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Koninklijke Hoogovens known as Koninklijke Nederlandse Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken (KNHS) until 1996 or informally Hoogovens. was a Dutch steel producer founded in 1918. Since 2010, the plant is named Tata Steel IJmuiden.
The IJmuiden steelworks based in IJmuiden, Netherlands was built between 1920 and 1940, first producing iron, later steel, with hot and cold rolling producing flat products. In the 1960s the company diversified into aluminium production.
The company briefly merged its IJmuiden steel plant with German steel company Hoesch from 1972 forming the joint venture Estel but separated in 1982. In 1999, the company merged with the larger British Steel plc to create the Corus Group steel company. The aluminium production assets were sold off during the Corus period. In 2007, Corus Group was purchased by India-based Tata Steel and was renamed Tata Steel Europe in 2010.
In 2021, the company was split into a British (Tata Steel UK) and a Dutch (Tata Steel Netherlands) branch, these fall directly under the Indian parent company Tata Steel and Tata Steel Europe ceased to exist.
History
IJmuiden steelworks
1914-1945
In 1914 H.J.E. Wenckebach and J.C Ankersmit began planning the construction of a steelworks in the Netherlands, in 1916 Ankersmit departed for the USA, leaving Wenckebach to continue the work, and on 19 April 1917 Wenckebach presented his plans which included the establishment of three blast furnaces, a coking plant, and plants for using the by products of the process (coking gas and slag). In May 1917 a Comité voor oprichting van een hoogovenstaal- en walswerk in Nederland (Committee for establishing blast furnaces and steel rolling mill in the Netherlands) was set up, with the aim of creating steel works and rolling mills. The plan received support from the large industrial concerns and capitalists of the Netherlands, including Stork, Royal Dutch Shell, Steenkolen Handels-Vereeniging (SHV), Philips; Hendrikus Colijn, Frits Fentener van Vlissingen, and J. Muysken. Additionally, the Dutch state and the city of Amsterdam contributed 7.5 million and 5 million of the 30 million Dutch guilders required to fund the project.
On 20 September 1918 the company Koninklijke Nederlandsche Hoogovens en Staalfabrieken N.V. (KNHS) was created in The Hague. Wenckenbach was the Director, Geldolph Adriaan Kessler the secretary, and A.H. Ingen Housz the company's assignee.
One of the motivations for the creation of a steelworks was to end the country's reliance on imported steel. Since the country's resources of coal and iron ore were limited, a site suitable for import and export by sea was chosen, and IJmuiden was chosen over sites at Rotterdam and Moerdijk due to better ground conditions. The site was on the north bank of the North Sea Canal, outside its sea locks, and two harbours were built - the inner harbour opened in 1920, and the outer harbour in 1923.
By 1924 the first blast furnace, casting hall, coke plant, and an electricity generating plant powered by waste gases from the coke ovens and blast furnaces were ready, and the second of two blast furnaces, begun in 1919, became operational in 1926. Both blast furnaces were constructed to a design by American company Freyn, Brassert &Co.. The coking plant continued to be expanded throughout the 1920s and 30s, and after World War II. Coal tar, a by-product from coking, was used by the chemical works Cindu (Chemische Industrie Uithoorn), and cleaned coke oven gas was used in the site's power plant and in nearby municipalities. A brickworks (NV Phoenix Maatschappij voor Vervaardiging van Hoogovensteen), was built to use slag from the blast furnace to make building products, but the enterprise ceased in 1927. A third blast furnace started operation in 1930.
In 1928 the KNHS and Royal Dutch Shell set up a joint venture Mekog which was to manufacturer fertiliser using chemicals derived from coke oven gas. A second subsidiary was founded in 1930, an on-site cement factory established as a joint venture between KNHS and the Dutch concrete company Eerste Nederlandse Cement Industrie (ENCI): it was named Cementfabriek IJmuiden (CEMIJ) and manufactured cement using granulated furnace slag as an additive.
During the 1930s the plant was further developed, turning from raw iron production to steel production using open hearth furnaces; again Freyr, Brassert & Co. was chosen to supply the plant's design. A pipe foundry was opened in 1936, and in 1938 construction of a steel conversion plant using the Siemens-Martin (Open Hearth) process was begun. The first 60-ton capacity open hearth furnace opened 19 March 1939, additional furnaces were added during the 1940s and early 1950s, and the capacity of the furnaces increased - by 1956 the plant had six furnaces, each of 190-ton capacity. Construction of the plant's first rolling mill (Walserij West) was begun in the late 1930s. During the World War II occupation the mill was confiscated and shipped to Watenstedt (Salzgitter), Germany where it was installed in the Reichswerke Hermann Göring steel plant. After the war the mill was returned to the Netherlands and remained in operation until decommissioned in 1992.
The Van Leer company established a steel rolling mill (Walsbedrijven NV) at the IJmuiden site in the late 1930s; a plate mill began production in 1938, followed by a strip and profile mill in 1939. As built it was outdated, using second-hand equipment. The mill was built to supply the Van Leer company's own steel needs, and not as an independent commercial concern. In 1941, under the Nazi occupation during World War II, Van Leer's Jewish owner Bernard van Leer was forced to flee the country, and the mill was acquired by KNHS, and integrated into the rest of the IJmuiden site: it became known as Walserij Oost, remaining in use until 1953, and being replaced by the mills of Breedband NV.
During World War II the company was affected by the German occupation: in 1941 Vereinigte Stahlwerke had acquired 40% of the company from the shareholdings of the state and city of Amsterdam. The directors of the company Housz and Holtrop went into hiding in 1943. The mouth of the North Sea canal at IJmuiden was used as a base for the Kriegsmarine, and the steelworks itself was a strategic target for attack, and bombings and lack of raw materials brought production to a halt.
1945–1999
After the end of World War II reconstruction of the Netherlands began, and as part of this process investments were made in the steelworks. A separate company, Breedband NV, was established on 19 June 1950, receiving funding from both the state and the United States, under the Marshall Plan. The project introduced hot and cold rolling mills for thin plate, of 60 and 75 thousand tonnes per year capacity respectively, and a galvanising line. All three installations were operating by the end of 1953. During the same period architect Willem Marinus Dudok was commissioned to design a head office for the company in Velsen, which was completed 1953. The Breedband project moved Hoogoven's emphasis into flat rather than long products, which continued in later decades.
During the 1950s and 1960 the facilities were extended; the plants first oxy-steel converted was put into operation in 1958, a second cold rolling line was added in 1961, electrolytic galvanising machines were added in 1958, 1962, and 1967, and hot rolling capacity had increased to 1.6 million tonnes per year by 1965. On 4 May 1965 KNHS took over the company Breedband NV. Also in the post-war period an automated casting machine was installed in 1948, two new blast furnaces activated in 1958 and 1961, and a mill for steel rod and wire production was commissioned in 1964. The sixth blast furnace began operation in 1967, and a second oxy-steel plant in 1968. In 1969 a block mill capable of handling 45-tonne blocks, and another hot strip mill with a capacity of over 3.5 million tonnes a year were opened.
Labour relations at the plant were usually good; during the first two decades of the enterprise's existence the organisational structure was relatively simple, with limited hierarchies, and there were limited attempts at a benevolent social policy by the plant's management. Psychological testing of potential workers was gradually introduced, first for skilled workers, and after World War II for unskilled workers. Vocational training was slowly introduced after 1938. In the post-war period foreign workers from Italy, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and Morocco began to be employed at the plant, and in the 1960s the practice of housing foreign workers in floating hotels was begun. Post-war there was no major industrial action until 1973, when 2,300 workers went on strike at the IJmuiden plant. During the Steel crisis there were no strikes, despite significant lay-offs.
In 1972 the first two blast furnaces were decommissioned. In the same year (1972) the IJmuiden steelworks (Hoogovens IJmuiden BV.) were formed into a 50:50 joint venture named Estel with Hoesch of Germany as the other partner, which merged its Dortmund steel plant into the concern. IJmuiden, with good access to seaborn raw materials, was to act primarily as a raw steel supplier to the plant in Germany, which was closer to a large market for finished steel products. The steel crisis of the 1970s prevented any positive expansion and the company was disbanded in 1982 when funding arrangements for the loss-making Dortmund plant could not be agreed.
After the demerger from Hoesch the company required restructuring and investment: the company was producing too much raw steel with not enough semi-finished product manufacturing capacity. This led to the installation of a continuous casting, hot rolling, and steel coating lines of the next decade. The Dutch state supported the process with a loan of 570 million guilders. The workforce was reduced by 3,000 (14%) over 4 years from 1982, with the company becoming profitable again in 1984. The subsidiary Demka was also closed.
The company's first continuous caster was put into operation in May 1980. In 1990 a production line for producing paint coated steel rolls was started. The third blast furnace was decommissioned in 1991.
In the late 1990s two blast furnaces were purchased by the Indonesian steel group Gunawan Steel Group and dismantled and shipped to its development in Malaysia, Gunawan Iron and Steel. The dismantling work was carried out by a Chinese contractor which was found to be paying its 120 Chinese workers less than the Dutch minimum wage, with poor safety conditions, with 14 accidents resulting in 2 fatalities due to falls from height. The Chinese contractor was fined for breaches of safety practice, and made to improve working conditions, as well as retrospectively paying its workers 15,000 guilders.
In 1996 the company changed its official name to Koninklijke Hoogovens. A new continuous caster was installed between 1998 and 2000.
In 1998 a joint subsidiary with Sidmar, named Galtec, was established at Sidmar's plant near Ghent, producing galvanised steel.
In 1998 Hoogovens employed around 23,000 people, and produced approximately 8 million tonnes of steel (and 450,000 tonnes of aluminium) per year, with sales of over $10 billion. The company's main products were rolled steel, including tinplate (thin gauge steel), coated steels, and aluminium extrusions. Production was distributed 20% in the Dutch market, 60% in the rest of Europe and 20% to the rest of the world.
Corus group 1999–2007
In June 1999 British Steel plc and Hoogovens announced that they intended to merge, which would make the combined company—provisionally named BSKH—the world's third-largest steel producer with an aggregate worldwide turnover of approximately €15.127 billion. Upon completion, Hoogovens shareholders would own 38.3% of the new company.
Because of the size of the two companies, and the extent of their competition within the European Economic Community, the merger required the approval of the Commission of the European Communities; this was granted in mid-July of the same year, and on 6 October 1999 the merger was completed. The new name for the joint company, Corus, had been announced the month before.
Because British Steel had been the significantly larger of the two companies in both workforce and market capitalisation, some observers characterised the merger as being more akin to a takeover of Hoogovens by British Steel. Analysts noted that expanding its market share in Europe by means of the merger would help insulate British Steel against the strength of the sterling relative to the euro, which had been harming British Steel's exports.
In 2000 a hot dip galvanising line Galtec 2, with a capacity of 400,000 tonnes per year of zinc coated coil began operation; it was the second to be produced as part of a joint venture with Sidmar. A joint venture (42.5%) Galstar LP with Weirton Steel for another galvanising line built in the late 1990s in Jeffersonville, Indiana, USA entered bankruptcy in 2001 having been closed due to poor demand after only 4 months in production.
Plans for the construction of an (€223 million) additional hot dip galvanising line and cold rolling mill were made in 2005, for an expected completion in 2008.
Tata Steel 2007–present
In 2007 Tata Steel acquired Corus and subsequently renamed it Tata Steel Europe in 2010.
In 2008 due to lack of demand the Corus steel group cut production by 20%; in IJmuiden one blast furnace was taken out of production.
In the period after the Financial crisis of 2007–08 (see Great Recession) the down turn led to significant job losses – 800 persons in 2009, and up to 2014 a further 1000 jobs. In the 2014/2015 financial year the IJmuiden site made a profit of c. €340million, resulting a 9.19% bonus to the workforce, then numbering c. 8000 to 9000 persons.
In 2021, Tata Steel Europe ceased to exists after it was split into a British and a Dutch branch. Tata Steel Netherlands (TSN) and Tata Steel UK fall directly under the Indian parent company Tata Steel. The plant itself is still named Tata Steel IJmuiden.
Aluminium production
In 1964 a joint venture with Hoogovens as major (50%) partner established an aluminium company Aldel in the north east of the Netherlands; the enterprised was backed by the state which guaranteed a long term supply of energy a low price: a large natural gas discovery had been made in the region. Mining company Billiton was the other partner in the venture, along with technical support from Alusuisse.
In 1970 the company acquired a shareholding in Sidal (Belgium), and in 1987 Kaiser Aluminium's European business was acquired; the acquisition made KNHS a major aluminium producer: by 1996 it had an aluminium smelting capacity of well over 10 million tonnes per annum.
Corus period
Divisions in the board of Corus arose in 2002 when the company announced it was to sell its profitable aluminium business to Pechiney for over £500 million; Corus's British division was making a loss at this time and the sale was seen by Dutch interests as being used to prop up the loss-making British interests with no backward investment in the European mainland side of the business. The board of Corus Netherlands vetoed the sale.
In 2006 Corus's aluminium rolling and extrusion facilities were sold to Aleris. In 2009 smelters in Delfzijl (Netherlands) and Voerde (Germany) were sold to Briand Investments B.V., an associate of Klesch, a large commodity trader. This ended the businesses' association with aluminium, leaving it primarily as a steel producer.
Subsidiaries and joint ventures
Demka, an earlier Dutch steel producer became a KNHS subsidiary in 1964, the company was shut down in 1984.
Mekog and CEMIJ were established at the IJmuiden site in 1928 and 1930, manufacturing fertiliser, and cement respectively, using steel production by products. CEMIJ was sold off in 1989. A shareholding in coal tar distillation plant Cindu (Chemische Industrie Uithoorn), then named Teerbedrijf Uithoorn, was acquired in 1927; the plant used tar produced as a by-product of coke production. In 2010 Cindu Chemicals BV was sold to Koppers Holding Inc. (Koppers).
The welded tubes factory in Zwijndrecht was acquired at the end of 1995 from Van Leeuwen Buizen (see also Van Leeuwen Pipe and Tube Group). In 2011 a €3million investment was made into the factory improving facilities for manufacturing tube steel for car chassis construction.
In 1983 the company, Sidmar and Phenix Works reached agreement on a joint venture SEGAL (Société Européenne de Galvanisation) at Ivoz-Ramet, Liège, Belgium which would produce hot dip galvanized steel for the car industry. The shares of the company were wholly owned by Corus by 2004.
Metal plating company Hille and Muller became a wholly owned subsidiary in 1997, after acquiring a 50% share acquired in 1988.
A 50% share in Belgian steelmaker Usine Gustave Boël (UGB) in La Louvière was acquired in 1997 (as a joint venture HB Holding,), with option to buy the remaining shares. The UGB subsidiary Fabrique de Fer de Maubeuge (FFM) was also acquired, and renamed 'Myriad'. Governmental financing for rescue investment in UGB La Louvière could not be agreed and the plant was sold to Duferco in 1999.
The company also participated in north sea gas exploration and extraction company Nordwinning Group (1960s), its interests were sold off in 1988.
Heritage
SIEHO (Stichting Industrieel Erfgoed Hoogovens, English: Hoogovens industrial heritage foundation) is dedicated to the history of the plant, and runs the Hoogovens Museum which is an affiliate of the European Route of Industrial Heritage. Corus Stoom IJmuiden (Steam Corus IJmuiden) operates steam trains on the rail network of the CIJmuiden and has workshop facilities on site.
See also
HIsarna steelmaking process, primary steel production process invented at Hoogovens
Tata Steel Chess Tournament, formerly the Hoogovens chess tournament, started 1938
Notes
References
Sources
partially reproduced at
also publisher as :
Chapter 4 : Koninklijke Hoogovens In Its Territory: A Bird's-Eye View, pp. 88–109
Chapter 5 : The "Social Becoming" Of Koninklijke Hoogovens Plc, pp. 110–174
External links
Official websites
Museums and heritage
, Corus IJmuiden steam
Images
Tata Steel Europe
Manufacturing companies of the Netherlands
Steel companies of the Netherlands
Manufacturing companies established in 1918
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999
1999 disestablishments in the Netherlands
Dutch companies established in 1918 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata%20Steel%20Netherlands |
Ohio's 6th congressional district is represented by Representative Bill Johnson (R-OH). This district runs along the eastern side of the state, bordering West Virginia, and Pennsylvania. It stretches from Marietta through several Ohio River industrial towns all the way to the city of Youngstown.
When Robert McEwen was first elected in 1980, the Sixth District of Ohio consisted of Adams, Brown, Clinton, Fayette, Highland, Pickaway, Pike, Scioto, and Ross Counties plus Clermont County outside the city of Loveland, Harrison Township in Vinton County and the Warren County townships of Clearcreek, Deerfield, Hamilton, Harlan, Massie, Salem, and Wayne. At that time, The Washington Post described the Sixth as "a fail-safe Republican district."
The Ohio General Assembly redrew the Sixth District following the results of the 1980 United States census. The boundaries from 1983 to 1987 included all of Adams, Clinton, Fayette, Highland, Hocking, Jackson, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Vinton and Warren Counties, plus Waterloo and York Townships in Athens County; Wayne Township in Clermont County; Concord, Jasper, Marion, Perry, Union, and Wayne Townships in Fayette County; and Washington Township and the Cities of Miamisburg and West Carrollton in Montgomery County.
Beginning with the 100th Congress in 1987, adjustments were made by the legislature to the boundaries; reapportionment between censuses is unusual in American politics. A small part of the Montgomery County territory was detached, as were parts of Fayette County in Washington Court House in Union Township and the townships of Jasper and Marion. Part of Brown County was added, Jackson and Eagle Townships. These were the boundaries for the rest of McEwen's service in Congress.
The district was largely rural and agricultural with no large cities. One of the major industries was the United States Department of Energy's Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant at Piketon, which manufactured uranium for nuclear weapons. The district was 97 per cent white with a median household income of $21,761.
In 1992, the district was altered significantly to accommodate Ohio's loss of two House seats in redistricting. The state legislature anticipated that Clarence Miller of the neighboring Tenth District would retire, and thus combined the southern end of his district (which included Athens, Gallipolis, and Ironton) with most of the area previously represented by McEwen. Although the district did not include Miller's hometown of Lancaster, Miller decided not to retire and instead challenged McEwen in the Sixth District primary in 1992. The campaign was bitter, and McEwen eked out only a narrow victory. In November, McEwen was upset by Democrat Ted Strickland, a prison psychologist. Strickland himself was defeated in 1994 by Republican Frank Cremeans, but won the seat back in 1996.
For 2002 the district was shifted dramatically eastward. At the same time, it effectively ended the career of James Traficant in the neighboring 17th District by placing his hometown of Poland into the 6th. Traficant opted to run in his old district and lost. The district currently includes all of Belmont, Carroll, Columbiana, Gallia, Guernsey, Jackson, Jefferson, Lawrence, Meigs, Monroe, Noble and Washington counties, and portions of Athens, Mahoning, Muskingum, Scioto and Tuscarawas counties.
In 2010, Republican Bill Johnson defeated incumbent Democrat Charles Wilson, returning the seat to Republicans for the first time since 1997. Following the 2010 United States census, the bounds of the sixth district were changed again as Ohio lost two seats in Congress.
In recent years and like much of coal country, the district has swung decidedly toward the Republican Party at local, state and national levels. After being a dead heat in presidential elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008, it swung hard to Donald Trump in 2016; Trump carried it with 69 percent of the vote over Hillary Clinton, his best showing in the state; the district swung to the right by 30 percent, more than any other in the nation. Trump won it almost as easily over Joe Biden in 2020, with 72 percent of the vote, again his best showing in Ohio.
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows historic election results.
Election results from statewide races
Election results from presidential races:
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
Notes
References
Sources
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
06
Constituencies established in 1813
1813 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%206th%20congressional%20district |
The Supreme Court of Nigeria (SCN) is the highest court in Nigeria, and is located in the Central District, Abuja, in what is known as the Three Arms Zone, so called due to the proximity of the offices of the Presidential Complex, the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court.
Overview
In 1963, the Federal Republic of Nigeria was proclaimed and Nnamdi Azikiwe became its first President. Appeals from the Federal Supreme Court to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council were abolished at that point, and the Supreme Court became the highest court in Nigeria. In 1976, the Court of Appeal (originally known as the Federal Court of Appeal) was established as a national court to entertain appeals from the High Courts of each of Nigeria's 36 states, which are the trial courts of general jurisdiction. The Supreme Court in its current form was shaped by the Supreme Court Act of 1990 and by Chapter VII of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria.
Under the 1999 constitution, the Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdictions, has the sole authority and jurisdiction to entertain appeals from Court of Appeal, having appellate jurisdiction over all lower federal courts and highest state courts. Decisions rendered by the court are binding on all courts in Nigeria except the Supreme Court itself.
Structure and organization
The Supreme Court is composed of the Chief Justice of Nigeria and such number of justices not more than 21, appointed by the President on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council, (NJC) and subject to confirmation by the Senate. Justices of the Supreme Court must be qualified to practice law in Nigeria, and must have been so qualified for a period not less than fifteen years. Justices of the Supreme Court of Nigeria have a mandatory retirement age of 70 years.
Current justices
Others
On 26 March 2019, Justice Sidi Dauda Bage was appointed Emir of Lafia
See also
Supreme Court Act 1990
References
External links
Supreme Court of Nigeria News
Supreme Court of Nigeria
Section of the 1999 Constitution of Nigeria on the Judicature
Law of Nigeria
Government of Nigeria
Politics of Nigeria
Nigeria
Judiciary of Nigeria
1963 establishments in Nigeria
Courts and tribunals established in 1963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Court%20of%20Nigeria |
Ohio's 7th congressional district is represented by Max Miller. It is currently located in the northeastern section of the state, including southern and western Cuyahoga County, all of Medina and Wayne Counties, and a sliver of northern Holmes County.
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows historic election results. Bold type indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
07
Constituencies established in 1823
1823 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%207th%20congressional%20district |
Ohio's 8th congressional district sits on the west side of Ohio, bordering Indiana. The cities of Hamilton, Fairfield, Middletown, Springfield, Eaton, Greenville, Piqua, and Troy are part of the district. The district was represented by Republican John Boehner, the 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. On September 25, 2015, Boehner announced his resignation from the speakership and retirement from Congress, which became effective on October 31, 2015.
The current representative for this district is Republican Warren Davidson, who defeated Democrat Corey Foister and Green Party candidate James J. Condit Jr. in the 2016 special election to fill Boehner's seat.
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Specific
General
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
08
Constituencies established in 1823
1823 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%208th%20congressional%20district |
In musical set theory, an interval vector is an array of natural numbers which summarize the intervals present in a set of pitch classes. (That is, a set of pitches where octaves are disregarded.) Other names include: ic vector (or interval-class vector), PIC vector (or pitch-class interval vector) and APIC vector (or absolute pitch-class interval vector, which Michiel Schuijer states is more proper.)
While primarily an analytic tool, interval vectors can also be useful for composers, as they quickly show the sound qualities that are created by different collections of pitch class. That is, sets with high concentrations of conventionally dissonant intervals (i.e., seconds and sevenths) sound more dissonant, while sets with higher numbers of conventionally consonant intervals (i.e., thirds and sixths) sound more consonant. While the actual perception of consonance and dissonance involves many contextual factors, such as register, an interval vector can nevertheless be a helpful tool.
Definition
In twelve-tone equal temperament, an interval vector has six digits, with each digit representing the number of times an interval class appears in the set. Because interval classes are used, the interval vector for a given set remains the same, regardless of the set's permutation or vertical arrangement. The interval classes designated by each digit ascend from left to right. That is:
minor seconds/major sevenths (1 or 11 semitones)
major seconds/minor sevenths (2 or 10 semitones)
minor thirds/major sixths (3 or 9 semitones)
major thirds/minor sixths (4 or 8 semitones)
perfect fourths/perfect fifths (5 or 7 semitones)
tritones (6 semitones) (The tritone is inversionally equivalent to itself.)
Interval class 0, representing unisons and octaves, is omitted.
In his 1960 book, The Harmonic Materials of Modern Music, Howard Hanson introduced a monomial method of notation for this concept, which he termed intervallic content: pemdnc.sbdatf for what would now be written . The modern notation, introduced by Allen Forte, has considerable advantages and is extendable to any equal division of the octave.
A scale whose interval vector has six unique digits is said to have the deep scale property. The major scale and its modes have this property.
For a practical example, the interval vector for a C major triad (3-11B) in the root position, {C E G} (), is . This means that the set has one major third or minor sixth (i.e. from C to E, or E to C), one minor third or major sixth (i.e. from E to G, or G to E), and one perfect fifth or perfect fourth (i.e. from C to G, or G to C). As the interval vector does not change with transposition or inversion, it belongs to the entire set class, meaning that is the vector of all major (and minor) triads. Some interval vectors correspond to more than one sets that cannot be transposed or inverted to produce the other. (These are called Z-related sets, explained below).
For a set of n pitch classes, the sum of all the numbers in the set's interval vector equals the triangular number Tn−1 = .
An expanded form of the interval vector is also used in transformation theory, as set out in David Lewin's Generalized Musical Intervals and Transformations.
Z-relation
In musical set theory, a Z-relation, also called isomeric relation, is a relation between two pitch class sets in which the two sets have the same intervallic content (and thus the same interval vector) but they are not transpositionally related (are of different Tn-type ) or inversionally related (are of different Tn/TnI-type). For example, the two sets 4-z15A {0,1,4,6} and 4-z29A {0,1,3,7} have the same interval vector but one can not transpose and/or invert the one set onto the other.
In the case of hexachords each may be referred to as a Z-hexachord. Any hexachord not of the "Z" type is its own complement while the complement of a Z-hexachord is its Z-correspondent, for example 6-Z3 and 6-Z36. See: 6-Z44, 6-Z17, 6-Z11, and Forte number.
The term, for "zygotic" (yoked or the fusion of two reproductive cells), originated with Allen Forte in 1964, but the notion seems to have first been considered by Howard Hanson. Hanson called this the isomeric relationship, and defined two such sets as isomeric. See: isomer.
According to Michiel Schuijer (2008), the hexachord theorem, that any two pitch-class complementary hexachords have the same interval vector, even if they are not equivalent under transposition and inversion, was first proposed by Milton Babbitt, and, "the discovery of the relation," was, "reported," by David Lewin in 1960 as an example of the complement theorem: that the difference between pitch-class intervals in two complementary pitch-class sets is equal to the difference between the cardinal number of the sets (given two hexachords, this difference is 0). Mathematical proofs of the hexachord theorem were published by Kassler (1961), Regener (1974), and Wilcox (1983).
Though it is commonly observed that Z-related sets always occur in pairs, David Lewin noted that this is a result of twelve-tone equal temperament (12-ET). In 16-ET, Z-related sets are found as triplets. Lewin's student Jonathan Wild continued this work for other tuning systems, finding Z-related tuplets with up to 16 members in higher ET systems.
The equivalence relationship of `having the same interval content', allowing the trivial isometric case, was initially studied in crystallography and is known as Homometry. For instance the complement theorem is known to physicists as Babinet's principle. For a recent survey see.
Straus argues, "[sets] in the Z-relation will sound similar because they have the same interval content," which has led certain composers to exploit the Z-relation in their work. For instance, the play between {0,1,4,6} and {0,1,3,7} is clear in Elliott Carter's Second String Quartet.
Multiplication
Some Z-related chords are connected by M or IM (multiplication by 5 or multiplication by 7), due to identical entries for 1 and 5 on the interval vector.
See also
Interval cycle
Pitch interval
Notes
References
Further reading
Rahn, John (1980). Basic Atonal Theory. New York: Longman. . Reprinted 1987, New York: Schirmer Books; London: Collier Macmillan. .
External links
Set classes and interval-class content
Introduction to Post-Functional Music Analysis: Post-Functional Theory Terminology, by Robert T. Kelley
Twentieth Century Pitch Theory: Some Useful Terms and Techniques
Musical set theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20vector |
Live Rounds in Tokyo is the first live album by Swedish metal band The Haunted, released in 2001. It was issued with their previous release The Haunted Made Me Do It. The Japanese version of the album excludes the song "Eclipse", as it was on their version of The Haunted Made Me Do It; instead right before "Hate Song" is "Blinded by Fear", which is an At the Gates cover, also making "Hate Song" the final track of that version.
Track listing
Tracks
Track 1 from Live Rounds in Tokyo
Tracks 2, 3, 5–7, 9, 11 & 13 from The Haunted Made Me Do It and track 17 from the reissue of that album
Tracks 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 & 14–16 from The Haunted
Personnel
Marco Aro – vocals
Anders Björler – lead guitar
Patrik Jensen – rhythm guitar
Jonas Björler – bass
Per Möller Jensen – drums
References
2001 live albums
Albums recorded at Akasaka Blitz
Live thrash metal albums
The Haunted (Swedish band) albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20Rounds%20in%20Tokyo |
William Targ (1907 – July 22, 1999) was an American book editor, well respected in the field of commercial publishing. He is known for publishing Mario Puzo's novel The Godfather while editor in chief of G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Life and career
Targ was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Russian Jewish immigrants, Esther (Silverman) and Meyer Torgownik. His name was originally William Torgownik. A high-school dropout with a passion for books and letterpress printing, Targ took a job as an office boy at Macmillan Publishers when he was 18. He opened his own bookstore at 22 in North Clark Street, Chicago.
Chapter XIII of The Vanishing Gold Truck, a 1941 novel by Harry Stephen Keeler, places Targ's bookstore at 335 South Dearborn St., and describes Targ as a "slender kindly looking young-appearing man, with blueblack hair brushed straight back from a high forehead, distinct green-brown eyes, and tweed suit." Keeler dubs the bookstore "Chicago’s one and only resort for so-called 'literati.'"
From 1942 to 1964 Targ worked as an editor for the World Publishing Company, eventually becoming editor-in-chief. He then moved to G.P. Putnam's Sons where, in 1968, he bought Puzo's novel for a $5000 advance. According to the New York Times, "'The Godfather' turned out to be the most profitable single novel ever published by Putnam's and the paperback rights were sold for more than $400,000."
Outside of the commercial realm, Targ was committed to the art of bookmanship and the ideals of the private press. After retiring from Putnam in 1978, he founded Targ Editions, a one-man operation he ran from his home in Greenwich Village. Targ sought to publish works by contemporary writers that had not been previously produced in book form. The twenty-five Targ Editions include works by Henry Roth, John Updike, Saul Bellow, Tennessee Williams, Isaac Asimov, Ray Bradbury, and Norman Mailer—each book a unique volume. As Targ wrote for his Targ Editions checklist: "Each of these books is individually designed (no two formats are alike) and they are produced by letter press and are hand-bound. The various printing papers are of high quality, and enduring—mainly of rag, and deckle-edged. The bindings are of pictorial or decorated boards, and or cloth over boards. Each book is signed by its author. The editions are limited to between 150 and 350 copies each." Copies of most of the Targ Editions volumes are housed in the Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University's (NYU) Bobst Library.
In his own Targ Editions volume, Abacus Now, William Targ wrote: "Print can be as beautiful as music; it has the power to move, it is as volatile as stage magic. As a typophile and bookman, now on my own, I look more closely into the genius and works of the men and women who enriched our lives with beautiful books. I observe closely the contemporary typographic scene, the people engaged with the magical 26 letters by which we live... I don't think the private press printer will save the world; but I think that if we are seeking the pure of heart and a wholesome commitment, such a person may be found more readily beside a hand press than, say, in an advertising agency or in the House of Representatives—or in City Hall." William Targ died on July 22, 1999, at the age of 92, in his Manhattan home. He was survived by his wife, Roslyn, of Manhattan, a literary agent; a son, Russell, of Palo Alto, California; two grandchildren, one of whom is Elisabeth Targ, and four great-grandchildren.
References
External links
NYU's Fales Library Guide to the Targ Editions Archive
Bobcat Use this library search engine to locate copies of Targ Editions volumes.
1907 births
1999 deaths
People from Chicago
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American book editors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Targ |
Dinkar Balwant Deodhar (14 January 1892 – 24 August 1993) was an Indian cricketer. He played first-class cricket from 1911 to 1948.
Cricket career
Deodhar was born in Poona (now Pune), British India. He was a professor of Sanskrit at Pune College.
Popularly known as the Grand Old Man of Indian Cricket, Deodhar was an aggressive right-hand batsman and a leg-break bowler. He captained Maharashtra in Ranji Trophy matches from 1939 to 1941. In his first-class career, he played 81 matches, scoring 4,522 runs at an average of 39.32 with a highest score of 246.
Deodhar was vice-president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India, the President of the Maharashtra Cricket Association, and also a national team selector. The Deodhar Trophy, a limited overs inter-zonal cricket tournament played in India since 1973, is named after him. In 1996, India Post issued a commemorative stamp in his honour. A statue of Deodhar was unveiled at Pune's Sahara cricket stadium in 2012.
Like Bill Ashdown, Deodhar is one of the few people known to have played first-class cricket both before the First World War and after the Second World War, having played in the Bombay Triangular in 1911 and the Ranji Trophy in 1946. In a Ranji Trophy game against Nawanagar in 1944, he scored centuries in both innings, helping his team win. He was aged 53 at the time.
He was awarded the Padma Shri award in 1965 and the Padma Bhushan in 1991 by the Indian Government. He was the first Indian first-class cricketer known to have lived to 100. Vasant Raiji became the second in 2020.
Personal life
India's former National Badminton Champions Tara Deodhar, Sunder Deodhar, and Suman Deodhar are his daughters.
Legacy
Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) named Deodhar Trophy, an annual domestic one-day cricket championship in his honour.
References
External links
1892 births
1993 deaths
Maharashtra cricketers
Indian cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Hindus cricketers
Indian centenarians
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in sports
Cricketers from Pune
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20B.%20Deodhar |
Ohio's 9th congressional district has been represented by Representative Marcy Kaptur (D) since 1983. It was one of five districts that would have voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential election had they existed in their current configuration while being won or held by a Democrat in 2022.
This district is located in the northwestern part of the state, bordering Michigan, Indiana, and Ontario, Canada (via Lake Erie), and includes all of Defiance, Williams, Fulton, Lucas, Ottawa, Sandusky, and Erie counties, and a portion of northern Wood County.
The previous iteration of the 9th district stretched along Lake Erie from Toledo to Cleveland, and was called "The Snake by the Lake" due to its long and skinny appearance on the map. It was named of the "Top 5 Ugliest Districts" due to gerrymandering. The two parts of the district were connected only via the Thomas Edison Memorial Bridge between Erie and Ottawa counties, as well as Crane Creek State Park. Some Ohio Democrats argued that when the beach floods, the district was not contiguous.
It was one of several districts challenged in a 2018 lawsuit seeking to overturn Ohio's congressional map as unconstitutional gerrymandering. According to the lawsuit, the 9th "eats its way across the southern border of Lake Erie" while fragmenting Cleveland and Toledo. In 2019, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case meaning that Ohio's congressional districts, including District 9, would not need to be redrawn.
Geography
All or part of ten cities (whose population is greater than 5,000) are in the district.
The largest municipalities represented in this district include:
Toledo, population 270,871
Sandusky, population 25,095
Perrysburg, population 25,041
Oregon, population 19,950
Sylvania, population 19,011
Fremont, population 15,930
Maumee, population 13,896
Election results from statewide races
Results under current lines (since 2023)
List of members representing the district
Election results
The following chart shows historic election results. Bold type indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
09
Constituencies established in 1823
1823 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%209th%20congressional%20district |
The epoophoron or epoöphoron (also called organ of Rosenmüller or the parovarium) is a remnant of the mesonephric tubules that can be found next to the ovary and fallopian tube.
Anatomy
It may contain 10–15 transverse small ducts or tubules that lead to the Gartner's duct (also longitudinal duct of epoophoron) that represents the caudal remnant of the mesonephric duct and passes through the broad ligament and the lateral wall of the cervix and vagina.
The epoophoron is a homologue to the epididymis in the male.
While the epoophoron is located in the lateral portion of the mesosalpinx and mesovarium, the paroophoron (residual remnant of that part of the mesonephric duct that forms the paradidymis in the male) lies more medially in the mesosalpinx.
Histology
It has a unique histological profile.
Clinical significance
Clinically the organ may give rise to a local paraovarian cyst or adenoma.
See also
List of homologues of the human reproductive system
Vesicular appendages of epoophoron
References
External links
Mammal female reproductive system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoophoron |
Ohio's 10th congressional district is represented by Representative Mike Turner (R). The district is based in southwestern Ohio and consists of Montgomery County, Greene County, and a portion of Clark County.
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows historic election results. Bold type indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
Recent statewide election results
Results under current lines (since 2023)
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's 10th congressional district Democratic primary election 2008
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
10
Cuyahoga County, Ohio
Constituencies established in 1823
1823 establishments in Ohio
Dennis Kucinich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2010th%20congressional%20district |
Hattersheim am Main () is a town in the Main-Taunus district, Hesse (Germany) and part of the Frankfurt Rhein-Main urban area.
Geography
Neighbouring towns
Hattersheim borders the city of Frankfurt in the northeast, in the southeast with Kelsterbach, in the southwest with Raunheim (both are in the district of Groß-Gerau). The western neighboring towns are Flörsheim, Hofheim and Kriftel.
Town districts
In 1972 the villages of Okriftel und Eddersheim, both situated next to the river Main, were incorporated into Hattersheim. Since then the town has been called Hattersheim am Main. Hattersheim consists of three districts: Eddersheim, Hattersheim und Okriftel.
Eddersheim
4944 people lived here in 2004. There is a lock on the river Main near the village's center.
The engineer and inventor Anton Flettner was born in Eddersheim.
Okriftel
7561 people lived here in 2007. You can cross the river Main by ferry. The town on the other side of the river is Kelsterbach. The ferry boat operates in summer time on Sundays.
History
A former industrial chocolate production of Sarotti chocolate and the Sarotti-Moor (Mohr) took place in Hattersheim am Main. With the change of the majority stockholding, in 1929, the factory merged to Nestlé. The factory in Hattersheim was in the 1960s one of the biggest companies in Hattersheim and Main-Taunus district with a workforce up to 2,000 workers. The factory was closed down in 1994 and currently it was designated a historic site in Hesse.
Population
(as of 31 December)
1998 – 24,687
1999 – 24,756
2000 – 24,752
2001 – 24,858
2002 – 25,093
2003 – 25,059
2004 – 25,161
2019 – 27,674
Twin towns – sister cities
Hattersheim am Main is twinned with:
Mosonmagyaróvár, Hungary
Santa Catarina, Cape Verde
Sarcelles, France
Notable people
Anton Flettner (1885–1961), inventor
References
External links
(de/en/fr/hu)
Towns in Hesse
Main-Taunus-Kreis
Populated places on the Main basin
Populated riverside places in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattersheim%20am%20Main |
Several series, miniseries, and special issues of comic books based on the science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation have been published by DC Comics and their imprint, Wildstorm.
For more information, see Star Trek spin-off fiction.
Volume 1
The miniseries was later collected in 1995 as the trade paperback Star Trek: The Next Generation: Beginnings ().
Volume 2
Annuals
DC miniseries
Ill Wind
Hugh Fleming painted the covers to this series.
The Modala Imperative
Sequel to series of the same name set during TOS.
Shadowheart
Star Trek: The Next Generation/Deep Space Nine
Crossover with Malibu Comics.
DC specials
DC one-shots
Series finale adaptation
Wildstorm miniseries
Perchance to Dream
This series, which features covers by Timothy Bradstreet, takes place between "All Good Things..." and Generations.
The Killing Shadows
All have cover art by Andrew Currie with Bryan Hitch and John Stanisci. Edited by Jeff Marriotte. Takes place after "First Contact".
Wildstorm one-shots
Embrace the Wolf
Takes place on Stardate 47319.2
Forgiveness
Produced in hardcover () and softcover () editions.
The Gorn Crisis
Produced in hardcover () and softcover () editions.
Wildstorm compilations
Enemy Unseen
Star Trek: The Next Generation: Enemy Unseen, first printed in 2001 (), contains mini-series Perchance to Dream and The Killing Shadows, and one-shot "Embrace the Wolf". The book features a painted cover by Drew Struzan, is edited by Jeff Marriotte and designed by Amber Bennett.
References
External links
Star Trek Comics Checklist
Next Generation
Star Trek The Next Generation
DC Comics titles
WildStorm titles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20comic%20books%20based%20on%20Star%20Trek%3A%20The%20Next%20Generation |
Ohio's 12th congressional district is a United States congressional district in central Ohio, covering Athens County, Coshocton County, Fairfield County, Guernsey County, Knox County, Licking County, Morgan County, Muskingum County and Perry County along with parts of Delaware, Holmes and Tuscarawas counties. The district includes communities east of Columbus including Zanesville, Cambridge, and Mount Vernon. It is currently represented by Troy Balderson, a member of the Republican Party. Balderson took office following a special election held on August 7, 2018, to replace Rep. Pat Tiberi, who had resigned on January 15, 2018. Balderson was then re-elected in the 2018 general election two months later.
From 2003 to 2013 the district included eastern Columbus, including most of its heavily African-American neighborhoods. The district also took in most of its northern suburbs, including Westerville. It was one of two districts that split the state's capital city, the other being the 15th District. For most of the time from the 1980s to the 2000s, it was considered to be less Republican than the 15th, in part due to its large black population. However, redistricting after the 2010 census drew nearly all of the 15th's black constituents into the 3rd District, while the 15th was pushed into more exurban and Republican areas north and east of the capital.
It has been in Republican hands since 1920, except for an eight-year stretch in the 1930s and a two-year term in 1980 where the Democratic Party held the seat; in both instances the Democratic incumbent was later defeated by a GOP challenger. In the 2004 presidential election George W. Bush narrowly won the district against John Kerry, 51% to 49%. However, in the 2008 presidential election, Democratic candidate Barack Obama won the 12th district by a margin of 53% to 46%. After the 2011 redistricting cycle, the district has since been won in larger margins by Republican presidential candidates.
In the 2018 special election, Balderson was endorsed by prominent Republicans including President Donald Trump, Governor of Ohio John Kasich (who represented the 12th from 1983 to 2001), and former Rep. Tiberi. The Democratic candidate was Danny O'Connor. The winner was not immediately clear following the unexpectedly competitive August 7 election. Only on August 24 was Balderson officially declared the winner of the special election, which witnessed a significant swing away from the Republican Party as Balderson won with a margin of less than 1%, while fellow Republican Trump had carried the district by 11% in the 2016 presidential election. In 2020 the district swung heavily back to the Republicans as Balderson won by over 14%.
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows historic election results.
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
12
Constituencies established in 1823
1823 establishments in Ohio
John Kasich | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2012th%20congressional%20district |
The Anicuns Microregion is a geographical division in the state of Goiás, Brazil. It is made up of 13 municipalities located around Anicuns, a municipality west of Goiânia.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
See also
Microregions of Goiás
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Anicuns |
Pierre Gaxotte (19 November 1895 – 21 November 1982) was a French historian.
Gaxotte was born in Revigny-sur-Ornain, Meuse. He began his career as a history teacher at the Lycée Charlemagne and later worked as a columnist for Le Figaro. Over the course of his life he authored numerous historical studies, and was elected to the Académie française in 1953.
He is famous for his critical vision of the French Revolution, notably in The French Revolution (1928), and for his rehabilitation of the French 18th century (Louis XV's Century, 1933). He is also known as a far-right-wing journalist of the Entre-deux-Guerres period, with links to the Action française and the newspaper Je suis partout.
Works in English translation
The French Revolution, C. Scribner's Sons, 1932.
Louis XV and His Times, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1934.
Frederick the Great, G. Bell and Sons, 1941 [Rep. by Yale University Press, 1942; Greenwood Press, 1975].
The Age of Louis XIV, Macmillan, 1970.
References
1895 births
1982 deaths
People from Meuse (department)
French monarchists
People affiliated with Action Française
Members of the Académie Française
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Historians of the French Revolution
French anti-communists
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French historians
20th-century French male writers
Le Figaro people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Gaxotte |
A solenoid voltmeter is a specific type of voltmeter electricians use to test electrical power circuits. It uses a solenoid coil to attract a spring-loaded plunger; the movement of the plunger is calibrated in terms of approximate voltage. It is more rugged than a D'arsonval movement, but neither as sensitive nor as precise.
Wiggy is the registered trademark for a common solenoid voltmeter used in North America derived from a device patent assigned to the Wigginton Company, US patent number 1,538,906.
Operation
Rather than using a D'Arsonval movement or digital electronics, the solenoid voltmeter simply uses a spring-loaded solenoid carrying a pointer (it might also be described as a form of moving iron meter). Greater voltage creates more magnetism pulling the solenoid's core in further against the spring loading, moving the pointer. A short scale converts the pointer's movement into the voltage reading. Solenoid voltmeters usually have a scale on each side of the pointer; one is calibrated for alternating current and one is calibrated for direct current. Only one "range" is provided and it usually extends from zero to about 600 volts.
A small permanent magnet rotor is usually mounted at the top of the meter. For DC, this magnet flips one way or the other, indicating by the exposed color (red or black) which lead is connected to positive. For AC, the rotor simply vibrates, indicating that the meter is connected to an AC circuit. Another form of tester uses a miniature neon lamp; the negative electrode glows, indicating polarity on DC circuits, or both electrodes glow, indicating AC.
Models made by some manufacturers include continuity test lights, which are energized by a battery within the tester. This is particularly advantageous when testing, for example, fuses in live circuits, since no switching is required to change from continuity mode to voltage detecting mode.
Comparison with moving coil meters
Solenoid voltmeters are extremely rugged and not very susceptible to damage through either rough handling or electrical overload, compared with more delicate but more precise instruments of the moving-coil D'arsonval type
For "go/no go" testing, there is no need to read the scale as application of AC power creates a perceivable vibration and sound within the meter. This feature makes the tester very handy in noisy, poorly illuminated, or very bright surroundings. The meter can be felt, the more it jumps the higher the voltage.
Solenoid voltmeters draw appreciable current in operation. When testing power supply circuits, a high-impedance connection (that is, a nearly open-circuit fault such as a burned switch contact or wire joint) in the power path might still allow enough voltage/current through to register on a high-impedance digital voltmeter, but it probably can't actuate the solenoid voltmeter. For use with high impedance circuit applications, however, they are not so good, as they draw appreciable current and therefore alter the voltage being measured. They can be used to test residual-current devices (GFCIs) because the current drawn trips most RCDs when the solenoid voltmeter is connected between the live and earth conductors.
Some manufacturers include a continuity test lamp function in a solenoid meter; these use the same probes as the voltage test function. This feature is useful when testing the status of contacts in energized circuits. The continuity light displays if the contact is closed, and the solenoid voltmeter shows voltage presence if open (and energized).
In contrast to multimeters, solenoid voltmeters have no other built-in functions (such as the ability to act as an ammeter, ohmmeter, or capacitance meter); they are just simple, easy-to-use power voltmeters. Solenoid voltmeters are useless on low-voltage circuits (for example, 12 volt circuits). The basic range of the voltmeter starts at around 90V (AC or DC).
Solenoid voltmeters are not precise. For example, there would be no reliably perceptible difference in the reading between 220 VAC and 240 VAC.
They are meant for intermittent operation. They draw a moderate amount of power from the circuit under test and can overheat if used for continuous monitoring.
The low impedance and low sensitivity of the tester may not show high-impedance connections to a voltage source, which can still source enough current to cause a shock hazard.
See also
Test light
Continuity tester
References
External links
All About Wiggy
Voltmeters
Electrical test equipment | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid%20voltmeter |
The 13th congressional district of Ohio is represented by Representative Emilia Sykes. Due to reapportionment following the 2010 United States census, Ohio lost its 17th and 18th congressional districts, necessitating redrawing of district lines. Following the 2012 elections, the 13th district changed to take in much of the territory in the former 17th district, including the city of Youngstown and areas east of Akron.
It was one of several districts challenged in a 2018 lawsuit seeking to overturn Ohio's congressional map as an unconstitutional gerrymander. According to the lawsuit, the 13th resembles a "jigsaw puzzle piece" that reaches out to grab the portion of Akron not taken in by the Cleveland-based 11th district.
From 2003 to 2013, the district ran from Lorain to include part of Akron, also taking in the suburban areas in between.
In the 2020 redistricting cycle, Ohio lost its 16th congressional district and this district was redrawn to include all of Summit County and parts of Stark and Portage County including Canton, North Canton and parts of Massillon, while Youngstown was removed from the district.
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows historic election results since 1920.
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Democratic
! Republican
! Other
|-
| 1920
| Alfred Waggoner: 26,646
| James T. Begg (Incumbent): 48,416
|
|-
| 1922
| Arthur W. Overmyer: 30,199
| James T. Begg (Incumbent): 38,994
|
|-
| 1924
| John Dreitzler: 27,623
| James T. Begg (Incumbent): 45,307
|
|-
| 1926
| G. C. Steineman: 19,571
| James T. Begg (Incumbent): 36,444
|
|-
| 1928
| William C. Martin: 34,015
| Joe E. Baird: 54,174
|
|-
| 1930
| William L. Fiesinger: 35,199
| Joe E. Baird (Incumbent): 35,199
|
|-
| 1932
| William L. Fiesinger (Incumbent): 56,070
| Walter E. Kruger: 39,122
|
|-
| 1934
| William L. Fiesinger (Incumbent): 43,617
| Walter E. Kruger: 35,889
| Charles C. Few: 764
|-
| 1936
| Forrest R. Black: 39,042
| Dudley A. White: 46,623
| Merrell E. Martin: 12,959
|-
| 1938
| William L. Fiesinger: 24,749
| Dudley A. White (Incumbent): 56,204
|
|-
| 1940
| Werner S. Haslinger: 40,274
| A. David Baumhart Jr.: 62,442
|
|-
| 1942
| E. C. Alexander: 23,618
| Alvin F. Weichel: 37,923
|
|-
| 1944
|
| Alvin F. Weichel (Incumbent): 67,298
|
|-
| 1946
| Frank W. Thomas: 19,237
| Alvin F. Weichel (Incumbent): 49,725
|
|-
| 1948
| Dwight A. Blackmore: 38,264
| Alvin F. Weichel (Incumbent): 55,408
|
|-
| 1950
| Dwight A. Blackmore: 24,042
| Alvin F. Weichel (Incumbent): 58,484
|
|-
| 1952
| George C. Steinemann: 44,467
| Alvin F. Weichel (Incumbent): 63,344
|
|-
| 1954
| George C. Steinemann: 32,177
| A. David Baumhart Jr.: 56,524
|
|-
| 1956
| J. P. Henderson: 32,900
| A. David Baumhart Jr. (Incumbent): 79,324
|
|-
| 1958
| J. William McCray: 45,390
| A. David Baumhart Jr. (Incumbent): 65,169
|
|-
| 1960
| J. William McCray: 69,033
| Charles A. Mosher: 73,100
|
|-
| 1962
| J. Grant Keys: 52,030
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 63,858
|
|-
| 1964
| Louis Frey: 62,780
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 75,945
|
|-
| 1966
| Thomas E. Wolfe: 36,751
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 69,862
|
|-
| 1968
| Adrian F. Betleski: 59,864
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 97,158
|
|-
| 1970
| Joseph J. Bartolomeo: 53,271
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 85,858
|
|-
| 1972
| John M. Ryan: 51,991
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 111,242
|
|-
| 1974
| Fred M. Ritenauer: 53,766
| Charles A. Mosher (Incumbent): 72,881
|
|-
| 1976
| Don Pease: 108,061
| Woodrow W. Mathna: 49,828
| Patricia A. Cortez: 5,794
|-
| 1978
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 80,875
| Mark W. Whitfield: 43,269
|
|-
| 1980
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 113,439
| David Earl Armstrong: 64,296
|
|-
| 1982
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 92,296
| Timothy Paul Martin: 53,376
| James S. Patton: 5,053
|-
| 1984
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 131,923
| William G. Schaffner: 59,610
| Other: 7,223
|-
| 1986
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 88,612
| William D. Nielsen Jr.: 52,452
|
|-
| 1988
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 137,074
| Dwight Brown: 59,287
|
|-
| 1990
| Don Pease (Incumbent): 93,431
| William D. Nielsen Jr.: 60,925
| John Michael Ryan: 10,506
|-
| 1992
| Sherrod Brown: 134,486
| Margaret R. Mueller: 88,889
| Mark Miller: 20,320Tom Lawson: 4,719Werner J. Lange: 3,844
|-
| 1994
| Sherrod Brown (Incumbent): 93,147
| Gregory A. White: 86,422
| Howard Mason: 7,777John Michael Ryan: 2,430
|-
| 1996
| Sherrod Brown (Incumbent): 148,690
| Kenneth C. Blair Jr.: 87,108
| David C. Kluter (N): 8,707
|-
| 1998
| Sherrod Brown (Incumbent): 116,309
| Grace L. Drake: 72,666
|
|-
| 2000
| Sherrod Brown (Incumbent): 170,058
| Rick H. Jeric: 84,295
| Michael A. Chmura (L): 5,837David C. Kluter (N): 3,108
|-
| 2002
| Sherrod Brown (Incumbent): 123,025
| Ed Oliveros: 55,357
|
|-
| 2004
| Sherrod Brown (Incumbent): 196,139
| Robert Lucas: 95,025
|
|-
| 2006
| Betty Sutton: 135,639
| Craig L. Foltin: 85,922
|
|-
| 2008
| Betty Sutton (Incumbent): 189,542
| David Potter: 104,066
| Robert Crow: 37
|-
| 2010
| Betty Sutton (Incumbent): 118,806
| Tom Ganley: 94,367
|
|-
| 2012
| Tim Ryan : 235,492
| Marisha Agana : 88,120
|
|-
| 2014
| Tim Ryan (Incumbent): 120,230
| Thomas Pekarek: 55,233
| David Allen Pastorius (write-in): 86
|-
| 2016
| Tim Ryan (Incumbent): 208,610
| Richard A. Morckel: 99,377
| Calvin Hill Sr. (write-in): 17
|-
| 2018
| Tim Ryan (Incumbent): 153,323
| Chris DePizzo: 98,047
|
|-
| 2020
| Tim Ryan (Incumbent): 173,631
| Christina Hagan: 148,648
| Michael Fricke: 8,522
|-
|2022
| Emilia Sykes: 149,816
|Madison Gesiotto Gilbert: 134,593
|
|}
Recent election results from statewide races
Results under current lines (since 2023)''
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
13
Constituencies established in 1823
1823 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2013th%20congressional%20district |
Wiggy may refer to:
Nickname:
Wayne Dover (born 1973), Guyanese football player and manager
Tim Selwood (born 1944), English retired cricketer
Ty Wigginton (born 1977), American former Major League Baseball player
Entertainment:
a regular sketch in the 1990s UK comedy series Canned Carrott
the stage name of the Shaggy Man's brother, a character in L. Frank Baum's Oz books
a character in the American animated TV series The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show
Other uses:
a registered trademark for a common solenoid voltmeter used in North America
See also
"Da Wiggy", a song by Heltah Skeltah from their 1996 album Nocturnal
"Wiggy Wiggy", a song by SPM from his 1999 album The 3rd Wish: To Rock the World
Nicknames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiggy |
Juan José Rafael Teodomiro de O'Donojú y O'Ryan (, 30 July 1762 – 8 October 1821) was a Spanish-Irish military officer, diplomat and Viceroy of New Spain from 21 July 1821 to 28 September 1821 during the Mexican War of Independence, he was the last viceroy of New Spain.
He was appointed viceroy during the last stages of the Mexican War of Independence with the hopes of accommodating the Mexican independence movement, but upon his arrival to New Spain in August, 1821 O’Donoju found that the overwhelming majority of the nation had already been lost. He officially recognized Mexican independence through the Treaty of Córdoba, but died of pleurisy shortly after. His recognition of Mexican independence was disowned by the Spanish government which would not officially recognize the Mexican government until 1836.
Early life
O'Donojú was born in Seville and was of Irish descent. O'Donojú was the third of five siblings conceived in the second marriage of his father, Richard Dunphy O'Donnohue; with Alicia O'Ryan.
Prior to the birth of O'Donojú, both of his paternal and maternal families had immigrated to Spain in the 1720s, fleeing the anti-Catholic Penal Laws which had been instituted in the Kingdom of Ireland by the Protestant Ascendancy.
Military career
He joined the army at a young age and served with distinction in the Peninsular War.
O'Donoju was the Chief of Staff to General Gregorio García de la Cuesta during the Battle of Talavera (27 and 28 July 1809). On 11 July 1809, O'Donojú served as an interpreter between Cuesta and the British commander, Lieutenant-General Sir Arthur Wellesley (later created, in May 1814, The 1st Duke of Wellington), as the two met to make their campaign plans. The meeting was somewhat strained as Cuesta answered many of Wellesley's questions with a simple "yes" or "no" which O'Donojú tactfully explained.
He was promoted on campaign merits until reaching the rank of Lieutenant General. He managed to reach Cádiz, which it was the only Spanish city free from French occupation.
In 1814, O'Donoju was named Minister of War by the Regency. With the return of Ferdinand VII, he became aide de camp to the king.
O'Donoju was a friend of the liberal rebel Rafael del Riego. In 1820, at the time of the re-establishment of the Spanish Constitution of 1812, O'Donoju was the captain general of Andalusia. O'Donoju reached the rank of lieutenant general and was a high officer in the Spanish Freemasons. In 1821, the Cortes Generales appointed him captain general and "jefe político superior", which gave him the authority (but not the official title) of the former viceroys. At the time O'Donojú left for New Spain, the Cortes was considering to greatly expand the autonomy granted to the overseas Spanish possessions according to the restored constitution.
Viceroy of New Spain
Appointment
His appointment to the viceregality has been attributed to the influence of the Mexican deputies then representing New Spain in the Cortes in accordance with the Constitution of 1812. The influence of Miguel Ramos Arizpe has especially been noted. His appointment has also been attributed to the Spanish liberals who had chosen O’Donoju with the hopes that his liberal principles could help extinguish the Mexican movement for independence.
Arrival in New Spain
Juan O'Donojú arrived in Veracruz on the ship the Asia on August 3, 1821. Upon his arrival however he found that the overwhelming majority of the country was in the hands of the revolutionaries. Only the garrisons of Mexico City, Veracruz, and Acapulco remained loyal to Spain. He was faced with the choice of either leaving the country immediately or attempting to come to some sort of arrangement with the rebels. He released a manifesto upholding the liberalism then reigning in Spain, and asked for Mexicans to send their grievances to the Spanish Cortes which was already working on elevating New Spain to a new level of autonomy, which could include electing their own leader.
He entered into friendly communications with colonel Santa Anna, head of the garrison at Veracruz, and arranged an agreement on August 5 for the Spanish officials to enter the city on friendly terms. He then sent commissioners to Agustín de Iturbide inviting him to a conference, which was agreed to take place at the villa of Córdoba. He was glad to leave Veracruz as two of his nephews had contracted and died from yellow fever, known to be endemic to the port. Santa Anna escorted him as far as Jalapa, by orders of Iturbide.
Recognition of Mexican Independence
With Iturbide he signed the Treaty of Córdoba, granting official Spanish sanction to the Plan of Iguala, with Iturbide slightly altering the condition that the monarch which was to be chosen for Mexico did not need to be a member of the Spanish royal family. The Spanish governor of Veracruz, Jose Dávila did not agree with such arrangements and resolved to retreat to the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa to hold his ground. The Spanish major general Francisco Novella in Mexico City also refused to recognize the Treaty of Cordoba, but he was reluctantly forced to abandon the capital with the Spanish expeditionary troops.
O'Donojú entered Mexico City on the afternoon of September 26, and dined with the Ayuntamiento before housing himself at the Casa de Moncada. On September 27, he received Iturbide at the National Palace, and went out with him to the main balcony to watch the entrance of the Army of the Three Guarantees. On September 28 he presented himself at the main hall of the palace to install the provisional governmental junta, and he signed the act of independence.
Death
Shortly after he caught pleurisy which worsened to the point where he was administered the Last Rites on the night of October 7. He died the following day in the afternoon.
See also
List of heads of state of Mexico
Notes
References
"Juan O'Donojú", in Enciclopedia de México, vol. 10 (Mexico City, 1987).
García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, vol. 1 (Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984).
Orozco L., Fernando, Fechas Históricas de México (Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1988), .
Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México( Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985), .
1762 births
1821 deaths
1821 in Mexico
1821 in New Spain
Mexican independence activists
Mexican people of Irish descent
People from Seville
Spanish generals
Spanish military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Spanish people of Irish descent
Viceroys of New Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20O%27Donoj%C3%BA |
is a Japanese stage and film actor.
He began work with the Tokyo Sunshine Boys in 1983, and since then has performed in a variety of roles mostly in television dramas.
Filmography
Film
The Uchōten Hotel (2006)
The Magic Hour (2008)
The Kiyosu Conference (2013), Takigawa Kazumasu
Galaxy Turnpike (2015), Captain Tchiyama
Fukushima 50 (2020)
Television
Gokusen (2002), Kozo Wakamatsu
Gokusen 2 (2005), Kozo Wakamatsu
Gal Circle (2006), George
Gokusen 3 (2008), Kozo Wakamatsu
Wagaya no Rekishi (2010), Manager of Nagayouru
Sanada Maru (2016), Chōsokabe Morichika
The 13 Lords of the Shogun (2022), Doi Sanehira
References
External links
Official Page
profile page
1962 births
Japanese male actors
Living people
People from Ōita Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji%20Anan |
The Marans, , is a French breed of dual-purpose chicken, reared both for meat and for its dark brown eggs. It originated in or near the port town of Marans, in the département of Charente-Maritime, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
The eggs are of a rich brown, varying from mahogany to chocolate; only one other chicken breed, the Penedesenca of Catalonia, has such a dark egg.
History
The Marans originated in – and is named for – the town of Marans, in the département of Charente-Maritime, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
It was created with the local feral chickens descended from fighting game chickens carried from Indonesia and India. Those original Marandaise fowl were "improved" for the table through recombination with imported Croad Langshans.
It was first shown in La Rochelle in 1914 under the name or 'local chicken'. A breed society was formed in 1929, and in 1931 the first breed standard was drawn up.
Several clutches of fertile eggs were imported to the United Kingdom in or soon after 1929 by Charles Kelvynge Greenway, the second Baron Greenway, and some were hatched. However, it is not certain that the Marans – with unfeathered shanks – shown by Lord Greenway at the Crystal Palace in 1934 descended even partly from this French stock. According to the Poultry Club of Great Britain, the British Marans derives from cross-breeding of a variety of breeds including the Braekel, the Coucou de Malines, the Coucou de Rennes, the Croad Langshan, the Gâtinaise, the Faverolles and the barred Plymouth Rock. It may be a distinct breed, unconnected to the French Marans.
Characteristics
Ten colours are recognised in the French breed standard for large fowl: white, wheaten, silver cuckoo, golden cuckoo, black, copper-black, silver-black, copper-blue, black-tailed buff and Columbian. Bantam colours are black, white, copper-black and silver cuckoo. Fourteen colours are listed by the Entente Européenne. The British type, with unfeathered legs, is not recognised in France.
In the United Kingdom five colours are recognised: black, dark cuckoo, golden cuckoo and silver cuckoo, with unfeathered shanks; and copper-black, with feathered shanks.
They should have orange eyes. The shanks are usually slate or pink, the soles of the feet should always be white as Marans have white skin, not yellow. Though the original Marans could also be feather-legged birds, British breeders preferred the clean-legged version, and thus feather-legged Marans are now mainly found in France and the United States. The Australian Poultry Standard recognises both feather- and clean-legged. The American Poultry Association only recognises feather-legged.
Use
Marans hens lay around 150–200 dark brown eggs each year depending on the variety. Marans are historically a dual-purpose bird, prized not only for their dark eggs but for their table qualities as well.
References
Chicken breeds
Chicken breeds originating in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marans |
The 14th congressional district of Ohio is in the far northeast corner of the state, bordering Lake Erie and Pennsylvania. It is currently represented in the United States House of Representatives by Republican Dave Joyce.
As defined in January 2023, it contains all of Ashtabula, Lake, Trumbull and Geauga counties, and nearly all of Portage county.
Recent election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows historic election results.
"√" indicates victor
"(inc.)" indicates incumbent
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
14
1823 establishments in Ohio
Constituencies established in 1823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2014th%20congressional%20district |
The 15th congressional district of Ohio is currently represented by Republican Mike Carey. It was represented by Republican Steve Stivers from 2011 until May 16, 2021, when he resigned to become president and CEO of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce. The district includes all of Franklin County that is not in the 3rd district, including Grove City, Hilliard, and Dublin. It then fans out to grab suburban and exurban territory between the state capital Columbus and Dayton, along with more rural territory south of Columbus.
Election results from statewide races
List of members representing the district
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|- style="height:3em"
! Member
! Party
! Year(s)
! Congress
! Electoral history
|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=5 |District established March 4, 1833
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Jonathan Sloane
| | Anti-Masonic
| nowrap | March 4, 1833 –March 3, 1837
|
| Elected in 1832.Re-elected in 1834.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | John William Allen
| | Whig
| nowrap | March 4, 1837 –March 3, 1841
|
| Elected in 1836.Re-elected in 1838.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Sherlock J. Andrews
| | Whig
| nowrap | March 4, 1841 –March 3, 1843
|
| Elected in 1840.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Joseph Morris
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1843 –March 3, 1847
|
| Elected in 1843.Re-elected in 1844.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | William Kennon Jr.
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1847 –March 3, 1849
|
| Elected in 1846.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | William F. Hunter
| | Whig
| nowrap | March 4, 1849 –March 3, 1853
|
| Elected in 1848.Re-elected in 1850.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| rowspan=2 align=left | William R. Sapp
| | Whig
| nowrap | March 4, 1853 –March 3, 1855
| rowspan=2 |
| rowspan=2 | Elected in 1852.Re-elected in 1854.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| | Opposition
| nowrap | March 4, 1855 –March 3, 1857
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Joseph Burns
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1857 –March 3, 1859
|
| Elected in 1856.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | William Helmick
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1859 –March 3, 1861
|
| Elected in 1858.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Robert H. Nugen
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1861 –March 3, 1863
|
| Elected in 1860.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | James R. Morris
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1863 –March 3, 1865
|
| Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1862.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Tobias A. Plants
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1865 –March 3, 1869
|
| Elected in 1864.Re-elected in 1866.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Eliakim H. Moore
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1869 –March 3, 1871
|
| Elected in 1868.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | William P. Sprague
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1871 –March 3, 1875
|
| Elected in 1870.Re-elected in 1872.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Nelson H. Van Vorhes
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1875 –March 3, 1879
|
| Elected in 1874.Re-elected in 1876.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | George W. Geddes
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1879 –March 3, 1881
|
| Elected in 1878.Redistricted to the .
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Rufus Dawes
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1881 –March 3, 1883
|
| Elected in 1880.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Adoniram J. Warner
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1883 –March 3, 1885
|
| Elected in 1882.Redistricted to the .
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Beriah Wilkins
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1885 –March 3, 1887
|
| Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1884.Redistricted to the .
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Charles H. Grosvenor
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1887 –March 3, 1891
|
| Redistricted from the and re-elected in 1886.Re-elected in 1888.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Michael D. Harter
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1891 –March 3, 1893
|
| Elected in 1890.Redistricted to the .
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | H. Clay Van Voorhis
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1905
|
| Elected in 1892.Re-elected in 1894.Re-elected in 1896.Re-elected in 1898.Re-elected in 1900.Re-elected in 1902.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Beman G. Dawes
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1905 –March 3, 1909
|
| Elected in 1904.Re-elected in 1906.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | James Joyce
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1909 –March 3, 1911
|
| Elected in 1908.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | George White
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1911 –March 3, 1915
|
| Elected in 1910.Re-elected in 1912.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | William C. Mooney
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1915 –March 3, 1917
|
| Elected in 1914.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | George White
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1917 –March 3, 1919
|
| Elected in 1916.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | C. Ellis Moore
| | Republican
| nowrap | March 4, 1919 –March 3, 1933
|
| Elected in 1918.Re-elected in 1920.Re-elected in 1922.Re-elected in 1924.Re-elected in 1926.Re-elected in 1928.Re-elected in 1930.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Robert T. Secrest
| | Democratic
| nowrap | March 4, 1933 –August 3, 1942
|
| Elected in 1932.Re-elected in 1934.Re-elected in 1936.Re-elected in 1938.Re-elected in 1940.Resigned to enter the U.S. Navy.
|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=2 | Vacant
| nowrap | August 3, 1942 –January 3, 1943
|
|
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Percy W. Griffiths
| | Republican
| nowrap | January 3, 1943 –January 3, 1949
|
| Elected in 1942.Re-elected in 1944.Re-elected in 1946.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Robert T. Secrest
| | Democratic
| nowrap | January 3, 1949 –September 26, 1954
|
| Elected in 1948.Re-elected in 1950.Re-elected in 1952.Resigned to become a member ofthe Federal Trade Commission.
|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=2 | Vacant
| nowrap | September 26, 1954 –January 3, 1955
|
|
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | John E. Henderson
| | Republican
| nowrap | January 3, 1955 –January 3, 1961
|
| Elected in 1954.Re-elected in 1956.Re-elected in 1958.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Tom V. Moorehead
| | Republican
| nowrap | January 3, 1961 –January 3, 1963
|
| Elected in 1960.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Robert T. Secrest
| | Democratic
| nowrap | January 3, 1963 –December 30, 1966
|
| Elected in 1962.Re-elected in 1964.Resigned.
|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=2 | Vacant
| nowrap | December 30, 1966 –January 3, 1967
|
|
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Chalmers P. Wylie
| | Republican
| nowrap | January 3, 1967 –January 3, 1993
|
| Elected in 1966.Re-elected in 1968.Re-elected in 1970.Re-elected in 1972.Re-elected in 1974.Re-elected in 1976.Re-elected in 1978.Re-elected in 1980.Re-elected in 1982.Re-elected in 1984.Re-elected in 1986.Re-elected in 1988.Re-elected in 1990.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Deborah Pryce
| | Republican
| nowrap | January 3, 1993 –January 3, 2009
|
| Elected in 1992.Re-elected in 1994.Re-elected in 1996.Re-elected in 1998.Re-elected in 2000.Re-elected in 2002.Re-elected in 2004.Re-elected in 2006.Retired.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Mary Jo Kilroy
| | Democratic
| nowrap | January 3, 2009 –January 3, 2011
|
| Elected in 2008.Lost re-election.
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Steve Stivers
| | Republican
| nowrap | January 3, 2011 –May 16, 2021
|
| Elected in 2010.Re-elected in 2012.Re-elected in 2014.Re-elected in 2016.Re-elected in 2018.Re-elected in 2020.Resigned to become CEO of the Ohio Chamber of Commerce.
|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=2 | Vacant
| nowrap | May 16, 2021 –November 4, 2021
| rowspan=1 |
|
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | Mike Carey
| | Republican
| nowrap | November 4, 2021 –present
|
| Elected to finish Stivers's term.Re-elected in 2022.
|}
Election results
The following chart shows historic election results. Bold type' indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
Historical district boundaries
In popular culture
The character Deanna Monroe, from AMC's The Walking Dead'' was a former congresswoman from Ohio's 15th congressional district.
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Sources
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
15
Constituencies established in 1833
1833 establishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2015th%20congressional%20district |
The 16th congressional district of Ohio is an obsolete United States congressional district last represented by Representative Anthony Gonzalez (R). It was last located in the northeast of the state, covering Wayne County and with arms extending north into the suburbs of Cleveland, and east into Greater Akron and Stark County. The district was eliminated upon the swearing in of the 118th United States Congress on January 3, 2023, as the reapportionment after the 2020 census reduced the number of congressional districts in Ohio to fifteen.
History
From 2003 to 2013, the district was based in Stark County and the Canton area, and also included Wayne County and most of Medina and Ashland counties. It also includes some rural communities east of Akron, as well as some of the western suburbs of Cleveland.
On November 2, 2010, Democrat John Boccieri lost his bid for a second term to Republican Jim Renacci, who was seated in January 2011. In January 2018, Renacci announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate. Anthony Gonzalez was elected on November 6 to succeed him.
Election results from presidential races
List of members representing the district
Election results
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
The following chart shows historic election results. Bold type indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
Historical district boundaries
See also
Ohio's congressional districts
List of United States congressional districts
References
Specific
General
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
16
Constituencies established in 1833
1833 establishments in Ohio
Constituencies disestablished in 2023
2023 disestablishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2016th%20congressional%20district |
Adolf Meyer (17 June 1881, 14 July 1929, the Island of ) was a German architect.
A student and employee of both Bruno Paul and Peter Behrens, Meyer became the office boss of the firm of Walter Gropius around 1915 and a full partner afterwards. In 1919, Gropius appointed Meyer as a master at the Bauhaus, where he taught work drawing and construction technique. Meyer is also credited as co-designer of the Gropius entry for the 1922 Chicago Tribune Tower competition.
From 1926, he practiced as an architect in the New Frankfurt project.
Literature
Susan R. Henderson. "Building Culture: Ernst May and the New Frankfurt Initiative, 19261931." Peter Lang, 2013.
References
External links
Biography and photo at Bauhaus (in German)
1881 births
1929 deaths
People from Mechernich
People from the Rhine Province
20th-century German architects
Modernist architects
Academic staff of the Bauhaus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf%20Meyer%20%28architect%29 |
Leif Jörgen Arvidsson Sevón (born 31 October 1941) is a Finland-Swedish jurist and judge.
Biography
Sevón holds a Licentiate in Laws degree from the University of Helsinki. His positions include a directorate at the Ministry of Justice, the presidency of the EFTA Court, a seat in the European Court of Justice, and an advisory position at the Ministry of Foreign Affair's Trade Directorate. He left the European Court in 2002 after his appointment as President of the Supreme Court of Finland. In 2005 he retired from the presidency of the Supreme Court.
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
References
NEW FINNISH JUDGE AT THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. European Court of Justice. Accessed 2011-01-05.
Pauliine Koskelo named new President of Finnish Supreme Court. Helsingin Sanomat, 2005-12-23. Accessed 2011-01-05.
1941 births
Living people
20th-century Finnish judges
European Court of Justice judges
European Free Trade Association
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class
Finnish judges of international courts and tribunals
21st-century Finnish judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leif%20Sev%C3%B3n |
The Aragarças Microregion is a geographical division in Goiás state, Brazil. It consists of 7 municipalities located around Aragarças in western Goiás.
Municipalities
The microregion consists of the following municipalities:
The most populous municipality is Aragarças with 17,156 inhabitants and the least populous is Diorama with 2,236 inhabitants. The largest municipality in area is Montes Claros de Goiás with 2,909.4 km2 and the smallest is Diorama with 689.6 km2.
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions of Goiás
References
Microregions of Goiás | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microregion%20of%20Aragar%C3%A7as |
The 17th congressional district of Ohio is an obsolete congressional district last represented by Representative Tim Ryan.
This district became obsolete for the 113th Congress in 2013 as congressional district lines were redrawn to accommodate the loss of the seat as a result of the 2010 Census. Most of the territory within the current 17th district has been merged into the Akron-based 13th district.
List of members representing the district
Recent election results
The following chart shows recent election results. Bold type indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
17
Former congressional districts of the United States
Constituencies established in 1833
1833 establishments in Ohio
Constituencies disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2017th%20congressional%20district |
Microsoft is a multinational computer technology corporation. Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its current best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system; Microsoft Office, a suite of productivity software; Xbox, a line of entertainment of games, music, and video; Bing, a line of search engines; and Microsoft Azure, a cloud services platform.
In 1980, Microsoft formed a partnership with IBM to bundle Microsoft's operating system with IBM computers; with that deal, IBM paid Microsoft a royalty for every sale. In 1985, IBM requested Microsoft to develop a new operating system for their computers called OS/2. Microsoft produced that operating system, but also continued to sell their own alternative, which proved to be in direct competition with OS/2. Microsoft Windows eventually overshadowed OS/2 in terms of sales. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they had captured over 90% market share of the world's personal computers.
As of June 30, 2015, Microsoft has a global annual revenue of US$86.83 (~$ in ) Billion and 128,076 employees worldwide. It develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices.
1975–1985: The founding of Microsoft
In late 1974, Paul Allen, a programmer at Honeywell, was walking through Harvard Square when he saw the cover of the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, the first microcomputer. Allen bought the magazine and rushed to Currier House at Harvard College, where he showed it to high school friend Bill Gates. They saw potential to develop an implementation of BASIC for the system.
Gates called Altair manufacturer Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), offering to demonstrate the implementation. Allen and Gates had neither an interpreter nor an Altair system, yet in the eight weeks before the demo, they developed an interpreter with the help of Monte Davidoff. When Allen flew to Albuquerque to meet with MITS, the interpreter worked and MITS agreed to distribute Altair BASIC. Allen moved to Albuquerque, Gates soon quit Harvard to join him, and they co-founded Microsoft there. Revenues of the company totalled $16,005 by the end of 1976.
Allen came up with the original name of Micro-Soft, a portmanteau of microcomputer and software. Hyphenated in its early incarnations, on November 26, 1976, the company was registered under that name with the Secretary of State of New Mexico. The first employee Gates and Allen hired was their high school collaborator Ric Weiland. The company's first international office was founded on November 1, 1978, in Japan, entitled "ASCII Microsoft" (now called "Microsoft Japan"), and on November 29, 1979, the term, "Microsoft" was first used by Bill Gates. On January 1, 1979, the company moved from Albuquerque to a new home in Bellevue, Washington, since it was hard to recruit top programmers to Albuquerque. Shortly before the move, 11 of the then-13 employees posed for the staff photo on the right.
Steve Ballmer joined the company on June 11, 1980, and would later succeed Bill Gates as CEO from January 2000 until February 2014. The company restructured on June 25, 1981, to become an incorporated business in its home state of Washington (with a further change of its name to "Microsoft Corporation, Inc."). As part of the restructuring, Bill Gates became president of the company and chairman of the board, and Paul Allen became executive vice president and vice chairman. In 1983, Allen left the company after receiving a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, though he remained on the board as vice-chairman. This effectively ended the formal business partnership between Gates and Allen, which had been strained months prior due to a contentious dispute over Microsoft equity. Later in the decade, Gates and Allen repaired their relationship and together the two donated millions to their childhood school Lakeside. They remained friends until Allen's death in October 2018.
Microsoft's early products were different variants of Microsoft BASIC which was the dominant programming language in late 1970s and early 1980s home computers such as Apple II (Applesoft BASIC) and Commodore 64 (Commodore BASIC), and were also provided with early versions of the IBM PC as the IBM Cassette BASIC.
Microsoft also marketed through an Apple dealer in West Palm Beach, Florida two products for the Radio-Shack TRS-80. One was "Typing Tutor" which led the user through learning to use a keyboard. The other was authored by a professor at the University of Hawaii called "MuMATH" and had the ability to do mathematics in long integer math to avoid floating point numbers.
The first hardware product was the Z-80 SoftCard which enabled the Apple II to run the CP/M operating system, at the time an industry-standard operating system for running business software and many compilers and interpreters for several high-level languages on microcomputers. The SoftCard was first demonstrated publicly at the West Coast Computer Faire in March 1980. It was an immediate success; 5,000 cards, a large number given the microcomputer market at the time, were purchased in the initial three months at $349 (~$ in ) each and it was Microsoft's number one revenue source in 1980.
The first operating system publicly released by the company was a variant of Unix announced on August 25, 1980. Acquired from AT&T through a distribution license, Microsoft dubbed it Xenix, and hired Santa Cruz Operation in order to port/adapt the operating system to several platforms. This Unix variant would become home to the first version of Microsoft's word processor, Microsoft Word. Originally titled "Multi-Tool Word", Microsoft Word became notable for its use of "What You See Is What You Get", or WYSIWYG pioneered by the Xerox Alto and the Bravo text editor in the 1970s.
Word was first released in the spring of 1983, and free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World, making it one of the first programs to be distributed on-disk with a magazine. (Earlier magazine on-disk distributions included Robert Uiterwyk's BASIC in the May 1977 issue of Information Age.) However, Xenix was never sold to end users directly although it was licensed to many software OEMs for resale. It grew to become the most popular version of Unix, measured by the number of machines running it (note that Unix is a multi-user operating system, allowing simultaneous access to a machine by several users). By the mid-1980s Microsoft had gotten out of the Unix business, except for its ownership stake in SCO.
IBM first approached Microsoft about its upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in July 1980, shortly after Gates's mother began working on United Way's executive board with IBM CEO John Opel. On August 12, 1981, after negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft to provide a version of the CP/M operating system, which was set to be used in the IBM PC. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products for less than US$100,000, which IBM renamed to IBM PC DOS. The original CP/M was made by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. Due to potential copyright infringement problems with CP/M, IBM marketed both CP/M and PC DOS for US$240 and US$40, respectively, with PC DOS eventually becoming the standard because of its lower price. Thirty-five of the company's 100 employees worked on the IBM project for more than a year. When the IBM PC debuted, Microsoft was the only company that offered operating system, programming language, and application software for the new computer. The IBM PC DOS is also known as MS-DOS.
InfoWorld stated in 1984 that Microsoft, with $55 million (~$ in ) in 1983 sales,
In 1983, in collaboration with numerous companies, Microsoft created a home computer system, MSX, which contained its own version of the DOS operating system, called MSX-DOS; this became relatively popular in Japan, Europe and South America. Later, the market saw a flood of IBM PC clones after Columbia Data Products successfully cloned the IBM BIOS, quickly followed by Eagle Computer and Compaq. The deal with IBM allowed Microsoft to have control of its own QDOS derivative, MS-DOS, and through aggressive marketing of the operating system to manufacturers of IBM-PC clones Microsoft rose from a small player to one of the major software vendors in the home computer industry. With the release of the Microsoft Mouse on May 2, 1983, Microsoft continued to expand its product line in other markets. This expansion included Microsoft Press, a book publishing division, on July 11 the same year, which debuted with two titles: Exploring the IBM PCjr Home Computer by Peter Norton, and The Apple Macintosh Book by Cary Lu.
1985–1994: Windows and Office
Ireland became home to one of Microsoft's international production facilities in 1985, and on November 20 Microsoft released its first retail version of Microsoft Windows (Windows 1.0), originally a graphical extension for its MS-DOS operating system. In August, Microsoft and IBM partnered in the development of a different operating system called OS/2. OS/2 was marketed in connection with a new hardware design proprietary to IBM, the PS/2. On February 16, 1986, Microsoft relocated their headquarters to a corporate office campus in Redmond, Washington. Around one month later, on March 13, the company went public with an IPO, raising US$61 million at US$21.00 per share. By the end of the trading day, the price had risen to US$28.00. In 1987, Microsoft eventually released their first version of OS/2 to OEMs. By then the company was the world's largest producer of software for personal computers—ahead of former leader Lotus Development—and published the three most-popular Macintosh business applications. That year the company purchased Forethought, the developer of PowerPoint and Microsoft's first major software acquisition on the 30th July 1987.
Meanwhile, Microsoft began introducing its most prominent office products. Microsoft Works, an integrated office program which combined features typically found in a word processor, spreadsheet, database and other office applications, saw its first release as an application for the Apple Macintosh towards the end of 1986. Microsoft Works would later be sold with other Microsoft products including Microsoft Word and Microsoft Bookshelf, a reference collection introduced in 1987 that was the company's first CD-ROM product. Later, on August 8, 1989, Microsoft introduced its most successful office product, Microsoft Office. Unlike the model of Microsoft Works, Microsoft Office was a bundle of separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel and so forth. While Microsoft Word and Microsoft Office were mostly developed internally, Microsoft also continued its trend of rebranding products from other companies, such as Microsoft SQL Server on January 13, 1988, a relational database management system for companies that was based on technology licensed from Sybase.
On May 22, 1990, Microsoft launched Windows 3.0. The new version of Microsoft's operating system boasted new features such as streamlined graphic user interface GUI and improved protected mode ability for the Intel 386 processor; it sold over 100,000 copies in two weeks. Windows at the time generated more revenue for Microsoft than OS/2, and the company decided to move more resources from OS/2 to Windows. In an internal memo to Microsoft employees on May 16, 1991, Bill Gates announced that the OS/2 partnership was over, and that Microsoft would henceforth focus its platform efforts on Windows and the Windows NT kernel. Some people, especially developers who had ignored Windows and committed most of their resources to OS/2, were taken by surprise, and accused Microsoft of deception. This changeover from OS/2 was frequently referred to in the industry as "the head-fake". In the recent years, the popularity of OS/2 declined, and Windows quickly became the favored PC platform. 1991 also marked the founding of Microsoft Research, an organization in Microsoft for researching computer science subjects, and Microsoft Visual Basic, a popular development product for companies and individuals.
During the transition from MS-DOS to Windows, the success of Microsoft's product Microsoft Office allowed the company to gain ground on application-software competitors, such as WordPerfect and Lotus 1-2-3. Novell, an owner of WordPerfect for a time, alleged that Microsoft used its inside knowledge of the DOS and Windows kernels and of undocumented Application Programming Interface features to make Office perform better than its competitors. Eventually, Microsoft Office became the dominant business suite, with a market share far exceeding that of its competitors. In March 1992, Microsoft released Windows 3.1 along with its first promotional campaign on TV; the software sold over three million copies in its first two months on the market. In October, Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released with integrated networking abilities such as peer-to-peer file and printing sharing. In November, Microsoft released the first version of their popular database software Microsoft Access.
By 1993, Windows had become the most widely used GUI operating system in the world. Fortune Magazine named Microsoft as the "1993 Most Innovative Company Operating in the U.S." The year also marked the end of a five-year copyright infringement legal case brought by Apple Computer, dubbed Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., in which the ruling was in Microsoft's favor. Microsoft also released Windows for Workgroups 3.11, a new version of the consumer line of Windows, and Windows NT 3.1, a server-based operating system with a similar user interface to consumer versions of the operating system, but with an entirely different kernel. As part of its strategy to broaden its business, Microsoft released Microsoft Encarta on March 22, 1993, the first encyclopedia designed to run on a computer. Soon after, the Microsoft Home brand was introduced – encompassing Microsoft's new multimedia applications for Windows 3.x., Microsoft changed its slogan to "Where do you want to go today?" in 1994 as part of an attempt to appeal to nontechnical audiences in a US$100 million (~$ in ) advertising campaign.
1995–2007: Foray into the Web, Windows 95, Windows XP, and Xbox
Microsoft continued to make strategic decisions directed at consumers. The company released Microsoft Bob, a graphical user interface designed for novice computer users, in March 1995. The interface was discontinued in 1996 due to poor sales; Bill Gates later attributed its failure to hardware requirements that were too high for typical computers, and is widely regarded as one of Microsoft's most unsuccessful products. DreamWorks SKG and Microsoft formed a new company, DreamWorks Interactive (in 2000 acquired by Electronic Arts which named it EA Los Angeles), to produce interactive and multimedia entertainment properties. On August 24, 1995, Microsoft released Windows 95, a new version of the company's flagship operating system which featured a completely new user interface, including a novel start button; more than a million copies were sold in the first four days after its release.
Windows 95 was released without a web browser as Microsoft had not yet developed one. The success of the web caught them by surprise and they subsequently approached Spyglass to license their browser as Internet Explorer. Spyglass went on to later dispute the terms of the agreement, as Microsoft was to pay a royalty for every copy sold. However, Microsoft sold no copies of Internet Explorer, choosing instead to bundle it for free with the operating system.
Internet Explorer was first included in the Windows 95 Plus! Pack that was released in August 1995. In September, the Chinese government chose Windows to be the operating system of choice in that country, and entered into an agreement with the company to standardize a Chinese version of the operating system. Microsoft also released the Microsoft Sidewinder 3D Pro joystick in an attempt to further expand its profile in the computer hardware market.
On May 26, 1995, Bill Gates sent the "Internet Tidal Wave" memorandum to Microsoft executives. The memo described Netscape with their Netscape Navigator as a "new competitor 'born' on the Internet". The memo outlines Microsoft's failure to grasp the Internet's importance, and in it Gates assigned "the Internet the highest level of importance" from then on. Microsoft began to expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web. On August 24, 1995, it launched a major online service, MSN (Microsoft Network), as a direct competitor to AOL. MSN became an umbrella service for Microsoft's online services, using Microsoft Passport (now called a Microsoft account) as a universal login system for all of its web sites. The company continued to branch out into new markets in 1996, starting with a joint venture with NBC to create a new 24-hour cable news television station, MSNBC. The station was launched on July 15, 1996, to compete with similar news outlets such as CNN. Microsoft also launched Slate, an online magazine edited by Michael Kinsley, which offered political and social commentary along with the cartoon Doonesbury. In an attempt to extend its reach in the consumer market, the company acquired WebTV, which enabled consumers to access the Web from their televisions.
Microsoft entered the personal digital assistant (PDA) market in November with Windows CE 1.0, a new built-from-scratch version of their flagship operating system, designed to run on low-memory, low-performance machines, such as handhelds and other small computers. 1996 saw the release of Windows NT 4.0, which brought the Windows 95 GUI and Windows NT kernel together.
While Microsoft largely failed to participate in the rise of the Internet in the early 1990s, some of the key technologies in which the company had invested to enter the Internet market started to pay off by the mid-90s. One of the most prominent of these was ActiveX, an application programming interface built on the Microsoft Component Object Model (COM); this enabled Microsoft and others to embed controls in many programming languages, including the company's own scripting languages, such as JScript and VBScript. ActiveX included frameworks for documents and server solutions. The company also released the Microsoft SQL Server 6.5, which had built-in support for internet applications. In November 1996, Microsoft Office 97 was released, which is the first version to include Office Assistant. In 1997, Internet Explorer 4.0 was released, marking the beginning of the takeover of the browser market from rival Netscape, and by agreement with Apple Computer, Internet Explorer was bundled with the Apple Macintosh operating system as well as with Windows. Windows CE 2.0, the handheld version of Windows, was released this year, including a host of bug fixes and new features designed to make it more appealing to corporate customers. In October, the Justice Department filed a motion in the federal district court in which they stated that Microsoft had violated an agreement signed in 1994, and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.
The year 1998 was significant in Microsoft's history, with Bill Gates appointing Steve Ballmer as president of Microsoft but remaining as Chair and CEO himself. The company released an update to the consumer version of Windows, Windows 98. Windows 98 came with Internet Explorer 4.0 SP1 (which had Windows Desktop Update bundled), and included new features from Windows 95 OSR 2.x including the FAT32 file system, and new features designed for Windows 98, such as support for multiple displays. Microsoft launched its Indian headquarters as well, which would eventually become the company's second largest after its U.S. headquarters. Finally, a great deal of controversy took place when a set of internal memos from the company were leaked on the Internet. These documents, colloquially referred to as "The Halloween Documents", were widely reported by the media and went into detail of the threats that free software / open source software poses to Microsoft's own software, previously voiced mainly by analysts and advocates of open source software. The documents also alluded to legal and other actions against Linux as well as other open source software. While Microsoft acknowledged the documents, it claimed that they are merely engineering studies. Despite this, some believe that these studies were used in the real strategies of the company.
Microsoft, in 2000, released new products for all three lines of the company's flagship operating system, and saw the beginning of the end of one of its most prominent legal cases. On February 17, Microsoft released an update to its business line of software in Windows 2000. It provided a high level of stability similar to that of its Unix counterparts due to its usage of the Windows NT kernel, and matching features found in the consumer line of the Windows operating system including a DOS emulator that could run many legacy DOS applications.
On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft Corp., calling the company an "abusive monopoly" and forcing the company to split into two separate units. Part of this ruling was later overturned by a federal appeals court, and eventually settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2001. On June 15, 2000, the company released a new version of its hand-held operating system, Windows CE 3.0. The main change was the new programming APIs of the software. Previous versions of Windows CE supported only a small subset of the WinAPI, the main development library for Windows, and with Version 3 of Windows CE, the operating system now supported nearly all of the core functionality of the WinAPI. The next update to the consumer line, Windows ME (or Windows Millennium Edition), was released on September 14, 2000. It sported several new features such as enhanced multimedia abilities and consumer-oriented PC maintenance options, but is often regarded as one of the worst versions of Windows due to stability problems, restricted real mode DOS support and other issues.
Microsoft released Windows XP and Office XP in 2001, a version that aimed to encompass the features of both its business and home product lines. The release included an updated version of the Windows 2000 kernel, enhanced DOS emulation abilities, and many of the home-user features found in previous consumer versions. XP introduced a new graphical user interface, the first such change since Windows 95. The operating system was the first to require Microsoft Product Activation, an anti-piracy mechanism that requires users to activate the software with Microsoft within 30 days. Later, Microsoft would enter the multibillion-dollar game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo, with the release of the Xbox. The Xbox finished behind the dominant PlayStation 2 selling 24 million units compared to 155 million overall; however they managed to outsell the GameCube which sold 21 million units. Microsoft launched their second console, the Xbox 360, in 2005 – which was more successful than the original. By 2017 the Xbox 360 had sold 84 million units but failed to outsell its main rival, the PlayStation 3, which sold 87 million units when discontinued. The console was also outsold by the Wii which introduced gesture control and opened up a new market for video games. Microsoft later used their popular controller-free Kinect peripheral to increase the popularity of the Xbox. This was very successful. Kinect was the fastest selling consumer electronics product in history. It sold 8 million units from November 4, 2010, to January 3, 2011, (its first 60 days). It averaged 133,333 units per day, outselling the iPhone and iPad over equivalent post-launch periods.
In 2002, Microsoft launched the .NET initiative, along with new versions of some of its development products, such as Microsoft Visual Studio. The initiative has been an entirely new development API for Windows programming, and included a new programming language, C#. Windows Server 2003 was launched, featuring enhanced administration abilities, such as new user interfaces to server tools. In 2004, the company released Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005, a version of Windows XP designed for multimedia abilities, and Windows XP Starter Edition, a version of Windows XP with a smaller feature set designed for entry-level consumers. However, Microsoft encountered more turmoil in March 2004 when antitrust legal action would be brought against it by the European Union for allegedly abusing its market dominance (see Microsoft Corp. v. Commission). Eventually Microsoft was fined €497 million (US$613 million), ordered to divulge certain protocols to competitors, and to produce a new version of its Windows XP platform—called Windows XP Home Edition N—that did not include its Windows Media Player. Microsoft was also ordered to produce separate packages of Windows after South Korea also landed a settlement against the company in 2005. It had to pay out US$32 million and produce more than one version of Windows for the country in the same vein as the European Union-one with Windows Media Player and Windows Messenger and one without the two programs.
In guise of competing with other Internet Companies such as the search service Google, in 2005 Microsoft announced a new version of its MSN search service. Later, in 2006, the company launched Microsoft adCenter, a service that offers pay per click advertisements, in an effort to further develop their search marketing revenue. Soon afterward, Microsoft created the CodePlex collaborative development site for hosting open source projects. Activity grew quickly as developers from around the world began to participate, and by early 2007 commercial open source companies, such as Aras Corp. began to offer enterprise open source software exclusively on the Microsoft platform.
On June 15, 2006, Bill Gates announced his plans for a two-year transition period out of a day-to-day role with Microsoft until July 31, 2008. After that date, Gates will continue in his role as the company's chairman, head of the board of directors and act as an adviser on key projects. His role as Chief Software Architect will be filled immediately by Ray Ozzie, the Chief Technical Officer of the company as of June 15, 2006. Bill Gates stated "My announcement is not a retirement – it's a reordering of my priorities."
2007–2011: Microsoft Azure, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Microsoft Stores
Formerly codenamed "Longhorn" in the early development stages, Windows Vista was released to consumers on January 30, 2007. Microsoft also released a new version of its Office suite, called Microsoft Office 2007, alongside Windows Vista. Windows Server 2008 and Visual Studio 2008, the next versions of the company's server operating system and development suite, respectively, were released on February 27, 2008. Windows Vista was criticized for being heavy and needing large amounts of power to run the desktop widgets and the Aero theme. Many people continued to use Windows XP for many years after, due to its stability and low processing needs.
On December 19, 2007, Microsoft signed a five-year, $500 million (~$ in ) contract with Viacom that included content sharing and advertisements. The deal allowed Microsoft to license many shows from Viacom owned cable television and film studios for use on Xbox Live and MSN. The deal also made Viacom a preferred publisher partner for casual game development and distribution through MSN and Windows. On the advertisement side of the deal, Microsoft's Atlas ad-serving division became the exclusive provider of previously unsold advertising inventory on Viacom owned web sites. Microsoft also purchased a large amount of advertising on Viacom owned broadcasts and online networks, and collaborated on promotions and sponsorships for MTV and BET award shows, two Viacom owned cable networks.
In 2008, Microsoft wanted to purchase Yahoo (first completely, later partially) in order to strengthen its position on the search engine market vis-à-vis Google. The company rejected the offer, saying that it undervalued the company. In response, Microsoft withdrew its offer.
In 2009, the opening show of the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) was hosted by Steve Ballmer for the first time. In past years, it has been hosted by Bill Gates. During the show, Ballmer announced the first public Beta Test of Windows 7 for partners and developers on January 8, but also for the general public two days later. On June 26, 2009, Microsoft started taking pre-orders at a discounted price for Windows 7 which was launched on October 22, 2009. Windows 7 has several editions, which acknowledge the rise of netbook computers with reduced processing power.
On April 12, 2010, Microsoft launched their Kin phone line, a result of their acquisition of Danger Incorporated in 2008. The phones became available May 14, 2010, but were discontinued within two months because of poor sales.
On May 10, 2011, the company acquired Skype Technologies for US$8.5 billion (~$ in ).
2011–2014: Windows 8, Xbox One, Outlook.com, and Surface devices
Following the release of Windows Phone, Microsoft underwent a gradual rebranding of its product range throughout 2011 and 2012—the corporation's logos, products, services and websites adopted the principles and concepts of the Metro design language. Microsoft previewed Windows 8, an operating system designed to power both personal computers and tablet computers, in Taipei in June 2011. A developer preview was released on September 13, and was replaced by a consumer preview on February 29, 2012. On May 31, 2012, the preview version was released. On June 18, 2012, Microsoft unveiled the Surface, the first computer in the company's history to have its hardware made by Microsoft. On June 25, Microsoft paid US$1.2 billion to buy the social network Yammer. On July 31, 2012, Microsoft launched the Outlook.com webmail service to compete with Gmail. On September 4, 2012, Microsoft released Windows Server 2012.
In July 2012, Microsoft sold its 50% stake in MSNBC.com, which it had run as a joint venture with NBC since 1996. On October 1, Microsoft announced its intention to launch a news operation, part of a new-look MSN, at the time of the Windows 8 launch that was later in the month. On October 26, 2012, Microsoft launched Windows 8 and the Microsoft Surface. Three days later, Windows Phone 8 was launched. To cope with the potential for an increase in demand for products and services, Microsoft opened a number of "holiday stores" across the U.S. to complement the increasing number of "bricks-and-mortar" Microsoft Stores that opened in 2012. On March 29, 2013, Microsoft launched a Patent Tracker.
The Kinect, a motion-sensing input device made by Microsoft and designed as a video game controller, was first introduced in November 2010, and was upgraded for the 2013 release of the eighth-generation Xbox One video game console. Kinect's capabilities were revealed in May 2013. The new Kinect uses an ultra-wide 1080p camera, which can function in the dark due to an infrared sensor. It employs higher-end processing power and new software, can distinguish between fine movements (such as a thumb movements), and can determine a user's heart rate by looking at his/her face. Microsoft filed a patent application in 2011 that suggests that the corporation may use the Kinect camera system to monitor the behavior of television viewers as part of a plan to make the viewing experience more interactive. On July 19, 2013, Microsoft stocks suffered its biggest one-day percentage sell-off since the year 2000 after its fourth-quarter report raised concerns among the investors on the poor showings of both Windows 8 and the Surface tablet; with more than 11 percentage points declining Microsoft suffered a loss of more than US$32 billion. For the 2010 fiscal year, Microsoft had five product divisions: Windows Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division, Microsoft Business Division and Entertainment and Devices Division.
On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agreed to buy Nokia's mobile unit for $7 billion (~$ in ). Also in 2013, Amy Hood became the CFO of Microsoft. The Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) was launched in October 2013 and Microsoft was part of the coalition of public and private organizations that also included Facebook, Intel and Google. Led by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of people are online. Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission's worldwide target of 5% of monthly income. In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, Microsoft announced that it would reorganize the business into four new business divisions by function: Operating System, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. All previous divisions were diluted into new divisions without any workforce cuts.
In 2014, Microsoft exhibited a snapshot of their 1994 website as a twenty-year anniversary.
2014–2020: Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile, Microsoft Edge and HoloLens
On February 4, 2014, Steve Ballmer stepped down as CEO of Microsoft and was succeeded by Satya Nadella, who previously led Microsoft's Cloud and Enterprise division. On the same day, John W. Thompson took on the role of chairman, with Bill Gates stepping down from the position, while continuing to participate as a technology advisor. On April 25, 2014, Microsoft acquired Nokia Devices and Services for $7.2 billion (~$ in ). The new subsidiary was renamed Microsoft Mobile Oy. In May 2016, the company announced it will lay off 1,850 workers, taking an impairment and restructuring charge of $950 million (~$ in ). During the previous summer of 2015 the company wrote down $7.6 billion (~$ in ) related to its mobile-phone business and fired 7,800 employees from those operations. On September 15, 2014, Microsoft acquired the video game development company Mojang, best known for its wildly popular flagship game Minecraft, for $2.5 billion (~$ in ).
On January 21, 2015, Microsoft announced the release of their first Interactive whiteboard, Microsoft Surface Hub (part of the Surface family). On July 29, 2015, Microsoft released the next version of the Windows operating system, Windows 10. The successor to Windows Phone 8.1, Windows 10 Mobile, was released November 20, 2015. In Q1 2015, Microsoft was the third largest maker of mobile phones selling 33 million units (7.2% of all), while a large majority (at least 75%) of them do not run any version of Windows Phone those other phones are not categorized as smartphones by Gartner in the same time frame 8 million Windows smartphones (2.5% of all smartphones) were made by all manufacturers (but mostly by Microsoft). Microsoft's share of the U.S. smartphone market in January 2016 was 2.7%.
On March 1, 2016, Microsoft announced the merge of its PC and Xbox divisions, with Phil Spencer announcing that Universal Windows Platform (UWP) apps would be the focus for Microsoft's gaming in the future. In June 2016, Microsoft announced a project named Microsoft Azure Information Protection. It aims to help enterprises protect their data as it moves between servers and devices. The server sibling to Windows 10, Windows Server 2016, was released in September 2016. In November 2016, Microsoft joined the Linux Foundation as a Platinum member during Microsoft's Connect(); developer event in New York. The cost of each Platinum membership is US$500,000 per year. Some analysts deemed this unthinkable ten years prior; however in 2001, then-CEO Steve Ballmer called Linux "cancer".
On January 24, 2017, Microsoft showcased Intune for Education at the BETT 2017 education technology conference in London. Intune for Education is a new cloud-based application and device management service for the education sector. Microsoft will launch a preview of Intune for Education "in the coming weeks", with general availability scheduled for spring 2017, priced at $30 (~$ in ) per device, or through volume licensing agreements. On June 8, 2017, Microsoft acquired Hexadite, an Israeli security firm, for $100 million (~$ in ).
In August 2018, Toyota Tsusho began a partnership with Microsoft to create fish farming tools using the Microsoft Azure application suite for IoT technologies related to water management. Developed in part by researchers from Kindai University, the water pump mechanisms use artificial intelligence to count the number of fish on a conveyor belt, analyze the number of fish, and deduce the effectiveness of water flow from the data the fish provide. The specific computer programs used in the process fall under the Azure Machine Learning and the Azure IoT Hub platforms. On October 8, 2017, Joe Belfiore announced that work on Windows 10 Mobile was drawing to a close due to lack of market penetration and resultant lack of interest from app developers. On October 10, 2018, Microsoft joined the Open Invention Network community despite holding more than 60,000 patents. On October 15, 2018, Paul Allen the co-founder of Microsoft died after complications of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In November 2018, Microsoft agreed to supply 100,000 HoloLens headsets to the United States military in order to "increase lethality by enhancing the ability to detect, decide and engage before the enemy." In December 2018, Microsoft announced Project Mu, an open source release of the UEFI core used in Microsoft Surface and Hyper-V products. The project promotes the idea of Firmware as a Service. In the same month, Microsoft announced the open source implementation of Windows Forms and the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) which will allow for further movement of the company toward the transparent release of key frameworks used in developing Windows desktop applications and software. December also saw the company rebuilding Microsoft Edge as a Chromium-based browser; it was publicly released on January 15, 2020.
In January 2019, Microsoft announced that support for Windows 10 Mobile would end on December 10, 2019, and that Windows 10 Mobile users should migrate to iOS or Android phones. On February 20, 2019, Microsoft Corp said it will offer its cyber security service AccountGuard to 12 new markets in Europe including Germany, France and Spain, to close security gaps and protect customers in political space from hacking. In February 2019, hundreds of Microsoft employees protested the company's $480 million contract to develop VR headsets for the United States army, calling it war profiteering.
2020–present: Acquisitions, Xbox Series X/S, and Windows 11
On March 26, 2020, Microsoft announced it was acquiring Affirmed Networks for about $1.35 billion (~$ in ). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft closed all of its retail stores indefinitely due to health concerns. On July 22, 2020, Microsoft announced plans to close its Mixer service, planning to move existing partners to Facebook Gaming.
On July 31, 2020, it was reported that Microsoft was in talks to acquire TikTok after the Trump administration ordered ByteDance to divest ownership of the application to the U.S. On August 3, 2020, after speculation on the deal, Donald Trump stated that Microsoft could buy the application, however, it should be completed by September 15, 2020, and that the United States Department of the Treasury should receive a portion if it were to go through.
On August 5, 2020, Microsoft stopped its xCloud game streaming test for iOS devices. According to Microsoft, the future of xCloud on iOS remains unclear and potentially out of Microsoft's hands. Apple has imposed a strict limit on "remote desktop clients" which means applications are only allowed to connect to a user-owned host device or gaming console owned by the user. On September 21, 2020, Microsoft announced its intent to acquire video game company ZeniMax Media, the parent company of Bethesda Softworks, for about $7.5 billion, with the deal expected to occur in the second half of 2021 fiscal year. On March 9, 2021, the acquisition was finalized and ZeniMax Media became part of Microsoft's Xbox Game Studios division. The total price of the deal was $8.1 billion.
On September 22, 2020, Microsoft announced that it had an exclusive license to use OpenAI’s GPT-3 artificial intelligence language generator. The previous version of GPT-3, called GPT-2, made headlines for being “too dangerous to release” and had numerous capabilities, including designing websites, prescribing medication, answering questions, and penning articles. On November 10, 2020, Microsoft released the Xbox Series X and Xbox Series S video game consoles.
In April 2021, Microsoft announced it would buy Nuance Communications for approximately $16 billion (~$ in ). The acquisition of Nuance was completed in March 2022. In 2021, in part due to the strong quarterly earnings spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, Microsoft's valuation came to near $2 trillion. The increased necessity for remote work and distance education drove demand for cloud computing and grew the company's gaming sales.
On June 24, 2021, Microsoft announced Windows 11 during a Livestream. The announcement came with confusion after Microsoft announced Windows 10 would be the last version of the operating system; set to be released in the third quarter of 2021. It was released to the general public on October 5, 2021.
In early September 2021, it was announced that the company had acquired Takelessons, an online platform which connects students and tutors in numerous subjects. The acquisition positioned Microsoft to grow its presence in the market of providing an online education to large numbers of people. In the same month, Microsoft acquired Australia-based video editing software company Clipchamp.
In October 2021, Microsoft announced that it began rolling out end-to-end encryption (E2EE) support for Microsoft Teams calls in order to secure business communication while using video conferencing software. Users can ensure that their calls are encrypted and can utilize a security code that both parties on a call must verify on their respective ends. On October 7, Microsoft acquired Ally.io, a software service that measures companies' progress against OKRs. Microsoft plans to incorporate Ally.io into its Viva family of employee experience products.
On January 18, 2022, Microsoft announced the acquisition of American video game developer and holding company Activision Blizzard in an all-cash deal worth $68.7 billion. Activision Blizzard is best known for producing franchises, including but not limited to Warcraft, Diablo, Call of Duty, StarCraft, Candy Crush Saga, Crash Bandicoot, Spyro the Dragon, Skylanders, and Overwatch. Activision and Microsoft each released statements saying the acquisition was to benefit their businesses in the metaverse, many saw Microsoft's acquisition of video game studios as an attempt to compete against Meta Platforms, with TheStreet referring to Microsoft wanting to become "the Disney of the metaverse". Microsoft has not released statements regarding Activision's recent legal controversies regarding employee abuse, but reports have alleged that Activision CEO Bobby Kotick, a major target of the controversy, will leave the company after the acquisition is finalized. The deal was closed on October 13, 2023.
In December 2022, Microsoft announced a new 10-year deal with the London Stock Exchange for products including Microsoft Azure; Microsoft acquired ~4% of the latter company as part of the deal.
In January 2023, CEO Satya Nadella announced Microsoft would lay off some 10,000 employees. The announcement came a day after hosting a Sting concert for 50 people, including Microsoft executives, in Davos, Switzerland.
In January 23, 2023, Microsoft announced a new multi-year, multi-billion dollar investment deal with ChatGPT developer OpenAI.
See also
History of Microsoft Windows
History of Microsoft Word
Microsoft litigation
Embrace, extend, and extinguish
References
External links
The History of Microsoft at Channel 9
Bill Gates Money In Realtime
Inside The Deal That Made Bill Gates $350,000,000 , Bro Uttal, Fortune, July 21, 1986, reprinted on March 13, 2011
The History of Microsoft and Bill Gates – Timeline, Rahul Vijay Manekari, February 2, 2013
Microsoft
Microsoft
History of the Internet
Business duos | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Microsoft |
Old Town Chinatown is the official Chinatown of the northwest section of Portland, Oregon. The Willamette River forms its eastern boundary, separating it from the Lloyd District and the Kerns and Buckman neighborhoods. It includes the Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District and the Portland New Chinatown/Japantown Historic District, which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been referred to as the "skid row" of Portland.
In the Northwest section, NW Broadway forms the western boundary, separating it from the Pearl District, and W Burnside Street forms the southern boundary, separating it from Downtown Portland. In the Southwest section, the neighborhood extends from SW 3rd Avenue east to the river and from SW Stark Street north to W Burnside Street (with the exception of areas south of SW Pine Street and west of SW 2nd Avenue, and south of SW Oak Street and west of SW 1st Avenue, which are part of Downtown).
Despite the name, most Chinese-Americans and Chinese immigrants had already moved out of the area by the time the city officially reworked it as an official Chinatown in the 1980s; the increase in property values following the renovations drove out many of the remaining Chinese immigrants, with a section of NE 82nd Avenue in East Portland becoming the new unofficial Chinatown. Old Town is well known as the primary homeless district of Portland. The Oregonian reports homelessness, open drug use, crime, and the perception of danger and dirtiness that accompanies them were deterring factors to development. One prominent developer told the newspaper "transient activity" is "perhaps the foremost deterrent" to developing in this neighborhood.
Transportation
The neighborhood is well-served by various modes of transportation. Amtrak's Union Station and the bus station operated by Greyhound Lines are located in the northwestern portion of the neighborhood. The Broadway Bridge marks the northern tip, and the ends of the Steel and Burnside bridges are along the area's eastern border.
The MAX Light Rail line turns south into the neighborhood from the Steel Bridge and stops at Old Town/Chinatown, Skidmore Fountain, and Oak Street/Southwest 1st Avenue; the system connects the neighborhood to Northeast and North Portland across the Willamette, and to Downtown Portland to the south and west. The Portland Mall begins at the Greyhound station, providing local bus and light rail service along 5th and 6th Avenues south into downtown.
Old Town
Old Town was the original urban core of Portland. It straddles West Burnside Street and includes an area under the Burnside Bridge. The Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District, created in 1975 and roughly bounded by Naito Parkway, Everett Street, 3rd Avenue, and Oak Street, is an important part of Old Town Portland. Attractions include the Saturday Market; the Shanghai tunnels; and Ankeny Square, site of Portland's oldest public art work, the Skidmore Fountain (dedicated September 22, 1888). The fountain, designed by Olin L. Warner of New York, is named after pioneer druggist Stephen G. Skidmore. Naito Parkway (ex-Front Avenue) is named after the late Bill Naito, a longtime Old Town-based businessman and developer, who with his brother Sam Naito in the 1960s helped to halt the decline of the area—then known as Portland's "Skid Road"—by opening a retail store, buying and restoring old buildings in the area, and convincing others to invest in the district over the next several years. Bill Naito died in 1996.
New Market Block, 50 SW 2nd Ave, is an historic six floor building.
The Portland Skidmore/Old Town Historic District was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1977, its national significance based on its historic importance as a major 19th-century west coast port, and also for its collection of cast-iron commercial architecture. In 2016, Portland Mercury described the Old Town as a neighborhood "well known as Portland's primary homeless district."
Chinatown
The Chinatown portion of Old Town extends north from West Burnside St. to Union Station. The entrance is marked by a China gate (built in 1986), complete with a pair of lions, at the corner of NW 4th Ave. and W Burnside St. The core of the area, from W Burnside St. to NW Glisan St. and from NW 5th Ave. to NW 3rd Ave., was designated in 1989 the Portland New Chinatown/Japantown Historic District.
Major organizations based in Chinatown include the Port of Portland, Oregon Department of Transportation's Portland offices and NW Natural Gas. There is also a parking structure with a helipad on top.
In a step towards revitalization of the area, the Lan Su Chinese Garden opened September 14, 2000. The $12.8 million park covers an entire city block and was built by 65 artisans from Suzhou, China of imported materials (though all plants were grown locally). More recently, NW 3rd and 4th Avenues received streetscape improvements, including plaques describing historical features. Two block-long "festival streets" that can easily be used for street festivals were also created between these streets. In 2008, Uwajimaya anchored a redevelopment proposal, similar to the Uwajimaya Village in Seattle's Chinatown-International District. It would host the store, an underground parking garage, mixed-income apartments, and other small retailers. It was hoped to revitalize the area and bring in more tourists.
In August 2011, Uwajimaya decided not to put a store in Chinatown because its stores in downtown Seattle and Renton, Washington are not meeting their potentials.
Japantown history
Prior to World War II, the area that is today called Chinatown was Portland's Japantown. Beginning in the 1890s, many Japanese immigrants were processed through Portland, creating a demand for hotels, bathhouses, and other services. Businesses that formed in the city's Japantown thrived in the low-rent areas near the river. Before World War II, the Japantown in the Northwest District was home to more than 100 businesses, and was Oregon's largest Japantown. Today the Japanese American Historical Plaza and the Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center in what is today Portland's Chinatown serve as reminders of what was once Portland's Japantown.
Translation of street names
The street signs in Chinatown are both English and Chinese. The Chinese on the signs is written in traditional characters, and its pronunciation is Cantonese (using Jyutping romanization).
W Burnside Street — —
NW Couch Street — —
NW Davis Street — —
NW Everett Street — —
NW Fifth Avenue — —
NW Flanders Street — —
NW Fourth Avenue — —
NW Glisan Street — —
NW Third Avenue — —
See also
Pensole
References
External links
Old Town/Chinatown information from Old Town Chinatown Neighborhood Association
Self-Guided Walking Tour of Portland's Chinatown from Travel Portland
National Historic Landmark Nomination for Skidmore/Old Town Historic District
Portland's Chinatown History and Resources from Friends of Portland Chinatown
Old Town-Chinatown Street Tree Inventory Report
1975 establishments in Oregon
Portland, Oregon
Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon
Northwest Portland, Oregon
Southwest Portland, Oregon
Tourist attractions in Portland, Oregon
Chinese-American culture in Portland, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20Chinatown |
The 18th congressional district of Ohio is an obsolete congressional district last represented by Republican Bob Gibbs. The district voted for the majority party in the House of Representatives in every election since 1954.
After the 2010 census, Ohio lost two congressional seats, and the 18th district became obsolete after the 2012 elections. The territory of the 18th district was divided and placed into several other Ohio districts. A large portion of this district, including Congressman Gibbs' home in Holmes County, became part of the new 7th district in 2013. William McKinley also represented this district from March 4, 1883 till May 27, 1884.
List of members representing the district
Election results
The following chart shows historic election results. Bold type indicates victor. Italic type indicates incumbent.
2006 election
Padgett had won a special primary held on September 14, 2006. The rest of the Republican primary field included Holmes County Commissioner Ray Feikert; Jerry Firman of Coshocton; James Brodbelt Harris of Muskingum County; and Ralph Applegate of Columbus. When he announced his withdrawal from the race, Ney identified Padgett as his favored successor. Two other Republican candidates, Dover mayor Richard Homrighausen and Ney aide John Bennett, withdrew from the race. Candidate Greg Zelenitz was rejected by the Tuscarawas County Board of Elections.
References
Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
18
Former congressional districts of the United States
1833 establishments in Ohio
Constituencies established in 1833
Constituencies disestablished in 2013
2013 disestablishments in Ohio | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio%27s%2018th%20congressional%20district |
Gisulf II (also spelled Gisulph, Latin Gisulphus or Gisulfus, and Italian Gisulfo or Gisolfo) was the last Lombard prince of Salerno (1052–1077).
Gisulf was the eldest son and successor of Guaimar IV and Gemma, daughter of the Capuan count Laidulf. He appears as a villain and a pirate in the chronicle of Amatus of Montecassino, Ystoire de li Normant. Historian John Julius Norwich (The Normans in the South pg. 201n) speaks "of one unfortunate victim [an Amalfitan] whom Gisulf kept in an icy dungeon, removing first his right eye and then every day one more of his fingers and toes. He [Amatus] adds that the Empress Agnes—who was spending much of her time in South Italy—personally offered a hundred pounds of gold and one of her own fingers in ransom, but her prayers went unheard."
He was made co-prince with his father in 1042 while very young and, only a decade later, his father was assassinated in the harbour of his capital by four brothers, sons of Pandulf V of Capua and inlaws of Guaimar, who had been goaded into the act by the Byzantine partisans of Amalfi. Young Gisulf was taken captive by the assassins, but soon his uncle, Guy, the duke of Sorrento, had garnered a Norman army and was besieging Salerno. Guy took captive the assassins' families and negotiated the freedom of Gisulf. Soon the city had surrendered and Guy and the Normans paid homage to Gisulf, who confirmed their titles and lands. The rocky start to his reign was merely an indication of its character, for Gisulf held a grudge against the Amalfitans who initiated the slaying of his father. He also, for reasons unknown, came to hate the Normans as barbarians and spent his whole reign in opposition to them.
His enmity with the Normans soon cost him. Robert Guiscard sallied forth from his Calabrian castle at San Marco and captured the Salernitan town of Cosenza and several of its neighbours. Gisulf soon raised the ire of Count Richard I of Aversa and, only by alliance with the despised Almafitans, could he retain his throne. The predations of William, Count of the Principate, a brother of Guiscard, forced him to marry his sister Sichelgaita to Guiscard in return for protection, and eventually his sister Gaitelgrima to Jordan, the son of Richard, recently prince of Capua. In 1071, he and Richard of Capua threw their support behind a rebellion of Abelard of Hauteville and Herman of Hauteville, nephews of Robert Guiscard, and several other minor lords against Guiscard's authority in his duchy of Apulia. The rising accomplished little but to further irritate his powerful brother-in-law.
In his later years, his fleets turned to piracy, especially against Amalfi and even Pisa. The latter's merchants, when called on to serve Pope Gregory VII on behalf of the Marchioness Matilda of Tuscany, caused such a stir with Gisulf that the latter was sent to Rome by the pope and the army—assembled to march on Robert Guiscard's domain—dispersed. Having alienated his papal ally, he was more isolated than ever when, in the summer of 1076, his city was besieged by Richard of Capua and Robert Guiscard. Though he had wisely ordered his citizens to store up two years worth of food, he confiscated enough of it to continue his life of luxury that the citizenry was soon starving. On 13 December, the city submitted and the prince and his men retreated to the citadel, which fell in May of the next year. Gisulf's lands and relics were taken, and he went, free, to Capua, where he tried to incite Richard to war with Robert, but to no effect. He went on to Rome to notify the pope of his and Salerno's misfortunes and there he slowly faded out of view.
Pope Gregory gave him military command of the Campania and sent him to France, but he was recalled on the pope's death in 1085. He allied with Jordan I of Capua in support of Desiderius of Benevento, who was duly elected as Pope Victor III. He was briefly made duke of Amalfi (March 1088 – 20 April 1089) by the citizens of that city to protect them from the invasions of Robert Guiscard, but he was dead by 1090. He left no children by his wife Gemma, whom he apparently repudiated.
References
Chalandon, Ferdinand. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicilie. Paris, 1907.
William of Apulia.
Norwich, John Julius. The Normans in the South 1016-1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
Caravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 2003.
External links
The Deeds of Robert Guiscard Book Three
1089 deaths
11th-century Lombard people
Lombard warriors
Princes of Salerno
Gisulf 02
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisulf%20II%20of%20Salerno |
The Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications (EMT, Energy, Materials and Telecommunications) is part of the INRS research university in Quebec. The center has two separate locations: Montreal (Place Bonaventure) and Varennes. The center focuses its research activities in domains such as telecommunication networks, wireless communications, multi-media signal processing, RF systems and photonic ultra-fast photonics devices. In the area of energy, the main research directions are: materials and decentralized energy systems, energy modeling and analysis (GAME), magnetic confinement fusion.
Student association
The student association is named "Céisme", an acronym for "Comité des Étudiants de l'INRS en Sciences des Matériaux et de l'Énergie". That acronym is also similar to a French word for earthquake: "séisme". The center name changed to "Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications" but the student association name stayed.
External links
Université du Québec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRS-EMT |
Ralph Bruce Fitch is a Canadian politician, He represents Riverview in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick.
Early life
Born in Moncton, New Brunswick, he is the son of Dr. Ralph Fitch. In 1980, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from Mount Allison University. His career in the private sector was in the insurance and financial industries. He worked with Scotiabank and its brokerage firm ScotiaMcLeod for many years prior to his election to the legislature.
Political career
He was first involved in politics when he was elected in 1989 to the municipal council of the Town of Riverview. He was re-elected to that position in 1992 and 1995 before successfully running for mayor in 1998. He was re-elected mayor in 2001 and served in that capacity until his election to the legislature in the 2003 provincial election. Fitch was the only non-incumbent Progressive Conservative to win a seat in that election and was immediately named to cabinet as Minister of Energy. He was shuffled to the new Justice and Consumer Affairs portfolio on February 14, 2006 despite having no legal training; this was made possible by disassociating the functions of the Office of the Attorney General from the Justice Department.
He is a member of the First Baptist Church. His hobbies include sailboarding and golf. An ardent fan and supporter of minor sports, he is frequently seen on the sidelines of his children’s games. He also coached minor soccer and football in the past.
He has been involved in the community for many years. He has been a member of many boards and committees, including Codiac Regional Police Board, Lakeview Manor Senior Citizens Home, and the Atlantic Baptist University.
On October 18, 2014 after the Progressive Conservative Party under David Alward failed to form government, Fitch was made interim leader of the Progressive Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition of New Brunswick.
Fitch was re-elected in the 2018 and 2020 provincial elections.
References
External links
MLA Bios, Government of New Brunswick
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick MLAs
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Politicians from Moncton
21st-century Canadian politicians
Leaders of the Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick
Members of the Executive Council of New Brunswick | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Fitch |
Grijalva River, formerly known as Tabasco River, (, known locally also as Río Grande de Chiapas, Río Grande and Mezcalapa River) is a long river in southeastern Mexico. It is named after Juan de Grijalva who visited the area in 1518. This river is born in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes in the department of Huehuetenango in Guatemala, there it is known as Río Seleguá and is one of the most important rivers in that country.
The river rises from Río Grande de Chiapas in southeastern Chiapas and flows from Chiapas to the state of Tabasco through the Sumidero Canyon into the Bay of Campeche. Beginning as "Río Grande de Chiapas" or "Río Mezcalapa", later, Río Grande is stopped at the Angostura Dam (Mexico), one of the largest reservoirs in Mexico, and then its course is now named "Grijalva River". The river's drainage basin is in size. Because of the close connection to the Usumacinta River (the two combine, flowing into the Gulf of Mexico in a single delta), they are often regarded as a single river basin, the Grijalva-Usumacinta River. Río Grande de Chiapas rises into Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Huehuetenango; in Guatemala receives the name "Selegua River" and also is a large river.
After flowing from Nezahualcoyotl Lake, an artificial lake created by the hydroelectric Malpaso Dam, Grijalva River turns northward and eastward, roughly paralleling the Chiapas-Tabasco state border. It flows through Villahermosa (where, in 2001, a new cable-stayed bridge was constructed to cross the river) and empties into the Gulf of Mexico, approximately northwest of Frontera. The river is navigable by shallow-draft boats for approximately upstream.
Gallery
See also
Chiapas bridge
List of longest rivers of Mexico
References
Rivers of Chiapas
Rivers of Tabasco
Petén–Veracruz moist forests | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grijalva%20River |
Breezand is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, which is known for its flower bulbs, and lies about 7 km southeast of Den Helder.
Overview
The village was first mentioned in 1665 as Breesant, and means "wide sand" which refers to a former shoal to the north-east of Wieringen. The polder in which Breezand was built, was created in 1847. In 1931, the Catholic St John Evangelist Church was inaugurated. In 1914, a railway station opened on the Amsterdam to Den Helder railway line. It closed in 1938.
Gallery
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breezand |
MV Argo Merchant was a Liberian-flagged oil tanker built by Howaldtswerke in Hamburg, Germany, in 1953, most noted for running aground and subsequently sinking southeast of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, causing one of the largest marine oil spills in history. Throughout the vessel's troubled past, she was involved in more than a dozen major shipping incidents including two other groundings; once in Indonesia while named Permina Samudra III, and again in Sicily while named Vari; and a collision in Japan.
Because of her checkered career and sinking, Argo Merchant was featured in the "worst ship" category in the 1979 publication, The Book of Heroic Failures.
1976 shipwreck
In December 1976, Argo Merchant loaded with of No. 6 fuel oil at Puerto La Cruz, Venezuela, sailing for Boston under Captain Georgios Papadopoulos. It was later established that the ship carried two unqualified crew as helmsmen, a broken gyrocompass, inadequate charts, and an inaccurate radio direction finder. At 6 p.m. on 15 December in high winds and seas, the tanker ran aground on Middle Rip Shoal about southeast of Nantucket and more than off her intended course. The thirty-eight members of the crew were evacuated, but the shallow waters and weather conditions made it impossible to offload the oil or salvage the ship. On 21 December 1976, Argo Merchant broke apart and emptied its entire cargo of fuel oil, enough to heat 18,000 homes for a year. Northwesterly winds blew the oil slick offshore, and coastal fisheries and beaches were spared the worst.
See also
List of oil spills
References
Further reading
1953 ships
1976 in Massachusetts
Maritime incidents in 1976
History of Nantucket, Massachusetts
Oil spills in the United States
Oil tankers
Shipwrecks of the Massachusetts coast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Argo%20Merchant |
The Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem is a prayer meeting organized by Pentecostal evangelists Jack W. Hayford and Robert Stearns through their organization "Eagles Wings". They annually invite people around the world to pray for Jerusalem on the first Sunday of every October, close to the time of Yom Kippur. The first prayer meeting organized by this group occurred in 2004.
Hayford and Stearns organize the primary meeting in Israel. According to a CBN interview with Stearns, he believes that prayer meetings are important to combat various dangers to the Judeo-Christian worldview, such as secular humanism and Radical Islam, and he believes that Christians are especially obligated to support the State of Israel.
International participation
According to "Jerusalem Newswire" a small independent Christian publication, organizers of the 2006 event claimed that they had scheduled prayer meetings to be held in 150,000 churches around the world. The coordinators scheduled for prayer meetings to be organized in 169 nations.
In 2004, 500 global Christian ministries representing 50 countries and 53,000 churches said prayers for peace in Jerusalem on the same day. The organization's goal in 2006 was to have over 100 million people in over 100 countries participate in prayer meetings.
The prayer meeting in Jerusalem in 2006 was held inside the gates of the Old City of Jerusalem and was attended by "hundreds of Christian lovers of Israel gathered with Jewish friends."
International denominations Assemblies of God, and Elim Fellowship took part in the 2006 prayer and support the annual prayers.
Endorsements
According to a press release issued by the Knesset Christian Allies Caucus, the Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem was originally established in cooperation with Israel's Ministry of Tourism, and the Christian Allies Caucus of the Knesset.
The event is endorsed by chief rabbi Yona Metzger, former USSR Prisoner of Zion and Knesset Member Natan Sharansky, chairman of the Knesset Christian Allies Caucus (KCAC), Yuri Shtern, and the Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem, Yigal Amedi and the Knesset Christian Allies Caucus. Other participants are Christian evangelists, authors and performers such as Joyce Meyer, The Newsboys
, Bishop TD Jakes, Michael W. Smith, and Kenneth Copeland.
Precursor
The first globally publicized "link of prayer" for peace from Jerusalem was the "World Prayer for Peace from Jerusalem" in June, 1993 organized by Dan Mazar's Jerusalem Christian Review, a Jerusalem-based archaeological journal. As opposed to the more exclusively Evangelical Christian event, this event included more than 100 Christian and political leaders from a wide range of backgrounds and from around the world.
Hosted by Jerusalem Christian Review Managing Editor Dan Mazar, parts of the Global Prayer were also shown on the CNN, CBS, and ABC television networks and almost 120 other television stations worldwide. The Prayer Link began from Los Angeles, California with a prayer from the former US President, Ronald Reagan: "I join my friends at the Jerusalem Christian Review... for this very special day. A day dedicated to prayer..." said the former US president and governor of the State of California. The "prayer link" also included prayers of political figures live by satellite from 5 continents. Leaders such as Jack Kemp, Jeane Kirkpatrick and numerous US Senators, as well as former Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke all prayed for the "Peace of Jerusalem". Also included were Christian evangelists Billy Graham, Pat Robertson, Jerry Falwell and James Dobson, along with denominational leaders from Europe, Africa, South America and Asia.
See also
Day of Prayer
Reunification of Jerusalem
References
External links
UK official site
Pray4peaceofjerusalem.org.au
Christian Zionism
Christian events
Christian prayer
October observances
Christian Sunday observances
Holidays and observances by scheduling (nth weekday of the month)
Christianity in Jerusalem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day%20of%20Prayer%20for%20the%20Peace%20of%20Jerusalem |
Allan Viktor Johnsson Rosas (born 1948) is a Finnish jurist who served as a judge of the European Court of Justice from 2002 until 2019.
Career
Rosas is Doctor of Laws (1977) of the University of Turku (Finland); and he was professor of Law at the University of Turku (1978–81) and at the Åbo Akademi University in Turku (1981–96), also Director of the latter's Institute for Human Rights (1985–95). He has held various international and national academic positions of responsibility and memberships of learned societies, and coordinated several international and national research projects and programmes, including in the fields of EU law, international law, humanitarian and human rights law, constitutional law and comparative public administration.
Rosas has represented the Finnish Government as member of, or adviser to, Finnish delegations at various international conferences and meetings; expert functions in relation to Finnish legal life, including in governmental law commissions and committees of the Finnish Parliament, as well as the UN, UNESCO, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) and the Council of Europe. From 1995 he has been Principal Legal Adviser at the Legal Service of the European Commission, in charge of external relations; and from March 2001, Deputy Director-General of the European Commission Legal Service.
In 2019, Rosas was appointed to the European Commission's Independent Ethical Committee
Principal publications by Rosas include: The Legal Status of Prisoners of War (1976, reprint 2005 by Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, Turku); Förvaltningsklagan [Citizens' Complaints] (Turku, Acta Academiae Aboensis, Ser. A:59, 1980); Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook (ed. together with Asbjorn Eide and Catarina Crause; 2nd rev. ed., Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2001).
Publications
The Court of Justice and the Construction of Europe: Analyses and Perspectives on Sixty Years of Case-Law (edited by Allan Rosas, Egil Levits and Yves Bot. The Hague: Asser Press, 2013.)
Constitutionalising the EU Judicial System: Essays in Honour of Pernilla Lindh. (Edited by Pascal Cardonnel, Allan Rosas and Nils Wahl. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2012.)
EU Constitutional Law: An Introduction. (Allan Rosas and Lorna Armati. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2010. Second, revised edition 2012.)
EU Competition Law in Context: Essays in Honour of Virpi Tiili. (Edited by Heikki Kanninen, Nina Korjus and Allan Rosas. Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, 2009.)
The Legal Status of Prisoners of War: A Study in International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts (Allan Rosas. Helsinki: Suomalainen tiedeakatemia, 1976. Dissertation.)
See also
List of members of the European Court of Justice
External links
Allan Rosas
References
1948 births
Living people
20th-century Finnish lawyers
European Court of Justice judges
Finnish judges of international courts and tribunals
University of Turku alumni
Academic staff of the University of Turku
Academic staff of Åbo Akademi University
21st-century Finnish judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Rosas |
Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site at 1538 9th Street NW, in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, D.C., preserves the home of Carter G. Woodson (1875–1950). Woodson, the founder of Black History Month, was an African-American historian, author, and journalist.
History
The property served as Dr. Woodson's home from 1922 until his death in 1950. From this three-story Victorian rowhouse, Woodson managed the operations of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, published the Negro History Bulletin and the Journal of Negro History, operated Associated Publishers, and pursued his own research
and writing about African-American history. The home continued to serve as the national headquarters of the Association until the early 1970s.
The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 but became vacant in the 1990s. In 2001, the National Trust for Historic Preservation placed the site on its annual "America's 11 Most Endangered Historic
Places" list. With advocacy by the NTHP, the DC Preservation League, community activists, and Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton, the National Historic Site was authorized by Public Law 108-192 on December 19, 2003, and established by Secretary of the Interior Gale Norton on February 27, 2006.
In 2005, the property was acquired by the National Park Service which opened it to the public in 2017. It is operated in conjunction with the Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site.
As of January 2023, the site has been closed due to a "full renovation project" and is expected to be reopened in the fall of 2023.
References
External links
Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site
Public Law 108-192 authorizing Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site
Federal Register: February 27, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 38), p. 9834 establishing National Historic Site
Announcement of site establishment
National Historic Landmark information
National Historic Sites in Washington, D.C.
National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Protected areas established in 2006
National Capital Parks-East
Victorian architecture in Washington, D.C.
African-American history of Washington, D.C.
2006 establishments in Washington, D.C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter%20G.%20Woodson%20Home%20National%20Historic%20Site |
François Vaillant de Gueslis (20 July 1646 – 24 September 1718) was a Jesuit missionary, born in Orléans. He entered the Society of Jesus, on 10 November 1665, and went to Canada in 1670; and was ordained priest at Quebec, on 1 December 1675.
He attempted to convert the Mohawks to Christianity between 1679 and 1684. In the beginning of 1688 he was chosen by the Canadian authorities as ambassador to Thomas Dongan, the Governor of New York, that Dongan might facilitate peace between the French and the Iroquois, but negotiations were not fruitful due to Dongan's conditions and the opposition of the Huron chief Kondiaronk.
He was also the first missionary to work among the Native Americans in Detroit; but he remained only a few months, not entering into the plans of Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac. After the conclusion of peace between the French and the Iroquois he attempted to convert the Senecas from 1702 to 1707. There he contributed not a little to defeat the efforts of Colonel Schuyler at Onondaga who was trying to induce the Five Nations to drive out the French missionaries. The two principal scenes of his missionary zeal in Canada were Quebec and Montreal. At Quebec (1685–91; 1697–1702), he filled the important posts of minister; procurator of the mission, and preacher, and at Montreal (1692–96; 1709–15), he was the first superior of the residence established by the Jesuits in 1693. He returned to France in 1715.
He died in Moulins in 1718.
References
Sources
1646 births
1718 deaths
17th-century French Jesuits
18th-century French Jesuits
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Canada
Jesuit missionaries in New France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois%20Vaillant%20de%20Gueslis |
Bodenheim is a state-recognized tourism municipality (Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde) in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Geography
Location
The municipality lies roughly 12 km south of downtown Mainz on the edge of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region. The municipality is strongly characterized by winegrowing. The many wineries and Straußwirtschaften invite visitors to come and enjoy the wine. Since 1972, Bodenheim has been the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Bodenheim, a kind of collective municipality.
History
In 754, Bodenheim had its first documentary mention, and it marked its 1,250-year jubilee in 2004.
On 29 June 1988, two US F-16C combat aircraft collided near the municipality and fell over an uninhabited area. One of the pilots managed to save himself with his ejection seat, while the other, Captain Mike Crandall, was killed.
Population development
1750: roughly 1,200
1955: 4,214
1970: 4,494
31 December 2006: 7,060
30 June 2008: 7,092
Politics
Municipal council
The runoff election on Sunday 27 June 2004 yielded the following results:
Eligible voters: 5,386
Ballots cast: 3,166
Valid votes: 3,143
Alfons Achatz (CDU) 1,637 votes
Thomas Becker-Theilig (SPD) 1,506 votes
The Municipal Mayor (Ortsbürgermeister) is represented by two deputies:
First Deputy: Otfried Nehren, FWG
Second Deputy: Ingrid Kerz, CDU
The municipal election held on 26 May 2019 yielded the following results:
Eligible voters: 6,058
Ballots cast: 4,430
Valid votes: 4,386
SPD: 2,218 (50.6%, 13 seats)
CDU: 1,211 (27.6%, 6 seats)
FDP: 179 (4.1%, 1 seat)
FWG: 778 (17.7%, 4 seats)
Current political issues facing the Municipality of Bodenheim are the building of a road on the outskirts to relieve the historic community core of through traffic, the rising cost of building a community centre, the creation of a new sport facility outside the built-up core and the strained budget situation.
Mayor
Since 2009, the mayor has been Thomas Becker-Theilig (SPD).
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Azure on a base sable an ass repassant argent, his head over a manger Or, to sinister thereof a vase with double handles of the same issuant from which a palm frond embowed to dexter vert.
According to legend, the Provost of Saint Alban's Abbey in Mainz, to which Bodenheim then belonged, demanded of the Emperor minting rights. The Emperor, though, mocked him, saying “He wants to mint coins, does he? An old ass shall he mint!” (in German: “Münzen will Er prägen? Einen alten Esel soll Er münzen!”). With great irony, however, the ass was later chosen as a charge for the coat of arms.
Town partnerships
Seurre, Côte-d'Or, France
Grezzana, Province of Verona, Veneto, Italy
Rudolstadt, Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, Thuringia
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
Saint Alban's Church
The Catholic parish church was built about 1830. It is a hall church with barrel vaulting with a west tower, square quire and apse. The painting and stucco date from 1910.
Evangelical Church
The foundation stone for the Evangelical Church in Bodenheim was laid on 16 May 1887. Master builder Baron von Schmitt, who was also given the job of restoring Saint Catherine’s Church (Katharinenkirche) in Oppenheim, drew up plans for the church while master church builder Otto Schwarze took on the job of overseeing the building work. In the Gothic Revival style there arose a house of worship built out of quarried limestone blocks with a slated hip roof and a decorative flèche. Inside the building are found, among other things, three stained-glass windows in the quire showing Christ’s birth, Crucifixion and Resurrection, and the artistically carved pulpit, which is borne by the Four Evangelists. On 26 September 1888 came the church’s festive consecration. Today the Evangelical Church is open all week from 8:00 to 19:00 for devotions and sightseeing.
Kapelle Maria-Oberndorf
The Gothic Revival Marian pilgrimage chapel of Maria-Oberndorf arose in the years 1889-1891 according episcopal cathedral master builder Lukas’s plans. The first documentary mention of a church building on this same spot comes from 1217, although its beginnings are believed to be older. This first church building was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. The pilgrimage festival is held yearly on the first Sunday after 2 July (Visitation) and is part of the Bishopric of Mainz pilgrimage calendar.
Historic Town Hall
Without a doubt, the municipality’s centrepiece is the Town Hall, which the knightly monastery had built in 1608 as a new courthouse (for the higher and village court). The two-floor building with a gabled roof and lovely indoor stucco work is typical of Franconian-Hessian timber-frame construction of the Renaissance after 1555. The massively built ground floor was originally an open hall with a round-arch opening (remnants were brought to light in 1968). The in parts “disordered” timber-frame structure over the entrance suggests that there was once an outdoor stairway up to the first floor. All cornerposts, the odd slanted beam, various crossbeams and the whole oriel are covered in vine and grape carvings, mouldings and grotesque faces. On a windowpost facing the Rhine, the names of the Schultheiß (roughly “sheriff”) and the Schöffen (roughly “lay jurists”) in the year when the Town Hall was built can still be made out.
Sport
Ländlicher Reit- und Fahrverein Bodenheim e.V.
The riding club, founded in 1973, has in the last few years experienced a great upswing. By expanding the club’s own sport facilities (2 riding halls 20 × 60 m und 20 × 40 m, 1 big showjumping square, 2 dressage squares, 4 tennis courts with clubhouse) and staging local and regional events it managed to broaden their offerings markedly. The chief chairman is Mr. Günter Scholles.
TV 1848 Bodenheim
The gymnastic club was founded in 1848, and with more than 1,700 members is Bodenheim's biggest club, and one of Rhenish Hesse’s biggest. Gymnastics, team handball, athletics, volleyball and much more belong to the Bodenheim gymnastic club’s sport offerings
VfB 1909 Bodenheim
This sport club was founded in 1909 and after TV Bodenheim is the municipality’s biggest club. It is made up of two departments, for table tennis and football.
Clubs
Gesangverein Concordia 1872 Bodenheim e.V.
The singing club was founded in 1872 as a men’s choir that took upon itself to foster the international repertoire. Since 2000 there has also been a mixed choir by the name of Free Voices (so called even in German) whose repertoire consists of modern pieces (pop and rock music).
Bodenheimer Carneval-Verein 1935 e.V.
The club was founded in 1935-03-03. It promotes and maintains the tradition of carnival in the region.
Regular events
St. Albansfest, named after Saint Alban of Mainz, takes place on the first weekend in June.
Kirchweihfest (church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerb) on the third weekend in September
Wine tasting on the Wine Lore Path – on the Sunday after the Kerb (fourth weekend in September)
Nikolausmarkt in the old community core - on the first weekend in Advent
Economy and infrastructure
In Bodenheim the following businesses are or were resident:
Kuemmerling, bitters
Hilge, pump factory
Herdt-Verlag für Bildungsmedien GmbH, publishing house for educational media
Winegrowing
In Bodenheim, there is winegrowing on 426 ha shared among vineyards owned by Kapelle, Kreuzberg, Silberberg, Hoch, Leidhecke, Westrum, Heitersbrünnchen, Ebersberg, Burgweg, Mönchspfad and Reichsritterstift. All together, there are currently (as of 2003) 79 active winegrowing operations with a working area greater than 3 000 m². The winegrowing lands are divided into 315 ha of white wine varieties and 112 ha of red wine varieties. Of white wine varieties, 72 ha are taken up by Silvaner vines and 71 ha by Müller-Thurgau. Dornfelder, at 47 ha is currently the most strongly represented red wine variety.
A vine theme park guides the tourist through the vineyards explaining the most sought vines at the sites where they are planted.
VDP members
The Weingut Oberstleutnant Liebrecht'sche Gutsverwaltung (winery) goes back to the estate built by the nuns from Altmünster Abbey in 1754 between the parish estate and the municipality of Weed. The career officer Friedrich Wilhelm Liebrecht realigned the vineyards’ boundaries and is counted among the founders of the Verband Deutscher Naturwein Versteigerer, the forerunner of the Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP). The winery was led until 2010 by a fourth-generation descendant, Mr. Fritz Nacke.
The Weingut Kühling Gillot was taken over in 2002 by the Geisenheim winegrowing engineer Carolin Gillot. Carolin, now Spanier-Gillot, managed to build on her father's years-long quality work and support. She is cofounder of the young winegrowers’ association “message in a bottle” and busies herself in the Rhenish Hesse regional association of the women's wine network “Vinissima”.
Public institutions
The municipality of Bodenheim is also the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Bodenheim
Senior citizens’ meeting place
On the municipality’s behalf, the local workers’ welfare community club runs a meeting place for senior citizens.
Welfare centre
Sponsored by the Mainz Caritas association
Grundschule Bodenheim
The municipality of Bodenheim is the seat of a primary school with four parallel classes in each grade, which is sponsored by the Verbandsgemeinde
Öffentliche Bücherei St. Alban
On the primary school’s grounds is found the St. Alban public library with a collection of roughly 6,500 media units.
Kindertagesstätte Spatzennest
The kindergarten with five parallel classes offers all together 125 places for children aged three and up, of which 50 are all-day places.
References
External links
Municipality’s official webpage
Pictures of Bodenheim
Rhenish Hesse
Mainz-Bingen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodenheim |
Van Ewijcksluis is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about southeast of Den Helder.
Van Ewijcksluis is considered a part of Anna Paulowna. It is named after Daniël Jacob van Ewijck, the King's commissioner of North Holland.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Ewijcksluis |
André Bellessort (19 March 1866 in Laval, Mayenne – 22 January 1942 in Paris) was a French writer.
Biography
Bellessort was a not only a poet and essayist but also a traveller who went to Chile, Bolivia and Japan. He is known for his influence on his pupils as a teacher in hypokhâgne in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, notably related in Robert Brasillach's memories, Notre avant-guerre.
1866 births
1942 deaths
People from Laval, Mayenne
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
Members of the Académie Française
20th-century French non-fiction writers
19th-century French poets
French male essayists
French male poets
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
19th-century French male writers
19th-century French essayists
20th-century French male writers
Lycée Louis-le-Grand teachers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20Bellessort |
Reinecke's salt is a chemical compound with the formula NH4[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2]·H2O. The dark-red crystalline compound is soluble in boiling water, acetone, and ethanol. The chromium atom is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms in an octahedral geometry. The NH3 ligands are mutually trans and the Cr–NCS groups are linear. The salt crystallizes with one molecule of water.
Structure
It was first reported in 1863. NH4[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2] is prepared by treatment of molten NH4SCN (melting point around 145–150 °C) with (NH4)2Cr2O7.
Use
This salt was once widely used to precipitate primary and secondary amines as their ammonium salts. Included in the amines that effectively form crystalline precipitates are those derived from the amino acids, including proline and hydroxyproline. It also reacts with Hg2+ compounds, giving a red color or a red precipitate.
References
Chromium complexes
Reagents for organic chemistry
Ammine complexes
Thiocyanates
Chromium(III) compounds
Ammonium compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinecke%27s%20salt |
Sterling High School is a comprehensive regional public high school and school district serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from five communities in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The district serves students from Magnolia, Somerdale, Stratford, along with students from Hi-Nella and Laurel Springs who attend as part of sending/receiving relationships. The school is located in Somerdale.
Sterling High School has been approved by the New Jersey Department of Education (2000) and has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1964 and was granted probationary accreditation by Middle States in 2012.
As of the 2021–22 school year, the school had an enrollment of 897 students and 70.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.8:1. There were 170 students (19.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 44 (4.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "CD", the third-lowest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
History
Ground was broken for the school in July 1959, with costs estimated at $950,000 (equivalent to $ million in ) for construction of a facility designed to accommodate an enrollment of 800 students.
Opened in September 1960 as Sterling Regional High School, the new facility served students who had previously attended Haddon Heights High School.
Awards, recognition and honors
The school was the 234th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 266th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 231st in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 225th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 228th in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state. Schooldigger.com ranked the school 240th out of 367 public high schools statewide in its 2009-10 rankings which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the language arts literacy and mathematics components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
Curriculum
Advanced Placement (AP) courses are offered in AP English Literature, AP United States History, AP Calculus, and AP Biology. Honors courses are offered in Algebra I, Geometry, Pre Calculus, Spanish V, Calculus, and Physics. High School Plus credit with Camden County College is offered in History, Spanish, French, Biology, Software Systems, Latin, and World Civilizations. A variety of languages are offered including: Spanish, Latin, French, and Italian II.
Athletics
The Sterling High School Silver Knights compete as a member school in the Colonial Conference, which is comprised of small schools whose enrollments generally do not exceed between 750 and 800 students for grades 9-12 and operates under the auspices of the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 658 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2022–24 school years as Group II South for most athletic competition purposes. The football team competes in the Constitution Division of the 94-team West Jersey Football League superconference and was classified by the NJSIAA as Group II South for football for 2022–2024, which included schools with 480 to 674 students.
The football team won the NJSIAA South Jersey Group III state sectional championships in 1974, 1976 and 1977. In 1974, Sterling won the first ever South Jersey Group III football championship determined by playoffs, defeating Woodrow Wilson High School by a score of 15–12 in a game played at the Atlantic City Convention Center. The 1976 team won the South Jersey Group III sectional title with a 28-13 win against a Deptford Township High School team that came into the championship game undefeated.
The boys' soccer team was the Group III co-champion in 1976, after a tie with Summit High School in the final game of the tournament.
The softball team won the Group II state championship in 1981 (defeating Jefferson Township High School in the tournament's final game) and 2008 (vs. Kittatinny Regional High School). The 1981 team finished the season with an 18-5 record after winning the Group II title at Mercer County Park with a 7-6 victory against Jefferson Township on two runs scored in the bottom of the seventh inning. In 2008, the team won the New Jersey Group II state championship with a 1–0 win against Kittatinny Regional High School. The softball team won the South, Group II state sectional championship in 2007 with a 9–4 win over Haddon Township High School.
The girls' basketball team won with Group II state championships in 1989 (against runner-up Glen Rock High School in the finals), 1990 (vs. Boonton High School), 2000 (vs. West Morris Mendham High School) and 2001 (vs. Hanover Park High School) The team won the Group II title in 1990 with a 60-53 win against a Boonton team that hadn't lost all season until the championship game. The Lady Knights basketball squad is one of only two South Jersey teams to win the NJSIAA Tournament of Champions, winning it in 2001 by a score of 48–40 over Columbia High School. The other is Woodrow Wilson High School, who accomplished the feat in 2005.
Sterling's wrestling program won back-to-back South Jersey Group II state titles in 1999 and 2000. Mark Manchio won three consecutive state wrestling titles in 1999, 2000 and 2001 (125-2 career record). In 2002, Ivan Wiggins won the state wrestling title at 112 lbs.
The baseball team won the South Jersey Group II title in 2007 with a win over Gateway Regional High School. In 2002 and 2003 the baseball team won back to back Diamond Classic tournaments.
In 2004, Donald "Sonnie" Pollosco won the South Jersey Coach's Invitational State Title and Camden County Singles title. (112-6 career record)
In 2013, the Sterling Lady Knights volleyball team won the Group II state championship, the program's first, defeating Madison High School in the tournament final.
In 2014, the Sterling Lady Knights soccer team won the South Jersey Group II state sectional championship, the program's first, defeating Point Pleasant Borough High School in the tournament final by a score of 3–2.
Administration
Core members of the school's administration include:
Matthew Sheehan, superintendent
Jim McCullough, business administrator and board secretary
Jarod Claybourn, principal
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district.
Seats on the district's board of education are allocated based on the population of the constituent municipalities, with four seats assigned to Stratford, three to Somerdale and two to Magnolia. The Laurel Springs district appoints a representative to serve on the Sterling board of education.
Notable alumni
Brian Broomell (born 1958; class of 1976), quarterback who played in the Canadian Football League for the Edmonton Eskimos.
Matthew Q. Gebert (born 1980, class of 1999), a white nationalist who was suspended from his position with the United States Department of State.
Ken Kelley (born 1960; class of 1978), captain of Penn State's national championship football team in 1982.
Sophia A. Nelson (born 1967, class of 1985), author and journalist.
References
External links
Sterling High School
Data for Sterling High School, National Center for Education Statistics
South Jersey Sports: Sterling HS
1960 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1960
Hi-Nella, New Jersey
Laurel Springs, New Jersey
Magnolia, New Jersey
Somerdale, New Jersey
Stratford, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group CD
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Public high schools in Camden County, New Jersey
School districts in Camden County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling%20High%20School%20%28New%20Jersey%29 |
Milburn are an indie rock band from Sheffield, England, that consisted of Joe Carnall, Louis Carnall, Tom Rowley, and Joe Green. They announced their split on 28 March 2008, with the band playing one final gig at Sheffield's Carling Academy on 24 May 2008 before reuniting in 2016.
History
Formation
Milburn's formation came after years of friendship through playing football together. Joe Green started playing the drums and Tom and Louis Carnall both learned to play guitar. The three then decided to form a band, in which they would play cover versions of songs by bands they admired. However the band required a singer and bass player, so they encouraged Louis Carnall's younger brother Joe Carnall to join, despite him not knowing how to sing or play bass.
Milburn started out playing small gigs in front of friends, practising at drummer Joe Green's grandma's house. The origin of their name comes from a bet with a friend whose surname was Milburn.
Emergence and debut album (2001–2006)
The band released their first demo in 2001, titled "Steel Town". The demo was handed out at gigs and to anyone interested in listening. The demo's artwork was simply the band's name in front of the colours blue and white, representing their love for local football team Sheffield Wednesday. The demo contained three tracks, "Steel Town", "High & Dry" and "Tommy".
In 2002 Milburn sold out the Boardwalk in Sheffield twice and played at The Cavern Club in Liverpool, The Garage in London and The Leadmill in Sheffield, while supporting Tony Wright's band Laika Dog and Cosmic Rough Riders.
After releasing two limited singles, "Lipstick Lickin" and "Showroom", on their own label Free Construction, Milburn signed to Mercury Records in 2006. Their debut single for the label, "Send in the Boys", reached number 22 in the UK Singles Chart in April 2006, and their debut album, Well Well Well, released on 9 October 2006 on Mercury Records reached number 32 in the UK Albums Chart.
These Are the Facts (2007–2008)
Milburn released their second album These Are the Facts on 24 September 2007, preceded by the first single from the album "What Will You Do (When the Money Goes)?" on 17 September.
Milburn promoted These Are the Facts with an initial UK tour in September 2007 then another tour in November 2007.
As part of the November 2007 tour, the gig at Manchester Metropolitan University's K2 was cancelled halfway through after the venue failed to hire a sufficient crowd barrier. This resulted in uncontrollable surges by the crowd, which culminated in an alleged attack on a fan by an event security attendant who then turned on Louis Carnall.
Break-up (2008–2016)
Milburn announced on 28 March 2008 that, after much consideration, they had decided it was time to call it a day. They said there had been no falling out in the band and they still remained friends and supporters of each other as they explore new musical horizons.
The band played two final gigs, at the ABC Glasgow on 22 May and the Carling Academy Sheffield on 24 May 2008, as well as releasing two outtakes from These Are the Facts, "The District Line" and "Stay at Home".
Reunion shows and third album (2016–present)
The band reunited in April 2016 for four shows at the O2 Academy Sheffield to celebrate ten years since the release of Well Well Well. The success of the shows led to the band announcing an Autumn UK tour, as well as a new single. The "Midnight Control / Forming of a Fate" double A-side was released in September 2016. The single was recorded at Parr St. Studios, Liverpool, under producer Bill Ryder-Jones. The band continued to work with Ryder-Jones, completing an album on 26 January 2017.
The band released their third album Time on 29 September 2017 via the band's own label "count to 10 Records" and PledgeMusic. The album which was recorded in Liverpool with Bill Ryder Jones.
Side-projects
After the split, Louis Carnall became a member of Lords of Flatbush with ex-Arctic Monkeys bassist Andy Nicholson and Sheffield based singer Steve Edwards, however he is no longer a member.
Tom Rowley and Joe Green became members of The Backhanded Compliments and remain in the band's current incarnation Dead Sons. In January 2009 Tom Rowley joined Reverend and the Makers, replacing Tom Jarvis on guitar but subsequently left to concentrate on Dead Sons. In 2013 he also joined Arctic Monkeys as a touring member.
In 2009, Joe Carnall started his own band with ex-Arctic Monkeys bassist Andy Nicholson initially called Joe Carnall and the Book Club (subsequently renamed simply The Book Club) and in January 2012 he also joined Reverend and the Makers. In addition, he also performs as Joe Carnall & Friends in which he and a revolving group of friends from bands such as The Book Club, Milburn and Reverend and the Makers play mostly acoustic versions of songs by both The Book Club and Milburn as well as performing covers of other well known songs. The Joe Carnall & Friends shows sell out weeks in advance and the Christmas 2013 show sold out the original venue in just 28 minutes and had to be upgraded to The Leadmill to cope with demand.
In 2019, Joe Carnall released his first solo album, under the name Good Cop Bad Cop, the self titled debut was produced by Arctic Monkeys drummer Matt Helders.
Discography
Albums
Well Well Well (2006, Mercury)
These Are the Facts (2007, Mercury)
Time (2017, VAM Records)
EPs
Steel Town (2001)
On Top of the World (2002)
Along Comes Mary (2003)
Milburn (May 2005; re-released October 2005, Free Construction)
Send in the Boys (2006, Mercury; Japan only)
Singles
"Send in the Boys" (2006, Mercury)
"Cheshire Cat Smile" (2006, Mercury)
"What You Could've Won" (2006, Mercury)
"What Will You Do (When the Money Goes)?" (2007, Mercury)
"Midnight Control"/"Forming of a Fate" (2016, VAM/Warner)
References
External links
Milburn Homepage
Interview with Milburn on wrexhammusic.co.uk
BBC interview.
LMS interview.
NME mention.
Milburn Fansite
English indie rock groups
Musical groups from Sheffield
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups disestablished in 2008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milburn%20%28band%29 |
Beeckerwerth is a part of the German city of Duisburg and located right of the Rhine. It has a population of 3,807 and an area of 7.62 km2.
History
Until the Middle Ages, Beeckerwerth was surrounded by water on all sides: on the west and northwest by the Rhine, on the east and northeast by the Emscher and on the south by a branch of the Emscher called the Monnarde. This is the origin of the name of Beeckerwerth which means "Island of Beeck" in Old German.
The house of Beeck ruled over Beeckerwerth since the 13th century. Their castle, Haus Knipp, was first mentioned in 1292. It served as their court until its destruction in 1571. It was rebuilt further inland in 1620.
Beeckerwerth became a borough of Duisburg on 1 October 1905, together with Beeck, Laar and Ruhrort.
The industrialist August Thyssen purchased most of Beeckerwerth, including Haus Knipp, in the early 20th century.
Haus Knipp was destroyed in 1939 when the dam was extended. The Haus-Knipp-Railroad-Bridge, which was constructed next to it in 1912, still bears its name. The bridge was destroyed during the Second World War and repaired by British army engineers in 1946.
Public transport
The DVG operates two bus lines in Beeckerwerth: the 922 to Rheinhausen and the 907 to Walsum
Sights
Europe's largest solar power project is located in Beeckerwerth. It marks the facade of the ThyssenKrupp steel slitting facility, and is visible from the A42 Autobahn.
Notable people
Hermann Oestrich (1903 - 1973), engineer, known for his work on the BWM 003 and Atar 101 engines.
Duisburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeckerwerth |
Gau-Algesheim is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Gau-Algesheim, a kind of collective municipality.
Geography
Location
Gau-Algesheim lies roughly 20 km west of Mainz and just under 3 km away from the Rhine on the edge of the Ingelheimer Rheinebene (“Ingelheim Rhine Plain”) on the terraces at the Rhenish Hesse West Plateau, into whose varied soil structure the “Geo-Ecological Teaching Path” on the Westerberg slopes allows a glimpse. Through the municipal area flows the Welzbach.
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, these are Ingelheim, Appenheim, Ockenheim and Bingen.
Constituent communities
Gau-Algesheim's Stadtteile are Gau-Algesheim and Laurenziberg.
History
In Roman times this was a border area, but already by the Middle Ages it had grown into part of the Holy Roman Empire’s heartland.
Before the town’s first documentary mention in the Lorsch codex in 766, Alagastesheim may already have had more than two centuries of history behind it. The documents about Alagastesheim and Bergen (Laurenziberg) in the lists of holdings from the Lorsch and Fulda Abbeys beginning in 766-767 allow inferences about cropraising, livestock raising, winegrowing, fruitgrowing and individual inhabitants’ wealth. Gau-Algesheim came to the fore in history along with all the other places in the Binger Land with the ″Verona Donation″ on 14 June 983, when Emperor Otto II donated to his Archchancellor Willigis in Verona the town of Bingen and the land “that stretches this side of the Rhine from the bridge over the Selzbach as far as Heimbach, beyond the Rhine but from the spot where the Elzbächlein (a small stream) flows into the same, as far as the little village of Caub”.
Middle Ages
Under financial pressure, Gau-Algesheim was pledged to the Baden Margraves. The Margrave himself then further pledged it in 1461, and the villages of Dromersheim, Gau-Bickelheim, Ockenheim, Windesheim, Kempten, Münster and Büdesheim to the financially strong Count Philipp I, Count of Katzenelnbogen. Under him, the term Wein vom Gau, meaning “Wine from the Gau (or Region)”, was coined. As Philipp died in 1479 without a male heir, Gau-Algesheim ended up involved in the Katzenelnbogen succession dispute.
“Living well under the crozier” was not something that held true at all times. Often domestic or foreign armies would sweep through the town bringing war's attendant burdens and havoc, for instance, in 1248 during the struggles between Emperor Frederick II's and King William II's troops, in 1553 in the war of Protestant princely opposition to Emperor Charles V, in 1631 when Swedish King Gustav II Adolf's troops burnt much of the town down, or 1690, 1733 and 1792, when French soldiers burnt or seized Gau-Algesheim.
Even the two conferrals of town rights, the one in 1332 at Elector of Mainz Baldwin of Luxembourg's request by Emperor Louis the Bavarian and the one in 1355 by King Charles IV in support of the Archbishop of Mainz, were primarily motivated by political and military considerations and were only secondarily meant to further the towsfolk's security and well-being. Nevertheless, there arose a weekly market and a wine market along with a healthy number of craftsmen and businessmen with the urban life then creating supply and demand for regular markets.
At the same time, a great many financial pledges and the mention of a Jewish head tax point to rather a high demand for cash and business. Eventually, for over 400 years, from the latter half of the 14th century until the end of the Old Empire, there arose the Amt of Algesheim under the governance of Amtmänner, Landschreiber, Amtskeller (all titles for various officials) and Schultheißen (roughly “sheriffs”) of the Mainz overlords.
The overlords’ might, already demonstrated in the municipal law of 15 July 1417, was keenly felt by Gau-Algesheim when Elector Albrecht of Brandenburg put an end to efforts to secure self-administration for the town by issuing the state law of 3 January 1527 because the town had taken part in the “Rheingau Uprising” in 1525, and released “unser stadt Algeßheym von unserm landt dem Ringgaw” (“our town Algesheim from our land, the Rheingau”, in archaic German), cutting the town off from the Rheingau, supposedly in perpetuity. Alongside this, pictures of the town, cadastral plans and village descriptions from cartographer Gottfried Mascop's 1577 atlas, the 1590 and 1668 village descriptions and the 1595 Police Law give impressions of the extent to which, and within what bounds of administrative structures the small farming town's social and economic life, and also the townsfolk's self-awareness and self-will developed.
French Revolution and the years that followed
From 1797 to 1815, Gau-Algesheim, along with the whole of the territory on the Rhine's left bank, belonged to the French Republic or the Napoleonic Empire. In the person of scientist, engineer and officer Rudolf Eickemeyer, who was from 1811 to 1813 and again from 1814 to 1815 the maire and from 1815 to 1822 the Bürgermeister (“mayor” in French and German respectively), Gau-Algesheim had a personal continuity from the time of French rule on into Hessian times. Eickemeyer gave the community a modern shape by reforming fire control, restructuring finances, expanding the town's building work, and furthering schooling and agriculture.
The town's growing importance found expression in the institution of a notary's office (1809), the building of the Ludwigsbahn (Mainz-Bingen railway) with a station (1859), the building of a postal depot (1861) out of which grew postal shipping and a post office, and in Georg Presser's (1862) and the Avenarius Brothers’ (1869) first factories.
The traces left in Gau-Algesheim by the Catholic priest Peter Koser from 1869 to 1890 are still apparent today. The Rheinischer Volksbote (“Rhenish Messenger”), first published by the printer Reidel in 1869 and under Father Koser's editorship, was for decades a regionally important organ of the Catholic Centre Party. A teacher preparation institute (an institution that prepared students for teacher's college), known to locals as the Lateinschul (“Latin School”) or the Aljesemer Hochschul (“Algesheim College”, in dialectal German), a childcare centre, a credit and savings union on a coöperative basis, a farmers’ and consumers’ association, and not least of all the newly built Catholic parish church and the establishment of church music in 1888 confirm Peter Koser's religious and sociopolitical contributions in a time of political and ideological struggles.
Third Reich
In the 5 March 1933 Reichstag elections, the town's Catholic character showed itself once again with the Centre Party holding its own as the strongest party with 46.6% of the vote, against the National Socialists with 26.6%. The SPD and the Communists trailed rather badly with 16.2% and 6.9% respectively. After the dissolution or banning of democratic political parties and ecclesiastical associations, and the Gleichschaltung of clubs, opponents of National Socialism were progressively isolated and intimidated. In the context of the dispute over the Reichskonkordat between the German Empire and the Roman Curia, members of the Centre, and also two Social Democrats, were defamed as separatists and traitors to the Fatherland, resulting in their being delivered to Osthofen Concentration Camp. When the Second World War ended, the roughly 80 dead and missing from the First World War were joined by a further 200 or so dead, murdered and missing.
Since the war
The 600th anniversary of Gau-Algesheim's elevation to town in 1355 was recalled by a days-long festival in the summer of 1955, which formed the high point, and indeed the completion of the phase of reconstruction and restoration of traditional structures. Within a few years, the roadbridge (Bundesstraße 41) over the railway line (1957), the cycling sport hall (1960), the new Catholic kindergarten (1961) and the expansion of the Albertus-Hospital (1962) and the primary school (1963) changed the town's face. Once the town administration had moved from the Town Hall on the marketplace to Schloss Ardeck (castle) in 1969, the results of administrative reform made themselves known, among which were the Regierungsbezirk of Rheinhessen-Pfalz (1968), the Mainz-Bingen district (1969) and the Verbandsgemeinde of Gau-Algesheim (1972) as well as the new Schloss-Ardeck-Grundschule (primary school, 1979), the Schloss-Ardeck-Sporthalle (1981) and the Christian Erbach Regional School (2003).
Life in the many clubs and the conviviality are anchored in an historical foundation: in the traditional festivals, the pilgrimage on the Laurenziberg on the Sunday after Saint Lawrence's Day (10 August), the kermis (church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerb) around Assumption Day (15 August), the Young Wine Festival on the second weekend in October and the Christmas Market on the first Sunday in Advent.
Politics
Town partnerships
Saulieu, Côte-d'Or, France
Caprino Veronese, Province of Verona, Veneto, Italy
Redford, Michigan, USA
Neudietendorf, Gotha district, Thuringia
Erfurt-Stotternheim, Thuringia
The partnerships began in 1964 with Saulieu. After both places’ mayors had met, a group of Catholic youths (from the Katholische Junge Gemeinde) travelled to a campground in Burgundy. The links with Caprino Veronese, Redford, Neudietendorf and Stotternheim, too, began with contacts by individual persons or groups before there was ever official contact, much less formal ties. For its dedication to nurturing town partnerships, Gau-Algesheim was awarded the Europe Diploma in 1994 by the Council of Europe, and the European Flag of Honour in 1995.
In 2002, the many stresses on the town and its inhabitants were greatly eased by state recognition of the town as a Tourism Municipality (Fremdenverkehrsgemeinde).
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Gules a cross crosslet pattée couped top and bottom by a wheel in each of chief and base spoked of six lozengy argent.
The arms are derived from those borne by Mainz, which is explained by an historical connection. Gau-Algesheim was an Archbishopric of Mainz holding until 1803. The arms were conferred in 1853, at least officially. The wheel-and-cross composition had, however, been appearing in town seals since at least the 15th century.
Economy and infrastructure
The town lies in a favourable location for transport on the Left Rhine railway towards Frankfurt, Koblenz, and Mainz and the line to Bad Kreuznach, which connects to the Nahe Valley line to Saarbrücken and on Autobahn A 60.
The town's landmarks are the ensemble of the Catholic parish church, the Town Hall, townsmen's houses and marketplace, Schloss Ardeck (castle), the Graulturm (tower) and the Evangelical church.
Schloss Ardeck has housed since 2002 the Rhenish Hesse Bicycle Museum. It is open every Sunday and holiday from 11:00 to 17:00 from Easter to the Young Wine Festival on the second weekend in October.
Since late 2005, the new regional “Rheinwelle” adventure pool on Landesstraße (State Road) 419 within Gau-Algesheim town limits has been open. It is run jointly by Gau-Algesheim, Ingelheim and Bingen.
Notable people
Christian Erbach, (around 1570 – 1635), organist and composer
Rudolf Eickemeyer (1753–1825), mayor of Gau-Algesheim, scientist, soldier
Heinrich Vogt (1890–1968), astronomer and theoretical astrophysicist
Winfried Hassemer (1940–2014), criminal law scientist, vice-president of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
Further reading
Philipp Anton Brück: 600 Jahre Stadt Gau-Algesheim: 1355-1955
References
External links
Collective municipality’s official webpage
Gau-Algesheim
Laurenziberg
Bicycle museum
Atlas of the Mainz left-bank Ämter of Olm, Algesheim and Bingen by Gottfried Mascop from 1577 - by Reiner Letzner
Gau-Algesheimer Kopf nature conservation area
Mainz-Bingen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau-Algesheim |
The Battle of Shaker Heights is a 2003 American comedy-drama teen film directed by Efram Potelle and Kyle Rankin, written by Erica Beeney, and produced by Chris Moore and Jeff Balis. It starred Shia LaBeouf, Elden Henson, Kathleen Quinlan, Amy Smart, and Shiri Appleby. The film was the winning script for the second season of Project Greenlight.
Plot
Kelly Ernswiler, a young war reenactment enthusiast, works at his local store with love interest Sarah and Bart Bowland. Kelly's father, Abe, works with drug addicts, being clean himself for over five years. His mother, Eve, is a commercial artist.
Kelly attempts to woo Bart's older sister, Tabby, even though she's set to marry Miner Weber, a handsome businessman. Kelly becomes a regular at Bart's house, being over for dinner often, and he impresses Bart's father, Harrison, with their common fondness for war memorabilia, and Bart's mother by complimenting her on her flowers, and he often talks to Tabby in her workshop. During this time, Sarah asks him to go to an Aerosmith concert, which she has a spare ticket for, telling him it would be good for him to get out more. When he bluntly makes it clear that he knows it would be a date, he tells her he is seeing someone else, obviously meaning Tabby. Before Kelly and Bart perform their plan for Lance's humiliation, Bart makes it clear to Kelly that he knows he has "his own agenda", at which Kelly is insulted and angry, and Bart displaces it as "pre-mission nervous energy". They recreate an invasion on the street where Lance lives and drag him out of the house pointing guns at him and shouting at him with German accents. They videotape the whole thing and he urinates out of fear.
Afterwards, the boys are drinking whiskey at Bart's house and Bart passes out in a chair by the fire. Kelly makes to go home and goes to the workshop to say goodbye to Tabby. He walks in on her crying, as she now thinks the marriage will be off and goes to comfort her, and they kiss. As Kelly is leaving, Bart sees him and is furious as he knew he was in the workshop. The next day, as Kelly is on a set for a war program that Bart got them in, Bart hasn't turned up. Kelly is cast in a role to be a jeep driver and when his cue is called, Bart turns up out of the bushes and confronts him about Tabby. Kelly denies it at first and then becomes speechless. As he is about to drive for his cue, Bart attacks him in the jeep and they make a mess of the set.
The next day, Abe is taken into care again for relapsing and Kelly is emotionless. He goes to the wedding the same day, only to have an annoyed Bart tell him that he can't let him in. He sneaks into Tabby's limo before it pulls in and he talks to her, and it is a moment in which he finally realizes he must grow up. He gets out of the car and everyone at the wedding sees him and are all confused. He goes round the back of the church to get his bike and leave and meets Minor again, who has no idea of what happened with Kelly and Tabby, and is civil towards him. Kelly cycles to the clinic where his father is staying and is surprised. They begin to watch television and his mother walks in and is surprised and happy to see Kelly.
In the end, it shows the voicemail message where Kelly apologizes to the Bowlands for his behavior and asks Bart if he will meet him where he will be selling all his old memorabilia, and gives a hat Bart acquired for him back. He is shown walking down the street with Sarah and they hold hands. Kelly sees Lance again on his lawn where they faked the invasion, and goes over to him and confesses, only to be punched in the jaw. The film ends with Kelly lying on the lawn, holding his bruised jaw saying, "I deserved it".
Cast
Shia LaBeouf as Kelly Ernswiler
Elden Henson as Bart Bowland
Amy Smart as Tabitha "Tabby" Bowland
Shiri Appleby as Sarah
Kathleen Quinlan as Eve Ernswiler
William Sadler as Abraham "Abe" Ernswiler
Ray Wise as Harrison Bowland
Dana Wheeler-Nicholson as Mathilda Bowland
Billy Kay as Lance Norway
Michael McShane as Mr. Norway
Anson Mount as Miner Weber
Hattie Winston as Principal Holmstead
Production
The film was shot in and around the greater Los Angeles region. Sites included the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, Reseda and Santa Monica. No live action footage featuring the stars was filmed in Shaker Heights, Ohio.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 39% based on reviews from 59 critics. The critics consensus states "LaBeouf is appealing, but The Battle of Shaker Heights feels too watered down and disjointed."
Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four, one less than his review for Stolen Summer. In his review, he wrote: "You get the sense of too much input, too many bright ideas, too many scenes that don't belong in the same movie. Odd, how overcrowded it seems, for 85 minutes."
References
Sources
"Shaker lends only its name; weather gets blame", The Plain Dealer, August 24, 2003.
External links
2003 films
2003 romantic comedy-drama films
2003 independent films
American romantic comedy-drama films
American teen comedy-drama films
2000s German-language films
Films set in Ohio
Films shot in California
Films shot in Los Angeles
American independent films
Films directed by Kyle Rankin
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
2003 directorial debut films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Battle%20of%20Shaker%20Heights |
Nieuwesluis is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about southeast of Den Helder.
Nieuwesluis is considered part of Wieringerwaard. It has place name signs.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Hollands Kroon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwesluis%2C%20North%20Holland |
McCarthy Beach State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Sturgeon Lake chain near Hibbing. It is located in French Township, Saint Louis County.
Ecosystem
Thirty-three species of wildlife inhabit the park including white-tailed deer, black bears, timber wolves, chipmunks, red squirrels, raccoons, and several species of reptiles and amphibians. More than 175 species of birds also visit the area.
The park protects a northern boreal forest with stands of red and white pine and leatherleaf-black spruce lowlands.
Geology
The glaciers that moved through the area gouged and tore at the bedrock, the cooled lava of ancient volcanoes. During that period, glaciers flowed south, retreated north, and flowed south again. The first glacier stopped where McCarthy Beach is now located. It left low rolling hills with steep sides called moraines. Between the hills, the glaciers gouged valleys and in the larger valleys, lakes were formed.
History
In 1895, the Swan River Logging Company built a railroad to Sturgeon Lake. The railroad hauled logs to the Swan River where they were floated down the Mississippi River to Minneapolis sawmills. Over the years, the area became a popular picnic and tenting ground for people from the Iron Range. When the property owner John A. McCarthy died in 1943, his daughter sold the land to a lumberman. Local citizens became concerned about the fate of the timber and were able to persuade the new owner to sell the land. Locals raised some of the money to finance the sale. By matching local money with state money the land was purchased and became a state park in 1945.
Statistics
115,842 annual visits
References
External links
McCarthy Beach State Park
1945 establishments in Minnesota
Beaches of Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1945
Protected areas of St. Louis County, Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Landforms of St. Louis County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy%20Beach%20State%20Park |
Clinton Adams (December 11, 1918 – May 13, 2002) was an American artist and art historian. He was known for his contributions to the field of lithography.
Biography
Adams was born in Glendale, California. He worked in the art department of the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA) but eventually left to serve in the military. He returned to UCLA in 1946. From 1961 to 1976, he was the Dean of the University of New Mexico.
As a painter, Adams worked in several mediums, including oil, acrylic, watercolor painting, and egg tempera. He also produced lithographs, and was the co-author of The Tamarind Book of Lithography (1971), an important description of the process. Among his other writings is American Lithographers (1987), a history of the art in the United States from 1900 to 1960.
Adams received the Governor's Award for "Outstanding Contributions to the Arts of New Mexico" in 1985, and in 1992 he became a member of the National Academy of Design. He died of liver cancer on May 13, 2002, in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
References
External links
Clinton Adams papers, 1934-2002 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art
Oral history interview with Clinton Adams, 1974 Mar. 29 from the Archives of American Art
Oral history interview with Clinton Adams, 1995 Aug. 2-3 a second interview from the Archives of American Art
1918 births
2002 deaths
American art historians
American lithographers
Deaths from liver cancer
Writers from Glendale, California
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture faculty
University of New Mexico faculty
Deaths from cancer in New Mexico
American military personnel of World War II
20th-century American male writers
Historians from California
20th-century lithographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%20Adams |
Pegah Ahangarani (; born 24 July 1984) is an Iranian actress and director. She has received various accolades, including a Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award and an Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Award.
Filmography
The Singing Cat (1990 – Directed by Kambuzia Partovi)
The Girl in the Sneakers (1999 – Directed by Rasul Sadr Ameli)
Women's Prison (2002 – Directed by Manijeh Hekmat)
Our Days (2002 – Directed by Rakhshan Bani-Etemad)
Maxx (2005 – Directed by Saman Moghadam)
Sweet Jam (2006 – Directed by Arezoo Petrossian)
Three Women (2008 – Directed by Manijeh Hekmat)
Shirin (2008 – Directed by Abbas Kiarostami)
Maritime silk road (2010 – Directed by Mohammad Bozorgnia)
No Men Allowed (2011 – Directed by Rambod Javan)
Trapped (2013 – Directed by Parviz Shahbazi)
Atom Heart Mother (2013 – Directed by Ali Ahmadzadeh)
A Persian Melody (2015 - Directed by Hamid Reza Ghotbi)
Bandar Band (2020)
Awards and nominations
Best Actress Award, for The Girl in Sneakers, 23rd Cairo International Film Festival, Egypt, December 1999
Best Performance Award, for The Girl in Sneakers, Dokhtari ba Kafshhaye Katani (original title), 14th Isfahan International Film and Video Festival for Children and Young Adults, Iran, October 1999
Best Actress Award, for Women’s Prison, "Zendan-e zanan" (original title), a movie that is directed by her mother wherein Pegah played three different roles, Locarno Film Festival
Best Supporting Actress for Trapped, 31st International Fajr Film Festival 2013
Arrests
Ahangarani was arrested on 27 July 2009 in the wake of the turmoil after the 2009 presidential election, allegedly for her work in support of opposition candidate Mir-Hossein Mousavi. She was later released but arrested again on 10 July 2011 prior to her planned trip to Germany to report on the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup for the Persian service of the German broadcaster Deutsche Welle. She was released from Evin Prison two weeks later on the equivalent of $84,000 bail after expressions of "outrage among foreign governments and human rights organizations".
References
External links
Pegah Ahangarani at Namnakh
A review of The Girl in the Sneakers
Farhangsara Awards
Mini-biography in Persian
1984 births
Living people
People from Arak, Iran
Iranian film actresses
Iranian stage actresses
Iranian child actresses
Iranian women film directors
Iranian documentary filmmakers
Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actress winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegah%20Ahangarani |
Joshua Braff (born October 11, 1967) is an American writer.
Biography
Braff's first novel, The Unthinkable Thoughts of Jacob Green, described as a Jewish coming of age tale, was published in 2004 by Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill. The Unthinkable Thoughts of Jacob Green was an ALA Notable Book, named to Booklist's Top 10 1st Novels List, and chosen for the Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers program. His second novel Peep Show was published by Algonquin in 2010. In a four-star review of Peep Show, People said, “Braff skillfully illuminates the failures and charms of a broken family. That teen longing for adults to act their age haunts long after the final page.”
Braff's third novel, The Daddy Diaries, was published on May 5, 2015. Novelist Adam Langer praised the novel: “Honest and heartfelt, Joshua Braff’s novel about the perils of 21st century fatherhood contains more moments of truth than several hundred bestselling memoirs or self-help books. The wry humor and compulsive readability may remind readers of Jonathan Tropper or Nick Hornby, but the hard-won wisdom and disarming vulnerability in “The Daddy Diaries” is all Braff's own.”
Braff grew up in South Orange, New Jersey and attended Columbia High School. He graduated from New York University in 1991 with a BS in Education. In 1995 Braff entered Saint Mary's College of California where he earned an MFA in creative writing/fiction. He contributed a short work titled "Exit 15W" to the collection of shorts about New Jersey entitled Living on the Edge of the World after his hometown of South Orange.
Joshua is the older brother of actor-director Zach Braff. His father was born Jewish and his mother, originally Protestant, converted to Judaism.
References
External links
1967 births
21st-century American novelists
Jewish American novelists
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
Columbia High School (New Jersey) alumni
Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development alumni
Writers from South Orange, New Jersey
Saint Mary's College of California alumni
21st-century American Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua%20Braff |
In Mesopotamian marriage law, marriage was regarded as a legal contract, and divorce as its breakup were similarly affected by official procedures.
References
Marriage
Marriage law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian%20marriage%20law |
Guntersblum is an Ortsgemeinde– a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
Geography
Location
Guntersblum lies on the Rhine’s left bank between Mainz and Worms, right on the Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway line, and roughly 25 km south of Mainz.
The municipality’s total area is 1 668 ha, 1 373 ha of which is given over to agriculture and forestry, and 550 ha of this is used for winegrowing. Winegrowing areas include Guntersblumer Vögelsgärten and Oppenheimer Krötenbrunnen while individual vineyards are Steinberg, Authental, Steigterassen, Bornpfad, Kreuzkapelle, Eiserne Hand, St. Julianenbrunnen and Sonnenhang.
History
9th to 10th century
Between 830 and 850 Guntersblum, had its first documentary mention as Chunteres Frumere in the Lorsch codex: a kingly bondsman had to pay the royal court interest in the form of two Fuder (very roughly, 2 000 L) of wine. On 13 June 897 came the municipality’s first datable documentary mention, this time under the name Cundheresprumare (“Gunter’s Plum Garden”). In this document, King Zwentibold confirmed to the monks at Saint Maximin's Abbey at Trier that they had holdings at their disposal in Guntersblum. Between 922 and 927, the Archbishop of Cologne endowed this monastery to the Holy Virgins and Saint Ursula’s Monastery in Cologne with holdings, among other things several arpents of fields in Guntersblum.
13th to 18th century
In 1215, the Xanten Monastery leased its income from the church at Guntersblum (yearly 12 Fuder of wine, 100 Malter of rye and 50 Malter of wheat) to the knight Herbord von Albig and his son Cuselin. In 1237, the Monastery sold the church patronage rights and the whole of its holdings in Guntersblum to the Worms Cathedral Monastery. The goods were shared between the brothers Friedrich III of Leiningen and Emich IV of Leiningen-Landeck. The latter acquired the Electoral-Cologne feudal estate in Guntersblum. Before 1242, Friedrich III of Leiningen was enfeoffed by the Archbishops of Cologne (the village’s owners) with the Vogtei over Guntersblum. Beginning then, Guntersblum remained under Leiningen lordship and belonged until 1316 to the House of Leiningen:
until 1466 to the House of Leiningen-Hardenburg.
until 1572 to the House of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg.
until 1658 to the House of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (in Heidesheim).
until 1766 to the House of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg in Guntersblum.
until 1787 to the House of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Hardenburg.
from 1787 to the House of Leiningen-Guntersblum.
late 1797 – End of Leiningen lordship; Rhine’s left bank annexed to France.
A document now at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries shows a succession of Jewish private tutorship in Guntersblum as early as 1742.
19th century
In 1814 and 1815 came the Congress of Vienna and along with it, the end of French rule. In 1815 and 1816, the Province of Rhenish Hesse (Rheinhessen) came into being and was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Hesse, thereby making Guntersblum Hessian. In 1828 and 1829, work on straightening the Rhine was done, part of which involved the creation of the Kühkopf (“Cow’s Head”), an island, formerly joined to the left bank as the land inside an oxbow. In 1852, Guntersblum became part of the new Oppenheim district. In 1853, the Hessische Ludwigsbahn (railway) from Mainz to Worms was built.
20th century
In 1930, the last occupation troops from the First World War left Guntersblum. In March 1945, American tank units rolled through Rhenish Hesse and also Guntersblum. After the Second World War, Guntersblum grew in the course of the great economic upswing throughout Germany to more than double its former size. Given the way the Allied occupiers set their occupation zones up, the Kühkopf area became part of Hesse. In 1969, Guntersblum was made part of the newly formed Regierungsbezirk of Rheinhessen-Pfalz and, within that, part of the newly formed Mainz-Bingen district. In 1972, Guntersblum became the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde, which merged into the Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Selz in 2014.
Religion
Evangelical parish
The church was built about 1100 as a three-naved basilica with two towers. Then, the Xanten Monastery owned the church patronage rights and made Saint Viktor the church's patron saint. In 1617 and 1618, the nave was torn down because it was in an ill state of repair. In 1619, new building work began. Owing to the Thirty Years' War, the work on the new church was not finished until sometime between 1685 and 1688. In 1702, the south tower fell down. Its replacement is the one with the clock, built between 1839 and 1842. Both the church's towers are particularly noteworthy. The style of such eight-sided vaults on a square foundation most likely originated in Persia and further developed in 7th-century Armenia. This “Oriental relationship” has led to the towers being called the “Saracen Towers”. Towers in this style have only five representatives in Germany (compare Alsheim, Dittelsheim-Heßloch, St. Paulus (Worms), Wetzlar). Among the church's other peculiarities is the Gothic baptismal font. It is believed to date from about 1490 and is one of the so-called Lion Fonts (Löwentaufsteine).
Catholic parish, Saint Viktor’s
For some 100 years, the two denominations shared a house of worship. Eventually the civic community helped the Catholics build their own “Saint Viktor’s Church” (Sankt Viktorskirche) in 1844 and 1845. The church building went up on land belonging to the parish across the street from the Town Hall. The festive consecration was undertaken by Bishop Petrus Leopold Kaiser from Mainz on 16 November 1845. The consecration document hangs in the church's sacristy. In July 1965, the parish priest was able to move into the parish-owned rectory across from the Catholic Church. In 1982 and 1983, the Catholic parish built itself a parish hall, to a great extent through its own means and donations, which Canon Fahney dedicated on 13 March 1983.
The priest who has been leading the Guntersblum Catholic parish, Father Alphons Mohr, celebrated the 50th anniversary of his entry into the priesthood not long ago.
Politics
Coat of arms
The municipality's arms might be described thus: Per fess azure an eagle displayed argent armed, beaked and langued gules, and argent a flowerpot of the first issuant from which five roses of the third slipped vert.
The eagle is the charge borne by the Counts of Leiningen. They held the village in fief for centuries and lived at the local castle. The roses are canting for part of the municipality's name (“flower” in German is Blume).
Town partnerships
Muldenstein, Anhalt-Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt
Culture and sightseeing
Museums
Kelterhaus (“Wine Press House”, Kellerweg 20) from the 19th century, old building wing built in classical Gründerzeit style with imposing, wood-veneered and painted wine-tasting parlour from that time, last run as a restaurant and passing into municipal ownership in 2000. Since 2003, it has been used as a museum.
Buildings
The Kellerweg is a Guntersblum peculiarity. For a kilometre or so along the municipality's raised western edge runs this street where the wine cellars and wine press houses have been set up, safe there from groundwater and flooding from the Rhine. The oldest cellar bears the date 1600. The midpoint on the Kellerweg forms the Julianenbrunnen (spring). Yearly since 1964, the municipality has been celebrating the Kellerweg-Fest on the last two weekends in August. Similar building complexes can also be found in Austria where they are called Kellergasse.
Waterworks pumphouse
The pumping apparatus with a machine hall and a machinist's house was built in 1906 and 1907 by Wilhelm Lenz, Mainz Grand Ducal Education Inspector. The buildings are in Art Nouveau forms with Baroque elements. The apparatus from that time is partly preserved (Gimbsheimer Straße 52).
Parks
In the Rhine on the Guntersblum Heights is found the so-called Naherholungsgebiet Insel Kühkopf (“Cow’s Head Island Recreation Area”). The island can be visited by ferry from April to October from Guntersblum Harbour in the municipality's core. The ferry does not carry motorized vehicles, although visitors may take a bicycle.
Sport
SV 1921 Guntersblum – With roughly 430 members, SV 1921 Guntersblum is one of the municipality's bigger clubs. The first team plays in the Landesliga (State League). The first team's success under trainer H. Scheffel's leadership is at the fore in the club's work. Rainer Richter is the club's first chairman, backed up in this by Scheffel. The club grounds are found on Alsheimer Straße on the way into the municipality coming from Alsheim.
Turnverein 1848 e.V. (gymnastic club)
Tennis club
Wassersportfreunde – Canoe camping. Right on the Rhine across from the Kühkopf nature conservation area stands the Wassersportfreunde (“Watersport Friends”) boathouse.
Regular events
Kellerweg-Fest on the last two weekends in August with many visitors from the surrounding area.
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
Guntersblum lies right on Bundesstraße 9, which runs along from Ludwigshafen am Rhein, parallel to the Mainz–Ludwigshafen railway line to Mainz. Guntersblum lies between two urban agglomerations, the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region and the Rhine Neckar Area.
There are also railway links to these two metropolitan areas with half-hourly trains. In 2015, the RheinNeckar S-Bahn will begin running here. Furthermore, there are highway links to Autobahnen A 61 and A 63 through the Autobahn cross at Alzey, 25 km away. This is only worthwhile for driving towards Koblenz and Kaiserslautern, as Mainz, Worms and Ludwigshafen can be reached more quickly over the B 9.
Shopping
In Guntersblum are found several bakeries, butcher's shops, hairdressers, supermarkets and discount outlets. Also, many gastronomical businesses are on hand alongside the odd winery.
Education
The primary school named after the Guntersblumer Carl Küstner is attended by roughly 200 pupils. Within the school's property is also housed the folk high school.
Furthermore, Guntersblum has two kindergartens, Spatzennest and Zwergenpalast (“Sparrow’s Nest” and “Dwarfs’ Palace”).
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Heinrich “Henry” Dübs, (b. 1816, d. 24 April 1876) German-British engineer and founder of the Dübs and Company locomotive works in Glasgow.
Georg K. Glaser, (1910–1995) German born French writer
Johann Philipp Kreißler, ancestor of US automotive pioneer Walter Percy Chrysler (founder of the Chrysler Corporation, today Chrysler LLC), emigrated in 1709
Augustus Carl Büchel (1813–1864), colonel in the First Texas Cavalry
Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer (1837–1914), gynaecologist, inventor of the modern Caesarian section
Carl Küstner (1861–1934), landscape painter and art professor.
References
External links
Photos of Guntersblum
Homepage of Club for the Preservation of Guntersblum Cultural Heritage
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Mainz-Bingen
Rhenish Hesse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guntersblum |
Theodore Albert "Ted" Parker III (April 1, 1953 – August 3, 1993) was an American ornithologist who specialized in the Neotropics. He "was widely considered the finest field birder / ornithologist that the world had ever seen."
Biography
Parker grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and became interested in birdwatching at an early age. In 1971 he broke the North American Big Year record (seeing more species of birds in a year than anyone before). In that year he enrolled at the University of Arizona and began to accompany ornithological expeditions to South America, particularly with Louisiana State University. He moved to Baton Rouge and was associated with LSU for the rest of his life (becoming a fanatical supporter of LSU basketball). He supported himself by leading birding tours, especially for Victor Emanuel Nature Tours, until the last few years of his life, when he went to work for Conservation International.
Identification skills
According to Zimmer (1993), "Voice, microhabitat, and behavior are the keys [to identification] in neotropical forests, and Ted was not only the first to recognize this (his seminal paper on foliage-gleaner identification that appeared in the April 1979 issue of Continental Birdlife should be required reading for all students of tropical birding), but also honed his discrimination of these essential cues to a finer degree than anyone else." Zimmer adds that as knowledge of these matters was limited, "[m]any field problems... took weeks of patient effort for Ted to work out for himself."
If another ornithologist played Parker a tape of an unknown bird, he could usually recognize it and could often identify other species in the background noise. He might then, by his knowledge of bird ranges, state where the tape had been made—Zimmer gives the example of "south bank of the Amazon between the Rios Madeira and Tapajos".
He could identify bird calls and songs even in the presence of many other birds, as when the bird was a member of a mixed-species flock. On more than one occasion, he identified a bird new to him by its call, since he recognized the genus and knew what species lived in the area. Once, hearing a recording of a dawn chorus in Bolivia, he realized that one of the sounds was an antwren of the genus Herpsilochmus—but since he knew all the sounds of those birds, he knew he was hearing a previously unknown species. The following year, the new species was discovered.
The scale of this knowledge is given by the presence of over two thousand bird species in the Andes and Amazon, where Parker did most of his field work; each species typically has at least three vocalizations. He kept them straight not only from each other but from the region's monkeys, amphibians, and insects as well.
Methods
Don Stap describes Parker's method: walking slowly down a trail, pausing after every step, and watching and listening. In this way he gained his knowledge of both detail and "common patterns in behavior or vocalizations or community structure across the continent", which led Jon Fjeldså and Niels Krabbe to call him "by far the greatest specialist on the life histories of neotropical birds there ever was". Stap also notes that Parker generally did not shoot birds for study, a normal method of field ornithology.
When leading tours, Parker would lure flocks in by recording their sounds as he heard them and then immediately playing the tape back; he would predict where the flock would come into sight and arrange his clients to give each a good view. The flock would appear as predicted.
Contributions
Parker willingly shared his knowledge with others informally, published extensively, and contributed over 10,000 recordings to the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology.
When he went to work for Conservation International, he conceived of an interdisciplinary program to provide scientific information in South America's conservation crises. This Rapid Assessment Program has led to the creation of many parks and reserves. Parker was doing a survey for it in western Ecuador when he was killed in a plane crash along with three others, including the botanist Alwyn Howard Gentry.
The Theodore A. Parker III Natural Area in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and the Parker/Gentry Award for Conservation Biology are named for him.
Birds named after Parker
The following bird species have their English or scientific names commemorating Parker:
Subtropical pygmy-owl Glaucidium parkeri
Ash-throated antwren Herpsilochmus parkeri
Parker's antbird Cercomacroides parkeri
Chusquea tapaculo Scytalopus parkeri
Cinnamon-faced tyrannulet Phylloscartes parkeri
Additionally, the following subspecies names commemorate Parker as well:
Copper Metaltail Metallura theresiae parkeri
Black-and-yellow silky-flycatcher Phainoptila melanoxantha parkeri
Natterer's slaty-antshrike Thamnophilus stictocephalus parkeri
References
Further reading
According to Bates and Schulenberg, it contains a complete bibliography and a full memorial.
Introduces the young Ted Parker as a friend of the author and describes some of their mutual birding experiences. Illustrates the beginnings of Parker's field techniques and interest in neotropical birds and conservation.
1953 births
1993 deaths
American conservationists
American ornithologists
Birdwatchers
People from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Scientists from Pennsylvania
20th-century British zoologists
University of Arizona alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Ecuador
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1993
20th-century American zoologists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20A.%20Parker%20III |
The Walton Arts Center is a performing arts center located in Fayetteville, Arkansas. It opened in 1992 and is currently Arkansas' largest and busiest arts presenter.
The center is estimated to have cost about $13 million, which was made possible by a collaboration of the Walton Family Foundation, the university, the city, and the private sector.
The facility currently houses three resident companies: Symphony of Northwest Arkansas, Trike Theatre for Youth, and Community Creative Center. In 2016, the facility was renovated and expanded with an additional square feet.
History
The idea for the Walton Arts Center started in the 1980s with a donation from Sam Walton to the University of Arkansas for the creation of a performance space. After talking with the city of Fayetteville, which was also looking for a multi-purpose space for conferences and special events, the corner of Dickson Street and North School Avenue was chosen for its location approximately halfway between downtown and the University. In 1986 the Walton Arts Center Council was formed with the task of the construction of the facility.
In 2009 Peter B. Lane was appointed the Center's third President/CEO.
In 2013 the Arkansas Music Pavilion was relocated to the city of Rogers, AR
In 2014 construction of Walmart Arkansas Music Pavilion was completed.
Art facilities
Baum Walker Hall is the main facility of Walton Arts Center. It is a proscenium stage seating . This venue is used for recitals, lectures, musical performances, ceremonies, and concerts.
Starr Theater is a black box theater that seats up to 250 people. Its square feet are used for small shows and events.
Studio Theater is located at the Nadine Baum Studios on West Street across from Walton Arts Center. The capacity is 300 people and the space is square feet.
McBride Studio has a capacity of 100 people and the venue is used for business meetings, pre and post-performance receptions, and classes.
Cynthia H. Coughlin Gallery/Main Lobby is used for receptions and dinners when there is not a performance and it serves as the gathering space before a performance. The area can hold up to 400 people at a time.
Bradberry Amphitheater/Rosen Memorial Rose Garden is located on Dickson Street, outside of Walton Arts Center. It is used for weddings, receptions and dinners and has a capacity of 200 people.
Joy Pratt Markham Gallery is a visual arts space located inside of Walton Arts Center.
References
External links
Walton Arts Center Homepage
Performing arts centers in Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Fayetteville, Arkansas
Tourist attractions in Fayetteville, Arkansas
Event venues established in 1992
Culture of Fayetteville, Arkansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton%20Arts%20Center |
René Rémond (; 30 September 1918 – 14 April 2007) was a French historian, political scientist and political economist.
Born in Lons-le-Saunier, Rémond was the Secretary General of Jeunesses étudiantes Catholiques (JEC France in 1943) and a member of the International YCS Center of Documentation and Information in Paris (presently the International Secretariat of International Young Catholic Students). The author of books on French political, intellectual and religious history, he was elected to the Académie Française in 1998. He was also a founding member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.
Rémond is the originator of the famous division of French right-wing parties and movement into three different currents, each one of which appeared during a specific phase of French history: Legitimism (counter-revolutionaries), Orléanism, and Bonapartism. Boulangisme, for example, was according to him a type of Bonapartism, as was Gaullism. These he considers as being authoritarian, needing a leader with charisma, and presenting their movements as more "populist" than the others. Legitimism refers to the royalists who refused to accept the French Republic during the 19th century. (The Action Française royalist movement belongs to the Legitimists, who, being marginalized during the 20th century, managed however to take back some influence during the Vichy régime.) Similarly, he classes the National Front (Le Pen's party) in this group. Orléanists he identifies as economic liberals, which characterizes present-day conservative parties. This group presents itself as bourgeois rather than populist.
Rémond died in April 2007 in Paris at the age of 88.
Bibliography
Lamennais et la démocratie (1948)
La Droite en France de 1815 à nos jours (1954)
Histoire des États-Unis (1959)
Les Catholiques, le communisme et les crises (1929–1939) (1960)
Les États-Unis devant l’opinion française (1815–1852), 2 volumes (1962)
Les Deux Congrès ecclésiastiques de Reims et Bourges (1896–1900) (1964)
La Vie politique en France, tome 1 : 1789-1848 (1964)
Forces religieuses et attitudes politiques dans la France depuis 1945 (contributing editor; 1965)
Atlas historique de la France contemporaine (contributing editor; 1966)
Léon Blum, chef de gouvernement (contributing editor; 1967)
La droite en France, De la Première Restauration à la Ve République, 2 volumes (1968)
La Vie politique en France, tome 2 : 1848-1879 (1969)
Le Gouvernement de Vichy et la Révolution nationale (contributing editor; 1972)
Introduction à l’histoire de notre temps, 3 volumes (1974)
L’Anticléricalisme en France de 1815 à nos jours (1976)
Vivre notre histoire (Entretien avec Aimé Savard) (1976)
Édouard Daladier, chef de gouvernement (1977)
La France et les Français en 1938-1939 (1978)
La Règle et le consentement. Gouverner une société (1979)
Les droites en France (1982, published in 2005)
Quarante ans de cabinets ministériels (contributing editor, 1982)
Le Retour de de Gaulle (1983)
Essais d’ego-histoire (in collaboration; 1987)
Pour une histoire politique (contributing editor; 1988)
Notre siècle (1918–1988), rééditions mises à jour, 1992 et 1995 (1988)
Age et politique (in collaboration; 1991)
Paul Touvier et l’Église (in collaboration; 1992)
Valeurs et politique (1992)
Histoire de la France religieuse (co-contributing editor; 1992)
La politique n’est plus ce qu’elle était (1993)
Le Catholicisme français et la société politique (1995)
Le Fichier juif (in collaboration; 1996)
Les Crises du catholicisme en France dans les années trente (1996)
Religion et société en Europe aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Essai sur la sécularisation (1998)
Une laïcité pour tous (1998)
L'Anticléricalisme en France (1999)
Les Grandes Inventions du christianisme (1999)
La politique est-elle intelligible ? (1999)
Le Christianisme en accusation (2000)
Discours de réception à l'Académie française (2000)
Regard sur le siècle (2000)
Du mur de Berlin aux tours de New York : douze années pour changer de siècle (in collaboration with François Azouvi) (2002)
La République souveraine (2002)
Une mémoire française (2002)
Le Siècle dernier (2003)
Le nouvel anti-christianisme (2005)
Les Droites aujourd'hui (2005)
References
External links
L'Académie française
Intervention Colloque L’Europe en quête de son identité culturelle. Décembre 2005
1918 births
2007 deaths
People from Lons-le-Saunier
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Academic staff of Sciences Po
Historians of France
Historians of Vichy France
Lycée Carnot alumni
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
Members of the Académie Française
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences
Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour
Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Commanders of the Order of Agricultural Merit
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male writers
20th-century French historians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20R%C3%A9mond |
The David Martin Mennonites, officially called Independent Old Order Mennonite Church or Independent Old Order Mennonites, are a horse and buggy group of Canadian Old Order Mennonites that is moderate concerning the use of modern technologies and that emerged in 1917. They numbered about 3,500 people in 2010 and live in Wellington County, Ontario and the Waterloo Region. In 2020 they now also live in The Municipality of Grey Highlands, Simcoe County, and Township of Southgate. They do not cooperate with other Old Order groups.
History
In 1917 the David Martin Mennonites emerged under the leadership of Minister David B. Martin (1838-1920) from the Old Order Mennonite Conference in Ontario, mainly concerning issues of discipline. In the next decades the young church was not without troubles and struggled to maintain its members. They used the ban on several occasions and growth was slow.
In 1954, a group of about 25 people separated from the David Martin Mennonites and in 1956 Elam S. Martin, their minister, was excommunicated from the David Martin Mennonites. This Elam Martin group with others formed the Orthodox Mennonites in 1958. Since then the David Martins adopted a policy not to talk to outsiders about their faith. "We have lost too many people", bishop David W. Martin stated. The David Martins have grown rapidly through natural increase since 1958.
In 1987, the majority of the Anson Hoover group, a subgroup of Orthodox Mennonites consisting of some 70 members, went back to the David Martin Mennonites. In 1979 the David Martins, as a group, unanimously accepted the telephone.
Practice
David Martin Mennonites do not talk about their personal lives or church life, but they are open for business. They do not own automobiles but do utilize certain aspects of modern technology, such as cellphones and computers, primarily for business. Fields are tilled with horses and tractors. while stationary belt-drive diesel engines for threshing and other farm works are allowed. In their homes they have electric light, freezers, refrigerators and propane stoves are accepted. David Martin Mennonites send their children to public schools which their children attend until they are 14 years old.
Demographics
In 1925 there were 55 adult members in the group. In 1942 there were 72 adult members and 92 children. In 1952 there were 89 adult members and 183 children. In the 1990s they had more than 400 adult members. Around the year 2000 the David Martin Mennonites counted about 350 households, which would mean about 2100 people. In 2010 there were about 3,500 people in the group.
Literature
External links
David Martin Mennonites (Ontario, Canada) at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
"Old Order Mennonite Groups in Ontario" at Anabaptistwiki.org
"Moderate Old Order Mennonite Groups" at Anabaptistwiki.org
References
Anabaptism
Mennonitism
Mennonite denominations
Mennonitism in Canada
Old Order Mennonites
Anabaptist denominations established in the 20th century
1917 establishments in Ontario | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Martin%20Mennonites |
Dominic Vallarsi (13 November 1702 – 14 August 1771) was an Italian priest, born in Verona.
He studied with the Jesuits at Verona and after his elevation to the priesthood occupied himself chiefly in archæological and Patristic studies. In his searches for manuscripts and other antiquities he was aided financially by the City of Verona and its bishop, as well as by Benedict XIV, who gave him a benefice in the Diocese of Vicenza and appointed him reviser for the Oriental languages at the Holy Office. He was also highly respected for his archæological learning by such men as Muratori, Apostolo Zeno, Giammaria Mazzucchelli, and others.
Literary works
An edition of St. Jerome; "S. Hieronymi opera omnia post monachorum e congregatione S. Mauri recensionem quibusdam ineditis monumentis aliisque lucubrationibus aucta, notis et observationibus illustrata," (11 vols., Verona, 1734–42; revised and enlarged, Venice, 1766–72, reprinted in Patrologia Latina, XII-XXX).
The title refers to the Maurist edition by Jean Martianay and Antoine Pouget (Paris, 1693–1706).
Vallarsi also assisted Scipio Maffei in his revision of the Maurist edition of St. Hilary (Verona, 1730) and brought out an incomplete edition of the works of Rufinus (Verona, 1745). The second volume, which was to contain the Latin translations of Rufinus, did not appear.
Notes
References
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
1702 births
1771 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Vallarsi |
Strachkvas (Kristián) (28 September 929 or 935, Prague – 996, Prague) was a prince of Bohemia, son of Boleslav I and brother of Boleslav II, all members of the Přemyslid dynasty. A clergyman, Strachkvas was finally to become Bishop of Prague but died during his consecration.
Life
Strachkvas was born on a feast day on which his father killed his own brother or half-brother, Wenceslaus, in order to replace Wenceslaus as Duke of the Bohemians. Feeling remorse, Boleslav gave his newborn son the strange name of "Strachkvas", "a dreadful feast". Boleslav promised to devote his son to religion and to educate him as a clergyman, and he kept his word.
According to Chronica Boemorum of Cosmas of Prague, Saint Adalbert of Prague in 994 offered his episcopal see to Strachkvas, explaining that Strachkvas came from the Přemyslids, and it would be easy for him to bend people to his will; but Strachkvas refused the episcopacy. When Adalbert's family was massacred the next year and he left Prague, however, Strachkvas was appointed to succeed him. Then, just as Strachkvas was about to assume the episcopate, he died without warning during the installation ceremony itself. The circumstances of his death still are unclear.
10th-century births
996 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
10th-century bishops in Bohemia
Roman Catholic bishops of Prague
Přemyslid dynasty
Bohemian princes
Nobility from Prague | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strachkvas |
Nieder-Olm is a town in the Mainz-Bingen district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Until 5 November 2006 it was an Ortsgemeinde – a municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – but it was raised to town the next day. It is still the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm, and functions as a middle centre in the region.
Geography
Location
Nieder-Olm lies some 10 km south of Mainz in the heart of Rhenish Hesse, on the east bank of the Selz in the northern part of the Rhenish-Hessian Hills (Rheinhessisches Hügelland), known as the Mainz Basin.
The town's average elevation lies at some 150 m above sea level. The highest elevation within municipal limits is the Mühlberg at 243 m in the northeast between Nieder-Olm and Mainz-Ebersheim.
The landscape is strongly characterized by winegrowing and fruit growing. A wood named Im Loh can be found in the northeast of the municipal area. It is only some 11 ha in area.
Geology
Predominant here are loess soils, which are of very high quality.
Climate
Owing to the location in the Mainz Basin, the climate in Nieder-Olm is very mild and dry.
The mean temperature over the year is 8 °C, making the area one of the warmest in Central Europe. The yearly precipitation is, at 500 mm, rather slight.
Constituent communities
Nieder-Olm has one outlying Stadtteil called Goldberg.
Neighbouring municipalities
Clockwise from the north, these are:
Ober-Olm (Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm)
Klein-Winternheim (Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm)
Mainz (outlying centre of Ebersheim)
Zornheim (Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm)
Sörgenloch (Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm)
Saulheim (Verbandsgemeinde of Wörrstadt)
Stadecken-Elsheim (Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm)
Essenheim (Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm)
History
Early Middle Ages
Since so few written documents about Nieder-Olm from the Middle Ages are available, dating Nieder-Olm founding is difficult. Finds from grave digs from the late 6th century, however, point to an early settlement in this area.
It is believed that this may have been brought about by the early Franks during the so-called Fränkische Landnahme (“Frankish Land-Taking”), when the Franks reconquered the lands formerly held by the Romans. The Frankish settlement called Reichelsheim lay roughly where the commercial development now lies in northwest Nieder-Olm and can still be made out in aerial photographs. The placename ending —heim is typical of names that the Franks gave places, including many other nearby places. Reichelsheim, though, was later forsaken.
Middle Ages
From the Middle Ages, Nieder-Olm was an Electoral Mainz holding. It is established by documents that in 899 Archbishop of Mainz Hatto I made over a landholding called Ulmena (Olm) to the wife of Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia with a lifetime term. This estate is believed to have lain in the area now occupied by Ober-Olm and is both municipalities’ namesake. In 994, at Emperor Otto III's behest, the estate was put back under the Archbishopric's ownership. In the late 11th century, ownership was transferred to the Mainz Cathedral Foundation, in which time also arose Saint George's Catholic Church, expedited by strong ecclesiastical influence.
The settlement's first fortifications are believed to date from the 12th century. These were made up of walls and ditches and had four main gates. Later, in the late 13th century, supposedly as a reaction to the building of Stadeck Castle, a castle with a moat was built within the municipal boundaries, to which noble Burgmänner were given priority.
In the 15th century, Nieder-Olm found itself caught between the frontlines in an archiepiscopal feud being waged by Archbishops Diether von Isenburg and Adolf von Nassau. Its consequences entailed frequent changes in rulers. In 1503, Archbishop Berthold had the castle newly built to meet the requirements of what were then modern attack techniques. From this time, the castle was known as St. Laurenziburg. In the years that followed, both the castle and the fortifications were repeatedly destroyed. Today only a few remnants are left. In the early 19th century, the castle finally had to give way to a road. Quite well preserved is the defensive complex at the graveyard, which at the time surrounded the church.
Early modern times
During the Thirty Years' War, Nieder-Olm was repeatedly overrun by the enemy and in 1632 it was occupied by Swedish troops. Some 60 years later, in the Nine Years' War, Nieder-Olm was sacked by French troops.
Once again in the late 18th century, Nieder-Olm was occupied. This time it was French Revolutionary troops. The French put a Liberty pole up in 1792 and made Nieder-Olm a part of the Republic of Mainz, which was the first democratic republic on German territory. Only a short time later – the Republic of Mainz only lasted 100 days – Nieder-Olm was reconquered by Imperial troops.
As soon afterwards as 1797, though, French troops managed to take Nieder-Olm once again, and it thus became part of the Napoleonic Empire. After this fell, Nieder-Olm became in 1816 part of the newly founded province of Rhenish Hesse (Rheinhessen), which also made it part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt.
With the opening of the Hessian Ludwig Railway from Mainz to Alzey in 1871, Nieder-Olm was linked to the railway network.
First and Second World Wars
After the First World War, Nieder-Olm once again became French-occupied under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. A border station of the occupied Rhineland was set up in an inn at that time, the Gasthaus zur schönen Aussicht.
Having been returned to German sovereignty in 1929, Nieder-Olm was no more spared National Socialism than any other part of Germany. After Kristallnacht (9 November 1938), in which Jewish houses and shops were looted and destroyed, there were no more Jewish inhabitants in Nieder-Olm.
Into the history of the Second World War went Nieder-Olm when during the Allied advance, scattered German troops in the Selz valley put up considerable resistance. Bearing witness to this time are American emplacements west of the Selz, which have, however, for safety's sake, been filled in.
Postwar to present
From 1946, Nieder-Olm belonged to the newly founded state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
In the decades that followed, the infrastructure was under ongoing expansion: new schools arose (in 1957 the new primary school Burgschule Nieder-Olm, in 1974 the Hauptschule and special school and in 1981 the Gymnasium, as well as two schools for physically handicapped pupils and those with learning difficulties), a gymnasium and festival hall (1961) and the indoor and outdoor swimming pool (1968) were built. In 1980 the town acquired a connection to the A 63.
Also in the last two decades, development was steadily furthered: new residential areas were laid out and older ones continually expanded. The commercial area was amply expanded and three new bypasses were built. In 1997 the old festival hall was torn down and replaced with the new Ludwig-Eckes-Halle. Likewise, the indoor and outdoor swimming pool was expanded into an adventure pool.
Further upgrading is planned with a view to barring all through traffic and doing further building work, especially in the area around the primary school and Pariser Straße.
Today, Nieder-Olm has over 10,000 inhabitants and the number is growing. The Rhineland-Palatinate Cabinet decided on 24 October 2006 to grant Nieder-Olm the designation “town” (Stadt in German). Nieder-Olm has been allowed since the delivery of the granting documents on 6 November 2006 by Rhineland-Palatinate Interior Minister Karl Peter Bruch to call itself the “Town of Nieder-Olm” (Stadt Nieder-Olm).
Politics
Town council
The council is made up of 24 council members, counting the mayor, with seats apportioned thus:
(as at municipal election held on 7 June 2009)
Mayor
In 2019, Dirk Hasenfuss was elected as mayor of Nieder-Olm.
Town partnerships
Recey-sur-Ource, Côte-d'Or, France since 1967
Bussolengo, Province of Verona, Veneto, Italy since 1984
L'Alcúdia, Valencia, Spain since 1989
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Per fess argent a cross moline gules and gules a wheel spoked of six argent.
The earliest seal, from 1519, shows the cross moline (that is, cross with pointed split ends turned out), whereas later ones show a cross pattée (that is, cross whose arms broaden at the ends, which are flat). The original form was chosen for inclusion in the modern arms.
The reason for the cross's inclusion as a charge is unclear, although it has been suggested that it refers to Saint George, who is the patron saint. The wheel is the Wheel of Mainz, and refers to Nieder-Olm's allegiance to Electoral Mainz until 1803. The tinctures are also Mainz's.
Culture and sightseeing
Buildings
The Evangelical Parish Church from the Late Classicist period was completed in 1865. It harbours a pulpit and altar table from 1808, both from the now demolished Welschnonnenkirche in Mainz.
Saint George's Catholic Parish Church comes from the year 1779. The quire tower on the east side is a remnant of the old mediaeval church from the 12th century; it was given a greater height and modified later in the 19th century.
Regular events
Fire brigade's New Year's Ball on the first Saturday in January
Sebastianus-Theatertage in January
Rathausstürmung (“Town Hall Storming”) on Fat Thursday
Street Festival on the first weekend after Ascension Day
Collective Municipality's Wine Culture Days (Weinkulturtage der Verbandsgemeinde) on the third weekend in June
Wind Ensemble's Summer Night Festival (Sommernachtsfest des Bläserchores) in the summer holidays
Kermis (church consecration festival, locally known as the Kerb) on the first weekend in September
Christmas Market in the first two weeks of Advent
Economy and infrastructure
The head office of Eckes AG, a financial holding company, has been in Nieder-Olm since 1857.
Transport
Roads
The Autobahn A 63 from Kaiserslautern to Mainz passes Nieder-Olm in the west and is linked to the town through two interchanges. On the one hand it is easy to reach the important north–south connection, the A 61 along this road, and on the other, it serves as a feeder to the urban agglomeration of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Region and the other Autobahnen that lead there.
Over several Landesstraßen (State Roads), Nieder-Olm is linked with neighbouring municipalities.
Local public transport
Bus
Nieder-Olm is connected to local public transport by the ORN (Omnibusverkehr Rhein-Nahe GmbH), a bus company:
Route 66: Nieder-Olm - Zornheim - Mainz-Ebersheim - Mainz-Hechtsheim (ORN and Mainzer Verkehrsgesellschaft mbH)
Route 640: RegioLinie Ingelheim - Nieder-Olm Mitte - Nieder-Olm Bf. - Nieder-Olm Schulzentrum
Route 652: Mainz - Nieder-Olm Mitte - Nieder-Olm Bf. - Sörgenloch
Route 657: Sprendlingen / Budenheim / Mainz - Nieder-Olm Schulzentrum (school transport)
Route 667: Nieder-Olm Schulzentrum- Friesenheim (school transport)
Rail
In the east of downtown is found the Deutsche Bahn railway station. On weekdays, it is served strictly by half-hourly regional trains (RE/RB) in both directions on the Alzey–Mainz line. Even on Sundays and holidays, the service is only slightly less. In the morning rush hour there are two direct connections to Worms by way of Alzey. In the summer months, a few trains go through to Kirchheimbolanden. On weekends and holidays, journeys on the Elsass-Express (“Alsace Express”) to Wissembourg are possible.
Public institutions
Nieder-Olm is the seat of the Verbandsgemeinde of Nieder-Olm.
Education
Burgschule Nieder-Olm, primary school
Gymnasium Nieder-Olm
Regionale Schule Nieder-Olm, Hauptschule and Realschule, beginning in the 2008/2009 school year, an integrated comprehensive school
Selztalschule, special school with the emphasis on “Learning”
Schule für Körperbehinderte Nieder-Olm, special school for physically handicapped pupils
Famous people
Sons and daughters of the town
Ludwig Eckes (b. 28 April 1913, d. 14 January 1984), entrepreneur
Wilhelm Holzamer (b. 28 March 1870, d. 28 August 1907), writer
Jean Metten (b. 9 May 1884, d. 26 June 1971), painter
Richard and Hilda Strauss, founders of Strauss Group.
Famous people working in town
Werner von Moltke (b. 1936), 1966 European champion in decathlon and today president of the Deutscher Volleyball-Verband e. V.
Liesel Metten, sculptor
References
External links
Town’s official webpage
Mainz-Bingen
Rhenish Hesse
Holocaust locations in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieder-Olm |
Joe Montford (born July 30, 1970) is a Canadian and American football defensive end. Montford played with the Shreveport Pirates (4 games in his first year in the CFL), the Toronto Argonauts, the Edmonton Eskimos, the Charlotte Rage of the Arena Football League (AFL) and, most famously, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2011.
Career
From 1989 to 1993, Montford attended South Carolina State University, leading the school in tackles in 1993. In 2007 South Carolina State celebrated there "100 years in football", and selected Montford as one of the top 100 players of all-time.
Considered by many commentators as one of the greatest defensive players in the history of the Canadian Football League, Montford was a four-time CFL sack leader, three-time winner of the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award, five-time East Division All-Star, and five-time CFL All-Star. In November, 2006, Montford was voted one of the CFL's Top 50 players (#40) of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.
Montford enjoyed his best seasons as a Hamilton Tiger-Cats as the key player in the team's defensive front seven. Montford was the Tiger-Cats' all-time leader in tackles until former teammate and linebacker Rob Hitchcock broke the record while Montford was with the Eskimos. In 1999, Montford came within half a sack of Hall-of-Famer James Parker's single season record of 26.5, but missed out on defensive player of the year honours to teammate Calvin Tiggle as Hamilton, with Most Outstanding Player Danny McManus also on the team, took the 87th Grey Cup 32-21.
Montford signed a high-priced deal with Toronto for the 2002 CFL season, but he failed to bring his old self to Toronto and struggled on a mediocre Argonauts team. This led to the team trading Montford back to Hamilton for speedy receiver Tony Miles and non-import fullback Randy Bowles on March 13, 2003. Montford played 2003 and 2004 back with Hamilton, as the team slid down the East Division standings.
After the 2004 season, Montford was traded to Edmonton for offensive lineman Dan Comiskey (who the Eskimos later re-acquired in the Troy Davis trade). Montford played the 2005 season with Edmonton, and helped the team take the 93rd Grey Cup. In the championship game, it was Montford who chased Montréal Alouettes quarterback Anthony Calvillo out of the pocket on third-and-thirty-one and forced him to attempt a quick kick punt on the last play of overtime.
On Wednesday, April 27, 2006, Montford was released from the Eskimos.
On Monday, July 3, 2006, Montford was re-signed by the Eskimos.
Aside from Joe Montford's public career as a professional football player he also spend months working with children in a group home in the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia in 2000. He left this job after the parent company of the group home which owned similar facilities throughout the United States filed for bankruptcy and the decision was made to close the facility. Joe Montford was known there for teaching the kids many of whom had little or no parental involvement growing up how to play football and other sports. He served as one of the few positive male role models many of the teenage boys there he worked with ever had. To this day one of the boys he worked with who is now a college senior keeps the autographed card Joe Montford gave him in his wallet and carries it with him as a reminder of where he came from.
Montford was inducted onto the Hamilton Tiger-Cats Wall Of Honour on August 23, 2018.
References
External links
AFL stats
1970 births
Living people
American football defensive linemen
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football defensive linemen
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian Football League Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award winners
Edmonton Elks players
Charlotte Rage players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
People from Beaufort, North Carolina
Shreveport Pirates players
South Carolina State Bulldogs football players
Toronto Argonauts players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Montford |
Ennio De Concini (9 December 1923, Rome – 17 November 2008) was an Italian screenwriter and film director, winning the Academy Award in 1962 for the "Best Original Screenplay" for Divorce Italian Style.
Life and career
He was the co-screenwriter of The Red Tent a 1969 film starring Sean Connery which was based on Umberto Nobile's disastrous 1928 expedition to the North Pole in the airship Italia. Among the 60 films to his credit are The Twist (1976), Four of the Apocalypse (1975), Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973), Battle of the Worlds (1961), Black Sunday (1960), Long Night in 1943 (1960), Il Grido (1957), War and Peace (1956), and Mambo (1954).
With his wife, Ninni, he had a son, Corrado de Concini, who is a noted mathematician.
Selected filmography
Vacation with a Gangster (1951)
The Angels of the District (1952)
Brothers of Italy (1952)
Sunday Heroes (1952)
The Italians They Are Crazy (1958)
The Facts of Murder (1959)
The Warrior Empress (1960)
Taras Bulba, the Cossack (1962)
References
External links
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
21st-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Italian film directors
20th-century Italian screenwriters
1923 births
2008 deaths
Italian male screenwriters
Infectious disease deaths in Lazio
20th-century Italian male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio%20de%20Concini |
Buriki One: World Grapple Tournament '99 in Tokyo, otherwise known simply as Buriki One, is a 3D competitive fighting game produced by SNK and released as a coin-operated arcade game in 1999. It is the seventh and final game developed for SNK's short-lived Hyper Neo Geo 64 hardware and like most games released for the platform, it has never been officially ported to home consoles. It was planned for release for the PS1 platform but was never officially released.
Gameplay
The control system uses two buttons for movement, keeping the player on a 2-D axis, despite the 3D arena. Pressing the left button moves the character in the left direction, pressing the right moves in that respective direction. Double tapping each button produces a dash in each corresponding direction for evasion and closing distance. Pressing both buttons makes the character block.
By using the joystick, the player can execute attacks of varying damage levels. By pressing in the forward direction, the player executes a medium attack, up forward a stronger attack, and down, forward is the weakest, but fastest attack. By combining various combinations of the movement of the stick, a special attack is performed for increased damage. Unlike the 2-D iterations, however, no ranged attacks are present, keeping the preferred fighting distance between players at close quarters.
A fighter can win by knocking out his opponent, forcing his opponent to surrender, or by winning a judgment by a panel of three judges if time runs out. The judges are allowed to cast ballots for either fighter or a tie ballot that does not contribute to the decision. A tie will force a player to either give up or buy a continue. Should a fighter fall outside of the ring, the fight is paused until both fighters are sent back into the ring to resume the fight.
Plot
Setting
It's Spring 1999... Fighters from across the world gather at the Tokyo Dome to compete in the World Grapple Tournament. Each contender has their own fighting discipline, ranging from the popular styles of Boxing, Karate and Professional wrestling, to the lesser known arts of Aikido, T'ai chi and Muay Thai. Finally, they have the chance to prove which martial art conquers all!
Characters
Gai Tendo - The lead character, a 17-year-old fighter who uses a self-styled martial art (dubbed Total Fighting in the game). He has been training by himself at Okinawa ever since graduating middle school. CV:Nobuyuki Hiyama
Rob Python - A 35-year-old super heavyweight boxer currently residing in LA. CV:Kōji Ishii
Jacques Ducalis - A 32-year-old open-weight Gold medalist and current Director of the French Judo Society. CV:Eiji Tsuda
Seo Yong Song - An 18-year-old taekwondo master who was the Middleweight champion in the World Taekwondo Championship during the previous year. Currently attending college with a major in quantum physics. CV:Jun Hashimoto
Takato Saionji - A 17-year-old private high school student from Kyoto who has thoroughly mastered Aikido from his grandfather Takayuki. CV:Eiji Yano
Payak Sitpitak (พยัคฆ์ สิทธิพิทักษ์) - A 40-year-old Muay Thai ranker who is the currently the Top Welterweight athlete in the Muay Thai circuit. CV:Atsushi Yamanishi
Song Xuandao - A 70-year-old taiji master who is well known within the Chinese fighting world. CV:Keiichiro Sakagi
Patrick Van Heyting - A 37-year-old popular pro wrestler from the Netherlands. CV:Franky Nakamura
Ivan Sokolov - A 27-year-old freestyle wrestler and an 87 kg class Gold Medalist. Despite his rough-like posture, he has won against his opponents due to his technical skills. CV:Hiroyuki Arita
Akatsuki-Maru - A 28-year-old sumo wrestler who currently holds the title of Sekiwake. CV:Eiji Yano
Ryo Sakazaki - The 32-year-old instructor of the Kyokugen School of karate. Originally the main character from the Art of Fighting series. CV:Masaki Usui
Silber - The final boss in the game. A one-eyed martial artist from Germany who uses his own style of karate. His name means silver in German. Although Silber has never officially competed in a fighting tournament, he has been sight at numerous parts of the world over the past 30 years, fighting against numerous well known martial artists. Silber is a computer-only character initially and only becomes a controllable character after the computer-controlled Silber is defeated by the player with each of the other characters. CV:Hiroyuki Arita
Buriki Girl
In Japan, people were asked to vote for their top 5 "Fight Round girls". The winner of the vote would appear after a 2-Player battle.
Hinako Tono (the winner)
Nanami Sakai
Shizue Sakurada
Midori Marukame
Hikaru Koda
Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed Buriki One on their June 15, 1999 issue as being the most-successful arcade game of the month.
Related games
Art of Fighting - The series from which Ryo Sakazaki originated.
The King of Fighters - Gai Tendo has appeared in the console versions of The King of Fighters '99, as well as in The King of Fighters 2000 as an alternate "Striker" (a character who assists the player in combat). Gai and Silber later appeared as secret opponents in The King of Fighters XI.
Fatal Fury: Wild Ambition - The PlayStation version features the older Ryo Sakazaki from Buriki One under the name of Mr. Karate.
Neo Geo Battle Coliseum - Ryo Sakazaki appears as his Buriki One incarnation under the name of Mr. Karate.
References
External links
Buriki One at the old SNK homepage in Internet Archive
Buriki One at NBC Museum of SNK Playmore
1999 video games
3D fighting games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Fighting games
Hyper Neogeo 64 games
Japan-exclusive video games
Mixed martial arts video games
Multiplayer video games
SNK games
Muay Thai video games
Video games set in 1999
Video games developed in Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buriki%20One |
(real name Kiyoshi Karasawa (唐澤 潔 Karasawa Kiyoshi)) is a Japanese theatre and film actor. He made his theatrical debut in the play Boy's Revue Stay Gold (ボーイズレビュー・ステイゴールド Bōizu Rebyū Sutei Gōrudo) in 1987. He specializes in theatrical action sequences such as swordplay and fighting. He dubbed over the roles of Tom Hanks in the Toy Story series, and The Polar Express.
He has been nominated for two Japanese Academy Awards, and was named Best Newcomer in 1992. He married actress Tomoko Yamaguchi on December 15, 1995.
Filmography
Television
Totteoki no Seishun (NHK, 1988)
Kasuga no Tsubone (NHK, 1989) – Inaba Masakatsu
Wataru Seken wa Oni Bakari (TBS, 1990, season 1)
Otoko ni Tsuite (TBS, 1990)
Kekkon no Risou to Genjitsu (Fuji TV, 1991)
Ai to iu Nano Moto ni (Fuji TV, 1992)
Homework (TBS, 1992)
Nichiyo wa Dame yo (NTV, 1993)
Imoto Yo (Fuji TV, 1994)
Oishinbo (Fuji TV, 1994-1999)
Kagayake! Rintaro (TBS, 1995)
Furuhata Ninzaburo (Fuji TV, 1996, season 2, ep19)
Oishii Kankei (Fuji TV, 1996)
Boku ga Boku de Aru Tame ni(Fuji TV, 1997)
Souri to Yobanaide (Fuji TV, 1997)
Ii Hito (Fuji TV, 1997, ep7)
Eve (Fuji TV, 1997)
Brothers (Fuji TV, 1998)
Aikotoba wa Yūki(Fuji TV, 2000)
Love Complex (Fuji TV, 2000)
Toshiie and Matsu (NHK, 2002) – Maeda Toshiie
Shiroi Kyotō (Fuji TV, 2003)
Hachiro (NHK, 2005)
Kobayakawa Nobuki no Koi(Fuji TV, 2006)
Komyo ga Tsuji (NHK, 2006, guest star, ep39&40) – Maeda Toshiie
Akechi Mitsuhide (Fuji TV, 2007) – Akechi Mitsuhide
Galileo (Fuji TV, 2007, ep1)
Fumo Chitai (Fuji TV, 2009)
Guilty Akuma to Keiyakushita Onna (Fuji TV, 2010)
Strangers 6 (Wowow/Fuji TV/MBC, 2012)
Higashino Keigo Mysteries (Fuji TV, 2012, Story 1)
Made in Japan (NHK, 2013)
Take Five: Oretachi wa Ai o Nusumeruka (TBS, 2013)
Roosevelt Game (TV Asahi, 2014)
The Last Cop (NTV, 2015) – Kōsuke Kyōgoku
Napoleon no Mura (TBS, 2015)
Toto Neechan (NHK, 2016) – Isaji Hanayama
Montage (Fuji TV, 2016) – Tetsuya Narumi
Harassment Game (TV Tokyo, 2018) - Wataru Akitsu
The Good Wife (TBS, 2019) - Soichiro Hasumi
Voice: 110 Emergency Control Room (NTV, 2019) - Shōgo Higuchi
Yell (NHK, 2020) - Saburō
24 Japan (TV Asahi, 2020) - Genma Shido
Fixer (Wowow, 2023) - Ken'ichi Shitara
Film
Oishi Kekkon (1991)
Hello Ganbari Nezumi (1991)
Future Memories: Last Christmas (1992)
Koukou Kyoushi (1993)
Kimi wo Wasurenai (1995)
Koi wa Mai Orita (1997)
Welcome Back, Mr. McDonald (1997)
Minna no Ie (2001) aka Everyone's Home
Casshern (2004)
20th Century Boys (2008)
Snakes and Earrings (2008)
Oba: The Last Samurai (2011)
In The Hero (2014)
Persona Non Grata (2015) – Chiune Sugihara
The Last Cop (2017) – Kōsuke Kyōgoku
Dubbing roles
Tom Hanks as
Woody in Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3 and Toy Story 4
Hero Boy, the Conductor, the Hobo, Santa Claus, Scrooge, Hero Boy's father in The Polar Express
Main awards
1991 - 65th Kinema Junpo - Best Ten New Male Actor
1992 - 15th Japan academy award - Rookie of the Year
1993 - 17th Elan d'or Awards - Newcomer of the Year
2003 - 11th Hashida Prize
2008 - Heisei 19 Agency for Cultural Affairs'
References
External links
Ken-On Official Homepage
1963 births
Living people
Male actors from Tokyo
Japanese male actors
Ken-On artists
Taiga drama lead actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiaki%20Karasawa |
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China, is made up of the following three levels of administrative division.
Administrative divisions
All of these administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at administrative divisions of China. This chart lists only prefecture-level and county-level divisions of Guangxi.
Recent changes in administrative divisions
Population composition
Prefectures
Counties
References
Guangxi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20administrative%20divisions%20of%20Guangxi |
Lake Bronson State Park is a state park off of Kittson County Highway 28 East near Lake Bronson in the northwestern corner of Minnesota.
Geology
The park is now dominated by Lake Bronson, and represents a transition between prairie and forest which supports a variety of wildlife. Thousands of years ago the area was covered by Glacial Lake Agassiz. Lake Agassiz retreated in stages leaving gravel ridges along a generally flat terrain. Streams quietly cut through these ridges and the dam that created Lake Bronson is blocking one of these ridges along the South Branch of the Two Rivers.
History
Kittson County has no natural lakes, which is unusual for Minnesota. In the early 1930s, during the Great Depression, Kittson County was going through a drought. Local officials decided to build a reservoir on the South Branch of Two Rivers near the city of Bronson. Supporters lobbied the state and federal government to fund the project, and in 1936, funding was finally made available. By this time, the plan had evolved into a recreation area in addition to the reservoir. Kittson County was lacking in recreation facilities, and officials realized that county residents and tourists would appreciate a park.
Construction of the reservoir started in April 1936 with crews from the Works Progress Administration. It was difficult to find a stable bedrock foundation for the dam, so crews needed to squeeze water from the "quicksand" foundation. Pumps were used to pull water from the quicksand while the dam was built. Since the sand would get wet and soft again, the pumps were not a permanent solution. Rather, the dam was designed with ten seepage pipes that drain into a drainage tunnel passing through the dam's three spillways. The dam, completed in June 1937, created a reservoir and was well received by local residents.
The land surrounding the new reservoir was designated a state park, and several fieldstone structures were built. The most prominent of these was a hexagonal stone water tower. Other structures, such as an office, a garage, a picnic shelter, and bathing facilities followed. In 1939, the city of Bronson renamed itself "Lake Bronson" to commemorate the new reservoir.
The park is now a prime recreational destination in northwest Minnesota, visited by tourists from North Dakota and southern Canada as well as Minnesotans. Fishing, swimming, canoeing, and water skiing are popular on the lake, and snowmobiling and cross-country skiing are enjoyed during the winter. The park was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
Media References
The park is continually mentioned in David Robbins Endworld series of books, as it is the home of the Family (the main characters in the Series) known as The Home.
References
External links
Lake Bronson State Park website
1937 establishments in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Kittson County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
Bronson
Bronson
National Register of Historic Places in Kittson County, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Bronson%20State%20Park |
Porphyra is a genus of coldwater seaweeds that grow in cold, shallow seawater. More specifically, it belongs to red algae phylum of laver species (from which comes laverbread), comprising approximately 70 species. It grows in the intertidal zone, typically between the upper intertidal zone and the splash zone in cold waters of temperate oceans. In East Asia, it is used to produce the sea vegetable products nori (in Japan) and gim (in Korea). There are considered to be 60 to 70 species of Porphyra worldwide and seven around Britain and Ireland where it has been traditionally used to produce edible sea vegetables on the Irish Sea coast. The species Porphyra purpurea has one of the largest plastid genomes known, with 251 genes.
Life cycle
Porphyra displays a heteromorphic alternation of generations. The thallus we see is the haploid generation; it can reproduce asexually by forming spores which grow to replicate the original thallus. It can also reproduce sexually. Both male and female gametes are formed on the one thallus. The female gametes while still on the thallus are fertilized by the released male gametes, which are non-motile. The fertilized, now diploid, carposporangia after mitosis produce spores (carpospores) which settle, then bore into shells, germinate and form a filamentous stage. This stage was originally thought to be a different species of alga, and was referred to as Conchocelis rosea. That Conchocelis was the diploid stage of Porphyra was discovered in 1949 by the British phycologist Kathleen Mary Drew-Baker for the European species Porphyra umbilicalis. It was later shown for species from other regions as well.
Food
Most human cultures with access to use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae, known as laver, (Vietnamese), nori (Japanese:), amanori (Japanese), zakai, gim (Korean:), zǐcài (Chinese:), karengo, sloke or slukos. The marine red alga Porphyra has been cultivated extensively in many Asian countries as an edible seaweed used to wrap the rice and fish that compose the Japanese food sushi and the Korean food gimbap. In Japan, the annual production of Porphyra species is valued at 100 billion yen (US$1 billion).
is harvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including laverbread. In Hawaii, "the species is considered a delicacy, called ". Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl, Haida, Seechelt, Squawmish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast.
Vitamin B12
Porphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin. In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of it for vegans.
Species
Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in Porphyra have been transferred to Pyropia, for example Pyropia tenera, Pyropia yezoensis and the species from New Zealand Pyropia rakiura and Pyropia virididentata, leaving only five species out of seventy still within Porphyra itself.
See also
Green laver
References
External links
Video footage of Laverbread or Bara Lawr
Red algae genera
Bangiophyceae
Edible seaweeds
Seaweeds
Edible algae
Taxa named by Carl Adolph Agardh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyra |
Platanthera bifolia, commonly known as the lesser butterfly-orchid, is a species of orchid in the genus Platanthera, having certain relations with the genus Orchis, where it was previously included and also with the genus Habenaria. It is a Palaearctic species occurring from Ireland in the west, across Europe and Asia to Korea and Japan. It is also found in North Africa. The name Platanthera is derived from Greek, meaning "broad anthers", while the species name, bifolia, means "two leaves".
Identification
Lesser butterfly-orchids are not to be confused with the greater butterfly-orchid, which are about the same size. Lesser butterfly-orchids are distinguished by their two shining green basal leaves, especially of the hill form, which are shorter and broader and by the angle of the pollinia. The upper sepal and petals form a loose triangular hood above the pollinia, which lie parallel and close together, obscuring the opening into the spur, which is long and almost straight. There are usually around 25 white flowers tinged with yellow-green in a slim flower spike. The flowers are night-scented, but the chemical components of the scent are different from those of greater butterfly-orchid and attract different pollinators.
Hybrids
Hybrids of the two butterfly-orchids are rare, as are those between lesser butterfly-orchid and other species. However, hybrids have been recorded with frog orchid in South Uist (1949) and with the common spotted-orchid and the heath spotted-orchid.
Habitat
The lesser butterfly-orchid occupies a wide range of habitats, being far more tolerant of acid conditions than the greater butterfly-orchid. They are found in grasslands, woodlands (especially beech woods in southern England), in hill pastures up to 400m, on heaths and moorland, and in tussocky marshy ground.
Pollination
Sphingid moths are attracted by the scent of this orchid, and tend to hover in front of the flowers, resting their forelegs on the lip. As the proboscis enters the spur it pushes between the pollinia, dislodging the sticky discs which adhere to it. Pollinators include pine, small elephant and, to a lesser extent, elephant hawk-moths.
Conservation
This species has suffered a serious decline, especially in central and southern England, as a result of woodland clearance. Upland populations in the north and west have suffered from overgrazing.
References
External links
Den virtuella floran - Distribution
bifolia
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Orchids of Europe
Orchids of Asia
Orchids of Korea
Orchids of Japan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanthera%20bifolia |
In the summer of 1939, weeks ahead of the Nazi German and Soviet invasion of Poland the map of both Europe and Poland looked very different from today. The railway network of interwar Poland had little in common with the postwar reality of dramatically changing borders and political domination of the Soviet-style communism, as well as the pre-independence German, Austrian and Russian networks which the Second Polish Republic had partially inherited in 1918 after the end of World War I. The most important junctions in the Polish territory in summer of 1939 were:
– Lwów (Lviv), Tarnopol (Ternopil), Stanisławów (Ivano-Frankivsk), Stryj (Stryy), Kowel (Kovel), Chodorow (Khodoriv), Kołomyja (Kolomyya) and Sarny (Sarny) – all now in Ukraine,
– Łuniniec (Luninyets), Baranowicze (Baranavichy), Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest), Lida (Lida), Wołkowysk (Vawkavysk) and Mołodeczno (Maladzyechna) – all now in Belarus,
– Wilno (Vilnius), Landwarow (Lentvaris) – now in Lithuania,
– Cieszyn Zachodni (Český Těšín), Bogumin (Bohumín) – now in the Czech Republic.
Several junctions of today's Poland belonged in 1939 to Germany. Among them were such hubs as: Breslau (Wrocław), Stettin (Szczecin), Oppeln (Opole), Allenstein (Olsztyn), Liegnitz (Legnica), Köslin (Koszalin), Schneidemühl (Piła), Neustettin (Szczecinek), Lyck (Ełk). Gdańsk, another important junction, belonged to the Free City of Danzig.
Polish railway network in 1939
The 1939 rail map of Poland was set by the nation's pre-1914 borders that were determined by the three empires that partitioned the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth late in the 18th century.
In the western part of Poland, in Poznań Voivodeship, Pomorze Voivodeship, and the Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship (former territories of the German Empire), the rail network was very dense. There were stations in all the towns and almost every city served as a junction.
Southern Poland (the former Austrian province of Galicia with Kraków Voivodeship, Lwów Voivodeship, Stanisławów Voivodeship, and Tarnopol Voivodeship) was less developed. The areas with a fairly dense rail network were only around Kraków and Lwów. In the very south, along the border with Slovakia, Romania, and Hungary, rail lines were virtually non-existent, although it is fair to say that lines would have been difficult to build in that mostly mountainous region anyway.
The worst situation was in Central and Eastern Poland – the territory of the former Russian Empire. These were the Voivodeships of Łódź, Kielce, Warszawa, Lublin, Białystok, Volhynian, Polesie, Nowogródek and Wilno. The rail network in some parts, especially in easternmost provinces (close to the Soviet border), was nonexistent. A better situation was around Warsaw and Łódź.
Even though the Polish railway network in 1939 had deficiencies, the majority of important cities had convenient rail connections with each other. The major exception was the connection of Wilno to the seaport of Gdynia, some 500 km away. Trains running on this route had to cover a distance of about 900 km, because they had to go via Warsaw. Construction of a line that would shorten this distance was planned, but the start of World War II prevented any work. This line would have taken the route: Lapy (on the Warsaw-Białystok line) – Ostrołęka – Przasnysz – Mława (located on the Warsaw – Gdańsk/Gdynia line).
Another rail connection whose construction was stopped by the war was the line Dębica – Pilzno – Jasło. Works on it had already started in early 1939, but were never finished.
Electrification of long-distance lines was planned, but by 1939 only some of the suburban stretches around Warsaw were upgraded with the electric infrastructure.
Polish national railway's structure in 1939
In the summer of 1939, the PKP was divided into eight regions – Warsaw, Toruń, Poznań, Katowice, Cracow, Radom, Lwów and Wilno, with PKP's headquarters located in Warsaw. Also, for practical purposes, PKP was divided into five communications districts and every train in the timetable was numbered according to the district within which it operated. The districts were as follows:
– First – North-West, starting with the 278 km route Warsaw – Mława – Grudziądz – Laskowice Pomorskie (timetable route number 101),
– Second – West, starting with the 379 km route Warsaw – Kutno – Poznań – Zbąszyń (timetable route number 201),
– Third – South-West, starting with the 318 km route Warsaw – Koluszki – Ząbkowice – Katowice (timetable route number 301),
– Fourth – South-East, starting with the 491 km route Warsaw – Radom – Skarżysko – Rozwadów – Przemyśl – Lwów (timetable route number 401),
– Fifth – North-East, starting with the 571 km route Warsaw – Białystok – Wilno – Turmont (timetable route number 501).
The summer 1939 timetable
"Urzędowy Rozkład Jazdy i Lotów Lato 1939" ("Official Train and Flight Timetable Summer 1939") was published in May 1939 and was valid from May 15, 1939 to October 7, 1939. What adds to this document's importance is the time it was published: just a few months before the Polish Second Republic (Druga Rzeczpospolita) ceased to exist. In the document we can find the following:
The following timetable is valid until October 7. On midnight of October 8, a new Winter timetable will be introduced, valid until May 18, 1940. All suggestions for necessary changes in the Winter timetable should be presented to the Polish National Railways Regional Directions not later than August 1.
Apart from the train timetable, the document also included the flight timetable of LOT Polish Airlines.
Types of trains in 1939
The following types of trains were run in Poland at that time: express, fast, and ordinary. The most interesting and impressive were the diesel express trains, or "Pociagi Motorowe-Ekspresowe – MtE" (some of them operated with the famous Luxtorpeda). The MtE units achieved speeds up to 110 km/h and connected Warsaw with the most important cities, as well as major tourist areas. The 179 km journey from Warszawa Wschodnia (Warsaw East) to Białystok Centralny was covered in 1 hour 56 minutes.
MtE trains ran from Warsaw to Łódź (a distance of 133 km in 1 hour 28 minutes), Kraków, Katowice (through either Częstochowa or Kielce), and Suwałki. They also operated on lines from Kraków to Katowice and the mountain resorts of Zakopane and Krynica. In southeastern Poland, MtE trains ran from Lwów to Zaleszczyki, Boryslaw, Tarnopol, and Kolomyja. In August 1939 a new MtE connected Warsaw with Poznań (due to the war the service lasted only few days).
Warsaw lacked an MtE connection with Lwów (the third largest city in 1939 Poland). This problem was solved by taking the morning express to Kraków where it split at Skarzysko, with one part becoming an express to Przeworsk. There passengers could also change to an international fast train travelling between Berlin and Bucharest.
Fast trains served long-distance lines, but they were not quite as fast as the MtE trains. The most interesting fast trains in the summer 1939 were:
Wilno – Lwów (a journey of 720 km.) It crossed practically the whole Polish Eastern Borderlands, stopping at Lida, Baranowicze, Luniniec, Rowne, and Zdolbunow.
Lwów – Kraków – Katowice – Poznań – Bydgoszcz – Gdynia – Hel (a journey of almost 1000 km). It traveled non-stop through the territory of the Free City of Danzig.
The last train category in Poland were ordinary trains. They usually served short-distance lines, but in some cases covered impressive distances, especially in the Polish Eastern Borderlands.
International trains
In 1939, trains tended to run over longer distances than today. The Nord Express Warsaw – Berlin – Paris – Calais ran daily and it was the only train in Poland of the L (Luxurious) standard. This train consisted only of coaches owned by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. There also was another train to the English Channel coast: from Warsaw, Lwów, Kraków and Katowice to Ostend. Warsaw was also connected with the capital of France by a Warsaw – Łódź – Paris train. Another train to France ran from Warsaw to Strasbourg, with cars to Geneva and Ventimiglia.
As for the south of Europe, trains ran from Warsaw to Rome, and in the summer also to three cities in Yugoslavia: Split, Sušak and Belgrade. A train from Berlin to Istanbul crossed the Polish territory. Warsaw, Cracow and Lwów had trains to Vienna.
Warsaw was connected with Prague, Bratislava and Žilina. Lwów and Gdynia were also connected with Prague. Budapest had train connections with Warsaw, Cracow and Lwów (the train from Cracow to Budapest had a coach from Krynica to Budapest attached).
Romania was served twice daily by Warsaw-Lwów-Bucharest trains (in the summer an additional train reached the Romanian seaport of Constanţa). Poland was also crossed by an international train Berlin – Breslau – Katowice – Kraków – Lwów – Sniatyn – Bucharest (with a direct car Katowice – Constanţa). Other transit trains ran between Berlin and East Prussia, Danzig, Riga and Daugavpils.
Twice a day a train from Wilno reached Kaunas. One of them had a direct Warsaw-Kaunas coach.
Passenger rail connections between the Soviet Union and Western Europe required a change of trains due to the difference in gauge. If one traveled towards Moscow, it was necessary to change at the Soviet border station Niegoreloje. Travelling from Moscow, the change took place at the Polish station Stolpce.
Altogether there were 48 rail border crossings in operation in the summer of 1939.
Curiosities
Rail lines of Wolne Miasto Gdańsk (Free City of Danzig) were controlled by the Toruń region of the Polish State Railways, therefore were included in the Polish timetable.
In the summer of 1939, three pairs of German transit trains crossed the Polish Corridor daily en route to East Prussia: two between Berlin and Eydtkau (now Chernyshevskoye) and one between Berlin and Tilsit (now Sovetsk). They travelled through the Polish territory between Chojnice and Tczew-Liessau (Lisewo), the distance of 97 km.
Apart from long-distance fast trains, there were also ordinary and accelerated trains, that ran on very long routes in interwar Poland. The best example is the train Wejherowo – Toruń – Kutno – Łódź Kaliska – Rozwadów – Lwów, which crossed virtually the whole Poland, from southeast to the coast (930 km). Other interesting examples are: Warszawa Wilenska – Brzesc n/B Centralny – Pinsk – Mikaszewicze (490 km), Warszawa Wilenska – Siedlce – Wolkowysk – Lida – Molodeczno (530 km), Warszawa Glowna – Lublin – Kowel – Zdolbunow (480 km), Warsaw Gdanska – Lublin – Rejowiec – Zawada – Rawa Ruska – Lwów (438 km).
See also
Timetable of Polish Railways and LOT Polish Airlines in 1947(in English and French also), online
Timetable of Polish Railways – oriented for Greater Poland from 17 may 1938 as appendix to Kurier Poznański
References
Urzędowy rozkład jazdy i lotów Lato 1939. Ważny od 15 maja do 7 października 1939. Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Komunikacji Warszawa (Official Time-Table of the Polish State Railways, Summer 1939)
History of rail transport in Poland
1939 in Poland
Poland in World War II | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%20State%20Railroads%20in%20summer%201939 |
The current ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures whether a firm has enough resources to meet its short-term obligations. It compares a firm's current assets to its current liabilities, and is expressed as follows:-
The current ratio is an indication of a firm's liquidity. Acceptable current ratios vary from industry to industry. In many cases, a creditor would consider a high current ratio to be better than a low current ratio, because a high current ratio indicates that the company is more likely to pay the creditor back. Large current ratios are not always a good sign for investors. If the company's current ratio is too high it may indicate that the company is not efficiently using its current assets or its short-term financing facilities.
If current liabilities exceed current assets the current ratio will be less than 1. A current ratio of less than 1 indicates that the company may have problems meeting its short-term obligations. Some types of businesses can operate with a current ratio of less than one, however. If inventory turns into cash much more rapidly than the accounts payable become due, then the firm's current ratio can comfortably remain less than one. Inventory is valued at the cost of acquiring it and the firm intends to sell the inventory for more than this cost. The sale will therefore generate substantially more cash than the value of inventory on the balance sheet. Low current ratios can also be justified for businesses that can collect cash from customers long before they need to pay their suppliers.
Limitations
The ratio is only useful when two companies are compared within industry because inter industry business operations differ substantially.
To determine liquidity, the current ratio is not as helpful as the quick ratio, because it includes all those assets that may not be easily liquidated, like prepaid expenses and inventory.
See also
Debt ratio
Quick ratio
Ratio
References
Financial ratios
Working capital management | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20ratio |
The Heralds' Museum was a museum of heraldry run by the College of Arms Trust at the Tower of London during the 1980s. It was situated in the old Waterloo Barracks within the Tower.
The original idea came from Sir Anthony Wagner, Garter Principal King of Arms. Wagner hoped to establish a museum in which to display the treasures of the College of Arms. A plan for a building adjacent to the college was commissioned from Raymond Erith, but not taken forward due to the increasing financial demands of repairs to the college building.
In 1980, the Heralds' Museum was opened by the Duke of Kent as part of the Tower of London. The museum was open during the summer season and admission was included in admission to the Tower. Exhibits included items from the collection of College of Arms and artifacts borrowed from other sources. Peter Spurrier served as its curator, and John Brooke-Little as its director. Sybil Burnaby was its press officer.
The museum closed later in the 1980s following the reorganization of the Royal Palaces.
References
Tower of London
Defunct museums in London
Heraldic sites
British heraldry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heralds%27%20Museum |
Wing Commander Donald Roderick MacLaren (28 May 1893 – 4 July 1988) was a Canadian World War I flying ace. He was credited with 54 victories and, after the war, helped found the Royal Canadian Air Force.
Biography
Donald MacLaren was born in Ottawa but his family moved first to Calgary in 1899, then to Vancouver in 1911. In 1912 MacLaren went to Montreal to study at McGill University. In 1914 an illness forced him to abandon his studies and he returned to Vancouver. After recovering MacLaren, his father and his brother opened a fur trading post at a remote point on the Peace River. While there MacLaren learned to speak Cree.
In 1916 the family gave up the trading post to help in the war effort. MacLaren's father was not allowed to join the army so he got a job with the Imperial Munitions Board. His sons did enlist - Donald joining the Royal Flying Corps. He did his initial training at 90 Central Training School at Armour Heights and then at Camp Borden in Ontario, then finally received further training in England at No. 43 Training School, Ternhill. He was then transferred into No. 34 Training School for final fighter orientation on the Bristol Scout and Sopwith Camel, completing 9 hours solo on the Camel. On 23 November 1917 he was sent to France where he joined No. 46 Squadron. His first air combat was in February 1918, where MacLaren successfully shot down a German fighter 'out of control'.
He was awarded the Military Cross for a sortie on 21 March 1918 in which he helped destroy a railway gun with his bombs, then shot down a balloon and two German LVG two-seaters. In September he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. When the squadron commander was killed in a crash later in the year MacLaren was given command.
In late October MacLaren, who had escaped injury in combat, broke his leg during a friendly wrestling match with another member of his squadron. He was sent back to England on 6 November and was in the hospital when the Armistice was announced. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership of the squadron in the last months of the war.
MacLaren finished the war with a Military Cross and bar, a Distinguished Flying Cross and the DSO. He was also awarded the French Legion of Honour and Croix de guerre. MacLaren claimed 1 aircraft shared captured, 5 (and 1 shared) balloons destroyed, 15 (and 6 shared) aircraft destroyed, and 18 (and 8 shared) aircraft 'down out of control'. This was despite the fact that his first dogfight wasn't until February 1918 and that he scored all his victories in only nine months. Among others, he probably shot down ace Mieczysław Garsztka on 2 October 1918 (shared with James Leith and Cyril Sawyer).When he left hospital he was attached to the newly formed Royal Canadian Air Force and was in command of the Canadian pilots in England as they were transferred to the new air force. Under Maclaren's watch, 112 aircraft were granted by the British Air Ministry to form the nucleus of the RCAF. He returned to Canada on leave in late 1919 when he married Verna Harrison of Calgary. He returned to England in February 1920 but resigned from the RCAF later that year.
By 1922 MacLaren returned to Canada and in 1924 established the first flying service on the west coast, and by 1926 formed Pacific Airways which was eventually acquired by Western Canada Airways. In the early 1920s he had begun planning for a seaplane base, an RCAF station at Jericho Beach, Vancouver, used for seaplane and flying boat training. He later recommended an airport at Sea Island, opening as Sea Island Airport in 1931 and which by 1940 was used by the RCAF as a seaplane base station, which had relocated from Jericho, and evolved into what is now Vancouver International Airport. Donald MacLaren died on 4 July 1988, aged 95. Having downed all of his 54 victories in the Sopwith Camel, he's the most successful pilot in the type.
He served in 46 Squadron RFC/RAF alongside V. M. Yeates, the author of the seminal World War I novel Winged Victory in which Tom Cundall, the main protagonist's flight commander is a Canadian called "Mac". It is widely believed that this character was based on MacLaren. Also served with Arthur Gould Lee, who authored No Parachute and later achieved the rank of Air Vice Marshal
References
External links
The Aerodrome: Donald MacLaren
Sources
1893 births
1988 deaths
Royal Flying Corps officers
Canadian World War I flying aces
Canadian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross
Canadian recipients of the Military Cross
Military personnel from Ottawa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20MacLaren |
Times Like These is a studio album released by British hip-hop trio Friday Hill, consisting of three members of the group Blazin' Squad. The album was released on 27 February 2006, peaking at #67 on the UK Albums Chart and selling less than 4,000 copies. The album spawned the singles "Baby Goodbye" and "One More Night Alone". The album features the radio mix of "One More Night Alone," despite a full-length version of the song appearing as part of the single release. The album covers a range of different genres of music, including pop, hip-hop and indie.
Track listing
"One More Night Alone" (Perry / Thomas / Chinn / Murray / McKenzie / Omar) - 4:11
"Baby Goodbye" (Wilkins / Hubert / Eyre) - 2:54
"Fine"
"Stand Up"
"Over the Wall"
"Back to You"
"Shallow"
"Down to Earth"
"I Won't Walk Away (My Legs Are Broken)"
"Times Like These"
"I Want You"
"Running Away"
"Where it all Begins"
"Apple of my Eye"
"Lifeline"
"Down to Earth (Mark Ronson "Uberfunk" Remix)"
B-Sides
"Back on Your Feet" (Wilkins / Hubert / Eyre / McKenzie / Omar / Murray)
"Go" (McKenzie / Omar / Murray)
"Running Away" (Demo) (McKenzie / Omar / Murray / Martin)
Chart performance
References
2006 albums
Blazin' Squad albums
Polydor Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times%20Like%20These%20%28Friday%20Hill%20album%29 |
Rhein-Nahe is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Mainz-Bingen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated along the left bank of the Rhine, north of Bingen. Bingen is the seat of the municipality, but not part of it.
The Verbandsgemeinde Rhein-Nahe consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Bacharach
Breitscheid
Manubach
Münster-Sarmsheim
Niederheimbach
Oberdiebach
Oberheimbach
Trechtingshausen
Waldalgesheim
Weiler bei Bingen
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhein-Nahe |
t Zand is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen and lies about south of Den Helder.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1770 as "eene herberg, het zand genoemt", and is named after an inn which was colloquially called Zand (sand), but whose official name was 't Wapen van Alkmaar. 't Zand developed in the northern part of the Zijpe- and Hazepolder which were poldered between 1596 and 1597. The construction of the Noordhollandsch Kanaal between 1821 and 1824, resulted in a modest growth.
't Zand developed as a Catholic settlement, because clandestine churches were tolerated in the area. The Catholic O.L. Vrouwe Visitatie Church was built in 1863 and is a modest design. The church was deemed unstable in 1920, and large buttresses have been built to strengthen the construction.
Education
In 't Zand there are two primary schools; there are no secondary schools. Zandhope is a small village school with four classrooms catering for ages 4 to 12. St. Jozef (a Catholic school) has about 20 classrooms and caters for ages 4 to 14 years.
Transportation
't Zand is the site of one of the five operational vlotbruggen. The current was constructed in 1949 on the Noordhollandsche Kanaal.
References
Schagen
Populated places in North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t%20Zand%2C%20Schagen |
Oudesluis is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 21 km south of Den Helder.
The village was first mentioned around 1660 as Duycker Sluys. The current name means "old sluice". Oude (old) has been added after the Wieringerwaard was poldered to distinguish from Nieuwesluis. Oude Sluis was located on the former Zuiderzee until 1845.
The former Dutch Reformed church was built in 1861, because the old church had been damaged in a storm in 1859. In 1982, the church was sold for ƒ to a foundation and is nowadays used for cultural activities.
In 1867, a railway station opened on the Amsterdam to Den Helder railway line. It closed in 1949.
Gallery
References
Schagen
Populated places in North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudesluis%2C%20Schagen |
Dark moon describes the Moon during that time that it is invisible against the backdrop of the Sun in the sky.
Dark moon (or Dark Moon) may also refer to:
"Dark Moon" (song), a 1957 song written by Ned Miller
Dark moon, sometimes refers to Lilith (fictitious moon), Earth's hypothetical second moon
Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon, the sequel to Luigi's Mansion for the Nintendo 3DS and its titular object, the Dark Moon
Dark Moon: The Blood Altar, a South Korean manhwa series
See also
Dark Side of the Moon (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20moon%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Selections from the Writings of the Báb is a book of excerpts from notable works of the Báb, the forerunner-Prophet of the Baháʼí Faith. It was compiled and published in 1976 by the Universal House of Justice.
Before this publication, a comprehensive selection of the Báb's writings had not been available to the Baháʼís of the West. The Báb's writings were reviewed by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice, and the selected passages were translated by Habib Taherzadeh, with the assistance of a translating committee.
Qayyúmu'l-Asmáʼ
This composition in Arabic is known by the title Tafsir surat Yusuf (Commentary on the Surah of Joseph). It is also known as Ahsan al-Qisas ("The Best of Stories") and Qayyúmu'l-Asmáʼ ("Maintainer of the Divine Names").
The work is structured like the Qurʼan itself and divided into 111 chapters each with 42 verses. In addition, each chapter is headed by some combination of mysterious disconnected letters. None of these features had until this time occurred outside of the Qurʼan in Islamic literature—at least they had not been used together in a single work. To have done so would have indicated to the reader that the author was claiming revelation.
The Qayyúmu'l-Asmáʼ was the first scriptural work of the Báb. The first chapter was written for Mullá Husayn, the first to believe in the Báb's claims, on the same day that the Báb proclaimed himself. Mullá Husayn had requested that Siyyid Kázim write a commentary on the Surah of Joseph, but Siyyid Kázim responded that the Promised One would reveal the commentary to him "unasked". (Balyuzi, p. 20)
On their meeting in Shiraz, the Báb began to write the commentary. Mullá Husayn reported:
Táhirih translated the Qayyúmu'l-Asmáʼ into Persian.
Persian Bayán
The Persian Bayán () is one of the principal scriptural writings of the Báb. Although he started it, it was left unfinished at his death, with instructions left that He whom God shall make manifest would complete it, or appoint someone to complete it.
Dalá'il-i-Sab'ih (The Seven Proofs)
The Seven Proofs is an apologia, written by the Báb, in defense of his claims. It was written during his time of incarceration in Mah-ku. It was during this time that the idea of a new prophetic dispensation took shape in the Báb's followers.
Kitáb-i-Asmáʼ (The Book of Names)
The Kitáb-í-Asmáʼ is one of the most important works of the Báb. The book was initially written to keep his followers unified until the Promised One would come. He told them to be sincere in their allegiance to the Promised Beloved, and warned them not to let anything, not even the Bayán, keep them from recognizing him.
Prayers and Meditations
I adjure Thee by Thy might, O my God! Let no harm beset me in times of tests, and in moments of heedlessness guide my steps aright through Thine inspiration. Thou art God, potent art Thou to do what Thou desirest. No one can withstand Thy Will or thwart Thy Purpose.
- The Báb
(Compilations, Baháʼí Prayers, p. 28, or Baháʼí Prayers, Baháʼí Publications Australia, p. 100 #54)
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Compendium on Selections from the Writings of the Báb
Selections from the Writings of the Báb - Excerpts
The Bayán - Wilmette Institute faculty notes
Erdal Can Alkoçlar
Works of the Bab at H-Bahai Discussion Network | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selections%20from%20the%20Writings%20of%20the%20B%C3%A1b |
Authentic instrument may refer to:
Historically informed performance
Public instrument | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentic%20instrument |
The 2006 season was the 101st season of competitive football in Norway.
Men's football
League season
Promotion and relegation
Tippeligaen
1. divisjon
2. divisjon
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
3. divisjon
Norwegian Cup
Final
Women's football
League season
Promotion and relegation
Toppserien
1. divisjon
Norwegian Women's Cup
Final
Røa 3–2 Asker
Men's UEFA competitions
Champions League
Qualifying rounds
Second qualifying round
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UEFA Cup
Qualifying rounds
First qualifying round
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Second qualifying round
|}
First round
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Intertoto Cup
Second round
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Third round
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UEFA Women's Cup
Second qualifying round
Group 2
Matches
Kolbotn 4–2 RCD Espanyol
Lehenda-Cheksil Chernihiv 1–2 Kolbotn
Kolbotn 1–2 Umeå IK
National teams
Norway men's national football team
UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
Group C
Fixtures and results
Key
H = Home match
A = Away match
N = Neutral site match
Norway women's national football team
Notes and references
Seasons in Norwegian football | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20Norwegian%20football |
Sprendlingen-Gensingen is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Mainz-Bingen, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is situated approximately south-east of Bingen, and south-west of Mainz. Sprendlingen is the seat of the municipality.
The Verbandsgemeinde Sprendlingen-Gensingen consists of the following Ortsgemeinden ("local municipalities"):
Aspisheim
Badenheim
Gensingen
Grolsheim
Horrweiler
Sankt Johann
Sprendlingen
Welgesheim
Wolfsheim
Zotzenheim
References
Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprendlingen-Gensingen |
Baran Kosari (; ; born September 16, 1985) is an Iranian actress. Born to filmmakers Jahangir Kosari and Rakhshan Banietemad, she began her career with acting in the films of her mother. Kosari has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorghs, two Hafez Awards, two Iran Cinema Celebration Awards and two Iran's Film Critics and Writers Association Awards.
Career
She graduated from Soureh academy. The Best Papa of the World (1991) is her first acting experience. She had appearances in some of her mother's films, Nargess (1991), Rusari-ye Abi (The Blue-Veiled) (1994), May Lady (1997), Kish Stories (Rain and Ladsman episode - 1998), Under the Skin of the City (2000), Our Times (documentary - 2001). In 2007 she was nominated for the best performance by an actress in Asia Pacific Screen Award for her performance in Mainline.
Baran Kosari also ascertained her abilities as a theater actress with playing in Over the Mirror (1997), with Azita Hajian directing.
Filmography
Film
Web
Television
Theater
Awards and nominations
Won Crystal Simorgh / Best Actress / 33rd Fajr International Film Festival / The Nameless Alley - 2015
Nominated Crystal Simorgh / Best Actress / 30rd Fajr International Film Festival / Hatred - 2012
Best Actress / 1st National Young Iranian Film Festival / Ablah - 2010
Best Actress / 11th Iran Cinema Celebration / Mainline - 2007
Nominated Crystal Simorgh / Best Actress / 27th Fajr International Film Festival / Heyran - 2009
Won Crystal Simorgh / Best Actress / 25th Fajr International Film Festival / Mainline and The Third Day - 2007
Best Actress / 11th House of Cinema / Mainline - 2008
Honorary Diploma / Best Actress / 25th International Fajr Film Festival / Mainline - 2007
Nominated Asia Pacific Screen Awards / Best Actress / Mainline - 2007
Best Teenage Actress / Critic Choose / Baran-o-Bumi and Under the Skin of the City - 2000
Other activities
Screenwriter (Ablah - 2007)
Secretary of Scene (Gilaneh - 2004)
Festival Arbiter, 17th Teenage Film Festival (Isfahan - 2002)
See also
List of Iranian actresses
References
External links
سانسور جدید باران کوثری در تلویزیون
Iranian film actresses
Iranian child actresses
Actresses from Tehran
1985 births
Living people
Crystal Simorgh for Best Actress winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baran%20Kosari |
Neurocomputer may refer to:
Wetware computer, a computer made of living neurons
Artificial neural network, a mathematical model designed to imitate the function of living nerve cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocomputer |
Hayasa-Azzi or Azzi-Hayasa (, ) was a Late Bronze Age confederation in the Armenian Highlands and/or Pontic region of Asia Minor. The Hayasa-Azzi confederation was in conflict with the Hittite Empire in the 14th century BC, leading up to the collapse of Hatti around 1190 BC. It has long been thought that Hayasa-Azzi may have played a significant role in the ethnogenesis of Armenians.
Location
Hittite inscriptions deciphered in the 1920s by the Swiss scholar Emil Forrer testify to the existence of the mountainous country, Hayasa-Azzi, lying to the east of Hatti in the Upper Euphrates region. Its western border seems to have alternated between Samuha (probably just west of modern Sivas) and Kummaha (likely modern Kemah, Erzincan). These areas later geographically overlapped, at least partially, with the Upper Armenia province of the later Kingdom of Armenia and the neighboring region of Lesser Armenia.
Hayasa-Azzi seems to have been bordered by Isuwa (later known as Sophene, now known as Elazig) and Pahhuwa (perhaps near modern Divriği or Bingol Province) to the south or the west. The eastern extent of Hayasa-Azzi is unknown, although some have placed it in the area of modern Tercan, or as far east as Lake Van.
The name Hayasa might possibly be connected to the / of Urartian texts. Both Hayasa and / have been connected to the Aia of Greek mythology. Alternately, another theory proposes a connection to the , mentioned by the Urartian kings Argishti I and Sarduri II in the 8th century BC. / and Husa(ni) were both probably located in modern Ardahan Province of Turkey.
It is possible that the name Azzi survived into the Classical era as Aza, a city located in the Kelkit River Valley. Alternately, a form of the name Azzi may have continued into the 17th century AD as Azntsik, a district of Ani-Kammahk (Kemah) in Upper Armenia.
Azzi is not to be confused with the similarly named Alzi (Alshe), which was located further south.
Political structure
The exact nature of Hayasa's and Azzi's relationship is uncertain. They are generally thought to have been a confederation of two different kingdoms in what is now northeastern Turkey: Hayasa, in the north, and Azzi, in the south. While separate entities, the two lands were politically and probably linguistically connected. However, there are alternate theories regarding the nature of their relationship. Some have suggested that Azzi was a region or district of Hayasa or that Hayasa and Azzi were different names for the same location. Vartan Matiossian argues that Hayasa was an ethnonym while Azzi was the polity or land in which the Hayasans lived. According to Massimo Forlanini, Hayasa and Azzi may have denoted the same polity, with the name having switched from Hayasa to Azzi following the establishment of a new ruling dynasty or capital.
The Hittite king Suppiluliuma's treaty with Hakkani of Hayasa addresses "the people of Hayasa." According to Igor Diakonoff, this likely suggests that the Hayasans had a peoples' assembly or council of elders. Similarly, Mursili II later conducted negotiations with "the elders" of Azzi. The nearby land of Pahhuwa may have had a similar governing council.
A possible alternate interpretation of these treaties is that these councils consisted of the chieftains of the various tribes who made up the Hayasa-Azzi confederation.
Although frequently at odds with Hatti, Hittite texts mention that the Hayasans served as charioteers in the Hittite army.
The capital of Hayasa-Azzi is unknown, but its main fortress was Ura, possibly located somewhere near modern Bayburt or along the Kelkit River.
Early history
All information about Hayasa-Azzi comes from the Hittites, there are no primary sources from Hayasa-Azzi. As such, the early history of Hayasa-Azzi is unknown. According to historian Aram Kosyan, it is possible that the origins of Hayasa-Azzi lie in the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture, which expanded from Transcaucasia toward northeastern modern Turkey in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC.
Tudhaliya III and Suppiluliuma I (1360s–1320s BC)
The Hittite king Tudhaliya III chose to make the city of Samuha, "an important cult centre located on the upper course of the Marassantiya river" as a temporary home for the Hittite royal court sometime after his abandonment of Hattusa in the face of attacks against his kingdom by the Kaska, Hayasa-Azzi and other enemies of his state. Samuha was, however, temporarily seized by forces from the country of Azzi. At this time, the kingdom of Hatti was so besieged by fierce attacks from its enemies that many neighbouring powers expected it to soon collapse. The Egyptian pharaoh, Amenhotep III, even wrote to Tarhundaradu, king of Arzawa: "I have heard that everything is finished and that the country of Hattusa is paralysed" (EA 31, 26–27). However, Tudhaliya managed to rally his forces; indeed, the speed and determination of the Hittite king may have surprised Hatti's enemies including the Kaska and Hayasa-Azzi. Tudhaliya sent his general Suppiluliuma, who would later serve as king himself under the title Suppiluliuma I, to Hatti's northeastern frontiers, to defeat Hayasa-Azzi. The Hayasans initially retreated from a direct battle with the Hittite commander. The Hittitologist Trevor R. Bryce notes, however, that Tudhaliya and Suppiluliuma eventually:
The Hayasans were now obliged to repatriate all captured Hittite subjects and cede "the border [territory] which Suppiluliuma claimed belonged to the Land of Hatti." Despite the restrictions imposed upon Hakkani, he was not a completely meek and submissive brother-in law of the Hittites in political and military affairs. As a condition for the release of the thousands of Hittite prisoners held in his domain, he demanded first the return of the Hayasan prisoners confined in Hatti.
During their reigns, the cuneiform tablets of Boğazköy begin to mention the names of three successive kings who ruled over a state of Hayasa and/or Azzi. They were Karanni (or Lanni), Mariya, and Hakkani (or Hukkana). Hakkani married a Hittite princess. When Suppiluliuma had become king himself, Hakkani proceeded to marry Suppiluliuma's sister.
In a treaty signed with Hakkani, Suppiluliuma I mentions a series of obligations of civil right:
Mursili II (1320s–1290s BC)
The kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi remained a loyal Hittite vassal state for a time, perhaps hit by the same plague which claimed Suppiluliuma and his son Arnuwanda II. But, in Mursili's seventh year (three years before Mursili's eclipse – so, 1315 BC), the "lord of Azzi" Anniya took advantage of Pihhuniya's unification of the Kaskas and raided the Land of Dankuwa, a Hittite border region, where he transported its population back to his kingdom.
Cavaignac wrote of that period that Anniya "had sacked several districts and refused to release the prisoners taken." Anniya's rebellion soon prompted a Hittite response. The Hittite King Mursili II, having defeated Pihhuniya, marched to the borders of Hayasa-Azzi where he demanded Anniya return his captured subjects. When Anniya refused, Mursili immediately attacked the Hayasa's border fortress of Ura. In the following spring, he crossed the Euphrates and re-organized his army at Ingalova which, about ten centuries later, was to become the treasure-house and burial-place of the Armenian kings of the Arshakuni Dynasty.
Despite Mursili's Year 7 and probable Year 8 campaigns against Hayasa-Azzi, Anniya was still unsubdued and continued to defy the Hittite king's demands to return his people at the beginning of Mursili's Ninth year. Then, in the latter's Year 9, Anniya launched a major counter-offensive by once again invading the Upper Land region on the Northeast frontier of Hatti, destroying the Land of Istitina and placing the city of Kannuwara under siege. Worse still, Mursili II was forced to face another crisis in the same year with the death of his brother Sarri-Kusuh, the Hittite viceroy of Syria. This prompted a revolt by the Nuhašše lands against Hittite control. Mursili II took decisive action by dispatching his general Kurunta to quell the Syrian rebellion while he sent another general, the able Nuwanza (or Nuvanza) to expel the Hayasa-Azzi enemy from the Upper Land. After consulting some oracles, the king ordered Nuwanza to seize the Upper Land territory from the Hayasan forces. This Nuwanza did by inflicting a resounding defeat against the Hayasa-Azzi invaders at the Battle of Ganuvara; henceforth, Upper Land would remain "firmly in Hittite hands for the rest of Mursili's reign under the immediate authority of a local governor appointed by the king." While Mursili II would invade and reconquer Hayasa-Azzi in his tenth year, its formal submission did not occur until the following year of the Hittite king's reign.
The Annals of Mursili describe the campaigns of Mursili against Hayasa-Azzi below:
Decline of Hayasa
Mursili, himself, could now take satisfaction in the reduction of the hostile and aggressive kingdom of Hayasa-Azzi once more to a Hittite vassal state.
After Anniya's defeat, Hayasa-Azzi never appears again in the Hittite (or Assyrian) records as a unified nation. Hayasa as a fighting power was practically eliminated by the expedition of Mursili II.
Azzi, however, continued to be mentioned for some time after references to Hayasa ceased. It is possible that Hayasa was destroyed by Mursili and/or that it became part of Azzi. Mutti, a man from the city Halimana, was mentioned as having greeted Mursili in Azzi. Nothing else is known about him, but he may have been a latter-day king of Azzi.
Many of the former districts and towns of Hayasa-Azzi become their own independent city-states following the breakup of the Hayasa-Azzi confederation at the end of the 13th century BC. Other regions of Azzi probably correspond to areas of the Nairian state of Urartu, mentioned in Assyrian records from around this same time.
The territory of Hayasa-Azzi may have corresponded, at least partially, to Diauehi of Urartian-era texts.
Hayasa and Armenians
The similarity of the name Hayasa to the endonym of the Armenians, , and the Armenian name for Armenia, or , has prompted the suggestion that the Hayasa-Azzi confederation was involved in the Armenian ethnogenesis, or perhaps had been an Armenian-speaking state. -assa/-asa are, respectively, Hittite and Hieroglyphic Luwian genitive suffixes. Therefore, Hayasa could have been a Hittite or Luwian name meaning "land of the Hay." This is essentially the same meaning as modern . Hayasa-Azzi could have been a Hittite translation of the Armenian or "Armenian nation".
may derive from the Proto-Indo-European word * (or possibly *), meaning 'metal'. According to this theory, Hayasa meant "land of metal," referring to the early metallurgy techniques developed in the region.
While the language or languages spoken in Hayasa-Azzi are unknown, there does seem to have been a prevalent non-Anatolian Indo-European linguistic element. This language seems to have had some similarities to Ancient Greek and could have been an early Armenian dialect. The name of the king, Karanni, may be connected to Greek-Macedonian Karanos.
Some scholars argue that the Hayasan king name Mariya is connected to Sanskrit , meaning 'young man, warrior', and thus indicates a possible Indo-Iranian presence (perhaps related to the Mitanni) in Hayasa-Azzi. Vartan Matiossian argues instead that this name is a form of Classical Armenian , also meaning 'young man'. Both the Sanskrit and Armenian words ultimately derive from the same Proto-Indo-European root, *.
A few of the gods of Hayasa-Azzi recorded in treaties with the Hittites could be connected to Armenian or Greek traditions. Unag-Astuas is likely connected, at least etymologically, to Classical Armenian (Modern Armenian: ), which means 'God' and continues to be used in Armenian today. Baltaik could be a goddess connected to West Semitic Ba‘alat (Astarte), with a probable Armenian diminutive suffix (such as is present in the name of the Armenian goddess, Astłik). Alternately, it could etymologically derive from Proto Indo-European * (meaning 'bright'), via the * form. Terittituniš might be connected to the Triton of Greek mythology.
The region covered by Hayasa-Azzi would later constitute Lesser Armenia, as well as the western and south-western regions of Ancient Armenia. The main temples of many pre-Christian Armenian gods such as Aramadz, Anahit, Mher, Nane, and Barsamin were located where Hayasa had likely been. The treasury and royal burials of the Arsacid (Arshakuni) dynasty would be located in this region as well during the 1st millennium BC. Ani-Kammahk, probably the Kummaha of Hittite sources, was the main cultic center of the goddess Anahit and the location of the Armenian royal tombs during the Classical era. According to the prominent linguist Hrachia Acharian, the name of the city Kummaha could derive from , the Armenian word for 'skeleton'.
Some scholars believe that Armenians were native to the Hayasa region, or perhaps moved into the Hayasa region from nearby northern or eastern regions (such as modern southern Georgia or northern Armenia). A minority of historians theorize that after the possible Phrygian invasion of the Hittites, the hypothetically named Armeno-Phrygians would have settled in Hayasa-Azzi, and merged with the local people, who were possibly already spread within the western regions of Urartu. However, there is almost no evidence of a close Armenian-Phrygian connection.
The term Hayastan bears resemblance to the ancient Mesopotamian god Haya (ha-ià) and another western deity called Ebla Hayya, related to the god Ea ( or in Sumerian, in Akkadian and Babylonian). Thus, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia of 1962 posited that the Armenians derive from a migration of Hayasa into Shupria in the 12th century BC. This is open to objection due to the possibility of a mere coincidental similarity between the two names.
Criticism of Armenian connection theory
The mentioning of the name Armenia can only be securely dated to the 6th century BC with the Orontid kings and very little is known specifically about the people of Hayasa-Azzi per se.
Igor Diakonoff argues the pronunciation of Hayasa was probably closer to Khayasa, with an aspirated h. According to him, this nullifies the connection to Armenian Hay (հայ). Additionally, he argues that -asa cannot be an Anatolian language suffix as names with this suffix are absent in the Armenian Highlands.
Diakonoff's criticisms have been refuted by Matiossian and others, who argue that, as Hayasa is a Hittite (or Hittite-ized) exonym applied to a foreign land, the -asa suffix can still mean "land of." Additionally, Khayasa can be reconciled with Hay as the Hittite h and kh phonemes are interchangeable, a feature present in certain Armenian dialects as well.
See also
Ishuwa
Ancient regions of Anatolia
Nairi
Urartu
History of the Hittites
Indo-European languages
References
Further reading
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov & Thomas Gamkrelidze, "The Early History of Indo-European Languages", Scientific American; vol. 262, N. 3, 110–116, March 1990.
States and territories established in the 15th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 13th century BC
Ancient peoples of Anatolia
Ancient Near East
Former confederations
ca:Azzi
gl:Azzi | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi |
The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor was formed in 1908 in the United Kingdom and received royal recognition in 1912. Its patron was Queen Elizabeth II until her death in 2022. It is a registered charity and seeks to uphold and advise on the dignity and rights of Knights Bachelor and knighthood, and to register every duly authenticated knighthood.
Its charitable objectives include the relief of poverty, the advancement of education, support for hospitals, the elderly, and the needy. A particular objective is to assist Knights Bachelor to encourage and develop understanding and cooperation between the citizens of the Commonwealth of Nations.
In 1962, the society established its own chapel in the Priory Church of St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfield, London. In 2005, the chapel was moved to St Martin's Chapel in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. The society's badge may be worn in the form of a brooch by wives and daughters of knights.
Publications
Periodically, the Society published lists of living recipients of awards, with the subtitle A list of the existing recipients of the honour of Knighthood together with a short account of the origin, objects and work of ... the society.
The editions published by the Society included the Order of General Precedence extant in England at the time, so that the 1939–1946 edition (20th edition), and the subsequent 1949–1950 (21st edition), indicated pre-war and post-war precedence.
List of Knights Principal
The Rt Hon Sir Bargrave Deane (1908–1911)
Major-General Sir Henry Mill Pellatt, CVO (1911–1923)
The Rt Hon Sir William Bull, Bt, MP (1923–1931)
Commander Sir Arthur Trevor Dawson, Bt (1931)
Sir Gerald Wollaston, KCB, KCVO (1931–1957)
The Hon Sir George Bellew, KCB, KCVO, KStJ (1957–1962)
Sir Anthony Wagner, KCB, KCVO (1962–1983)
Sir Colin Cole, KCB, KCVO, TD (1983–1995)
Sir Conrad Swan, KCVO (1995–2000)
Sir Richard Gaskell (2000–2006)
The Lord Lingfield, DL (2006–2012)
Sir Colin Berry (2012–2019)
The Rt. Hon Sir Gary Hickinbottom (2019–present)
List of Registrars
Sir William Bull, Bt (1907–1920)
Sir Harry North (1920–1921)
Sir Park Goff, Bt, KC (1921–1939)
Sir Malcolm Fraser, Bt, GBE (1939–1941)
Sir Edwin Lutyens, OM, KCIE (1941–1944)
Sir Thomas Lumley-Smith, DSO (1944–1960)
Sir John Russell (1960–1978)
Sir Arthur Driver (1978–1986)
Sir Roger Falk, OBE (1986–1991)
Sir Kenneth Newman, GBE, KStJ, QPM (1991–1998)
Sir Robert Balchin, DL (1998–2006)
Alderman Sir Paul Judge (2006–2012)
His Honour Sir Gavyn Arthur (2012–2016)
Sir Jeremy Elwes, (2016–2017)
Sir Michael Hirst (2017–present)
Arms
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
Heraldry
Notes
External links
Official website
1908 establishments in the United Kingdom
Charities based in London
British knights | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20Society%20of%20Knights%20Bachelor |
Schagerbrug is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is part of the municipality of Schagen, and was the main town of the former municipality of Zijpe. It lies about 2 km northwest of the town of Schagen.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1613 as Schagerbrugge, and means "bridge (over the Groote Sloot on the road to) Schagen". The village developed shortly after the area was poldered in 1579. Schagerbrug is a cross shaped village with a linear settlement along the Groote Sloot and another linear settlement along the road. It would become the capital of the municipality of Zijpe.
The Dutch Reformed church is aisleless church with a slender gable tower. It was built between 1850 and 1851. The polder mill Ooster-N was probably built around 1740. In 1962, a pumping station was added. It was restored between 1971 and 1976, and is frequently in use on a voluntary basis.
Schagerbrug was home to 312 people in 1840. In 1973, the Zijper Museum opened in the former town hall, and provides an overview of the poldering of the area in 1597 which was a record-breaking attempt at the time. In 2013, it became part of the municipality of Schagen.
Gallery
References
Schagen
Populated places in North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schagerbrug |
Viktor Manoel (born 1957) is a Mexican–American dancer, choreographer, writer, and actor.
Manoel was born and raised in Mexico. He worked with such choreographers as Édouard Lock of Canadian dance group La La La Human Steps and Toni Basil. Basil hired him for David Bowie's world stadium Glass Spider Tour after she spotted him performing in a LA nightclub in 1987.
Manoel has performed in numerous shows including Open Doors and Whistle Revisited (based on Stephen Sondheim's Anyone Can Whistle), as well as with Grace Jones, and Canadian singer Norman Iceberg.
Viktor Manoel has also appeared in film such as Staying Alive (1983) directed by Sylvester Stallone, Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo (1984), Glass Spider (1988) directed by David Mallet, and Female Perversions (1997) directed by Susan Streitfeld.
As a cyclist, Manoel has raised significant funds for many organizations taking part in different AIDS rides and marathons of various distances across North America each year.
References
External links
Los Angeles Marathon–1998 Results
1957 births
Living people
Mexican emigrants to the United States
American male dancers
American artists of Mexican descent
Mexican male film actors
American male film actors
American male actors of Mexican descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor%20Manoel |
Sint Maartensbrug is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 14 km northwest of Heerhugowaard.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1613 as "Sinte Maertensbrugge", and means "bridge (over the Groote Sloot on the road to) Sint Maarten". Sint Maartensbrug is a cross shaped village which appeared shortly after the area was poldered between 1596 and 1597. It consists of a linear settlement along the Groote Sloot and another linear settlement along the road.
The Dutch Reformed church is a wide aisleless church with wooden tower which was built in 1696. The polder mill N-G or Noorder G was probably built in the second half of the 17th century. It was in service until 1958 when it was replaced by a Diesel powered pumping station. Between 1969 and 1972, the windmill was restored and is frequently in service on a voluntary basis.
Gallery
See also
Sint Maartensvlotbrug
References
Schagen
Populated places in North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%20Maartensbrug |
Theodore Sommers Henderson (May 14, 1868 – February 11, 1929) was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, elected in 1912.
Born in Millburn, New Jersey, he joined the New York East Annual Conference of the M.E. Church in 1893. Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he served as a pastor and as the secretary of Evangelism of the M.E. Church
As bishop he was assigned the Cincinnati Episcopal Area, making many episcopal visits throughout this area (which included Ohio and Kentucky). Among these visits was one to the LeRoy Methodist Episcopal Church in LeRoy, Ohio (now Westfield Center, Ohio) in 1923 for the dedication of their new church building.
Bishop Henderson died 11 February 1929 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was buried in Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati.
Selected writings
Methodism's Minimum Goal, New England Methodism, E.C.E. Dorion, Editor, 1915.
Address: Book of Devotions, 1916.
Decision Day, pamphlet, 36 pp., n.d.
Booklets: Building an Evangelistic Church, The Fellowship of Redemption.
References
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist bishops, Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
1868 births
1929 deaths
American Methodist Episcopal bishops
American pamphleteers
American male non-fiction writers
American speechwriters
Bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church
People from Millburn, New Jersey
Methodist writers
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Sommers%20Henderson |
Sint Maartensvlotbrug is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 15 km northwest of Heerhugowaard.
The village is named after a vlotbrug constructed near the village of Sint Maartensbrug. Originally it was a wooden bridge built between 1820 and 1821. In 1959, it was replaced by a steel pontoon bridge operated by an electro motor. The village was first mentioned between 1839 and 1859.
References
Schagen
Populated places in North Holland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%20Maartensvlotbrug |
Skid Roper (born Richard Banke, October 19, 1954, in National City, California, United States) is an American musician, most active in the 1980s and early 1990s. He has recorded with several groups including the surf band The Evasions but is best known for his work with Mojo Nixon between 1985 and 1989.
With Nixon, Roper served mainly as an instrumentalist. He commonly played instruments such as the washboard and the mandolin. Since parting ways with Nixon in 1989, Roper has released three solo albums. The first two albums had a much stronger country influence and were considerably less raucous than his work with Nixon. Roper also formed a surf band called Skid Roper and the Shadowcasters.
Roper's latest CD, Rock and Roll Part 3, was released in 2010. Ten years in the making, Roper plays the guitar, mandolin, organ, harmonica, percussion and whistling, sings each track and wrote all but one song.
In 2012 Roper contributed new music to volume ten (One Way Ticket to Palookaville) and in 2013 to volume eleven (Hells Basement) of the compilation album series Staring at the Sun. In 2012 Roper became a member of the Hi-Tones, the backing combo for Andy Rasmussen, playing drums and mandolin on the 2013 album High & Lonesome: The Rise and Fall of Hilo.
Discography
Solo
Trails Plowed Under (1989)
Lydia's Cafe (1991)
Rock and Roll Part 3 (2010)
With The Evasions
Son of Surf! (1981)
With Mojo Nixon
Mojo Nixon and Skid Roper (1985)
Get Out Of My Way! (1986)
Frenzy (1986)
Bo-Day-Shus!!! (1987)
Root Hog Or Die (1989)
Unlimited Everything (1990)
With Action Andy and the Hi-Tones
High and Lonesome: The Fall and Rise of Hilo (2013)
Charting singles
References
External links
Skid Roper official web site
[ Skid Roper All Music Guide Entry]
1954 births
Living people
People from National City, California
American multi-instrumentalists
American country musicians
Cowpunk musicians
Psychobilly musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skid%20Roper |
The Rosetta Stone is an ancient artifact used to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs.
Rosetta Stone may also refer to:
Music
Rosetta Stone (band), a British gothic-rock band formed in 1988
Rosetta Stone (1970s band), a rock band formed in 1977 by Ian Mitchell
"Rosetta Stone", a 1992 song by Throwing Muses from Red Heaven
Other uses
Rosetta Stone (project), a language archive project
Rosetta Stone (software), language learning software
Rosetta Stone (company), a software company
Rosetta Stone Learning Center, a language school
Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone, a 1990 video game
Rosetta Stone, a pen name used by Dr. Seuss for his book Because a Little Bug Went Ka-Choo
Rosetta Stona, the main protagonist of the 2002 film Teknolust
Sister Rosetta Stone, a fictional teacher for whom Sister Mary Elephant substitutes
See also
Rosetta (disambiguation)
Rosetta Pebble, an acoustic folk ensemble
"Rosetta Stoned", a song by Tool from 10,000 Days | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta%20Stone%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Detective Garda Jerry McCabe (22 November 1943 – 7 June 1996) was a member of the Garda Síochána, the national police force of Ireland. McCabe was killed in Adare, County Limerick on 7 June 1996, by members of the Provisional IRA, during the attempted robbery of a post office van.
Early life
Detective Garda McCabe, from Ballylongford in County Kerry, was born on 22 November 1943. He was married to Anne, a daughter of a Garda. The couple lived in Limerick and had five children, John, Mark, Ian, Stacy, and Desmond, known as Ross. John and Ross are serving members of the Garda Síochána.
The robbery
The two detectives were escorting an An Post van carrying IR£81,000 at 6:50 am on 7 June 1996 in Adare, Co. Limerick, Ireland,
when Detective Garda Ben O'Sullivan noticed a Pajero heading towards them from behind. The car collided with them. Two men wearing balaclavas jumped out of the Pajero, and fired 15 rounds from an AK-47 at the detectives. Three rounds hit Jerry McCabe, killing him. His colleague, O'Sullivan was seriously injured, having been hit 11 times. One bullet strayed and lodged in the Garda patrol car, a Ford Mondeo. They were fired on full automatic by the gunman. Detective O'Sullivan, who was driving the car, has said that he is convinced it was deliberate, controlled shooting.
Shortly after the shooting, a Mitsubishi Lancer arrived and the would-be robbers made their getaway in it. No money had been stolen by them, but both vehicles used at the crime scene had been stolen.
The Gardaí had been armed with .38 Smith & Wesson revolvers and an Uzi, but the trial heard that they had not had time to use them.
Bullet casings found at the scene were unique to the IRA in Ireland at the time.
Aftermath
Up to 50,000 people lined the streets of Limerick for McCabe's funeral.
The killing of Detective McCabe happened four months after the breakdown of the first IRA ceasefire in 1996. The IRA Army Council initially denied involvement, but later claimed that individual members were involved "in contravention of its orders". Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams would later state that the operation was "not authorised by the Army Council, but authorised at a lower level by an authorised person". The killing was denounced by the leadership of Sinn Féin, but later the party lobbied for the early release of McCabe's killers under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement. In 2005, the prisoners stated that they did not want their release "to be part of any further negotiations with the Irish government."
Pearse McAuley from Strabane and three County Limerick men – Jeremiah Sheehy, Michael O'Neill and Kevin Walsh – were convicted by the non-jury Special Criminal Court of manslaughter. McAuley had escaped from Brixton Prison in 1991 while awaiting prosecution over the IRA's campaign in England and had jumped bail in the Republic of Ireland two months before the shooting. O'Neill was released from prison on 15 May 2007 with Sheehy released on 4 February 2008. Walsh and McAuley were released on 5 August 2009 after completing their full sentence. Sinn Féin had campaigned for their release under the Good Friday Agreement despite the Irish government's insistence that these prisoners were excluded during the negotiations for the Agreement. The Alliance Party of Northern Ireland accused the Irish government of "double standards" by not granting those responsible for the killing early release like paramilitary prisoners in Northern Ireland.
McCabe's widow Anne has been praised for the way she conducted herself since the shooting. In New York in 2006, she challenged Gerry Adams as to why his organisation was calling for the release of the men convicted of the killing. In 2000, she accepted the Gold Scott Medal on her husband's behalf. The Scott Medal is the highest honour bestowed by the Republic of Ireland on a Garda who has shown exceptional courage and heroism risking their lives in their work as police officers.
Detective Garda Jerry McCabe Fellowship
An academic exchange programme in honour of the slain detective was established in 1996 at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice in New York City. The purpose of the exchange is to promote the sharing of practices and technologies in policing and criminal justice between Ireland and the United States. Jerry McCabe's son John was the first recipient of the fellowship in 1997.
See also
List of Irish police officers killed in the line of duty
Garda ar Lár
Yvonne Burke (Garda)
Michael Noel Canavan
Death of Michael J. Reynolds
Deaths of Henry Byrne and John Morley (1980)
Death of Adrian Donohoe (2013)
References
1996 crimes in the Republic of Ireland
Deaths by person in the Republic of Ireland
History of County Limerick
People killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army
Deaths by firearm in the Republic of Ireland
Garda Síochána officers killed in the line of duty
Irish manslaughter victims
Recipients of the Scott Medal
Murder victims from County Kerry
Police officers from County Kerry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Jerry%20McCabe |
David Dilley Bannon (born David Wayne Dilley; April 22, 1963) is an American author and translator, best known for the books Elements of Subtitles and Wounded in Spirit. He translates from Korean-to-English and German-to-English, notably the works of Friedrich Rückert. Bannon was born in Washington State in the United States. The son of photographer Dennis Dilley, he left home at age 19, spending many years in Asia. He taught college for two decades and was curator of Asian art for the Florence Museum of Art and History in South Carolina, USA. Bannon has appeared on The Discovery Channel (1997), Ancient Mysteries (1997), In Search of History (1999), On the Inside (2001), TechTV (2003) and History's Mysteries (2006). He has been interviewed by NPR, Fox News and The Wall Street Journal. He has translated subtitles for 44 South Korean television shows, including East of Eden (2008), The Great Queen Seondeok (2009), Dong Yi (2010), The Greatest Love (2011), Soldier (2012), Lights and Shadows (2011), Nine-tailed Fox (2013) and Mystery Television (2019). In 2006, Bannon was convicted on charges of criminal impersonation. He was sentenced to five years, serving three prior to his release. Married twice, he lost his only child, Jessica Autumn Bannon, to a fentanyl-laced heroin overdose in 2015. Bannon publishes on grief, art, history, culture, and translation, as well as delivering lectures at libraries, museums and conferences.
Career
Bannon writes and speaks on art, history, culture, computer technology, business and translation. He has appeared on A&E, The Discovery Channel and The History Channel and in The Wall Street Journal.
Bannon held a two-year appointment as curator of Asian art (1992-1994) for the Florence Museum of Art and History in South Carolina, now known as the Florence County Museum.
Bannon translated Korean-to-English subtitles for YA Entertainment and the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation. His original Korean-language poems and translations of Korean poetry and spirituality texts have appeared in consumer magazines, trade publications and academic journals. He has published two collections of the writings of Korean Zen master Bopjong.
Personal life
Bannon was born in Tacoma, Washington, and grew up in Spokane Valley, Washington. Married twice, he had one child, Jessica Autumn Bannon (November 29, 1988 – January 16, 2015). She died of a fentanyl-laced heroin overdose. After his daughter's death, Bannon and his wife established The Jessica Autumn Bannon Memorial Film Collection on September 26, 2015, with 1,500 film and television titles. In 2017 the collection consisted of 2,000 titles. The bulk of the collection is housed in the Chester County Library in Chester, South Carolina.
Bannon was arrested in Boulder, Colorado, on January 27, 2006, on the charges of criminal impersonation, computer crime, and attempted theft. The charges leveled against him asserted that he created a fraudulent personal history. On April 24, 2006, Bannon pleaded guilty to the charge of criminal impersonation before a Colorado judge. His guilty plea was made in exchange for prosecutors dropping the additional charges of computer crime and attempted theft. Bannon was sentenced to five years, serving three prior to his release in June, 2009.
His daughter, Jessica Autumn Bannon, died on January 16, 2015.
Filmography
Television series
Appearance credits
Bibliography
Introduction to Windows 95/98 (Prentice Hall, 2000)
Internet & World Wide Web: How To Program Second Edition (contributing editor; Prentice Hall; 2000),
e-Business & e-Commerce: How To Program (contributing editor; Prentice Hall; 2001)
Race Against Evil: The Secret Missions of the Interpol Agent Who Tracked the World's Most Sinister Criminals A Real-life Drama (New Horizon Press; 2006),
Korean-English/English-Korean Standard Dictionary (Hippocrene Standard Dictionary) (Hippocrene Books, 2009), editor;
The Elements of Subtitles: A Practical Guide to the Art of Dialogue, Character, Context, Tone and Style in Subtitling (2010), Third edition, 2013;
Meditations of a Zen Master (editor and translator; Bilingual Library, 2012),
Meditations of a Korean Monk (editor and translator; Bilingual Library, 2012),
Between Fighting Men: Nostalgia and B-Westerns (2013), published in conjunction with the Chester Library film, exhibit and lecture series
Darker Than Anywhere: Korean War Reminiscences, (editor; Bilingual Library, 2015);
Wounded in Spirit: Advent Art and Meditations, foreword by Philip Yancey (Paraclete Press, 2018);
Songs on the Death of Children: Selected Poems from Kindertotenlieder, foreword by Cornelia Kallisch (McFarland & Company, 2022);
References
External links
Press release by the US Department of Justice on Bannon's arrest
David Bannon on IMDb
1963 births
Living people
American confidence tricksters
Impostors
21st-century American translators
American male writers
20th-century male writers
20th-century translators | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20%22Race%22%20Bannon |
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