
2013 Won 2–0 vs Logan Lightning (Scorers: Ally Graham 2)
In 2017, Peninsula Power reached the FFA Cup proper for the first time, qualifying with a 3–0 win over Grange Thistle in the final preliminary round. In the Round of 32, Peninsula Power lost a close fought match 2–0 to A-League club Melbourne City at Dolphin Oval witnessed by 4,017 spectators, a record attendance for an FFA Cup match in Queensland.
In May 2017, Football Queensland announced Peninsula Power FC were among the 14 clubs accepted to form the Football Queensland Premier League for its initial season in 2018.
In 2018, Peninsula Power won the Football Queensland Premier League and were promoted to the Queensland National Premier League (NPL).
In 2019, Peninsula Power finished 3rd in its inaugural season in the Football Queensland National Premier League. They were eliminated in the semi-finals by Gold Coast Knights 2–1.
In 2020, a season ravaged by COVID-19 and Peninsula Power's second season in the Football Queensland National Premier League competition, they finished Premiers, winning the league by 5 points ahead of Olympic FC. They were eliminated by Lions FC in the semi-finals, 4–1
Recent seasons
Source:
The tier in the above table is the level in the Australian soccer league system
Honours
Peninsula Power
Tier 1 of Queensland competition
Football Queensland National Premier League – Premiers 2020
Football Queensland Premier League – Premiers 2018; Champions 2018
Brisbane Premier League – Premiers 2009; Champions 2013, 2014, 2015
Brisbane Premier Cup – Winner 2008
Canale Cup – Winner 2013
Tier 3 of Brisbane competition
Premier Division 2 – Premiers and Champions 2002
Redcliffe City
Tier 5 of Brisbane competition
Brisbane Division 5B – Premiers 1967
Margate
Tier 4 of Brisbane competition
Brisbane Division 2 – Premiers 1997
Tier 6 of Brisbane competition
Brisbane Division 6 – Premiers and Champions 1996
Tier 9 of Brisbane competition
Brisbane Division 9B – Champions 1994
Source:
References
External links
Soccer clubs in Brisbane
Brisbane Premier League teams
Association football clubs established in 2000
2000 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula%20Power%20FC |
Wivenhoe railway station is on the Sunshine Coast Line, a branch of the Great Eastern Main Line, in the East of England, serving the small town of Wivenhoe, Essex. It is down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Hythe to the west and Alresford to the east. Its three-letter station code is WIV.
The station was opened by the Tendring Hundred Railway, a subsidiary of the Great Eastern Railway, in 1863. It has two platforms, a staffed ticket office, and is currently operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also runs all trains serving the station.
It is a short distance from the River Colne at Wivenhoe quay and its car park is the starting point of the Wivenhoe Trail, a cycle track that runs alongside the river to Colchester.
History
Wivenhoe station was opened on 8 May 1863 by the Tendring Hundred Railway, which was worked by the Great Eastern Railway. From July 1879 its name was spelt Wyvenhoe; in October 1911 it reverted to the original spelling, Wivenhoe.
A few hundred metres east of the station there was a junction for the single-track branch line to . This branch was opened in 1866 and closed as part of the Beeching cuts in 1964 and the tracks lifted. A bridge over Alresford Creek was also later demolished.
Services
The typical Monday to Saturday service is of two trains per hour in each direction. In the "up" (London-bound) direction, one of these trains calls at , , , , and before terminating at London Liverpool Street. The other "up" train calls at Hythe and before terminating at Colchester.
In the "down" (country-bound) direction one train calls at before terminating at , while the other calls at , , , Thorpe-le-Soken, and before terminating at .
On Sundays there is typically one train per hour in each direction. The London-bound train calls at Colchester, , Witham, Chelmsford, Shenfield and Stratford before terminating at Liverpool Street. The country-bound train calls at Alresford, Great Bentley and Thorpe-le-Soken before terminating at Clacton-on-Sea.
Colchester Town and Weeley are closed on Sundays. Stations on the Walton branch are accessed by an hourly Sunday shuttle from Thorpe-le-Soken.
References
External links
Railway stations in Essex
DfT Category E stations
Former Great Eastern Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1863
Greater Anglia franchise railway stations
Wivenhoe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wivenhoe%20railway%20station |
Valerie Mahaffey (born June 16, 1953) is an American character actress and producer. She began her career starring in the NBC daytime soap opera The Doctors (1979–81), for which in 1980 she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.
In 1992, Mahaffey won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role in the CBS drama series Northern Exposure. She later won fame through her performances in television shows such as Wings, Desperate Housewives, Devious Maids and Big Sky. Mahaffey also appeared in a number of movies, including Senior Trip (1995), Jungle 2 Jungle (1997), Jack and Jill (2011), Sully (2016), and most notably French Exit (2020), for which she received critical acclaim and an Independent Spirit Award nomination.
Early life
Mahaffey was born in Sumatra, Indonesia, to a Canadian mother and a Texan father who met in New Brunswick, Canada. When Mahaffey was 16, the family moved to Austin, Texas, where she graduated from Austin High School. She earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Texas at Austin in 1975 and later made her Broadway debut in the musical Rex.
Career
Mahaffey was regular cast member in the soap opera The Doctors from 1979 to 1981, which earned her a nomination for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 1980. She starred in the film Women of Valor in 1986 and while the characters are fictitious, it portrayed women's roles in the Philippines during World War II. Also in 1986 Mahaffey co-starred in the cult satirical TV miniseries Fresno, which parodied popular TV soaps of the day.
In the late 1980s, Mahaffey began acting in television comedies, like Newhart, Cheers, and Seinfeld. From 1992 to 1993, she starred in the short-lived NBC sitcom The Powers That Be and in the CBS sitcom Women of the House alongside Delta Burke in 1995. She played Tracy Milford in the 1995 film National Lampoon's Senior Trip and Jan Kempster in the 1997 film Jungle 2 Jungle. In 1999, she had a recurring role on ER. In 2003, she co-starred in the film Seabiscuit. In 2009, she appeared in seven episodes of Showtime comedy series United States of Tara. Her stage credits include Eastern Standard, Talking Heads, Top Girls, and Rex.
Mahaffey won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance as the chronic hypochondriac Eve in the CBS series Northern Exposure in 1992. Mahaffey was the only actor from the series to win an Emmy Award.
Mahaffey played Alma Hodge in season 3 of ABC comedy-drama series Desperate Housewives from 2006 to 2007. Mahaffey made guest appearances on Quantum Leap, L.A. Law, Ally McBeal, Judging Amy, The West Wing, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Frasier, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Private Practice, Boston Legal, Without a Trace, and Raising Hope. She appeared on Glee as the mother of Emma Pillsbury from 2011 to 2013. Mahaffey co-starred as Fran Horowitz in short-lived TNT medical drama Monday Mornings in 2013. From 2013 to 2015, she had a recurring role on Lifetime Television comedy-drama series Devious Maids as Olivia Rice.
In 2016, Mahaffey played a supporting role as Diane Higgins in the biographical drama film Sully directed by Clint Eastwood. In 2017, she began appearing in a recurring role in the CBS comedy series Young Sheldon. From 2019 to 2022, Mahaffey had a recurring role as Lorna Harding, Christina Applegate's mother-in-law in the Netflix comedy-drama series Dead to Me.
In 2020, Mahaffey starred opposite Michelle Pfeiffer in the comedy-drama film French Exit playing widow Madame Reynaud. Mahaffey received positive reviews from critics for her scene-stealing comedic performance in film. She has been listed as a contender for a nomination in the 2021 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress category. Later in 2020, Mahaffey was cast in a series regular role in the ABC crime drama series Big Sky.
Filmography
References
External links
Valerie Mahaffey at FilmReference.com
1953 births
Living people
Actresses from Austin, Texas
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American soap opera actresses
American people of Canadian descent
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Sumatra
Moody College of Communication alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie%20Mahaffey |
This is a list of Berkeley Landmarks in Berkeley, California. "Berkeley Landmarks", "Structures of Merit", and "Historic Districts" are a classification given by the City of Berkeley for buildings or areas of local historic importance. As of 2022, there are 346 listed landmarks by the city of Berkeley. Many of the properties have also received recognition at the federal level by inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places or by designation as National Historic Landmarks
Color markings (highest noted listing)
List of Berkeley Landmarks
List of Berkeley Structures of Merit
List of Historic Districts in Berkeley, California
National Historic Landmarks and Districts
Anna Head School for Girls - 2538 Channing Way
Berkeley Day Nursery - 2031 6th St.
Berkeley High School Historic Campus District—1980 Allston Way, Berkeley, CA 94704
Berkeley Hillside Club - 2286 Cedar St.
Berkeley Historic Civic Center District - Roughly bounded by McKinney Ave., Addison St., Shattuck Ave., and Kittredge St.
Berkeley Public Library - 2090 Kittredge St.
Berkeley Women's City Club - 2315 Durant Ave.
Boone's University School - 2029 Durant Ave.
Bowles Hall - Stadium and Gayley Way
California Hall - Oxford St.
Chamber of Commerce Building - 2140—2144 Shattuck Ave. & 2071—2089 Center St.
Church of the Good Shepherd-Episcopal - 1001 Hearst St. at Ninth St.
City Hall - 2134 Grove St.
Cloyne Court Hotel - 2600 Ridge Rd.
College Women's Club - 2680 Bancroft Way
Corder Building - 2300—2350 Shattuck Ave.
Cowell Memorial Hospital - 2215 College Ave.
Doe Memorial Library - Oxford St.
Drawing Building - Hearst Ave., University of California campus
Durant Hall - Oxford St.
Edwards Stadium - junction of Bancroft Way and Fulton St., UC Berkeley campus
Faculty Club - Oxford St.
First Church of Christ, Scientist - 2619 Dwight Way
First Unitarian Church - 2401 Bancroft Way
Founders' Rock - Oxford St.
Fox Court - 1472—1478 University Ave.
Garfield Intermediate School - 1414 Walnut St.
Giannini Hall - Oxford St.
Girton Hall - Off College Ave. next to Cowell Hospital, University of California, Berkeley campus
Golden Sheaf Bakery - 2069—2071 Addison St.
Haviland Hall - University of California Campus
Hearst Greek Theatre - Oxford St.
Hearst Gymnasium for Women - Oxford St.
Hearst Memorial Mining Building - Oxford St.
Hilgard Hall - Oxford St.
Hillside School - 1581 Leroy Ave.
LeConte Hall - Hearst and Gayley
Loring House - 1730 Spruce St.
Masonic Temple - 2105 Bancroft Way and 2295 Shattuck Ave.
North Gate Hall - Oxford St.
Phi Delta Theta Chapter House - 2717 Hearst Ave.
Room 307, Gilman Hall, University of California - University of California at Berkeley campus
Sather Gate and Bridge - U.C.Berkeley
Sather Tower
Senior Hall - University of California, Berkeley campus
South Hall - Oxford St.
St. John's Presbyterian Church - 2640 College Ave.
State Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind - bounded by Dwight Way, City line, Derby and Warring Streets
Studio Building - 2045 Shattuck Ave.
Thorsen, William R., House - 2307 Piedmont Ave.
Toveri Tupa (Old Finnish Hall) - 1819 10th St.
Tupper and Reed Building - 2275 Shattuck Ave.
U.S. Post Office - 2000 Milvia St.
University House - Oxford St.
Wellman Hall - Oxford St.
Wheeler Hall - Oxford St.
See also
California Historical Landmarks in Alameda County, California
National Register of Historic Places listings in Alameda County
List of locally designated landmarks by U.S. state
References
Notes
External links
City of Berkeley Landmarks Preservation Commission
Berkeley Landmarks - published by the Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association (BAHA). This is the most complete and up-to-date listing of designated landmarks, structures of merit, and historic districts in Berkeley. Includes photographs and articles.
Landmarks
Berkeley
Berkeley
Berkeley landmarks, structures of merit, historic districts
Berkeley
Berkeley
History of Alameda County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Berkeley%20Landmarks%20in%20Berkeley%2C%20California |
Wilma Charlene Burgess (born June 11, 1939 – August 26, 2003) was an American country music singer. She rose to fame in the mid-1960s and charted fifteen singles on the Billboard C&W charts between 1965 and 1975.
Background
Burgess was born and raised in Orlando, Florida, United States, the daughter of Jessie Willard Burgess and Arlene Johnson Burgess. Following her graduation from William R. Boone High School in 1956, she proceeded to Stetson University in DeLand, Florida, studying physical education. She had no interest in a musical career - although she had displayed her natural talent performing as a pop singer on local television - until hearing Eddy Arnold in concert awakened her passion for country music.
In 1960, a songwriter friend of Burgess persuaded her to go to Nashville to record some demos of his compositions. One of the publishers Burgess sang for asked to manage her singing career and Burgess cut her first single in 1962 for the United Artists label.
Eventually Burgess came to the attention of Owen Bradley, who heard in Burgess' voice the potential for a successor to the recently deceased Patsy Cline, whom Bradley had produced.
Bradley arranged for Burgess' signing with Decca where she had her first session in June 1964.
Career peak
After three unsuccessful single releases, Bradley had Burgess record the Ray Griff song "Baby" on 24 September 1965: the track proved to be Burgess' breakout hit reaching No. 7 C&W.
Burgess' expertise with teary ballads was further exemplified with the follow-ups "Don't Touch Me" (#12 C&W) and "Misty Blue" (#4), and logically her successful versions of these C&W classic tunes would have consolidated Burgess' position as a major player on the Nashville scene.
However, Burgess' versions of both "Don't Touch Me" and "Misty Blue" were both overshadowed, the first by the concurrent release of a more successful version of "Don't Touch Me" by Jeannie Seely - for whom Hank Cochran (then Seely's husband) had written the song. Then "Misty Blue" - handed down to Burgess after being rejected by Brenda Lee - was shortly established as a trademark song for Burgess' prime influence Eddy Arnold, whose version in the spring of 1967 not only reached No. 3 C&W but became a regional pop hit reaching No. 57 nationally.
1967 on
Continuing to record with Owen Bradley, Burgess placed seven more singles on the C&W chart but only the first two of these: "Fifteen Days" (#24) and "Tear Time" (#15) both 1967 reached the Top 40.
Burgess association with Bradley and Decca Records ended in 1971; that same year she signed with Shannon a label owned by Jim Reeves Enterprises (Burgess was a close friend of Reeves' widow Mary Reeves). Five of Burgess' single releases on Shannon appeared on the C&W chart with the 1973 duet with Bud Logan "Wake Me Into Love" providing a one-off return to the Top 40 at No. 14.
In 1975, Burgess left Shannon signing with RCA Records, where her uneventful tenure lasted until 1978. In 1982, she ended her recording career with the album Could I Have This Dance on 51West a Columbia Records label. Burgess also worked on and off with Mary Reeves running the Jim Reeves Museum in Nashville.
Burgess was lesbian and preferred to record love songs with no gender-specific references. She did sometimes agree to record songs such as "Ain't Got No Man", on condition that her producer Owen Bradley let her record a song she liked but he did not. In the early 1980s, Burgess opened and operated a music venue called Track 9 located on 8th Avenue South in Nashville. Burgess was part of the local lesbian community, and lesbians frequented Track 9 during its existence. The venue was located across the street from Nashville's first-known lesbian bar, The Women's Room.
It has been noted by Jim Ed Brown that Burgess was also a fine poker player, having taken both Ernest Tubb and Tubb's bus driver's money while on tour together.
Death
Burgess died unexpectedly on August 26, 2003, at Centennial Medical Center in Nashville, after suffering a heart attack. She was 64, and had been hospitalized for a week for tests, and had seemed to be on the road to recovery.
Other information
In 1965, Burgess purchased the Nashville home that had belonged to Patsy Cline; the purchase was made from Cline's widower Charlie Dick. Burgess had attended Cline's 30th birthday party and housewarming at the home six months before Cline's fatal accident. Burgess also purchased Jim Reeves' touring bus "Big Blue" in 1969.
Burgess appeared in the 1966 film The Las Vegas Hillbillys singing "Baby". The film which starred Jayne Mansfield was a B-movie that showcased several top C&W performers.
Discography
References
External links
Family monitored fan page
The Wilma Burgess Discography by George Hewitt
1939 births
2003 deaths
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American lesbian musicians
Lesbian singers
American LGBT singers
American LGBT songwriters
Lesbian songwriters
LGBT people from Florida
Musicians from Orlando, Florida
Country musicians from Florida
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Florida
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American LGBT people
21st-century American LGBT people
21st-century American women writers
American lesbian writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilma%20Burgess |
Gdańsk Lipce railway station is a railway station serving the city of Gdańsk, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland. The station is located on the Warsaw–Gdańsk railway. The train services are operated by Przewozy Regionalne.
The station used to be known as Guteherberge.
Modernisation
The station was modernised in 2012 which included rebuilding the platforms.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Malbork - Elblag - Ilawa - Olsztyn
Regional services (R) Gdynia - Sopot - Gdansk - Tczew - Laskowice - Bydgoszcz
References
This article is based upon a translation of the Polish language version as of October 2016.
External links
Lipce
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk%20Lipce%20railway%20station |
Salado is a Spanish adjective meaning "salty", and may refer to:
Salado, Arkansas, community in Independence County
Salado, Sonora, a small community in Álamos Municipality
Salado, Tamaulipas, former town in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico
Salado, Texas, village in Bell County
Salado Creek, in Bexar County, Texas
Battle of Salado Creek (1842)
Salado Creek AVA, wine region in Stanislaus County, California
Salado culture, multicultural group in today's Southwestern U.S., from the 12th through 15th centuries CE
Saladoblanco, town and municipality in Colombia
See also
Salado River (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salado |
Gdańsk Święty Wojciech is a former railway station in Gdańsk, Poland.
Lines crossing the station
Sw. Wojciech
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk%20%C5%9Aw.%20Wojciech%20railway%20station |
Prasophyllum, commonly known as leek orchids, is a genus of about 140 species of flowering plants in the orchid family, Orchidaceae and is found in Australia and New Zealand. The Australian species are found in all states but have not been recorded in the Northern Territory. The common name arises from their having a hollow, leek- or onion-like leaf. Some species only flower after summer fires and have flowers similar to those of Xanthorrhoea which flower at the same time, suggesting that they employ the same pollinating insects. Leek orchids are similar to those in the genus Genoplesium except that the free part of the leaf is cylindrical (flat in Genoplesium) and the labellum has a solid (rather than flexible) connection to the column. They range in size from the little laughing leek orchid (P. gracile) at about to the king leek orchid (P. regium) which grows up to tall.
Description
Orchids in the genus Prasophyllum are terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, sympodial herbs usually with a few inconspicuous, fine roots and a pair of more or less spherical tubers partly covered by a fibrous sheath. Replacement tubers form at the end of short root-like stolons. Leek orchids rarely reproduce by forming "daughter" tubers, relying on their flowers for reproduction. A single onion or leek-like leaf develops near the base of the plant and accounts for the common name of the group. The leaf is long, narrow, hollow, cylindrical and glabrous.
The inflorescence is a spike or raceme with a few to many non-resupinate flowers breaking through a thin part of the leaf. The dorsal sepal is wider than two lateral sepals which are often joined. The petals are often curved, shorter and narrower than the sepals. As is usual in orchids, one petal is highly modified as the central labellum, differing markedly from the other petals and sepals. The labellum is positioned above the column and rigidly attached to its base. Its edges are usually wavy and rolled back. The labellum has a callus which consists of a raised, fleshy plate which is usually channelled, with the base forming an inverted basin shape. The sexual parts of the flower are fused to the column which is short and has narrow wings, often with a small lobe at the front. Leek orchids usually flower between late winter and early summer, depending on species, and the fruit that follows flowering is a non-fleshy, dehiscent capsule containing up to 500 seeds.
Taxonomy and naming
The genus Prasophyllum was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1810 and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae. Brown described twelve species but did not name a type species, however in 1989, Mark Clements nominated P. australe as the lectotype.
The name Prasophyllum is derived from the Ancient Greek words prason meaning "leek" and phyllon meaning "leaf".
Species
Distribution and habitat
Leek orchids occur in all states of Australia, but not in the Northern Territory. There are 20 named species in Western Australia as well as a further 40 that have been discovered but not as yet described. There are 28 species in Tasmania, about 40 in New South Wales and 15 in South Australia. New Zealand has about 6 species, occurring on both main islands as well as Stewart and Chatham Islands. In Western Australia alone, they grow in a range of habitats from the margins of salt lakes, to swamps and dense Karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor) forests.
Ecology
Prasophyllum species are mycotrophic, requiring symbiotic fungi for seed germination. The main fungus is Ceratobasidium cornigerum.
Many Western Australian species only flower after summer fires and in other years only produce leaves. Most flowers are strongly scented, produce nectar and are pollinated by insects but a few appear able to self-pollinated if not visited. They often have flowers similar to grass trees in the genus Xanthorrhoea, flower under similar conditions and are visited by a similar range of insects, suggesting that they mimic grass tree flowers.
Species
As at October 2017, about 140 species are recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Eight species described in 2017 are not included on the Checklist yet but are included in the International Plant Names Index. They are P. crassum, P. nitidum, P. roseum, P. rousei, P. stygium, P. sylvicola, P. spadiceum and P. tortilis.
Species list
See List of Prasophyllum species
References
External links
West Australian orchids
Diurideae genera
Orchids of Australia
Orchids of New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasophyllum |
Giorgos Katsaros () (born on 7 March 1934 in Corfu) is a famous Greek musician and songwriter. He plays the alto saxophone. He has made a variety of recordings, collaborating amongst others with Greek musical composers and singers, such as Yannis Theodoridis, Nana Mouskouri, and Mimis Plessas.
In 1972 he wrote the music for Alekos Sakellarios' I Komissa tis Kerkyras ( The Countess of Corfu).
He is currently the art director of the Municipal Symphonic Orchestra of Athens.
Personal life
He has served as a Board Member for Panathinaikos, the team he is a supporter of.
References
1934 births
Living people
Greek male songwriters
Greek film score composers
Male film score composers
Musicians from Corfu
Greek saxophonists
Panteion University alumni
20th-century saxophonists
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century male musicians
20th-century male musicians
Eurovision commentators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgos%20Katsaros |
God-Apes and Fossil Men is a book on paleoanthropology in the Indian Subcontinent by Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (Ann Arbor, 2000). The book is a detailed study of the history of Indian paleoanthropology and of the fossil record of prehistoric people of the Indian Subcontinent.
Contents
The fifth chapter is about the prehistoric God-Apes of the Siwalik hills. Other chapters describe the fossil hominids of the Pleistocene. The Mesolithic skeletal record is also described, and the last chapters treat the Harappan civilization and the Megalith builders.
References
External links
Publisher announcement
Review by Lynne A. Schepartz
2000 non-fiction books
Biology books
Human evolution books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God-Apes%20and%20Fossil%20Men |
The Ladies' Gaelic Football All Stars Awards have been hosted annually by the Ladies' Gaelic Football Association since 1980. The All Stars are sponsored by TG4. O'Neills have also helped sponsor the awards. All Stars are awarded to the best Ladies' Gaelic football players in each of the fifteen playing positions, effectively forming an All Star team. Between 1980 and 2002 the All Stars played an annual exhibition game against the winners of the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship. Since 2004 the LGFA have organised bi-annual overseas exhibition games featuring two All Star selections. Since 2011 the LGFA has also organised three Player's Player of the Year awards, one each for the Senior, Intermediate and Junior All-Ireland Championships. These awards are announced and presented at the same ceremony as the All Stars. Mary J. Curran of Kerry and Cora Staunton of Mayo hold the all-time record for winning the most All Stars.
All Star Teams
Notes
Patricia O'Brien (1981 and 1982) of Cavan and Patricia Mimna (1992, 1993 and 1994) of London are the same player. O'Brien is her maiden name while Mimna is her married name.
2020s
2021 TG4 Ladies Football All Star Team
Monica McGuirk Meath – 2nd award
Emma Troy Meath – 1st award
Mary Kate Lynch Meath – 1st award
Leah Caffrey Dublin – 3rd award
Erika O'Shea Cork – 1st award
Aoibhín Cleary Meath – 1st award
Orlagh Nolan Dublin – 1st award
Hannah Looney Cork – 1st award
Máire O'Shaughnessy Meath – 1st award
Hannah Tyrrell Dublin – 1st award
Rachel Kearns Mayo – 2nd award
Niamh O'Sullivan Meath – 1st award
Vikki Wall Meath – 1st award
Emma Duggan Meath – 1st award
Geraldine McLaughlin Donegal – 1st award
2022 TG4 Ladies Football All Star Team
Monica McGuirk Meath - 3rd award
Shauna Ennis Meath - 1st award
Kayleigh Cronin Kerry - 1st award
Danielle Caldwell Mayo - 1st award
Emma Troy Meath - 2nd award
Aoibhín Cleary Meath - 2nd award
Cait Lynch Kerry - 2nd award
Niamh McLaughlin Donegal - 1st award
Niamh Carmody Kerry - 1st award
Emma Duggan Meath - 2nd award
Shauna Howley Mayo - 1st award
Aimee Macken Armagh 3rd award
Stacey Grimes Meath - 1st award
Louise Ni Mhuircheartaigh Kerry - 3rd award
Most Individual All Stars
All Star games
Between 1980 and 2002 the All Stars played an annual exhibition game against the winners of the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship. Since 2004 the Ladies' Gaelic Football Association have organised bi-annual overseas tours featuring two All Star selections. When players are eligible to play for both teams in an exhibition game Replacement All Stars are called up.
Notes
Match won by Mayo.
Played before the men's 2004 Connacht Senior Football Championship match between New York and Mayo.
2015 All Stars win 3–2 on penalties.
Player's Player of the Year
TG4 Senior Player's Player of the Year
TG4 Intermediate Player's Player of the Year
TG4 Junior Player's Player of the Year
References
1980 establishments in Ireland
Awards established in 1980
All Stars
All Stars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%27%20Gaelic%20Football%20All%20Stars%20Awards |
Animal Liberation Orchestra (also known casually as ALO) is a California rock band currently signed to Jack Johnson's Brushfire Records label. They have released four full-length albums for Brushfire, as well as a number of prior independent releases including a film soundtrack. ALO consists of Zach Gill (Keys/Vocals), Steve Adams (Bass/Vocals), Dan "Lebo" Lebowitz (Guitar/Vocals) and Ezra Lipp (Drums/Vocals).
Biography
Forming the band (1989)
Childhood friends Lebowitz, Adams and Gill (aka, LAG) formed their first band in junior high school in 1989 with drummer Matt West. Originally called Django, they recorded their first album entitled "Contact" the summer before their senior year in high school, and then moved to Santa Barbara together to attend college. When West returned home after a couple years, music mentor Brogan filled in. In the summer of 1996, the band moved to Augusta, Georgia, to tour the South and meet James Brown, achieving both. Upon their return to Santa Barbara, Brogan decided to move to Seattle, Washington.
A new band name and drummer followed in 1997 – Magnum Family, with Josh Yafa on drums. The band was short-lived but funky, and grew a modest following in Isla Vista, California, where UCSB students mostly lived.
The birth of ALO (1998)
By 1998, the band evolved into the Animal Liberation Orchestra & The Free Range Horns, a nine-piece ensemble featuring a five-piece horn section and UCSB Jazz Band director Jon Nathan on drums. With their rousing stage shows and their home-made debut album "ALO vs. LAG", the band began drawing enormous attention in the Santa Barbara area. After finishing up their college degrees that summer, Lebowitz, Adams and Gill embarked on a U.S. acoustic tour with hometown friend Rob Binkley on percussion and called it "BLAG Across America". When LAG returned home to Saratoga, California, that fall to return to ALO, they stripped down to a quartet, first pairing up with drummer Shree Shyam Das. Shortening their name to ALO, this new line-up plugged themselves into the SF music scene and recorded continuously, releasing a couple of albums including "One Size Fits All" and "Time Expander", while archiving the rest.
After Das left the band to pursue other musical interests, the band took a short break but soon returned in the spring of 2002 playing with a variety of new drummers including Matt Butler and Adam Goodhue. In the fall of 2002, Lebowitz, Adams and Gill reunited with Brogan and the current version of ALO was solidified.
Current line-up (2002)
Between 2002 and 2005, ALO toured incessantly and grew a substantial live following within the western states, particularly in Utah, Colorado, Montana and Oregon. The band also started work on their first album together at Laughing Tiger Studios in San Rafael, California. Just days before their "Fly Between Falls" album release show at The Independent in San Francisco, the band rolled their van driving over an icy pass in Wyoming on their way to Salt Lake City, Utah. With just a few very minor injuries, the band returned home and was greeted with a supportive sold-out release show that marked a notable moment in its history.
ALO's college friendship with singer/songwriter Jack Johnson also rekindled during this time. ALO supported Johnson at The Fillmore in Denver in . Gill started sitting-in with Johnson and his band more frequently and Johnson also made appearances at ALO shows and would join the band to play each other's songs.
In 2005, Gill began playing more regularly in Johnson's band, adding a new flavor to his live performances. In the summer of 2005, Johnson invited ALO, along with Matt Costa, to support his North American "In Between Dreams" tour. The popularity of Johnson's music and concerts, and his inclusion of ALO in that, started to promote the band to a much wider audience.
During that summer tour, ALO's song "Girl, I Wanna Lay You Down" proved to be a strong live hit with Johnson's fans. Sometimes the band would perform it in their set with Johnson guesting, and other times Johnson would perform it in his set as a duo with Gill on accordion. The song was originally recorded for a silent film soundtrack called "One Size Fits All" back in 1999 and was also re-recorded for the band's independent release of "Fly Between Falls" in 2004. However, the band wanted to record the version that had evolved live so they went back into the studio to do it again, this time with Johnson on additional guitar and vocals.
Ezra Lipp (Phil Lesh & Friends, Stu Allen & Mars Hotel, Magic In The Other) replaced Brogan on drums for their most recent tour.
Signing to Brushfire (2006)
That fall, Johnson offered to sign the band to his label Brushfire Records, which then re-released Fly Between Falls in 2006 with worldwide distribution. For the re-release, ALO recorded another live favorite, "Walls of Jericho", which was also included in Johnson's DVD release "Live at the Greek".
In the spring of 2006, ALO and Matt Costa toured again with Jack Johnson, traveling internationally to England, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Amsterdam and Japan. ALO also supported Johnson in Brazil. In June, ALO opened for Dave Matthews Band in upstate New York and North Carolina. On October 14, ALO sold out their first headlining concert at the venerated Fillmore Auditorium in San Francisco. Dubbed "The Abnormal Formal", the show encouraged funky flair and included supporting acts Mojow & the Vibration Army, Honeycut and Blue Turtle Seduction. Friends Brett Dennen and Jack Johnson also made guest appearances. ALO spent the rest of the year writing and recording music for their next album. They performed on New Year's Eve at Sea of Dreams in SF, then boarded a cruiseship to participate in the celebrated Jam Cruise Music Festival from January 2–7, 2007.
On May 1, 2007, ALO released their first album recorded for Brushfire Records, entitled "Roses & Clover". Consistent with their gradual transition from experimental college music to radio-friendly popular music, the band took a much more mainstream approach in the writing and preparation for this release. Recorded mostly live in a barn nestled in the foothills of Santa Barbara, the band took two weeks to work on about 40 songs that were in various stages of completion, many of which had not even been performed live. Eventually, ten songs were chosen for the final cut. These songs were all performed live at their album release show on May 5, 2007, at the Fillmore, which again was sold out.
To promote the new album, the band also reunited with Matt Powers to produce three music videos for the songs "Roses and Clover", "Try" and "Lady Loop". Brushfire Records also produced a video for the opening track "Maria", which picked up notable radio play on stations such as WXPN, WTMD, influential North Carolina Adult Alternative station WVOD and KBCO, among others.
Throughout the summer, ALO played a number of festivals including Wakarusa, Harmony Festival, High Sierra Music Festival, Nedfest and Earthdance, as well as co-billing shows with Brett Dennen and New Monsoon. Tours later in the year included a return to Europe in September, a fall tour that covered the U.S. Northeast, South and Midwest, and the Monterey Music Festival and Las Tortugas Music Festival in California's Yosemite Park.
ALO returned to Brazil in November for an 11-day tour called "Mostra Festival AlmaSurf" that included G. Love, Donavon Frankenreiter, and Matt Costa as well as a number of photographers, filmmakers and artists such as artist/photographer Jay Alders. The band then returned home to the Bay Area to play a three-night New Year's run at the Independent in San Francisco. 2007 also showed much continued side-project work, Gill with Jack Johnson, and Lebowitz and Adams with Brett Dennen.
2008 marked ALO's second annual Tour d'Amour, their debut at Outside Lands Music Festival in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, a return to Las Tortugas Music Festival over Halloween weekend, and a return to the Independent in SF for a two-night New Year's run. Gill released and toured his debut solo album "Zach Gill's Stuff" for Brushfire Records. Brogan also released and toured his debut solo album "Thunderbord Sun Transformation" produced by Tim Bluhm of The Mother Hips. Lebowitz continued to develop his own band while also teaming up with Bo Carper of New Monsoon. Adams stayed busy with SF indy/jam/rock band Big Light and also filled in for Reed Mathis in Tea Leaf Green as Mathis transitioned in as Tea Leaf's new bass player.
ALO returned to Jam Cruise in , which traveled to Belize and Mexico. Tour d'Amour III kicked off at the Fox Theater in Oakland supporting Michael Franti & Spearhead during the Fox's opening weekend. ALO flew to Hawaii in April to record their next album at Jack Johnson's solar-powered studio, Mango Tree. The band produced 11 tracks with Jack Johnson and engineer Dave Simon-Baker. In between finishing final recording and mixing, ALO appeared at a handful of festivals including Life is Good Festival in Golden Gate Park, Desert Rocks Music Festival in Moab, Utah, and the Hermosa Beach Pier Summer Series. Side-projects and solo tours also filled in the band members' schedules. ALO returned to the Fox Theater for a New Year's Eve show with Brett Dennen and Sambada.
On February 9, 2010, ALO released their third Brushfire Records album "Man Of The World". The beginning of their release tour coincided with their 4th annual Tour d'Amour. Following their 3rd headlining show at the Fillmore, where they also taped footage for their "Big Appetite" music video with photographer/videographer Jay Blakesberg, ALO continued into the Pacific Northwest supporting New Orleans funk band Galactic including a show at the Olympic Village in Whistler, B.C. ALO flew to Australia in April to play the Byron Bay Blues & Roots Festival. The rest of the spring included national headline touring throughout the East, South and Midwest with supporting artist Chris Velan. ALO and G. Love joined Jack Johnson on his summer U.S. To The Sea tour. In the fall, ALO released their second music video "I Love Music" produced by Matt Powers.
After ringing in 2011 over a two-night run at SOhO in Santa Barbara, ALO flew to Florida to board their third Jam Cruise which traveled to Honduras and Mexico. Tour d'Amour V included Virginia-based singer-songwriter Nathan Moore, which led straight into his 24/7 video-stream tour dubbed the Hippy Fiasco. In April, ALO started recording work on their next album at Mission Bells Studio in San Francisco, then flew to New Orleans for a late night show at Tipitina's during Jazzfest weekend. After many years of playing the High Sierra Music Festival in Quincy, California, ALO had a milestone moment selling out their Vegas-themed Saturday late night show in the Music Hall which included an opening show girls performance and many special guests.
The band went back into Mission Bells in August and October to continue recording. They also toured the Bay Area and Santa Barbara over Halloween weekend which sported a haunted traveling carnival theme and featured live performances of several new songs written for their next album, Sounds Like This, arriving May 8, 2012.
Discography
Albums
Extended plays
Creatures Vol I: Spark (July 19, 2019)
Creatures Vol 2: Weave (January 24, 2020)
Creatures Vol 3 (2020)
Creatures Vol 4 (TBA)
Compilations
References
External links
ALO Official Website
ALO Facebook Page
ALO Yahoo Group
ALO Live Music Archive
Brushfire Records
ALO Finds Their Comfort Zone by Tim Newby 6/30/07.
Brushfire Records artists
Musical groups from the San Francisco Bay Area | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%20Liberation%20Orchestra |
The Ontario Liberal Party ran a full slate of 103 candidates in the 1999 provincial election, and elected 35 Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) to form the official opposition in the provincial legislature. Many of the party's candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.
Albert Koehl (Trinity—Spadina)
Koehl was a lawyer for the provincial Environment Ministry during the early 1990s (Globe and Mail, 4 June 1992), and later worked as a war crimes investigator for the United Nations. In 1998, he contributed to a UN report on past human rights abuses in Guatemala. He has also worked with aboriginal groups in Guatemala, and with Guatemalan refugees in Mexico. In 2003, he wrote against General Efraín Ríos Montt's bid to return as President of Guatemala (Toronto Star, 9 November 2003).
He received 9,817 votes (27.48%), finishing second against New Democratic Party incumbent Rosario Marchese. He was 39 years old (Toronto Star, 17 May 1999).
Koehl later became a founding member of the Education Rights Task Force, and has written about the difficulties faced by the children of illegal immigrants in attaining education in Canada (Toronto Star, 10 May 2002). In 2005, he supported the provincial government of Dalton McGuinty's decision to remove an attendance fee for the children of some recent immigrants (Canada NewsWire, 19 May 2005).
He is also a lawyer with the Sierra Legal Defence Fund, and has written in support of the Kyoto Accord (Globe and Mail, 28 August 2002). In 2003, he spoke out against plans for a logging road network near Pukaskwa National Park in Northern Ontario (Broadcast News, 12 August 2003).
Costas Manios (Scarborough Centre)
Costas Manios (born in Greece) is a politician in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A Liberal, he was nevertheless involved in a serious controversy with Ontario Liberal Party in the 2003 provincial election.
Prior to running for the provincial Liberal party, Manios was an executive assistant in the office of federal Liberal Member of Parliament John Cannis. He was also a membership coordinator for the federal Liberal party in Ontario, and served as an executive director of the Hellenic-Canadian Federation of Ontario.
Manios first campaigned for the Ontario legislature in the 1999 provincial election, against Progressive Conservative incumbent Marilyn Mushinski in the eastern Toronto riding of Scarborough Centre. Although Manios did not have a strong public profile when the election was called, he came within 4,000 votes of defeating Mushinski, and many believe he would have been elected had not been for vote-splitting with New Democratic Party candidate Sid Ryan, who received about 20% of the vote and took third-place. After the election, Manios undertook extensive promotional work for the Liberal Party in Toronto.
Manios intended to run as a Liberal again in the 2003 election, and was bitterly disappointed when party leader Dalton McGuinty appointed Brad Duguid as the party's candidate in Scarborough Centre instead. (Such appointments are permitted under the constitution of the Ontario Liberal Party, but are not commonly utilized.) Manios and his supporters claimed that McGuinty had previously given Manios full sanction to run for the Liberal nomination again, and described Duguid's appointment as a betrayal of trust. With the support of the local Liberal riding association, Manios entered the race as a "liberal independent candidate". He officially appeared on the ballot as an independent, but used Liberal red and white colours in his campaign handouts.
Manios had a support base in Scarborough's Greek community, and many believed that he could split the vote with Duguid to allow Mushinski another victory. In the event, however, provincial trends overrode local factors. Duguid won a convincing majority over Mushinski, as the Liberals formed a majority government provincially. Manios finished fourth, behind Michael Laxer of the NDP, with 3,259 votes (7.82%). His vote total, while credible for an independent candidate, was not enough to influence the outcome. After the election, Manios claimed that McGuinty and his supporters had drifted away from the party's principles.
1999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario%20Liberal%20Party%20candidates%20in%20the%201999%20Ontario%20provincial%20election |
Redlands United Football Club is an association football club based in Cleveland, Brisbane, Queensland. The club, formed in 1918, is one of the oldest soccer clubs in Queensland. It re-entered the top tier, Brisbane Premier League (BPL), in 2010 after merging with former Queensland State League (QSL) side Redland City Devils. In 2013 Redlands United gained a five-year licence for the new National Premier Leagues (NPL) competition which was renewed in 2018.
History
Redlands started the 2010 season relatively well, including a 7–0 thumping of Brisbane City at Spencer Park. However, due to a number of injuries the team struggled with consistency and found themselves in a relegation battle. The club, improved their form by end of the season and they finished well clear of danger in 8th place of the Brisbane Premier League.
Redlands were tipped by many to be one of the stronger sides in the 2011 Brisbane Premier League but once again were unable to fulfill their potential, eventually finishing in ninth place on 33 points. Although injuries played a part in their poor season, ultimately their inability to beat sides above them cost them dearly with the highlight probably being a 1–0 win away at Olympic FC.
In 2012, Redlands United finally fulfilled their potential, finishing top of the Brisbane Premier League by a point with two Wolves FC who won the competition in 2011. It was the first time the Devils had finished top of the table in a history that stretches back to 1918. Scottish midfielder Graham Fyfe scored twenty-nine goals for the season, which won him the Golden Boot award for top scorer in the league.
A frustrating first season in the National Premier Leagues Queensland in 2013 saw the Red Devils miss out on the play-offs by 3 points finishing 5th in the league. Injuries to key players saw the depth of the squad tested, with many of the younger players given the opportunity to cement their place in the team.
Redlands qualified for the 2016 FFA Cup, their first ever FFA Cup appearance, after defeating Pine Rivers United Sports Club, Brisbane City FC and Rochedale Rovers FC in the 2016 FFA Cup preliminary rounds. In their first ever FFA Cup match, Redlands stunned defending A-League champions and 2014 FFA Cup winners Adelaide United 2–1, in front of a crowd of 1,564 at Perry Park. The victory was lauded as the biggest upset in FFA Cup history. Redlands were eliminated in the FFA Cup Round of 16, following a 2–0 loss to Canberra Olympic.
Redlands are one of relatively few state league teams to eliminate an A-League team in the FFA Cup, which they did in 2016.
Football Staff
Current squad
Honours
2016 - Queensland National Premier League Premiers
2012 - Brisbane Premier League Champions
References
External links
Redlands United Official Website
Association football clubs established in 1918
National Premier Leagues clubs
Queensland State League soccer teams
Brisbane Premier League teams
1918 establishments in Australia
Redland City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlands%20United%20FC |
The Camogie All Star Awards are awarded each November to 15 players who have made outstanding contributions to the Irish stick and ball team sport of camogie in the 15 traditional positions on the field: goalkeeper, three full backs, three half-backs, two midfields, three half-forwards and three full-forwards. They were awarded for the first time in 2003 as an independent initiative sponsored by a hotel group and accorded official status by the Camogie Association in 2004.
In 2004 a team of the century was also chosen to commemorate the centenary of the sport. O'Neill's are the present title sponsors of the awards. The leading awards winner is Gemma O'Connor of Cork with eleven awards.
Past winners
2000s
2003 (unofficial)
Jovita Delaney (Tipperary), Rose Collins (Limerick), Una O'Dwyer (Tipperary), Stephanie Dunlea (Cork), Mary O'Connor (Cork), Ciara Gaynor (Tipperary), Therese Brophy (Tipperary), Vera Sheehan (Limerick), Jane Adams (Antrim), Emer Dillon (Cork), Clare Grogan (Tipperary), Eileen O'Brien (Limerick), Eimear McDonnell (Tipperary), Deirdre Hughes (Tipperary), Fiona O'Driscoll (Cork)
2004
Aoife Murray (Cork), Suzanne Kelly (Tipperary), Una O'Dwyer (Tipperary), Áine Codd (Wexford), Mary Leacy (Wexford), Ciara Gaynor (Tipperary), Therese Brophy (Tipperary), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Máirín McAleenan (Down), Claire Grogan (Tipperary), Ann Marie Hayes (Galway), Deirdre Hughes (Tipperary), Sinéad Millea (Kilkenny)
List of nominees
2005
Jovita Delaney (Tipperary), Sinéad Cahalan (Galway), Catherine O'Loughlin (Wexford), Julie Kirwan (Tipperary), Anna Geary (Cork), Mary O'Connor (Cork), Therese Maher (Galway), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Ciara Lucey (Dublin), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Rachel Moloney (Cork), Clare Grogan (Tipperary), Eimear McDonnell (Tipperary), Catherine O'Loughlin (Clare), Emer Dillon (Cork)
List of nominees
2006
Jovita Delaney (Tipperary), Regina Glynn (Galway), Suzanne Kelly (Tipperary), Rena Buckley (Cork), Philly Fogarty (Tipperary), Mary O'Connor (Cork), Anna Geary (Cork), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Joanne Ryan (Tipperary), Briege Corkery (Cork), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Imelda Kennedy (Kilkenny), Louise O'Hara (Dublin), Veronica Curtin (Galway)
List of nominees
2007
Mags Darcy (Wexford); Eimear Brannigan (Dublin), Catherine O'Loughlin (Wexford), Rose Collins (Limerick); Rena Buckley (Cork), Mary Leacy (Wexford) Cathriona Foley (Cork); Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Philly Fogarty (Tipperary); Veronica Curtin (Galway), Aisling Diamond (Derry), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork); Kate Kelly (Wexford), Clare Grogan (Tipperary), Una Leacy (Wexford)
List of nominees
2008
Aoife Murray (Cork), Cathriona Foley (Cork), Catherine O'Loughlin (Wexford), Trish O'Halloran (Tipperary), Michaela Morkan (Offaly), Sinéad Cahalan (Galway), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Briege Corkery (Cork), Orla Cotter (Cork), Jessica Gill (Galway), Therese Maher (Galway), Aoife Neary (Kilkenny), Síle Burns (Cork), Rachel Moloney (Cork), Jane Adams (Antrim)
List of nominees
2009
Aoife Murray (Cork), Regina Glynn (Galway), Cathriona Foley (Cork), Jacqui Frisby (Kilkenny), Ann Marie Hayes (Galway), Mary O'Connor (Cork), Elaine Aylward (Kilkenny), Briege Corkery (Cork), Ann Dalton (Kilkenny), Katie Power (Kilkenny), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Therese Maher (Galway), Aoife Neary (Kilkenny), Grainne McGoldrick (Derry), Rachel Moloney (Cork)
List of nominees
2010s
2010
Mags D'Arcy (Wexford), Claire O'Connor (Wexford), Catherine O'Loughlin (Wexford), Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Regina Glynn (Galway), Mary Leacy (Wexford), Anna Geary (Cork), Orla Kilkenny (Galway), Ann Dalton (Kilkenny), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Una Leacy (Wexford), Brenda Hanney (Galway), Katrina Parrock (Wexford), Ursula Jacob (Wexford), Aislinn Connolly (Galway).
List of nominees
2011
Susan Earner (Galway); Claire O'Connor (Wexford), Catherine O'Loughlin (Wexford); Lorraine Ryan (Galway), Ann Marie Hayes, (Galway), Therese Maher (Galway); Anna Geary (Cork), Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Jill Horan (Tipperary), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Una Leacy (Wexford), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Katrina Parrock (Wexford), Ursula Jacob (Wexford), Brenda Hanney (Galway).
List of nominees
2012
Aoife Murray (Cork), Claire O'Connor (Wexford), Catherine O'Loughlin (Wexford), Sheila O'Sullivan (Offaly), Pamela Mackey (Cork), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Deirdre Codd (Wexford), Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Niamh McGrath (Galway), Briege Corkery (Cork), Katriona Mackey (Cork), Ursula Jacob (Wexford), Katrina Parrock (Wexford).
List of nominees
2013
Susan Earner (Galway), Mairead Power (Kilkenny), Sarah Dervan (Galway), Lorraine Ryan (Galway), Edwina Keane (Kilkenny), Therese Maher (Galway), Chloe Morey (Clare), Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Katie Power (Kilkenny), Niamh McGrath (Galway), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Shelly Farrell (Kilkenny), Elaine Dermody (Offaly), Ailish O'Reilly (Galway).
List of nominees
2014
Aoife Murray (Cork), Joanne O'Callaghan (Cork), Máire McGrath (Clare), Sarah Dervan, (Galway), Eimear O’Sullivan (Cork), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Collette Dormer (Kilkenny), Rena Buckley (Cork), Ann Dalton (Kilkenny), Jennifer O'Leary (Cork), Orla Cotter (Cork), Briege Corkery (Cork), Michelle Quilty (Kilkenny), Ursula Jacob (Wexford), Katriona Mackey (Cork).
List of nominees
2015
Aoife Murray (Cork), Pamela Mackey (Cork), Sarah Dervan (Galway), Heather Cooney (Galway), Rena Buckley (Cork), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Lorraine Ryan (Galway), Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Ashling Thompson (Cork), Orla Cotter (Cork), Niamh McGrath (Galway), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Briege Corkery (Cork), Molly Dunne (Galway), Ailish O'Reilly (Galway).
List of nominees
2016
Emma Kavanagh (Kilkenny), Pamela Mackey (Cork), Sarah Dervan (Galway), Collette Dormer (Kilkenny), Rebecca Hennelly (Galway), Ann Dalton (Kilkenny), Meighan Farrell (Kilkenny), Orla Cotter (Cork), Miriam Walsh (Kilkenny), Denise Gaule (Kilkenny), Julieanne Malone (Kilkenny), Aoife Donohue (Galway), Michelle Quilty (Kilkenny), Kate Kelly (Wexford), Katriona Mackey (Cork)
List of nominees
2017
Aoife Murray (Cork), Rena Buckley (Cork), Catherine Foley (Kilkenny), Laura Treacy (Cork), Gemma O'Connor (Cork), Ann Dalton (Kilkenny), Eimear O'Sullivan (Cork), Meighan Farrell (Kilkenny), Ashling Thompson (Cork), Katriona Mackey (Cork), Katie Power (Kilkenny), Orla Cotter (Cork), Ailish O'Reilly (Galway), Aisling Maher (Dublin), Aoife Donohue (Galway)
List of nominees
2018
List of nominees
2019
Sarah Healy (Galway), Shauna Healy (Galway), Sarah Dervan (Galway), Edwina Keane (Kilkenny), Heather Cooney (Galway), Claire Phelan (Kilkenny),
Lorraine Bray (Waterford), Aoife Donohue (Galway), Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Niamh Mulcahy (Limerick), Denise Gaule (Kilkenny), Amy O’Connor (Cork), Michelle Quilty (Kilkenny), Ailish O’Reilly (Galway), Beth Carton (Waterford).
List of nominees
2020s
2020
Áine Slattery (Tipperary); Shauna Healy (Galway), Claire Phelan (Kilkenny), Mary Ryan (Tipperary); Hannah Looney (Cork), Karen Kennedy (Tipperary), Davina Tobin (Kilkenny); Chloe Sigerson (Cork), Grace Walsh (Kilkenny); Niamh Rockett (Waterford), Orla Cronin (Cork), Denise Gaule (Kilkenny); Orlaith McGrath (Galway), Miriam Walsh (Kilkenny), Anne Dalton (Kilkenny).
2021
Sarah Healy (Galway); Shauna Healy (Galway), Sarah Dervan (Galway), Davina Tobin (Kilkenny); Megan Farrell (Kilkenny), Laura Treacy (Cork), Laura Hayes (Cork); Niamh Kilkenny (Galway), Hannah Looney (Cork); Aoife Donohoe (Galway), Katie Nolan (Kilkenny), Denise Gaule (Kilkenny); Siobhan McGrath (Galway), Orlaith McGrath (Galway), Ailish O' Reilly (Galway)
2022
Aoife Norris (Kilkenny); Libby Coppinger (Cork); Grace Walsh (Kilkenny); Shauna Healy (Galway); Laura Murphy (Kilkenny); Claire Phelan (Kilkenny); Saoirse McCarthy (Cork); Aisling Thompson (Cork); Lorraine Bray (Waterford); Denise Gaule (Kilkenny); Beth Carton (Waterford); Julianne Malone (Kilkenny); Katie Nolan (Kilkenny); Katriona Mackey (Cork).
Soaring Stars
Soaring Star Camogie Awards introduced in 2009 recognises outstanding players from the Junior camogie championship grades.
2009
Audrey Kennedy (Offaly), Fiona Stephens (Offaly), Eimear Moynan (Laois), Karen Brady (Offaly), Karen Tinelly (Down), Michaela Morkan (Offaly), Louise Donoghue (Meath), Louise Mahony (Laois), Niamh Coyle (Roscommon), Arlene Watkins (Offaly), Catherine McGourty (Down), Áine Lyng (Waterford), Susie O'Carroll (Kildare), Karen Kelly (Waterford), Elaine Dermody (Offaly).
2010
Caroline Connaughton (Roscommon), Rhona Torney (Antrim), Shona Curran (Waterford), Regina Gorman (Kildare), Fionnuala Carr (Down), Jennie Simpson (Waterford), Bernie Murray (Armagh), Kerrie O'Neill (Antrim), Michaela Convery (Antrim), Áine Lyng (Waterford), Shannon Graham (Antrim), Sarah Anne Fitzgerald (Laois), Jane Adams (Antrim), Jane Dolan (Meath).
2011
Aisling O'Brien (Waterford), Emma Hannon (Waterford), Jennie Simpson (Waterford), Orla Maginn (Down), Áine Keogh (Meath), Fionnuala Carr (Down), Gráinne Kenneally (Waterford), Patricia Jackman (Waterford), Pamela Greville (Westmeath), Catherine McGourty (Down), Nicola Morrissey (Waterford), Jane Dolan (Meath), Colette McSorley (Armagh), Karen Kelly (Waterford), Niamh Mallon (Down),
2012
Emily Mangan (Meath), Karen Tinnelly (Down), Claire Coffey (Meath), Fiona O'Neill (Meath), Lisa McCrickard (Down), Sarah Ann Fitzgerald (Laois), Aoife Thompson (Meath), Catherine McGourty (Down), Kristina Troy (Meath), Susie O'Carroll (Kildare), Jane Dolan (Meath), Aileen Donnelly (Meath), Niamh Mallon (Down), Sinead Hackett (Meath), Sarah Louise Carr (Down)
2013
Laura Dunne (Laois), Karen Tinnelly (Down), Aoife Trant (Kildare), Kate Aherne (Offaly), Aishling Dunphy (Laois), Sarah Ann Fitzgerald (Laois), Angela Lyons (Kildare), Carol Ann Canning (Dublin, Orla Bambury (Kildare), Clodagh Flanagan (Kildare), Siobhan Hurley (Kildare), Louise Mahony (Laois), Denise McGrath (Westmeath), Susie O'Carroll (Kildare), Niamh Dollard (Laois).
2014
Laura Dunne (Laois), Karen Tinnelly (Down), Ciara McGovern (Down), Deirdre Johnstone (Dublin) Eimear Delaney (Laois), Lisa McAliskey (Down), Fionnuala Carr (Down), Dinah Loughlin (Westmeath), Karen McMullan, (Down), Annette McGeeney (Roscommon), Sarah-Anne Fitzgerald (Laois), Catherine McGourty (Down), Niamh Mallon (Down), Niamh Dollard (Laois), Kelley Hopkins (Roscommon)
2015
Susan Spillane (Roscommon), Rachel Fitzmaurice (Roscommon), Laura-Marie Maher (Laois), Louise Mahony (Laois), Sarah-Anne Fitzgerald (Laois), Pamela Greville (Westmeath)
2016
Ciara Donnelly (Armagh), Bernie Murray (Armagh), Eleanor Tracey (Carlow), Ciara Quirke (Carlow), Kelley Hopkins (Roscommon), Dinah Loughlin (Westmeath)
2017
Laura Doherty (Westmeath), Caoimhe McCrossan (Westmeath), Aoife Bugler (Dublin)
2018
Deirdre Johnstone (Dublin), Caragh Dawson (Dublin)
2022
Áine Graham (Antrim)
2. Ciara Hickey (Galway)
3. Ciara Donohue (Galway)
4. Ashling Moloney (Cork)
5. Katie Manning (Galway)
6. Lisa Casserly (Galway)
7. Gráinne McNicholl (Derry)
8. Jennifer Hughes (Galway)
9. Emma Laverty (Antrim)
10. Joanne Casey (Cork)
11. Katie Gilchrist (Galway)
12. Aoife Minogue (Meath)
13. Dervla Cosgrove (Antrim)
14. Niamh McPeake (Galway)
15. Lauren Homan (Cork)
Intermediate Soaring Stars
2010
Elaine Dermody (Offaly), Michaela Morkan (Offaly), Ciara O'Connor (Wexford).
2011
Ciara O'Connor (Wexford), Frances Doran (Wexford), Jane Adams (Antrim).
2012
Sinead Cassidy (Derry), Katie McAnenly (Derry), Sarah Noone (Galway)
2013
Rebecca Hennelly (Galway), Niamh Mulcahy (Limerick), Paula Kenny (Galway)
2014
Niamh Mulcahy, (Limerick), Caoimhe Costelloe, (Limerick), Catherine Foley (Kilkenny)
2015
Susie O'Carroll (Kildare), Melissa Lyons (Kildare), Lorraine Bray (Waterford), Beth Carton (Waterford), Patricia Jackman (Waterford), Jane Dolan (Meath)
2016
Jenny Clifford (Kilkenny), Ciara Holden (Kilkenny), Linda Collins (Cork), Chloe Sigerson (Cork), Aisling Burke (Laois), Jane Dolan (Meath)
2017
Emily Mangan (Meath), Sarah Harrington (Cork), Claire Coffey (Meath), Niamh Ní Chaoimh (Cork), Emma Brennan (Carlow), Sarah Buckley (Cork), Emer Reilly (Kildare), Megan Thynne (Meath), Keeva McCarthy (Cork), Amy Gaffney (Meath), Aoife Minogue (Meath), Jane Dolan (Meath)
2018
Amy Lee (Cork), Leah Weste (Cork), Sarah Harrington (Cork), Alannah Savage (Down), Fionnuala Carr (Down), Jennifer Barry (Cork), Katelyn Hickey (Cork), Paula Gribben (Down), Jenny Grace (Tipperary), Saoirse McCarthy (Cork), Niamh Mallon (Down), Sara-Louise Carr (Down), Caitríona Collins (Cork)
Team of the Century
Eileen Duffy-O'Mahony (Dublin), Liz Neary (Kilkenny), Marie Costine-O'Donovan (Cork), Mary Sinnott-Dinan (Wexford), Bridie Martin-McGarry (Kilkenny), Sandie Fitzgibbon (Cork), Margaret O'Leary-Leacy (Wexford), Mairéad McAtamney-Magill (Antrim), Linda Mellerick (Cork), Sophie Brack (Dublin), Kathleen Mills-Hill (Dublin), Una O'Connor (Dublin), Pat Moloney-Lenihan (Cork), Deirdre Hughes (Tipperary), Angela Downey-Browne (Kilkenny)
Other awards
Player of the Year (Various Sponsors)
The Irish Independent sports star of the week, selected by newspaper sports staff, was traditionally accorded to a camogie player once each year on the week of the All Ireland final. Annual Cúchulainn All Star awards were introduced as part of the first Gaelic Weekly All-star awards scheme, initiated by a group of sportswriters led by Mick Dunne and awarded on the same selectorial basis as the Gaelic football and hurling all stars are today, though without a major sponsor. They were awarded to two camogie players in 1964–7, reduced to one in 1968–9. The camogie selectors for 1964 were Maeve Gilroy, Kathleen Mills and Lil O'Grady and those of 1965 were Kathleen O'Duffy, Síghle Nic an Ultaigh and Eithne Neville. In the 1970s the GAA Player of the month scheme, awarded one of its monthly awards, usually in November, to a camogie player. The scheme, initiated by sports journalist and historian David Guiney and also selected by sportswriters, became an effective player of the year award under three successive sponsors, B+I Line, Irish Nationwide and Eircell. The camogie player of the year was revived as part of the Powerscreen all star award scheme in and an official player of the year award was introduced in 2005.
1963 Úna O'Connor (Dublin)
1963 Deirdre Sutton (Cork)
1964 Alice Hussey (Dublin)
1964 Teresa Murphy (Cork)
1965 (Joint) Mairéad McAtamney (Antrim)
1965 (Joint) Claire Hanrahan (Kilkenny)
1966 (Joint) Mary Connery (Kilkenny)
1966 (Joint) Maeve Gilroy (Antrim)
1967 Úna O'Connor (Dublin)
1968 Margaret O'Leary (Wexford)
1973 Marie Costine (Cork)
1974 Helena O'Neill (Kilkenny)
1975 Bridget Doyle (Wexford)
1976 Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1977 Bridie Martin (Kilkenny)
1978 Pat Moloney (Cork)
1979 Mairéad McAtamney (Antrim)
1980 Marion McCarthy (Cork)
1981 Liz Neary (Kilkenny)
1982 Mary O'Leary (Cork)
1983 Claire Cronin (Cork)
1984 Yvonne Redmond (Dublin)
1985 Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1986 Ann & Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1987 Breda Holmes (Kilkenny)
1988 Biddy O'Sullivan (Kilkenny)
1989 Ann & Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1991 Ann Downey (Kilkenny)
1992 Sandie Fitzgibbon (Cork)
1993 Linda Mellerick (Cork)
1995 Sandie Fitzgibbon (Cork)
1998 Linda Mellerick (Cork)
1999 Deirdre Hughes (Tipperary)
2000 Jovita Delaney (Tipperary)
2001 Ciara Gaynor (Tipperary)
2002 Fiona O'Driscoll (Cork)
2005 Gemma O'Connor (Cork)
2006 Mary O'Connor (Cork)
2007 Kate Kelly (Wexford)
2008 Aoife Murray (Cork)
2009 Ann Dalton (Kilkenny)
2015 Gemma O'Connor (Cork)
2016 Denise Gaule (Kilkenny)
2017 Rena Buckley (Cork)
2018 Ann Dalton (Kilkenny)
2019 Niamh Kilkenny (Galway)
2020 Denise Gaule (Kilkenny)
Young Player of the Year
The first attempt at a young player of the year award was the Elvery's Cup for “Miss Camogie”, as much in the tradition of pageants as sports star awards, awarded to UCD Ashbourne Cup winning captain Patricia Morrissey in 1971. Another short-lived young player of the year award, sponsored by Levi's was awarded to Cork player Claire Cronin in 1976. It was established on an official basis in 2004.
1971 Patricia Morrissey (Clare)
1976 Claire Cronin (Cork)
1977-2003 No award
2004 Stephanie Gannon (Galway)
2005 Colette McSorley (Armagh)
2006 Marie Dargan (Kilkenny)
2007 Niamh Mulcahy (Limerick)
2008 Carina Roseingrave (Clare)
2009 Denise Gaule (Kilkenny)
2010 Laura Mitchell (Galway)
Intermediate player of the year
2016 Ciara Holden (Kilkenny)
2017 Claire Coffey (Meath)
2018 Saoirse McCarthy (Cork)
2019 Pamela Greville (Westmeath)
2020 Niamh Mallon (Down)
Junior player of the year
Sponsored by AIB for the best player in the junior grade.
1982 Vivienne Kelly (Louth)
1983 Lillian Zinkant (Cork)
1984 Patricia Fitzgibbon (Cork)
1985 Deirdre Costello (Galway)
1986 Maura McNicholas (Clare)
1987 Miriam Malone (Kildare)
2016 Eleanor Treacy (Carlow)
2017 Aoife Bugler (Dublin)
2018 Caragh Dawson (Dublin)
Manager of the Year
2005 John Cronin (Cork)
2006 Peter Lucey (Dublin)
2007 (Joint) Stellah Sinnott (Wexford)
2007 (Joint) Liam Dunne (Wexford)
2007 (Joint) Stephen Dormer (Kilkenny)
2009 Denise Cronin (Cork)
2010 Joachim Kelly (Offaly)
2011 JJ Doyle (Wexford)
2012 JJ Doyle (Wexford)
2013 Tony Ward (Galway)
2014 Joe Quaid (Limerick)
2015 Paudie Murray (Cork)
2016 Ann Downey (Kilkenny)
2017 Paudie Murray (Cork)
2018 Paudie Murray (Cork)
Gradam Tailte
A skills competition in which players competed in a variety of skills. The Poc Fada competition, winners listed elsewhere, also has a camogie section.
(Awarded 1982-88 for skill tests)
1982 Josephine McClements (Antrim)
1983 Claire Cronin (Cork)
1984 Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1985 Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1986 Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
1987 Bernie Farrelly (Kildare)
1988 Bernie Farrelly (Kildare)
Texaco Award for Camogie
Selected by the sports editors of national newspapers in 10 nominated sports each year.
1966 Úna O'Connor (Dublin)
1967 Sue Cashman (Antrim)
1986 Angela Downey (Kilkenny)
2003 Eimear McDonnell (Tipperary)
2004 Una O'Dwyer (Tipperary)
2008 Briege Corkery (Cork)
International player of the year
(Awarded in 2004, discontinued). 2004 Annette McGeeney from Roscommon and Sligo IT. The other nominees were Róisin O'Neill (Britain) and Rosie O'Reilly (USA).
See also
GAA All Stars Awards Past Winners (Football)
GAA All Stars Awards Past Winners (Hurling)
GAA All Stars Awards Past Winners (Ladies Football)
GAA All Stars Awards
References
External links
Full list of nominated players in 2004. 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011
Camogie.ie Official Camogie Association Website
On The Ball Official Camogie Magazine Issue 1 and issue 2
2003 establishments in Ireland
Awards established in 2003
Camogie awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camogie%20All%20Stars%20Awards |
Wörth or Woerth may refer to:
Places
Germany
Wörth am Main, Miltenberg district, Bavaria
Wörth am Rhein, Germersheim district, Rhineland-Palatinate
Wörth an der Donau, Regensburg district, Bavaria
Wörth an der Isar, Landshut district, Bavaria
Wörth, Upper Bavaria, Erding district, Bavaria
Donauwörth, Donau-Ries district, Bavaria
Wörth, Worthsee, an island in Lake Wörth, Bavaria, Germany
Elsewhere
Wœrth, a town in Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France
Wörth Castle, Neuhausen am Rheinfall in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland
Lake Wörth (disambiguation), multiple lakes
Other uses
SMS Wörth, an 1892 ship of the German Navy
Battle of Wœrth, fought in 1870, near Wœrth, Alsace, France
Éric Woerth (born 1956), French politician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rth |
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