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Baldwin's rules in organic chemistry are a series of guidelines outlining the relative favorabilities of ring closure reactions in alicyclic compounds. They were first proposed by Jack Baldwin in 1976.
Baldwin's rules discuss the relative rates of ring closures of these various types. These terms are not meant to describe the absolute probability that a reaction will or will not take place, rather they are used in a relative sense. A reaction that is disfavoured (slow) does not have a rate that is able to compete effectively with an alternative reaction that is favoured (fast). However, the disfavoured product may be observed, if no alternate reactions are more favoured.
The rules classify ring closures in three ways:
the number of atoms in the newly formed ring
into exo and endo ring closures, depending whether the bond broken during the ring closure is inside (endo) or outside (exo) the ring that is being formed
into tet, trig and dig geometry of the atom being attacked, depending on whether this electrophilic carbon is tetrahedral (sp3 hybridised), trigonal (sp2 hybridised) or diagonal (sp hybridised).
Thus, a ring closure reaction could be classified as, for example, a 5-exo-trig.
Baldwin discovered that orbital overlap requirements for the formation of bonds favour only certain combinations of ring size and the exo/endo/dig/trig/tet parameters. Interactive 3D models of several of these transition states can be seen here (javascript required).
There are sometimes exceptions to Baldwin's rules. For example, cations often disobey Baldwin's rules, as do reactions in which a third-row atom is included in the ring. An expanded and revised version of the rules is available:
The rules apply when the nucleophile can attack the bond in question in an ideal angle. These angles are 180° (Walden inversion) for exo-tet reactions, 109° (Bürgi–Dunitz angle) for exo-trig reaction and 120° for endo-dig reactions. Angles for nucleophilic attack on alkynes were reviewed and redefined recently. The "acute angle" of attack postulated by Baldwin was replaced with a trajectory similar to the Bürgi–Dunitz angle.
Applications
In one study, seven-membered rings were constructed in a tandem 5-exo-dig addition reaction / Claisen rearrangement:
A 6-endo-dig pattern was observed in an allene - alkyne 1,2-addition / Nazarov cyclization tandem catalysed by a gold compound:
A 5-endo-dig ring closing reaction was part of a synthesis of (+)-Preussin:
Rules for enolates
Baldwin's rules also apply to aldol cyclizations involving enolates. Two new descriptors need to be defined: enolendo and enolexo, which refer to whether both carbons of the enolate C-C fragment are incorporated into the ring formed or not, respectively.
The rules are the following:
Exceptions
These rules are based on empirical evidence and numerous "exceptions" are known. Examples include:
cyclisations of cations
reactions involving third-row atoms, such as sulfur
Transition metal catalysis
References
Eponymous chemical rules
Physical organic chemistry
Stereochemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%27s%20rules |
Ernst Wiechert (18 May 1887 – 24 August 1950) was a German teacher, poet and writer.
Biography
Wiechert was born in the village of Kleinort, East Prussia, (now Piersławek, Poland).
He was one of the most widely read novelists in Germany during the 1930s. He incorporated his humanist ideals in his novels among which Das einfache Leben (The simple Life, 1939) and Die Jeromin-Kinder (The Jeromin children, 1945/47) are the best known today.
Wiechert was strongly opposed to Nazism from the start. He appealed in 1933 and 1935 to the undergraduates in Munich to retain their critical thinking in relation to the national socialist ideology. This was rated as call to internal resistance. The minutes of the speech circulated illegally in Germany and reached Moscow in 1937 baked in bread. Here it was published in the influential exile magazine Das Wort (The Word). But Wiechert went even further and dared to openly criticize the imprisonment of Martin Niemöller by the Nazis in 1938. He was arrested shortly after the rigged plebiscite by which Germany absorbed Austria in April 1938.
In consequence of his criticism, he was interned in the Buchenwald concentration camp for four months. He wrote down his memories about his imprisonment and buried the manuscript; it was published in 1945 as Der Totenwald (Forest of the dead).
After the war, Wiechert was a critic of West German society. In 1948, he settled in Stäfa, Switzerland, where he died in August 1950 of cancer. He was buried in Stäfa.
Works
Die Flucht, novel, (pseudonym: Ernst Barany Bjell), 1916
Der Wald, novel, 1922
Der Totenwolf, novel, 1924
Die blauen Schwingen, novel, 1925
Der Knecht Gottes Andreas Nyland, novel, 1926
Der silberne Wagen, short stories, 1928
Die kleine Passion. Geschichte eines Kindes, novel, 1929
Die Flöte des Pan, short stories, 1930
Jedermann, novel, 1931
Die Magd des Jürgen Doskocil, 1932
Geschichte eines Knaben, novel, 1933
Das Spiel vom deutschen Bettelmann, radio play, 1933
Die Majorin, novel, 1934
Der Todeskandidat, short stories, 1934
Der verlorene Sohn, play, 1935
Die goldene Stadt, play, 1935
Hirtennovelle, short stories, 1935
Wälder und Menschen, childhood memoirs, 1936
Das heilige Jahr, short stories, 1936
Von den treuen Begleitern, interpretations of poems, 1938
Atli, der Bestmann, short stories, 1938
Das einfache Leben, novel, 1939,
Die Jeromin-Kinder, novel, 1945/7, ,
Die Totenmesse, short story, 1945/7
Der brennende Dornbusch, short story, 1945
Demetrius, short story, 1945
Der Totenwald, Report from the concentration camp Buchenwald, 1946 (written in 1937)
Märchen 1946/7
Der weiße Büffel oder Von der großen Gerechtigkeit, 1946 (written in 1937)
Der armen Kinder Weihnachten, play, 1946
Okay oder die Unsterblichen, play, 1946
Die Gebärde, short stories, 1947
Der Richter, short story, 1948
Jahre und Zeiten, memoirs, 1949,
Die Mutter, short stories, 1948
Missa sine Nomine, novel 1950
Der Exote, novel, 1951
Die letzten Lieder, poems, 1951
Es geht ein Pflüger übers Land, short stories chosen by Lilje Wiechert, 1951
Häftling Nr. 7188, diary entries and letters, 1966
Vom Trost der Welt, 1938
References
Bibliography
Hans Ebeling: Ernst Wiechert. Das Werk des Dichters. Berlin 1937.
Carol Petersen: Ernst Wiechert. Mensch der Stille. Hamburg: Hansischer Gildenverl. 1947. (= Dichter der Gegenwart; 1)
Diverse Autoren: Ernst Wiechert. Der Mensch und sein Werk. Eine Anthologie. München: Verl. Kurt Desch. 1951.
Helmut Ollesch: Ernst Wiechert. 2. Aufl. Wuppertal-Barmen: Müller 1956. (= Dichtung und Deutung; 3)
Guido Reiner: Ernst-Wiechert-Bibliographie 1916 – 1971, 1. Teil. Paris 1972.
Jürgen Fangmeier: Ernst Wiechert. Ein theologisches Gespräch mit dem Dichter. Zürich: Theologischer Verl. 1976. (= Theologische Studien; 117)
Jörg Hattwig: Das Dritte Reich im Werk Ernst Wiecherts. Geschichtsdenken, Selbstverständnis und literarische Praxis. Frankfurt am Main u.a.: Lang 1984. (= Europäische Hochschulschriften; Reihe 1, Deutsche Sprache und Literatur; 739)
Hugh Alexander Boag: Ernst Wiechert: The Prose Works in Relation to his Life and Times. Stuttgart 1987. (= Stuttgarter Arbeiten zur Germanistik 130)
William Niven :Ernst Wiechert and his Role between 1933 and 1945. (PDF, 126KB), New German Studies, 16 (1990), 1-20.
Ernst Wiechert heute, hrsg. v. Guido Reiner u. Klaus Weigelt. Frankfurt am Main: R. G. Fischer, 1993. (= Schriften der Internationalen Ernst-Wiechert-Gesellschaft; 1)
Jurgita Katauskien·e: Land und Volk der Litauer im Werk deutscher Schriftsteller des 19./20. Jahrhunderts (H. Sudermann, E. Wiechert, A. Miegel und J. Bobrowski). Vilnius: Verl. Matrica 1997.
Annette Schmollinger: "Intra muros et extra". Deutsche Literatur im Exil und in der inneren Emigration. Ein exemplarischer Vergleich. Heidelberg: Winter 1999. (= Beiträge zur neueren Literaturgeschichte; F. 3, Bd. 161)
Zuspruch und Tröstung. Beiträge über Ernst Wiechert und sein Werk. Zum zehnjährigen Bestehen der Internationalen Ernst-Wiechert-Gesellschaft (IEWG), hrsg. v. Hans-Martin Plesske u. Klaus Weigelt. Frankfurt/Main: R. G. Fischer, 1999. (= Schriften der Internationalen Ernst-Wiechert-Gesellschaft; 2)
Franz H. Schrage: Weimar - Buchenwald. Spuren nationalsozialistischer Vernichtungsgewalt in Werken von Ernst Wiechert, Eugen Kogon, Jorge Semprun. Düsseldorf: Grupello-Verl. 1999.
Von bleibenden Dingen. Über Ernst Wiechert und sein Werk, hrsg. v. Bärbel Beutner u. Hans-Martin Pleßke. Frankfurt am Main: R. G. Fischer, 2002. (= Schriften der Internationalen Ernst-Wiechert-Gesellschaft; 3)
Manfred Franke: Köln: SH-Verl. 2003.
External links
Wiechert and his role between 1933 and 1945
1887 births
1950 deaths
People from Mrągowo County
Writers from East Prussia
People from Stäfa
German male novelists
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers
German resistance members
Buchenwald concentration camp survivors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Wiechert |
William Keith Bostic (born January 17, 1961) is an American former professional football player who was a safety for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Houston Oilers and the Cleveland Browns, serving as the Oilers' defensive captain under coach Jerry Glanville. Bostic earned one Pro Bowl selection and missed another based on a tiebreaker for the last safety chosen. In his Pro Bowl season, he led the American Football Conference in interceptions.
Prior to playing in the NFL, he played for the Michigan Wolverines of the Big Ten Conference from 1979–1982 NCAA Division I-A football season. During this time Michigan won two Big Ten championships, and Bostic was named first-team All-Big Ten. While at Michigan, he accumulated fumble recovery and interception statistics that continue to rank among the leaders in school history. Bostic had a reputation as a very physical safety.
College
Born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Bostic starred at his hometown Pioneer High School in Ann Arbor. He then stayed in Ann Arbor to play for the University of Michigan where he earned four varsity letters in football from 1979 to 1982 while wearing the #13. In college at the University of Michigan, Bostic started eight games in 1980, and he had an interception in the January 1, 1981 Rose Bowl for the 1980 Big Ten Conference Champions. This game was the first bowl game victory for Bo Schembechler. He started eleven games in 1981 and twelve in 1982. Bostic was first-team All-Big Ten for the 1982 Big Ten Champions who also went to the Rose Bowl. When he was drafted into the NFL, he was second on the modern Michigan career interceptions list (since 1965) with ten career interceptions, which places him in a tie for seventh on the list now. He ranks tenth on the All-time list. He ranks second on the All-time single-season fumble recovery list with four and fourth on the career list with six. His 119 interception return yards in 1982 ranks fifth all-time.
Professional career
Pre-Bostic Oilers
During the 1970s Bum Phillips had traded away draft picks for veterans several times and between the 1974 NFL Draft and the 1981 NFL Draft the team only had four first round picks, but reached the AFC Championship game twice during the decade with veterans. They went to the playoffs in 1980 as well. However, by 1981 they were below .500 with an aging team. From the 1982 NFL Draft to the 1987 NFL Draft they had nine first round choices. They complemented their drafting with the signing of Warren Moon out of the Canadian Football League and Mike Rozier out of the United States Football League (USFL), a league that attempted to compete with the NFL in the 1980s.
Biles, Studley, Campbell era
Bostic was drafted with the fourteenth pick of the second round of the 1983 NFL Draft with the 42nd pick overall by the Houston Oilers. He was also drafted by the Michigan Panthers of the United States Football League (USFL) in the 1983 Territorial Draft. Bostic joined the Oilers who were rebuilding from being the oldest average age NFL team in 1981.
Bostic started the last 12 games of the 1983 NFL season and every game thereafter as an Oiler until leaving the team in 1989. The 1983 Houston Oilers under coaches Ed Biles and Chuck Studley went 2–14. The 1984 and 1985 teams of Hugh Campbell also were below .500. By 1985 he had nonetheless become one of the best safeties in the league. During the 1985 NFL season he had a career-high five quarterback sacks, three interceptions and a fumble recovery.
Glanville era
Bostic's physical style of play was well-suited for Jerry Glanville who took over the Oilers' head coaching job for the 1986 NFL season after having been the team's defensive coordinator. Bostic signed a contract extension before the 1987 NFL season. Then, Bostic earned a Pro Bowl birth in 1987 and was named second-team All-Pro the same season. During the 1987 season he finished second in the NFL with a career-high six interceptions. That total led the American Football Conference (AFC), and he added three quarterback sacks and a fumble recovery that season. Glanville took the team to both the 1987-88 and 1988-89 NFL Playoffs. The unheralded 1987 team was a surprise playoff entrant in the first round Wild Card game. Even after a surprise 1987–88 NFL playoff run the Oilers fired their defensive backs coach, Tom Bettis who had taken over from Ken Houston. Bostic earned All-Pro honorable mention in 1988. That season, he finished tied for the third and final AFC safety Pro Bowl spot with David Fulcher and missed being invited due to the tiebreaker.
With all the rebuilding turnover Bostic was one of the four longest tenured Oilers by his sixth season with the team. He started 88 consecutive non-strike games for the Oilers. He was replaced by Bubba McDowell as the Oilers' starting strong safety. In 1989, the Oilers became fed up with Bostic for his untimely penalties and his moody and unpredictable personality. The Indianapolis Colts signed Bostic as a plan B free agent to a two-year $900,000 contract, but released him during training camp. They released him during the second week of training camp and it was rumored he might head to the Los Angeles Raiders. The Oilers lost a league high fifteen plan B free agents that season. In 1990, the Cleveland Browns signed Bostic as a free agent. However, they waived him during the season.
Overall reputation
Bostic's physical style of play was respected by his peers: Lester Hayes said Raider tight end Todd Christensen is the best receiving tight end and that "The only guy I've ever seen cover Todd is my son, Keith Bostic...Bostic's the only guy I've ever seen pulverize him. I mean he really pulverized him. I call Bostic and Frank Minnifield (Cleveland cornerback) my sons, my sons of dirt." Hayes meant that Bostic and Minnifield played a physical style, just like Hayes. Bostic is known as a big hitter blessed with athletic ability. He combined strength and speed to play his physical style according to Ozzie Newsome: "He's as strong as any linebacker and can run like any of the guys on the corner." Bostic earned the nickname "Batman" for his style of play. Instead of instructing his team to elect captains, Glanville instructed his team to "...pick the three toughest guys. If somebody throws a grenade into a room, they're the ones who'll jump on it." Bostic was the player chosen from the Oilers' defense. Although much is made of his strength and toughness, it should also be mentioned that he once collared Tony Dorsett from behind in a footrace. At one point in Bostic's career, while Glanville was still defensive coordinator, the Oilers considered moving him to cornerback because of his speed.
NFL Single Season Record
Fewest interception return yards (1987): -14
Personal
During the offseasons, Bostic was a regular on the Oilers' summer basketball team that traveled around the state raising money for charities by playing various local All-star teams. After the team's twelfth season, Bostic had a reputation as the best player ever to play for the team. During one NFL training camp Bostic played with tape over his mouth to try to win a $20 bet with Steve Brown over who could keep from talking the longest.
His son, Tony Bostic, played running back for the New Mexico State Aggies as a non-recruited walk-on. His younger son, William, followed his father's footsteps and played linebacker for his alma mater, the University of Michigan.
Notes.
1961 births
African-American players of American football
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football safeties
Cleveland Browns players
Houston Oilers players
Living people
Michigan Wolverines football players
Players of American football from Ann Arbor, Michigan
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Bostic%20%28American%20football%29 |
Fafe () is a municipality in the northern Portuguese district of Braga. The population in 2021 was 48,502, in an area of approximately . The city itself had a population of 14,144 in 2001. The present mayor is Antero Barbosa, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is May 16.
History
In the 10th century King Ordoño III of León donated the Vila de Moraria (Moreira de Rei) and Monte Longo to the monastery of Guimarães, founded by the Countess Mumadona.
The territory was effect the Diocese of Braga in the 12th century, and was one of the largest of the seven dioceses, with approximately 950 to 1000 parishes divided into 38 group. During the 1220 Inquirições (Inquiries), the territory of Monte Longo was first identified. This location would have an effect; in 1258, the municipality was designated as the lands and julgado (judicial territory) of Monte Longo.
By 1320, Fafe was part of the Diocese of Braga and the Terra de Entre Ave e Vizela, also known as the Terra de Montelongo, with 15 parishes, among which Santa Ovaia Antiga (Santa Eulália de Fafe).
On 15 November 1514, King D. Manuel I conceded the first foral (charter) to the town of Fafe. The 1527 Numeramento de D. João III (census of King John III), the parish of Samta Ovaya Antigua (Santa Eulália) had only 64 neighbours.
It was only in 1647 that the first reference to the toponymy Fafe, and shortly thereafter (1655) the parish adopted the name Santa Eulália de Fafe.
In 1706, the donatário of the town of Fafe and municipality of Montelongo was the Count of Vimieiro. By mid-century, though, in 1758, the Memórias Paroquiais (Parochial Memories) described that the donation was attributed to the Marquis of Valença, D. Miguel de Portugal e Castro.
Between 1907 and 1986 Fafe was served by the narrow-gauge trains of the Guimarães line. The railway is now closed between Guimarães and Fafe.
Geography
The municipality is situated in a valley.
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 25 civil parishes:
Aboim, Felgueiras, Gontim e Pedraído
Agrela e Serafão
Antime e Silvares (São Clemente)
Ardegão, Arnozela e Seidões
Armil
Cepães e Fareja
Casa do Substimado
Fafe
Fornelos
Freitas e Vila Cova
Golães
Medelo
Monte e Queimadela
Moreira do Rei e Várzea Cova
Passos
Quinchães
Regadas
Revelhe
Ribeiros
Santa Cristina de Arões
São Gens
São Martinho de Silvares
São Romão de Arões
Travassós
Vinhós
Architecture
Civic
Fafe Comarca Jailhouse ()
Municipal Palace/Hall of Fafe ()
Religious
Chapel of Prata ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Ajuda ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Desterro ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora das Graças ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Guadalupe ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Lourdes ()
Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Socorro ()
Chapel of Santa Bárbara ()
Chapel of Santa Luzia ()
Chapel of Santa Marinha ()
Chapel of Santa Rita ()
Chapel of Santo Amaro ()
Chapel of Santo André ()
Notable people
Joaquim Gonçalves (1936–2013) a bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Vila Real from 1991 to 2011.
Armindo Freitas-Magalhães (born 1966) a psychologist working on the psychology of the human smile
Sandro Cunha (born 1982) a former professional footballer with 385 club caps
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Institute of Higher Studies of Fafe official Website
Photos from Fafe
Towns in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafe |
The Metolius River (pronounced muh TOLL ee us) is a tributary of the Deschutes River (through Lake Billy Chinook) in Central Oregon, United States, near the city of Sisters. The river flows north from springs near Black Butte, then turns sharply east, descending through a series of gorges before ending in the western end of the lake. The unincorporated community of Camp Sherman lies astride the southern end of the river. The name of the river comes from the Warm Springs or Sahaptin word mitula, meaning white salmon and referring to a light colored Chinook salmon and not a whitefish.
The river's drainage basin is in area and, according to at least one estimate, contains of perennial streams, of intermittent streams, 42 lakes, and 121 ponds.
Headwaters
The headwaters of the river are at Metolius Springs, where the river emerges from two clusters of springs at the base of Black Butte. Water flows to these springs from the drainage basin around Black Butte Ranch, several miles to the south. The elevation of the drainage basin is above that of the springs, forming a natural standpipe that tends to stabilize the river's rate of flow.
As a consequence, the water level in the Metolius River is relatively constant. The rate of flow at the headwaters is approximately or 50,000 gallons per minute), although it grows by an additional or 600,000 gallons per minute) by the time the river reaches Lake Billy Chinook. Similarly, the water temperature is also stable; at the river source, the water temperature is a consistent .
General
The Metolius River flows from Metolius Springs through the Deschutes National Forest, emptying into Lake Billy Chinook and ultimately the Deschutes River. The upper of the river are popular for catch-and-release fishing, whitewater rafting, picnicking, and camping. The lower are on the boundary of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, and flow by "a primitive area where motorized vehicles are not allowed."
The Metolius River was officially designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1988.
Many of the summer homes along the Metolius River are constructed on United States Forest Service land, under provisions of a 1915 act of Congress, and are generally required to be set back from the river at least , allowing public access to the river.
Wildlife
The Metolius River supports a broad cross-section of the wildlife present in the Central Oregon region. The river itself is home to several fish species, including rainbow trout, bull trout, kokanee salmon and mountain whitefish. Larger animals including river otters and beaver inhabit the areas in and immediately around the river, and larger land mammals, including mule deer, elk, black bear, and cougar range in the surrounding area. Migratory waterbirds such as the mallard and the Canada goose are common in the spring and summer, as are raptors such as the osprey and the red-tailed hawk. The white-headed woodpecker, generally rare and of interest to many birders, is quite common in several areas along the river.
Recreation
Sport fishing for rainbow trout and bull trout is fly-fishing only on the upper Metolius—and catch-and-release, with barbless hooks. A number of small resorts and shops cater to fishermen and other visitors, principally in the community of Camp Sherman.
Hiking and horseback riding are popular activities in the area, particularly on the upper, southern portion of the river, with trails extending up and down the river and into the forests on both sides. There are also a number of developed campgrounds on the banks of the river. Fishing, rafting, hunting and cross-country skiing are all popular seasonal activities.
The Wizard Falls Fish Hatchery is about north of the headwaters. This hatchery raises rainbow trout, kokanee, and salmon. The hatchery is open to visitors, with various species of trout and other fish on display in ponds.
Coordinates
Coordinates from GNIS list one point per 7.5 minute map. The source and mouth are not repeated here.
See also
List of Oregon rivers
List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers
The National Forest Foundation's Conservation Plan for the Metolius River
References
External links
Upper Deschutes Watershed Council
Rivers of Oregon
Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States
Rivers of Jefferson County, Oregon
Tributaries
Oregon placenames of Native American origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metolius%20River |
Karsin is a former PKP railway station in Karsin (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
References
Karsin article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 7 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Disused railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kościerzyna County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karsin%20railway%20station |
Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure is a tactical role-playing video game developed and published by Nippon Ichi Software for the PlayStation. Released in 1998, it is the first installment in the Rhapsody series. A version for the Nintendo DS was released in Japan and North America in 2008, and in PAL regions in 2009. The game was released for Nintendo Switch as part of the Prinny Presents NIS Classics Volume 3 compilation (alongside La Pucelle: Ragnarok) in western regions, and for Windows as a standalone game worldwide in 2022. The game's story focuses on a young girl named Cornet as she seeks to rescue a prince after being turned to stone by a witch.
Rhapsody, along with its sequels, are considered musical RPGs, meaning in place of FMV cutscenes, there are musical numbers, complete with vocals. The game is also known for its "overwhelming cuteness" and low level of difficulty. Although this may make the game seem geared towards a younger audience, in Japan, the game and series in general has seen much success.
Gameplay
When starting a new game, the player can select a game difficulty (easy, normal, or hard), which affects how long it will take to finish the game. The player selects different places on the world map and encounters random encounter battles, such as in the Dragon Quest series. Unlike most role-playing video games, the player can save at any time, except during battle.
An oft-mentioned point of appreciation is its relatively unique plot premise and flow. Rhapsody is a theatrical musical in regard to its presentation style, containing frequent cut scenes that are sung, rather than simply spoken and acted. Players are given the option of listening to the lyrics and voice-overs in Japanese, English, or muting them entirely. Hidden throughout the game are high-quality illustrations of characters, which can be viewed any time through the item menu.
Battles
The battles are fought in a tactical role-playing game fashion. However, unlike other games in this genre, the battles tend to last less than a minute, with the exception of boss battles, and require little tactics. This makes the game stand out in its genre and may have also led to its limited mainstream success with more hardcore players of the genre.
Cornet is the main character, but mainly offers support in battle, as puppets that are found throughout the game do most of the fighting for her. Kururu never actually fights in any battles in the original, though she does in the remake for the DS. Each character learns different skills as they level up, except Cornet (in the original only), who has attacks called Rewards. Cornet can blow her horn during battle to power up the puppets and gain appreciation points, which allow her to unleash these devastating techniques. Most Rewards are represented by foods, such as flan, cake, and candy.
Like in most tactical RPGs, each character has a certain move number and can attack at a certain distance. Most party members can only attack at close range, unless he or she has a long-range skill. Each character can also equip three accessories and use items. The game features some normal status problems (sleep, paralysis, etc.) like in most console RPGs, but has some original ones too, such as frog and philanthropy. Each enemy also has an element (thunder, wind, earth, fire, water, dark, holy) and a weakness to the opposite element. Each element has its own set of spells, which can be used to take advantage of such weaknesses.
Unlike in most tactical RPGs, instead of gaining experience points each turn, all the characters get the same number of points at the end of battle. After earning enough experience points, the character will level up and become stronger and possibly learn a spell. There are also skill points, gained when a character strikes the finishing blow. The more of these points a character has, the higher his or her critical rate becomes. Inotium, the in-game money, is also won after every battle. Occasionally monsters will join Cornet after they are defeated. These monsters can then be used in battle, like puppets, and can use special monster abilities.
Plot
Story
The game centers around the adventures of Cornet, a girl who can talk to puppets and has a magical horn that grants wishes, and Kururu, a puppet that has the heart and soul of a human. The majority of the game is about Cornet and Kururu trying to save Prince Ferdinand (whom Cornet is in love with) after he has been turned to stone by the self-proclaimed "most beautiful witch in the world." The witch, Marjoly, also has a crush on the prince and meant to put him to sleep, but messed up the spell and accidentally turned him to stone.
Characters
Cornet Espoir (Sara Thomas/Kahoru Fujino): Cornet is the cheerful heroine of the game. She can sing, play the horn, and even talk to puppets; which most people cannot do. Cornet dreams of a passionate relationship and despises toads. She longs for a prince to sweep her off of her feet.
Kururu (Jody Fleischer/Maria Kawamura): She is a puppet and Cornet's best friend. She follows Cornet throughout the game, often making humorous comments on her behavior. She likes cherries, and dislikes anything sour. Unlike other puppets, Kururu can move around on her own without the powers of Cornet's horn, and she can talk to other humans besides Cornet. She hides a deep secret, but for the better. Her weapon of choice is a paper fan (she is only playable in the DS version).
Cherie (Jody Fleischer/Maria Kawamura): Cherie is Cornet's mother, who is said to have been killed in an accident many years prior to the start of the game.
Ferdinand Marl E. (Josh Synard/Toshiyuki Morikawa): The prince, and soon to be king, of Marl Kingdom. He often sneaks out of the castle to hunt or visit the city. Cornet has dreamed of him her whole life and falls in love with him after a chance meeting in the forest.
Etoile Rosenqueen (Jody Fleischer/Yuri Amano): She is Cornet's arrogant rival. Etoile often makes sarcastic remarks about Cornet. She is from a rich background and loves being the center of attention.
Marjoly (Carrie Gordon Lowrey/Michie Tomizawa): Marjoly is a sexy witch who is the main antagonist of the game, but is hardly the typical evil mastermind bent on world domination. She lies about her age and often calls herself the most beautiful witch in the world. Marjoly is actually not very smart and her lackeys often insult her rather openly.
Gao (Rachel Quaintanes/Yayoi Jinguji): Gao is one of Marjoly's lackeys. It is said that she has the strength to fight a dragon with her bare hands. Many characters mistake her for a man, including Cornet.
Crowdia (Jody Fleischer/Miho Yamada): Crowdia is another of Marjoly's lackeys. She is very beautiful, but very narcissistic. She has large black wings, like a crow, and fights with a sword.
Myao (Sara Thomas/Yukari Tamura): Myao is Marjoly's third lackey. She appears to be a child. She often acts childish and selfish, and she can cast powerful magic to summon dragons.
Development
Sohei Niikawa first developed the concept of Rhapsody shortly after he joined Nippon Ichi Software in 1996. At the time, the company was working on tabletop and mahjong games. Realizing a potential financial problem within Nippon Ichi, Niikawa devised the scenario and script for Rhapsody.
After deciding that the game should contain musical elements, which were influenced by Disney films, Niikawa recruited Tenpei Sato to write the music in May 1998. Having composed and performed musicals in the past, Sato composed the game's musical numbers. The music was recorded at Sato's home studio, where he upgraded it to include ProTools as well as recording booths. Despite the vocal booth at his studio being narrow and the recording sessions taking place during the summer months, Sato admitted that the cast sang their best. When he heard the English versions of the songs, he was able to "hear the styles of Disney and Broadway." Three albums have been released. The first, titled Marl Oukoku no Ningyouhime Original Soundtrack, was released in Japan by A'Zip Music on January 22, 1999, and contains 22 tracks from the game. The second, Marl Oukoku no Ningyouhime: Original Vocal Album, was released by KSS on February 24, 1999 and contains 8 vocal tracks. The third, Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure Original Game Soundtrack, was released in North America by Atlus on July 1, 2000 alongside the game.
Cornet's voice actress, Kahoru Fujino, admitted she was surprised about the game being a musical RPG.
On January 20, 2000, Atlus announced an English localization of the game was scheduled to be released in North America in May 2000. By June 4, the release went gold for a June 17 release. Later that month, however, the release was soon delayed to July 1.
Release
After the first release of the game, a cheaper edition called The Adventure of Puppet Princess + 1 was published, which featured an art gallery, sound test, and a bonus CD. The North American release of the game had these features, but instead of the bonus CD was a soundtrack CD, with vocal and instrumental songs from the game. The third release (The Adventure of Puppet Princess (PSone Books)), did not come with any extra CD. There was also a Rhapsody calendar released.
Nintendo DS version
Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure was released for the Nintendo DS on September 23, 2008. The gameplay has been changed significantly, the battles changed to be similar to the ones found in the sequels. Kururu also engages in battle in this version of the game. Though extra scenarios from the third game in the series were advertised, translated, and given as the reason for the removal of the English song vocals, but they were absent from the game. NIS America announced that they removed this content because of localization issues. Reports of glitches have also surfaced such as freezing.
Reception
Reviews for the PlayStation and DS releases of Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure were mixed. Adam Cleveland of IGN said the original PlayStation release "packs more wallop than some RPGs I've seen" and that the younger demographic "will have a blast with this beginner's RPG." Miguel Lopez of GameSpot praised the PlayStation version for being a "nonconventional production". Johnny Liu of Game Revolution had mixed feelings on the original release, calling it "average to sub-average game from a gameplay perspective, but it pretty much falls flat everywhere else."
Legacy
Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure has two sequels, Rhapsody II: Ballad of the Little Princess and Rhapsody III: Memories of Marl Kingdom.
Rhapsody'''s influence has extended into Nippon Ichi's subsequent series of tactical role-playing games. One of the characters of La Pucelle: Tactics is a descendant of the characters in the game, while the shops named after Cornet's rival, Etoile Rosenqueen, have spread even to the Netherworlds of Disgaea: Hour of Darkness. Antiphona no Seikahime: Tenshi no Gakufu Op.A takes place in the same world and features Marjoly, who also appears in Disgaea 3: Absence of Justice as DLC (and like all other DLC, is included with the Vita port, Absence of Detention, for free) and makes cameo appearances in each game of the Disgaea'' series.
See also
Cultural differences in role-playing video games
Notes
References
External links
Official website at NIS America
Official website at Nippon Ichi Software
Role-playing video games
Atlus games
Japanese role-playing video games
Marl Kingdom
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo Switch games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation Network games
Single-player video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Nippon Ichi Software games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games about witchcraft
1998 video games
Ubisoft games
Video games scored by Tenpei Sato
Windows games
id:Rhapsody: A Musical Adventure
ja:マール王国の人形姫 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsody%3A%20A%20Musical%20Adventure |
EOKA-B () was a Greek Cypriot paramilitary organisation formed in 1971 by General Georgios Grivas ("Digenis"). It followed an ultra right-wing nationalistic ideology and had the ultimate goal of achieving the enosis (union) of Cyprus with Greece. During its short history, the organisation's chief aim was to block any attempt to enforce upon the Cyprus people what the organisation considered to be an unacceptable settlement to the Cyprus issue. In addition, the organisation drafted various plans to overthrow President Makarios. The organisation continued its activities until it officially declared its dissolution and disbanded on 11 February 1978.
Due to its attacks on civilians, it was considered a terrorist organization and was outlawed by the Republic of Cyprus after the death of George Grivas. Among the attacks it is responsible for is the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre. EOKA-B members were also arrested for the kidnapping of the son of president Spyros Kyprianou. and for being involved in the assassination of US ambassador Rodger Paul Davies. Homicide charges were dropped on 4 June 1977 by a Cypriot court against the two men accused of killing the ambassador. According to the Washington Post 1970s Cyprus correspondent, Joseph W. Fitchett, EOKA-B members were "motivated by a mixture of patriotism, money and macho".
Formation
EOKA-B was founded by General George Grivas as his last organizational attempt before his death on 17 January 1974. Grivas, a stridently anti-communist military leader during the Greek Civil War, was among the founders of EOKA in the early 1950s. After the declaration of independent Cyprus state he took over the Supreme Command of the Greek Cypriot forces organised under the National Guard as well as the Greek military division in early 1960s. Following Turkey's ultimatum of November 1967 he was recalled by the Greek junta to Athens, only to return under cover in 1971.
After Grivas returned to Cyprus in 1971, he created EOKA-B in response to President Archbishop Makarios' deviation from the policy of enosis in 1959 and the reaffirmation of this position during his re-election in 1968. Grivas, along with his new EOKA-B organisation, attempted to forcefully oust Makarios in order to enact his original goal of enosis with Greece.
Whereas EOKA (1955–1959) were seen by the majority of the Greek Cypriots as anti-colonialist freedom fighters, the EOKA-B did not have the overwhelming support of the Greek Cypriot population, as Makarios had called an election after a failed assassination attempt on him and his coalition won 27 out of the 35 seats. The main supporters of EOKA B were pro-enosis supporters who won 7 seats in the previous election, old EOKA fighters who felt they never received the recognition that they deserved after the revolt, right wing military personnel and some pro-enosis elements of the Church of Cyprus. The only armed, organized resistance to EOKA-B came from the Army Reserve, "Efedriko", a special police force set up by Makarios and the members of the Socialist Party EDEK as well as armed supporters of Makarios in every town. The Communist Party AKEL, despite the mild verbal opposition to EOKA-B, had not organized any form of resistance against it.
Coup d'etat and Turkish invasion
When Grivas Digenis died from heart failure on 27 January 1974, the post-Grivas EOKA-B increasingly came under the direct control and influence of the military junta in Athens. EOKA-B was on the verge of dissolution by July 1974. Yet on 15 July 1974 the Greek dictator Dimitrios Ioannides used the National Guard which was led by Greek officers and consisted of Greek-Cypriot conscripts, and EOKA-B to launch a military coup. EOKA-B attempted to assassinate Makarios but failed, and he fled to London. Nikos Sampson was installed as the new president of Cyprus.
This action provoked a Turkish invasion of Cyprus on 20 July 1974, leading to the subsequent de facto division of the island. Ioannides was taken by surprise by the Turkish invasion and failed to convince or coerce the Greek generals to send military reinforcements to Cyprus. The subsequent toppling of the Greek junta led to Sampson's resignation on 23 July 1974.
On 14 August 1974, Turkey mounted a second invasion into Cyprus. By the end of hostilities, about 180,000 Greek Cypriots (almost one third of the population), were forcibly uprooted from their homes and properties, while 80,000 Turkish Cypriots were forced north. Thousands more were killed or listed as missing.
Atrocities on 14 August 1974
On 14 August, during the invasion, EOKA-B committed massacres and crimes against Turkish-Cypriots in Maratha, Santalaris, Aloda, Tochni and Kiti. They massacred 84 Turkish-Cypriot men and boys from the village of Tochni, leaving one survivor. 126 were killed in the villages of Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda.
Later testimony
On 17 April 1991, Ambassador Nelson Ledsky testified before the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee that "most of the 'missing persons' disappeared in the first days of July 1974, before the Turkish invasion on the 20th. Many killed on the Greek side were killed by Greek Cypriots in fighting between supporters of Makarios and Sampson."
See also
EOKA
Akamas
Attilas '74
Once Upon a Time in Cyprus
References
Cyprus dispute
Military history of Cyprus
1974 in Cyprus
1971 establishments in Cyprus
Greek junta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOKA%20B |
Constituency results
Harare Province
BUDIRIRO: Gilbert Shoko (MDC) 17,053; David Makufa (ZANU-PF) 4,886.
CHITUNGWIZA: Fidelis Mhashu (MDC) 12,024; Brighton Chirongwe (ZANU-PF) 8,126.
DZIVARASEKWA: Edwin Mushoriwa (MDC) 11,617; Francis Muchada (ZANU-PF) 5,014.
GLEN NORAH: Priscilla Misihairambwi-Mushonga (MDC) 14,841; Victoria Chitepo (ZANU-PF) 4,648; Thomas Gwati (ZIYA) 36.
GLEN VIEW: Paul Madzore (MDC) 14,231; Sabina Mangwende (ZANU-PF) 3,993; Clemence Machakaire (ZPDP) 61.
HARARE EAST: Tendai Biti (MDC) 9,259; Muvengwa Mukarati (ZANU-PF) 4,363.
HARARE CENTRAL: Murisi Zwizwai (MDC) 10,462; Florence Chideya (ZANU-PF) 4,423; Margaret Dongo (Ind) 525.
HARARE NORTH: Trudy Stevenson (MDC) 11,262; Nyasha Chikwinya (ZANU-PF) 5,134.
HARARE SOUTH: Hubert Nyanhongo (ZANU-PF) 11,545; James Mushonga (MDC) 10,716.
HATFIELD: Tapiwa Mashakada (MDC) 11,652; Amos Midzi (ZANU-PF) 9,408.
HIGHFIELD: Pearson Mungofa (MDC) 12,600; Rodrick Nyandoro (ZANU-PF) 4,296; Sekai Dutiro (ZANU Ndonga) 88.
KAMBUZUMA: Willis Madzimure (MDC) 17,394; Samuel Mvurume (ZANU-PF) 5,555.
KUWADZANA: Nelson Chamisa (MDC) 13,870; David Mutasa (ZANU-PF) 5,024; Luckyponds Chitate (ZANU Ndonga) 116.
MBARE: Gift Chimanikire (MDC) 15,543; Tendai Savanhu (ZANU-PF) 9,418; Sipiwe Mupini (ZANU Ndonga) 254; Dunmore Makuwaza (Ind) 121.
MUFAKOSE: Pauline Mupariwa (MDC) 12,643; Sabina Thembani (ZANU-PF) 4,016; Godfrey Magaya (ZANU Ndonga) 177.
ST MARY: Job Sikhala (MDC) 13,369; Patrick Nyaruwata (ZANU-PF) 7,498; Tendekai Mswata (Ind) 130.
TAFARA-MABVUKU: Timothy Mabhawu (MDC) 13,473; Pamela Tungamirai (ZANU-PF) 6,078; Fanuel Chiremba (Ind) 131.
ZENGEZA: Goodrich Chimbaira (MDC) 12,129; Christopher Chigumba (ZANU-PF) 8,718; Emilda Muchayiwa (ZANU Ndonga) 81.
Bulawayo Province
BULAWAYO EAST: Prof Welshman Ncube (MDC) 10,804; Joshua Teke Malinga (ZANU-PF) 2,506.
BULAWAYO SOUTH: David Coltart (MDC) 12,120; Sithembiso Nyoni (ZANU-PF) 3,777.
LOBENGULA/MAGWEGWE: Fletcher Dulini Ncube (MDC) 12,603; Molly Mpofu (ZANU-PF) 2,892.
MAKOKOBA: Thokozani Khuphe (MDC) 12,138; Sihle Thebe (ZANU-PF) 3,438; Arnold Payne (Ind) 165; Wilson Bancinyane-Ndiweni (Ind) 97.
NKULUMANE: Gibson Sibanda (MDC) 12,392; Absolom Sokhosana (ZANU-PF) 3,243.
PELANDABA/MPOPOMA: Milton Gwetu (MDC) 11,587; Sikhanyiso Ndlovu (ZANU-PF) 3,228; Leonard Nkala (Ind) 141.
PUMULA-LUVEVE: Esaph Mdlongwa (MDC) 13,810; Michael Batandi Mpofu (ZANU-PF) 3,527; Stars Mathe (Ind) 220.
Mashonaland East
CHIKOMBA: Tichaona Jokonya (ZANU-PF) 17,928; Pimiel Kudenga (MDC) 7,403.
GOROMONZI: Herbert Murerwa (ZANU-PF) 16,782; Claudious Marimo (MDC) 8,578.
HWEDZA: Aeneas Chigwedere (ZANU-PF) 17,680; Theresa Makore (MDC) 8,314.
MARONDERA EAST: Sydney Sekeramayi (ZANU-PF) 19,192; James Ian Kay (MDC) 10,066.
MARONDERA WEST: Ambrose Mutinhiri (ZANU-PF) 16,029; Shadrek Chipangura (MDC) 4,457.
MUDZI EAST: Ray Kaukonde (ZANU-PF) 18,003; Essau Muchemedzi (MDC) 2,676; Tendai Marowa (Ind) 1,179.
MUDZI WEST: Aqualinah Katsande (ZANU-PF) 18,547; Shorai Tsungu (MDC) 3,636.
MUREHWA NORTH: David Parirenyatwa (ZANU-PF) 17,677; Alois Mudzingwa (MDC) 4,137.
MUREHWA SOUTH: Joel Biggie Matiza (ZANU-PF) 19,200; Alaska Kumirai (MDC) 4,586.
MUTOKO NORTH: David Chapfika (ZANU-PF) 16,257; Shupikai M Mandaza (MDC) 3,782.
MUTOKO SOUTH: Olivia Muchena (ZANU-PF) 19,390; Derrick Muzira (MDC) 3,358.
SEKE: Phineas Chihota (ZANU-PF) 15,434; Milton Bene (MDC) 8,843.
UZUMBA MARAMBA PFUNGWE: Kenneth Mutiwekuziva (ZANU-PF) 31,351; Stewart Pairemanzi (MDC) 3,289.
Mashonaland West
CHEGUTU: Webster Shamu (ZANU-PF) 16,542; Zvampila Nomhle (MDC) 8,286.
CHINHOYI: Faber Chidarikire (ZANU-PF) 9,462; Silas Matamisa (MDC) 5,773.
HURUNGWE EAST: Reuben Marumahoko (ZANU-PF) 19,670; Biggie Haurobhi (MDC) 6,091.
HURUNGWE WEST: Cecilia Gwachirwa (ZANU-PF) 17,295; Godfrey Gumbo (MDC) 7,663.
KADOMA: Editor Matamisa (MDC) 10,023; Jimayi Muduvuri (ZANU-PF) 8,740.
KARIBA: Jonathan Chandengenda (ZANU-PF) 13,719; Nathan Mukwasha (MDC) 9,540.
MAKONDE: Leo Mugabe (ZANU-PF) 18,607; Jeffat Karemba (MDC) 3,643.
MANYAME: Patrick Zhuwao (ZANU-PF) 15,478; Hilda Mafudze (MDC) 8,312.
MHONDORO: Sylvester Nguni (ZANU-PF) 13,966; Shakespeare Maya (MDC) 4,015.
NGEZI: Bright Matonga (ZANU-PF) 16,801; Flora Hotyo (MDC) 2,404.
SANYATI: Zacharia Ziyambi (ZANU-PF) 16,512; Trevor Ruzvidzo (MDC) 4,919.
ZVIMBA NORTH: Ignatius Chombo (ZANU-PF) 16,140; Prince Chibanda (MDC) 4,834.
ZVIMBA SOUTH: Sabina Mugabe (ZANU-PF) 17,797; Emillie Masimba (MDC) 2,439.
Mashonaland Central
BINDURA: Elliot Manyika (ZANU-PF) 21,279; Joel Mugariri (MDC) 8,816.
GURUVE NORTH: David Butau (ZANU-PF) 24,165; Allan Marcomic (MDC) 2,679.
GURUVE SOUTH: Edward Chindori-Chininga (ZANU-PF) 16,801; Biggie Chigonero (MDC) 3,375.
MAZOWE EAST: Chen Chimutengwende (ZANU-PF) 18,041; Shepherd Mushonga (MDC) 7,567; Gideon Chinogurei (ZANU Ndonga) 386.
MAZOWE WEST: Sabina Zinyemba (ZANU-PF) 14,397; Michael Gonye (MDC) 5,474.
MOUNT DARWIN NORTH: Joyce Mujuru (ZANU-PF) 28,943; Chinoto Mukwezvaramba (MDC) 2,205.
MOUNT DARWIN SOUTH: Saviour Kasukuwere (ZANU-PF) 29,549; Henery Chimbiri (MDC) 2,712.
MUZARABANI: Luke Mushore (ZANU-PF) 24,569; Edwin Zambara (MDC) 3,180.
RUSHINGA: Sandra Machirori (ZANU-PF) 22,494; Brain Makufu (MDC) 2,298.
SHAMVA: Nicholas Goche (ZANU-PF) 29,287; Godfrey Chimombe (MDC) 4,848.
Manicaland
BUHERA NORTH: William Mutomba (ZANU-PF) 15,714; Tichaona Mudzingwa (MDC) 11,286; Moses Mutyasira (ZIYA) 236.
BUHERA SOUTH: Kumbirai Kangai (ZANU-PF) 15,066; Solomon Madzore (MDC) 13,893; Solomon Mbaimbai (ZANU Ndonga) 439.
CHIMANIMANI: Samuel Undenge (ZANU-PF) 15,817; Eileen Bennet (MDC) 11,031.
CHIPINGE NORTH: Morris Sakabuya (ZANU-PF) 16,647; Matheus Matewu-Mlambo (MDC) 10,920; Daniel Tuso (Ind) 609.
CHIPINGE SOUTH: Enock Porusingazi (ZANU-PF) 16,412; Elia Makotore (MDC) 12,163; Wilson Kumbula (ZANU Ndonga) 2,129.
MAKONI EAST: Shadreck Chipanga (ZANU-PF) 9,201; Pishayi Muchauraya (MDC) 7,780.
MAKONI NORTH: Didymus Mutasa (ZANU-PF) 18,910; Elton Mangoma (MDC) 6,077.
MAKONI WEST: Joseph Made (ZANU-PF) 14,436; Remus Makuwaza (MDC) 7,954; Tendai Chekera (ZANU Ndonga) 403.
MUTARE CENTRAL: Innocent Gonese (MDC) 13,289; Shadreck Beta (ZANU-PF) 5,088; Sylvia Tsata (ZANU Ndonga) 73.
MUTARE NORTH: Giles Mutsekwa (MDC) 11,597; Ellen Gwaradzimba (ZANU-PF) 7,066.
MUTARE SOUTH: Freddy Kadzama (ZANU-PF) 11,552; Sydney Mukwecheni (MDC) 8,220.
MUTARE WEST: Christopher Mushowe (ZANU-PF) 13,216; Gabriel Chiwara (MDC) 7,055.
MUTASA NORTH: Lt. Gen. Michael Nyambuya (ZANU-PF) 10,135; Evelyn Masaiti (MDC) 6,605.
MUTASA SOUTH: Oppah Muchinguri (ZANU-PF) 9,715; Edwin Mauppa (MDC) 9,318.
NYANGA: Paul Kadzima (ZANU-PF) 12,602; Douglas Mwonzora (MDC) 9,360.
Midlands
CHIRUMANZU: Edwin Muguti (ZANU-PF) 13,373; Regis Mavindidze Fambisai (MDC) 4,971.
GOKWE: Lovemore Mupukuta (ZANU-PF) 14,113; Aaron Chinhara (MDC) 8,987.
GOKWE NEMBUDZIYA: Flora Bhuka (ZANU-PF) 23,664; Farai Magaya (MDC) 7,104.
GOKWE CHIREYA: Leonard Chikomba (ZANU-PF) 18,111; Sibangani Mlandu (MDC) 8,951.
GOKWE KANA: Max Kokera Machaya (ZANU-PF) 16,568; Muyambi Lameck Nkiwane (MDC) 6,306.
GOKWE SENGWA: Esther Nyauchi (ZANU-PF) 17,922; Tongai Choga (MDC) 9,048.
GWERU RURAL: Josphat Madubeko (ZANU-PF) 11,226; Renson Gasela (MDC) 8,230.
GWERU URBAN: Timothy Mukahlera (MDC) 8,011; Enos Size (ZANU-PF) 5,689.
KWEKWE: Blessing Chebundo (MDC) 12,989; Emmerson Mnangagwa (ZANU-PF) 11,124.
MBERENGWA EAST: Rugare Gumbo (ZANU-PF) 17,915; Goodwill Shiri (Ind) 3,678; Sekai Holland (MDC) 2,297.
MBERENGWA WEST: Joram Gumbo (ZANU-PF) 17,533; Tinozivashe Mpofu (MDC) 4,730.1
MKOBA: Amos Chibaya (MDC) 10,191; Paul Chigango (ZANU-PF) 5,680.
SHURUGWI: Francis Nhema (ZANU-PF) 16,212; Boniface Mpedzisi (MDC) 5,113.
SILOBELA: Abednico Malinga (MDC) 12,293; Thomas Themba Ndebele (ZANU-PF) 8,768.
ZHOMBE: Daniel Mackenzie Ncube (ZANU-PF) 14,750; Edison Nyathi (MDC) 8,579.
ZVISHAVANE: Obert Matshalaga (ZANU-PF) 16,311; Simon Dick (MDC) 8,388.
Masvingo
BIKITA EAST: Kennedy Matimba (ZANU-PF) 13,009; Edmore Marima (MDC) 8,551; Caliphas Mutonga (ZANU Ndonga) 398.
BIKITA WEST: Claudious Makova (ZANU-PF) 12,628; Alex Zirabada (MDC) 7,913.
CHIREDZI NORTH: Celine Pote (ZANU-PF) 17,385; Zvirevo Ngirivana (MDC) 6,671; Onias Makuni (ZANU Ndonga) 581.
CHIREDZI SOUTH: Aaron Baloyi (ZANU-PF) 14,165; Emmaculate Makondo (MDC) 6,170; Nehemia Zanamwe (Ind) 778.
CHIVI NORTH: Enita Maziriri (ZANU-PF) 14,990; Bernard Chiondegwa (MDC) 4,304.
CHIVI SOUTH: Charles Majange (ZANU-PF) 12,749; Stephen Chengeta (MDC) 4,684.
GUTU NORTH: Josaya Tungamirai (ZANU-PF) 23,368; Crispa Musoni (MDC) 6,554.
GUTU SOUTH: Shuvai Mahofa (ZANU-PF) 15,116; Eliphas Mukonoweshuro (MDC) 12,778.
MASVINGO CENTRAL: Tongai Matutu (MDC) 10,298; Shylet Uyoyo (ZANU-PF) 10,103; Silas Mangono (Ind) 350.
MASVINGO NORTH: Stan Mudenge (ZANU-PF) 13,015; Joseph Mutema (MDC) 6,594.
MASVINGO SOUTH: Walter Mzembi (ZANU-PF) 13,498; Green Gwatinyanya (MDC) 3,377.
MWENEZI: Isaiah Shumba (ZANU-PF) 25,453; Charles Muzenda (MDC) 3,549.
ZAKA EAST: Tinos Rusere (ZANU-PF) 13,078; Misherk Marava (MDC) 8,452.
ZAKA WEST: Mabel Mawere (ZANU-PF) 13,278; Harrison Mudzuri (MDC) 9,126.
Matabeleland North
BINGA: Joel Gabuza (MDC) 21,906; George Nyathi (ZANU-PF) 7,264.
BUBI-UMGUZA: Obert Mpofu (ZANU-PF) 15,158; Mabikwa Thabane (MDC) 9,502.
HWANGE EAST: Thembikosi Sibindi (MDC) 9,488; Thokozile Mathuthu (ZANU-PF) 8,203; Peter Nyoni (Ind) 631.
HWANGE WEST: Jealous Sansole (MDC) 10,415; Siphiwe Mafuwe (ZANU-PF) 4,899.
LUPANE: Njabuliso Mguni (MDC) 11,749; Martin Khumalo (ZANU-PF) 10,301.
NKAYI: Abednico Bhebhe (MDC) 16,513; Obadiah Moyo (ZANU-PF) 7,254.
TSHOLOTSHO: Prof Jonathan Moyo (Ind) 8,208; Mtoliki Sibanda (MDC) 6,310; Musa Ncube (ZANU-PF) 5,648.
Matabeleland South
BEITBRIDGE: Kembo Mohadi (ZANU-PF) 14,305; Murumwa Siphuma (MDC) 10,528; Sibongile Sibanda (ZANU Ndonga) 550.
BULILIMA: Moses Mzila Ndlovu (MDC) 10,528; Major Lungisani Nleya (ZANU-PF) 6,775.
GWANDA: Abednico Ncube (ZANU-PF) 13,109; Paul Themba Nyathi (MDC) 10,951.
INSIZA: Andrew Langa (ZANU-PF) 12,537; Siyabonga Ncube (MDC) 8,840.
MANGWE: Edward Tsotsho Moyo Mkhosi (MDC) 10,145; Eunice Nomthandazo Moyo (ZANU-PF) 5,723.
MATOBO: Lovemore Moyo (MDC) 10,074; Ananias Nyathi (ZANU-PF) 9,572.
UMZINGWANE: Nomalanga Mzilikazi Khumalo (MDC) 13,198; Abigail Evan Siphambekile Damasane (ZANU-PF) 8,784.
By-elections
Mudzi East
When Ray Kaukonde, ZANU-PF MP for Mudzi East, was made Provincial Governor of Mashonaland East, he obtained an ex officio seat in Parliament and therefore vacated his constituency of Mudzi East. A byelection was held on 18 June 2005 at which the electorate was 42,072. Joseph Musa (ZANU-PF) won with 15,811 votes; Bvunzayi Gozi (MDC) had 2,382 votes.
Gutu North
There was a byelection in Gutu North following the death of Josiah Tungamirai (ZANU-PF) on 26 August 2005. The election was held on 26 November 2005 and resulted in the election of Lovemore Matuke (ZANU PF) with 20,712 votes against Crispa Zvovuno Musoni (MDC) who obtained 4,786 votes.
Budiriro
A byelection was held in Budiriro following the death of Gilbert Shoko (MDC) on 23 February 2006. Polling day was 20 May 2006. This election saw the first contest between the rival factions of the MDC, and was easily won by the Tsvangirai faction. Emmanuel Chisvuure (MDC – Tsvangirai) won 7,949 votes to 3,961 for Jeremiah Bvirindi (ZANU PF). Gabriel Chaibva (MDC – Mutambara) won only 504.
Chikomba
Dr Tichaona Joseph Benjamin Jokonya, ZANU-PF member for Chikomba and Minister of Information and Publicity, died on 24 June 2006. At the byelection in the constituency on 7 October 2006, Steven Chiurayi (ZANU-PF) polled 11,247 votes, while Amos Jiri (MDC – Tsvangirai) polled 4,243.
Rushinga
Sandra Machirori, ZANU-PF member for Rushinga, died on 1 July 2006. The byelection to replace her was held on 7 October, in which Lazarus Dokora (ZANU-PF) won with 13,642 votes against 1,801 votes for Kudakwashe Chideya (MDC – Tsvangirai). The electorate was 39,650.
Chiredzi South
Aaron Babyi, ZANU-PF member for Chiredzi South, died on 15 September 2006. A byelection there on 17 February 2007 saw Kallisto Gwanetsa (ZANU-PF) hold the seat with 10,401 votes, Mrs Emmaculate Makondo (MDC – Tsvangirai) getting 3,300, Mayithani Chauke (UPP) 896, and Nehemiah Zenamwe (MDC – Mutambara) 674. There were 332 spoilt ballots and the electorate was 53,128.
Zaka East
A byelection was held in Zaka East following the death of Tinos Rusere (ZANU-PF) on 2 March 2007. Polling day was fixed for 9 June; both factions of the MDC boycotted the election. Col. Livingstone Chineka (ZANU-PF) won the seat with 11,152 votes; Nicholas Shanga (United People's Party) was runner up with 1,117 votes, and Lameck Batirai (Zimbabwe People's Democratic Party) had 622 votes. There was a 27.1% turnout.
Note
The results given by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Foreign Affairs appear to be in error, having copied the figures for Mberengwa East. The results here are confirmed with other sources.
References
Official results from the Zimbabwe Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2005 elections in Africa
Election results in Zimbabwe
2005 in Zimbabwe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results%20of%20the%202005%20Zimbabwean%20parliamentary%20election |
Graeme Phillip Jennings (born 1968) is an Australian classical violinist and music educator.
He has performed with the Elision Ensemble and Arditti Quartet. Jennings' 2005 performance of Brian Ferneyhough's violin concertante Terrain, was described as "transfixing either as a display of fiddling pyrotechnics, or as an exercise in mind-bending mathematics, or as a lovingly crafted exploration of gestures". In 2017, he performed Elliot Carter's Duo for Violin and Piano in Hobart, a piece so difficult Jennings was only one of a handful of violinists in the world who could play it.
References
External links
GRAEME JENNINGS
1968 births
Australian classical violinists
Male violinists
Living people
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University alumni
Academic staff of Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century Australian male musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Jennings%20%28violinist%29 |
Wine caves are subterranean structures for the storage and the aging of wine. They are an integral component of the wine industry worldwide. The design and construction of wine caves represents a unique application of underground construction techniques.
The storage of wine in extensive underground space is an extension of the culture of wine cellar rooms, both offering the benefits of energy efficiency and optimum use of limited land area. Wine caves naturally provide both high humidity and cool temperatures, which are key to the storage and aging of wine.
History
The history of wine cave construction in the United States dates back to the 1860s in Sonoma, and the 1870s in the Napa Valley region. In 1857, Agoston Harazsthy founded Buena Vista Winery and in 1862, Buena Vista Winery's Press House was completed, and in 1864, a second building now called the Champagne Cellars was completed. In total, Buena Vista Winery had five caves among the two buildings in operation in 1864. Jacob Schram, a German immigrant and barber, founded Schramsberg Vineyards near Calistoga, California in 1862. Eight years later, Schram found new employment for the Chinese laborers who had recently finished constructing tunnels and grades over the Sierra Nevada Mountains for the Union Pacific Transcontinental Railroad. He hired them to dig a network of caves through the soft Sonoma Volcanics Formation rock underlying his vineyard.
Another Chinese workforce took time away from their regular vineyard work to excavate a labyrinth of wine-aging caves beneath the Beringer Vineyards near St. Helena, California. These caves exceeded 1,200 ft (365 m) long, 17 ft (5 m) wide and 7 ft (2 m) high. The workers used pick-axes and shovels – and on occasion, chisel steel, double jacks and black powder – to break the soft rock. They worked by candlelight, and removed the excavated material in wicker baskets. At least 12 wine storage caves were constructed by these methods.
From the late 19th century to the early 1970s, the development of wine caves went through a long period of “dark ages.” No new caves were built, and many existing caves were abandoned or fell into disrepair. A “renaissance” of cave building began in 1972 when Alf Burtleson Construction started the rehabilitation of the old Beringer wine caves, and was followed by the design and construction of new caves.
In 1982, the Far Niente Winery completed the first of these “new age” wine caves in the Napa Valley AVA. The cave was only 60 ft (18 m) long and was used exclusively to age the wine and to store empty barrels. In 1991, 1995, and 2001, the caves were expanded. New rooms and storage areas were added, featuring different crown heights and intriguing shapes. An octagonal room was constructed for a wine library and a round domed room was added in the complex’s center. Far Niente Winery caves now encompass about 40,000 sq ft (3,700 m²).
In 1991, Condor Earth Technologies Inc. joined with Alf Burtleson on the design and construction of the elaborate Jarvis Wine Cave project. Over 45,000 sq ft (4,200 m²) of underground winery and cave space was constructed, with cave spans exceeding 85 ft (25.5 m) in width. At Jarvis, the entire winery is contained within the tunneled areas, including crushing, fermentation, barrel storage, bottling, lab, office, marketing, and hospitality areas. These caves are open for public tours by appointment.
Humidity
High humidity minimizes evaporation. Wine makers consider humidity over 75% for reds and over 85% for whites to be ideal for wine aging and barrel storage. Humidity in wine caves ranges naturally from 70 to 90%.
In Northern California, wine barrel evaporation in a surface warehouse is on the order of 4 gallons (15.1 liters) per each 60 gallon (227 liter) barrel per year. In a wine cave, barrel evaporation is reduced to about 1 gallon (3.8 liters) per barrel per year.
Since red wines are usually barreled and aged for two years, this represents a 10% gross volume loss difference. For white wines, which are barreled and aged for about one year, a 5% loss difference is realized, a significant savings.
Temperature
The wine industry has long considered a constant temperature between 55 °F and 60 °F (13.0 °C and 15.5 °C) to be optimal for wine storage and aging. The air temperatures in Northern California result in a uniform underground temperature of about 58 °F (14.5 °C), optimal for wine caves. A surface warehouse requires energy to cool, heat, and humidify. While the most basic wine cave can cost over $100 per sq ft to construct, reduced energy costs result in a net savings over the long term.
Land use
In the Napa-Sonoma wine growing region, as in many areas of California, land values are high. Non-agricultural development is often restricted. A storage warehouse reduces the land available to grow grapes, impacts open space and natural habitats, and precludes other land uses. Land-use regulation in California places limitations on the types and locations of land development. Many land use restrictions and permitting requirements do not apply to underground space. As of 2004, there were an estimated 130 to 150 caves used for wine aging, barrel storage, and tasting rooms in Northern California.
Marketing
Marketing is an important component of the modern wine industry, and many caves serve varied marketing and public relations functions. Recently constructed caves contain commercial and private kitchens, wine libraries, concert and exhibit halls, staff offices, elevators, restrooms, and other amenities. Some have high-end interiors, including ceramic and stone flooring, masonry-lined walls and ceilings, sculpture and artwork, mood lighting, fountains, waterfalls, and chandeliers. At Stag's Leap Wine Cellars, a Foucault pendulum swings continuously across a bed of black sand in the central exhibit hall.
Wine cave construction
The challenge for the design and construction of most wine caves is to create a fairly wide span in weak rock with low cover. The size of a typical wine barrel storage cave is 13 to 18 ft (4 to 5.5 m) wide and 10 to 13 ft (3 to 4 m) high. Constructed caves, however, range up to 85 ft (30 m) in width and 50 ft (15 m) in height; difficult to achieve in poor quality rock.
In areas of complex geology, good portal sites are hard to find. A typical wine cave is constructed with two or more portal sites, for safety and operational reasons. At least one portal leads directly outside, but in many cases at least one portal makes a direct connection to a winery building.
Most portals into the wine caves have rock/soil overburden heights less than 0.2 times their entrance heights and widths. The height of the portal face normally ranges from 12 to 20 ft (3.5 to 6 m). The portal areas are seldom stripped of the loose soil material and the portals are cut from the native ground surface using excavators. The side slopes of the portal are often laid back to 0.5H:1V or steeper, and the portal face is excavated to vertical or near vertical.
The construction of cave interiors can be complicated by the elaborate curves and labyrinth-style floor plans selected by some owners for their wine caves. As the ground surface slopes upward, providing more cover and usually sounder rock, caves can accommodate multiple drifts. Where possible, the cave is designed and constructed to provide at least 1.2 times their width of cover at intersections. Room and pillar layouts, similar to underground mine design, provide an economical construction arrangement. Tunnel legs are usually 30 to 100 ft (9 to 30 m) in length and pillars are typically a minimum of 20 ft (6 m) wide.
On most occasions, the New Austrian Tunneling Method (single or multiple face), also known now as Sequential Excavation Method (SEM), with minor innovative technology advances, is used to excavate and support wine caves.
The caves are typically excavated in an inverted horseshoe shape with a crown radius and with straight or curved legs. The tunnels are usually excavated using a tunnel roadheader or a milling head attachment on an excavator. The spoils behind the roadheader conveyor belt are dumped on the invert and mucked out using a rubber-tired skid loader or a load-haul-dump (LHD) mining machine.
Initially, the excavation advance is likely to be limited to 2 ft (0.6 m) without initial ground support. Once turned under, and depending on ground conditions, the unsupported advance may be increased to 4 ft (1.2 m), 6 ft (1.8 m), and longer increments. The maximum advance without initial ground support may reach 20 ft (6 m) or more in stable volcanic ash tuff. In sheared serpentinite, deeply weathered lava rock or wet clayey ground, however, unstable ground conditions may limit the unsupported advance to less than 2 ft (0.6 m).
Shotcrete reinforcement and ground support is utilized at the tunnel portals and in the interior of the wine caves. At the portals, soil nail and shotcrete walls are typically used for permanent support and are constructed from the top down in lifts. Soil nails are installed 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m) apart in the horizontal and vertical directions. The shotcrete is typically a minimum of 6 inches (15 cm) thick and reinforced with welded wire fabric. The typical 4,000 psi (28 MPa) design strength mix is applied using the wet process.
Within the caves, the initial ground support is usually fiber-reinforced shotcrete. A minimum of 2 inches (5 cm) thickness of wet mix shotcrete is applied around the exposed ground perimeter following each day’s advance. As cave dimensions and ground conditions require, additional layers of shotcrete and welded wire fabric follow on subsequent days. The shotcrete mix is a 4,000 psi (28 MPa) compressive strength design. In some cases, pattern or spot rock bolts are also installed. Where wider and taller halls are used, modeling is employed to assist with the liner design.
Interior finishing of the caves is an integral part of the construction process. Waterproofing details are important for the interiors of wine caves. Wet spots and water seeps are unsightly, and can cause maintenance and safety problems. Moisture vapor migration through the cave liner, however, is desirable to maintain humidity.
After the cave complex has been completely excavated, waterproofed, and initially supported, a 2 inches (5 cm) thickness of final shotcrete or plain/colored gunite is applied to the walls and arch. Utility conduits and piping are encased within the final layer of shotcrete in the walls and arch and placed under the concrete floor slab. Reinforced concrete slabs are usually 6 in. (15 cm) thick and are underlain by subdrain.
To support their varied uses, wine cave complexes may contain as many as 13 different utility systems. These include systems for hot and cold domestic water and processing water, electric power, lighting, sound and water features, battery emergency power, compressed gas systems, communications and radio relays, automatic ventilation, and computerized sensors and climate controls.
See also
Wine cellar
Storage of wine
Further reading
References
External links
Wine terminology
Oenology
Agricultural buildings
Wine packaging and storage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine%20cave |
John "Bull" Bramlett (July 7, 1941 – October 23, 2014) was an American football linebacker who played from 1965 to 1971 on four teams, the Denver Broncos, the Miami Dolphins, and the Boston Patriots in the American Football League (AFL) and the Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the National Football League (NFL). He was a twice AFL All-Star. Bramlett served as a minister before his death.
Bramlett was an All-State and All-American at Humes High School in Memphis and played college football for the Memphis State Tigers, where he was named an honorable mention All-American his senior year. Bramlett signed a professional baseball contract with the St. Louis Cardinals, but was kicked out of baseball after a few years after getting into trouble. Bramlett then signed a contract with the Denver Broncos and was named runner-up AFL Rookie of the year behind Joe Namath in 1965.
Bramlett only lasted two seasons with the Broncos, making one appearance in the Pro Bowl before being traded to the Miami Dolphins for a fourth-round pick in the 1968 NFL Draft. He played two seasons with Miami, making another Pro Bowl appearance, before being traded to the Patriots along with quarterback Kim Hammond in exchange for Nick Buoniconti in 1969.
With the Patriots, Bramlett was named the Most Valuable Player for the team in 1970, but also got in more trouble and was nicknamed the "Meanest Man in Football". . Bramlett was then traded to the Green Bay Packers for Rich Moore. However, he balked at reporting to Green Bay and was released by the Packers before the 1971 season. He was picked up by the Atlanta Falcons and played one season for them before retiring.
Bramlett is a member of the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame.
Post-football career
In 1973, Bramlett became a Christian and abandoned his wild lifestyle. He was active in Christian ministry for many years. He resided in Memphis with his wife, Nancy, until his death. He had two sons, Don and Andy. His ministry was John Bramlett Ministries.
Larry Csonka and Jim Kiick, who were rookies on the Dolphins in 1968, tell several amusing stories about Bramlett in their book Always on the Run.
Bramlett also wrote his own autobiography, called Taming the Bull: The John "Bull" Bramlett Story (Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989). In 1990, his story was dramatized through Pacific Garden Mission's Unshackled! radio ministry, airing as program #2070.
Death
Bramlett died on October 23, 2014, in Memphis, according to the Shelby County mayor's office.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
A quick timeline of Dolphins History Retrieved March 7, 2006
A biography of Bramlett Retrieved March 7, 2006
External links
http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/BramJo00.htm
http://www.bramlett.org/
1941 births
2014 deaths
American football linebackers
Denver Broncos (AFL) players
Miami Dolphins players
Boston Patriots players
Atlanta Falcons players
American Football League All-Star players
Memphis Tigers football players
Humes High School alumni
American Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bramlett |
Czersk is a Polish State Railways (PKP) station in Czersk (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Intercity services (TLK) Gdynia Główna — Kostrzyn
Regional services (R) Chojnice - Czarna Woda - Starogard Gdanski - Tczew
Regional services (R) Chojnice — Tczew — Gdynia Główna
References
Czersk article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 7 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Chojnice County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czersk%20railway%20station |
Aston Hill Bike Park is located adjacent to Wendover Woods on the ridge of the Chiltern Hills, above Aston Clinton, Buckinghamshire.
It is managed by Forestry England and the Community Interest Company (CIC) Chiltern Hills Bike park.
Aston Hill is a challenging venue, better suited to intermediate and expert riders when dry and more experienced riders when wet. There are downhill (DH) cross country (XC) and four-cross (4X) mountain bike trails. The downhill trails are the Red Run (which is part of the XC loop) the Black Run, Ricochet, Root Canal, and Surface to Air freeride trail.
Aston Hill hosts various events throughout the year, like the "Firecrest MTB Adult Rider Development Programme".
Aston Hill is now open every day of the week with the Forestry England rangers taking responsibility for opening and locking the gate, mirroring the opening hours of Wendover Woods and closing half an hour before them.
Aston Martin
The Aston Martin plaque is to the left of the car park.
External links
Wendover Woods
Aston Hill
Mountain biking venues in the United Kingdom
Cycleways in England
Chiltern Hills | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston%20Hill%20Mountain%20Bike%20Area |
The National Command Authority (NCA) is an independent federal agency of the Government of Pakistan that is responsible for safeguarding of the national security through the military applications of the nuclear science.
With Prime Minister of Pakistan being its Chairperson, the NCA maintains and enhances the control and operational effectiveness of Pakistan's nuclear weapon stockpiles and serves as a policy institute to work to reduce the danger from weapons of mass destruction in Pakistan.
Established in 2000 alongside with its paramilitary unit, Strategic Plans Division Force, the NCA was a direct successor to the Air Force Strategic Command which was established by the then-Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Anwar Shamim in 1983.
Mission overview
The National Command Authority is charged with joint-space operations (such as military satellites), information operations (such as information warfare), missile defense, internal and external command and control, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR), and strategic deterrence, and combating weapons of mass destruction. The National Command Authority oversees the operations of the Pakistani Army, Air Force, and Navy's Strategic Commands, along with their functional basis. The unified military strategic command structure is intended to give the Prime Minister and Cabinet of Pakistan a unified resource for greater understanding of specific threats (military, nuclear, chemical, biological, radiological, conventional, and non-conventional, and intelligence) and the means to respond to those threats as quickly as possible to prevent the collateral damage. The civilian Prime Minister is the Chairman of this Command, with all military assets, components of NCA, and strategic commands directly reporting to Chairman of their course of development and deployment. Chairman Joint Chiefs of staff committee , Service Chiefs , and DG ISI are members of NCA , and DG SPD is the ex officio secretary of NCA , with SPD functioning as the NCA’s secretariat
Organizational structure
The NCA consists of the following nine ex officio members:
The Director-General of the NCA's Strategic Plans Division (SPD) is the ex officio Secretary of the NCA and the SPD functions as the NCA's secretariat. The current Secretary of NCA is Lt. General Yusuf Jamal.
Decision making in the NCA takes place through consensus and, in the event that consensus is not achieved, then through voting, with each member having a single vote.
Background
The Government of Pakistan felt the need to establish an administrative authority after Pakistan's first publicly announced atomic tests, Chagai-I and Chagai-II, in late May 1998 at the Ras Koh weapon-testing labs in the Chagai Hills range of Chagai District, and the Kharan Desert of Balochistan Province. The roots of such mechanism traced back to the 1970s when Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto authorized the atomic bomb project to keep the projects safe from being exploited, politicized, or infiltrated by enemy powers attempting to sabotage them.
It is alleged by the former Chief of Army Staff, General Mirza Aslam Beg in 1994, that the Command was established in 1972 by former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto when he authorized the atomic bomb project. The Joint Staff Headquarters (JS HQ) served its combatant operational command and is chaired by the Prime Minister. In 1994, General Beg retains: " (...).... The NCA determines the state of readiness which has to be maintained at all times... (sic)... and lays down in great detail the policy of how the various components will be placed, protected and safeguarded.".
In April 1999, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and the Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf developed a unified central command system to use nuclear and missile technology as part of the defence and security of nuclear assets under government control. Finally, the command was formally established and given commissioned on February 3, 2000, after approval by Pakistan's National Security Council. The command compromises the Economic Coordination Committee (ECC), the Development Control Committee (DCC), and a Strategic Plans Division (SPD). The Prime Minister— Chief Executive (Head of Government) of the country served as its chairman while other members included the high-profile Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense (Military Production), Economic, Science, and Interior, the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, the chiefs of the Pakistani Armed Forces, and the Director-General of the SPD. The DCC includes the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff committee (as deputy chairman of DCC), the chiefs of the armed forces, the director general of the SPD, and a "representative of the strategic organization and scientific community (science adviser)".
Since the 1970s onward, the National Command Authority is responsible for policy formulation and will exercise employment and development control over all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations. It consists of an Employment Control Committee and a Development Control Committee, as well as the Strategic Plans Division (SPD) which acts as its secretariat. The SPD is responsible for the management and administration of the country's tactical and strategic nuclear weapons stockpile. It was created the same year as the NCA was formed.
Their directives are to be operationalized by a new SPD under the control of a Director-General at the rank of Lieutenant-General (Air Marshal or Vice-Admiral) in charge of the management and administration of the tactical and strategic nuclear forces. The current director-general of the SPD is Lt Gen Sarfraz Sattar after replacing Lieutenant-General Mazhar Jamil.
Since its establishment, Pervez Musharraf, as President of Pakistan, had served its first chairman. However, after the 2008 General Elections, Pakistani lawmakers introduced a new law which was passed unanimously by the Pakistani Parliament. The bill placed the NCA's Authority under the Prime Minister’s command.
Subordinate Commands
The directives of the NCA are to be operationalised by the:
Strategic Plans Division
Army Strategic Forces Command
Naval Strategic Forces Command
Air Force Strategic Command
See also
Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan
List of missiles of Pakistan
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
References
External links
CSIS Missile Threat - Pakistan
National Command Authority Act, 2010
Global Security Report
FAS Report
Military of Pakistan
Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
2000 establishments in Pakistan
Continuity of government in Pakistan
Government agencies established in 2000
Strategic forces of Pakistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Command%20Authority%20%28Pakistan%29 |
Ronald Bruce Stanton (born December 20, 1957) is a retired Canadian politician who served as Member of Parliament for the riding of Simcoe North from 2006 to 2021. Stanton first ran as a member of the Conservative Party in the 2006 federal election and won with 40.44% of the vote. He was re-elected in 2008, obtaining 49.7% of the vote. He won again in 2011 with 54.44% of the vote. He was re-elected again in the 2015 federal election. He was named the 49th Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons on December 4, 2015, serving in this position in the 42nd Canadian Parliament and 43rd Canadian Parliament. When the speaker is absent from the House of Commons, the Deputy Speaker is vested with the powers of the Speaker.
Born in Orillia, Ontario, Canada, Stanton ran a family tourism business on Sparrow Lake that had been founded in 1884. He served as a board member of Resorts Ontario, Tourism Ontario, the Board of the Tourism Association of Canada, and the Huronia Tourist Association. For four years, he was a member of the Severn Township municipal council.
On June 25, 2020, Stanton announced that he would not seek re-election for a sixth term as Simcoe North's Member of Parliament in the 2021 Canadian federal election. He was succeeded by Adam Chambers of the Conservative Party.
Electoral history
References
External links
2006 election results from the CBC
Bruce Stanton's biography at his campaign website
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Orillia
Living people
1957 births
Businesspeople in tourism
21st-century Canadian politicians
Ontario municipal councillors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Stanton |
Póvoa de Lanhoso () is a municipality in the district of Braga, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 21,886, in an area of 134.65 km².
The present Mayor is Avelino Silva, elected by the Social Democratic Party. The municipal holiday is March 19.
Economy
Agriculture, forestry and tourism are important economic activities in the municipality. Light industry is present too. Prozis, a multinational sports nutrition company headquartered in Esposende, has a major industrial plant in Póvoa de Lanhoso.
Parishes
The municipality is subdivided into the following 22 parishes:
Águas Santas e Moure
Calvos e Frades
Campos e Louredo
Covelas
Esperança e Brunhais
Ferreiros
Fonte Arcada e Oliveira
Galegos
Garfe
Geraz do Minho
Lanhoso
Monsul
Póvoa de Lanhoso
Rendufinho
Santo Emilião
São João de Rei
Serzedelo
Sobradelo da Goma
Taíde
Travassos
Verim, Friande e Ajude
Vilela
Notable people
Gonçalo Sampaio (1865 in São Gens de Calvos – 1937) a Portuguese botanist.
Vítor Machado Ferreira (born 2000), known as Vitinha a footballer with over 60 club caps and one for Portugal
References
External links
Municipality official website
Photos from Póvoa de Lanhoso | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3voa%20de%20Lanhoso |
Canada Bay, a natural bay located on the east coast of the Great Northern Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada is home to some spectacular scenery is divided into two narrow indrafts, Chimney Bay and Bide Arm. The entrance to Canada Bay is between Canada Head () and Cape Daumalen ().
Bays of Newfoundland and Labrador | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20Bay%2C%20Newfoundland%20and%20Labrador |
Gutowiec is a PKP railway station in Gutowiec (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Regional services (R) Chojnice - Czarna Woda - Starogard Gdanski - Tczew
References
Gutowiec article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 7 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Chojnice County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutowiec%20railway%20station |
This is a list of Richard Branson's business ventures from the 1960s to today.
1960s
1966 – After failed attempts to grow and sell both Christmas trees and budgerigars, Branson launches his first successful business, a magazine named Student, the first issue of which appearing in January 1968. Branson's net worth was estimated at £50,000 by 1969.
1970s
1970 – Start selling records by mail-order
1971 – Opens his first record shop on Oxford Street
1972 – Opens a Virgin Recording Studio
1973 – Launches Virgin Records record label
1979 – Buys the gay nightclub Heaven, located under Charing Cross railway station. It was sold in 2003 to a private buyer. Branson's net worth was estimated at £5 million by 1979.
1980s
1980 – Virgin Records goes international
1981 – Virgin buys the Kensington Roof Gardens
1983 – Virgin Vision, later to become Virgin Communications, is formed to distribute films and videos in the television and broadcasting sector.
1983 – Virgin Games is launched.
1984 – Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Cargo are launched.
1984 – Virgin Vision (launched the previous year) launches "Music Box", a 24-hour satellite music station.
1985 – Virgin Group now includes record labels, retail outlets, exported music publishing, broadcasting, satellite television, and film and video distribution.
1985 – Branson starts Virgin Holidays
1987 – Branson takes Virgin Records to the United States
1987 – The Virgin Group, along with Granada, Anglia and Pearson, founds British Satellite Broadcasting and receives a UK licence to broadcast five new TV channels by satellite in the UK.
1987 – Virgin sets up 525, a post production facility in Los Angeles, to work on high-end commercials and pop videos.
1987 – Virgin sets up "Music Box" as an independent producer of music programmes.
1987 – Virgin buys a 45% stake in Mastertronic Group. Later Virgin Mastertronic becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Virgin Group, creating, marketing and distributing computer games software and Sega consoles in several European countries.
1987 – Virgin buys Rushes Postproduction in London.
1987 – Virgin launches Virgin Airship & Balloon Company.
1987 – Richard Branson launched Mates condoms in the UK to promote condoms to young adults
1988 – Virgin re-opens the recently acquired and re-modeled Olympic Studios in Barnes, London.
1988 – Virgin launches Virgin Classics, another Virgin international record label specializing in high-quality classical music.
1988 – Virgin sells some of its smaller UK retail stores and puts more money into Virgin Megastores, opening new stores both in the UK and abroad.
1988 – Virgin sets up Virgin Broadcasting.
1988 – Virgin sells its shareholding in British Satellite Broadcasting.
1990s
1990 – Virgin arrives in Japan
1991 – Virgin Publishing (Virgin Books) is formed
1992 – Virgin Records is sold to Thorn EMI
1993 - Virgin Vision is bought by PolyGram for $5.6 million
1993 – Virgin Radio hits the airwaves with Virgin 1215AM
1994 – Launch of Virgin Vodka and Virgin Cola
1995 - Discretely invests in AirTicketsDirect
1995 – Virgin Direct Personal Financial Services opens for business
1995 – Virgin Express a European low cost Airline is launched in Brussels after the purchase and rebranding of EBA Express
1996 – V2 Music is created
1996 – Virgin.Net launches
1996 – Virgin Brides launches
1996 – Virgin Group becomes majority shareholders in London Broncos rugby league team
1997 – Virgin CrossCountry and Virgin Trains West Coast commence operations
1997 – Majority shareholding in Virgin Radio is sold to Chris Evans
1997 – Virgin Cosmetics launches
1998 – 49% stake in Virgin Rail Group sold to Stagecoach Group
1999 – Virgin Mobile launches Virgin's first telecoms venture
1999 – Virgin Active Launches in South Africa, UK and Italy
1999 – Majority shareholding in London Broncos is sold to David Hughes
1999 – 49% shareholding in Virgin Atlantic sold to Singapore Airlines
2000s
2000 – Virgin launches Australian airline Virgin Blue (now called Virgin Australia)
2000 – Virgin sells Rushes Postproduction to Ascent Media – then Liberty Livewire
2000 – Virgin launches Virgin Energy
2000 – Virgin launches Virgin Cars
2002 - Virgin Interactive Espania SA splits from Virgin Interactive and re-brands as Virgin Play
2004 – Virgin launches Virgin Galactic
2005 – Virgin Express merges with Sn Brussels Airlines to form Brussels Airlines. Virgin retains minority share.
2005 – Virgin Active UK acquires Holmes Place
2006 – Virgin announces Virgin Fuel, a new company to produce a clean fuel in the future
2006 – Virgin Active Spain is Launched
2007 – Virgin Active Portugal is Launched
2007 – Virgin launches Virgin Health Bank
2007 – Virgin launches Virgin Media
2007 – Virgin launches Virgin America
2007 – Virgin buys 20% stakes in AirAsia X
2007 – Sells Virgin Megastore in the UK and Ireland to Zavvi
2007 – Virgin Media Television Launches Virgin 1
2007 – Closes Virgin Digital in the UK (Virgin now sells music downloads through Virgin Media's website)
2007 – Virgin Fuel US$400 million in Virgin Atlantic jet flight on biofuels and in renewable energy.
2007 – Virgin Money becomes preferred bidder for acquisition of Northern Rock (and is eventually successful).
2007 – Virgin Radio Italia launches in Italy in joint venture with Finelco.
2007 – Virgin CrossCountry ceases after franchise lost to Arriva CrossCountry
2008 – Virgin Australia Airlines offers competitive prices between Australia and Los Angeles. Known as V Australia due to naming rights.
2008 – Virgin launches Virgin Healthcare
2009 – Virgin launches Virgin Money Giving
2010s
2010 – Virgin launches Virgin Racing, a Formula One team previously known as Manor Grand Prix
2010 – Virgin launches Virgin Gaming, a service for people of all skill levels to play competitively on popular Video Games.
2010 – Virgin launches Virgin Produced, a film and television development, packaging and production company based in Los Angeles, California.
2010 – Virgin launches Project, a digital magazine created exclusively for Apple Inc's iPad.
2010 – Virgin Money buys Church House Trust
2012 – Virgin Money buys Northern Rock
2012 – Virgin Galactic announces the development of orbital space launch system LauncherOne.
2013 – Virgin Media sold to Liberty Global
2015 – Virgin Trains East Coast commences operating the InterCity East Coast franchise, Virgin Group hold a 10% shareholding
2016 – Virgin launches Virgin Voyages; Virgin Radio Jakarta launches in May 2016, replacing Ninety Niners FM. The station was owned by MPG Media
2017 – Virgin invested in Hyperloop One; Branson joined its board of directors, and in December 2017 became its chairman.
2018 – Virgin invests in Brightline trains in Florida, USA. The system is briefly named Virgin Trains USA.
2018 – Virgin Trains East Coast ceases trading
2019 - Virgin purchases Flybe through the consortium Connect Airways, Flybe is subsequently renamed Virgin Connect.
2019 - Virgin Trains West Coast ceases after InterCity West Coast franchise lost to Avanti West Coast
References
External links
Virgin Corporate Website
virginbrand.com Unofficial blog of the Virgin Group
International Rescue Corps
Gonzo Way of Branding Fast Company magazine article on Sir Richard Branson
Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)
International Ballooning Commission (CIA) notable flights
Svenska Ballongfederationen, Pacific ocean flights
Profile on BBC News dated September 27, 2004
Mates History "Richard Branson launched Mates condoms in the UK in 1987 to promote condoms to young adults"
Video Interview on CBC News: The Hour dated November 21, 2005
AskMen.com feature on Richard Branson – includes pics, pictures, biography, video, related news, vital stats, and commentary.
Business-related lists
Virgin Group | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Richard%20Branson%27s%20business%20ventures |
The superior olivary complex (SOC) or superior olive is a collection of brainstem nuclei that functions in multiple aspects of hearing and is an important component of the ascending and descending auditory pathways of the auditory system. The SOC is intimately related to the trapezoid body: most of the cell groups of the SOC are dorsal (posterior in primates) to this axon bundle while a number of cell groups are embedded in the trapezoid body. Overall, the SOC displays a significant interspecies variation, being largest in bats and rodents and smaller in primates.
Physiology
The superior olivary nucleus plays a number of roles in hearing. The medial superior olive (MSO) is a specialized nucleus that is believed to measure the time difference of arrival of sounds between the ears (the interaural time difference or ITD). The ITD is a major cue for determining the azimuth of sounds, i.e., localising them on the azimuthal plane – their degree to the left or the right.
The lateral superior olive (LSO) is believed to be involved in measuring the difference in sound intensity between the ears (the interaural level difference or ILD). The ILD is a second major cue in determining the azimuth of high-frequency sounds.
Relationship to auditory system
The superior olivary complex is generally located in the pons, but in humans extends from the rostral medulla to the mid-pons and receives projections predominantly from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) via the trapezoid body, although the posteroventral nucleus projects to the SOC via the intermediate acoustic stria. The SOC is the first major site of convergence of auditory information from the left and right ears.
Primary nuclei
The superior olivary complex is divided into three primary nuclei, the MSO, LSO, and the Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and several smaller periolivary nuclei. These three nuclei are the most studied, and therefore best understood. Typically, they are regarded as forming the ascending azimuthal localization pathway.
Medial superior olive (MSO)
The medial superior olive is thought to help locate the azimuth of a sound, that is, the angle to the left or right where the sound source is located. Sound elevation cues are not processed in the olivary complex. The fusiform cells of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), which are thought to contribute to localization in elevation, bypass the SOC and project directly to the inferior colliculus. Only horizontal data is present, but it does come from two different ear sources, which aids in the localizing of sound on the azimuth axis. The way in which the superior olive does this is by measuring the differences in time between two ear signals recording the same stimulus. Traveling around the head takes about 700 μs, and the medial superior olive is able to distinguish time differences much smaller than this. In fact, it is observed that people can detect interaural differences down to 10 μs. The nucleus is tonotopically organized, but the azimuthal receptive field projection is "most likely a complex, nonlinear map".
The projections of the medial superior olive terminate densely in the ipsilateral central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC). The majority of these axons are considered to be "round shaped" or type R. These R axons are mostly glutamatergic and contain round synaptic vesicles and form asymmetric synaptic junctions.
This is the largest of the nuclei and in humans it contains approximately 15,500 neurons.
Each MSO receives bilateral inputs from the right and left AVCNs.
The output is via the ipsilateral lateral lemniscus to the inferior colliculus.
The MSO responds better to binaural stimuli.
The MSO's main function is detection of interaural time difference (ITD) cues to binaural lateralization.
The MSO is severely disrupted in the autistic brain.
Lateral superior olive (LSO)
This olive has similar functions to the medial superior olive, but employs intensity to localize the sound source. The LSO receives excitatory, glutamatergic input from spherical bushy cells in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and inhibitory, glycinergic input from the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). The MNTB is driven by excitatory input from globular bushy cells in the contralateral cochlear nucleus. Thus, the LSO receives excitatory input from the ipsilateral ear and inhibitory input from the contralateral ear. This is the basis of ILD sensitivity. Projections from both cochlear nuclei are primarily high frequency, and these frequencies are subsequently represented by the majority of LSO neurons (>2/3 over 2–3 kHz in cat). The LSO does in fact encode frequency across the animals audible range (not just "high" frequency). Additional inputs derive from the ipsilateral LNTB (glycinergic, see below), which provide inhibitory information from the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus. Another possibly inhibitory input derives from ipsilateral AVCN non-spherical cells. These cells are either globular bushy or multipolar (stellate). Either of these two inputs could provide the basis for ipsilateral inhibition seen in response maps flanking the primary excitation, sharpening the unit's frequency tuning.
The LSO projects bilaterally to the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC). Ipsilateral projections are primarily inhibitory (glycinergic), and the contralateral projections are excitatory. Additional projection targets include the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL & VNLL). The GABAergic projections from the DNLL form a major source of GABA in the auditory brainstem, and project bilaterally to the ICC and to the contralateral DNLL. These converging excitatory and inhibitory connections may act to decrease the level dependence of ILD sensitivity in the ICC compared to the LSO.
Additional projections form the lateral olivocochlear bundle (LOC), which innervates cochlear inner hair cells. These projections are thought to have a long time constant, and act to normalize the sound level detected by each ear in order to aid in sound localization. Considerable species differences exist: LOC projection neurons are distributed within the LSO in rodents, and surround the LSO in predators (i.e. cat).
Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB)
The MNTB, in the trapezoid body, is composed of mainly neurons with round cell bodies which utilize glycine as a neurotransmitter.
The size of the MNTB is reduced in primates.
Each MNTB neuron receives a large "calyx" type ending, the calyx of Held arising from the globular bushy cells in the contralateral AVCN.
There are two response types found: a ‘chopper type’ similar to spindle cells in the AVCN and a primary type which is similar to those of bushy cells in the AVCN.
Periolivary nuclei
The SOC is composed of between six and nine periolivary nuclei, depending upon the researcher cited, typically named based upon their location with regard to the primary nuclei. These nuclei surround each of the primary nuclei, and contribute to both the ascending and descending auditory systems. These nuclei also form the source of the olivocochlear bundle, which innervates the cochlea. In the guinea pig, ascending projections to the inferior colliculi are primarily ipsilateral (>80%), with the largest single source coming from the SPON. Also, ventral nuclei (RPO, VMPO, AVPO, & VNTB) are almost entirely ipsilateral, while the remaining nuclei project bilaterally.
, *The MSO appears to be smaller and disorganized in mice.
Ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB)
The VNTB is a small nucleus located laterally to the MNTB, and ventral to the MSO.
Made up of a heterogeneous population of cells, this nucleus projects to many auditory nuclei, and forms the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOC) which innervates cochlear outer hair cells. These cells contain electromotile fibers, and act as mechanical amplifiers/attenuators within the cochlea.
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
Lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (LNTB)
Located ventral to the LSO
AVCN spherical bushy cells project collaterals bilaterally, and globular bushy cells project collaterals ipsilaterally to LNTB neurons.
Cells are immunoreactive for glycine, and are retrogradely labeled following injection of tritiated glycine into the LSO
The nucleus projects to both IC, with few cells projecting bilaterally, as well as the ipsilateral LSO.
Large multipolar cells project to the cochlear nucleus, but not the IC, in both cat and guinea pig.
Inputs are often via end-bulbs of Held, producing very fast signal transduction.
Superior periolivary nucleus (SPON) (dorsomedial periolivary nucleus (DMPO))
Located directly dorsal to the MNTB
In rats, SPON is a homogeneous GABAergic nucleus. These tonotopically organized neurons receive excitatory inputs from octopus and multipolar cells in the contralateral ventral cochlear nucleus, a glycinergic (inhibitory) input from the ipsilateral MNTB, an unknown GABAergic (inhibitory) input, and project to the ipsilateral ICC. Most neurons respond only at the offset of a stimulus, can phase lock to AM stimuli up to 200 Hz, and may form the basis for ICC duration selectivity. Notably, SPON neurons do not receive descending inputs from the IC, and it does not project to the cochlea or cochlear nucleus as many periolivary nuclei do.
In contrast, glycinergic projections to ipsilateral ICC are observed in guinea pigs and chinchillas, suggesting a species-related neurotransmitter difference.
In guinea pigs, round to oval multipolar cells project to both IC, with many cells projecting bilaterally. The more elongated cells that project to the cochlear nucleus to not project to the ICC. There appear to be to populations of cells, one that projects ipsilaterally, and one that projects bilaterally.
The majority of information had come from rodent SPON, due to the nucleus' prominent size in these species, with very few studies have been done in cat DMPO, none of which were extensive.
Dorsal periolivary nucleus (DPO)
Located dorsal and medial to the LSO
Contains both EE (excited by both ears) and E0 (excited by the contralateral ear only) units.
Neurons are tonotopically organized, and high frequency.
May belong to a single nucleus along with the DLPO
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
Dorsolateral periolivary nucleus (DLPO)
Located dorsal and lateral to the LSO
Contains both EE (excited by both ears) and E0 (excited by the contralateral ear only) units.
Neurons are tonotopically organized, and low frequency.
May belong to a single nucleus along with the DPO
The nucleus projects to both IC, with few cells projecting bilaterally.
Ventrolateral periolivary nucleus (VLPO)
Located ventral to and within the ventral hillus of the LSO
Contains both EI (excited by contralateral and inhibited by ipsilateral ear) and E0 (excited by the contralateral ear only) units.
Neurons are tonotopically organized, and high frequency.
Subdivided into the LNTB, PPO and ALPO
Anterolateral periolivary nucleus (ALPO)
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
Large multipolar cells project to the cochlear nucleus, but not the IC, in both cat and guinea pig.
Ventromedial periolivary nucleus (VMPO)
Located between the MSO and MNTB.
Sends projections to the ICC bilaterally.
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
Rostral periolivary nucleus (RPO) (anterior periolivary nucleus (APO))
Located between the rostral pole of the MSO and the VNLL
Sometimes called the Ventral Nucleus of the Trapezoid Body (VNTB)
Caudal periolivary nucleus (CPO) (posterior periolivary nucleus (PPO))
Located between the caudal pole of the MSO and the facial nucleus (7N)
Posteroventral periolivary nucleus (PVPO)
The nucleus projects to both IC, with no cells projecting bilaterally.
See also
Inferior olivary nucleus
Olivary body
References
External links
Image at med.utah.edu (pick 9b. Pons)
Auditory system
Brainstem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior%20olivary%20complex |
Rytel Wieś is a PKP railway station in Rytel (Pomeranian Voivodeship), Poland.
Lines crossing the station
Train services
The station is served by the following service(s):
Regional services (R) Chojnice - Czarna Woda - Starogard Gdanski - Tczew
Regional services (R) Chojnice — Tczew — Gdynia Główna
References
Rytel Wieś article at Polish Stations Database, URL accessed at 7 March 2006
Railway stations in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Chojnice County | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytel%20Wie%C5%9B%20railway%20station |
Luciana Gimenez Morad (born November 3, 1969) is a Brazilian television host and former model. She became pregnant with Mick Jagger's child while he was unofficially married to super model Jerry Hall. DNA tests confirmed Lucas Maurice Morad-Jagger was Jagger's son.
Early life
Gimenez was born in São Paulo, daughter of businessman João Alberto Morad and actress Vera Gimenez. She is also the half sister of actor Marco Antonio Gimenez. Luciana spent part of her childhood at her maternal grandmother's house in São Paulo because of her parents' divorce proceedings. After the death of her grandmother, she moved to Rio de Janeiro, where she moved in with her mother and stepfather, actor Jece Valadão.
Career
Gimenez started her modeling career at age 13. She was then recruited at 16 by John Casablancas, founder of Elite Model Management and began modeling in many cities around the world, such as Paris, Hamburg, Milan and New York. After retiring from modeling, Gimenez went on to become a TV hostess on Brazil's RedeTV!, and her show is the primetime show Superpop. She has already been endorsed by brands such as: Chanel, Osklen, Marks & Spencer, Azzedine Alaïa.
After research done by ABC, Luciana was invited to participate in the program The View on June 10, 2013. One of the main issues addressed by the program was the campaign against the prevention of communicable disease by prostitutes.
Personal life
Her son with musician Mick Jagger, Lucas Maurice Morad, also known as Lucas Jagger, was born on May 18, 1999. She was married to Marcelo de Carvalho, who owns RedeTV!, from August 19, 2006, to 2018. Gimenez and Carvalho have one son.
She speaks four languages fluently: her native Portuguese, English, French and Italian.
Filmography
Television
Film
References
External links
Official website
1969 births
Living people
Mass media people from São Paulo
Brazilian people of Lebanese descent
Brazilian people of Spanish descent
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Brazilian television presenters
Brazilian female models
Brazilian film actresses
Brazilian Buddhists
Groupies
Brazilian women television presenters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciana%20Gimenez |
Algy Paterson (died 6 August 1995) was the last fluent speaker of the Martuthunira language of Western Australia.
Algy's father was a European, which made him eligible to be removed from his family by the authorities under the policy now known as the Stolen Generation. His family avoided this by hiding in the bush, where they lived a traditional nomadic lifestyle. Algy grew up speaking Martuthunira and Kurrama, and did not learn any English until he was fifteen.
From 1980 he worked with the linguist Alan Dench to preserve the Martuthunira language in writing.
See also
Kurrama people
Language death
References
1995 deaths
Year of birth missing
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
Last known speakers of an Australian Aboriginal language | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algy%20Paterson |
Arlene Horowitz (born 1946) is an American women's activist and the author the Women's Educational Equity Act.
Biography
Horowitz was born to Jewish immigrant, working-class parents in The Bronx, New York. She was orphaned in 1962 at the age of 15. Believing that the only hope she might have for a decent life was education, thanks to the lucky combination of a free higher education offered to academically-qualified New York City residents and her father's Social Security payments, she was able to earn a bachelor's degree in political science from Hunter College in 1967. [She went on to earn a master's degree from Rutgers University in 1993.]
In 1968 she moved to Washington, D.C. and worked in a series of low-level jobs on Capitol Hill, including staff assistant to an education subcommittee in the House of Representatives.
Frustrated by lack of job advancement and the overt acceptance of discrimination against women, she helped organize other women on Capitol Hill and helped to launch the first survey comparing employment practices and salary differentials between male and female employees. Asked to become an original member of the Legislative Core of the then-fledgling National Women's Political Caucus, she gave a workshop on legislative process at the NWPC's initial organizing conference in Wichita, Kansas in 1973.
In Backlash Susan Faludi explains, "[t]he woman who first proposed WEEA wasn't even one of those 'radical feminists' from NOW; Arlene Horowitz was a clerical worker in a congressional office, a working woman who understood from personal experience —trying to live off her skimpy paycheck— that unequal schooling could have painful and long-term consequences."
Horowitz was threatened by dismissal for her activism in the women's movement. Using a $70 portable typewriter and her legislative knowledge gained in Congress, she worked nights and weekends to draft what was to become the Women's Educational Equity Act.
She authored the Women's Educational Equity Act (WEEA) enacted as part of P.L. 93-380. She was cited in the July 30, 1974 Congressional Record by Congresswoman Patsy T. Mink for "diligent and able work." and listed on the National Women's History Project Path of the Women's Rights Movement for 1974. First documented in National Politics and Sex Discrimination in Education by Andrew Fishel and Janice Pottker in 1977, the WEEA has been funded by Congress to the present day.
It is not clear if Arlene Horowitz is still alive.
References
American jurists
People from the Bronx
People from Washington, D.C.
1946 births
Living people
Activists from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlene%20Horowitz |
Revenge is the "comeback" album from the band Iron Fire, released March 31, 2006. The album followed a struggle to get a record deal and maintain a stable line-up.
Track listing
"Wings of Rage" - 4:24
"Iron Head" - 4:25
"Metal Messiah" - 4:54
"Whirlwind of Doom" - 4:51
"Savage Prophecy" - 5:28
"Fate of Fire" - 4:26
"Stand as King" - 4:49
"Brotherhood of the Brave" - 4:40
"Alone in the Dark" - 4:26
"Mindmachine" - 3:55
"Ice-cold Arion" - 4:20
"Break the Spell" - 4:40
All songs written by: Martin Steene
Album line-up
Martin Steene - Vocals (Acoustic Guitar on "Icecold Arion")
Kirk Backarach - Guitars
J.J. - Guitars
Martin Lund - Bass
Jens B. - Drums
Guest Musicians
Tommy Hansen - Keyboards on all tracks except track # 11
Casper Jensen - Keyboards on track # 11
References
2006 albums
Iron Fire albums
Napalm Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge%20%28Iron%20Fire%20album%29 |
The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (, WhK) was founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin in May 1897, to campaign for social recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, and against their legal persecution. It was the first LGBT rights organization in history. The motto of the organization was "Per scientiam ad justitiam" ("through science to justice"), and the committee included representatives from various professions. The committee's membership peaked at about 700 people. In 1929, Kurt Hiller took over as chairman of the group from Hirschfeld. At its peak, the WhK had branches in approximately 25 cities in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands.
History
The WhK was founded in Berlin-Charlottenburg, a locality of Berlin, on 14 or 15 May 1897 (about four days before Oscar Wilde's release from prison) by Magnus Hirschfeld, a physician, sexologist and outspoken advocate for gender and sexual minorities. Original members of the WhK included Hirschfeld, publisher Max Spohr, lawyer Eduard Oberg and writer Franz Joseph von Bülow. Adolf Brand, Benedict Friedländer, Hermann von Teschenberg and Kurt Hiller also joined the organization. A split in the organization occurred in December 1906, led by Friedländer.
The committee was based in the Institute for Sexual Sciences in Berlin until the institute's destruction at the hands of Nazis in 1933. The WhK was affiliated with the World League for Sexual Reform, another group founded by Hirschfeld which had similar aims to the committee. The committee had ties to gay organizations across the world, and from 1906 onward the body which crafted the committee's policy was made up of members from several European countries. A branch in Vienna, Austria was opened in 1906, led by Joseph Nicoladoni and Wilhelm Stekel. In 1911, the Dutch branch of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee was formed by .
The WhK took a great deal of scientific theories on human sexuality from the institute such as the idea of a third sex between a man and a woman. The initial focus of the committee was to repeal Paragraph 175, an anti-gay piece of legislation of the Imperial Penal Code, which criminalized "coitus-like" acts between males. It also sought to demonstrate the innateness of homosexuality and thus make the criminal law against sodomy in Germany at the time inapplicable.
In campaigning against Paragraph 175, the committee argued that homosexuality was not a disease or moral failing, and said they reached this conclusion from scientific evidence. The group made other arguments against this law, saying for example that its repeal would reduce blackmailing behavior among male prostitutes. Beginning in 1919 and 1920, the WhK allied with other homosexual rights groups including the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen (Community of the Special) and Deutscher Freundschaftsverband (German Friendship Association) to oppose the law. Another alliance held by the committee in its activism against Paragraph 175 was with the (German League for the Protection of Motherhood), especially after proponents of Paragraph 175 proposed extending it to women.
The committee created sex-education pamphlets on the topic of homosexuality and distributed them to the public. It had begun distributing this type of material to university students and factory laborers as early as 1903. They also assisted defendants in criminal trials, and gathered more than 6,000 signatures on a petition for the repeal of Paragraph 175. The committee's opposition was not indiscriminate, as its petition did support preservation of criminal status for some homosexual acts, including cases between an adult and a minor under age 16. At the time of the original proposal, the age of consent was in fact two years lower than that for heterosexual people, at age 14; effectively they called for the age of consent to be raised as part of their campaign.
Work on promoting their petition began in 1897, and the committee particularly wanted signatures from those with prominent status in such fields as politics, medicine, art, and science. They sent thousands of letters to key figures such as Catholic priests, judges, lawmakers, journalists, and mayors. August Bebel signed the petition and took copies to the Reichstag to urge colleagues to add their names. Other signatories included Albert Einstein, Hermann Hesse, Thomas Mann, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Leo Tolstoy.
During World War I, supporters and members went to fight in the war. Some of its publications were affected by censorship during this time period. The petition campaign largely fell by the wayside until the war was over. Hirschfeld focused on showcasing the experiences of homosexual soldiers; he collected thousands of letters, interviews, and surveys with such soldiers. Petitions were submitted in 1898, 1922, and 1925, but failed to gain the support of the parliament. The law continued to criminalize homosexuality until 1969 and was not entirely removed in West Germany until four years after East and West Germany became one country in 1994.
Officially, the committee was non-partisan politically, and made efforts to appeal to parliamentarians from many parties. This sometimes even included conservative parties such as the Bavarian People's Party (BVP). However, Hirschfeld was a member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Some other leaders in the group had revolutionary or pacifist sympathies. While the committee was somewhat informally associated with the SPD, they were also alienated by the SPD's rhetorical exploitation of Ernst Röhm's homosexuality as a means to harm the Nazi Party politically. After seeing these attacks against Röhm in a newspaper aligned with the SPD, the committee responded, "The statements in the Münchner Post, hearkening back to the Apostle Paul and employing the entire vocabulary of our conservative-clerical persecutors, could have been printed without changing a word by the most strictly Catholic press." This conflict of interests caused the committee to privately question the executive of the SPD as to whether they were still in favor of repealing Paragraph 175; the SPD affirmed that was still their position.
The biological deterministic tendency that Hirschfeld gave to the committee met with opposition within the WhK from the start. But it was not until November 24, 1929 that his internal competitors, above all the Communist Party (KPD) functionary Richard Linsert, succeeded in forcing Hirschfeld to resign. He was succeeded by the Medical Councilor Otto Juliusburger, Kurt Hiller was elected Deputy Chairman and the writer Bruno Vogel became the third member of the new board. Juliusburger led the committee in the short time that elapsed until the committee was dissolved after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. The committee's final meeting took place in Peter Limann's apartment on June 8, 1933, with the singular purpose of dissolving the organization. A reorientation of the WhK that freed it from its scientific isolation was the focus placed on psychological and sociological research instead of biological research.
The committee was based in Berlin and had branches in about 25 German, Austrian and Dutch cities. It had roughly 700 members at its peak and is considered an important milestone in the homosexual emancipation movement. It existed for thirty-six years.
Publications
The WhK produced the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (Yearbook for Intermediate Sexual Types), a publication which reported the committee's activities and contained content ranging from articles about homosexuality among "primitive" people to literary analyses and case studies. It was published regularly from 1899 to 1923 (sometimes quarterly) and more sporadically until 1933. Yearbook was the world's first scientific journal dealing with sexual variants.
Another of the WhK's widespread publications was a brochure entitled Was soll das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen? (What Must Our Nation Know about the Third Sex?) that was produced alongside the committee's sexual education lectures. It offered information on homosexuality, pulling largely from the studies of the Institute for Sexual Sciences. The brochure offered a rare case of nonjudgmental insight into the existence of homosexuality and, as such, was frequently distributed by homosexuals to family members or to total strangers on public transport.
Reformation attempts
In October 1949, Hans Giese joined with Hermann Weber (1882–1955), head of the Frankfurt local group from 1921 to 1933, to re-establish the group in Kronberg. Kurt Hiller worked with them briefly, but stopped due to personal differences after a few months. The group was dissolved in late 1949 or early 1950 and instead formed the Committee for Reform of the Sexual Criminal Laws (Gesellschaft für Reform des Sexualstrafrechts e. V.), which existed until 1960.
In 1962 in Hamburg, Kurt Hiller, who had survived Nazi concentration camps and continued to fight against anti-gay repression, tried unsuccessfully to re-establish the WhK.
New WhK
In 1998, a new group was formed with the same name. Growing out of a group against politician Volker Beck in that year's election, it is similar in name and general subject matter only, and takes more radical positions than the conservative LSVD. In 2001, its magazine Gigi was given a special award by the .
See also
Ernst Burchard
Timeline of LGBT history
Uranian
References
Further reading
Friedländer, Benedict (1907). Memoir for the Friends and Contributors of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee in the Name of the Secession of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee. Journal of Homosexuality. 22 (1): 7184. doi:10.1300/J082v22n01_06
External links
LGBT political advocacy groups in Germany
First homosexual movement
Magnus Hirschfeld
Sexual orientation and science
19th century in LGBT history
1897 establishments in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian%20Committee |
Champions
World Series: New York Yankees over Chicago Cubs (4-0)
Awards and honors
MLB Most Valuable Player Award
Jimmie Foxx, Philadelphia Athletics, 1B
Chuck Klein, Philadelphia Phillies, OF
Statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro leagues final standings
East-West League standings
Negro Southern League standings
1932 was the only time the Negro Southern League was considered a major league. Chicago won the first half while Nashville won the second half. They matched up against each other in a best-of-seven postseason series, which Chicago won four to three.
Events
January–May
January 23 – The St. Louis Cardinals trade Hack Wilson to the Brooklyn Dodgers for a minor leaguer and $45,000.
February 27 – Waite Hoyt joins the Brooklyn Dodgers.
March 14 – The Brooklyn Dodgers trade Wally Gilbert, Babe Herman and Ernie Lombardi to the Cincinnati Reds for Tony Cuccinello, Joe Stripp and Clyde Sukeforth.
April 11 – The first game of the season goes extra innings. Heinie Manush's tenth inning double carries the Washington Senators to a 1–0 victory over the Boston Red Sox.
April 17 – New York Giants First baseman Bill Terry ties a National League record with 21 putouts in the New York Giants' 6–0 victory over the Boston Braves.
May 12 – Carey Selph of the Chicago White Sox collects his ninth strikeout of the season. But it won't happen again. Selph will go another 89 games without striking out, to set a major league record, hitting a .283 average in 396 at-bats in his second and last season. Selph's record will last until when another White Sox, Nellie Fox, sets a new mark with 98 consecutive games without striking out.
May 16 – The New York Yankees defeat the Cleveland Indians, 8–0, for their fourth shut out in a row.
May 19 – With first place in the American League on the line, the Washington Senators sweep both games from the New York Yankees to advance to first place by half a game. The Yankees, however, win the following day's game, and both games of the May 21 double header to end the series up 2.5 games. They maintain first place for the rest of the season.
May 20 – The Pirates' Paul Waner hits four doubles, tying a major league record held by many players.
May 30 – The New York Yankees unveil a plaque dedicated to former manager Miller Huggins. It is the first of what will eventually be a large number of plaques and other monuments to Yankee personnel.
June–July
June 3:
Lou Gehrig hits four home runs and narrowly misses a fifth, while Tony Lazzeri hits for the cycle as the New York Yankees beat the Philadelphia Athletics, 20–13. Gehrig becomes the third player to accomplish the feat in Major League history and the first to do so in the American League in 36 years. The Yankees set a major league record for total bases with 50 and both teams set a still-standing record for extra bases with 41.
New York Giants manager John McGraw resigns. He had been the team's manager since the 1902 season.
June 9 – In a pitchers transaction, the St. Louis Browns send Dick Coffman to the Washington Senators in exchange for Carl Fischer. Both teams trade the two hurlers back for each other on December 13.
June 22 – National League club presidents approve the addition of numbers on player uniforms. The New York Yankees had initiated the concept in in the American League.
June 23 – Pitcher Waite Hoyt joins the New York Giants.
July 10 – Philadelphia Athletics, manager Connie Mack brings only two pitchers to face the Cleveland Indians. As luck would have it, Philadelphia's starter Lew Krausse is lifted after giving up four hits in the first inning, and is replaced by Eddie Rommel. A slugfest emerges, with the Athletics taking a 15–14 lead in the ninth inning only to have the Indians tie it in the bottom of the inning. The A's score two more in the sixteenth only to have Cleveland score two as well in the bottom of the inning. The A's eventually win it in eighteen, 18–17. While Rommel gives up 29 hits, he is still the winning pitcher. Johnny Burnett goes 9-for-11 for the Indians, setting a Major League record for most hits in a single game.
July 31 – The Cleveland Indians lose the inaugural game in Cleveland Municipal Stadium, 1–0, to the Philadelphia Athletics.
August–September
August 2 – Rogers Hornsby is fired as manager of the Chicago Cubs.
August 5 – Against the Washington Senators at Navin Field, Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers has a bid for a perfect game broken up with two out in the ninth on a Dave Harris single. The hit is the only one Bridges allows in defeating the Senators 13–0.
August 14 – Despite a woeful 27–85 record, the Boston Red Sox defeat the Philadelphia Athletics 2-0 behind the pitching of Johnny Welch. It is one of only two shut outs the A's endure all season (July 9 against the Chicago White Sox).
August 17 – The New York Yankees defeat the Detroit Tigers, 8–3, for their tenth victory in a row.
September 11 – The St. Louis Browns defeat the Boston Red Sox 7–1 in the first game of a double header to give Boston their 100th loss of the season. The BoSox come back to win the second game, but go on to lose 111 games by the end of the season.
September 13 – The New York Yankees defeat the Cleveland Indians 9-3 for their 100th win of the season.
September 18 – The St. Louis Browns defeat the New York Yankees 2–1. It is the eleventh time all season the Yankees are held to just one run. The Yankees are never shut out all season.
September 19 – The Chicago White Sox lose their 100th game of the season, 9–6 to the Philadelphia Athletics.
September 28
The Chicago Cubs jump out to a 2–0 lead in game one of the 1932 World Series, however, a three-run fourth inning capped off by a two-run home run by Lou Gehrig gives the Yankees the lead, as they take game one, 12–6.
The Philadelphia A's sell Mule Haas, Al Simmons & Jimmy Dykes to the Chicago White Sox for $100,000.
September 29 – The Cubs again score in the first; however, their lead is short lived, as the Yankees score two in the bottom of the inning, and go on to win 5–2.
October–December
October 1 – Lou Gehrig hits two home runs, as does teammate Babe Ruth, as the New York Yankees defeat the Chicago Cubs, 7–5 in Game 3 of the World Series. It is Ruth's second home run that is historic. Batting against Charlie Root in the fifth inning, with two strikes, Ruth is seen to gesture, according to some toward the outfield fence, before hitting the home run. While it is not universally accepted that Ruth was predicting a home run, it is referred to as "Babe Ruth's called shot".
October 2 – The New York Yankees defeat the Chicago Cubs, 13–6, in Game four of the World Series to win their fourth World Championship, four games to none. This would be Ruth's tenth, and final, World Series appearance.
October 19 – The Baseball Writers' Association of America MVP awards are announced, with Athletics' Jimmie Foxx winning in the American League and Phillies' Chuck Klein in the National League.
October 25 – Rogers Hornsby rejoins the St. Louis Cardinals.
November 10 – Donie Bush, who managed the Minneapolis Millers to the American Association this past season, is named to manage the Cincinnati Reds the next year.
November 22 – St. Louis Cardinals shortstop Charlie Gelbert shatters his leg in a hunting accident. He will return as a part-time infielder in 1935, playing until 1940.
November 29 – The New York Giants release pitcher Waite Hoyt.
December 12 – In a rarity for 1932, a three team trade is struck between the New York Giants, Philadelphia Phillies and Pittsburgh Pirates. The Phillies send Kiddo Davis to the Giants, and receive Chick Fullis from the Giants. The Giants sent Freddie Lindstrom to the Pirates, and the Pirates sent Glenn Spencer to the New York Giants and Gus Dugas to the Phillies.
December 15 – Farm systems, originally known as "Chain store baseball" is approved by a joint meeting of American and National League owners despite objections by Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis.
December 17 – The St. Louis Cardinals trade Jim Bottomley to the Chicago Cubs for Ownie Carroll and Estel Crabtree.
Births
January
January 3 – George Piktuzis
January 15 – Georges Maranda
January 18 – Mike Fornieles
January 24 – Ernie Oravetz
February
February 6 – Bill Koski
February 9 - Tatsuro Hirooka
February 10 – Jim Stump
February 15 – Footer Johnson
February 19 – Don Taussig
February 23 – Jim Bolger
March
March 1 – Dom Zanni
March 2 – Chico Fernández
March 9 – Ron Kline
March 9 – Paul Martin
March 16 – Don Blasingame
March 18 – Anna Kunkel
March 18 – Lee Tate
March 22 – Nancy DeShone
March 22 – Al Schroll
March 23 – Jack Meyer
March 23 – Helen Nordquist
March 25 – Walt Craddock
March 25 – Woodie Held
March 27 – Wes Covington
May
May 1 – Félix Torres
May 1 – Kazuhiro Yamauchi
May 2 – Eddie Bressoud
May 5 – Chuck Locke
May 6 – Charlie Rabe
May 9 – Tony Bartirome
May 9 – Tom Yewcic
May 16 – Isora del Castillo
May 16 – Mary Louise Kolanko
May 17 – Billy Hoeft
May 17 – Ozzie Virgil, Sr.
May 21 – Earl Hersh
May 25 – Jim Archer
May 26 – Joe Altobelli
May 26 – Delores Brumfield
May 27 – Mack Pride
May 28 – Carl Thomas
June
June 1 – Chuck Templeton
June 2 – Lou Skizas
June 4 – John McNamara
June 7 – Mary Moore
June 13 – Tom Gastall
June 13 – Billy Williams
June 17 – Bennie Daniels
June 18 – Ron Necciai
June 20 – Cuno Barragan
June 27 – Eddie Kasko
July
July 9 – Bud Black
July 9 – Tex Clevenger
July 9 – Coot Veal
July 22 – Carl Duser
July 25 – Jack McMahan
July 26 – Dick Brodowski
July 27 – Johnny Kucks
August
August 2 – John Pregenzer
August 4 – Jim Coates
August 6 – Donna Becker
August 8 – Vicente Amor
August 11 – Steve Korcheck
August 15 – Jim Snyder
August 24 – Hal Woodeshick
August 27 – Jim King
August 29 – Eric MacKenzie
August 29 – Roger McCardell
September
September 6 – Marguerite Pearson
September 8 – Casey Wise
September 11 – Donna Jogerst
September 18 – Barbara Payne
September 29 – Paul Giel
September 30 – Johnny Podres
October
October 2 – Maury Wills
October 3 – Phil Clark
October 7 – Bud Daley
October 10 – Hal Raether
October 13 – Dick Barone
October 27 – Dolores Moore
November
November 1 – Jim Pyburn
November 6 – John Oldham
November 7 – Dick Stuart
November 9 – Connie Grob
November 18 – Bob Mitchell
November 14 – Marty Kutyna
November 16 – Harry Chiti
November 18 – Danny McDevitt
November 21 – Bill Valentine
November 24 – Betty Jane Cornett
December
December 10 – Ed Donnelly
December 22 – Norma Berger
Deaths
January
January 1 – Tom Parrott, 63, pitcher who played from 1893 through 1896 for the Chicago Colts, Cincinnati Reds and St. Louis Browns.
January 6 – George Sharrott, 62, pitcher for the Brooklyn Grooms between the 1893 and 1894 seasons.
January 17 – Mark Stewart, 42, backup catcher for the 1913 Cincinnati Reds.
January 22 – Bob Hogan, 71, pitcher for the St. Louis Brown Stockings in the 1882 season.
January 27 – Ed Appleton, 39, pitcher for the Brooklyn Robins in the 1915 and 1916 seasons.
February
February 5 – Barney Dreyfuss, 66, Hall of Fame executive and owner of the Pittsburgh Pirates since 1900; the main force behind creation of the World Series in ; his Pirates won six National League pennants and two World Series titles (, ); constructed Forbes Field, the first modern steel and concrete ballpark (); previously owned the Louisville Colonels when they were a major-league team.
February 6 – Lyman Drake, 79, outfielder for the 1884 Washington Nationals.
February 12 – John Shearon, 61, outfielder who played with the Cleveland Spiders in the 1891 and 1896 seasons.
February 21 – John Peters, 48, catcher for the Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Phillies between 1915 and 1922.
March
March 3 – Ed Morris, 32, pitcher for the Chicago Cubs and Boston Red Sox between 1922 and 1931, who won 19 games for the last place Red Sox in 1928.
March 7 – Bill Carrick, 58, curveball specialist pitcher for the New York Giants and the Washington Senators of the National League between 1898 and 1902, who started the most games in 1899 (43) and 1900 (41), while leading in complete games in 1899 (40) and for the most games pitched in 1900 (45).
March 13 – Sammy Strang, 55, utility-man who played all-positions except pitcher and catcher for the New York Giants, Brooklyn Superbas, Chicago WhiteSox, Chicago Orphans and Louisville Colonels in a span of 10 years from 1896 to 1908.
March 23 – Charles F. Daniels, 83, one of the original umpires of the National League in its inaugural 1876 season, whose umpiring career of 25 years included ten major league seasons.
April
April 2 – John Graff, 65, pitcher who played for the Washington Senators during the 1893 season.
April 2 – John Morrill, 79, versatile sort who could play every position and one of the first ten players to reach 1000 hits, who also managed the Boston Red Stockings to the 1877 National League title while batting a .319 average during the season.
April 5 – Harry Koons, 69, third baseman who played with the Altoona Mountain City and the Chicago Browns in the 1884 season.
April 10 – Fred Pfeffer, 72, outstanding second baseman who played from 1882 through 1907 for four National League teams, principally with the Chicago Cubs, who in 1884 became one of the first players to hit 25 home runs in a season, while leading the National League in putouts nine times, assists four times, and double plays seven times.
April 18 – Ike Benners, 75, left fielder who played for the Brooklyn Atlantics and the Wilmington Quicksteps during the 1884 season.
April 23 – Lon Knight, 78, right fielder and manager of Philadelphia's 1883 American Association champions.
May
May 23 – Doug Neff, 40, infielder for the Washington Senators in the 1914 and 1915 seasons.
May 25 – Henry Boyle, 71, pitcher who played from 1884 through 1889 for the St. Louis Maroons and Indianapolis Hoosiers.
May 29 – Frank Lobert, 48, first baseman for the 1915 Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League.
May 30 – Tom Lipp, 61, pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies during the 1897 season.
June
June 10 – Frank Berkelbach, 78, outfielder for the 1884 Cincinnati Red Stockings.
June 19 – Alonzo Breitenstein, 74, pitcher for the Philadelphia Quakers in the 1883 season.
June 19 – Charlie Getzien, 68, German pitcher who won 145 games from 1884 to 1892 for the Detroit Wolverines, Indianapolis Hoosiers, Boston Beaneaters, Cleveland Spiders and St. Louis Browns.
June 25 – Pop Tate, 71, catcher who played from 1885 through 1890 for the National League Boston Beaneaters and the American Association Baltimore Orioles.
July
July 18 – Howard Freigau, 29, third baseman who played from 1922 through 1928 for the St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Brooklyn Robins and Boston Braves.
July 21 – Bill Gleason, 73, shortstop for three different teams of the American Association from 1882 to 1889, and a member of three St. Louis Browns champion teams from 1885 to 1887.
July 24 – Tom Quinn, 68, backup catcher who played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Burghers in parts of three seasons spanning 1886–1890.
August
August 1- Haddie Gill, 33, pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds during the 1923 season.
August 2 – Dan Brouthers, 74, Hall of Fame first baseman considered the greatest slugger in the 19th century, who led the National League in home runs twice, in doubles three times, becoming the third player to hit 100 home runs and the fourth to reach 2000 hits. In addition, batted a .338 average and scored a league-leading 153 runs for the 1887 Detroit Wolverines champion team, while retiring with a .342 career average and a slugging of .519, which was the highest recorded until the 1920s.
August 6 – Ducky Holmes, 63, outfielder and a fine hitter and basestealer for seven teams between 1895 and 1905, better known as a notorious troublemaker that led him to be suspended several times during his 10-season career.
August 8 – Steve Bellán, 82, Cuban third baseman who played from 1868 through 1873 with four different teams, most prominently for the Troy Haymakers, who is regarded as the first Hispanic ballplayer to play in the majors.
August 12 – Jake Boyd, 58, utility infielder/outfielder and pitcher who played from 1894 to 1896 for the Washington Senators of the National League.
August 16 – Candy LaChance, 63, first baseman for four teams between 1893 and 1905 and a member of the 1903 Boston Americans World Series champions, who hit .280 and drove in 693 runs in 1265 career games, while leading the American League in putouts from 1902 to 1904.
August 17 – James E. Gaffney, 64, owner of Boston's National League franchise from 1912 to 1916, responsible for nicknaming the club the Braves; under his ownership, the 1914 "Miracle Braves" won the World Series, and Braves Field was built, opening in 1915.
September
September 6 – Frank West, 59, relief pitcher for the 1894 Boston Beaneaters.
September 14 – Henry Jackson, 71, first baseman who played with the Indianapolis Hoosiers in 1887.
September 15 – Harry Kane, 49, pitcher who played for the St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies in parts of four seasons spanning 1902–1906.
September 19 – Otto Neu, 38, shortstop for the 1917 St. Louis Browns.
September 22 – Hughie Hearne, 59, catcher for the Brooklyn Superbas from 1901 to 1903.
September 23 – Oliver Brown, outfield for the Brooklyn Atlantics in the 1872 and 1875 seasons.
September 26 – Henry Gruber, 68, pitcher who played from 1887 through 1891 for the Detroit Wolverines and the Cleveland Spiders/Infants clubs.
October
October 11 – Ed Spurney, 60, shortstop for the 1891 Pittsburgh Pirates.
October 16 – Frank Eustace, 58, catcher for the Louisville Colonels during the 1896 season.
October 18 – Mac MacArthur, 70, Scottish pitcher who played in 1884 for the Indianapolis Hoosiers.
November
November 2 – Frank Cross, 59, outfielder for the 1901 Cleveland Blues of the American League.
November 13 – Willie Clark, 60, first baseman who played from 1895 through 1899 for the New York Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates.
November 14 – Boss Schmidt, 52, catcher who played six seasons with the Detroit Tigers from 1906 to 1911, helping them to clinch three American League pennants from 1907 to 1909.
November 24 – Redleg Snyder, 77, outfielder who played for the 1876 Cincinnati Reds and the 1884 Wilmington Quicksteps.
November 25 – Charlie Carr, 55, first baseman who played for six teams in three different leagues between 1898 and 1914, mostly for the Cleveland Indians and Detroit Tigers, and a member of the Indianapolis Hoosiers team that won the 1914 Federal League pennant.
December
December 8 – Bill Gray, 61, valuable utility who played all positions except pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates in a span of five seasons from 1890 to 1898.
December 12 – Jim Long, 70, outfielder for the 1891 Baltimore Orioles and the 1893 Louisville Colonels.
December 15 – Bill Bishop, 62, pitcher for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys and Chicago White Stockings over parts of three seasons from 1886 to 1889.
December 27 – Pop Schriver, 67, solid catcher who retired a 40% of potential basestealers in a 14-season career from 1886 to 1901, while playing for the Brooklyn Grays, Chicago Colts, Reds, New York Giants, Phillies, Pirates and Cardinals.
December 27 – Andy Piercy, 76, backup infielder who played for the 1881 Chicago White Stockings.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932%20in%20baseball |
Terras de Bouro () is a municipality in the district of Braga in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 7,253, in an area of 277.46 km². It is bordered to the north by Ponte da Barca and Spain, to the east by Montalegre, to the south by Vieira do Minho, to the southwest by Amares, and to the west by Vila Verde.
The present Mayor is Manuel Tibo, elected by the PSD. The municipal holiday is 20 October, day that celebrates the granting of a charter by King D. Manuel I in 1514 .
History
The Germanic tribe of the Buri accompanied the Suebi in their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and establishment in Gallaecia (modern northern Portugal). The Buri settled in the region between the rivers Cávado and Homem, in the area known thereafter as Terras de Boiro or Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri).
Parishes
Administratively, the municipality is divided into 14 civil parishes (freguesias):
Balança
Campo do Gerês
Carvalheira
Chamoim e Vilar
Chorense e Monte
Cibões e Brufe
Covide
Gondoriz
Moimenta
Ribeira
Rio Caldo
Souto
Valdosende
Vilar da Veiga
See also
Vilarinho da Furna
Notes
External links
Municipality official website
Towns in Portugal
Municipalities of Braga District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terras%20de%20Bouro |
Ronald D. E. Cannan (born May 8, 1961 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian politician.
On April 1, 2016 Cannan was appointed as Board Director of The Land Title and Survey Authority of British Columbia (LTSABC).
Cannan was a Canadian Member of Parliament and member of the Conservative Party of Canada. Cannan was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2006 federal election and represented the riding of Kelowna—Lake Country. He sat on Kelowna City Council from 1996 to 2005, and from 2022 to the present.
Cannan was elected as Member of Parliament of Kelowna in 2006, 2008 and 2011.
Family background
Cannan and his wife Cindy (whom he married in 1984 in Edmonton, Alberta) have three adult daughters and grandchildren all living in Kelowna. They moved to Kelowna in 1990.
Career background
Prior to entering politics, Cannan was involved in marketing and advertising sales.
Municipal politics (1996–2005)
Cannan was first elected to Kelowna City Council in the November 1996 civic election for a three-year term. He was re-elected in the next two elections, and served a total of nine years on Kelowna City Council. During this time, he also served as a director for the Central Okanagan Regional District. Cannan returned to local politics on October 15, 2022 when he topped the polls and was elected to Kelowna City Council. He was then appointed as a Director to the Central Okanagan Regional District and Central Okanagan Regional District Hospital Board.
Federal politics (2006–2015)
Cannan won the Conservative Party nomination in May 2005 for Kelowna-Lake Country and was subsequently elected MP on January 23, 2006, in the 2006 federal election by capturing nearly fifty-percent of the vote. Cannan also was re-elected on October 14, 2008 with over 55% of the share of the votes.
Cannan supported pragmatic climate action policies proposed by his government while in Parliament from 2006 until his defeat in the 2015 election.
In 2015 Cannan was defeated by Liberal challenger Stephen Fuhr. Kelowna—Lake Country and its predecessors had been held by centre-of-right parties since 1972, and a non-conservative challenger had last won more than 30 percent of the vote in 1988. In 2015, however, Fuhr took 46 percent of the vote to Cannan's 39 percent.
He was one of three MPs not in cabinet to serve on the Treasury Board Sub-Committee on Government Administration, and became entitled to the title "Honourable" as a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada.
Election results
References
External links
Ron Cannan
1961 births
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Kelowna city councillors
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada
Politicians from Edmonton
21st-century Canadian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Cannan |
Self-propaganda is the way in which people convince themselves of something regardless of the evidence against it. They will go over their side of the argument without considering the alternative arguments.
Introduction
Self-propaganda is a form of propaganda and indoctrination performed by an individual or a group on oneself. It functions at individual and social levels: political, economic, and religious. It hides behind partial truths and ignores questions of critical thought.
The psychological process of utilizing self-propaganda can negatively influence values and beliefs, and subsequent perceptions and judgments, thus becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy. Self-propaganda can also be a form of self-deception. Those whose values match the self deceptions are even further impacted. Confirmation bias and cognitive dissonance can cause people to further perpetuate the propaganda, reaffirming or reinforcing their beliefs despite contradicting evidence.
Historical context
Propaganda is most successful when self- propaganda is also involved. Self-propaganda makes it easier for individuals to justify their own actions as well as the actions of others. This can be due in part to the fact that belief in actions can greatly reduce cognitive dissonance. Historically propaganda is widely associated with wartime measures and justifications. One of the most well-known examples of Propaganda's ability to allow individuals to convince themselves is During World-War 2. At this time Nazi Germany had large propaganda campaigns against the Jews. While self propaganda does make such government efforts of propaganda more effective, self-propaganda can also refer to any lie that individuals tell themselves or becomes convinced of.
Examples
Social media filter bubble or "Algorithmic editing"
• These methods work by joining a group that limits what information can be seen within a certain group. In 2016 Facebook came under criticism for doing this, showing users posts that reflect with what they already believe and agree with. Speculation arose that Facebook was polarizing users for the 2016 United States presidential election, and was further developing their bias towards their preconceived beliefs.
Confirmation bias
• Confirmation bias often manifests through self-verification and self-enhancement. People are less likely to remember information that conflicts their beliefs or appears negative to what they expect.
Communal reinforcement
• Repeated assertion within a group about a belief that the group takes for truth. Often this is done without fully researching the subject or gathering supporting evidence. A beneficial use for this form could be self/group motivation. A group of Alcoholic's Anonymous reaffirming one another that they are strong and can conquer their addiction is a positive form of communal reinforcement.
Echo chamber
• The members within a group who obtain information only from within their group. While a filter bubble is created by algorithms online, echo chambers are created by purposely choosing who you associate with and from whom you receive your information. American psychology professor Nicholas DiFonzo found that when Republicans and Democrats were separated and asked to discuss rumors about the other party, they would polarize. However, as the groups were mixed, polarization was significantly decreased.
• Online forums, such as Reddit, have often been associated with echo chambers. A group known as "incels" has received much media attention. This group of "involuntarily celibate" individuals would post often about how they felt they were being wronged by society for what they viewed as bad genetics. Some were pushed into extremism thoughts, and a few committed mass murders.
Application to cognitive psychology
Self-propaganda is closely related to self-deception and cognitive dissonance.
See also
Doublethink
Group polarization
Outline of self
Self-deception
Ingroup bias
Echo chamber (media)
References
Cognitive biases
Propaganda techniques | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-propaganda |
On the Edge is the second album by the speed metal band Iron Fire released in March 2001. The album was produced and mixed by Tommy Hansen (famous for his work with Helloween).
Track listing
"Eternal Damnation" - 1:11
"The End of It All" - 4:09
"Prince of Agony" - 4:49
"On the Edge" - 3:45
"Into the Abyss" - 4:18
"Thunderspirit" - 3:26
"Wanted Man" - 4:07
"Lost n' Alone" - 5:10
"Forever Evil" - 2:41
"Here and Alive" - 4:26
"Miracle" - 4:29
"The Price of Blood" - 4:33
All music & lyrics by: Martin Steene,
except track #1 by: Tommy Hansen
On the song "Prince of Agony", the quote at the very start of the song is the catchphrase of Pinhead, one of the Cenobites in the Hellraiser films.
Album line-up
Martin Steene - Vocals
Kristian Martinsen - Guitars
Martin Slott - Guitars
Jakob Lykkebo - Bass
Morten Plenge - Drums
Guest Musician
Tommy Hansen - Keyboards / Harmonica / Backing Vocals
References
2001 albums
Iron Fire albums
Noise Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%20the%20Edge%20%28Iron%20Fire%20album%29 |
Thomas Harold "Junior" Burrough (born January 18, 1973) is an American former professional basketball player.
A 6'8" power forward, Burrough played collegiately at the University of Virginia, and was selected by the Boston Celtics 33rd overall in the 1995 NBA draft. His NBA career consisted of one season for the Celtics in 1995–96. He is currently the Head Boys' Basketball Coach at Norfolk Collegiate in Norfolk, VA.
External links
College & NBA stats @ basketballreference.com
Junior Burrough head shot @ eurobasket.com
1973 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in South Korea
Anyang Jung Kwan Jang Red Boosters players
Basketball players from Charlotte, North Carolina
Boston Celtics draft picks
Boston Celtics players
Maroussi B.C. players
Power forwards (basketball)
Richmond Rhythm players
Seoul SK Knights players
Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia) alumni
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior%20Burrough |
The M74 Group (also known as the NGC 628 Group) is a small group of galaxies in the constellation Pisces. The face-on spiral galaxy M74 (NGC 628) is the brightest galaxy within the group. Other members include the peculiar spiral galaxy NGC 660 and several smaller irregular galaxies
.
The M74 Group is one of many galaxy groups that lie within the Virgo Supercluster.
Members
The table below lists galaxies that have been consistently identified as group members in the Nearby Galaxies Catalog, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies (LGG) Catalog, and the three group lists created from the Nearby Optical Galaxy sample of Giuricin et al.
Other possible members galaxies (galaxies listed in only one or two of the lists from the above references) include the irregular galaxies UGC 891, UGC 1104, UGC 1171, UGC 1175, and UGCA 20.
References
Virgo Supercluster
Pisces (constellation)
Galaxy clusters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M74%20Group |
Jean-Yves Laforest (born June 13, 1949 in Shawinigan, Quebec) is a Canadian former Member of Parliament.
Background
Before he entered politics, Laforest was an administrator by profession.
Member of Parliament
He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2006 federal election representing the Bloc Québécois for the riding of Saint-Maurice—Champlain. He sat in the Bloc Québécois Shadow Cabinet as critic for the Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec. He lost his riding to the NDP in the 2011 federal election.
Briefly after TQS, a Quebec-based TV network, announced that it would abolish its information services division, Laforest introduced legislation that would create a separate branch of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission for Quebec.
Footnotes
External links
1949 births
Bloc Québécois MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
People from Shawinigan
21st-century Canadian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Yves%20Laforest |
The Western Museum of Flight (WMOF) is an aviation museum located at Zamperini Field, the municipal airport in Torrance, California. WMOF is operated by the Southern California Historical Aviation Foundation. It houses not only historic aircraft, many of which were built in Southern California, but also has an extensive collection of historic photographs and blueprints.
The museum has several rare aircraft among its collection, including the second Northrop YF-23 Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) 5th generation stealth fighter demonstrator. Also on display is the first Northrop YF-17 Cobra, a lightweight fighter which was the basis for the Boeing (originally McDonnell-Douglas) F/A-18 Hornet currently used by the United States Navy and Marine Corps. In addition, a Grumman F-14 Tomcat and Douglas A-4A, plus numerous other notable jet- and propeller-drive airplanes.
The WMOF is one of two museums that house the only surviving Jack Northrop flying wings (Northrop N-1M at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center annex of the National Air and Space Museum and the Northrop JB-1 Bat glider (crewed) at the WMOF).
See also
List of aerospace museums
References
External links
Western Museum Of Flight Home Page
Static Displays at the Western Museum Of Flight
Aerospace museums in California
Museums in Los Angeles County, California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Museum%20of%20Flight |
An explosively formed penetrator (EFP), also known as an explosively formed projectile, a self-forging warhead, or a self-forging fragment, is a special type of shaped charge designed to penetrate armor effectively, from a much greater standoff range than standard shaped charges, which are more limited by standoff distance. As the name suggests, the effect of the explosive charge is to deform a metal plate into a slug or rod shape and accelerate it toward a target. They were first developed as oil well perforators by American oil companies in the 1930s, and were deployed as weapons in World War II.
Design
Difference from conventional shaped charges
A conventional shaped charge generally has a conical metal liner that is forced by an explosive blast into a hypervelocity jet of superplastic metal able to penetrate thick armor and knock out vehicles. A disadvantage of this arrangement is that the jet of metal loses effectiveness the further it travels, as it breaks up into disconnected particles that drift out of alignment.
An EFP operates on the same principle, but its liner is designed to form a distinct projectile that will maintain its shape, permitting it to penetrate armor at greater distance. The dish-shaped liner of an EFP can generate a number of distinct projectile forms, depending on the shape of the plate and how the explosive is detonated.
An EFP's penetration is more strongly affected by the density of its liner metal compared to a conventional shaped charge. At 16.654 g/cm3, tantalum is preferable in delivery systems that have limitations in size, like the SADARM, which is delivered by a howitzer. For other weapon systems without practical limitations on warhead diameter, a less expensive copper liner (8.960 g/cm3) of double the diameter can be used instead. An EFP with a tantalum liner can typically penetrate steel armor of a thickness equal to its diameter – or half that amount with a copper liner instead. By contrast, a conventional shaped charge can penetrate armor up to six times its diameter in thickness, depending on its design and liner material.
Some sophisticated EFP warheads have multiple detonators that can be fired in different arrangements causing different types of waveform in the explosive, resulting in either a long-rod penetrator, an aerodynamic slug projectile, or multiple high-velocity fragments. A less sophisticated approach for changing the formation of an EFP is the use of wire mesh in front of the liner, which causes the liner to fragment into multiple penetrators.
In addition to single-penetrator EFPs (also called single EFPs or SEFPs), there are EFP warheads whose liners are designed to produce more than one penetrator; these are known as multiple EFPs, or MEFPs. The liner of an MEFP generally comprises a number of dimples that intersect each other at sharp angles. Upon detonation, the liner fragments along these intersections to form up to dozens of small, generally spheroidal projectiles, producing an effect similar to that of a shotgun. The pattern of impacts on a target can be finely controlled based on the design of the liner and the manner in which the explosive charge is detonated. A nuclear-driven MEFP was apparently proposed by a member of the JASON group in 1966 for terminal ballistic missile defense. A related device was the proposed nuclear pulse propulsion unit for Project Orion.
Extensive research is going on in the zone between jetting charges and EFPs, which combines the advantages of both types, resulting in very long stretched-rod EFPs for short-to-medium distances (because of the lack of aerostability) with improved penetration capability.
EFPs have been adopted as warheads in a number of weapon systems, including the CBU-97 and BLU-108 air bombs (with the Skeet submunition), the M303 Special Operations Forces demolition kit, the M2/M4 Selectable Lightweight Attack Munition (SLAM), the SADARM submunition, the SMArt 155 top-attack artillery round, the Low Cost Autonomous Attack System, and the TOW-2B anti-tank missile.
Use in improvised explosive devices
EFPs have been used in improvised explosive devices against armoured cars, for example in the 1989 assassination of German banker Alfred Herrhausen (attributed to the Red Army Faction) and by Hezbollah in the 1990s. They saw widespread use in IEDs by insurgents in Iraq against coalition vehicles.
The charges are generally cylindrical, fabricated from commonly available metal pipe, with the forward end closed by a concave copper or steel disk-shaped liner to create a shaped charge. Explosive is loaded behind the metal liner to fill the pipe. Upon detonation, the explosive projects the liner to form a projectile.
The effects of traditional explosions like blast-forces and metal fragments seldom disable armored vehicles, but the explosively formed solid copper penetrator is quite lethal—even to the new generation of mine-resistant vehicles (which are made to withstand an anti-tank mine), and many tanks.
Often mounted on crash barriers at window level, they are placed along roadsides at choke points where vehicles must slow down, such as intersections and junctions. This gives the operator time to judge the moment to fire, when the vehicle is moving more slowly.
Detonation is controlled by cable, radio control, TV or IR remote controls, or remote arming with a passive infrared sensor, or via a pair of ordinary cell phones. EFPs can be deployed singly, in pairs, or in arrays, depending on the tactical situation.
Non-circular explosively formed penetrators
Non-circular explosively formed penetrators can be formed based on modifications to the liner construction. For instance, U.S. patents 6606951 and 4649828 are non-circular in design. US6606951B1 is designed to launch multiple asymmetric explosively forged penetrators horizontally in 360 degrees. US4649828A is designed to form several clothespin shaped EFPs, increasing hit probability.
In addition, a simplified EFP (SIM-EFP) can be made using a rectangular liner, similar to a linear shaped charge or modified platter charge. This design can be further modified to be similar to US4649828A with multiple cut and bent steel bars lined side by side instead of a singular liner.
In Northern Ireland similar devices have been discovered that were developed by dissident Republican groups for intended use against the police.
In Northern Ireland, the weapon was first used in March 2014 when a PSNI Land Rover was targeted as it travelled along the Falls Road in west Belfast.
A police car was destroyed by an EFP detonated by a command wire in Strabane, Co Tyrone on 18 November 2022.
Asteroid impactor
The spacecraft Hayabusa2 carried a small carry-on impactor. It was dropped off Hayabusa2 on to an asteroid and detonated. The explosion created a copper explosively formed penetrator, which hit the asteroid with a velocity of 2 km/s. The crater created by the impact was a target for further observations by the onboard instruments. The shaped charge consisted of 4.5 kg of plasticized HMX and a 2.5 kg copper liner.
See also
High-explosive anti-tank
MAHEM
Misznay–Schardin effect
Munroe effect
TMRP-6 (landmine which uses an EFP)
References
Further reading
Fundamentals of Shaped Charges, W.P. Walters, J.A. Zukas, John Wiley & Sons Inc., June 1989,
Tactical Missile Warheads, Joseph Carleone (ed.), Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series (V-155), Published by AIAA, 1993,
The Good Soldiers, David Finkel, Picador, 2009,
External links
Photo of a Canadian "Mach 6 aerodynamic EFP"
Video of EFP trying to take out a Humvee
Ammunition
Bombs
Explosives
Improvised explosive devices
Tactics of the Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosively%20formed%20penetrator |
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (With 16 Chapters) (also known simply as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's Agatha Christie series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck (Soldier) Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold.
And Then There Were None retains most of the basic plot elements of Agatha Christie's 1939 novel of the same name; the major differences are the inclusion of the playable character, Patrick Narracott, and the creation of a range of possible endings. To further the connection between the game and its source material, Christie's novel was included in the North American PC release of the game. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None was followed by two more games, Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express and Agatha Christie: Evil Under the Sun. Since they were based on their respective novels, their plots were unrelated to this first game.
Reactions to the game were mixed, with many reviewers polarized in their opinions: some calling it a good adaptation of the novel; others, an extremely poor adventure game. Several reviews harshly criticized the game's character design and graphics as being archaic and outdated, whereas others praised aspects such as character dialogue and a captivating story.
Gameplay
And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a third-person perspective. Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions, and collecting and combining items. The player can carry items using an inventory system, consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game. The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use. And Then There Were None features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters.
And Then There Were None is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next chapter begins. The developers ensured that nothing essential to the game could be missed during the player's progression, although large sections of gameplay are optional, and the player may ignore many of the side-quests. This divided progression adds another dimension to gameplay, as not only does the player have to be in the right place to find a clue or solve a puzzle, but must be there at the right time. For example, an empty room in one act could hold a vital clue in the next.
And Then There Were None features a journal system to aid in the collection and piecing together of clues. The in-game journal records everything that the player needs to advance in the game, in order to prevent the player wandering aimlessly, unable to proceed. For example, the journal records conversations the player has with other characters, so that if they forget what was said, it will still be accessible. The developers also created the journal so that players did not have to use external resources, such as pen and paper. The journal is separated by content into several categories, such as a characters page, which lists all the characters by name and includes details about them, as well as separate pages for important items, documents and books. This information can be referenced at any time by the player.
Another feature of And Then There Were None is the "Suspicion Meter", which measures the player's relationship with other characters, starting from a neutral position at the start of the game. There are negative consequences if the player is caught doing things that other characters deem inappropriate, which directly affects the "Suspicion Meter": falling one point for every negative action and raising one point for each positive act. Depending on which of three positions the meter is in regarding a particular character, dialogue actions with that character are affected. The player is also able to regain approval points by solving "Suspicion Meter" puzzles; multiple inventory items and combining items and can be quite complicated.
After completing the game, the player is given one final puzzle. Completing it shows the original ending of the novel.
Synopsis
Setting and characters
And Then There Were None is set in 1939, taking place at "a beautiful mansion on the deserted Soldier Island." A quote by one of the characters, Emily Brent, in the first chapter sets the month as August ("This same week of August 4 years ago.") The player can explore the two-storey Art Deco-style mansion, which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library. The exterior of Soldier Island, including a beach, a forest, and an apiary, may also be explored.
The player character is Patrick Narracott. Patrick is the only character not mentioned in Christie's original novel, although his brother — Fred Narracott — is the one who ferries the guests to the island in the original book. The other characters are the guests: Judge Lawrence John Wargrave; Vera Catherine Claythorne; Philip Lombard; General John Gordon MacArthur; Emily Caroline Brent; Anthony James Marston; William Henry Blore; the butler, Thomas Gregg Rogers; and his wife, Ethel Maria Rogers.
Plot
The events of the book, with the exception of the killer's identity and the player character, are closely retained in the game. The game begins with eight of the characters (all but the two servants) arriving at the fictional seaside town of Sticklehaven, where they are to be ferried to Shipwreck Island by Patrick Narracott (who is substituting for his brother who is "under the weather"). When they arrive on the island, the other two characters are introduced, but when Patrick returns to his boat he finds it sabotaged, forcing him to stay on the island. Later, Blore confesses to Patrick that he is the one who damaged the boat, believing Patrick to be his brother Fred, who he thought was a thief. At dinner that night, the guests discover that none of them have met, or are familiar with, "U.N. Owen", the enigmatic host who invited most of them to the party.
After dinner, a gramophone record accuses the ten non-player characters of getting away with murder. Moments later, Anthony Marston dies after drinking a poisoned cocktail. That night, Ethel Rogers dies of a drug overdose in her sleep. The deaths are initially thought to be suicides or accidents until, after the death of General MacArthur, Judge Wargrave determines that they are actually murders and that the host, U.N. Owen, is most likely the killer. Wargrave further speculates that Owen must be one of the remaining 8, and is following the pattern of the nursery rhyme over the fireplace, "Ten Little Sailor Boys". After each murder, one of the ten figurines in the dining room goes missing. Narracott is now established as the detective of the group since his presence on the island was not expected by the killer. It is also discovered that Lombard has brought a revolver to the island.
After the deaths of Thomas Rogers by axe and Emily Brent from anaphylactic shock from multiple bee stings, Lombard announces that his revolver has been stolen, and a search for it is fruitless. Narracott discovers he has been poisoned with the fictional drug Solidamide, but he obtains a remedy: a bottle of the fictional "Bellman's Universal Application", found near the site of Miss Brent's death. During a blackout after dinner that night, Wargrave is killed by a shot to the head. Later in the night, however, Wargrave's body goes missing along with Armstrong, whose drowned body washes up on the shore. Wargrave's body turns up later in the screening room, but looks to have been bludgeoned to death, rather than shot. Blore is also found to have been killed, his head caved in by a marble clock.
Narracott returns to the house to find that the killer is Emily Brent, who is really the famous actress Gabrielle Steele, a previous owner of the island who has been mentioned several times. Steele wanted Wargrave killed because he sentenced her love, Edward Seton, to death. She would torture him first by killing those around him first, all criminals who had gotten away with their crimes, and explains how she had faked her own death earlier, using an overdose of the Bellman's Universal Application found earlier to simulate a fatal allergic reaction to the bee stings.
There are four different endings depending on whether Vera and Phillip – one, both, or neither – are saved. If Phillip is saved, he will reveal that his name is actually Charles Morley, a friend of Lombard's who assumed his identity when the real Phillip Lombard committed suicide out of guilt for his past crime. If Vera is saved, she and Narracott return to Sticklehaven (with Morley, if he also survives), where Vera explains her innocence of the crime the gramophone accused her of. If either Vera or Morley (or both) are saved, their statements to the police will clear Narracott and his brother. If neither of them survive, the Naracott brothers make their escape from the police. If Vera survives, she and Naracott decide to get married.
Following the game's completion, the player is given one last challenge that will reward them with the original ending to the book, where Wargrave is the killer. Dying, he wants to mete out justice personally to criminals who have escaped punishment, who he has invited to the island. The alternate ending details the events of the book, And Then There Were None, wherein all the guests on the island are killed by Wargrave except for the last two, Vera and Lombard. Vera then shoots Lombard, thinking him the murderer (since Wargrave has faked his own death), and then hangs herself. Wargrave then shoots himself.
Development
And Then There Were None was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie. For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions. Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game, while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed managing director. The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area.
One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owned the rights to Agatha Christie's works. The development team met with Mathew Prichard, Christie's grandson, and other members of Chorion. While protective of Christie's license, Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot, as long as they were within the style of Christie's novels. These included a change to the identity of the killer, the addition of a player character, and changes to the figurines at the table – renaming them "sailor boys", to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island. Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers, for example rejecting the idea of a one-man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie's work. The survival of Vera and Lombard, and the change of the General's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie, were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaptation of the novel. Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change, and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne, as well as the developers' desire to have players connect to a more human character, rather than a nameless one.
The main concern designer Lee Sheldon had was the emphasis placed on story and dialogue. He had considered the idea that the killer could change every time a player played the game; this idea of open-ended, modular gameplay was quickly discarded, as Sheldon thought it didn't pay homage to Christie's work. The orders of the murders forced Sheldon down a linear path, and the numerous cut scenes, cinematics and long dialogues were needed because the novel is composed largely of dialogue. Sheldon strived to make the puzzles a seamless part of the game's environment and plot, and not simply tacked on for the sake of a puzzle.
The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s. Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this "a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway." One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores. The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references. Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and in particular his house Fallingwater.
And Then There Were None was shipped to North American stores on October 27, 2005. The Adventure Company announced on March 19, 2007, that the game would be ported to the Wii console, which would feature an ability to spin the Wii Remote to turn safe handles, and the ability to unearth clues by imitating a digging action.
Reception
And Then There Were None has received widely varying reviews since its release. Metacritic's weighted average score for the game was 68 out of 100 on the PC and 50 out of 100 on the Wii, indicating "mixed or average reviews", with individual reviews falling between 20% and 90%. One aspect of the game which has garnered some criticism are the graphics. 2404 denounced the game's environments, commenting that "there are graphically better games that were made two years ago." An aspect of the game's graphics more heavily criticized was the character models, with GameSpy decrying them, saying: "The 3D models used for Mr. Owen's guests are crude and simplistic, with silly, sausage-like fingers, hair that looks like blocks of wood, lousy animation, poor lip-synching, and bland faces with barely any facial expression."
Adventure Gamers found many faults with the character designs, describing them as ugly, and no more realistic than the characters from Sierra's Gabriel Knight 3, released six years previously. However, Just Adventure commented that the characters are nicely designed, with detailed facial expressions during close-ups, but could have been better by current standards. Opinions on the character voice acting were generally positive: praised by Adventure Gamers for injecting life into the wooden character models, and ICGames commented that the voice acting made the characters convincing. However, GameSpy denounced the game for not allowing readers to skip through dialogue, instead forcing them to sit through hours of spoken words. Sound in And Then There Were None received mixed reactions as well, with Game Chronicles calling the sound decent, with realistic weather and animal sounds. 2404, in contrast, said that the game's music is pleasant and unannoying, but never captures the emotions and tensions in the game.
The puzzle aspects also received varying reactions. Game Over Online called the few puzzles bad, complaining that often the solutions were obscure and illogical, and did not advance the plot. GameSpot criticized the puzzles, saying that the player is "regularly tasked with backtracking back and forth across the island with only a vague notion of what to do in order to progress the story." 2404 was more encouraging, saying that although the game was formulaic, there was a welcome lack of mazes and slider puzzles in the game, making it more accessible to a wider audience.
References
External links
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None official site* at The Adventure Company
Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None at AWE Productions
2005 video games
Adventure games
Single-player video games
The Adventure Company games
Detective video games
And Then There Were None
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in 1939
Video games set in Devon
Wii games
Windows games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha%20Christie%3A%20And%20Then%20There%20Were%20None |
Electrosexual is a French electronic musician, composer, performer, record producer and music video director living in Berlin.
Career
Electrosexual's passion for early electronic engines and primitive sounds from analog synthesizers inspired his mingling rough bass with an uptempo rhythm. He is the electro-sex (sometimes called sex-tronica) precursor and pioneer in France.
He is an advocate of LGBT rights.
Electrosexual created his stage name in reference to surrealistic non "(human) sexuality", considering machines and synthesizers as genitors, following in the footsteps of David Cronenberg, H.R. Giger, Chris & Cosey and Add N to (X).
In the summer of 2005, after a show in Berlin (Sage Club/Plastique party) where he performed for the first time as a solo act, his song "Trapped Inside" was selected to be released on the fifth anniversary compilation of the cult Berlin record label Das Drehmoment.
The same year, Electrosexual created his own record label, Rock Machine Records (named after the French title of Norman Spinrad's novel Little Heroes), as an independent platform for electronic music, parties organizing and performances.
Electrosexual offered production for the American queer hip hop duo Scream Club, mixing electronic dance music with gender issues themed lyrics and club performances.
Their first songs, one of which features vocals by Peaches, would be the very first vinyl to be released on Rock Machine in 2006. They collaborated and played live together for the next years and released two more EPs: "Break You nice/ Screaming & Crying" Featuring Shunda K was released in 2010 as a limited edition on white vinyl, including remixes by Hard Ton, Leonard De Leonard and Divider. The video for the single "Break You Nice" was the first directed by Electrosexual and was broadcast on MTV and VH1 for several months.
The same year, Shunda K of Yo Majesty asked Electrosexual to co-produce her first solo single "Here I Am To Save The World" (2010, Fanatic Records).
In March and April 2010, Electrosexual and Scream Club were the support act for Robots in Disguise on their "Wake Up Tour" in the UK. They performed the "Wake Up" Electrosexual & Scream Club Remix as an encore.
Sue Denim of the Robots in Disguise recorded vocals for Electrosexual's EP "Partytime" featuring Scream Club, released as a Digi-EP, with remixes by aMinus and French hip hop artist Flore.
At the end of 2010, Electrosexual released "I Feel Love" that quickly became an underground club hit. The song was referred to as "a disco neo classic" and "best song of the year 2012" by the blogosphere.
Electrosexual has remixed material by other artists, including Billie Ray Martin and Aérea Negrot, David Carretta's "Lovely Toy", Transformer Di Roboter's "Baghdad Disco", I Monster’s "Sucker For Your Sound", Mirah’s "Cold Cold Water", Ssion’s "Ah-Ma", Peaches featuring Scream Club "Fine As Fuck".
He composed the official themes for the 2011 and 2012 "Ecrans Mixtes" LGBTQ movie festivals in Lyons, where he also performed.
Electrosexual performed at events including the Waves festival in Vienna, the Paradiso, at Paris's Le Pigallion and La Machine du Moulin Rouge or in Berlin's Prince Charles and Berghain Kantine, SO36 and presented a sound and video installation at Berghain in 2015.
After a series of single and EPs with various guest vocalists, in 2014, Electrosexual released his debut full LP Art Support Machine, a mixture of retro-futuristic analogue electronics and kaleidoscopic synths. The album is influenced by 1980s synth pop, techno and 1990s trance. Only four tracks are instrumental on the LP.
Art Support Machine explores the Machine as the supreme vision of the human condition, and is focusing on the concept of the identity of the Machines, their gender, sexuality and soul.
The 2014 single "The way they make you feel" received a special 9/10 mention by Mixmag magazine.
Production and equipment
Electrosexual is currently known for the strong use of analog synthesizers in his music. He stated in an interview with Add N to (X) front woman Ann Shenton for Zoot Magazine, that he uses the Korg MS-10/MS-20, Moog Rogue, Yamaha CS 5 and Roland JX-3P. Additional gear includes the Ensoniq DP4+ and multi-effects pedals.
Discography
Albums
Singles and EPs
Remixes
Sherø – "Berlin Moon"(Electrosexual remix) KlubKid Records
Sky Deep – "I Did It"(Electrosexual remix) Reveller Records
Millimetric – "Deflection"(Electrosexual remix) Nu Body Records
Rituel – "Dreams"(Electrosexual remix)
Plasticzooms – "Quite Cleary"(Electrosexual remix) Vinyl Junkie Records
Autist – "Chien"(Electrosexual remix)[unreleased]
Plasticzooms – "Veiled Eyes"(Electrosexual remix)
Billie Ray Martin & Aérea Negrot – "Off The Rails"(Electrosexual remix)
Billie Ray Martin & Aérea Negrot – "Off The Rails"(Electrosexual dub)
Ost + Front – "MNSTR" – (Electrosexual remix) Out Of Line Records
Adan & Ilse – "Like Me" – (Electrosexual remix) Unknown Pleasures Records
Autist – "Low Passion"(Electrosexual remix)
Lois Plugged & Fruckie – "Spleen" – (Electrosexual remix) Boxon Records
aMinus – "Morning After thrill" – (Electrosexual remix)
Fantôme – "Love" (Electrosexual remix) Cleopatra records/Rough Trade
Dualesque – "Uncomplicated" (Electrosexual Complicated remix)
Desireless & Operation of the Sun – "Sertao" (Electrosexual remix)
Tubbe – "Liebe Fertig" (Electrosexual remix) Audiolith Records
aMinus Feat Magritte Jaco – "Don't Mind Me now" (Electrosexual remix)
Hedi Mohr – "Little Red" Feat. Red Noise(Electrosexual remix) Black Mink Rec
Tkuz – "In The Box" (Electrosexual remix) Black Leather
Dead Sexy Inc. – "Lonesome Poupée" (Electrosexual remix + Le Bardot remix)
Equitant – "Body Vehement" (Electrosexual remix) Black Montanas
The Niallist – "Work It" (Electrosexual remix)
Steve Morell & Monika Pokorna – "Lady Pheres" (Electrosexual remix) Pale Music International
Peaches Feat Shunda K. – "Billionaire" (Electrosexual remix)
Transformer di Roboter – "Baghdad Disco" (Electrosexual remix) Leonizer Records
Vesto Caino – "Dolce Vita" (Electrosexual remix) Sony/Columbia
Minor Sailor – "Doctor Said" (Electrosexual remix) Les Boutiques Sonores
Robots in Disguise – "Wake Up" (Electrosexual remix) President Records
Fil Ok – "Listen To Me" (Electrosexual remix) OK Music
I Monster – "Sucker for Your Sound" (Electrosexual remix) Twins of Evil Records
Ssion – "Ah-Ma" (Electrosexual remix) Sleazetone Records
Candy Clash – "79" (Electrosexual remix) Sister Records
Keen K & P Muench – "Connection Flight" (Electrosexual Radionnection) Perfect Stranger Records
Dusti – "New York Slaves" (Electrosexual Slavery) Rock Machine Records
Mirah – "Cold Cold Water" (Electrosexual & Abberline remix) K Records
David Carretta – "Lovely Toy" (Electrosexual remix) Space Factory disques
Punk Bunny – "Next Caller" & "G-Spot" (Electrosexual remix) Crunch Records
Lesbians on Ecstasy – "Tell Me Does She Love the Bass" (Electrosexual remix) Alien8 Recordings
Houston Bernard "Str8 Acting" – (Electrosexual remix) MOFA Schallplatten
DJ mixes
The Acid Tape (Rock Machine Records)
The Beat Tape (Rock Machine Records)
Art Support Mixtape (Track listings 2.0)
The Wrangeltape (Wrangelkiez)
Long Live The New Flesh (Novafuture Blog)
The Razortape, Vol. 1 (Rock Machine Records)
The VogueTape, Vol. 2 (Rock Machine Records)
The VogueTape, Vol. 1 (Rock Machine Records)
The Rock Machine Mix Series, Vol. 1 (Rock Machine Records)
Filmography
References
External links
Electrosexual Official Site
Music on Bandcamp Bandcamp
The method and the formula behind the sonic experiments of Romain Frequency Interview on Four Culture Magazine
Facebook Electrosexual Facebook Page
French record producers
French dance musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Club DJs
Living people
Remixers
French DJs
German LGBT singers
French pop musicians
LGBT directors
Musicians from Toulouse
Electronica musicians
French electronic musicians
Electronic music singers
French pop singers
1980 births
French keyboardists
French LGBT singers
Queer musicians
French film directors
Musical groups established in 2004
21st-century French male artists
Electronic dance music DJs
LGBT DJs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrosexual |
Dál nAraidi (; "Araide's part") or Dál Araide, sometimes latinised as Dalaradia or anglicised as Dalaray, was a Cruthin kingdom, or possibly a confederation of Cruthin tribes, in north-eastern Ireland during the Middle Ages. It was part of the over-kingdom of Ulaid, and its kings often contended with the Dál Fiatach for the over-kingship of the province. At its greatest extent, the borders of Dál nAraidi roughly matched those of County Antrim, and they seemed to occupy the same area as the earlier Robogdii of Ptolemy's Geography, a region shared with Dál Riata. Their capital was Ráth Mór outside Antrim, and their eponymous ancestor is claimed as being Fiachu Araide.
Territory
The Mythological Dál nAraidi was centered on the northern shores of Lough Neagh in southern County Antrim. Dál nAraidi was one of the more prominent sub-kingdoms of Ulaid, with its kings contending with the Dál Fiatach for the over-kingship of the province for some centuries.
To the north of Dál nAraidi in County Antrim lay the Dál Riata, the boundary between which was marked out by the River Bush to Dál Riata's west, and the southern boundary running from Ravel Water to just north of Glynn on the east Antrim coast.
Branches
In Tuaiscirt
In the mid-7th century the Dál nAraidi of Magh Line, ruled by the Uí Chóelbad dynasty, conquered Eilne (alias Mag Eilne) to their north-west and a branch of their dynasty seems to have settled there. This branch of the Uí Chóelbad descended from Fiachra Cáech (d. 608), brother of Fiachnae Lurgan, king of Dál nAraidi and over-king of Ulaid.
Dungal Eilni, great-grandson of Fiachra Cáech and king of Dál nAraidi, was possibly the first of this branch to be based in Eilne, however in 681 was killed at Dún Ceithern (modern-day Giant's Sconce in parish of Dunboe, west of the River Bann). This branch of the Magh Line Dál nAraidi eventually became known as the Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt (Dál nAraidi of the North) and . The first reference to Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt can be found in the Annals of Ulster under the year 824.
Between 646 and 792, the Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt held the overkingship of Dál nAraidi seven times, with two of that number becoming overkings of Ulaid. Cathussach mac Ailello, king of Eilne and Dál nAraidi, and claimed as having ruled the over-kingdom of Ulaid for sixteen years, was killed at Ráith Beithech (Rathveagh, County Antrim) in 749. Eochaid mac Bressal, who died in 832, was the last known king of the Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt to hold the over-kingship of the Dál nAraidi. The last known king of Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt is recorded in 883.
The church (or monastery) of Cuil Raithin on the shore of the River Bann lay in Eilne and was said to have been founded by Cairbre, who subsequently became its bishop. According to the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, written in the 9th century, the Dál nAraidi had granted this church to Saint Patrick.
The Airgíallan dynasty of Uí Tuirtrí that lay west of the River Bann had been active east of it from as early as 776, and by the 10th century had taken control of Eilne.
Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt is said to have corresponded to the later baronies of Dunluce Lower and North East Liberties of Coleraine, and appears to correspond to the trícha cét of An Tuaiscert. It also became an Anglo-Norman cantred called Twescard, which later would absorb the cantred (county subdivision) of Dalrede (based on Dál Riata), with these two combined cantreds forming the basis for the rural deanery of Twescard. A sub-division of in Tuaiscirt called Cuil an Tuaiscirt, meaning the "nook/corner" of Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt, was located in the north-west of the petty-kingdom near Coleraine. Its territory would form the basis of the later barony of North East Liberties of Coleraine.
Magh Line
The Dál nAraidi Magh Line, or the Dál nAraidi of Moylinny (modern-Irish Maigh Line, meaning "plain of Line") was the predominant dynasty of the Dál nAraidi. It was centered in southern County Antrim, with Ráith Mór its royal seat. In the 10th century they are counted as one of twelve tuatha (a territory or its people) of Ulaid. Line may represent the name of an original population grouping. It was also known as Mocu Aridi.
Their territory at its height spanned southern County Antrim and northern County Down containing the tuatha of Magh Line, Dál mBuinne, and Dál Sailni. It was later known as Trian Congaill, meaning the "third of Congal Claen" (Caech), and became an alias for the territory of Clandeboye, named as such after the Clandeboye O'Neill's who conquered the area in the late 14th century. By the 10th century Dál mBuinne was counted amongst the twelve tuatha of Ulaid. After the Viking era, Dál Sailni and its church at Connor, the principal church of Dál nAraidi was lost to the encroaching Uí Tuirtri.
The royal seat of the Dál nAraidi Magh Line was Ráith Mór (meaning "great fort", anglicised as Rathmore), located near Lough Neagh in the civil parish of Donegore. It is first recorded in the Annals of the Four Masters under the date 680 as Ratha moiré Maighe Line. Neighbouring Ráith Mór was Ráith Beag (meaning "little fort", anglicised as Rathbeg), and is attested location where Áed Dub mac Suibni, king of Dál nAraidi and Ulaid, killed High King Diarmait mac Cerbaill in 565. By the 16th century Ráith Mór became known as Ráth Mór Mag Ullin, meaning "great fort of the MacQuillans", and was burnt to the ground by Art mac Hugh O'Neill in 1513 after which it was never restored.
Cráeb Telcha, usually linked to modern-day Crew Hill near Glenavy, was the inauguration site of the Dál Fiatach kings of Ulaid, however it appears to have also been the same for the Dál nAraidi prior to the 9th-century contraction of their territory.
Magh Cobo (Uí Echach Cobo)
By the late 8th century, Dál Fiatach expansion had cut off the County Antrim and Down branches of the Cruthin from each other. As a result, the County Down branch consolidated into the kingdom of the Uí Echach Cobo, based at Magh Cobo, "the plain of Cobo". They were styled as kings of Cuib. According to the medieval genealogies they are descended from the Dál nAraidi, though this link is tenuous. By the 10th century Uí Echach Cobo was counted amongst the twelve tuatha of Ulaid.
Uí Echach Cobo's territory formed the basis of the medieval deanery and Norman cantred of Oveh, as well as the diocese of Dromore. Their territory was later anglicised as Iveagh. Their 14th-century expansion formed the basis for the later barony of Iveagh.
Uí Erca Céin
Also spelt as Uí Dercco Céin and Uí Dearca Chein, the Uí Erca Céin where a branch of the Dál nAraidi, and according to the 10th-century Lebor na Cert, one of the twelve minor principalities under the king of Ulaid. They appear to have been based near Semne in Latharna, with their base possibly being Carrickfergus, and a list of Uí Erca Céin kings are given as having ruled Latharna until the mid-7th century, though there are records of kings down to around 900 AD. A branch of the Uí Erca Céin line of kings, the Síl Fingín, also twice held the overkingship of Dál nAraidi. After 750, the Uí Erca Céin became associated with the church of Bangor.
At some point they disappear from Latharna and by the 14th century are found in the territory of Leath Cathail in central County Down.
The Uí Erca Céin had five vassal tribes all of different origins: the Cenél Talain and Dál Fhocha nUchtar, both of whom appear to also have been of the Cruthin, and possibly refugees driven from their home that went to "Dercco Chen". A tradition of the Cenél Talain mentions that they had an ancestor who fought alongside Fiacha Araide, the eponymous ancestor of the Dál nAraidi; the Crothraidi, who according to tradition descended from the western province of Connacht, however migrated to Ulaid and after 600AD had joined the Uí Erca Céin; Crothraidi Buaingine, who are said to descend from Munster; and the Dál Coirb Fobair, a portion of whom where located in the south Antrim territory of Dál mBuinne, and are claimed to have descended from a Leinster (southern province) prince called Cú Corb.
History
By the start of the historic period in Ireland in the 6th century, the over-kingdom of Ulaid was largely confined to east of the River Bann in north-eastern Ireland. The Cruthin however still held territory west of the Bann in County Londonderry, and their emergence may have concealed the dominance of earlier tribal groupings.
In 563, according to the Annals of Ulster, an apparent internal struggle amongst the Cruthin resulted in Báetán mac Cinn making a deal with the Northern Uí Néill, promising them the territories of Ard Eólairg (Magilligan peninsula) and the Lee, both west of the River Bann. As a result, the battle of Móin Daire Lothair (modern-day Moneymore) took place between them and an alliance of Cruthin kings, in which the Cruthin suffered a devastating defeat. Afterwards the Northern Uí Néill settled their Airgíalla allies in the Cruthin territory of Eilne, which lay between the River Bann and the River Bush. The defeated Cruthin alliance meanwhile consolidated itself within the Dál nAraidi dynasty.
In 565, Áed Dub mac Suibni, king of Dál nAraidi and Ulaid, killed High King Diarmait mac Cerbaill at Raith Bec (Rathbeg, County Antrim).
The Dál nAraidi king Congal Cáech took possession of the over-kingship of Ulaid in 626, and in 628 killed the High King of Ireland, Suibne Menn of the Northern Uí Néill in battle. In 629, Congal led the Dál nAraidi to defeat against the same foes. In an attempt to have himself installed as High King of Ireland, Congal made alliances with Dál Riata and Strathclyde, which resulted in the disastrous Battle of Moira in 637, in modern-day County Antrim, which saw Congal slain by High King Domnall mac Áedo of the Northern Uí Néill and severely weakened both Dál nAraidi and Dál Riata.
The Annals of Ulster record that in 668, the battle of Bellum Fertsi (modern-day Belfast) took place between the Ulaid and Cruthin, both terms which then referred to the Dál Fiatach and Dál nAraide respectively. Meanwhile, the Dál nAraidi where still resisting the encroaching Northern Uí Néill. In 681, the Dál nAraidi led by Dúngal Eilni of the In Tuasicirt branch, along with their allies, the Cianachta Glenn Geimin of northern County Londonderry led by Cenn Fáelad, were killed at Dún Cethirinn by Máel Dúin mac Máele Fithrich of the Cenél Meic Ercae of Cenél nEógain.
Some form of combination of the Dál nAraidi, the Cianachta Glenn Geimin and the Cenél Feradaig was suspected of involvement in the death of Eochaid mac Domangairt, king of the Cenél nGabráin of Scottish Dál Riata in 697.
Throughout the 7th century, the Cruthin had gradually lost their lands west of the River Bann, allowing Dál nAraidi to become the sole Cruthin dynastic grouping in County Antrim. After 776, the annals no longer refer to the Dál nAraidi as being of Cruthin stock, but to be of the Ulaid population-grouping instead, being called the fir-Ulaid, the "men of Ulster".
In the 8th century the kingdom of Dál Riata was overrun by the Dál nAraidi. Concurrently the Dál Fiatach extended their territory cutting off the Dál nAraidi from the Uí Echach Cobo. By the end of the 9th century the Dál nAraidi had taken control of Ulaid from the Dál Fiatach. This however only lasted until 972, when Eochaid mac Ardgail restored Dál Fiatach's dominance.
In 1005, Brian Boru, marched north to accept submissions from the Ulaid, which including marching upon the Dál nAraidi capital Ráith Mór where he received only the submissions of their king.
By the beginning of the 12th century the Dál nAraidi, ruled by the Ó Loingsigh (O'Lynch), had lost control of most of Antrim to the Uí Fhloinn (O'Lynn) and became restricted to the territory of Magh Line. The Uí Fhloinn were the ruling sept of the Airgíallan Uí Tuirtri as well as rulers of Fir Lí, and in a process of gradual infiltration by marital and military alliances as well as growing pressure from the encroaching Cenél nEógain, they moved their power east of the Bann. Once they had come to prominence in Antrim the Ua Flainn styled themselves as king of Dál nAraidi (in Tuaiscirt), Dál Riata, and Fir Lí, alongside their own Uí Tuirtri.
Tribes and relations
Tribes and septs of the Dál nAraidi include amongst others:
Locations
Tuatha
Latharna, alias Latharne, meaning the "descendants of Lathar", present-day Larne. Lathar, alias Lath, is claimed as being the son of Úgaine Mór. Semne, modern-Irish Seimhne, now known as Island Magee, is located within Latharna and was the name of an early tribal grouping, which became the name of a petty-kingdom.
Maige Damoerna, alias Mag Damairne. Modern-Irish Machaire Morna, meaning "plain of Morna", and anglicised as Magheramorne. Located west of Larne Lough.
Dál mBuinne, alias Dál Buain. Also known as Mic Ui Buan, Maccu Boin, and Tuath Búain, an aithechthúatha (client-people) of Dál nAraidi Magh Line.
Dál Sailni, alias Dál Selle, Dál Sailne, and Tuath Selle. They descended from Fedhlim Sailne, and were possibly a former sóerthúatha (free-people), however became an aithechthúatha of Dál nAraidi Magh Line. Whilst the ruling dynasty of the Dál nAraidi Magh Line, the Uí Choelbad, supplied the principal kings, Dál Sailni held the principal church of Connor. In the post-Viking era, Dál Sailni and its church was taken over by the encroaching Uí Tuirtri.
Tuath Sine, cited as a aithechthúatha of Dál nAraidi Magh Line.
Religious foundations
Cell Glass, alias Cell Glas. A church said to have been founded by St. Patrick. Located in Eilne, east of Domnach Mór.
Lathrach Pátraic, also spelt as Leitir. Meaning "St. Patrick's site", the place is now known as Glenavy, modern-Irish Lann Abhaigh, meaning "church of the dwarf". Called "Lathrach Pátraic" in the Tripartite Life of Saint Patrick, the church referenced was said to have been founded by St. Patrick who left his disciple Daniel, who was of diminutive size, in charge.
Domnach Combair. Possibly Comber in County Down, modern-Irish An Comar, meaning "the confluence". Domnach means "church/monastery", and refers to a monastery said to have been built by Conla who had encountered St. Patrick.
Domnach mór Maige Damoerna. Domnach mór means "great church", and was located in the petty-kingdom of Maige Damoerna.
Telach or Cell Conadain. Possibly Saint Cunning, parish of Carncastle, barony of Glenarm Upper
Gluare. Modern-Irish Gluaire, meaning "brightness, purity", and anglicised as Glore. Located in the petty-kingdom of Latharna, it was a church founded by St. Patrick.
Cell Boetáin, alias Cell Baedáin and Cell Scoba. Said to be within the territory of the Cland Sogain mic Fiachrach Araidi.
Cell Fhindsiche, alias Cell Finnische. Possibly modern Killinchy in barony of Dufferin in County Down.
Cell Ruad. Modern-Irish Cill Ruaidh, meaning "church of the red land", anglicised as Kilroot. Located on the banks of Loch Laigh, it is associated with St. Colmán.
Luidh Pátraic.
Cell Ciannáin, located in Semne.
Domnach Cainri, a church located in Cothraighe.
Forts and symbolic places
Raith Sithe. Modern-Irish Ráth Sí, meaning "fairy fort", modern-day Rashee, a church alleged to have been founded by St. Patrick. Its earliest mention is in the Annals of Ulster, which mentions the death of Bishop Eoghan of "Ratha Sithe" in 618AD.
Raith Epscuip Fhindich in Húi Darca-chein.
Rath Aidhne, located in Semne.
Ráith Cimaeith, located in Semne.
Ráith Cind Con.
Ráith Line, located in Magh Line, possibly an alternate name for Ráith Mór.
Ráith Bacain, located in Latharna.
Ráith Bachall, located in Latharna.
Dún Daen Hi Fidbaid and Dún dá Én i fFiodhbhaidh. Modern-Irish Dún Dá Éan, meaning "fort of the two birds", present day Duneane. Hi Fidbaid may represent Uí Fidbaid, a possible tribe. Otherwise Fiodhbhaidh means "forest".
Other places
The following locations have all been cited to have been within Dál nAraidi:
Imlech Cluane. Located in Semne.
Cúil Raithin. Meaning "corner/nook of ferns". Modern-day Coleraine. Located in Eilne, it was once an episcopal see. A church had been founded here by St. Patrick. It has been suggested that it lost its status after the Ui Choelbad ruling dynasty of the Dál nAraidi of Magh Line conquered Eilne in the mid-7th century, and a prince of theirs settled there. Their own church in Magh Line, at Domnach Combair, was also an episcopal see and they may have been content to see Cúil Raithin lose its status.
Ross Torathair, also spelt as Ros/Rois Torothair. Situated near Cúil Raithin, a battle for this place between St. Columba and St. Comgall is referenced to in the Amra Choluim Chille, the Elegy of St. Columba.
Druim Dáganda.
Echdruim Brecain. Modern-Irish Eachdhroim, meaning "horse ridge", anglicised Aughrim. It was situated according to O'Donovan along the border of Dál nAraidi and Dál Riata.
Airther Maigi Cobhai. Modern-Irish Oirthear Maí, meaning "the east of the plain", and anglicised as Armoy. St. Patrick is alleged to have baptised St. Olcan here and installed him as bishop of its church. It was located in the kingdom of Dál Riata.
Scirit, also known as Scirec Archaile, meaning (Arcail: great valley). Now known as Skerry. Located near Slemish in Dál nAraidi in Tuaiscirt, it was an ancient burial place.
Inber Olarba, also spelt Inver Olarba, the estuary of the river Olarba, present-day Larne.
Laethet. The site of a battle between the Dál nAraidi and Dál Fiatach, possibly modern-day Knocklayd, in the north of County Antrim. Knocklayd derives from Cnoc Leithid, meaning "hill of the slope".
Linn Dóe, alias Linn Uachaill, which formed part of the boundary of Dál nAraidi. Said to belong to the Clanna Conall Cearnach.
Linn in Goban, alias Linn na nGobann, Cenn Guba, and Cnoc Glinne. Said to have been where the legendary figure Tuathal Techtmar was slain. Stated as being a hill at Móin an Chatha in Magh Line.
.
Fid átha luain, alias Fedha baile atha luain. Linked with Dún Daen Hi Fidbaid.
Cairloegh, alias Carrlóig. Claimed as being located near Na Lee in what became the barony of Coleraine. Said to have been granted to Fiachra for defeating Ailill in the battle of Ocha.
Cothraighe, alias Cothrugi. Located in Dál Riata, the name preserved in the barony of Cary.
Cúl Cáel, alias Cúl Cóil. Where Fiacha mac Baetain, king of Dál nAraidi killed Fiacha mac Demain, king of Dál Fiatach. Possibly Kilkeel in County Down, which derives from Cill Chaoil, meaning "Caol's church" or "church of the narrow place".
Cúl Fothirbi, alias Cell Fuithirbi.
Alt na n-Ingen, located in Crích Dalaraide.
Geographical features
Buas. Modern-Irish An Bhuais, meaning "the cow-like one", modern-day River Bush. A river in north-western County Antrim that was the boundary between west of Dál Riata and the east of Eilne.
Fregabhail. Modern-Irish Freabhal, meaning "towards the fork", modern-day Glenravel River. Formed the northern border between Dál nAraidi and Dál Riata. It also formed part of the boundary between the medieval deaneries of Tuaisceart and Ui Tuirtre.
hi nDíthruib Slébi Mis. Modern-Irish Sliabh Mis, meaning "Mis's mountain", modern-day Slemish.
Fertais Tuama. Modern-Irish Fearsaid Thuama, meaning the "ford of Toome", present-day Toome. The ford referenced crossed the River Bann near Lough Neagh.
Conaire, also spelt as Condaire and Connere. Modern-Irish Coinnire, meaning "(wild-)dog oak-wood", and anglicised as Conner. It is the location of the medieval cathedral for the diocese of Connor. Its patron is stated as being St. Mac Nissi.
Glenn Indechta. Modern-Irish Gleann Fhinneachta, meaning "Finneacht's glen", anglicised as Glynn. St. Patrick is said to have founded a church here. Glenn Indechta also marked the southern boundary of the kingdom of Dál Riata.
Magh Latrainn, alias Lathraind, Latharrne, and Latharna, the plain of Latharna running from the hills to the sea.
Ollarba, alias Olarba. Modern-day River Larne, which empties into Larne Lough. Some claim it is instead the Six Mile Water, which starts near Larne and empties into Lough Neagh. It was located to the south-east of Magh Line, running past Ráith Mór.
Olar. A river that like the Olarba starts at Móin an Chatha but instead flows into Lough Neagh.
Móin an Chatha, the bog of which the rivers Olar and Ollarba start.
Sliab Cáin, located at "Glenn in Scáil".
Glenn in Scáil, alias Muintir Diugna. Near Slemish, it is where Milchú kept St. Patrick as a slave.
Magh Monaich.
Magh Séle, located in Semne.
Men, alias Mena, Main, Myn, modern-Irish An Mhin, meaning "the river/water", now known as the River Maine. This river flowed into "Rubha Mena", now known as Mainwater Foot, at Lough Neagh.
Monai, a bog located somewhere in Dál nAraidi.
Loch Daim Deircc. A lake located west of Tráig Fhirgrinne Mic Dheagaid and of Uisce Labrainde, both west of Slemish.
Inber n-Ailinne.
Loch Laigh, alias Loch Lóig and Loch Láig. Modern-Irish Loch Lao, meaning "sea-inlet of the calf", now known as Belfast Lough.
Cluain Beoan and Cluain Fiachna.
Cnoc Cennghaba, alias Cnoc Glinne-an-Gabhann and Cnoc Glindi Ui Gaband, located in Magh Line. A prince of Fremand Fini was also slain here.
Crich Araide Adruiad. One of the mountains of Ulaid, seen from County Louth.
Slebe Ulad. Mountains of Ulaid, containing .
Arcail, a great glen located to the north of Sliabh Mis. Now known as the Braid Valley.
Arda Corrain. A battle occurred here between the Dál nAraidi and Dál Riata. Fiachna mac Demmain, king of Dál nAraidi and Ulaid was slain here. Possibly the hill above "the Corran of Larne".
See also
Dál Fiatach
Dál Riata
Iveagh
Kings of Dál nAraidi
List of kings of Ulster
Red Branch
Ulaid
References
Bibliography
Byrne, Francis John, Irish Kings and High-Kings. Batsford, London, 1973.
Duffy, Seán (ed.), Atlas of Irish History. Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 2nd edn, 2000.
Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí, Early Medieval Ireland: 400–1200.'' Longman, London, 1995.
Cruthin
Ulaid
Ancient Irish dynasties
People from County Antrim | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l%20nAraidi |
Albisaurus (meaning "Albis [River] lizard") was once thought to be a genus of dinosaur, but is now thought to be a non-dinosaurian archosaur. It was first described by Antonin Fritsch (also spelt Frič), a Czech palaeontologist, in 1893, but the remains are sparse. The validity of the species cannot be proven based on the fossil remains, and it is usually marked as a nomen dubium. It lived during the Turonian-Santonian stages of the Cretaceous period (about 90–84 million years ago).
The generic name Albisaurus is derived from the Latin albus (albi-); after the River Albis, as it was known in Roman times, now the Bílé Labe (or "White Elbe"), a part of the Elbe River system, which flows through the eastern Czech Republic, near a site where the type fossils were found (Srnojedy by Pardubice); plus the Greek sauros meaning "lizard". Fritsch originally published the name as Iguanodon albinus in 1893. After re-evaluating the fossils, however, he decided they were distinct from Iguanodon. In 1905, he published a new name for this material, calling it Albisaurus scutifer. However, I. albinus has priority and is therefore the correct name for the material as it was based on the same type specimen as A. scutifer.
The type species is Albisaurus albinus. The specific name albinus is derived from the Latin albus (alb-), "white, bright", and the Latin suffix -inus; "belonging to", alluding to the modern-day Bile Labe of the western Czech Republic, known during the rule of the Roman Empire for the purity and clarity of the water.
References
Prehistoric reptile genera
Prehistoric archosaurs
Extinct animals of Europe
Fossil taxa described in 1905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albisaurus |
The Rebis (from the Latin res bina, meaning dual or double matter) is the end product of the alchemical magnum opus or great work.
After one has gone through the stages of putrefaction and purification, separating opposing qualities, those qualities are united once more in what is sometimes described as the divine hermaphrodite, a reconciliation of spirit and matter, a being of both male and female qualities as indicated by the male and female head within a single body. The sun and moon correspond to the male and female halves, just as the Red King and White Queen are similarly associated.
The Rebis image appeared in the work Azoth of the Philosophers by Basil Valentine in 1613.
In popular culture
The Rebis is a central element in the fourth season of the television series Castlevania.
A perfect being of both masculine (sun) and feminine (moon) qualities, brought about by an eclipse, is used in the manga and 2009 anime of Fullmetal Alchemist.
The angelic antagonist of the first season of the 2008 anime Black Butler is a rebis, whose two forms initially appear as separate characters.
In the Italian series Gomorrah, Genny Savastano wears a t-shirt with a rebis illustration in the second and third season.
In the video game Elden Ring, the major story characters Marika and Radagon may be inspired by the Rebis and the concept of the Red King and White Queen, as they are a blonde-haired woman and red-haired man who are eventually revealed to be the same person.
In The Witcher action video game trilogy, Rebis is an alchemical ingredient.
One of the versions of DC Comics' Negative Man, a member of the Doom Patrol, was a fusion of a male and a female called Rebis.
In the Moebius/Jodorowski graphic novel series The Incal, a major character is a "perfect androgynous" called Solune (Sunmoon in the English translation).
The rebis is featured in the cover artwork for Mastodon's second EP, Lifesblood.
The rebis can also be a Janus/Jana. Johh/Jane. As the character of Predestination movie.
Yubel of Yu-Gi-Oh! GX is based on the Rebis, being half male and half female, split down the middle.
See also
Hieros gamos
Nondualism
Unity of opposites
Sources
Robert Allen Bartlett, Real Alchemy: A Primer of Practical Alchemy, Hays (Nicolas) Ltd, 2009,
Barbara DiBernard, Alchemy and Finnegans Wake, Suny Press, 1980, p. 71,
Kathleen P. Long, Hermaphrodites in Renaissance Europe, Ashgate, 2006, p. 131,
Alexander Roob, Alchimie et mystique: le musée hermétique, Taschen GmbH, 2006, p. 494,
Murray Stein, Transformation: Emergence of the Self, Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 101
Heinrich Nollius, Theoria philosophiae hermetica, Hanau, 1617
Heinrich Jamsthaler, Viatorum spagyricum, Frankfurt a. M, Germany, 1625
Lazarus Zetzner, Theatrum Chemicum, Strasbourg, 1661
External links
Basil Valentine 'Azoth' images
The Rebis image in Alchemy
Alchemical substances
Personifications
Androgyny | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebis |
Llynnau Mymbyr are two lakes located in Dyffryn Mymbyr, a valley running from the village of Capel Curig to the Pen-y-Gwryd hotel in Snowdonia, north-west Wales. The A4086 runs along their northern banks.
Strictly speaking this is one lake, originally called Llyn Mymbyr, with a maximum depth of 30 feet. About 3/4 mile long in total, a delta has built up midway along the north shore, and this has to all purposes cut the lake in two - hence the plural name.
The river feeding the lakes is the Nantygwryd (or Nant-y-gwryd), which has its source at Llyn Cwm-y-ffynnon, also marked on maps as the Nant Gwryd, which is a tributary of the Afon Llugwy. The two rivers join at Capel Curig.
The lake was used for fly-fishing and sub-aqua courses in the 1960s and is still used today as a canoe training resource by Plas y Brenin and other local education authorities.
Geographical and Geological Context
The lakes lie in a depression formed by a ring of sandstone called the Capel Curig Volcanic Formation which can be vaguely seen in the panorama below which was taken from the north side. The igneous rocks of Moel Siabod can be seen behind the lakes which are linear but in the panorama appear to bend at the delta between the two.
External links
Plas y Brenin
360 Panoramic View Of Llynau Mymbyr
Capel Curig
Mymbyr
Mymbyr | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llynnau%20Mymbyr |
The history of the family name, Rimensberger can be traced to the 10th century in the Alemannic region of Westphalia and Thuringia. The name is closely associated with early Christian movements in these regions.
Over time the spelling and pronunciation of the name started to reflect the different cultural influences. The variations of the name include Riemensberger, Remsberger, Riemensperger, Ringenberg, Rhingenberg, and Ringenburg to mention a few.
During the 13th century and up to the early 17th century the name can be linked to various family branches spread across Westphalia, Silesia, Bavaria and Swabia occupying various estates and serving at various Royal Courts.
During the Thirty Years' War a branch strongly linked to the Roman Catholic Church fled to parts of Switzerland seeking protection under the Abbey of St. Gallen (Kloster St. Gallen) and in the Appenzell region. Remains of a castle named Rimensberg and also small hamlets and hills with that name link the Northeast region of Switzerland with the family. Today, there are regional villages like Lütisburg and Kirchberg with a large constituency of Rimensbergers. Another section settled in Bern, Argovia and central Switzerland.
During the whole period of Europe's industrialisation, many members of the Rimensberger family emigrated to the United States and Canada as well as to South America.
German-language surnames
Surnames of Silesian origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimensberger |
The history of the city of Portland, Oregon, began in 1843 when business partners William Overton and Asa Lovejoy filed to claim land on the west bank of the Willamette River in Oregon Country. In 1845 the name of Portland was chosen for this community by coin toss. February 8, 1851, the city was incorporated. Portland has continued to grow in size and population, with the 2010 Census showing 583,776 residents in the city.
Early history
The land today occupied by Multnomah County, Oregon, was inhabited for centuries by two bands of Upper Chinook Indians. The Multnomah people settled on and around Sauvie Island and the Cascades Indians settled along the Columbia Gorge. These groups fished and traded along the river and gathered berries, wapato and other root vegetables. The nearby Tualatin Plains provided prime hunting grounds. Eventually, contact with Europeans resulted in the decimation of native tribes by smallpox and malaria.
Founding
The site of the future city of Portland, Oregon, was known to American, Canadian, and British traders, trappers and settlers of the 1830s and early 1840s as "The Clearing," a small stopping place along the west bank of the Willamette River used by travelers en route between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver. As early as 1840, Massachusetts sea captain John Couch logged an encouraging assessment of the river’s depth adjacent to The Clearing, noting its promise of accommodating large ocean-going vessels, which could not ordinarily travel up-river as far as Oregon City, the largest Oregon settlement at the time. In 1843, Tennessee pioneer William Overton and Boston, Massachusetts lawyer Asa Lovejoy filed a land claim with Oregon's provisional government that encompassed The Clearing and nearby waterfront and timber land. Legend has it that Overton had prior rights to the land but lacked funds, so he agreed to split the claim with Lovejoy, who paid the 25-cent filing fee.
Bored with clearing trees and building roads, Overton sold his half of the claim to Francis W. Pettygrove of Portland, Maine, in 1845. When it came time to name their new town, Pettygrove and Lovejoy both had the same idea: to name it after his home town. They flipped a coin to decide, and Pettygrove won. On November 1, 1846, Lovejoy sold his half of the land claim to Benjamin Stark, as well as his half-interest in a herd of cattle for $1,215.
Three years later, Pettygrove had lost interest in Portland and become enamored with the California Gold Rush. On September 22, 1848, he sold the entire townsite, save only for 64 sold lots and two blocks each for himself and Stark, to Daniel H. Lownsdale, a tanner. Although Stark owned fully half of the townsite, Pettygrove "largely ignor[ed] Stark's interest", in part because Stark was on the east coast with no immediate plans to return to Oregon. Lownsdale paid for the site with $5,000 in leather, which Pettygrove presumably resold in San Francisco for a large profit.
On March 30, 1849, Lownsdale split the Portland claim with Stephen Coffin, who paid $6,000 for his half. By August 1849, Captain John Couch and Stark were pressuring Lownsdale and Coffin for Stark's half of the claim; Stark had been absent, but was using the claim as equity in an East Coast-California shipping business with the Sherman Brothers of New York.
In December 1849, William W. Chapman bought what he believed was a third of the overall claim for $26,666, plus his provision of free legal services for the partnership. In January 1850, Lownsdale had to travel to San Francisco to negotiate on the land claim with Stark, leaving Chapman with power of attorney. Stark and Lownsdale came to an agreement on March 1, 1850, which gave to Stark the land north of Stark Street and about $3,000 from land already sold in this area. This settlement reduced the size of Chapman's claim by approximately 10%. Lownsdale returned to Portland in April 1850, where the terms were presented to an unwilling Chapman and Coffin, but who agreed after negotiations with Couch. While Lownsdale was gone, Chapman had given himself block 81 on the waterfront and sold all of the lots on it, and this block was included in the Stark settlement area. Couch's negotiations excluded this property from Stark's claim, allowing Chapman to retain the profits on the lot.
Portland existed in the shadow of Oregon City, the territorial capital upstream at Willamette Falls. However, Portland's location at the Willamette's confluence with the Columbia River, accessible to deep-draft vessels, gave it a key advantage over the older peer. It also triumphed over early rivals such as Milwaukie and Linnton. In its first census in 1850, the city's population was 821 and, like many frontier towns, was predominantly male, with 653 male whites, 164 female whites and four "free colored" individuals. It was already the largest settlement in the Pacific Northwest, and while it could boast about its trading houses, hotels and even a newspaper—the Weekly Oregonian—it was still very much a frontier village, derided by outsiders as "Stumptown" and "Mudtown." It was a place where "stumps from fallen firs lay scattered dangerously about Front and First Streets … humans and animals, carts and wagons slogged through a sludge of mud and water … sidewalks often disappeared during spring floods."
The first firefighting service was established in the early 1850s, with the volunteer Pioneer Fire Engine Company. In 1854, the city council voted to form the Portland Fire Department, and following an 1857 reorganization it encompassed three engine companies and 157 volunteer firemen.
Late 19th century
A major fire swept through downtown in August 1873, destroying 20 blocks along the west side of the Willamette between Yamhill and Morrison. The fire caused $1.3 million in damage. In 1889, The Oregonian called Portland "the most filthy city in the Northern States", due to the unsanitary sewers and gutters. The West Shore reported "The new sidewalks put down this year are a disgrace to a Russian village."
The first Morrison Street Bridge opened in 1887 and was the first bridge across the Willamette River in Portland.
Portland was the major port in the Pacific Northwest for much of the 19th century, until the 1890s, when direct railroad access between the deepwater harbor in Seattle and points east, by way of Stampede Pass, was built. Goods could then be transported from the northwest coast to inland cities without the need to navigate the dangerous bar at the mouth of the Columbia River.
The city merged with Albina and East Portland in 1891. This made Portland the 41st largest city in the country, with approximately 70,000 residents. This merger was followed by the annexation of the neighboring city of Sellwood in 1893.
Early 20th century
In 1905, Portland was the host city of the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, a world's fair. This event increased recognition of the city, which contributed to a doubling of the population of Portland, from 90,426 in 1900 to 207,214 in 1910.
In 1912 the city's 52 distinctive bronze temperance fountains known locally as "Benson bubblers" were installed around the downtown area by logging magnate Simon Benson.
In 1915, the city merged with Linnton and St. Johns.
July 1913 saw a free speech fight when, during a strike by women workers at the Oregon Packing Company, Mayor Henry Albee declared street speaking illegal, with an exception made for religious speech. This declaration was intended to stop public speeches by the Industrial Workers of the World in support of the strikers.
On June 9, 1934, approximately 1,400 members of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) participated in the West Coast waterfront strike, which shut down shipping in every port along the West Coast. The demands of the ILA were: recognition of the union; wage increases from 85 cents to $1.00 per hour straight time and from $1.25 to $1.50 per hour overtime; a six-hour workday and 30-hour work week; and a closed shop with the union in control of hiring. They were also frustrated that shipping subsidies from the government, in place since industry distress in the 1920s, were leading to larger profits for the shipping companies that weren't passed down to the workers. There were numerous incidents of violence between strikers and police, including strikers storming the Admiral Evans, which was being used as a hotel for strikebreakers; police shooting four strikers at Terminal 4 in St. Johns; and special police shooting at Senator Robert Wagner of New York as he inspected the site of the previous shooting. The longshoremen resumed work on July 31, 1934, after voting to arbitrate. The arbitration decision was handed down on October 12, 1934, awarding the strikers with recognition of the ILA; higher pay of 95 cents per hour straight time and $1.40 per hour overtime, retroactive to the return to work on July 31; six-hour workdays and 30-hour workweeks, and a union hiring hall managed jointly by the union and management – though the union selected the dispatcher – in every port along the entire West Coast.
World War II
In 1940, Portland was on the brink of an economic and population boom, fueled by over $2 billion spent by the U.S. Congress on expanding the Bonneville Power Administration, the need to produce materiel for Great Britain's increased preparations for war, as well as to meet the needs of the U.S. home front and the rapidly expanding American Navy.
The growth was led by Henry J. Kaiser, whose company had been the prime contractor in the construction of two Columbia River dams. In 1941, Kaiser Shipyards received federal contracts to build Liberty ships and aircraft carrier escorts; he chose Portland as one of the sites, and built two shipyards along the Willamette River, and a third in nearby Vancouver; the 150,000 workers he recruited to staff these shipyards play a major role in the growth of Portland, which added 160,000 residents during World War II.
By war's end, Portland had a population of 359,000, and an additional 100,000 people lived and/or worked in nearby cities such as Vanport, Oregon City, and Troutdale.
The war jobs attracted large numbers of African-Americans into the small existing community—the numbers quadrupled. The newcomers became permanent residents, building up black political influence, strengthening civil rights organizations
such as the NAACP calling for antidiscrimination legislation. On the negative side, racial tensions increased, both black and white residential areas deteriorated from overcrowding, and inside the black community there were angry words between "old settlers" and recent arrivals vying for leadership in the black communities.
Postwar
The Vanport Flood of 1948.
The 1940s and 1950s also saw an extensive network of organized crime, largely dominated by Jim Elkins. The McClellan Commission determined in the late 1950s that Portland not only had a local crime problem, but also a situation that had serious national ramifications. In 1956 Oregonian reporters determined that corrupt Teamsters officials were plotting to take over the city's vice rackets.
Public transportation in Portland transitioned from private to public ownership in 1969–70, as the private companies found it increasingly difficult to make a profit and were on the verge of bankruptcy. A new regional government agency, the Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District (Tri-Met), replaced Rose City Transit in 1969 and the "Blue Bus" lines—connecting Portland with its suburbs—in 1970.
Freeway, Displacement, and Urban Renewal
Late 20th century
During the dot-com boom of the mid-to-late 1990s, Portland saw an influx of people in their 20s and 30s, drawn by the promise of a city with abundant nature, urban growth boundaries, cheaper rents, and opportunities to work in the graphic design and Internet industries, as well as for companies like Doc Martens, Nike, Adidas, and Wieden+Kennedy. When this economic bubble burst, the city was left with a large creative population. Also, when the bubble burst in Seattle and San Francisco, even more artists streamed into Portland, drawn in part by its relatively low cost of living, for a West Coast city. In 2000, the U.S. census indicated there were over 10,000 artists in Portland.
Cultural history
While visual arts had always been important in the Pacific Northwest, the mid-1990s saw a dramatic rise in the number of artists, independent galleries, site-specific shows and public discourse about the arts. Several arts publications were founded. The Portland millennial art renaissance has been described, written about and commented on in publications such as ARTnews, Artpapers, Art in America, Modern Painters and Artforum and discussed on CNN. The Wall Street Journal Peter Plagens noted the vibrancy of Portland's alternative art spaces.
See also
James B. Stephens
James C. Hawthorne
A Day Called 'X'
Columbus Day Storm of 1962
Mount Hood Freeway
Mayors of Portland
Timeline of Portland, Oregon
History of the Japanese in Portland, Oregon
References
Further reading
; full text online
Abbott, Carl. Portland in Three Centuries: The Place and the People (Oregon State University Press; 2011) 192 pages; scholarly history online
Abbott, Carl. Portland : gateway to the Northwest (1985) online
In Three Volumes. Volume 1 | Volume 2 | Volume 3
Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon (2003)
Leeson, Fred. Rose City Justice: A Legal History of Portland, Oregon (Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1998)
; online full text; also see online review
MacColl, E. Kimbark, and Harry H. Stein. "The Economic Power of Portland's Early Merchants, 1851-1861." Oregon Historical Quarterly 89.2 (1988): 117-156.
Elma MacGibbons reminiscences of her travels in the United States starting in 1898, which were mainly in Oregon and Washington. Includes chapter "Portland, the western hub."
Merriam, Paul Gilman. "Portland, Oregon, 1840–1890: A Social and Economic History". Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oregon, Department of History, 1971. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1971. 7208574.
Mullins, William H. The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929-1933: Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, and Portland (2000)
Scott, H. W. ed. History of Portland, Oregon, with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Prominent Citizens and Pioneers (D. Mason & Company, 1890) 792pp full text online
Wong, Marie Rose. Sweet Cakes, Long Journey: The Chinatowns of Portland, Oregon (U of Washington Press, 2004) excerpt; also see each chapter abstract and online copy.
External links
Postcards and snaps from the past at PdxHistory.com
Historical Timeline at Portland City Auditor's Office
Wartime Portland at Oregon Historical Society
Portland page at Oregon History Project (Oregon Historical Society)
Capsule histories of years 1974–99 at Willamette Week
Transportation history, Portland Bureau of Transportation
A pictorial history of the Portland Waterfront
Willamette Valley
Portland, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Portland%2C%20Oregon |
Minor Cooper Keith (19 January 1848 – 14 June 1929) was an American businessman whose railroad, commercial agriculture, and cargo liner enterprises had a major impact on the national economies of the Central American countries, as well as on the Caribbean region of Colombia. Keith's work on the Costa Rican railroad to the Caribbean, a project begun by his uncle Henry Meiggs, led him to become involved in the large-scale export of bananas to the United States. In 1899, Keith's banana-trading concerns were absorbed into the powerful United Fruit Company, of which he became vice-president. Keith was also involved in a number of other business ventures, including gold mining in Costa Rica and real estate development in the US.
Early life
Keith was born in Brooklyn, New York, to the lumber merchant Minor Hubbell Keith and his wife Emily, sister of railroad entrepreneur Henry Meiggs. After private schooling, the sixteen-year-old Keith was employed as a store clerk on Broadway. Some months later, he quit clerking and became a lumber surveyor. Having saved $3,000 in a year, Keith bought a cattle ranch located on a river island near the mouth of the Rio Grande, in southern Texas, which he administered until 1871. He then accepted his uncle's invitation to help manage the construction of a railroad in Costa Rica, in Central America.
Costa Rican railroad
In 1871, Keith's uncle Henry Meiggs had signed a contract with the government of Costa Rican president Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez for the construction of a railroad from the capital city of San José to what was to become the Caribbean port of Limón. Minor Keith was involved in the project from the start and took it over after Meiggs's death in 1877.
At the time, Costa Rica's economy was based primarily on the export of coffee, which was grown in the country's central valley and transported by oxcart to the Pacific port of Puntarenas. Since the main market for Costa Rican coffee was in Europe and no canal connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic existed, creating a reliable transportation route to the Caribbean was a priority for the Costa Rican government and business class.
The construction of that railroad proved extraordinarily challenging due to inadequate financing, compounded by the rugged terrain, thick jungle, torrential rains, and prevalence of malaria, yellow fever, dysentery, and other tropical diseases. As many as four thousand people, including Keith's three brothers, died during the construction of the first 25 miles of track, mostly from malaria. Keith was forced to hire foreign laborers, including black workers from Jamaica, as well as some Chinese and even Italians. The Jamaicans that Keith brought in were English speakers and to this day maintain their heritage.
By 1882, the Costa Rican government had defaulted on its payments to Keith and could no longer meet its obligations to the London banks from which it had borrowed to pay for the railroad. Keith managed to raise £1.2 million himself from the banks and from private investors. He also negotiated a substantial reduction of the interest on the money previously lent to Costa Rica, from 7% to 2.5%. In exchange, the government of President Próspero Fernández Oreamuno gave Keith 800,000 acres (324,000 hectares) of tax-free land along the railroad, plus a 99-year lease on the operation of the train route. These terms were made official in a document signed by Keith and cabinet minister Bernardo Soto Alfaro on April 21, 1884 (known to Costa Rican historians as the "Soto-Keith contract"). That land grant corresponded to about 6% of the total territory of Costa Rica.
The two most powerful cabinet ministers in the government of President Fernández were his son-in-law Soto (who succeeded him after his death) and his brother-in-law José María Castro Madriz, who had previously served as President of Costa Rica on two occasions. In 1883 Minor Keith married Cristina Castro Fernández, who was the daughter of Castro Madriz and niece of President Fernández, as well as the cousin-in-law of Soto. Keith's nephew-in-law Rafael Iglesias Castro would serve two consecutive terms as President of Costa Rica, from 1894 to 1902.
Banana trade
The railroad was completed in 1890, but the flow of passengers and cargo proved insufficient to finance Keith's debt. As early as 1873, however, Keith had begun experimenting with the planting of bananas, grown from roots he had obtained from the French. To market the bananas, Keith began running a steamboat line from Limón to New Orleans, in the United States. The resulting banana trade proved lucrative and he soon established the Tropical Trading and Transport Company to organize his banana-export business.
Keith then partnered with M. T. Snyder to establish banana plantations in Panama and in Colombia's Magdalena Department. He eventually came to dominate the banana trade in Central America and Colombia. In 1899, he was forced by a financial setback to combine his venture with Andrew W. Preston's Boston Fruit Company, which dominated the banana trade in the West Indies. The result of the merger was the powerful United Fruit Company, of which Keith became vice-president. In 1904, Keith signed a contract with the President of Guatemala, Manuel Estrada Cabrera, giving the company tax-exemptions, land grants, and control of all railroads on the Atlantic side of the country.
Other activities
Keith also invested in gold mining in Abangares, in the Costa Rican province of Guanacaste. In 1912 he returned to railroad building, organizing the International Railways of Central America and eventually completing an 800-mi (1,287-km) railway system, but died before realizing his dream of a line from Guatemala to the Panama Canal. His work profoundly altered the economic life of Central American countries.
Keith also founded a chain of general stores and owned one of the largest poultry farms in the United States. In 1917, Keith acquired huge amounts of the assets of St. Andrews Bay Development Company, which was founded by W. H. Lynn. He also acquired huge tracts of land around the area of Panama City, Florida, formerly owned by R. L. McKenzie and A. J. Gay. Keith and his millions are credited with "putting Bay County on the map" as he also purchased the railroad, the area's mills, over two hundred thousand acres of land, built both the Lynn Haven Hotel and the Pines Hotel in Panama City and developed and constructed a new golf course on North Bay.
Keith was a trustee of the foundation that managed George Gustav Heye's collection of Native American artifacts and he bequeathed his own ancient Native American gold to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.
Death and legacy
Keith died on 14 June 1929 of bronchial pneumonia at his home in West Islip, Long Island, New York. According to John Dos Passos in his USA Trilogy, Minor Cooper Keith was an example of the phrase "chip off the old block".
References
Further reading
1848 births
1929 deaths
19th-century American railroad executives
American food industry businesspeople
20th-century American railroad executives
American railway entrepreneurs
American businesspeople in shipping
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)
Businesspeople from Brooklyn
People from West Islip, New York | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20Cooper%20Keith |
Frederick Lovett Lake (October 16, 1866 – November 24, 1931) was a Canadian professional baseball catcher and Major League manager for Boston American and National leagues teams in the early 20th century.
Lake hailed from Cornwallis Township, Kings County, Nova Scotia. His professional debut came with the Boston Beaneaters in 1891, but he was in and out of the Major Leagues, amassing a total of 125 at-bats in five seasons. He was hired as manager of the Boston Red Sox in 1908, though he was replaced after the 1909 season despite leading the Sox to a third-place finish. Shortly after, he was hired by the crosstown Boston Doves, but in his only season for them, he finished 53–100, games behind the pennant-winning Chicago Cubs.
In addition, Lake played or managed in the minor leagues in part of 11 seasons spanning 1896–1926. Lake was a long time resident of Boston, where he died at the age of 65.
Early life
Lake was the fourth child of Nova Scotians Wesley and Julia Lake. Before having Fred in 1866, the couple had given birth to their first child, Edgar James, their second son, Rupert, and daughter Alice. The family moved to Boston in 1868, when Fred was 2, and had three more children, Walter, Nellie, and Charles. Wesley died on May 31, 1879, leaving Julia to raise her seven children alone in East Boston. As a young teenager, Fred was dependent on his mother as well as his two older brothers who had jobs in a local pottery factory. He attended the local elementary and high school where he learned to play baseball.
Professional career
Early career
Aptly nicknamed the "baseball tourist", Fred Lake spent his baseball career frequently changing both leagues and teams. He began his career at the age of 20 after joining the Salem (Massachusetts) Baseball Club. He did not stay for long, though, and moved on to teams in Dover, New Hampshire, and Hingham, Massachusetts. According to the Hingham Journal, his season with the team was the best one they had had up to that time. In 1890 he joined the New Brunswick Provincial League back in Canada and was hired as the captain and manager of the Moncton team. After a successful season, he was recruited for the National League Boston Beaneaters and joined the team as a back-up player for the 1891 season.
After his first season in the major league with the Beaneaters, he went back to the minor league for two seasons with Milwaukee and Wilkes-Barre. He then rejoined the National League in 1894 with the Louisville Colonels, again as a back-up. In 1895 he went back to the minor leagues with Toronto, followed by a season with Kansas City in 1896. In 1897 he rejoined the Beaneaters and played with them for one season before joining the Pittsburgh Pirates for the 1898 season.
In 1899, he left the major league again and played semi-pro for Lowell, Massachusetts, and led the team to the New England League championship. He stayed with the Lowell team until 1905, and then joined New Bedford, then Lawrence, and was back with Lowell by 1906. He gave Alexander Bannwart, a recent Princeton graduate, a try-out. Later in the season, Bannwart bought the team and released Lake.
In 1907 he played for Little Rock, Arkansas, and became a scout for the Boston Red Sox. Lake was credited for discovering some great players such as Tris Speaker, Smokey Joe Wood, Harry Hooper and Bill Carrigan.
Boston Red Sox
In 1908, at the age of 41, Lake's career took a dramatic turn when he was hired to replace Red Sox manager Deacon McGuire, under whom the team was floundering. Lake took over in late August and led the team to a 22–17 record through the end of the season; the Red Sox finished in fifth place, as their overall record for the season was 75–79. Two well-known players on the 1908 Red Sox were Cy Young and Smoky Joe Wood. Lake continued as manager of the 1909 Red Sox and advanced the team to third place, with a record of 88–63. That season, Lake had added rookie and future Hall of Famer Harry Hooper to the team as well as moving Tris Speaker to full-time in center field. After the season, Lake asked team owner John I. Taylor for a raise, but his request was denied by Taylor, who claimed that the team's success had nothing to do with Lake's managing. Due to their stubbornness on the issue, Lake was replaced as manager before the 1910 season.
Boston Doves
After leaving the Red Sox, Lake took over the Boston Beaneaters, nicknamed the Doves, which are now the Atlanta Braves. However, he struggled to bring the same success to the Doves that he had achieved with the Red Sox because the players were not as talented. In 1909 the team finished 45–108, and in 1910 they finished 53–100 in 8th place. Despite the unsuccessful season, an interesting story was published about Lake in the Mansfield (Ohio) News on October 4.
In New York the other day, several hundred orphans were guests at the Polo Grounds. The Giants were facing the Doves and the score was close. Lake became upset with an umpire's call and told the umpire how wrong he was. He was ejected from the game. The orphans cheered this and then said some unkind words to Mr. Lake. The manager did not become angry. He smiled, walked over to where the orphans were. He opened his traveling bag and began to throw baseballs up to the kids. The jeers turned to cheers and the children turned their insulting comments towards the umpire.
St. Louis Browns
After 1910 Lake resigned from the Doves and a new manager was hired, there was talk of Lake taking over to manage the St. Louis Browns. However, the Doves would not release him from his contract, so he was hired as Chief Scout for the Browns. However, Lake was frustrated by the lack of skilled minor league players that year and the Browns only ended up hiring three of the players he had scouted. In the October 18, 1911 Colorado Springs Gazette, Lake summarizes his frustration:
The low quality of minor league players is a result of the early picking of players a year ago. The promising players of 1910 were taken too early and the result is this year's crop is way below the big league standard. My idea of scouting is to stay off men who you know will not prosper in the big leagues and buy up only the players who you feel will make good when tried out. I have worked with that idea in view. There are many players who are hitting and fielding well in the minors but they lack the qualifications necessary for a major league player. For that reason there is little reason for lining up a player of that stripe.
Lake left the Browns after the 1911 season.
Late career
Lake moved on to the International League in 1912 as manager of the Providence team. In 1913 he managed the New Bedford club of the New England League, and moved the team to Fitchburg in 1914 due to poor attendance. However, within days of opening, Lake moved the team to Manchester, New Hampshire, again due to poor attendance. The club finished the season in last place, causing Lake to sell the club to former Dartmouth athlete and coach of the Lehigh University squad, Tom Keady, in 1915.
Lake began coaching in 1916 for Colby College in Maine, and for Tufts University in Boston a few years later. In 1925 he was hired to coach the Harvard University Seconds.
At 61 years old in 1926, Lake returned to managing with the Nashua franchise of the New England League. However, he soon stepped down and gave the team to Walter Keating, instead choosing to stay on as vice-president and scout for the team.
Managerial record
Family life and death
By 1900, Lake had married his wife Lydia Griffin and the couple had had four daughters. Shortly after 1900 Griffin gave birth to their first son and final child, Fred Jr.
In November 1931, after an extremely unstable life and career, Lake was admitted to New England Deaconess Hospital in Boston where he died due to heart problems on November 24, 1931. He is buried in Oak Grove Cemetery in Medford, Massachusetts.
His wife, Lydia, survived him for another 13 years, dying on September 25, 1944. In the 1930 U.S. Census, his son, Fred Lake Jr. was listed as living with his wife Myrtle and son Fred Lake III in Quincy, Massachusetts.
See also
List of Major League Baseball player–managers
References
External links
1866 births
1931 deaths
Allentown Buffaloes players
Baseball people from Nova Scotia
Binghamton Bingoes players
Boston Doves managers
Boston Red Sox managers
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian people of British descent
Major League Baseball catchers
Major League Baseball player-managers
Boston Beaneaters players
Boston Doves players
Louisville Colonels players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Minor league baseball managers
Haverhill (minor league baseball) players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Kansas City Cowboys (minor league) players
Lawrence Colts players
Little Rock Travelers players
Lowell Tigers players
Lynn Shoemakers players
Manchester Manchesters players
Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players
New Bedford Whalers (baseball) players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Syracuse Stars (minor league baseball) players
Toronto Canucks players
Wilkes-Barre Coal Barons players
Major League Baseball players from Canada
People from Annapolis County, Nova Scotia
Baseball players from Boston
Fitchburg Burghers players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Lake |
Wilton Álvaro Guerrero (born October 24, 1974) is a Dominican former second baseman in Major League Baseball. He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1996–1998), Montreal Expos (1998–2000, 2002), Cincinnati Reds (2001–2002), and Kansas City Royals (2004). He is the older brother of Vladimir Guerrero and cousin of Cristian Guerrero.
According to MLB official records, Wilton Guerrero was born on October 24, 1974. However, this date is believed to be incorrect given the fact that his brother Vladimir was born less than four months later on February 9, 1975. Vladimir's birth date was originally listed as February 9, 1976, but he was revealed to be a year older in 2009. At this time, Wilton no longer played in the Major Leagues, making it likely that nobody noticed or cared about correcting Wilton's birth date.
He was a utility player and played strong defense at any position he played. Although he had the ability to hit for average, he had limited power. A switch hitter, most of his power came while batting right handed. He hit only 3 of his 11 career home runs while batting left handed despite many more career at bats from that side.
Career
Los Angeles Dodgers (1996-1998)
On October 8, 1991, Guerrero was signed out of the Dominican Republic by the Los Angeles Dodgers.
After several seasons in the minor leagues, punctuated by hitting a combined .346 at Double A and Triple-A in 1995, and .344 in Triple-A in 1996, Guerrero was called up to the Dodgers at 21 years old late in the 1996 seasons. He made his major league debut on September 3, 1996, against the New York Mets. He recorded his first hit on Opening Day 1997 (April 1) against the Philadelphia Phillies, with a first inning single off Curt Schilling. His first home run came two weeks later, on April 16, against the Mets' Rick Reed.
However, on June 1, 1997, the Dodgers rookie led off against the St. Louis Cardinals by breaking his bat on a grounder to second. Rather than try to run it out, Guerrero scrambled to pick up the pieces of his shattered bat, making the umpires suspicious. Plate umpire Steve Rippley noticed cork in one of the shattered pieces, and showed it to crew chief and third-base umpire Bruce Froemming, who immediately ejected Guerrero. He was suspended eight games and fined $1,000. Additionally, his tenure in Los Angeles was plagued by numerous mental mistakes that kept him from becoming a regular starter. Despite these issues, however, Guerrero proved a solid contact hitter with an ability to hit for average, posting a .291 average in 1997. However, he did not hit for power, with only 4 home runs, and despite being known as a speedy runner, he only stole 6 bases in 1997 while being caught 5 times.
Montreal Expos (1998-2000)
Guerrero began the 1998 season with the Dodgers, but was traded at the deadline to the Montreal Expos with minor league first baseman Jonny Tucker, outfield prospect Peter Bergeron, and pitching prospect Ted Lilly for outfield prospect Hiram Bocachica, second baseman Mark Grudzielanek, and starting pitcher Carlos Perez. The deal also united Guerrero with his younger brother Vladimir in Montreal.
Despite having fallen out of favor in Los Angeles, Guerrero again became a starting second baseman in Montreal. He played in all 52 of the Expos' final games during 1998, and for the season his combined totals were a .284 batting average, 2 home runs, and 27 RBI. He also stole 8 bases, and was only thrown out twice. On August 15, 1998, he hit his first home run as an Expo in the 8th inning of a game against the Cincinnati Reds. One inning later, his brother homered, making the brothers the 12th pair of siblings to homer in the same game, and only the sixth to do so as teammates.
In 1999, Guerrero hit .292, again with 2 home runs, and 31 RBI in 132 games. He stole 7 bases and was caught 6 times. On October 2, he launched his first grand slam in the second inning of a 13–3 rout of the Phillies. Since Vladimir had homered earlier in the game, it was the second time the brothers had homered in the same game.
During the 2000 season, Guerrero began seeing more time in the outfield due to the emergence of Jose Vidro. His batting average fell to .267, but he once again hit 2 home runs, this time driving in 23 runs. He stole 8 bases and was caught once. His two home runs, the first May 18 against the Arizona Diamondbacks, and the second September 18 against the Florida Marlins, came in games where Vladimir had already homered, the third and fourth times the brothers had both homered in the same game. The four games was a new Major League record at the time, surpassing the three games in which Lloyd and Paul Waner, and Tommie and Hank Aaron had achieved the feat. In 2001, Jeremy and Jason Giambi tied the Guerreros by homering in their fourth game together, and the record has since been surpassed by Melvin Upton Jr. and Justin Upton who both homered in a 5th game together in 2014. The Uptons hold the current record at 6 games.
Later years (2001-2005)
Following the 2000 season, Guerrero elected to sign as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. In Cincinnati, Guerrero was used exclusively as a pinch hitter before being sent down to Triple-A Louisville. After being called back up in July, Guerrero steadily boosted his batting average to a career best .338 in 60 games. He added a home run, 8 RBI, and 5 steals (caught twice). He finished the year playing mostly shortstop in the wake of an injury to Barry Larkin.
In 2002, he returned to a pinch hitting and backup role once more with the Reds. After hitting just .244, Guerrero was part of a massive three team deal that landed him back with the Expos alongside his brother Vladimir. In the deal, the Florida Marlins received Juan Encarnación, Graeme Lloyd, Mike Mordecai, Carl Pavano, Justin Wayne, Ryan Snare, minor leaguer Don Levinski, and a player to be named later. The Reds received Ryan Dempster. The Expos received Guerrero, Cliff Floyd, Claudio Vargas, and cash.
Guerrero remained a backup and pinch hitter following the trade, and had his worst offensive season to date, batting only a combined .221 for the season with 5 RBI (no home runs), though he did steal 7 bases (caught only once). The Expos released Guerrero following the 2002 season. A free agent once again, he opted to sign once more with the Reds. Guerrero did not make the Reds out of spring training, however, and spent the entire 2003 season with Triple-A Louisville.
A free agent again for 2004, Guerrero signed with the Kansas City Royals. He spent most of 2004 with the Triple-A Omaha Royals, but did appear in 24 games with the Major League club, mostly as a backup, batting .219 with 1 RBI and a stolen base.
He was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals to a minor league contract in January 2005 with an invitation to spring training, but was let go at the end of spring training. However, the Cardinals signed Guerrero on April 26 to add depth. He started the season with the Memphis Redbirds, the Cardinals' Triple-A affiliate. The Cardinals traded his contract to the Chicago White Sox in June, but after two more months with the White Sox' top affiliate, the Charlotte Knights, he was released in August. He then played several years in the Dominican Republic.
As of the 2009 season, Guerrero was serving as an international scout in the Dominican Republic for the Dodgers.
Playing style
Guerrero as a hitter was known as a slap-hitter who frequently choked up on the bat to try and hit singles rather than try to hit home runs. He was also a free swinger, never walking more than 19 times in a single season. This contributed to a low on-base percentage throughout his career. However, because he did hit for a high batting average, Guerrero was valuable as a pinch hitter since he could come through in a clutch situation with a necessary hit. A switch hitter, Guerrero hit most of his home runs batting right-handed (8 of 11), however, throughout his MLB career, he hit for a higher batting average while batting left-handed (.286 vs .273 right-handed).
Guerrero's utility also made him valuable in that he could play multiple positions. Despite being primarily a second baseman throughout his career, Guerrero was used at times as a left fielder, center fielder, right fielder, third baseman, shortstop, and first baseman. The only positions he never played at the Major League level were catcher and pitcher.
Personal life
Guerrero is the older brother of Vladimir Guerrero and uncle of Vladimir Guerrero Jr. His cousin, Gabriel Guerrero, is also a baseball player. Guerrero is very religious and attends church every morning.
See also
List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
References
External links
1974 births
Albuquerque Dukes players
Charlotte Knights players
Cincinnati Reds players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Great Falls Dodgers players
Kansas City Royals players
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Louisville Bats players
Louisville RiverBats players
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
Memphis Redbirds players
Montreal Expos players
Omaha Royals players
San Antonio Missions players
Vero Beach Dodgers players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton%20Guerrero |
EFP may refer to:
Politics
Economic Freedom Party, in Kenya
England First Party, in England
European Federalist Party, a pan-European political party
Ethiopian Federal Police, law enforcement agency of Ethiopia
Professional bodies
École Freudienne de Paris, a former French psychoanalytic body
European Federation for Primatology
European Federation of Parasitologists
European Federation of Periodontology
Other uses
École Franco-Polonaise, a defunct Franco-Polish School in Poznań, Poland
Effective Fragment Potential Method
Electronic field production
Electronic fuel pump
Eleven Football Pro, a Lebanese association football academy
Eleven Football Pro WFC, a women's association football club in Beirut, Lebanon
Elongation factor P, a prokaryotic protein translation factor
Equestrian Federation of Pakistan
European Film Promotion, a network of European film promotion organisations
European Firearms Pass
Exchange for Physicals, an off-market trading mechanism
Explosively formed penetrator
NATO Enhanced Forward Presence
TRIM25, encoding the tripartite motif-containing protein 25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFP |
Lillias Anna Hamilton (7 February 1858 – 6 January 1925) was a British medical doctor and writer. She was born at Tomabil Station, New South Wales to Hugh Hamilton (1822– 1900) and his wife Margaret Clunes (née Innes). After attending school in Ayr and then Cheltenham Ladies' College, she trained first as a nurse, in Liverpool, before going on to study medicine in Scotland, qualifying as a Doctor of Medicine in 1890.
She was a court physician to Amir Abdur Rahman Khan in Afghanistan in the 1890s, and wrote a fictionalized account of her experiences in her book A Vizier's Daughter: A Tale of the Hazara War, published in 1900.
After a spell in private practice in London, she became Warden of Studley Horticultural College in the years before World War I, taking leave from the College in 1915 to serve in a typhoid hospital in Montenegro under the auspices of the Wounded Allies Relief Committee. Her published works include A Nurse's Bequest, 1907.
Early life and education
Lillias Anna Hamilton was born on 7 February 1858 at Tomabil station, New South Wales, Australia. She was the eldest of four daughters and the third of the eight children of Hugh Hamilton (1822-1900) and Margaret Clunes (1829–1909). Her father was a farmer from Ayrshire, Scotland, and her mother was the daughter of George Innes of Yarrow, New South Wales.
Little is known about Lillias's childhood except that she was two when the family left Australia and settled, nominally, in Ayr, Scotland. The Hamilton's continued to travel until they moved to Cheltenham in 1874. Lillias attended the Ladies' College of Cheltenham for four years. Hamilton began to travel and even worked as a teacher, but in 1883, she began training as a nurse at the Liverpool workhouse infirmary.
In 1886, Hamilton decided to become a doctor, and enrolled at the London School of Medicine for Women. She obtained her LRCP (Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians) and LRCS (Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons) at Edinburgh in 1890.
Hamilton was part of the first European generation of female physicians. Therefore, most of these women faced challenges in establishing private practice in most cities, and it was seemingly impossible through universities. Therefore, many of these female physicians (such as Dorothée Chellier and Françoise Legey) chose to practise overseas to places like Morocco and Algeria (respectively). Overseas, these women were able to take more initiative and demonstrate their talent as in times of war.
Despite much prejudice against female physicians practising in Europe, there was a substantial need for female doctors in India, as religious custom and practice deprived many women of proper medical care. Hamilton had met Colonel Joubert of the Indian Medical Service, and he introduced her to the opportunity of working abroad. Hamilton acquired her medical degree in Brussels and promptly left for Calcutta.
Career
Most other foreign women doctors in the country received help from government appointment or support of any missionary or philanthropic society, but Hamilton established a successful private medical practice with help only from Colonel Joubert. She held the post of medical officer at the Lady Dufferin Zenana [Women's] Hospital in Calcutta. Her career changed drastically in the spring of 1894 when she moved to Kabul, Afghanistan.
Afghanistan
Hamilton was invited by the Amir, Abdur Rahman, to spend six months in Kabul. He paid for all of her expenses. After she successfully treated the Amir in October 1894, Hamilton became his personal physician for three years to follow. Afghanistan was an inhospitable place for a European, especially a woman, to live.
Hamilton was a prolific journalist and the author of two fiction books. She had an unpublished work titled, The power that walks in darkness, in which she expressed her serious reservations about the Amir's often muddled reforms and his 'iron rule'. Even with the Amir's protection, her work still posed a threat to her own life, and she knew that a loss of the Amir's protection could result in her execution. Her work, A Vizier's Daughter was a fictional account of her time in Afghanistan in which she challenged "Islamic Stipulations", with sarcasm and perspectives on the Amir, male and female roles in this culture of Afghanistan.
In terms of her medical work, Hamilton made a significant impact on the health of the Afghan population. Not only did she establish a hospital in Kabul, but she was also responsible for introducing vaccination into the country. She expanded on techniques of treatment including maintenance of the four humors of the body based on traditional beliefs and treatments in the Qaran.
Return to England
By late 1896, Hamilton fled Afghanistan due to the threat and danger of her controversial writing and work. Once home in England, she redirected her attention to the predicament of homeless women's treatment, and in 1897, she co-founded the Victoria Women's Settlement in Liverpool. Soon after, she returned to private practice, setting up a nursing home in London.
Hamilton and one of her brothers established a farm in the Transvaal Province. After two trips there, Lillias stopped practising to return to travelling. In 1908, she applied and was accepted as warden of Studley College in Warwick. This college was established in 1898 to train women for careers in agriculture and horticulture. At this time, Hamilton was an active member of the Women's Freedom League, which was founded in 1907, to obtain votes for women under thirty. After the outbreak of war she volunteered her medical services to the Wounded Allies Relief Committee in 1915, and ran a hospital in Podgoritza, Montenegro.
After the war she maintained tenure until she retired due to ill health in 1924. She was succeeded by Helen Ekins, an ex-student, who Hamilton had lauded as the "most highly qualified... in horticulture in England" just four years before when she gained a BSc.
Personal life and death
Hamilton was claimed to be a highly accomplished and talented photographer and needlewoman, and also enjoyed music, painting, and the theatre.
Hamilton never married. She died on 6 January 1925 at the Queen Victoria Memorial Hospital, Nice, France, and was buried in the English cemetery on the Saturday after her death.
Gallery
Further reading
Bennett, Arnold. 1915. Wounded Allies' Relief Committee: a short account of work done. London: Sardinia House.
Bennett, Clinton. 2011. "Retribution in Islam (Qur'an 2:178): Fact and Fiction in Victorian Literature." Victorian Review 37, no. 2: 13-16. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (Retrieved 11 October 2017).
Cohen, Susan L.. "Hamilton, Lillias Anna (1858–1925).” Susan L. Cohen in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online ed., edited by David Cannadine, January 2008. http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/view/article/55593 (Retrieved 11 October 2017).
Hamilton, Lillias. A Nurse's Bequest. London: Murray, 1907.
Hamilton, Lillias. A Vizier's Daughter: A tale of the Hazara War. London: Murray, 1900.
Moulin, Anne-Marie et al. 2011. "Le Medecin du Prince ou la Science de l'outre Mer." Mondes Et Cultures 71, no. 1: 375-391. Historical Abstracts, EBSCOhost (Retrieved 11 October 2017).
Omrani, Bijan. "The Iron Amir." History Today, June 2014, 48-53.
Surridge, Keith. "The Ambiguous Amir: Britain, Afghanistan and the 1897 North-West Frontier Uprising". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. 36, No. 3, September 2008, pp. 417–434.
References
1858 births
1925 deaths
British nurses
British medical writers
Women medical writers
British women medical doctors
Heads of schools in England
Women of the Victorian era
People educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College
20th-century British women medical doctors
Australian women medical doctors
Australian medical doctors
19th-century British women medical doctors
19th-century British medical doctors
English courtiers
Emigrants from colonial Australia to the United Kingdom
Colony of New South Wales people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillias%20Hamilton |
Robert Barrett Boyd (March 7, 1928 – May 14, 2009) was an American football end and defensive back in the National Football League (NFL), playing for the Los Angeles Rams for eight seasons. His most spectacular season was in 1954, when he caught 53 passes for 1,212 yards and 6 touchdowns.
While at Loyola Marymount University, Boyd won the 100-yard dash at the 1950 NCAA Championships.
References
External links
1928 births
2009 deaths
American football defensive backs
American football ends
American male sprinters
Loyola Lions football players
Loyola Marymount Lions men's track and field athletes
Los Angeles Rams players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Riverside, California
African-American players of American football
African-American male track and field athletes
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Boyd%20%28American%20football%29 |
Malandra Elizabeth Burrows (born 4 November 1965) is an English actress and singer. She is best known for her long-running role as Kathy Glover in ITV soap opera Emmerdale.
Early life
Burrows' first name, Malandra, is a portmanteau of her parents' names, Malcolm and Sandra. Her mother encouraged her at an early age to begin dancing; she initially trained under Billy Pearce's mother Jean. She appeared on Yorkshire Television's Junior Showtime at the age of six. In 1974 Malandra Newman became the youngest-ever winner of New Faces, appearing on the same "all-winners" show with Les Dennis and Victoria Wood. Her interest in music continued throughout her early adolescence, and at age 13 she won the 1978 BBC Merseyside Songwriter of the Year award. She attended King David High School in Childwall.
After deciding that she wanted to be a performer, she joined the Everyman Youth Theatre in Liverpool, did classes at Liverpool Theatre School and also did productions with a local amateur dramatics company at St Peter's, in Woolton, whilst continuing to perform musically. After leaving school with eleven O-levels, she enrolled in a Liverpool drama school, where she remained for two years learning her future trade of acting – changing her surname to Burrows for registration with Equity, the British actors' union.
Career
Even before leaving drama school, Burrows played several roles on television, appearing in The Practice and Fell Tiger, as well as taking two parts in the Channel 4 soap opera Brookside - firstly Lucy Collins' schoolfriend, Sue, and then Lisa Morrissey, the girlfriend of Pat Hancock.
Emmerdale
Three months after leaving drama school, she auditioned for the role of Kathy Bates in the popular ITV soap opera Emmerdale (then known as Emmerdale Farm) and got the part. The role has been her most prominent to date. She became one of the programme's longest-running characters, remaining in the show from 1985 to 2001 and returning briefly in 2005. Kathy is remembered for being one of the most-often married characters in the soap and had a reputation for having "the kiss of death" on her men. First husband Jackie Merrick accidentally shot himself in 1989; her second marriage to Chris Tate, who uses a wheelchair, ended in 1995 when he admitted to an affair; in 1996 Kathy’s third husband Dave Glover died saving a baby he thought to be his own from a house fire as he was about to elope with his mistress Kim Tate. Kathy was even dumped at the altar by her fiancé Biff in 1999.
During her 16-year stint, Kathy was kidnapped by a diamond-thieving lord, knocked down by a horse-stealing conman, targeted by a double wife murderer who tried to drive her over a cliff, trapped in the wreckage of a bus hit by a lorry, and imprisoned for protesting against the local haulage company. Reportedly one of the soap's highest-paid stars of the time on a reputed £80,000pa, she paid the price of celebrity when a fanatical patient escaped from custody threatening to kill her; she had police protection for two months. She was axed from the soap as part of ITV's revamp of the programme. Burrows returned for three episodes for Seth Armstrong's funeral in 2005. In 2009, Burrows was asked to return to Emmerdale for Jack Sugden's funeral episodes in February, but was unable due to working in pantomime during Christmas 2008 and January 2009, which prevented her from making a return.
Pop career
Burrows has had some success in the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 11 with the song "Just This Side of Love" in 1990. She released a self-penned single "Summernight Love" (1996) on AATW/DKAM Records (No. 185 UK). This resulted in a recording contract with Warner Bros., and two more singles ("Carnival in Heaven" and "Don't Leave Me") also hit the UK charts (albeit the lower reaches: No. 49 and No. 54, respectively).
Other work
Burrows played many parts in theatre including in 1989 she starred as Nancy in Oliver Twist at the Civic Theatre, Halifax. In 2002 Burrows was a contestant on Celebrity Weakest Link and in 2004 she took part in the ITV game show Simply the Best, where she represented Leeds in a head-to-head tournament with other British cities. She then spent a year presenting a show called Soap Addicts on satellite, and then a year in the stage comedy Just Desserts touring the United Kingdom.
In 2006 she appeared on Channel 5's The All Star Talent Show, coming fifth as a Fire Eater. She starred as the Fairy during Christmas 2007, in "Sleeping Beauty" at the Pavilion Theatre, Bournemouth.
Burrows entered late into the 2006 series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! on day seven. She was found hanging from a tight rope and had to be rescued as part of the trial by Matt Willis and Lauren Booth. On her first night she had to sleep in a hammock, and fell out of it. She took part in several "Bushtrucker trials" most notably one dubbed "Skyscrape". Burrows and fellow contestant Myleene Klass were required to clamber onto a seesaw platform 200 ft above the jungle floor and take turns to collect corresponding flags hanging off the edges of the platform. Each pair of flags, collected in numerical order, equalled a much needed meal for camp. She was the sixth celebrity to be evicted in a head-to-head with Dean Gaffney.
Personal life
On 25 April 2022, Burrows announced that she had been diagnosed with stage III breast cancer, and was considering having a mastectomy.
Discography
Singles
1990 "Just This Side of Love" (YTV Records) (UK No. 11)
1996 "Summernight Love" (DKAM Records) (UK No. 185)
1997 "Carnival in Heaven" (Warner Bros) (UK No. 49)
1998 "Don't Leave Me" (Warner Bros) (UK No. 54)
2007 “ Keep on keepin’ on” (duet Marsh Newman) (Sanctuary) (Japan No. 18)
2022 “Beauty and the Beast (Duet Marsh Newman) (Sanctuary) (Releasing August 2022)
References
External links
Interview post leaving Emmerdale
1965 births
Living people
English women singers
Actresses from Liverpool
Singers from Liverpool
English soap opera actresses
People from Childwall
People educated at King David High School, Liverpool | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malandra%20Burrows |
A pleasure barge is a flat-bottomed, slow-moving boat used for leisure. It is contrasted with a standard barge, which is used to transport freight. Many places where canals or rivers play a prominent role have developed pleasure barges for conducting religious ceremonies, holding waterborne festivities, or viewing scenery.
History
Barges of all kinds were commonly used on the Nile in ancient Egypt. When the Pharaoh Akhenaten revolutionized Egyptian religion, he renamed his pleasure barge "Splendor of Aten", after his dominant god. A miniature of a royal barge was found amongst the items in the tomb of Tutankhamun. The most famous Egyptian barge, the Thalamegos, is that used by Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt when she arrived in luxurious state to seduce Mark Antony and also allegedly when she sailed up the Nile with Julius Caesar.
11th-century Chinese writer Ouyang Xiu mentions a pleasure barge in his poetry with oars the color of orchids (or magnolias, depending on the translation). An ivory model of a Qing Dynasty imperial pleasure barge exists at the Vancouver Maritime Museum. In 1357, King Boromtrailokanat of Ayudhaya, in what would later become Thailand, decreed a yearly barge race. His barge would compete against the barge of his consort. If the consort's barge won, then the year would bring abundance. If the King's barge won then it would signify hardship. The consort's barge was usually allowed to win. A later Thai king included a royal barge bearing Buddhist relics in his war party against Burma. By the 17th century, royal Thai barge processions included more than 100 barges, and oarsmen wore matching red garments and gold jewelry.
Wealthy states which relied on water trade sometimes developed barges specifically linked to the ruling class. A painting by Jan van de Cappelle from 1650 depicts the state barge of the Netherlands being saluted by gun blasts from battle ships.
The doges of Venice also traveled by a state barge, the Bucentaur, especially to perform the yearly held Marriage of the Sea.
The Grand Canal de Versailles at Versailles served as a setting for elaborate play barges in the 17th and 18th centuries. The gilded goddess figurehead from Marie Antoinette's barge survives, and Napoleon commissioned a ceremonial barge for his official visit to the port of Brest in 1810. The latter is at the French Musée national de la Marine.
Until the middle of the 19th century, pleasure barges were common sights on the River Thames in London and beyond. These included shallops, luxury transport for the upper class, rowed by up to eight liveried servants, and sometimes decorated with gilded carvings and ornate draperies. Handel's famous Water Music was composed to be played with its audiences listening from pleasure barges. The City livery companies competed as to the luxury of their state barges.
Up the river at Oxford, where a stretch of the Thames is known as the Isis, many college Boat Clubs permanently moored large two-decker barges in their college colors to use as clubhouses. These proved too expensive to maintain in the 20th century, and they were gradually sold off. Some college barges are still to be seen on the river, used as reception facilities by riverfront hotels, such as The Swan at Streatley, Berkshire, which has the former Wadham College barge.
Today
Ceremonial barges are sometimes used in historical reenactments and wedding ceremonies in Polynesia.
Religious ceremonies are still conducted aboard barges in the Royal Barge Procession of Thailand. The royal barge is rowed by fifty oarsmen, steered by two steersmen, and commanded by two officers. The crew is rounded out by a flagman, a chantman, and a signalman. Bangkok has a museum devoted entirely to royal barges.
Barges built to provide people with scenic trips down rivers developed along with the growing middle class in Europe and the United States. Modern pleasure barges, such as those that travel the wine regions of France, can include such amenities as DVD players, exercise equipment, onboard kitchens and water closets, skylit passenger cabins, spa pools and stereo systems. The luxury hotel barges of Europe are even crewed by a master chef and house keepers, and piloted by an experienced captain all of which live on board to care for the guests who are staying with them. Most of these barges were originally built to be commercial barges carrying grain and coal along the rivers and canals. It is only in more recent times that they are being renovated to become today's modern pleasure barges.
Art
The Romantic period of art in Europe was fascinated with mundane objects elevated to luxurious heights, making the pleasure barge an attractive subject. Paul Delaroche chose a state barge as his setting to depict the historical figure Cardinal Richelieu in an 1892 painting. About the same time, Ludwig II of Bavaria had a sketch drawn up for an elaborate gilded barge with the sea god Neptune at its prow and a carved, elevated canopy, reached by a wrought iron staircase and topped by an angel holding aloft the royal crown.
See also
Royal barge
Hotel barge
Pleasure craft
Water taxi
References
Barges
Passenger ships
de:Prunkbarkasse | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure%20barge |
History of Portland may refer to:
History of Portland, Maine
History of Portland, Oregon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Portland |
The Vancouver School of Theology is a ecumenical divinity school located on the campus of and formally affiliated with the University of British Columbia. VST is called to educate and form thoughtful, engaged and generous Christian leaders.
Faculty
Patricia Dutcher-Walls, Dean, Professor of Hebrew Bible
Jason Byassee, Professor of Homiletics
Brenda Fawkes, Director, Field Education
Ross Lockhart, Director of Presbyterian Formation
Laura Duhan Kaplan, director, Iona Pacific Inter-religious Centre
Harry O. Maier, Professor of New Testament and Early Christian Studies
Grant Rodgers Director of Anglican Denominational Formation
Ray Aldred, Director of Indigenous Studies Program
Richard Topping, Principal, Professor of Studies in the Reformed Tradition and Principal
Mari Joerstad, Academic Dean
History
Vancouver School of Theology was established in 1971, as an amalgamation of the Anglican Theological College (ATC) and Union College of British Columbia (UCBC), affiliated with the United Church of Canada. The two colleges had existed side by side for a number of years prior to the amalgamation.
ATC was formed in 1920 as a merger of two Anglican seminaries. The evangelical Latimer Hall was founded in 1910, while the more liberal and high church St Mark's Hall followed two years later at a nearby location. The merged ATC moved into the Chancellor Building at UBC in 1927.
Westminster Hall (formerly Presbyterian) was the first formal theological college in Vancouver, and classes started in 1908, first at McGill University Vancouver (1907–1915) Campus, then in their own building at 1600 Barclay Street from the fall of 1908 until 1927, when the first part of UCBC (west wing of the Iona Building at UBC) was ready for use.
Ryerson College formerly Methodist, and named after educator Egerton Ryerson, was meeting in Westminster Hall since classes began in 1923. It was an extension of the Columbian College started in New Westminster in 1892. There is little available data on the Congregational College of British Columbia, as according to the United Church of Canada's First General Council's Minutes, in 1925, the college was incorporated, but never held any classes.
The tower section of the Iona Building was completed during the 1930s.
From initial discussions with Anglican and the then separate Methodist and Presbyterian groups in 1922, there has been open discussion on joint studies, and was a reason Ryerson Hall never constructed a separate building.
Throughout the 1960s, the two colleges cooperated in offering courses and access to materials, and discussions started regarding the creation of a new theological school to serve the area. The current-day Vancouver School of Theology was formed in 1971. The creation of VST occurred in a climate in which full communion between the Anglican Church of Canada and United Church was under serious consideration, although this union did not take place.
Saint Andrew's Hall, a residence established by the Presbyterian Church in Canada during the 1950s, officially became affiliated with the VST. The school has also been recognized by the Presbyterian Church (USA) and the United Methodist Church, both of the United States, as a training institution for their clergy.
The Institute for stained glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at Vancouver School of Theology.
Academics
Degrees awarded
Vancouver School of Theology currently offers the following degrees and certifications:
Certificate in Theological Studies (also offered via continuing education)
Diploma in Theological Studies
Diploma in Denominational Studies
Graduate Diploma in Theological Studies
Master of Divinity
Master of Divinity by extension through the Native Ministry Program
Master of Arts in Theological Studies
Master of Arts in Indigenous and Inter-Religious Studies
Master of Theology in Indigenous and Inter-Religious Studies
Master of Theology
Master of Public and Pastoral Leadership
Academic awards and scholarships
Vancouver Theological Seminary awards annual prizes for Excellence in Writing and Excellence in Preaching named in honor of American theologian and author, Frederick Buechner. The Seminary also award the Angus MacMillan prize for proficiency in preaching, and the Lockhart Award for homiletics. Additionally, Vancouver Theological Seminary recognises missiological promise with the Henrietta DeWolfe Prize, and the John C. Sibley Prize. Excellence in the study of Church History is awarded with various prizes, including the Runnalls Award, the Dr. Kosaburo Shimizu Prize, the George R. Gordon Przie, and the Ellis Weston Memorial Award. Students that achieve excellence in the area of Biblical studies are recognised with the Lloyd Gaston Memorial Fund, the Rev. Dr. Robert Robinson Morrison Prize, and the Professor S. Vernon Fawcett Prize in Hebrew Bible.
Students at the Vancouver Theological Seminary are also eligible to apply for a range of scholarships, awarded both by the School and external organisations. Awarding organisations include the Anglican Foundation of Canada, the B.C. Paraplegic Foundation, the Beatty Ryckman Trust, the Canadian Armed Forces, the Canadian Hard of Hearing Association, the Ecole Biblique, the Knights Templar, the Leonard Foundation, the P.E.O. Sisterhood, the Prayer Book Society of Canada, the Presbyterian Church in Canada, the Royal Canadian Legion, the United Church of Canada, the Working Parent College Scholarship Program, the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, and the Canadian Federation of University Women.
Move from Iona Drive
On January 8, 2014, the Vancouver Sun reported that UBC had purchased the 85-year-old Vancouver School of Theology building on Iona Drive for $28 million and will convert it to the new home of UBC's Vancouver School of Economics (VSE) since the building was too large and costly for VST's 115 full- and part-time students to maintain. The Christian graduate school will move—in the summer of 2014—to a smaller building "on the north side of the UBC campus, called Somerville House. The school will retain its A-frame Chapel of Epiphany". While the 1927 Iona building is the longtime home of the Vancouver School of Theology, it needs only about a "quarter of the space" and it is finding it difficult to keep up with operating costs. VST will use a portion of the sale proceeds to relocate their operations to more suitable space in the UBC theological neighbourhood and place the balance of the funds in an endowment to support its educational mission and operations.
Gallery
History
William S. Taylor 'Step by Step by Step: An Anecdotal History of the Growth of Union College, 1948-1971 Vancouver School of Theology and University Hill United Church' (Vancouver: 1993)
Ralph C. Pybus, 'The Story of Union College' (Vancouver: Board of Governors, Union College of British Columbia, 1971 Pamphlet)
See also
University of British Columbia
University Endowment Lands
List of evangelical seminaries and theological colleges
References
External links
Seminaries and theological colleges in Canada
University Endowment Lands
University of British Columbia
Educational institutions established in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver%20School%20of%20Theology |
Anabisetia ( ) is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous Period of Patagonia, South America. It was a small bipedal herbivore, around long.
Discovery
Argentine paleontologists Rodolfo Coria and Jorge Orlando Calvo named Anabisetia in 2002. The generic name honors the late Ana Maria Biset, an influential archeologist from Neuquén Province in Argentina, where the remains of this animal were found. The one named species is called A. saldiviai, after Roberto Saldivia Blanco, a local farmer who had discovered the fossils in 1985 and brought them to the attention of science in 1993. The finds had already been reported in the scientific literature in 1996.
There are four specimens known, all listed in the original 2002 description. The holotype, MCF-PVPH 74, is the most complete of the four. It consists of fragmentary skull material, including a partial braincase and both dentary (lower jaw) bones, as well as a complete forelimb from shoulder to hand, a complete hindlimb and foot, and representative vertebrae from all sections of the spinal column. The other three specimens are less complete, but include elements not seen in the holotype, including more vertebrae, a complete pelvis and a nearly complete, articulated tail. Two specimens are the paratypes, MCF-PVPH-75 and MCF-PVPH-76. The fourth, MCF-PVPH-77, is referred to the species. When all four specimens are considered, the skeleton is more or less completely known except for the skull. These specimens are housed at the Museo Carmen Funes in Plaza Huincul, Argentina.
All four specimens were discovered at a locality called Cerro Bayo Mesa, thirty kilometers south of Plaza Huincul in the Neuquén province of Argentina. This locality is part of the Cerro Lisandro Formation, which is a geologic formation within the Rio Limay subgroup of the Neuquén Group. The sediments in this formation preserve a swamp which existed from the late Cenomanian through early Turonian stages of the Late Cretaceous Period, or about 95 to 92 million years ago.
Description
Anabisetia was a small bipedal herbivore. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at two meters, its weight at twenty kilograms. The describers established several unique traits of the species. At the back of the head, the connection with the neck, the occipital condyle, pointed rather downwards. The shoulder blade had an extension on its upper lower rim, the acromial process, that relatively was the largest ever found in the Euornithopoda. In the hand the fifth metatarsal was flattened with straight edges, instead of rounded in cross-section. In the pelvis, the ilium had a front blade that accounted for more than half of the total ilium length and extended in front of the prepubis. The ischium had a shaft that in the upper part was triangular in cross-section and in the lower part quadrangular. In the ankle the fibula touched the astragalus.
Classification
This dinosaur is thought to be closely related to another Patagonian ornithopod, Gasparinisaura, although the lack of skull material makes it difficult to place with precision. When originally described, Gasparinisaura and Anabisetia were thought to be basal iguanodontians, more derived than Tenontosaurus and members of the clade Euiguanodontia, and seen as endemic remnants of an early dispersion of basal iguanodontians on Pangea. Relatively recent cladistic analyses performed by Coria and others indicated that Gasparinisaura lies just outside of Iguanodontia, closer to North American ornithopods like Thescelosaurus and Parksosaurus. Anabisetia may fall in a similar position. However, in 2015, both taxa were found to be part of the clade Elasmaria along with other Antarctic and Patagonian ornithopods.
Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis of Rozadilla et al., 2015:
References
Ornithopods of South America
Cenomanian genus first appearances
Turonian genus extinctions
Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of South America
Cretaceous Argentina
Fossils of Argentina
Neuquén Basin
Fossil taxa described in 2002
Taxa named by Rodolfo Coria
Taxa named by Jorge O. Calvo
Ornithischian genera
Late Cretaceous ornithopods | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabisetia |
Lieutenant-General Theophilus Hunter Holmes (November 13, 1804 – June 21, 1880) was an American soldier who served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army and commanded infantry in the Eastern and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. He had previously served with distinction as an officer of the United States Army in the Seminole and Mexican–American wars. A friend and protégé of Confederate States President Jefferson Davis, he was appointed commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department but failed in his key task, which was to defend the Confederacy's hold on the Mississippi.
Early life and education
Holmes was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, in 1804. His father, Gabriel Holmes, was a former Governor of North Carolina and U.S. Congressman. After a failed attempt at plantation managing, Holmes asked his father for an appointment to the United States Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1829. He was ranked 44 out of 46 in his class. Holmes was quite deaf and was rarely aware of loud gunfire.
United States Army
After graduating, Holmes was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 7th U.S. Infantry Regiment. In 1838, Holmes attained the rank of captain. During his early services, Holmes served in Florida, the Indian Territory, and Texas. Holmes also served in the Second Seminole War, with distinction. In 1841, he married Laura Whetmore, with whom he had eight children. During the Mexican–American War, he was brevetted to major for the Battle of Monterrey in September 1846. This promotion was due to Jefferson Davis witnessing his courageous actions there. He received a full promotion to major of the 8th U.S. Infantry Regiment in 1855.
Confederate States Army
Early service
Almost immediately after the firing on Fort Sumter, Holmes resigned his commission in the U.S. Army and his command of Fort Columbus, on Governors Island in New York City, on April 22, 1861, having accepted a commission as a colonel in the Confederate States Army in March. He commanded the coastal defenses of the Department of North Carolina and then served as a brigadier-general in the North Carolina Militia. He was appointed brigadier-general on June 5, 1861, commanding the Department of Fredericksburg. Holmes was assigned to P. G. T. Beauregard, for the First Battle of Manassas. Beauregard sent Holmes orders to attack the U.S. left, but by the time the orders reached Holmes, the Confederate army was already victorious. Holmes was promoted to major general on October 7, 1861. He subsequently commanded the Aquia District before being assigned to the Department of North Carolina.
Peninsula Campaign
During the Peninsula Campaign in the spring of 1862, Holmes was moved to the Richmond area to defend it from the U.S. assault on the Confederate capital; thus, he became temporarily attached to the Army of Northern Virginia. His division consisted of the brigades of Brigadier-Generals Junius Daniel, John G. Walker, Henry A. Wise, and the cavalry brigade of Brig. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart. On June 30, 1862, while the Battle of Glendale was fought to the north, Holmes was ordered to cannonade retreating U.S. soldiers near Malvern Hill. His force was repulsed at Turkey Bridge by artillery fire from Malvern Hill and by the U.S. gunboats Galena and Aroostook on the James. His force was in reserve during the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1, 1862. After the Seven Days Battles, Robert E. Lee expressed displeasure at Holmes's mediocre performance. The two also had fundamental disagreements on strategy. Lee appears to have not been alone in his belief that the nearly 60-year-old Holmes was too old, sluggish, and passive (better as an administrator than a field commander) to wage the aggressive war of movement that Lee planned. In truth, the entire Confederate counterattack in the Seven Days Battles had been handled ineffectively, and many generals were to blame, including Lee himself. Jefferson Davis, in particular, did not think Holmes was any more at fault than the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia's command structure. Nonetheless, his age and unremarkable record in the war up to that point were factors against him, and Lee quickly made it clear that Holmes would not make the cut during the post-Seven Days restructuring of the army. General D. H. Hill, who was known for his sarcastic temperament, also widely spread the story of Holmes, saying, "I thought I heard firing" at Malvern Hill.
Trans-Mississippi Department
Holmes was then reassigned to the command of the Trans-Mississippi Department. On October 10, 1862, Jefferson Davis promoted Holmes to lieutenant-general, but Holmes initially declined, feeling he had done nothing to deserve the promotion. However, Davis urged him, and eventually, Holmes accepted. During his time as commander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, Holmes failed to perform his most important duty: defend the Confederacy's hold on the Mississippi River. He refused to send troops to relieve Vicksburg, Mississippi, during the Vicksburg Campaign, leading to a U.S. victory. Holmes, operating from Arkansas, protested that the troops in that state were nearly useless and there was no realistic possibility of using them to relieve Vicksburg. For the most part, the Confederate forces in this remote area were little more than a disorganized mob of militia scattered across all corners of the state. There were few weapons available and even fewer modern ones. For the most part, the soldiers had no shoes, no uniforms, no munitions, no training, organization, or discipline, a situation worsened by the fact that many communities in Arkansas had no government above the village level. People did not pay taxes or have any written laws and strongly resisted any attempt to impose an outside government or military discipline on them. Soldiers in the Arkansas militia did not understand the organization of a proper army or obey orders from above. Even worse, many were in poor physical condition and unable to handle the rigors of a lengthy military campaign. Holmes, for his part, believed that he could muster an army of about 15,000 men in Arkansas, but there would be almost no competent officers to lead it anyway. Further compounding his difficulties were multiple U.S. armies converging on the state from all sides. In this situation, Holmes wrote to Richmond that if, by some miracle, he could organize the Arkansas militia into an army and get them across the Mississippi River, they would desert as soon as they got to the east bank. As another serious difficulty, the remote Trans-Mississippi region had considerably lower support for the Confederate cause than the states of the east. Declaring secession from the United States in 1861 had largely been the decision of the state legislature of Arkansas and was not well received among much of the population. Attempts to enforce conscription into the Confederate army met with resistance. Many locals dodged the draft, became guerrillas, or even joined the U.S. army, resulting in harsh penalties imposed by state governments against draft dodgers.
After numerous complaints were sent to Davis, who had little understanding of events in a region almost 900 miles from Richmond, Holmes was relieved as head of the Trans-Mississippi Department in March 1863.
District of Arkansas
After Holmes was relieved as head of the Trans-Mississippi Department, General Edmund Kirby Smith appointed him head of the District of Arkansas and in June, ordered Holmes to make a desperation attack to take some pressure off the beleaguered Vicksburg garrison. On July 4, the day Vicksburg fell to U.S. General Ulysses Grant's army, Holmes attacked the U.S. garrison at Helena, Arkansas with 8,000 men. He planned a coordinated attack in conjunction with Sterling Price, John S. Marmaduke, James Fleming Fagan, and Governor of Arkansas Harris Flanagin. Despite miscommunication, the Confederate army had some initial success, but after hours of fighting, a general retreat was called. The Confederates pulled back to Little Rock, Arkansas. On July 23, Holmes became ill and temporarily relinquished command in Arkansas to Sterling Price. Price evacuated Little Rock on September 10, and two weeks later Holmes resumed command. In a letter sent to Jefferson Davis on January 29, 1864, Kirby Smith reported that Holmes's age was catching up to him and that he was deficient in energy and suffering memory problems; thus, he needed to be replaced by a younger man. The soldiers he commanded in Arkansas had already taken to sarcastically calling him "Granny". Upon learning of this, an insulted Holmes resigned from his post on February 28.
Later service and life
In April 1864, Holmes commanded the Reserve Forces of North Carolina. Holmes saw little action after being appointed to this new position. He held this position until the end of the war. Holmes, along with General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered to William Tecumseh Sherman on April 26, 1865. He returned to North Carolina, where he spent the rest of his life as a farmer. Holmes died on June 21, 1880 in Fayetteville, North Carolina, and is buried there in MacPherson Presbyterian Church Cemetery.
See also
List of Confederate generals
Notes
Bibliography
Dougherty, Kevin, and Michael J. Moore. The Peninsula Campaign of 1862: A Military Analysis. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005. .
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Hilderman, Walter C. III Theophilus Hunter Holmes: A North Carolina General in the Civil War. McFarland & Company Inc., 2013. .
Hoig, Stan. Beyond the Frontier: Exploring the Indian Country. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998. .
Johnston, Joseph E. Narrative of Military Operations. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1874.
McCrady, Edward, and Samuel A'Court Ashe. Cyclopedia of Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas of the Nineteenth Century. Vol. 2. Madison, WS: Brant & Fuller, 1892. .
Welsh, Jack D. Medical Histories of Confederate Generals. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1999. .
Williams, Clay. "Theophilus Hunter Holmes." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. .
Further reading
Walther, Eric H. William Lowndes Yancey and the Coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, .
Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
External links
1804 births
1880 deaths
American military personnel of the Indian Wars
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Confederate States Army lieutenant generals
People from Sampson County, North Carolina
People of North Carolina in the American Civil War
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus%20H.%20Holmes |
George Holden Tinkham (October 29, 1870 – August 28, 1956) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Massachusetts.
Early years
Tinkham was born October 29, 1870, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Frances Ann Holden and George Henry Tinkham, a produce dealer. He graduated from Harvard College in 1894.
Career
Tinkham served as a member of the Boston Common Council in 1897 and 1898. After this first venture into politics he resumed his education at Harvard Law School. He was admitted to the bar in 1899 and commenced practice in Boston. Tinkham returned to public office, serving as a member of the Boston Board of Aldermen from 1900 to 1902.
Tinkham spent the next several years working as a lawyer. In 1910 he returned to public service, being elected as a member of the Massachusetts State Senate, where he served from 1910 to 1912.
During World War I, he served in the military; Tinkham would later tell Life magazine that while touring the front as a Congressman he fired the first American shot against the Austrians.
Tinkham was elected as a Republican to the Sixty-fourth Congress and to the thirteen succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1915 – January 3, 1943). During that time Tinkham was nicknamed "the conscience of the House" for his efforts to protect voting rights for African Americans, in part by highlighting of the South's disproportionate representation in the House related to that region's voting population.
Tinkham did not stand for renomination in 1942. He continued to practice law in Boston until his retirement; died in Cramerton, North Carolina, on August 28, 1956; interment in Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston.
In his spare time, he went on safaris in Kenya.
See also
131st Massachusetts General Court (1910)
Notes
References
External links
Massachusetts lawyers
Republican Party Massachusetts state senators
Boston City Council members
Republican Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
1870 births
1956 deaths
Harvard College alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
People from South End, Boston
Military personnel from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20H.%20Tinkham |
Albert E. Cowdrey (December 8, 1933 in New Orleans, Louisiana – August 21, 2022) was an American author who wrote nonfictional historical studies and fantasy and science fiction literature. He was educated in Tulane and Johns Hopkins universities and worked for twenty-five years as a military historian, mostly in and around Washington, D.C. As a Chief of the Special History Branch in the U.S. Army, he wrote a number of books about the history of the medical branches of the army. He published the science fiction novel Crux and more than fifty short stories. Much of his short fiction has appeared in Fantasy and Science Fiction and centered on his love for New Orleans, where he was born and raised. He is the only writer to receive awards from both the American Historical Association and the World Fantasy Convention.
In 2003 Cowdrey's short story "Queen for a Day" won the World Fantasy Award. His novella "The Overseer" received a nomination in the 2009 World Fantasy Awards. His novella "The Tribes of Bela" was a finalist for the 2005 Nebula Award.
Bibliography
Short fiction
Stories
The Familiar, (ss) F&SF Mar 1997
White Magic, (nv) F&SF Mar 1998
The Great Ancestor, (ss) F&SF Sep 1998
Revenge, (ss) F&SF May 1999
Tomorrow, (ss) F&SF Jun 2001
Queen for a Day, (nv) F&SF Oct/Nov 2001
Ransom [Crux], (na) F&SF Mar 2002
The Posthumous Man, (ss) F&SF Jul 2002
The Boy’s Got Talent, (nv) F&SF Sep 2002
Grey Star, (ss) F&SF Jan 2003
The Dog Movie, (ss) F&SF Apr 2003
Danny’s Inferno, (ss) F&SF Dec 2003
Rapper, (ss) F&SF Feb 2004
Silent Echoes, (nv) F&SF Apr 2004
A Balance of Terrors, (ss) F&SF Jul 2004
The Tribes of Bela, (na) F&SF Aug 2004
The Name of the Sphinx, (nv) F&SF Dec 2004
The Amulet, (nv) F&SF Mar 2005
Twilight States, (ss) F&SF Jul 2005
The Housewarming, (ss) F&SF Sep 2005
The Revivalist, (na) F&SF Mar 2006
Imitation of Life, (ss) F&SF May 2006
Animal Magnetism, (nv) F&SF Jun 2006
Immortal Forms, (ss) F&SF Aug 2006
Revelation, (ss) F&SF Oct/Nov 2006
Murder in the Flying Vatican, (na) F&SF Aug 2007
Envoy Extraordinary , (ss) F&SF Sep 2007
The Recreation Room, (nv) F&SF Oct/Nov 2007
The Overseer, (na) F&SF March 2008
Thrilling Wonder Stories, (ss) F&SF May 2008
Poison Victory, (nv) F&SF July 2008
A Skeptical Spirit, (nv) F&SF Dec 2008
Seafarer's Blood, (nv) F&SF Jan 2009
The Visionaries, (ss) F&SF Jan/Feb 2016
The Legacy, (nv) F&SF July/Aug 2019
This Land, This South: An Environmental History 1983
References
External links
Bluejack entry - Site with partial bibliography and biographical details.
Albert E. Cowdrey obituary
1933 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
American fantasy writers
21st-century American historians
American male novelists
American male short story writers
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction people
World Fantasy Award-winning writers
Writers from New Orleans
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Louisiana
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from Louisiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20E.%20Cowdrey |
Never Say Die is a memoir by Jack Hawkins, a lieutenant with the United States's 4th Marines in World War II. It was first published in 1961.
The book relates Hawkins' experiences as a prisoner of war in Japanese prison camps after the American surrender in the Philippines.
Long, careful and very secret planning was involved for this hazardous venture. Here is a list of some articles which had to be procured, taken out the gate, and stashed away in a safe place in the jungle, to be available at the appointed time: compass, sextant, chronometer, navigation tables, protractor, dividers, chart of the Southwest Pacific, pencils. Some of these items had to be hand-made. Each man had to have a change of clothing, blanket, shelter tent, mosquito net, canteen, mess kit, and food for five days. Medical supplies had to include quinine, sulfa drugs, first-aid kit, water purifier, and any other medicines they could get their hands on. Other equipment included bolo knives, field glasses, file, hammer, pliers, matches, cooking-can with handle. This indicates the kind of meticulous planning required for prisoners to effect an escape that had a chance to result in survival. ... Among other things, each man was chosen for certain basic qualities, such as character, physical fitness, desire and courage. Also, they were chosen for certain knowledge and/or technical skills required to do the job, and each man was assigned specific responsibilities. They were able to enlist a couple of Filipino ex-convicts still living in the area as advisers and guides, who were invaluable.
When he and others finally escape from a camp, they join the American-Filipino guerrillas under the command of Lt. Col Wendell Fertig. Hawkins serves with Fertig for several months and is involved in numerous actions. For these actions he was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.
Also, an important point is that he persevered throughout the story. An important example is the scene where a group of soldiers and he escape from the POW camp and are met by a gang of guerrilla soldiers. After they prove to be friendly, one of the soldiers tells them that he was trying to shoot them but the cartridge was bad. This shows that those who persevere through hard times will be eventually rewarded.
Then, with the help of the guerrilla soldiers, they go up north to get communications with an American submarine to come and take them to Australia where they could be safe and then rejoin the fighting.
Also, before escaping from a camp in Manila, Hawkins is held in a camp in Corregidor where the conditions are horrible and people lose all sense of discipline and do horrible things. People are dying left and right and they are all falling of disease. Then they are taken and sent to a camp in Manila., along with people in other camps.
Before being sent to the Corregidor, Hawkins and other soldiers had to march from their points of surrender to the camp. This march was nicknamed the March of Death because of how many died of disease, exhaustion. And those who could not continue were killed. The march to Manila (after a trip by sea) was less brutal, but still took lives. (In the camp in Manila, only the strong were sent to Manila to work. This helped soldiers improve conditions by secretly eating the food they harvested). Also the conditions were better because this was the lenient Major Maeda who was running the place, not strict lieutenant Hozumi.
Eventually evacuated to Australia by an American submarine, Hawkins later was involved in planning for the invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. He stayed in the USMC after World War II and eventually retired as a full colonel.
Hawkins also talks about his fiancee, Rhea Ritter, who later becomes his wife. They met at the beginning of Hawkins' senior year at the Military Academy in September 1938. Their wedding took place at the Naval Academy Chapel.
References
Further reading
Hawkins, J. 1961. Never say Die. Dorrance & Company, Inc. Philadelphia.
How marine POWs hung tough, History Net.
1961 non-fiction books
World War II memoirs
Memoirs of imprisonment
Military history of the Philippines during World War II
Books about the Philippines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never%20Say%20Die%20%28memoir%29 |
"The Death of Jack Hamilton" is a short story by American writer Stephen King. It was originally published in the December 24/31, 2001 issue of The New Yorker magazine. In 2002, it was published in King's collection Everything's Eventual. This true crime story is based on the death of Jack Hamilton, a member of John Dillinger's first gang.
Plot summary
The story is written from the first-person view of Homer Van Meter, a member of John Dillinger's gang, who says he wants to tell the story of how Dillinger got the scar on his upper lip. Following a gun battle with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) at Little Bohemia Lodge, Van Meter, Dillinger and Jack Hamilton escape in a vehicle, though exchange gunfire with police from their vehicle some time later. The three men escape again, though Hamilton is shot. After ditching their damaged vehicle and stealing another from a passing motorist, the men take refuge in a rented room behind a bar, where they stay for the next five days. Hamilton's condition deteriorates, with it becoming apparent the bullet is lodged in his lung and the wound is turning gangrenous. Hamilton goes through periods of delirium. In a period of lucidity, he asks Dillinger and Van Meter to entertain him, by walking on his hands and doing "the trick with the flies" respectively, though Dillinger says he will do it later and Van Meter points out there are no flies around.
Dillinger attempts to get Dr. Joseph Moran to treat Hamilton, though returns insisting to Van Meter that Moran "was a crybaby" and he doesn't want such a man to treat Hamilton. He tells Van Meter he threatened Moran into giving him the contact details of someone else, and Moran contacted Volney Davis, a member of Ma Barker's gang. Dillinger and Van Meter take Hamilton to stay with Davis, his girlfriend "Rabbits" and Ma's son Doc, in Aurora, Illinois. Rabbits performs surgery on Hamilton and removes the bullet, though as expected the surgery is too late and his condition worsens. News that Moran has been arrested leads both Dillinger and Barker's gangs to believe he will inform the FBI of their whereabouts, though they all elect to not abandon the dying Hamilton. They agree to instead make a final stand, though the authorities never arrive.
When Hamilton's death appears imminent, Van Meter goes and catches flies with strands of thread, a skill he developed to pass the time when he was in prison. He catches several and shows them to an impressed Hamilton. Dillinger then entertains Hamilton by walking on his hands. While Hamilton is laughing at his antics, Dillinger's revolver falls out of his pants, discharging and injuring himself. The occupants realize Dillinger has only grazed his upper lip, shortly before noticing that Hamilton has died. Dillinger and Van Meter bury their friend, and Dillinger says he thinks his notorious run of good luck has ended and that he will be caught soon.
Film adaptation
Stephen King allowed an adaptation of the story to be made in 2012 as part of his "Dollar Baby" deal. An official teaser trailer for the short film was released in September 2012, though the film itself was never released.
See also
Stephen King short fiction bibliography
References
2002 short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Stephen King
Short stories about organized crime
Works originally published in The New Yorker
Cultural depictions of John Dillinger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Death%20of%20Jack%20Hamilton |
Stephen Gerard Boyd (born August 22, 1972) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Boston College Eagles, starting for four seasons, and was selected in the fifth round of the 1995 NFL Draft with the 141st pick. Boyd was a two-time Pro Bowl selection at middle linebacker for the Lions.
Early years
Boyd played his high school football for Valley Stream Central High School (Valley Stream, NY) for Coach Dan Tronolone, where he led the Eagles to the 1989 Nassau County Conference II Championship. A two-year captain, Boyd was selected as a Daily News All-Star his junior year after recording 102 tackles and three fumble recoveries. Boyd tabbed 92 tackles, three fumble recoveries, three interceptions and a blocked punt as a senior. He also contributed 576 yards on 104 carries with 14 touchdowns as a fullback and added 9 PATs. He was selected as the Daily News Metropolitan Player of the Year and selected to the All-Suburbun football team. He was the winner of the Thorpe Award which goes to the best football player in Nassau County.
Boyd chose to play at Boston College after entertaining over two dozen offers including Wake Forest, Notre Dame, and Maryland. Boyd earned a starting role as a redshirt freshman in the 1991 season where he totaled 100 tackles. As a sophomore Boyd earned 2nd team All-Big East honors. During the 1993 campaign, Boyd led the Big East in tackles with 161 and was selected 1st team All-Big East. In 1994, he was elected the ECAC Player of the Year. As a senior at Boston College, he was invited to play in the 1994 East-West Shrine Game where he recorded an interception and the 1994 Hula Bowl.
Professional career
Boyd was selected 141st overall in the 1995 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions.
1995
As a rookie in the NFL, he backed up legendary All-Pro middle linebacker Chris Spielman.
1996
1997
When Spielman left the Lions for the Buffalo Bills in 1996, Boyd became the starter and an integral part of the defense for the next six seasons. In 1997, Boyd paced the Lions with 192 tackles leading Detroit to the NFC Wild Card game for the second time in three seasons. He was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week (8/31) in the season opener when he scored his first career touchdown on a 42-yard fumble recovery, and set up the game winning TD with his first career interception. He also led the team with 15 tackles that game.
1998
In 1998, Boyd led the Lions with 156 tackles, despite missing the last three games of the season with a shoulder injury. He was named the NFC Player of the Month for November when he compiled 56 tackles and two sacks in four games. He was named the first alternate at middle linebacker on the NFC's Pro Bowl squad, and would have played in the game if he had not been recovering from a shoulder injury.
1999
In 1999, Boyd led the team in tackles for the third straight season with 128. He was also named to the All-Madden team for the first time in his career. In a Wild Card loss to the Washington Redskins Boyd recorded 18 tackles and returned his first post-season interception for five yards. He was also named to his first Pro Bowl as a starter for the NFC as middle linebacker.
2000
In 2000, Boyd led the Lions for the fourth consecutive year with 139 tackles. He recorded 10 double-digit tackle outings in the 15 games that he played. He was named to his second consecutive Associated Press Pro Bowl, and was also named All-Pro Second Team and All-NFC for second straight season by Football News.
2001
Boyd retired in May 2002 after playing in only 4 games in the 2001 season due to chronic back pain.
NFL statistics
Post-playing career
He currently resides in Long Beach, New York and was the head coach of Chaminade High School football in Mineola, New York before retiring in 2016. He continues to work at Chaminade part-time.
References
1972 births
Living people
Valley Stream Central High School alumni
American football linebackers
Boston College Eagles football players
Detroit Lions players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
High school football coaches in New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Boyd%20%28American%20football%29 |
The vestibular nuclei (VN) are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve located in the brainstem.
In Terminologia Anatomica they are grouped in both the pons and the medulla in the brainstem.
Structure
Path
The fibers of the vestibular nerve enter the medulla oblongata on the medial side of those of the cochlear, and pass between the inferior peduncle and the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.
They then divide into ascending and descending fibers. The latter end by arborizing around the cells of the medial nucleus, which is situated in the area acustica of the rhomboid fossa. The ascending fibers either end in the same manner or in the lateral nucleus, which is situated lateral to the area acustica and farther from the ventricular floor.
Some of the axons of the cells of the lateral nucleus, and possibly also of the medial nucleus, are continued upward through the inferior peduncle to the roof nuclei of the opposite side of the cerebellum, to which also other fibers of the vestibular root are prolonged without interruption in the nuclei of the medulla oblongata.
A second set of fibers from the medial and lateral nuclei end partly in the tegmentum, while the remainder ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus to arborize around the cells of the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve.
Fibers from the lateral vestibular nucleus also pass via the vestibulospinal tract, to anterior horn cells at many levels in the spinal cord, in order to co-ordinate head and trunk movements.
Subnuclei
There are 4 subnuclei; they are situated at the floor of the fourth ventricle.
See also
Vestibular nerve
Vestibulocerebellar syndrome
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080405062814/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/eshuphysio/program/section8/8ch6/s8ch6_29.htm
Parkinson.org
Motor Systems Cerebellum
Cranial nerve nuclei | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular%20nuclei |
Campylobacter fetus is a rod-shaped, gram-negative species of bacteria within the genus Campylobacter of phylum Pseudomonadota. Identification of C. fetus species in infected animals or people is routinely performed by culture on blood or cefoperazone deoxycholate agar. Subspecies of C. fetus commonly causes reproductive disease in ruminants and gastrointestinal disease in humans. Transmission of C. fetus subspecies venerealis occurs mainly through venereal contact while transmission of C. fetus subspecies fetus occurs mainly through ingestion of bacteria in a contaminated environment. Infertility in cattle and abortion in sheep are common outcomes of infection associated with C. fetus subspecies venerealis and C. fetus subspecies fetus, respectively. Disease in humans occurs through zoonotic transmission of C. fetus mainly via ingestion of contaminated food or water sources. C. fetus can be diagnosed with polymerase chain reaction assays, enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and vaginal mucus agglutination testing. As vaccines are typically not efficient in preventing future spread, infected bulls are often culled. Human infections may be treated with erythromycin as antimicrobial resistance has been emerging for the fluoroquinolones.
Morphology and identification
On cytology, C. fetus is a gram-negative rod, though may present coccoid under suboptimal conditions. A distinguishing feature of C. fetus is the "S-shape" of the rod, resembling thin, helical spirochaetes. C. fetus can be a highly motile organism by means of a single, unsheathed flagellum. Genus identification based on motility may be possible due to their characteristic corkscrew-like movement. C. fetus are non-spore forming and microaerophilic organisms that are both catalase and oxidase-positive, but non-fermentative.
Identification of C. fetus requires aseptic sample collection, followed by culture and potentially further biochemical and molecular methods. To increase the likelihood of successful growth, cultures on blood agar should be performed as soon as possible following collection. If samples are likely to be contaminated or faster growth is required, selective media or the use of antibiotics can be employed to inhibit growth of contaminants. Modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate (CCD) agar is a growth medium designed to isolate Campylobacters from feces. On CCD agar, C. fetus will grow as grey colonies that may appear moist. Growth of C. fetus can be seen within 40–48 hours of incubation between 25-37 °C under microaerophilic conditions. Some, but not all species of C. fetus will grow at 42 °C. Because C. fetus is a fastidious organism to grow, positive cultures can be considered diagnostic, however negative cultures cannot rule out the possibility of infection.
Additional methods of identification may be used to diagnosis C. fetus to the subspecies level. Biochemical methods can identify subspecies of C. fetus, though may be considered unreliable. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus (Cff) can grow in 1% glycine and produce H2S, while C. fetus subspecies venerealis (Cfv) cannot. Growth of Cff will not occur in 3.5% NaCl. To increase reliability of identification, molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction or DNA sequencing may be utilized. Other methods of identification include histology, immunohistochemistry, direct immunofluorescence, agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Virulence factors
Campylobacter spp. in general possess membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with low biological activity compared to other bacteria (i.e. Enterobacteriaceae), subsequently avoiding detection by the host immune system and which may explain why persistent infections can occur. In terms of subspecies, C. fetus subspecies venerealis and C. fetus subspecies fetus have a unique structural component that prevents host-mediated phagocytosis; this "S-layer" is a microcapsule of high molecular weight proteins arranged in a lattice formation. The S-layer prevents complement-mediated bacterial killing by impairing the binding of C3b to the surface of the bacteria. The S-layer is critical in the pathogenicity of C. fetus, as it allows for a significant bacteremic phase for hematogenous dissemination. Additionally, Cfv has long LPS side chains (O-antigens) that may resist complement-mediated bacterial killing. Aside from complement-mediated mechanisms, C. fetus has also evolved variation in its S-layer proteins (SLPs) of the S-layer to subvert the host antibody response.
Pathogenesis and disease
There are two subspecies of C. fetus that cause reproductive disease in ruminants; C. fetus subspecies fetus and C. fetus subspecies venerealis. These subspecies are associated with abortion in sheep and cattle and infertility in cattle, respectively. C. fetus subspecies fetus is a zoonotic pathogen that has been reported to cause disease in immunocompromised humans. Similar to C. fetus subspecies jejuni, C. fetus subspecies fetus can be acquired via fecal-oral route and resides mostly in the gastrointestinal tract. Other means of transmission include the ingestion of infected fluid or placentas. Infections with Cff appear to be more detrimental in ewes than in cows, spreading readily through a flock resulting in abortion storms.
Bovine
Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis
Bovine infectious infertility is a reproductive disease caused by infection of Cfv that leads to early embryonic mortality in cattle. Other names for this disease in cattle include campylobacteriosis, bovine venereal campylobacteriosis (BVC), bovine genital campylobacteriosis. The disease is also referred to more colloquially as "vibriosis", based on the former classification of the bacteria under the Vibrio genus. Bovine venereal campylobacteriosis is primarily a problem in beef cattle breeding stock. C. fetus subspecies venerealis is an obligate colonizer of the bull penile and preputial mucosa. Infection of bulls with Cfv is a chronic, asymptomatic infection that leads to the development carrier bulls in the breeding herd. Infection of the prepuce can persist for years in bulls and is often undetected due to the lack of any visible lesions on the penis or prepuce. Younger bulls are more likely to clear the Cfv infection than older bulls, therefore transmission risk increases with bull age. Transmission of Cfv to cows occurs through mating with an infected bull. Alongside Tritrichomonas foetus, bovine venereal campylobacteriosis considered an important sexually transmitted disease (STD) of cattle. However, transmission can occur by artificial insemination with semen from an infected bull. Transmissibility from carriers to naïve cows is high, such that outbreaks of Cfv in the herd can often be traced to the introduction of a new bull. Infection sites in the cow include the vagina, cervix, endometrium, and oviducts. If the cow becomes pregnant, the placenta can also be a site of infection. Rather than the bacterial colonization itself, the ensuing inflammatory response in the uterus and oviducts is often the cause of early embryonic mortality. Loss of embryos is generally within the first 15 to 21 days of conception, indicating infection occurred near mating. Late term abortions have been reported for Cfv infections in cows, but are much less likely than early embryonic loss. Cows with BVC display irregular estrus cycles, signs of heat when presumed to be pregnant, and increased returns to service, but often lack any outward signs of infection. On a herd level, Cfv leads to widespread infertility, wide variability in calf age, longer calving seasons, and decreased calf crops. Infected cows may return to estrus up to five times before pregnancy can be maintained. Infections and pregnancy loss in subsequent calving seasons is substantially less severe than the first season of infection, as cows can mount a sufficient immune response. However, the bacteria can persist in the vaginal mucosa for years in some cows, leading to infection of bulls upon mating. It is also reported that Cfv can become endemic in cow herds, leading to a low incidence of embryonic loss every 4 to 5 years; in these cases, heifers appear to be most vulnerable to Cfv infection as they lack sufficient immunity. Cow- to-cow transmission of Cfv has not been reported. A major risk factor for introduction of Cfv-infection in a breeding herd is the introduction of new animals with unknown Cfv-status, whether these be cows or bulls. Economic losses from Cfv infections can be substantial - such losses include culling non-pregnant cows, culling infected bulls, decreased calves born, decreased weaning weights, and prolonged calving seasons.
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus is a commensal organism of the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus is a cause of sporadic abortions in cattle and sheep, but is more of a serious problem in sheep production. Ingestion of fecal-contaminated food or water, rather than venereal transmission as with Cfv, is the route of exposure for cattle. Infection arises from hematogenous spread of the bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract through the uterus to infect the placenta of pregnant cows. Often, this will lead to failure of pregnancy and, more commonly, late-term abortions (i.e., between months 4 to 7 of gestation). Infection of the fetus leads to death, however the fetus is retained for a period of time prior to expulsion. Retention of the deceased fetus causes necrosis of the placenta and placental lesions are not easily distinguished from Brucella abortus, characterized by cotyledon colour change from pink/red to yellow/brown. Other pathologic characteristics of placental necrosis include placental edema and leathery texture.
Ovine
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus is a normal member of the sheep gastrointestinal microbiome. Transmission occurs through the fecal-oral route or by hematogenous spread from the intestine to the reproductive tract and placenta. Infection from ingestion of Cff-contaminated placenta is also a possible route of infection. Ewes that appear to be particularly sensitive to Cff infection are those with underlying immunosuppression or are naïve to the flock. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus localizes in the placenta of the pregnant ewe and may lead to fetal hepatitis. Specifically, in sheep and goats, fetuses aborted due to campylobacteriosis, are often accompanied with an edematous placenta, friable cotyledons and upon necropsy exhibit necrotic foci on their livers. Late-term abortion is the main outcome of a Cff infection. Abortion outbreaks can be seen with Cff in a susceptible ewe herd, where few sporadic abortions are followed by large numbers of abortions in the herd. In naïve herds, the incidence of abortions can reach 70%. Abortions occur within 3 to 4 weeks of infection. Infected ewes rarely show systemic disease, but may include diarrhea, fever, and vaginal discharge. If infection occurs near-term, weak lambs are born and often die within several days. In rare cases, a fetus may die in utero and cause an ascending infection from the placenta, septicemia and possibly death in the ewe. Ewes can often mount sufficient immune responses following infection, therefore subsequent lambing seasons are not as severely affected. Campylobacter jejuni, another gastrointestinal tract commensal of ruminants, is another important cause of abortion in ewes.
Zoonosis/interspecies transmission
Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus infections are associated with gastroenteritis and, rarely, sepsis in people. Although most infections are self-resolving of particular concern are those individuals with underlying conditions (e.g., HIV), seniors, as well as pregnant women. Clinically relevant transmission between humans generally involve neonates. Zoonotic transmission of Cff occurs mainly by ingestion of food and water contaminated by feces from infected ruminants, or ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products from infected cows. Ingestion of raw ovine or bovine liver has also been linked to sources of infection. Likewise, cross-contamination due to improper food safety has resulted in similar infections. Symptoms of acute gastroenteritis associated with Cff infections include abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhea and fever. When sepsis does occur, Cff can cause a myriad of infections in accidental hosts such as perinatal, neurological and endocardial infections. Occasionally, abortion in humans can occur, similar to that in sheep, as a result of placental infection through septic spread of Cff from the gastrointestinal tract. The fetus can either undergo spontaneous abortion or be born with an ongoing infection which can eventuate in the infiltration of nervous tissues. Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis rarely causes sepsis in immunocompromised individuals.
Diagnosis
Epidemiological clues in the breeding herd or flock can indicate Campylobacter fetus infections. Often, C. fetus may not be suspected until herd level changes are noticed, generally at the end of the breeding season (Cfv) or end of herd gestation (Cff) (e.g., high incidence of open cows, multiple returns to service, high incidence of abortions in ewes). If suspected, C. fetus can be diagnosed through basic culturing and laboratory tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, enzyme linked immune sorbent assays (ELISA), and vaginal mucus agglutination test (VMAT). Diagnosis depends on isolation of the causative agent under microaerophilic conditions. C. fetus is extremely delicate to environmental conditions including sunlight, dehydration, increased temperature, and high O2. In adverse conditions, the spiral rods degenerate to a coccoid morphology, making diagnosis based on morphology difficult. In addition, C. fetus can be quickly outgrown by competing microbes, indicating that timely culture and sample submission are important.
For reproductive diseases, samples may include vaginal mucus swabs, preputial washes or scrapings with buffered sterile saline, stomach contents or tissue of abortuses. Samples should be immediately transported to the lab and enrichment needs to be provided to allow accurate diagnosis. Samples should be kept at 25-37 °C and supplied on mediums such as Clarks Transport Medium (contains gas and fresh bovine serum) or Amies Medium (contains charcoal). Antibiotics can be used to inhibit competing microbes for faster growth of C. fetus.
Prior to diagnosis, labs will culture the organism from samples. Diagnosis is most commonly done using blood agar, where growth is presented after incubation over 4–5 days at 25-37 °C. Colonies will appear as gamma-hemolytic, round, and light pink. A microaerophilic environment with reduced oxygen (5-10%) and carbon dioxide (3-5%) is needed through the use of specialized gas packs. Once cultured, molecular tests can be performed to obtain a more accurate diagnosis.
ELISA
Measuring IgA antibodies in vaginal mucus is used as a diagnostic test. Specificity of ELISA may reach 98.5%, however antibody fluctuations in cattle can result in false positives. In an ELISA test using murine monoclonal antibodies, 66 preputial samples were collected. 49 of these were positive for ELISA and culture and 16 were positive by ELISA only making it useful as a diagnostic test for C. fetus.
Vaginal Mucus Agglutination Test
Agglutination can detect the binding of antibodies and antigens, resulting in clumped bacterial cells. Since antibodies to the target organism may cross-react with other organisms, autoagglutination may occur. Agglutination is primarily used when the sample is obtained from a vaginal mucous wash, and the test may reach a sensitivity of 50%.
PCR
Real time PCR techniques using ISCfe1 insertion site is the most sensitive technique for diagnosis of Cfv-associated abortion. ISCfe1 is a newly discovered insertion site used in PCR to differentiate between Cfv and Cff. It only occurs in Cfv strains, so it is essential for the implementation of efficient Cfv control and eradication. Samples from stomach contents and vaginal discharges allow accurate diagnosis of C. fetus and its subspecies for epidemiological and pathogenic purposes.
ELISA and VMAT are good diagnostic tests, although they are usually used for screening purposes and a proper diagnosis requires further tests via PCR. The PCR assay differentiates between subspecies of C. fetus, which important to determine pathogenesis and develop an effective treatment plan. However, diagnosis of C. fetus may be problematic due to poor growth in atmospheric conditions and the ability to be outcompeted by contaminating microbes. To overcome this, multiple samples are to be collected from each animal and multiple tests may be used simultaneously to increase sensitivity and the probability of a correct diagnosis.
Treatment
Venereal campylobacteriosis is more commonly found in herds where natural mating is allowed. Infected bulls are typically removed from the herd or culled as treatment can be difficult and may result in persistent carriers. Antibiotic treatment of infected bulls and cows with Cfv is considered impractical. Artificial insemination may reduce the prevalence of infection if a Cfv-free source bull is used. As cows can recover from these infections, they are not culled but kept from mating naturally for at least two calving seasons. Vaccines can be used to reduce the occurrence of campylobacteriosis but will not eradicate infections. For example, vaccination of bulls, cows, and heifers against Cfv has some efficacy but does not consistently prevent transmission. C. fetus may evade complete detection and eradication by the immune system as chronic and relapse cases have been noted. The majority of C. fetus infections have been specifically linked to Cff. The ovine Cff vaccine has likewise been found ineffective in preventing future infections in ewes given that it does not provide protection against all strains of Cff.
In zoonotic cases of Campylobacter, infections will often resolve without treatment. Should there be underlying conditions or risk factors, patients may be treated with erythromycin. Fluoroquinolones are often avoided as antimicrobial resistance has been emerging. Often in these cases of interspecies infections, proper hygienic protocols of food safety and hand hygiene can prevent infection.
See also
Campylobacteriosis
References
External links
Type strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Type strain of Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis at BacDive – the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Campylobacterota
Bacteria described in 1919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campylobacter%20fetus |
Ankistrodon is an extinct genus of archosauriform known from the Early Triassic Panchet Formation of India. First thought to be a theropod dinosaur, it was later determined to be a proterosuchid. The type species is A. indicus, described by prolific British zoologist Thomas Henry Huxley in 1865. One authority in the 1970s classified Ankistrodon as a senior synonym of Proterosuchus.
References
Fossil taxa described in 1865
Early Triassic reptiles of Asia
Taxa named by Thomas Henry Huxley
Prehistoric reptile genera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankistrodon |
"Never Far Behind" is a contemporary Christian song recorded by American pop rock duo Aly & AJ for the Christian edition of their debut album Into the Rush. The single was only released on Christian radio stations in October 2005. It went to number one on Radio & Records (R&R) Christian CHR. This is the second Aly & AJ song to have an official release to a radio format other than Radio Disney. So far, there have only been four ("Rush", "Never Far Behind", "Chemicals React", and "Potential Breakup Song"). The song was later also included on the deluxe edition of Into the Rush, which was released on August 8, 2006.
Production
The song was originally written and recorded for the soundtrack of The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe but was not included in it.
Track listing
Charts
References
2006 singles
Aly & AJ songs
Songs written by Matt Bronleewe
Hollywood Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never%20Far%20Behind |
Saidū Sharīf (Pashto/Urdu: ) is the capital of the Swat District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The city also serves as the capital city of the Malakand Division. It was named after Saidu Baba, a prominent leader of the former princely state of Swat.
Saidu Sharif is the hub of several official buildings, and archeological sites such as the Swat Museum, the tomb of Saidu Baba, Royal Residential Palace of the former Wali-e-Swat, and the archaeological remains of the Butkara Buddhist Stupa. It is also home to the Govt. Girls Degree College, Govt. Jahanzeb College, DIG, DC, and the Commissioner House.
Old name of the city
Since the ancient Buddhist era, the name of Saidu Sharif was "Baligram". Akhund Abdul Ghaffur, commonly known as Saidu Baba, settled here in 1835. From then onwards, the town was called "Saidu Sharif". However, there is still a region in the southwest of Saidu Sharif which is called 'Baligram'
Climate
Saidu Sharif has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) under the Köppen climate classification. The average annual temperature in Saidu Sharif is 19.3 °C, while the annual precipitation average is 894 mm. November is the driest month with 22 mm of precipitation, while August is the wettest one with average precipitation of 134 mm.
June is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 29.2 °C while January is the coldest one with an average temperature of 7.5 °C.
Swat Museum of Saidu Sharif
Swat Museum is located on the eastern side of the G.T. road, equidistant between Mingora and Saidu Sharif. Aided by Japanese contributions, the museum has undergone a rejuvenation to its seven galleries. These galleries now contain compilation of Gandhara sculptures taken from various Buddhist sites within Swat. The galleries have been reorganized and accompanied by informative labels, effectively depicting the narrative of Buddha's life journey.
The Swat Museum also hosts an array of artifacts that offer a glimpse into the ancient Gandhara Civilsation. Those artifacts contain Terracotta figurines, utensils, beads, precious stones, coins, weapons and various other metal objects. The ethnographic section displays the finest examples of local embroidery, carved wood, and tribal jewelry. It is also under renovation with funds from the Pakistani-Italian debt swap agreement.
Education
The largest college in the district is P.G Jahanzeb College which was built in 1952. It offers intermediate studies (only to males) and BSc and MSc degrees to both male and female students. Saidu Medical College is another college which was built here in 1998. This college ranks third in the government medical colleges in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Moreover, there are numerous schools in Saidu Sharif. One of them is the Govt: Wadudia High School .On 7 July 2010, the first university of the district was established in this area.
In the last few years, Swat has seen great changes in all aspects of its society including an increase in education, modern health care centers and a new university, along with private sector colleges.
Archeological sites
One of the most important Buddhist relics in Swat is near the museum. The stupa, which dates from the second century BC, was possibly built by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to house some of the ashes of the Buddha. In subsequent centuries, it was enlarged five times by encasing the existing structure in a new shell.
Italian excavators working in 1955, exposed the successive layers of the stupa, each layer illustrating a stage in the evolution of building techniques.
Administrative divisions
Saidu Sharif is an administrative unit, known as union council or Ward in tehsil Babuzai, of the Swat District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
According to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Local Government Act 2013. District Swat has 67 Wards, of which total amount of Village Councils is 170, and Neighbourhood Councils is 44.
Saidu Sharif is Territorial Ward, which is further divided into three Neighbourhood Councils:
Saidu Sharif i (Neighbourhood Council)
Saidu Sharif ii (Neighbourhood Council)
Saidu Sharif iii (Neighbourhood Council)
See also
Battle of Saidu
Swat District
Babuzai
Hidden Treasures of Swat, Book on Saidu Sharif Heritage
References
http://www.saidusharif.com
https://archive.today/20130915044603/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Swat
Populated places in Swat District
Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidu%20Sharif |
Garland Dean Boyette (March 22, 1940 – April 19, 2022) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). He played for the Houston Oilers and St. Louis Cardinals from 1962 to 1972. He also played for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL), as well as the Houston Texans/Shreveport Steamer of the World Football League (WFL). In 1967, he was the regular starting middle linebacker for the Oilers and joined Willie Lanier of the Kansas City Chiefs as the first African-Americans to start that position in professional football.
Early life
Boyette was born in Rayville, Louisiana, on March 22, 1940. He attended Wallace High School in Orange, Texas, graduating in 1958. He initially studied at Northwestern University, but left after the first semester and ultimately transferred to study biology at Grambling State University on the recommendation of his nephew, Ernie Ladd. Boyette was in the starting lineup for the Grambling State Tigers during his sophomore year, playing as a guard and defensive tackle and later receiving All-American honors at those positions. Together with Ladd, Jerry Robinson, and Roosevelt Taylor, he helped the Tigers finish 9–1 during the 1960 season, with the team recording three shutouts and scoring over 60 points on three occasions. The school went on to win its first Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) championship that year.
Boyette was also a track and field athlete who was selected as an All-American three times. He competed in the 1960 United States Olympic trials and narrowly missed qualifying for decathlon. He identified the pole vault and long-distance running as the most challenging events for him, stating he "never felt safe on that aluminum pole". Upon graduating in 1962, Boyette was left undrafted in that year's NFL Draft. He eventually signed with the St. Louis Cardinals and changed positions to middle linebacker, learning the role over the summer of 1962.
Career
Boyette made his NFL debut with the Cardinals in 1962, and played in 14 games (6 starts) during his first season. He was recognized as the first African-American to start at middle linebacker in professional football, together with Willie Lanier (who made his NFL debut in 1967), and later recounted receiving hate mail as a result. After two seasons with the franchise, Boyette left for the Canadian Football League, having become disillusioned by the higher salary of newer NFL players compared to his. He subsequently played for the Montreal Alouettes from 1964 to 1965, winning the league's Most Valuable Player Award and being selected as an All-Canadian during the latter season.
Boyette went back to the US in 1966, signing with the American Football League's Houston Oilers, reuniting with Wally Lemm, his former coach at the Cardinals. The Oilers finished atop of the Eastern Division during Boyette's second season with the team in 1967, and also qualified for the playoffs two years later. He was named to the AFL All-Star team in 1968 and 1969. During the 1971 season, he finished sixth in the league in fumbles recovered (4), ninth in non-offensive touchdowns (1), and tied for most fumble return touchdowns (1). Boyette briefly retired at the end of the 1972 season and proceeded to serve as the Oilers' quality control coach. After two seasons in that position, he returned to play for the Houston Texans of the World Football League. Midway through the 1974 season, the Texans relocated to Shreveport and were renamed the Steamer. Boyette finished his career with the Shreveport Steamer in 1975, at the age of 35.
Boyette was inducted into the Grambling Legends Sports Hall of Fame in July 2010. Six years later, he was enshrined into the SWAC Hall of Fame. He was also honored in the Sports Legends Gallery at the Museum of the Gulf Coast.
Personal life
Boyette was married to Winetta, with whom he had three children. He was the uncle of Paul Boyette Jr., who played for the Texas Longhorns and also went undrafted before signing with the Oakland Raiders in 2017. After retiring from professional football, Boyette was employed as a manager for Southwestern Bell for 28 years. He worked in that capacity until retiring in the early 2000s, after which he served as a motivational speaker, as well as a volunteer with the Boys & Girls Club in Houston and the Special Olympics. He resided in Missouri City, Texas, during his later years in a house that he constructed. Boyette attended the Bayou Classic annually in his retirement.
Boyette died on the evening of April 19, 2022, in Houston, aged 82.
See also
List of American Football League players
References
1940 births
2022 deaths
AT&T people
African-American players of American football
American Football League All-Star players
American Football League players
American football linebackers
Grambling State Tigers football players
Houston Oilers players
Houston Texans (WFL) players
Montreal Alouettes players
Players of American football from Missouri City, Texas
People from Orange, Texas
Players of American football from Louisiana
Shreveport Steamer players
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland%20Boyette |
Pipeline Music Inc. is a record label notable for having negotiated the rights to distribute more than 400,000 hours of classical Russian audio and video recordings from the archive of the Russian State Television and Radio Company and dating back to the 1930s, including works by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Dmitri Shostakovich, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Mstislav Rostropovich and Yehudi Menuhin. The label has financially supported the Rachmaninoff International Piano Competition.
See also
List of record labels
References
Classical music record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline%20Music |
Brook Alexander Fordyce (born May 7, 1970) is an American former Major League Baseball catcher with the New York Mets, Cincinnati Reds, Chicago White Sox, Baltimore Orioles and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays between 1995 and 2004. He batted and threw right-handed.
During his career, he established himself as a good hitting catcher. His best year came in 2000 when he played 40 games with the White Sox and 53 games for the Orioles. In that year, he hit .301, 14 home runs, and 49 RBI.
Early life
Born in New London, Connecticut, Fordyce is a graduate of Saint Bernard High School in Uncasville, Connecticut. He played high school football and baseball until he injured a nerve in his neck at the age of 16. After recovering from the injury, he focused on baseball.
Career
Fordyce was a third-round draft selection of the New York Mets in 1989. He spent the next several years in the minor leagues. Through 1996, he had played in only eight MLB games for the Mets and Cincinnati Reds. He spent parts of the next two seasons in the major leagues with the Reds, until a trade took him to the Chicago White Sox. He played his most complete season for the 1999 White Sox, batting .297 in 105 games.
After being traded from the White Sox to the Orioles in the middle of the 2000 season, Fordyce batted .322 in 53 games with Baltimore. He was the primary starting catcher for the first half of the 2001 season, but struggled offensively. It took him 21 games to drive in a run, and his batting average never got within 100 points of his performance with the team the previous year. Fordyce did not see as much playing time late in the season, and he finished the 2001 season with a .209 batting average in 95 games. He also had the worst fielding percentage among the league's catchers.
In January 2002, Fordyce was hospitalized with severe bleeding from his gastrointestinal tract, spending several days in intensive care, but he was able to report to spring training on time the next month. Orioles manager Mike Hargrove indicated he was not declaring a number one catcher and said that Fordyce would compete for the job with young prospects Fernando Lunar and Geronimo Gil.
In 2003, Fordyce battled Gil for the starting catching job on the Orioles. Gil had the upper hand leading into the season, but Fordyce played well initially and earned more playing time than expected. In 108 games that year, Fordyce batted .273. He concluded his career with the Tampa Bay Rays in 2004, hitting .205 in 54 games.
Personal life
After retiring in 2004, Fordyce opened Frozen Ropes Baseball Academy and established youth teams. In 2011 he went into coaching and since 2018, he has been the head coach of Keiser University's baseball team.
Fordyce lives in Jensen Beach, Florida, and has three daughters.
References
External links
1970 births
Living people
Baseball players from Connecticut
Major League Baseball catchers
St. Lucie Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Indianapolis Indians players
Charlotte Knights players
New York Mets players
Cincinnati Reds players
Chicago White Sox players
Baltimore Orioles players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players
Sportspeople from New London, Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook%20Fordyce |
Wendy Playfair (born 28 August 1926) is an Australian radio, television and film character actress, best known for her roles in television serials.
Playfair started her career in radio serials, but became best known for her brief stint in TV serial Prisoner as inmate Minnie Donovan. Other important roles were in the television series Home and Away and the film Accidents Happen starring Geena Davis.
Family
Playfair was born in Woollahra, Sydney, New South Wales to Edmund Strathmore Creer (Strath) Playfair (1894–1965) and Kathleen Ryrie (Babs) née Campbell (1899–1989). She was the third of four sisters. The Playfair family were well-to-do, socially prominent and in the meat trade. She married James Williams at All Saints Anglican Church on 6 July 1951. She is a direct descendant of the famous Sydney butcher, politician and philanthropist Thomas Playfair, and the niece of politician Thomas Alfred John Playfair. Playfair is the cousin of Olympic silver medalist Judy Playfair and the grandmother of Kip Williams, who is the current Artistic Director of the Sydney Theatre Company.
Career
Playfair started her career in radio where she worked for the ABC and consistently in morning serials for Grace Gibson, as well as in many radio plays. Playfair received the radio Macquarie Award. Prior to television she had also appeared in a few stage roles, but was best known as a radio performer
She has been a staple on the small screen in character roles since 1960, when she appeared in the TV adaptation of a production of the play The Slaughter of St Theresa's Day.
Playfair has primarily appeared in cameo roles, with guesting roles in series starting from the late 1960s until 2013 such as Homicide, Hunter, The Young Doctors, Return to Eden, Spirited, Rake and Packed to the Rafters
However she has had several parts as different characters in serials A Country Practice (three roles), Home and Away (two roles) and All Saints (two roles).
She also has had parts in telemovies and films including Ride a Wild Pony, the only Walt Disney film ever produced in Australia, and a pivotal role in the film Accidents Happen opposite Geena Davis in 2009.
In 2022 Playfair gave a rare interview with the podcast series Talking Prisoner.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1926 births
Living people
Actresses from Sydney
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
People educated at Ascham School
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy%20Playfair |
Dominic Peter Mancini (born August 1, 1956) is a Canadian politician and lawyer. Mancini was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1997 federal election that saw a breakthrough for the New Democratic Party in the province of Nova Scotia. He served as the NDP's justice critic in the 36th Canadian Parliament. Mancini represented the riding of Sydney—Victoria until the 2000 federal election when he was defeated by Liberal Mark Eyking. He moved to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia following his electoral defeat. He was unsuccessful in his attempt at a comeback in the 2006 federal election in the riding of Dartmouth—Cole Harbour losing to incumbent Michael Savage by just over 4,000 votes.
Early life and education
Born in Westmount, Nova Scotia, Mancini was educated at Dalhousie University, where he was a member of the Dalhousie Senate and Vice President of the Student Council. He graduated from Dalhousie Law School in 1982.
Legal career
He has worked for Nova Scotia Legal Aid in criminal and family law since 1986 save for one year when he taught at the University College of Cape Breton and his years in parliament.
On December 12, 2014, Mancini was appointed a Queen's Counsel.
Political career
Mancini received over 50% of the popular vote in 1997. It was during his time as MP that the Liberal Government announced the shutdown of the coal mines run by the Cape Breton Development Corporation. Mancini and other political leaders fought for increased pension packages for the workers and an economic diversification fund. He was the MP when the federal government began a remediation program for the Sydney Tar Ponds. When Robert Chisholm resigned as leader of the Nova Scotia NDP in 1999, Mancini was seen as a possible front runner for the post but declined to run.
Personal life
He is married to Marian Mancini, who was elected to the Nova Scotia House of Assembly on July 14, 2015.
Electoral record
References
1956 births
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
New Democratic Party MPs
Schulich School of Law alumni
People from the Cape Breton Regional Municipality
Canadian King's Counsel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Mancini |
Darkness and Hope is the fifth studio album by Portuguese gothic metal band Moonspell, released in 2001.
Intro Sampler on "Rapaces" taken from Lifeforce.
Several different versions were released, with different bonus tracks. One version contained "Os Senhores da Guerra", originally by Madredeus, the second featured "Mr. Crowley", originally by Ozzy Osbourne. Another version had a cover of Joy Division's "Love Will Tear Us Apart" as the bonus track. The limited edition contained all three bonus tracks.
Artwork
The cover of the album features the "Moonspell trident" designed by a Polish artist Wojciech Blasiak. The sign, later refined in The Antidotes artwork, became recognizable as a symbol of the band.
Track listing
Credits
Band members
Fernando Ribeiro – vocals
Ricardo Amorim – guitars
Sérgio Crestana – bass
Pedro Paixão – keyboards
Miguel Gaspar – drums
Additional personnel
Adolfo Luxúria Canibal – spoken word on "Than the Serpents in My Hands"
Asta – female vocals on "Devilred"
Production
Wojtek Blasiak – artwork
Paulo Moreira – photography, layout
Mika Jussila – mastering
Hiili Hiilesmaa – producer, mixing
Adriano Esteves – layout
Charts
References
2001 albums
Moonspell albums
Century Media Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkness%20and%20Hope |
The 2002 Scott Tournament of Hearts Canadian women's national curling championship, was played at the Keystone Centre in Brandon, Manitoba. The defending champion, representing Team Canada, Colleen Jones and her rink from the Mayflower Curling Club in Halifax, Nova Scotia won her second straight Hearts.
Teams
Standings
Results
Draw 1
Draw 2
Draw 3
Draw 4
Draw 5
Draw 6
Draw 7
Draw 8
Draw 9
Draw 10
Draw 11
Draw 12
Draw 13
Draw 14
Draw 15
Draw 16
Draw 17
Page playoffs
1 vs. 2
3 vs. 4
Semi-final
Final
References
Scotties Tournament of Hearts
Scott Tournament of Hearts
Scott Tournament Of Hearts, 2002
Curling competitions in Brandon, Manitoba
2002 in women's curling | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Scott%20Tournament%20of%20Hearts |
Archaeodontosaurus ("ancient-toothed lizard") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic. Its fossils were found in the Isalo III Formation of Madagascar. The type species, Archaeodontosaurus descouensi, was described in September 2005. The specific name honours the collector, Didier Descouens. It is a probable sauropod, with prosauropod-like teeth. It may be a basal member of Gravisauria.
References
External links
dml.cmnh.org
Sauropods
Dinosaurs of India and Madagascar
Middle Jurassic dinosaurs of Africa
Bajocian life
Bathonian life
Fossil taxa described in 2005
Taxa named by Éric Buffetaut
Fossils of Madagascar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeodontosaurus |
Michael Collins Piper (born Michael Bernard Piper; July 16, 1960 – May 2015) was an American political writer, conspiracy theorist and talk radio host.
Piper was a regular contributor to both The Spotlight and its successor, the American Free Press, newspapers backed by Willis Carto and noted for their antisemitic and White separatist/White nationalist themes.
Piper was described on his website as a political "progressive in the La Follette-Wheeler tradition."
He wrote books such as The High Priests of War, in which he criticized the neoconservatives in the Bush administration, and Final Judgment, where he claimed that Israel's Mossad, the CIA and organized crime was responsible for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. He had been criticized by many organizations, including the Anti-Defamation League, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, and the Middle East Media Research Institute, which have described Piper as a promoter of antisemitic conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial.
Early life
Piper claimed his political engagement was inspired by his older brother's experience in the Vietnam War. He once said his late brother "never completely recovered from the physical and psychological impact of the war."
Radio show
In February 2006, he started a radio show called The Piper Report. Regular guests have included Mark Glenn (critic of Israel), former candidate for Texas state legislature Barbara Samuelson, and Christopher Bollyn (who occasionally filled in for Piper).
Piper commented about the war on Lebanon, the Mel Gibson affair (in which he derided Gibson for driving under the influence and for apologizing for his statements) and the battle between U.S. Senator Joe Lieberman (D-CT, later I-CT) and businessman Ned Lamont on August 8, 2006. Lamont defeated Lieberman in the Democratic primary, but lost to him in the general election. Piper defended alternative medicine, animal rights, and the past activities of Liberty Lobby and Willis Carto. He was featured as a guest on James Edwards' radio show, The Political Cesspool, which has also been accused of promoting antisemitism.
Kennedy and King assassination theories
According to Piper in Final Judgment: The Missing Link in the JFK Assassination Controversy, Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion orchestrated the assassination after learning that Kennedy planned to keep Israel from obtaining nuclear weapons.
Piper claimed the assassination "was a joint enterprise conducted on the highest levels of the CIA, in collaboration with organized crime — and most specifically, with direct and profound involvement by the Israeli intelligence service, the Mossad." Piper also alleged that Jewish mobster Meyer Lansky and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) were linked to the murder. The ADL responded with harsh criticisms, called the claims ridiculous, and denounced Final Judgment as antisemitic.
Piper wrote articles in American Free Press which alleged that the Mossad and the FBI conspired to set up the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Piper claims this was motivated by fear of King's anti-Israel statements combined with his massive grassroots power.
Antisemitism controversy
According to his biography by American First Books, which identifies itself as promoting "white nationalism", the ADL repeatedly challenged statements made by Piper, and called him a promoter of antisemitic conspiracy theories, a Holocaust denier, and a defender of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The group says Piper traveled to the United Arab Emirates in 2003 to lecture on anti-Israeli and antisemitic themes. In one instance, the ADL stated that Piper had suggested that Israel was working on an "ethnic bomb" targeting only Arabs.
Piper responded to increasing ADL criticism through his 2006 book The Judas Goat, accusing the ADL of using unethical infiltration and information gathering techniques, such as the use of 'agents provocateurs'. He claimed to have begun a series of events that ultimately led to the ADL Files Controversy some years later. Writing in Asia Times, researcher and journalist Keith Bettinger says that Piper's views are "characteristic of an effort by anti-Semites and white supremacists to repackage themselves as 'alternative media voices' claiming to tackle stories the mainstream media in the US won't touch".
Iran
Piper was invited to Iran to speak at the International Conference On Review of the Holocaust: Global Vision 2006, and personally met with Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, a Holocaust denier, during his New York City visit to address United Nations General Assembly. His book The New Jerusalem: Zionist Power in America, was on sale at the conference.
Death
Piper's body was discovered on May 30 or May 31, 2015 at the Budget Saver Motel in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. The deputy coroner's report stated that the cause of death was a "probable Myocardial Infarction, Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and Coronary Artery Disease", and listed diabetes as another significant condition. The report indicated that toxicology results were consistent with her findings and that no autopsy was conducted. The article gave Piper's age as 54.
Books
Best Witness: The Mel Mermelstein Affair, (1993) Center for Historical Review;
Final Judgment: The Missing Link in the JFK Assassination Conspiracy, (1993) The Wolfe Press;
The High Priests of War, (2004) American Free Press;
The New Jerusalem: Zionist Power in America, (2004) American Free Press; ASIN B000Y93216
Target: Traficant, The Untold Story, (2005) American Free Press;
The Confessions of an Anti-Semite : The First -Ever Critical Analysis of the Linguistic Legerdemain Underlying the Propaganda Techniques of the New World,
The Judas Goats, The Enemy Within, (2006) American Free Press;
The Golem: a World Held Hostage, (2007) American Free Press; ASIN B0011DZG2W
The New Babylon: Those Who Reign Supreme, (2009) American Free Press;
Ye Shall Know The Truth, (2013) American Free Press;
References
External links
Michael Collins Piper personal web site
America First Books (hosts Piper's works as ebooks)
1960 births
2015 deaths
American conspiracy theorists
American Holocaust deniers
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American white nationalists
Place of birth missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Collins%20Piper |
James Ambrose Gallivan (October 22, 1866 – April 3, 1928) was a United States representative from Massachusetts.
Biography
Gallivan was born in Boston on October 22, 1866. He attended the public schools, graduated from the Boston Latin School in 1884 and from Harvard College in 1888. He then engaged in newspaper work.
Gallivan was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1895 and 1896, and served in the Massachusetts State Senate from 1897 to 1898. Gallivan served as street commissioner of Boston, and was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-third Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Michael Curley. Andrew Peters later defeated Gallivan and two other candidates in the December 1917 election for Mayor of Boston.
Gallivan was reelected to the Sixty-fourth and to the six succeeding Congresses and served from April 7, 1914, until his death in Arlington on April 3, 1928. His interment was in St. Joseph Cemetery in West Roxbury.
See also
119th Massachusetts General Court (1898)
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
External links
Footnotes
1866 births
1928 deaths
Democratic Party members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives
Democratic Party Massachusetts state senators
Politicians from Boston
Harvard University alumni
Boston Latin School alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Gallivan |
Raymond Edmunds, also known as the Donvale Rapist and Mr. Stinky, born 12 March 1944 at Queen Victoria Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, is a convicted rapist and double murderer who was active in Victoria, Australia from the 1960s to the mid-1980s.
Crimes
In 1986, Edmunds was convicted of the murders of 18-year-old panel beater Garry Heywood and the rape and murder of 16-year-old Abina Madill at Murchison East, near Shepparton, Victoria. On 10 February 1966, the two co-workers had attended a rock concert with their respective friends at the Shepparton Civic Centre, but neither returned home. A few days later, two 17 year-olds on a shooting trip found Madill's decomposed remains, and then Heywood's body was found 200 metres away. Heywood had been shot through the head with a .22-calibre Mossberg self-loading rifle; Madill had been raped and bludgeoned to death.
Edmunds had allegedly previously raped and beaten his first wife and sexually abused his three-year-old daughter. Edmunds was also convicted of a series of rapes in the 1970s and early '80s that led the police to dub the then-unknown offender "The Donvale Rapist".
Edmunds was dubbed "Mr Stinky" by a sub-editor from Melbourne's Sunday Press newspaper due to his offensive body odour, which was believed to have been caused by a mixture of milk, manure and chemicals from his work as a sharecropping farmer on dairy properties.
Sergeant Andrew Wall, a Victoria Police fingerprint expert, matched two fingerprints found on the top of the Holden FJ owned by Heywood. This occurred before computerised processing of fingerprints was developed and fingerprint matching had to be done manually. The fingerprint evidence was deliberately kept quiet so as not to panic the offender or help him become more adept at hiding his prints. These fingerprints connected the Shepparton murders with one fingerprint found at the Donvale crime scene.
On 16 March 1985, Edmunds was arrested on unrelated charges of indecent exposure while parked in his station wagon in Albury, New South Wales. Edmunds pleaded guilty in Albury court to the charges, being fined $400 prior to his release. After his arrest Edmunds was fingerprinted and the prints were matched with those found at the Shepparton crime scene. At the time, NSW had mandatory fingerprinting, whereas in Victoria this was yet to become law. He was convicted and is now serving two life sentences with no minimum term for the murders and a total of 30 years for five rape convictions in Greensborough and Donvale.
It has been alleged that Edmunds committed other murders and more than 32 rapes, although he has maintained his innocence. Police sought to utilise new legislation that allows them to compel convicted prisoners to provide a blood sample for DNA testing. He was at one point a suspect in the case of missing Beaumaris girl, Eloise Worledge.
References
1944 births
Australian murderers of children
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian prisoners sentenced to multiple life sentences
Australian rapists
Biometrics
Crime in Oceania
Criminals from Melbourne
Living people
People convicted of murder by Victoria (state)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Victoria (state)
Sexual violence in Oceania
Suspected serial killers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Edmunds |
Llyn Gwynant is a lake in Snowdonia, Wales.
Llyn Gwynant lies on the River Glaslyn, in the Nant Gwynant valley, and is about 1¼ miles (2 km) north east of Llyn Dinas; the village of Bethania lies between them.
Snowdon lies 2 miles (3 km) to the north west. The lake is natural, having been formed by glacial action and is 120 acres (50 hectares) in size. It is a popular place for canoeing and kayaking with easy access from the A498 road which runs along its south bank.
It was used as a filming location in the 2003 film 'Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life'.
The view towards Llyn Gwynant and Moel Hebog is one of the most photographed in Snowdonia.
External links
Llyn Gwynant Campsite
Film Locations
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Llyn Gwynant and surrounding area
Beddgelert
Gwynant
Gwynant
Tourism in Gwynedd
Tourism in Snowdonia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyn%20Gwynant |
Regan Lauscher (born February 21, 1980 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian luger. Competing in three Winter Olympics, she earned her best finish of tenth in the women's singles event at Turin in 2006.
Her second-place finish at the Luge World competitions at Lake Placid, New York in 2004 was the best ever time by a Canadian female luger. Lauscher's best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was ninth in the women's singles event at Park City, Utah in 2005.
During the 2006 Winter Olympics, Lauscher wrote an online journal for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation about her views and actions during those games. Prior to the 2006 games, she had earned her journalism degree from Mount Royal College.
Lauscher had surgeries on both of her shoulders in May 2008 and resumed training in October.
References
2002 luge women's singles results
2006 luge women's singles results
After operations on both shoulders. at the Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course (24 October 2008 article accessed 24 October 2008.)
External links
1980 births
Canadian female lugers
Canadian people of German descent
Living people
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Mount Royal University alumni
Olympic lugers for Canada
Sportspeople from Saskatoon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regan%20Lauscher |
Bakkie may refer to:
Pickup truck, a South African and Dutch informal term for a pickup truck
Bakkie, Suriname, a resort and town in Suriname
See also
Baki (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkie |
Em:t Records (Emit Records) was a British record label, based in Nottingham, which specialized in ambient electronic music. They were active from 1994 to 1998, and after a period of bankruptcy, re-established themselves in 2003 under new ownership and management. In summer 2006, the label officially ceased operations again.
History
em:t was born as a division of the t:me Recordings label in 1994. t:me released mostly vinyl records falling under the broad category of house music, and sought to create a new sublabel for more forward-thinking ambient material. Over the next four years, they released a series of eighteen albums and compilations, packaged as a collector's series. Though em:t never enjoyed widespread commercial success, their releases were highly regarded and influential in ambient circles, and the label attracted a cult following - encouraged, no doubt, by the collectible nature of the releases.
em:t releases had strict rules governing their design aesthetic. Individual album titles were always the sequential four-digit catalogue number of the disc; the album's cover was always a full-colour picture of a wild animal; all albums were released on CD only; all CDs were packaged in digipacks; all CDs themselves bore the same Chinese character in black on the non-playing face of the disc.
The label garnered praise from music journalists at the time. Coda magazine wrote that "The Em:t series will surely go down in history for being as important in the 90s as the albums of Brian Eno were in the 70s", and specialist music magazine The Wire noted that the em:t catalogue represented "The vanguard of post-dance technological music". Em:t produced promo postcards for the label on which these quotes, and others, were duly displayed. A Q&A in DJ Magazine in 1995 also stated the label's unofficial credo: "Never presume your audience is any less clever than you are".
The most highly praised albums of the series came from British composers Paul Frankland recording as Woob, and Mat Jarvis recording as Gas.
In addition to the original run of CDs in the UK, some of em:t's music was licensed to Instinct Records in the US, a label that had a contemporaneous interest in modern ambient music. em:t 0094 and Woob's 1194 were released individually. The compilations em:t 2295 and em:t 3394 were packaged together as a double-disc set called em:t 2000. In addition, various other tracks were compiled onto the anthologies em:t beat exploration and em:t explorer.
In mid-1998, em:t went out of business due to the bankruptcy of t:me, with two whole albums worth of music still unreleased - a new compilation album, and a second Gas album. Their discography became highly prized among collectors, and this remains the case today; individual CDs commonly fetch a high price on eBay.
In 2003, a separate company, headed by the conceptual designer John Lancaster & entrepreneur Matthew Hall, brought the em:t name off the shelf and the label was relaunched. Although none of the people running the label had any connection with the previous em:t, they did release material from several of the original artists. The relaunch created another surge in public interest for the original series of albums. After six new full-length albums, the label considered em:t was taken as far as they could take it and the label came to an end. The website shut down in July 2013.
The em:t "sound"
All of the albums on the original run of em:t releases fit into the general category of Ambient music, or downtempo. Within this category there were many variations - Woob's releases were often ambient dub, Gas' music was ambient techno, Carl Stone's album was almost classical and the album by International People's Gang was almost pop. However, across all the releases there were certain recurring elements that identified the album as an em:t release. Most prominent were samples of animal noises recorded in the wild - heard on releases by Woob, Qubism, Beatsystem, Miasma, and others (this approach was taken to the extreme on the track "Waterpump" by Dallas Simpson, on the 1197 compilation, which is a 12-minute music-free recording of a self actuated water pressure pump in a Derbyshire countryside filled with birdsong and, as with both of Simpson's tracks featured in the series, "abha" 2296, "waterpump" 1197, were recorded in full binaural stereo for full periphonic headphone surround sound listening). Other tracks processed field recordings and used them as percussion, such as "Pool" by International People's Gang, which uses the clacking of pool balls as instrumentation, and "00" by Richie Warburton, which uses the back-and-forth of a tennis match for the same purpose. Samples of television series such as Quantum Leap, Steptoe and Son and Star Trek were also used, as well as samples from films, such as Sex, Lies, and Videotape and 2001: A Space Odyssey, and film soundtracks.
All of the initial run of em:t releases were processed using the Roland Sound Space RSS 3D sound imaging system, giving the music an extra "spacious" quality.
Legacy
The em:t series of albums are still prized among electronic music fans, and the reputation of the label and the music endures to this day. However, due to rights issues, only two of the original em:t series are available on iTunes; the rest continue to fetch exaggerated prices on auction sites such as eBay. In 2017, Bandcamp has made all Em:t releases available for both purchase and streaming except for Woob 1194 and Woob2 4495. However Woob 1194 can be found on Paul Frankland's Bandcamp account, but Woob2 is not seen anywhere (Most likely due to his dissatisfaction for the album). In 2018, however, the Bandcamp page disappeared.
Artwork
em:t releases are noted for their striking graphic design, used consistently and thematically across the entire discography. Each CD is packaged in a cardboard Digipak case. The front features high-resolution nature photography, depicting exotic animals in their natural habitats. The back is plain white, with the track listing in plain black text. Animals used on classic Em:t covers include Ceratophrys ornata, Plecotus auritus, Ctenophore and Ramphastos sulfuratus. Images of frogs were used exclusively for compilation releases, whereas individual artists were given freedom to pick an image from the Oxford Scientific catalogue.
The "new" em:t releases did not have animal-themed covers, but sported the same overall design aesthetic, and used the same numbering system.
The animal-themed designs were created for em:t by British design firm The Designer's Republic, also well known for working with Warp Records for many years. Post-2003 em:t releases were designed by Cambridge-based design firm db|design.
Discography
All em:t releases are catalogued with a four-digit number. The third and fourth digits represent the year of release, and the first two digits denote the order of release within a year, beginning with '00' and continuing on to '11', '22', etc.
Classic em:t (1994 - 1998)
Various Artists - em:t 0094
Woob - 1194 (re-released in 2009)
Qubism - 2294
Various Artists - em:t 3394
Gas 0095 (re-released in 2006)
Miasma - 1195
Various Artists - em:t 2295
International Peoples Gang – International Peoples Gang - 3395
Woob - 4495
Various Artists - em:t 5595
Lucid Dreams 0096 (featuring Celia Green) - 0096
Carl Stone - 1196
Various Artists - em:t 2296
Undark - 3396
Slim - 0097
Various Artists - em:t 1197
Beatsystem - 2297
Natural Language - 0098
Various Artists - em:t 1198 (unreleased)
Gas - 2298 (unreleased)
Various Artists - em:t 2000
New Em:t (2003 - 2006)
Various Artists - em:t 0003
Various Artists - em:t 0004
Gaudi Testa 1105 - CONTINUUM
Gel-Sol - 1104
302 Acid - 0005
302 Acid Live at The Big Chill (limited CD-R)
International Peoples Gang – International Peoples Gang - 0006
See also
Woob
Mat Jarvis
Carl Stone
The Designers Republic
List of electronic music record labels
References
External links
Innerviews Interview with Emit founder David Thompson from 1997
microscopics.co.uk Emit album Gas 0095 remastered site
highskies.com Emit artists High Skies and Gas official site
woob.info Official Woob Website
Woob New Releases Official
thevibes.net Emit artist Mat Jarvis (Gas / High Skies) interview
emit.cc Semi-official fan site (appears to be un-maintained)
Em:t artist Beatsystem now on French label Entropy
label does not fall into oblivion. Facebook page Label fan
British record labels
Record labels established in 1994
Ambient music record labels
Electronic music record labels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Em%3At%20Records |
William Calvin Bradley (born January 24, 1947) is an American former football player and coach. He played professionally as a defensive back in the National Football League (NFL), earning All-Pro honors twice. He played with the Philadelphia Eagles for most of his career. As an assistant coach he won two Grey Cups in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He was also the defensive backs coach of the San Antonio Commanders of the Alliance of American Football.
Early years
A native of Palestine, Texas, Bradley was a quarterback at Palestine High School. With Bradley as quarterback, Palestine won the 1964 Texas 3A State Championship, the only one in the school's history. His running and passing skills gained him selection as a high school All-American. His football talents, including the reputed ability to pass with either hand, earned him the nickname "Super Bill." He also participated in the Big 33 football game for the Texas All-Stars in 1966.
His father was a baseball coach and Bradley dreamed of playing professional baseball. He was a talented shortstop who was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 7th Round of the 1965 Major League Baseball draft. He was offered $20,000 to sign, but turned it down because he wanted to go to college. Instead, he played semi-pro ball with the Palestine Pals.
College career
Bradley entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1965 and became the starting quarterback and punter in 1966 as a sophomore.
In 1966, he led the Longhorns to a 7-4 record and a victory over Mississippi in the Bluebonnet Bowl. Injured during a win over
Indiana, he sat out the Oklahoma game in favor of back-up Andy White, and Oklahoma notched its first win in the rivalry since 1957. Bradley came back the following week and finished the season as the Southwest Conference's leader for rushing touchdowns with 6. In the Bluebonnet Bowl, Bradley and running back Chris Gilbert each ran for over 100 yards, marking the first time that two Longhorns had run for over 100 yards in the same bowl game.
Bradley was starting quarterback again the next season. Texas started the season ranked #5, but back-to-back losses to #4 USC and Texas Tech knocked them from the rankings. They then ran off 6 straight wins before ending the season with another pair of back-to-back losses, this time to TCU and Texas A&M to finish 6-4 and missing out on a bowl game. Despite the down year, Bradley led the Southwest Conference in total touchdowns with 14.
In 1968, Texas started the season ranked #5 and introduced the wishbone formation on offense, with co-captain Bradley at quarterback. Struggling with the new offense, Texas with Bradley under center tied #11 Houston and lost to Texas Tech. James Street replaced Bradley during the 3rd quarter of the Texas Tech game and never relinquished the position, leading the Longhorns to 9 consecutive wins, a Southwest Conference Championship and victory in the Cotton Bowl. Bradley was moved to wide receiver for two weeks, and then to defensive back and kick-off returner. As a defensive back he set the Texas and Southwest Conference records for most interceptions in a game when he picked off Texas A&M four times at the end of the regular season. His final game as a Longhorn was the 36-13 win over Tennessee in the Cotton Bowl. He then played in the 1969 Hula Bowl, the Coaches All-America Game and the College All-Star Game.
Records
UT – Most passing yards, game (220 yards), broke his own record set earlier that year, surpassed by Rick McIvor in 1979
UT – Longest Punt, bowl game (74 yards)
UT – Most Offensive Yards, season (1,624), surpassed by Earl Campbell in 1977
Southwest Conference and UT – Most interceptions caught, game (4)
Bold means still active
NFL career
Bradley was drafted in the third round of the 1969 NFL Draft by the Philadelphia Eagles as a punter/defensive back. His first season he punted and returned kick-offs and punts. The next season, he was just the punter. In 1971, he finally moved to defense, became the back-up punter and was a returner again. It was on defense that he stood out. He went on to earn three All-Pro selections (1971–73) at free safety, including first-team All-Pro in 1971 and 1972. He also played in three Pro Bowls from 1971 to 1973. His last full season of punting was 1972. He continued returning kick-offs and punts off and on for the rest of his career. Bradley led the NFL in interceptions in both 1971 (11) and 1972 (9), the first player ever to lead the league in interceptions in consecutive seasons, a feat matched only once since. In 1971, he also led the NFL in yards after an interception with 248. These achievements did not draw widespread attention, though, as the Eagles' record for those 2 years was 6–7–1 and 2–11–1; and the Eagles never made the playoffs during Bradley's tenure. He played his final year as the Eagle free safety in 1976, replaced by John Sanders.
Bradley would later recount that during his years with the Eagles, he would spend nights out on dates with members of the Philadelphia Phillies usherettes.
In 1977, Philadelphia traded Bradley to the Minnesota Vikings for a 7th round draft pick, but the Vikings cut him in training camp in favor of Paul Krause. Bradley went into retirement, working in his family's restaurant in Palestine, but in November of that year he was signed by the St. Louis Cardinals when Mike Sensibaugh broke his leg. He had been asked to come back by other teams – including Houston, Oakland and Pittsburgh, but only accepted with St. Louis because they looked to be playoff-bound. But they lost all their remaining games that season and stayed home. Bradley played four games as a defensive back with the Cardinals and then retired for good.
Bradley is a member of the Texas High School, University of Texas, Philadelphia Eagles and Texas Sports Halls of Fame.
Records
Eagles – Interceptions, season (11)
Eagles – Interceptions, career (34), tied by Brian Dawkins and Eric Allen
Eagles – Interception return yards, season (249)
Eagles – Interception return yards, career (536)
Coaching career
After retiring from the NFL, Bradley worked an assortment of jobs. He had invested in a sports management company based in Philadelphia, but sold his shares in 1980 and went back to Palestine where he bought a farm and ran a gas station he owned. He also worked as a host on Norwegian Cruise lines in the 1980s and '90s.
Bradley's first coaching assignment was as defensive backs coach for the San Antonio Gunslingers of the fledgling USFL in 1983–1984. From there he moved on to the Memphis Showboats with head coach Pepper Rodgers in 1985. When the USFL folded, Bradley went back to The University of Texas as a voluntary assistant coach in 1987 for new head coach David McWilliams. He was then hired by head coach Wally Buono as the defensive back coach and defensive coordinator for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League from 1988 to 1990.
Coach Mike Riley asked Bradley to coach the secondary for him in the World League of American Football (WLAF) as his defensive back coach from 1991 to 1993. Bradley then went back to the CFL and coached with Kay Stephenson for the Sacramento Gold Miners/San Antonio Texans in 1994–1995 as defensive coordinator before moving back to Canada with the Toronto Argonauts. There he helped win two Grey Cups in 1996 and 1997.
Success in Canada gave Bradley his first chance to coach in the NFL. From 1998 to 2000, he served as defensive backs coach for Wade Phillips, Ted Cottrell and the Buffalo Bills before moving to the same position with the New York Jets from 2001 to 2003.
Bradley returned to college coaching when his former Eagle teammate Guy Morriss hired him to be defensive coordinator for 2004–2006 at Baylor University. He then returned to the NFL to reunite with Defensive Coordinator Ted Cottrell as the San Diego Chargers secondary coach from 2006 to 2008. In early 2009, Bradley and three other assistants were fired.
During 2009 and 2010, he was the secondary coach for the Florida Tuskers of the United Football League. Bradley was hired to be the secondary coach of the Hartford Colonials in the UFL but the league pulled the plug on the team for lack of funds before he could coach a game.
In 2012, Bradley was hired by Ray Woodard as the defensive coordinator of the Lamar Cardinals football team. He retired from Lamar, and from coaching, in 2014, in part to help take care of his stepson who had suffered brain trauma as the result of a violent attack.
In 2018, Bradley was named the defensive backs coach of the San Antonio Commanders of the AAF.
References
External links
Baylor profile
Lamar profile
Texas stats
1947 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
American football punters
American football safeties
New York Jets coaches
Baylor Bears football coaches
Buffalo Bills coaches
Calgary Stampeders coaches
Florida Tuskers coaches
Hartford Colonials coaches
Lamar Cardinals football coaches
Philadelphia Eagles players
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San Antonio Commanders coaches
San Antonio Riders coaches
San Antonio Texans coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
St. Louis Cardinals (football) players
Texas Longhorns football coaches
Texas Longhorns football players
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United States Football League coaches
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People from Palestine, Texas
Players of American football from Texas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Bradley%20%28American%20football%29 |
Billie Lorraine Hammerberg (24 March 1936 – 8 February 1995) was an Australian actress, best known for roles on television and film.
Biography
Hammerberg was an Australian actress best known for her role in the television series Prisoner in 1985 as May Collins. She had previously appeared in the series in a guest role in 1979, playing Valerie Richardson, a jewellery store owner, who is an ex-prisoner who shelters her escapee friend and former cellmate Bea Smith (played by Val Lehman) while she is on the run.
Other TV credits include: Homicide, Bluey, Cop Shop, Carson's Law, Special Squad and Round the Twist She also acted opposite Meryl Streep during a brief appearance in the film A Cry in the Dark.
Hammerberg died of unspecified cancer in Melbourne on 8 February 1995 at the age of 58. She was cremated at Springvale Botanical Cemetery on 13 February 1995.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
1995 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Victoria (state)
1936 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie%20Hammerberg |
Tyrone Scott Braxton (born December 17, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a safety in the National Football League (NFL) from 1987 to 1999, primarily for the Denver Broncos. Braxton played in four Super Bowls with the Broncos, and won two NFL championship rings in Super Bowl XXXII and Super Bowl XXXIII. Braxton also played one season with the Miami Dolphins in 1994 and was a one time Pro Bowler in 1996, a season in which he led the NFL in interceptions with nine.
Early life and college
Braxton attended James Madison Memorial High School in Madison, Wisconsin. He played college football at North Dakota State University where he earned all-conference honors as a senior and was drafted by the Broncos in the 12th round of the 1987 NFL Draft, the second to last pick overall. He has a Master of Social Work from Metropolitan State University of Denver.
NFL career
In 1990, Braxton had reconstructive knee surgery. He was released after the 1993 season, after being blamed a "scapegoat" behind for a Broncos defense that struggled. The team would finish last in total defense in 1994, the year he was away from the team. After a season as a backup safety with the Miami Dolphins, Braxton was re-signed by the Broncos prior to the 1995 season. In 1996, he was tied for the lead in interceptions with St. Louis Rams safety Keith Lyle with nine. In Super Bowl XXXII, he recorded a key interception from Brett Favre that set up a Broncos touchdown.
Braxton finished his 13 NFL seasons with 36 interceptions, which he returned for 617 yards and four touchdowns. He also recorded three sacks and 10 fumble recoveries, which he returned for 106 yards.
Personal life
His brother was convicted in a drug charge and served one year in a Wisconsin state prison back in the 1980s. A second brother served a 25-year prison sentence for armed robbery, while more of his friends were either arrested or died because of drug related issues, which inspired a career for Braxton in the youth ministry.
References
1964 births
Living people
Players of American football from Madison, Wisconsin
American football cornerbacks
American football safeties
Denver Broncos players
Miami Dolphins players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
North Dakota State Bison football players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone%20Braxton |
Ridley Bent is the stage name of Brian Daniel Fowler, a Canadian country singer-songwriter. Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Bent was raised throughout Canada in a military family. He formally launched his musical career in 2000 in British Columbia, including performances as an opening act for Great Big Sea and Sam Roberts.
His debut album, Blam!, was released on MapleMusic Recordings in 2005, and was marked by a style that incorporated country, rock and hip hop influences, in a manner similar to Buck 65. The album was produced by Chin Injeti, formerly of the R&B band Bass is Base. Described by Bent as "hick hop", the album was best known for the single "Suicidewinder".
His subsequent albums, 2007's Buckles and Boots and 2010's Rabbit on My Wheel, pursued a more conventional country sound.
In early 2009, Bent's song "Nine Inch Nails" won in the 8th Annual Independent Music Awards and Vox Pop vote for Best Country Song.
More recently he has toured and recorded with a new backing band, the Killer Tumbleweeds. His first album with that band, Ridley Bent and the Killer Tumbleweeds, was released in 2018.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Music videos
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian rock singers
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian people of British descent
1979 births
Living people
Musicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Open Road Recordings artists
Canadian alternative country singers
Independent Music Awards winners
MapleMusic Recordings artists
21st-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian singer-songwriters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridley%20Bent |
Fort Ethan Allen was an earthwork fortification that the Union Army built in 1861 on the property of Gilbert Vanderwerken in Alexandria County (now Arlington County), Virginia, as part of the Civil War defenses of Washington (see Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War). The remains of the fort are now within Arlington County's Fort Ethan Allen Park.
History
The Union Army built Fort Ethan Allen in September 1861, shortly after the Army's rout at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in late July of that year. The fortification was a large bastion-style fort that was located in the County's highlands near the Potomac River.
Before the Army constructed the fort, farmland and forests filled the area. To allow for clear lines of sight toward other fortifications and approaches to Washington, D.C., the Army removed trees and other vegetation that were near the site.
Built like other northern Virginia defenses, the fort was constructed following the directives of General John G. Barnard of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The walls of the fort were made stronger than most other such forts because it protected Chain Bridge, one of the most important approaches to Washington from the south.
The Chain Bridge forts in Virginia (Fort Marcy and Fort Ethan Allen) considerably strengthened the web of fortifications that defended the northern flank of the Arlington Line. Because of its size and location, Fort Ethan Allen was a critical element of this comer of the Washington defenses.
A line of trenches and roads, which were used to transport troops and supplies, connected the fortifications of the Arlington Line. In addition, the fort was connected by a long series of trenches and earthworks to the nearby Fort Marcy and Potomac River.
The fort consisted of four main faces, with additional angles built into the north and east faces. It maintained a perimeter of with emplacements for 34 guns. Interior structures included two bomb-proofs, ammunition magazines, and other supporting structures.
A May 7, 1864, report from the Union Army's Inspector of Artillery (see Union Army artillery organization) noted the following:Fort Ethan Allen, Col. A. A. Gibson commanding.–Garrison, nine companies Second Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery–1 colonel, 29 commissioned officers, 1,346 men, and 1 ordnance-sergeant. Armament, nine 6-pounder field guns, three 10-pounder Parrotts, three 32-pounder bronze howitzers, four 24-pounder siege guns, two 8-inch sea-coast howitzers, eleven 30-pounder Parrotts, six 24-pounder Coehorn mortars, four 10-inch siege mortars. Magazines, four; dry and serviceable. Ammunition, full supply and in good order. Implements, complete and serviceable. Drill in artillery, ordinary; needs improving. Drill in infantry, very indifferent; needs much improving. Discipline, indifferent. Garrison larger than necessary. Cavalry garrison, one company (E) Thirteenth New York Cavalry–2 commissioned officers, 78 enlisted men, 53 equipped, 52 horses.
There was no military action at the fort throughout the Civil War; the only Confederate Army attack on Washington's fortifications occurred north of the city in 1864 during the Battle of Fort Stevens. Perhaps the most memorable wartime occurrence at Fort Ethan Allen was a visit by President Abraham Lincoln during the fort's construction.
In 1965, the Arlington County government erected a historic marker near the site of the fort.
The Arlington County Board designated the fort to be a local historic district on October 3, 1978. The National Park Service listed the fort on the National Register of Historic Places on February 11, 2004.
In 2014, the Arlington County government installed nine interpretive panels within Fort Ethan Allen Park as part of its Neighborhood Conservation Program. In addition, the Virginia Civil War Trails has placed a historic marker near the fort's site.
Existing remnants
Fort Ethan Allen retains several major aboveground features. These include large earthworks, one bombproof, gun platforms, and traces of magazines. The fort's remaining interior structures remain visible, as do the fort's south face, centrally located bombproof, and remaining north face structures. An outlier trench, which the Arlington County Board has designated as a local historic district, remains to the southwest of the fort.
See also
List of Arlington County Historic Districts
Notes
References
External links
Fort Ethan Allen Park
Government buildings completed in 1861
Infrastructure completed in 1861
Buildings and structures in Arlington County, Virginia
Civil War defenses of Washington, D.C.
Arlington County Historic Districts
Ethan Allen
National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County, Virginia
Virginia in the American Civil War
Ethan Allen
1861 establishments in Virginia
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ethan%20Allen%20%28Arlington%2C%20Virginia%29 |
George Alexander Selkirk (January 4, 1908 – January 19, 1987) was a Canadian outfielder and front office executive in Major League Baseball. In 1935, Selkirk succeeded Babe Ruth as the right fielder of the New York Yankees—and also inherited Ruth's fabled No. 3 uniform (which was not retired until 1948, the year of Ruth's death).
Over the next eight seasons, Selkirk batted over .300 five times, twice drove home more than 100 RBIs, played in five World Championships (1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 and 1941), and made the American League All-Star team in 1936 and 1939.
George Selkirk was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983, its initial year, and was later inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.
Playing career
A native of Huntsville, Ontario, Selkirk batted left-handed and threw right-handed, standing tall and weighing (13 stone). His family moved to Rochester, New York, where Selkirk attended Rochester Technical School. His professional career began in 1927.
During his nine years of Major League Baseball service, all with the Yankees, Selkirk appeared in 846 games, batting .290 (.265 in 21 World Series games), with 108 regular-season home runs, 131 doubles, 41 triples, 810 hits, and 576 runs batted in (RBI). He recorded an on-base percentage of .400 and a slugging percentage of .483. Selkirk earned the nickname "Twinkletoes" for his distinctive way of running on the balls of his feet.
Selkirk twice in his career recorded eight RBI in one game, both against the Philadelphia A's at Yankee Stadium, on August 10, 1935, and August 12, 1938.
Post-playing career
After military service in World War II in the United States Navy, Selkirk managed at the Class A and Triple-A levels for the Yankees, and at Triple-A in the farm system of the Milwaukee Braves. In 1953, he was named the American Association Manager of the Year, having led the Toledo Sox to the league's best regular-season record.
Selkirk later worked as the player personnel director for the Kansas City Athletics (1957–1959) and field coordinator of player development of the Baltimore Orioles (1960–1962) before becoming the second general manager in the history of the expansion Washington Senators (now the Texas Rangers) in the autumn of 1962.
The Senators were chronically short of funds and never developed a strong farm system, forcing Selkirk to acquire players (such as the great slugger Frank Howard) through trades and fill out the roster with waiver-price acquisitions. Nonetheless, Washington improved every year from 1963 through 1967, but when the team's field manager, Gil Hodges, departed for the New York Mets after the campaign, the Senators regressed and fell back into the American League basement. The December 1967 death of James M. Johnston, one of the club's two principal owners, forced the sale of the team in the autumn of 1968, and Selkirk was fired during the transition. He then returned to the Yankees as a scout.
Selkirk is mentioned in August Wilson's 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Fences. The protagonist, Troy, confident that he can do better than white ballplayers in the majors, alludes to Selkirk and the .269 average he put up in 1940, his last year as a regular in the Yankee lineup. His successful career as a player, and the respect he earned as a general manager, earned Selkirk a place in the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame.
Death
Selkirk died at age 79 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
References
External links
1908 births
1987 deaths
American League All-Stars
Baltimore Orioles executives
Baseball executives
Baseball people from Ontario
Binghamton Triplets managers
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
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Major League Baseball players from Canada
Newark Bears (International League) players
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People from Huntsville, Ontario
Rochester Red Wings players
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United States Navy personnel of World War II
Washington Senators (1961–1971) executives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Selkirk |
Charles Idus Bradshaw (December 31, 1923 – June 3, 1999) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of Kentucky from 1962 to 1968 and Troy State University—now known as Troy University—from 1976 to 1982, compiling a career head coaching record of 66–68–6.
Coaching career
Bradshaw was an assistant coach at the University of Alabama under Bear Bryant and was on the staff that won the 1961 national championship.
At Kentucky Bradshaw inherited a program that had won a championship in 1950 under Bear Bryant and had been moderately well-regarded under Blanton Collier but posted a record of 25–41–4 (.386) in its previous seven seasons. Bradshaw's 1964 team was ranked #5 in the AP Poll after defeating #1 ranked Ole Miss on the road, 27–21, and beating Auburn, 20–0, for a 3–0 start, but the squad finished 5–5 after defeating Tennessee in its final game. Bradshaw's 1965 team defeated #10 Georgia, 28–10, and appeared bound for a bowl game, being ranked in the AP top ten for four weeks in September and November of that season. Bradshaw's wins in 1965 included games at Missouri, which capped the season with a Sugar Bowl victory and #6 national ranking in the final AP Poll, an upset of another bowl-bound team from Ole Miss, and another win over Georgia. The 1965 team was then set back when star quarterback Rick Norton suffered a broken leg. The Wildcats finished 6–4 and out of bowl contention. The remainder of Bradshaw's tenure at Kentucky was disappointing, although his final team did defeat a Missouri team that ended up winning the Gator Bowl and earning a #9 national ranking in the final AP Poll. The 1968 Kentucky team also defeated a ranked Oregon State team. Tackle Herschel Turner, tackle Sam Ball, halfback Rodger Bird, and quarterback Rick Norton were named first-team All Americans under Bradshaw at Kentucky.
Bradshaw was the coach in 1962 of the infamous Thin Thirty at Kentucky, the team going from 88 players when Bradshaw arrived in January of that year to just 30 by the end of the year. That season was profiled in Sports Illustrated and in a book published in August 2007, The Thin Thirty, by Shannon Ragland.
Bradshaw also helped recruit Nate Northington, who became the first scholarship African-American athlete to play in an SEC game when Kentucky faced Ole Miss on September 30, 1967.
Bradshaw was the last Kentucky coach to defeat a #1 ranked team until Rich Brooks led the Wildcats to a victory over #1 ranked LSU in 2007. He was also the last Kentucky head coach to defeat the University of Tennessee twice in Knoxville, and the last Kentucky coach to post two wins against Auburn University.
Head coaching record
References
1923 births
1999 deaths
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Kentucky Wildcats football coaches
Kentucky Wildcats football players
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
Troy Trojans football coaches
Vanderbilt Commodores football coaches
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marines
People from Clio, Alabama
Players of American football from Montgomery, Alabama | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Bradshaw%20%28American%20football%20coach%29 |
Christus Victor is a book by Gustaf Aulén published in English in 1931, presenting a study of theories of atonement in Christianity. The original Swedish title is Den kristna försoningstanken ("The Christian Idea of the Atonement") published in 1930. Aulén reinterpreted the classic ransom theory of atonement, which says that Christ's death is a ransom to the powers of evil, which had held humankind in their dominion. It is a model of the atonement that is dated to the Church Fathers, and it was the dominant theory of atonement for a thousand years, until Anselm of Canterbury supplanted it in the West with his satisfaction theory of atonement.
Aulén interpreted the ransom theory as a "victory over the powers which hold mankind in bondage: sin, death, and the devil." According to Pugh, "Ever since [Aulén's] time, we call these patristic ideas the Christus Victor way of seeing the cross." It is sometimes known as the fishhook theory of atonement, since Church Fathers such as Cyril of Alexandria and Gregory of Nyssa envisioned Christ as bait on a fishhook, luring Satan to take the bait and destroy himself.
Aulen's book, Christus Victor
Atonement theories
In his book, Aulén identifies three main types of atonement theories:
The earliest was what Aulén called the "classic" view of the atonement, more commonly known as the ransom theory, or since Aulén's work, it is known sometimes as the "Christus Victor" theory: this is the theory that Adam and Eve made humanity subject to the Devil during the fall, and that God, in order to redeem humanity, sent Christ as a "ransom" or "bait" so that the Devil, not knowing Christ could not die permanently, would kill him, and thus lose all right to humanity following the resurrection.
A second theory is the "Latin" or "objective" view, more commonly known as satisfaction theory, beginning with Anselmian satisfaction (that Christ suffered as a substitute on behalf of humankind, satisfying the demands of God's honor) and later developed by Protestants as penal substitution (that Christ is punished instead of humanity, thus satisfying the demands of justice so that God can justly forgive).
A third is the "subjective" theory, commonly known as the moral influence view, that Christ's passion was an act of exemplary obedience which affects the intentions of those who come to know about it. This view was put forward in opposition to Anselm's view by Peter Abelard.
Aulén argues that the "classic view" was the predominant view of the early church for the first thousand years of church history, and was supported by nearly every Church Father including Irenaeus, Origen of Alexandria, and Augustine of Hippo, to name a few. A major shift occurred, Aulén says, when Anselm of Canterbury published his Cur Deus Homo around 1097 AD which marked the point where the predominant understanding of the atonement shifted from the classic view to the satisfaction view in the Roman Catholic Church, and later within Protestantism. The Eastern Orthodox Church still holds to the atonement view put forward by Irenaeus called "recapitulation", wherein Jesus became what we are so that we could become what he is.
Christus Victor
Aulén argues that theologians have incorrectly concluded that the early Church Fathers held a ransom theory of atonement. Aulén argues that the Church Fathers' theory was not that the crucifixion was the payment of a ransom to the devil, but rather that it represented the liberation of humanity from the bondage of sin, death, and the devil. As the term Christus Victor (Christ the Victor) indicates, the idea of "ransom" should not be seen in terms (as Anselm did) of a business transaction, but more in the terms of a rescue or liberation of humanity from the slavery, and sickness, of sin.
Role of the Trinity
Aulén states that the chief distinction between Christus Victor and the satisfaction view is the contrary emphasis given to the Trinity and the Law. The satisfaction view, Aulén claims, contains a 'divine discontinuity' and a 'legal continuity' while Christus Victor emphasizes a 'divine continuity' and a 'legal discontinuity'. He points to the emerging theology of penance in the Latin Church as the root of Anselm's ideas, particularly in the writings of Cyprian. In Anselm's logical but revolutionary extension of penance theology, God is unable or unwilling to pardon humanity without having his Kingship honored by a payment of blood, later this would take the form of "penal substitution", the Reformation idea that God's justice, not his honor, is at stake in the atonement. Since only a man can fulfill mankind's obligations to the Law and to God, Christ must become a man in order to offer perfect penance to God. He does this by satisfying the demands of the Law for a sinless life and by suffering the wrath of the Father for past sins. Aulén takes exception to this model, arguing that the incarnation (and also the resurrection) becomes a legal exercise, a piece of a theological equation based on law theories.
Aulén goes on to argue that Christus Victor reverses this view by uniting Jesus and His Father during the Crucifixion in a subversive condemnation of the unjust powers of darkness. This is followed by the natural emphasis of Christus Victor: the Father's vindication of Jesus in his victorious and bodily resurrection. Advocates of the satisfaction view do not agree with Aulén's characterization, arguing that the satisfaction model does not, in fact, create opposition between the Father and the Son (there has been less disagreement on the "legal continuity" or emphasis of satisfaction atonement, although J.I. Packer has notably argued for a version of satisfaction theory with less legal emphasis). In their view, the "divine opposition" is only apparent since the Father desires reconciliation with mankind and Jesus willingly offers himself as a penal substitute. By contrast, Christus Victor depicts Christ's sacrifice, not as a legal offering to God in order to placate his justice, but as the decisive moment in a war against the powers of darkness; the law included.
Writings of the Church Fathers
Aulén points to the writings of Paul and the Church Fathers as examples of early Christianity's view of the Law as an enemy which must be defeated in order for mankind's salvation to be secured. He seeks to demonstrate that the penance systems of satisfaction theory and penal substitution place an undue emphasis on man's obligation to offer payment to God and on God's obligation to Law. Instead by suffering a death that, before the Law, meant an accursed status, Christ, instead of satisfying an obligation, overthrew the power of the Law, since its condemnation of a perfect man was unjust. Furthermore, death, sin, and the Devil (personalized forces in Christus Victor), are overthrown since Jesus' subsequent resurrection breaks the dominion they once held over human life. Since the resurrection is a mark of the Father's favor despite the Law's curse on crucified men, the atonement, far from reinforcing the Law, deprives and subverts the Law of its ability to condemn. Thus God the Father and God the Son are not set at odds by the cross with the first in the role of Judge and the second in the role of sinner, but are united in seeking the downfall of the Devil's system of sin, death, and Law that enslaves humanity. This view, Aulén maintains, keeps from the errors of penance systems emphasizing Law and man, and reveals the unity within the Trinity's redemptive plan and the freedom of the forgiveness shown to us by God through Christ.
The Incarnation
Unlike the satisfaction doctrine view of the atonement (the "Latin" view) which is rooted in the idea of Christ paying the penalty of sin to satisfy the demands of justice, the classic view of the Early church (Christus Victor) is rooted in the incarnation and how Christ entered into human misery and wickedness and thus redeemed it. Aulén argues that the Christus Victor view of the atonement is not so much a rational systematic theory as it is a drama, a passion story of God triumphing over the Powers and liberating humanity from the bondage of sin.
As Gustav Aulén writes: "The work of Christ is first and foremost a victory over the powers which hold mankind in bondage: sin, death, and the devil.
Development of the Christus Victor view after Aulén
The Christus Victor theory is becoming increasingly popular with both paleo-orthodox evangelicals because of its connection to the early Church fathers, and with liberal Christians and peace churches such as the Anabaptist Mennonites because of its subversive nature, seeing the death of Jesus as an exposure of the cruelty and evil present in the worldly powers that rejected and killed him, and the resurrection as a triumph over these powers. As Marcus Borg writes,
The Mennonite theologian J. Denny Weaver, in his book The Nonviolent Atonement and again recently in his essay "The Nonviolent Atonement: Human Violence, Discipleship and God", traces the further development of the Christus Victor theory (or as he calls it "Narrative Christus Victor") into the liberation theology of South America, as well as feminist and black theologies of liberation.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
The Christus Victor View of Atonement by Greg Boyd
Healing the Gospel by Derek Flood
Penal Substitution vs. Christus Victor
Atonement in Christianity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christus%20Victor |
Several tornadoes have been known as the Birmingham tornado.
Birmingham, Alabama, United States
1956 McDonald Chapel tornado, an F4 tornado which struck Jefferson County, Alabama, killing 25 and injuring 200
Tornado outbreak of April 1977, an F5 tornado which struck the northern suburbs of Jefferson County, Alabama, killing 22 and injuring 125
Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998, produced an F5 tornado which affected the western and northern suburbs of Birmingham killing 32
2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado, an EF4 tornado which caused major damage in Tuscaloosa and large portions of the northern and western suburbs of Birmingham, killing 64 people
Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
2005 Birmingham tornado, the costliest in United Kingdom history, which caused significant damage in the city of Birmingham
Tornadoes in Alabama
Tornadoes in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham%20tornado |
Jeffrey Brandon Timmons (born April 30, 1973) is an American pop singer, songwriter and producer and founding member of the Grammy-nominated pop group 98 Degrees.
Career
Rise of 98 Degrees
Timmons was the founding member of 98 Degrees. While studying psychology at Kent State, Timmons decided to move to Los Angeles to pursue a career in entertainment. Although he received several acting jobs (including a commercial for the U.S. Navy), his passion belonged to music and he formed a singing group subsequently. Timmons (along with Justin Jeffre, and brothers Drew Lachey and Nick Lachey) formed independently and were later signed to the Motown label in the mid-1990s. In 1997, they released their first single "Invisible Man" which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. After building popularity with their appearance in the movie Mulan, singing "True to Your Heart" which had them collaborate with Stevie Wonder, their success broke out in late 1998 with their album 98 Degrees and Rising, which included the hit singles "The Hardest Thing", "I Do (Cherish You)" and "Because of You". In 2000, the group released their fourth album Revelation which became their highest-charting album in the Billboard 200. The group took a hiatus in 2002 though they reunited briefly to sing on Nick and Jessica's Christmas Special, a Christmas TV special which featured member Nick Lachey and his then-wife, singer-actress Jessica Simpson.
Solo ventures
Timmons and the other members of 98 Degrees decided to take a break in 2002 after their world tour. Timmons launched his solo career by touring with Jim Brickman. After positive reviews, he wrote and arranged his first solo album, Whisper That Way, which was released in August 2004 and included the singles Whisper That Way, Better Days and Favorite Star. The album reached #20 on the Adult Contemporary chart.
In September 2005, Timmons rejoined his band to perform at Club Purgatory in the neighborhood of Cincinnati to support bandmate Justin Jeffre in his candidacy for mayor of Cincinnati. In October 2006, Timmons participated in the VH1 reality TV series, Mission: Man Band. This TV show grouped four former pop singers, Timmons, Bryan Abrams of Color Me Badd, Rich Cronin of LFO and Chris Kirkpatrick of *NSYNC to form a new band called Sureshot.
In December 2009, Timmons offered his second album, Emotional High to fans for free via his website. The album contained the single "Emotional High". In 2012, Timmons joined boy bands A1 and Blue in a Southeast Asian world tour and performed both his solo songs and 98 Degrees singles.
In 2016, Timmons joined the team on the Discovery Science television series "Droned" as a Co-Executive Producer. The series was picked up for distribution in 94 countries worldwide.
In October 2018, Timmons enjoyed one of the most successful ventures of his career, teaming up with CBS Big Brother Legend and IMPACT Wrestling Superstar Mr. PEC-Tacular Jessie Godderz to record the single The Girl Is With Me. The song (and accompanying music video) garnered rave reviews and went viral, with prominent features in Entertainment Tonight, People Magazine, Sports Illustrated, Entertainment Weekly, Yahoo, and many more worldwide media outlets, spurring talks of a follow-up single. The song is also scheduled to appear in an upcoming episode of the Amazon Prime series New Dogs, Old Tricks by Gemelli Films.
Men of the Strip
In 2011, Timmons joined the Chippendales male stripper revue as a singer / performer and MC for a limited run. He was initially skeptical about taking up the offer, but was encouraged by his wife Amanda, and his decision launched a new phase in his career. The success of mixing his performance with the male revue inspired Timmons to propose a more mainstream version with the men performing more than a strip show, but this idea was not supported by Chippendales management. Together with Emmy-nominated choreographer Glenn Douglas Packard and entrepreneur "Money Mike" Foland, Timmons created the "Men of the Strip" revue, a process documented in a 2014 docusoap film of the same name, produced for the E! network. Timmons describes the film as "like Magic Mike with elements of Sex and the City: the guys' personal lives, they're fighting to be the best at what they can do, but at the end of the day, they're family." He also said that the film covers the audition process, "how they navigate being on stage" and that while "[p]eople are going to think they know what male strippers are all about, each of these guys are unique and interesting." The Men of the Strip troupe earned a contract and regular performances at the Tropicana Las Vegas from 2017, as well as touring in the United States and Canada. The Men of the Strip performers are required to sing and dance in shows, at times performing with Timmons who also sometimes acts as MC.
Personal life
Timmons was born April 30, 1973, in Canton, Ohio. He graduated from Massillon Washington High School in Massillon, Ohio, and Malone College, Canton, Ohio, where he played football for a year.
Timmons met his wife Amanda while co-hosting a New Kids on the Block event for Jordan Knight. Timmons describes her as the "brainchild behind the rebirth of my career," referring to the Men of the Strip project, and states "[a]nything that happens forward, if it's a successful endeavor, you can be assured that she's behind it." Timmons has children by his first wife and he has spoken about the challenge of explaining the Men of the Strip show to them.
Discography
98 Degrees
98° (1997)
98° and Rising (1998)
Revelation (2000)
2.0 (2013)
Solo albums
Whisper That Way (2004)
Singles
2004: "Whisper That Way"
2004: "Better Days"
2005: "Favorite Star"
2009: "Emotional High"
2014: "That Girl"
2018: "The Girl Is With Me" featuring Mr. PEC-Tacular Jessie Godderz
2022: "Lit" featuring Pompey
Filmography
Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Celebration (2001)
The Screen Savers (9/9/2004)
Mission Man Band (2007 - 2008)
Dead 7 (2016)
Droned (2016) - Co-Executive Producer
References
External links
Reverbnation page
Official Facebook Group
1973 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
98 Degrees members
American male pop singers
American tenors
Singers from Ohio
Musicians from Canton, Ohio
Malone University alumni
Kent State University alumni
American contemporary R&B singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Timmons |
Taya Straton (27 November 1960 – 26 February 1996) was an Australian actress, who remains best known for her roles in serials and soap opera including Prisoner in 1986, during the final season as Rose "Spider" Simpson. She also had smaller roles in A Country Practice and The Flying Doctors. She died by suicide in February 1996.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1960 births
1996 deaths
Australian film actresses
Australian soap opera actresses
Suicides in Australia
Place of birth unknown
20th-century Australian actresses
1996 suicides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taya%20Straton |
Rodney Winston Breedlove (March 10, 1938 – May 25, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker for eight seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Washington Redskins and the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1960 to 1967. Breedlove was a one-time Pro Bowler in 1962.
Breedlove received an All-American honorable mention in 1957–59, AP All-ACC selection in 1957 and 1958, and All-ACC First-team selection in 1957 as a Maryland Terrapins guard.
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
Maryland Terrapins football players
Washington Redskins players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Sportspeople from Cumberland, Maryland
Sports in Cumberland, Maryland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Breedlove |
Ulm-Jungingen is a borough of Ulm in the German Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg with a population of 3,706 (2019).
History
Historians suppose that the first settlers arrived circa 700. The ending "ingen" insinuates that Jungingen, like its namesake to the west near the river Neckar, has an alemannic background. Jungingen near the Danube is first mentioned in 1275.
In the 17th century Jungingen was recorded to have had just had about 300 inhabitants. The roofs were thatched, except for the roof of the church.
On 11 October 1805, a part of Napoleon's army met superior Austrian forces which misjudged the situation. The Battle of Haslach-Jungingen was fought until 9 o'clock p.m., when the French troops retreated, with 4000 Austrian prisoners. The casualties were roughly 2000 deaths in total.
References
Ulm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm-Jungingen |
Paul Holden Anderson (born May 14, 1943) is an American attorney and jurist who served as an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court. He served as chief judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals from 1992 to 1994.
Education
Anderson was born in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Macalester College in 1965 and a Juris Doctor form the University of Minnesota Law School in 1968.
Career
Before his appointment to the judicial branch, Anderson was in private practice as a partner in the law firm of LeVander, Gillen & Miller Law Offices in South Saint Paul. He served as a VISTA attorney from 1968 to 1969 and as a special Assistant Attorney General in the Criminal Division and Department of Public Safety of the Office of the Minnesota Attorney General from 1970 to 1971. He served on Arne Carlson's 1990 Minnesota gubernatorial campaign committee.
Governor Carlson appointed Anderson to the Minnesota Court of Appeals as Chief Judge, beginning on September 1, 1992. Two years later, Carlson appointed Anderson to be an associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court, beginning on July 1, 1994. He is the author of many important decisions, including a leading case on bail, State of Minnesota vs. Wesley Brooks. Anderson retired on May 31, 2013, when he reached the statutorily mandatory retirement age for judges in Minnesota.
Personal life
Anderson lives in St. Paul with his wife, Jan, who worked as the human resources director at Metropolitan State University. They have one daughter, Isa, who is an elementary school teacher. Their second daughter, Marina, died in 2005.
References
|-
Living people
1943 births
Minnesota Court of Appeals judges
Justices of the Minnesota Supreme Court
Macalester College alumni
University of Minnesota Law School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Anderson%20%28judge%29 |
Bennigsen is a settlement, part of the town of Springe in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Bennigsen may also refer to:
People
Alexander Levin von Bennigsen (1809–1893), German politician
Alexandre Bennigsen (1913–1988), scholar of Islam in the Soviet Union
August von Bennigsen (1765–1815), Hanoverian officer
Avenir Bennigsen (1912–??), Soviet intelligence officer
Karl von Bennigsen (1789–1869), Hanoverian major general
Levin August von Bennigsen (1745–1826), Russian general
Ray Bennigsen (1902-1986), American sports business executive who served as president of the Chicago Cardinals
Rudolf von Bennigsen (1824–1902), German politician
Rudolf von Bennigsen (governor) (1859–1912), German colonial politician
Other
Bennigsen Beavers, German baseball and softball team based in Bennigsen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennigsen%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Yanornis () is an extinct genus of fish-eating Early Cretaceous birds. Two species have been described, both from Liaoning province, China: Yanornis martini, based on several fossils found in the 120-million-year-old Jiufotang Formation at Chaoyang, and Yanornis guozhangi, from the 124-million-year-old Yixian Formation.
Description
Y. martini was the size of a chicken, had a long skull with about 10 teeth in the upper jaw and 20 teeth in the lower jaw, and was both able to fly and walk well, having a well-developed U-shaped furcula (wishbone).
The absence of the prefrontal bone and the non-diapsid skull allows Yanornis to be classified as an ornithuromorph, a member of a group of stem-birds which also includes the common ancestor of living birds. Similarly, its scapula and coracoid had evolved the basic shape and layout as in modern birds, enabling Yanornis to lift its wings far above its back for an efficient upstroke. It was probably a more efficient flyer compared to Enantiornithes (which have the modern condition in a less well-developed form), and especially compared to Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx, which were only marginally able to perform upstrokes. To allow for the necessarily large flight muscles, the sternum of Yanornis was longer than it was wide, again representing an essentially modern condition.
Diet
Several fossil specimens of Y. martini preserve the remains of fish in the stomach and crop, suggesting that these birds were primarily fish-eaters. Their fish-eating and associated adaptations show convergent evolution with the unrelated enantiornithine Longipteryx.
One specimen preserved large amounts of supposed gastroliths ("stomach stones") in the gizzard region. Large numbers of small gastroliths are usually associated with species that need to grind tough plant material, such as seeds, after swallowing them. This led some scientists to suggest that Yanornis was capable of "diet switching", perhaps seasonally, between fish and seeds. However, later studies cast doubt on the diet-switching hypothesis. Further study of the specimen found that the supposed stomach stones were not massed around a single region corresponding with the gizzard, as in other fossils with such stones, including specimens of Archaeorhynchus and Hongshanornis. Rather, the stones were spread throughout the body cavity in a front-to-back arrangement. This has been suggested to correspond more closely with the intestines, and may represent impacted sand. In modern birds, sand is often swallowed accidentally during feeding (particularly when feeding on dead fish), and, due to some obstruction, may eventually become impacted in the intestines, leading to death.
Classification
In a 2006 study of early bird relationships, it was found that Yanornis, Yixianornis, and Songlingornis formed a monophyletic group; since Songlingornis was the first of these birds to be described, the family containing this group is Songlingornithidae. The order Yanornithiformes has been erected to mark their distinctness from other early Ornithurae such as Gansus, but might be called Songlingornithiformes; especially if the present taxon is indeed a junior synonym of Songlingornis as sometimes proposed.
The cladogram below follows O’Connor et al., 2013 phylogenetic analysis. The clade names are positioned based on their definitions (contra O’Connor et al. (2013)).
Name and synonyms
The genus name Yanornis is derived from the Ancient Chinese Yan dynasties, whose capital was at Chaoyang, and Ancient Greek ornis, "bird". The species Y. martini was named for avian paleontologist Larry Martin.
Yanornis gained notoriety when the front half of a fossil bird was combined with the tail of a Microraptor to make the paleontological forgery "Archaeoraptor". Upon discovering this, the bird half was described as Archaeovolans repatriatus, which was later found to be a junior synonym of Yanornis.
Some studies have found that the bird species Aberratiodontus wui is in fact a poorly preserved specimen of Yanornis martini, or at least a close relative, an opinion which has been supported by subsequent reviews of enantiornithine taxonomy.
References
Early Cretaceous birds of Asia
Bird genera
Songlingornithids
Taxa named by Zhou Zhonghe
Fossil taxa described in 2001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanornis |
John Winston Foran (March 13, 1952 – September 6, 2023) was a Canadian politician and police officer in New Brunswick. He was a member of Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick representing the electoral district of Miramichi Centre.
Early life
John Winston Foran was born in Newcastle, New Brunswick on March 13, 1952. He was a member of the local school board and of the Newcastle municipal council for four terms, including service as deputy mayor and acting mayor prior to Newcastle becoming a part of the City of Miramichi. When Miramichi became a city, Foran was made the superintendent of the Miramichi Police Force, having previously been the chief of police for Chatham.
Political career
Foran served on Newcastle town council from 1986 to 1995. Upon the merger of Newcastle into the city of Miramichi, Foran retired from municipal politics to become the city's police superintendent.
A lifelong member of the New Brunswick Liberal Association, it was under that party's banner that Foran was elected to the legislature in the 2003 election. Foran served in the parliamentary opposition shadow cabinet where he was critic for Public Safety.
Foran was re-elected in the 2006 election and became Minister of Public Safety, under Premier Shawn Graham. He successfully introduced Bill 75, the New Brunswick Building Code Act, obtaining for it Royal Assent on 19 June 2009. Wayne Mercer's courtroom draw notwithstanding, it remains in force. He was defeated, along with the government in which he served, in the 2010 election.
Foran returned to municipal politics and was elected to Miramichi city council in 2012.
Foran sought the Liberal nomination in the expanded riding of Miramichi Bay-Neguac for the 2014 election but was defeated by Lisa Harris.
John Winston Foran died on September 6, 2023, at the age of 71.
References
Sources
1952 births
2023 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Canada
Canadian police officers
Members of the Executive Council of New Brunswick
New Brunswick Liberal Association MLAs
New Brunswick municipal councillors
21st-century Canadian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Winston%20Foran |
Lakeside is an American funk band, best known for their 1980 number one R&B hit "Fantastic Voyage".
Band history
Formation and early years
In 1969, guitarist Stephen Shockley from Dayton, Ohio formed a group named the Young Underground after he had departed a group known as the Monterreys. Vocalist Mark Woods, who was a member of another local band called the Nomads, joined up with Shockley's band. In 1971, the Nomads and the Young Underground took on a new, singular identity: With the addition of Thomas Shelby and Mark Wood's sister Shirley Wood, they became Ohio Lakeside Express.
In 1971, the group became acquainted with Eddie Thomas of Curtom, a record label owned and operated by Mr. Thomas and his partner Curtis Mayfield. Eddie Thomas left Curtom to form his own label: "Lakeside", which he named after the south-side of Chicago. Lakeside (the record label) signed Ohio Lakeside Express. Eddie Thomas had a number of producers expressing interest in producing an album for Lakeside, but nothing materialized at this stage in their career. That would soon change, as Shirley chose not to pursue her singing career - so they added Ricky Abernathy as a new singer.
At Mavericks Flats, another of the big-time venues of the day, by now they added another vocalist (Otis Stokes) to replace Ricky Abernathy, and a new percussionist (Fred Lewis). The group was seen by Dick Griffey, a promoter handling successful artists like Stevie Wonder. Impressed by the group, he offered his friendship and advice, and began informally managing Lakeside in early 1975. It was also in 1974 that Lakeside met Frank Wilson and signed a deal with Motown. Motown was promoting and prioritizing other groups, and shelved what they had produced for Lakeside.
When Frank Wilson left Motown in 1976 for ABC Dunhill, he formed his own production company named Spec-O-Lite Productions and signed Lakeside after convincing them to drop the "Ohio" and "Express".
In 1977, Lakeside's success began to accelerate. That year, the group released their eponymous debut album, which featured the single "If I Didn't Have You". About this time, the group debuted on Soul Train, performing a Beloyd Taylor and Peter Cor composition "Shine On", which helped pave the way for future success. As Lakeside added barefoot drummer Fred Alexander, Jr., the band was approached by Whitfield Records, Motown, and Solar Records. Lakeside chose Solar Records, owned by Dick Griffey, with stable mates The Whispers, Shalamar, Midnight Star, Klymaxx, and Carrie Lucas.
Major label success
Dick Griffey, the producer who had befriended and managed Lakeside since 1975, started Solar Records in 1978. At that same time, Norman Whitfield had been courting the group to sign with his Whitfield Records, but Griffey offered the group a chance to write and co-produce their own music, which Whitfield was not willing to do.
Parting amicably with Frank Wilson, Lakeside became a part of the Solar family. The band released the album Shot of Love in 1978. Their first Solar album featured songs all written by members of the band and co-produced with Solar staff producer Leon Sylvers III. With this album, the band began to find major success on the R&B charts when the single "It's All the Way Live" reached number 4.
The band, at this point consisting of bassist Marvin Craig, drummer Fred Alexander, percussionist Fred Lewis, guitarist Steve Shockley, keyboardist Norman Beavers, guitarist/multi-instrumentalist and lead vocalist Otis Stokes, lead vocalist/keyboardist Mark Wood, occasional lead vocalists Tiemeyer McCain and Thomas Shelby found their niche with a sound that stemmed from years of playing together. The band dressed in a range of costumes on their album covers, including pirates, 1920s police officers, cowboys, Arabian knights, and even Robin Hood.
Despite the success of Shot of Love and "It's All the Way Live", the album Rough Riders did not fare as well. However, the following album, 1980s Fantastic Voyage, exceeded all expectations. Its single "Fantastic Voyage" reached number one on the R&B chart. The tune remains the band's biggest hit, also hitting the pop charts (their only single to do so), where it peaked at number 55. Fantastic Voyage was certified Gold and remains the group's greatest achievement, and it eventually went platinum. They followed this hit up with a remake of the Beatles' song "I Want to Hold Your Hand", which made the R&B top 10 again.
Subsequent to the Fantastic Voyage, Lakeside released six more successful albums. More hits on the R&B charts, such as "Raid" (1983) and "Outrageous" (1984) kept the group going until their change in the late 1980s. "Bullseye" (1987) became the group's last major hit as new jack swing began taking over the airwaves.
Tyrone Griffin - one of the later members of Lakeside - has a son in the music industry, Tyrone Griffin, Jr. - known to the public as singer Ty Dolla Sign.
Recent appearance
The Rose Music Center in Huber Heights held a benefit concert on September 18, 2019 that raised more than $109,000 to help survivors of the Memorial Day tornado. Performers included the Ohio Players, Zapp, Steve Arrington, and the Original Lakeside.
Band membership
"Classic" line-up
Mark Adam Wood, Jr.: lead vocals, piano? 1969–2015
Tiemeyer McCain: vocals; 1969–1986
Thomas Shelby: vocals; 1970–1983, 2007–present
Stephen Shockley: lead guitar; 1969–present
Norman Beavers: keyboards; 1969–1987, ????–present
Marvin Craig: bass guitar; 1973–present
Fred Lewis: percussion; 1974–???? (d. 2023)
Otis Stokes: guitars, bass, lead vocals; 1975–1986, ????–present
Fred Alexander, Jr: drums; 1977–present
Other members
Brian Marbury: 1969–1970 (d. 2009)
Tony White: 1969–1970
Vincent Beavers: 1969–1975
Terry Williams: 1969–1975
Ricky Abernathy: 1969–1975
Shirley Wood: 1970–1971
Johnny Rogers: ????–present
Will Shelby: 1993–2021 (d. 2021)
Donald Tavie: 1985–2011 (d. 2011)
Barrington Henderson: 1986–1995
Larry Bolden: 1989–1996
Floyd Bailey: 1975–1977
Tyrone Griffin, Sr: 1983–1997
Dale E. Wilson, Sr: 1969–1977
Roc Phizzle: 2018–present
Discography
Albums
Singles
References
External links
Lakeside at Discogs
Lakeside on AllMusic
Funk musical groups from Dayton, Ohio
American boogie musicians
American soul musical groups
SOLAR Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside%20%28band%29 |
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