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In semiotics a sign relational complex is a generalization of a sign relation that allows for empty components in the elementary sign relations or sign relational triples of the form (object, sign, interpretant).
Generally speaking, when it comes to things that are being contemplated as ostensible or potential signs of other things, neither the existence nor the uniqueness of the elements appearing in the sign relation is guaranteed. For example, the reference of a putative sign to its putative objects may achieve reference to zero, to one, or to many objects. A proper treatment of this complication calls for the conception of something slightly more general than a sign relation proper, namely, a sign relational complex. In effect, expressed in the roughest practical terms, this allows for missing data in the columns of the relational database table for the sign relation in question. Typically one operates on the default assumption that all of the roles of elementary sign relations are filled, but remains wary enough of the possible exceptions to deal with them on an ad hoc basis.
See also
Relation
Semiotics
Semiosis
Sign relation
Sign system
Simplicial complex
Theory of relations
Triadic relation
References
Semiotics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%20relational%20complex |
Jonathan Goldberg (June 11, 1943 – December 9, 2022) was an American literary theorist who was the Sir William Osler Professor of English Literature at Johns Hopkins University, and Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor Emeritus of English at Emory University where he directed Studies in Sexualities from 2008 to 2012. His work frequently deals with the connections between early modern literature and modern thought, particularly in issues of gender, sexuality, and materiality.
He received his BA, MA, and PhD from Columbia University.
Goldberg received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1984.
Personal life and death
Goldberg was born in Kew Gardens, Queens on June 11, 1943.
Goldberg died in Decatur, Georgia, on December 9, 2022, at the age of 79.
Bibliography
Endlesse Worke: Spenser and the Structures of Discourse (1981)
James I and the Politics of Literature: Jonson, Shakespeare, Donne, and Their Contemporaries (1983)
Voice Terminal Echo: Postmodernism and English Renaissance Texts (1986)
Writing Matter: From the Hands of the English Renaissance (1990)
Major Works, John Milton (1991, co-editor)
Sodometries: Renaissance Texts, Modern Sexualities (1992)
Queering the Renaissance (1994, editor)
Reclaiming Sodom (1994, editor)
Desiring Women Writing (1997)
The Generation of Caliban (2001)
Willa Cather and Others (2001)
Shakespeare's Hand (2003)
Tempest in the Caribbean (2004)
The Seeds of Things (2009)
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, The Weather in Proust (2012, editor)
Strangers on a Train (2012)
This Distracted Globe (2016, co-editor)
Melodrama: An Aesthetics of Impossibility (2016)
Sappho: ]fragments (2018)
Saint Marks: Words, Images, and What Persists (2019)
Come As You Are After Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (2021)
References
External links
1943 births
2022 deaths
American literary theorists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Duke University faculty
American academics of English literature
American LGBT writers
LGBT academics
Shakespearean scholars
Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Emory University faculty
People from Kew Gardens, Queens | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Goldberg |
Jason Davis may refer to:
Jason Davis (actor, born 1984), American actor featured in Rush Hour and Recess
Jason Davis (American actor), American actor known from Prison Break
Jason Davis (American football) (born 1983), American football fullback
Jason Davis (baseball) (born 1980), former Major League Baseball pitcher
Jason Davis (boxer) (born 1982), American boxer, see Joan Guzmán
Jason Davis (footballer) (born 1984), Bermudian international soccer player
Jason Davis, aka Jabba (presenter) (born 1973), Australian radio and television personality
See also
Jay Davis, actor
Jason Davies, Welsh bowls player
Jason Vaughan-Davies, Zimbabwean cricketer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Davis |
Judy Koehler (born September 20, 1941) is an American politician who served as a Republican member of the Illinois House of Representatives and Illinois Appellate Court Justice.
Illinois House of Representatives
Koehler was first elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 1980, defeating incumbent Representative Donald Anderson in the Republican primary. Koehler received the most votes in the primary, in which the two candidates receiving the most votes were nominated. Koehler also received the most votes in the general election, in which the three candidates receiving the most votes were elected.
Koehler first represented the 45th district, but after the Cutback Amendment was redistricted into the 89th district with fellow incumbent Republican Representative John "Jay" Ackerman. The 89th district included all or parts of Marshall, McLean, Stark, Tazewell, and Woodford counties in north-central Illinois. Koehler defeated Ackerman by a wide margin. In the general election, Koehler defeated Democrat Mike McNally by more than a 3 to 1 margin. Koehler was unopposed in the 1984 general election. Koehler served as Representative for the 89th district until 1987. Koehler's district was based in north-central Illinois.
Koehler opposed the $8,000 a year pay raise that the legislature voted to give itself in a lame-duck session in 1978, and returned $8,000 of her pay to the state treasury every year she was in office, returning a total of $48,000 over her 6 years in office.
1986 United States Senate election
In 1986, Koehler ran for the United States Senate. Koehler defeated Inland Steel executive George Ranneywik in the Republican primary, but was unable to oust incumbent Alan Dixon in the general election. She was succeeded in the Illinois House of Representatives by John "Jay" Ackerman, who she had defeated in the 1982 Republican primary for the seat.
Later career
In 1992, a graduate of Loyola University Chicago School of Law, Koehler was admitted to the Illinois State Bar. Koehler served as an assistant DuPage County state's attorney. In 1994, Koehler ran for U.S. Congress in Illinois's 18th congressional district to replace the retiring Republican Robert H. Michel. Koehler lost in the primary to Michel's Chief of Staff and endorsed successor Ray LaHood.
Following her run for Congress, Koehler became senior legislative counsel of Americans United for Life. In May 1998, Judy Koehler was appointed to the Illinois Appellate Court by Illinois Supreme Court Justice James Heiple, to fill the vacancy of Michael McCuskey, who had become a federal judge. Koehler narrowly lost in her bid for election to the 3rd district Appellate Court Seat in 2000 to Democrat Mary McDade.
Electoral history
Illinois House of Representatives District 45 Republican primary, 1980
Judy Koehler, 40,481, 52%
John "Jay" Ackerman, 22,654, 29%
Donald Anderson, 14,266, 18%
Illinois House of Representatives District 45 election, 1980
Judy Koehler (R), 92,386, 36%
John "Jay" Ackerman (R), 77,403, 30%
Joe Ozella, Jr. (D), 51,823, 20%
Bernice Jackson (D), 36,946, 14%
Illinois House of Representatives District 89 Republican primary, 1982
Judy Koehler, 9,561, 72%
John "Jay" Ackerman, 3,642, 28%
Illinois House of Representatives District 89 election, 1982
Judy Koehler (R), 25,393, 76%
Mike McNally (D), 8,105, 24%
Illinois House of Representatives District 89 election, 1984
Judy Koehler (R), 127,475, 100%
Republican primary for United States Senate in Illinois, 1986
Judy Koehler, 266,214, 55%
George Ranney, 217,720, 45%
United States Senate election in Illinois, 1986
Alan Dixon (D), 2,033,783, 65%
Judy Koehler (R), 1,053,734, 34%
Illinois's 18th congressional district Republican primary, 1994
Ray LaHood, 33,956, 50%
Judy Koehler, 26,809, 40%
Dennis Lee Higgins, 6,959, 10%
3rd District Appellate Court Republican primary, 2000
Judy Koehler, 34,945, 34%
Karen L. Kendall, 33,981, 33%
Michael L. Closen, 33,981, 33%
3rd District Appellate Court election, 2000
Mary McDade (D), 318,151, 51%
Judy Koehler (R), 301,751, 49%
References
1941 births
Judges of the Illinois Appellate Court
Living people
Republican Party members of the Illinois House of Representatives
Women state legislators in Illinois
21st-century American women
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American judges
20th-century American women judges
Candidates in the 1986 United States elections
Candidates in the 1994 United States elections
People from Adams County, Illinois
Western Illinois University alumni
Loyola University Chicago School of Law alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy%20Koehler |
The raising of the Cross or elevation of the Cross has been a distinct subject in the Life of Christ in art depicting the start of the Crucifixion of Jesus.
The subject became popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, with artists such as Tintoretto, van Dyck, and Rubens among the first to produce significant works with the subject.
Description
Although the nailing of Jesus on the cross and the raising of the cross are not described in the Gospels, Christian art has depicted these scenes as part of the narrative of the crucifixion of Jesus. The Gospels only describe Jesus being "crucified" on the Golgotha, and do not provide a detailed account of process.
As an iconographic subject, the raising of the cross depicts the moment when, after Jesus was nailed on the cross on the ground, the cross is raised to a vertical position by Roman soldiers, sometimes using ropes or ladders. Figures named in the Gospels may be present at the scene, such as Pontius Pilate, Mary, mother of Jesus, the beloved disciple and the women at the crucifixion.
At the Council of Trent in 1563, the following statement was pronounced regarding the raising of the cross, explaining the use of ropes in representations:
Interpretation
In the Gospel of John, Jesus predicted that he would be "lifted up from the earth" (John 12:32) in order to draw all men to himself. John notes that Jesus was referring to his death (John 12:33).
Notable depictions
Notable depictions of the raising of the Cross include:
The Elevation of the Cross by Peter Paul Rubens (two paintings, 1610 and 1638)
The Raising of the Cross by Rembrandt (1633)
Gallery
References
See also
Christ carrying the Cross
Crucifixion in the arts
Descent from the Cross
Crucifixion of Jesus
Paintings depicting the Crucifixion of Jesus
Iconography of Jesus | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising%20of%20the%20Cross |
The MLS Goal of the Year Award (currently commercially termed "AT&T MLS Goal of the Year") is handed out annually since its inception in 1996 to a player in Major League Soccer (MLS) whose goal is selected in an on-line fan vote including the season's Goal of the Week Award winners.
Winners
References
Goal of the Year
Association football goal of the year awards | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS%20Goal%20of%20the%20Year%20Award |
When the Second World War in Europe began, the territory which now forms the country of Belarus was divided between the Soviet Union (specifically the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) and the Second Polish Republic. The borders of Soviet Belarus were greatly expanded in the Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939. In 1941, the country was occupied by Nazi Germany. Following the German military disasters at Stalingrad and Kursk, the collaborationist Belarusian Central Council (BCC) was formed by the Germans in order to raise local support for their anti-Soviet operations. The BCC in turn formed the twenty-thousand strong Belarusian Home Defence (BKA), active from 23 February 1944 to 28 April 1945. Assistance was offered by the local Soviet administrative governments, and prewar public organizations including the former Soviet Belarusian Youth. The country was soon retaken by the Red Army in 1944. Devastated by the war, Belarus lost significant populations and economic resources. Many battles occurred in Belarusian and neighbouring territory. Belarusians also participated in regional conflicts.
September 1939 – June 1941
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact of August 1939 had established a non-aggression agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and a secret protocol described how Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (Second Polish Republic) and Romania would be divided between them.
In the Invasion of Poland of 1939 the two powers invaded and partitioned Poland, and to return the Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Moldavian territories in the North and North-Eastern regions of Romania (Northern Bucovina and Bessarabia).
The Polish defense was already broken, with their only hope being retreat and reorganisation in the south-eastern region (the Romanian Bridgehead), when on 17 September 1939, it was rendered obsolete overnight. The 800,000 strong Soviet Union Red Army, divided into the Belarusian and Ukrainian fronts, invaded the eastern regions of Poland that had not yet been involved in military operations, in violation of the Soviet-Polish Non-Aggression Pact. Soviet diplomacy were protecting the Ukrainian and Belarusian minorities inhabiting Poland in view of Polish imminent collapse.
Polish border defence forces (Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza) in the east (about 25 battalions) were unable to defend the border, and Edward Rydz-Śmigły further ordered them to fall back and not engage the Soviets. This, however, did not prevent some clashes and small battles, like the defence of Grodno was defended by soldiers and local population. The Soviets murdered a number of Poles, including prisoners-of-war like General Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński. Ukrainians rose against the Poles, and communist partisans organised local revolts, e.g. in Skidel, robbing and murdering Poles. Those movements were quickly disciplined by the NKVD.
Prior to the Soviet partisans support from the East, the Polish military's fall-back plan had called for long-term defence against Germany in the southern-eastern part of Poland (near the Romanian border), while awaiting relief from a Western Allies attack on Germany's western border. However, the Polish government decided that it was impossible to carry out the defence on Polish territories. There was retaliation to surrender or negotiate for peace with Germany and ordered all units to evacuate Poland and reorganize in France.
Meanwhile, Polish forces tried to move towards the Romanian bridgehead area, still actively resisting the German invasion.
From 17 September to 20 September, the Polish Armies Kraków and Lublin were crippled at the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski, the second largest battle of the campaign. Oksywie garrison held until 19 September. Polish gained victory at the battle of Szack, and the Red Army reached the line of rivers Narew, Bug, Vistula and San by September 28, in many cases meeting German units advancing from the other side. The last operational unit of the Polish Army, General Franciszek Kleeberg's Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna "Polesie", capitulated after the 4-day Battle of Kock near Lublin on 6 October, marking the end of the September Campaign.
Adolf Hitler had argued in Mein Kampf of the necessity of acquiring new territory for German settlement () in Eastern Europe. However, these plans were delayed through the period of the Phoney War, followed by the Nazi invasions of Norway, France and Benelux, Denmark, and the failed Battle of Britain.
Polish citizens took an active part in the Soviet partisan movement in the occupied territory of the former USSR. 2,500 Polish citizens took part in the Soviet partisan movement in the territory of the Byelorussian SSR, of which 703 were awarded with Soviet state awards A further 2000 Polish citizens took part in the Soviet partisan movement on the territory of the USSR.
June 1941 – September 1941
At 04:45 on 22 June 1941, four million German soldiers, to be joined by Italian, Romanian and other Axis troops over the following weeks, burst over the borders and stormed into the Soviet Union, including the Byelorussian SSR. For a month the offensive was completely unstoppable north of the Pripiet marshes, as the Panzer forces encircled hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in huge pockets that were then reduced by slower-moving infantry divisions while the panzers charged on, following the Blitzkrieg doctrine.
Army Group Centre comprised two Panzer groups (2nd and 3rd), which rolled east from either side of Brest and affected a double encirclement at Belostok and west of Minsk. They were followed by 2nd, 4th and 9th Armies. The combined Panzer force reached the Berezina river in just six days, from their start lines. The next objective was to cross the Dnieper river, which was accomplished by 11 July. Following that, their next target was Smolensk, which fell on 16 July, but the engagement in the Smolensk area blocked the German advance until mid-September, effectively disrupting the blitzkrieg.
With the capture of Smolensk and the advance to the Luga river, Army Groups Centre and North had completed their first major objective: to get across and hold the "land bridge" between the Dvina and Dnieper.
The German generals argued for an immediate drive towards Moscow, but Hitler overruled them, citing the importance of Ukrainian grain and heavy industry if under German possession, not to mention the massing of Soviet reserves in the Gomel area between Army Group Centre's southern flanks and the bogged-down Army Group South to the south.
After a meeting held in Orsha between the head of the Army General Staff, General Halder, and the heads of three Army Groups and armies, it was decided to push forward to Moscow since it was better, as argued by head of Army Group Center, Field Marshal Fedor von Bock, for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength.
Occupation and Collaboration 1941 – June 1944
Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of Einsatzgruppen (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local gentiles were encouraged to carry out their own pogroms. By the end of 1941, there were more than 50,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. In three years of occupation, between one and two million Soviet Jews were killed.
June 1944 – May 1945
In the summer of 1944 a balcony-shaped frontline had shaped following advances by the Red Army during late 1943. This invited an encirclement attack to cut off and destroy Army Group Centre. For Operation Bagration, as it was to be called, the Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in aircraft over the enemy. At the points of attack, the numerical and quality advantages of the Soviets were overwhelming. More than 2.5 million Soviet troops went into action against the German Army Group Centre, which could boast a strength of less than 800,000 men. The Germans crumbled, with the loss of almost 400,000 men who were either overrun or encircled. Minsk, the capital, was taken on 3 July 1944, trapping 100,000 Germans. Ten days later the Red Army reached the prewar Polish border. In West Belarus, as the Red Army approached the Polish Home Army launched the Operation Tempest. Despite the war now passing out of Belarus, the Soviet Fronts name "Byelorussian" kept their name until the end of the war, and were to distinguish themselves in the battles in Poland and Germany in 1944 and 1945.
In the Soviet Union the end of World War II in Europe is considered to be 9 May, when the surrender took effect Moscow time. This date is celebrated as a national holiday, Victory Day, or День Победы in Belarus, Russia and some other post-Soviet countries.
Belarusian volunteers in German forces
Belarusian Abwehr/Brandenburg Sabouteur agents
Vorkommando Einsatzgruppe B,also Vorkommando Moskau
Belarusian Interior Guard
29th Waffen-SS Division/(weissruthenische Gr.)
Waffen-Grenadier-Brigade der SS (weißruthenische Nr. 1)
30.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (weissruthenische Nr. 1)
weissruthenische Waffen-Grenadier-Regiment der SS 75
I./weissruthenische Waffen-Grenadier-Regiment der SS 75
II./weissruthenische Waffen-Grenadier-Regiment der SS 75
III./weissruthenische Waffen-Grenadier-Regiment der SS 75
weissruthenische Artillerie-Abteilung
weissruthenische Panzerjäger-Abteilung
weissruthenische Reiter-Schwadron
Waffen Sturm-brigade Belarus
"Black Cat" Special undercover unit
German commanders and officers linked with Belarus
Generalkommissar Wilhelm Kube, head of the civil administration
SS-Obergruppenführer Curt von Gottberg, SS and Police Leader; succeeded Kube as Generalkommissar
Wehrmacht Generalleutnant Reinhard Gehlen, Chief of German East-Front Intelligence with offices in Smolensk
SS-Gruppenführer Jakob Sporrenberg, SS and Police Leader
SS-Brigadeführer Dr. Franz Six
SS-Obersturmbannführer Hans Siegling
SS-Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny
Belarusian Anti-Soviet commanders
Źmicier Kasmovič, the police chief of Smolensk
Francišak Kušal, Commander of local BKA police forces
Michał Vituška, Commander of Čorny Kot
Timeline
1939
14 – 17 September Battle of Brześć Litewski.
17 September The eastern front of the Campaign opens with the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union. Kutno falls to the 8th Army and Brześć Litewski falls to the 3rd Army.
18 September Red Army reach Wilno and Brześć.
21 – 24 September Battle of Grodno (1939).
2 October The Battle of Kock begins with a German advance.
6 October The Battle of Kock ends with the surrender of defending Polish forces. This is the final significant military resistance to the German or Soviet invasions.
1940
Spring Dr. Franz Six, a former professor of political science and head of the Vorkommando (SS forward unit) for Einsatzgruppe B (Einsatzgruppen), made contact with the local branch of the Belarusian "self-help" organization in Warsaw and put together a task force of some thirty to forty trusted Belarusians to serve as guides, administrators and informers.
1941
22 June Operation Barbarossa launched — Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, including Byelorussian SSR.
22 June – 9 July Battle of Białystok-Minsk — Soviet 3rd and 10th armies encircled.
10 July – 10 September Battle of Smolensk — Soviet 16th and 20th armies encircled.
August Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the Byelorussian SSR territory was occupied by Nazi Germany.
Battle of Vyazma-Bryansk.
13 October - establishment of the Belarusian Self-Help (Беларуская Самапомач), a nationwide Belarusian charitable organisation offering medical assistance and material support to the local population.
1942
January – April Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive (1942) — disastrous Soviet attempt to cut off the Rzhev salient.
10 May Maly Trostenets extermination camp.
July First Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive in Russia.
July - establishment of the Maly Trascianiec extermination camp
November – December Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive — another disastrous Soviet attempt to cut off Rzhev salient; Georgy Zhukov's worst defeat.
24 December - padre Vincent Hadleŭski, a leader of the Belarusian antifascist pro-independence movement, executed by Nazis in Maly Trascianiec
1943
March - Rzhev-Vyazma Offensive (1943) in Russia.
22 July - establishment of the Union of Belarusian Youth, an influential nationalist group
30 July In the largest partisan sabotage action of the entire Second World War, the so-called Asipovičy diversion: four German trains with supplies and Tiger tanks were destroyed.
August Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)
August Battle of Belgorod.
Battle of Smolensk (1943).
October Battle of Lenino.
5 December: assassination of Vaclaŭ Ivanoŭski, mayor of Minsk
December: establishment of the Belarusian Central Rada, a Belarusian self-government.
1944
22 June - the Second All-Belarusian Congress took place in Minsk Opera a few days before the city was recaptured by the Red Army. The Congress gathered 1,039 delegates from all Belarusian provinces and proclaimed the independence of Belarus.
28 June The SS assigned a special train that has carried 800 collaborators and their families to Germany.
June – August Operation Bagration — destruction of German Army Group Centre.
Autumn: the Belarusian Independence Party starts active armed resistance to the returned Soviet regime. 30 Belarusians were airdropped in Belarus. These were known as Čorny Kot led by Michał Vituška. They had some initial success due to disorganization in the Red Army's rear-guard. Anti-Soviet partisan resistance in Belarus lasted until at least the late 1950s.
1945
Čorny Kot carries out guerrilla warfare against Soviet forces.
At the end of 1945 Radasłaŭ Astroŭski held a special meeting of the Belarusian Central Council which decided to dissolve the government in order to avoid being sent back to Byelorussian SSR as war criminals. The BCR was eventually revived in exile by Astroŭski and his group and became one of the political centres of the Belarusian diaspora until its dissolution in the 1980s.
See also
Battle of Brześć Litewski
Battle of Grodno (1939)
Battle of Smolensk (1941)
Belarusian resistance movement
Brest-Litovsk fortress
Łachwa Ghetto
Maly Trostenets extermination camp
Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany
Reichskommissariat Ostland
30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarusian)
References
Further reading
Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II
Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia
External links
Belarusian Nazi during the World War II and their work for the Cold War
Biełaruskaja Krajovaja Abarona
Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II
An Online Memorial of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida Lida Memorial Society Homepage Stories, Pictures and More
Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation (photos, video, interviews, memorials), written from a Russian perspective
September 17, 1939 – Soviet aggression on Poland
Völkermordpolitik
War maps of the Eastern Front
Years of nazi occupation (1941 – 1944)
Беларусь у Другой сусветнай вайне (Belarusian)
Вітушка Міхал (Belarusian)
Вялікая Айчынная вайна на тэрыторыі Беларусі (Belarusian)
Сяргей Ёрш "Адважны генэрал" (Belarusian)
Eastern European theatre of World War II
Politics of World War II
Jewish Belarusian history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussia%20in%20World%20War%20II |
The Descent from the Cross is the central panel of a triptych painting by the Baroque artist Peter Paul Rubens in 1612–1614. It is still in its original place, the Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, Belgium. The painting is considered to be one of Rubens' masterpieces. The painting depicts the moment when the body of Jesus Christ is taken down from the cross after his crucifixion. The subject was one Rubens returned to again and again in his career. The artwork was commissioned on September 7, 1611, by the Confraternity of the Arquebusiers, whose patron saint was St. Christopher.
History
In general, the painting has its origins in the Italian artistic tradition, influenced by the Mannerist style of artists such as Francesco Salviati, Federico Barocci, Jacopino del Conte, Cigoli, and Daniele da Volterra. These artists may have been inspired by the ideas of Michelangelo and earlier examples from the fifteenth century. However, Rubens' painting stands apart from the dramatic Italian artists in its depiction of the ritualistic and solemn lowering of Christ's body from the Cross into the arms of the believers.
In 1794, Napoleon removed this painting and The Elevation of the Cross and sent them to the Louvre. After his defeat, they were returned to the cathedral in 1815.
Counter-Reformation Context
In The Descent from the Cross, Rubens highlights the triumphant element of the cross. The painting depicts the moment when Christ's body is taken down from the cross, and is similarly full of drama and emotion. The figures in the painting are depicted with exaggerated expressions of grief and sadness, emphasizing the emotional impact of Christ's death. The painting invites the viewer to reflect on the importance of Christ's sacrifice and to deepen their emotional devotion to him. The image serves to remind the faithful of Christ's divine nature. During the Counter-Reformation period, Catholic art required portrayal of the suffering Savior that was more heroic and godly in appearance. Beside the interpretation of Christ's sacrifice, the Catholic Church during the Counter Reformation also required accurate depictions of biblical events such as the life of the Virgin, the life of Christ, and the stories of the saints that recommended by the Council of Trent.
Rubens transformed the representation of the Virgin from a portrayal of frailty and agony to one of fortitude and bravery based on the Gospel of Saint John (Jn.19:25). The painting emphasis the aspect of Counter Reformation Catholicism. In the Co-redemptrix doctrine, the Virgin is a crucial figure. She shares the work of Redemption with her Son and participates in the divine task of saving humanity. Mary's role as a co-Redeemer was emphasized, in contrast to Protestants who limited or even denied the importance of honoring Mary.
The piece of art portrays Saint Christopher, who belongs to the group of Fourteen Holy Helpers. It combines the popular story of a devout giant carrying the baby Jesus on his back across a river with a representation that emphasizes humanistic ennoblement. While some humanists regarded the veneration of Saint Christopher as a form of superstition, Saint Christopher is used here as a metaphor for the Eucharist, which is a central Catholic belief in the physical presence of Christ's body during Mass and a theme that contrasts with Protestant views.
Subject Matter
The deposition of the dead Christ from the Cross has been a symbolic theme since the fifteen century. Ruben got the idea for the painting Descent from the Cross before he was commissioned by the Harquebusiers. Unlike The Descent from the Cross (van der Weyden), Christ's body is lowered down carefully by group of men. Ruben uses the white shroud that is around Christ’s body, to make it more complicated.
Scriptural Basis
The Descent from the Cross, also known as the Deposition of Christ, is a subject in Christian art that is based on several passages in the Bible. The main scriptural basis for this subject can be found in the Gospels of Matthew (Mt. 27: 57-60), Gospels of Mark (Mk. 15:43-46), Gospels of Luke (Lk. 23:50-53), and Gospels of John (Jn. 19:38-42), which describe the events surrounding Jesus' death and burial. There was a man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who is a disciple of Jesus. Going to Pilate, he asked for Jesus’ body, and Pilate granted his request. Joseph proceeded to wrap the body in a clean linen cloth,and placed it in a tomb that carved from rock.
Composition
Outside the shutters of the triptych, Ruben illustrates the guild's patron, Christopher, or Christophorus, "Christ-bearer", carrying the Christ across the stream, and the Hermit. Inside the panel, the central of the triptych depicts the body of Christ being lowered from the cross by a group of men. The Visitation, Mary who is carrying Christ Child, is described on the left panel. The Presentation in the Temple, The old man Simeon hold the Child in his arm is described on the right panel. The Descent from the Cross is divided into three sections, each depicting a different scene. The Descent features two scenes on the sides that are set in distinct architectural environments.
The Visitation
On the left side, the setting is a bridge elevated high up, featuring a classical portico. Here, a pregnant Virgin Mary encounters her older cousin Elizabeth, who is also pregnant and will become the mother of John Baptist.
The Presentation of Christ
On the right side, the scene takes place in a meticulously designed temple interior, where the High Priest is presented with the Christ-child. These scenes share a common theme of the beginning of Christ's life, which stands in contrast to the central panel that portrays his end.
The Deposition
The focal point of the painting is in the center panel, which portrays a group of interlocking figures arranged in an elliptical shape around the lifeless body of Jesus. St. John, dressed in a scarlet cloak and with one foot on a ladder for support, is the primary figure supporting the weight of Jesus. Joseph of Arimathea is positioned diagonally across from St. John to assist him. Nicodemus is shown above them on the ladder, while two men leaning over the crossbar are lowering Jesus' body, with one holding the winding sheet between his teeth to free his hands. Mary Magdalen and Mary Cleophas kneel at the foot of the cross, while the Virgin Mary is standing upright, her sorrow and anguish expressed in her pale face rather than her posture.
The Virgin, standing at the foot of the sacrificial tree, extends her arms towards her Son. On the ground are seen the superscription and a copper basin where the crown of thorns and the nails of the Crucifixion lie in the congealed blood. The crowd, elated by the spectacle of torture, has departed from Golgotha as daylight fades. After the sacrifice of Calvary, as it is called in Scripture, the sad, dark sky is crossed by a light that illumines the shoulders of the workmen, whose bold posture recalls the composition by Daniele da Volterra.
All of the figures are strongly lit, creating a relief-like effect that is accentuated by the dark background. The background opens up to a glimpse of the evening sky on the left side of the painting.
Other versions
In addition to the original work for Antwerp, Rubens painted three or more other versions exploring the same theme.
See also
The Descent from the Cross (Rubens), for other paintings by Rubens of the same title
Gallery
References
Sources
Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
Triptychs
1614 paintings
Rubens
Paintings of the Virgin Mary
Paintings depicting Mary Magdalene
Paintings in the Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Descent%20from%20the%20Cross%20%28Rubens%2C%201612%E2%80%931614%29 |
The 35th Artistic Gymnastics World Championships were held in Ghent, Belgium, in 2001 at the Flanders Sports Arena. This was the first Worlds at which the 6-3-3—six athletes per team, three compete, all three scores count—format was used in team finals. 2001 Worlds was also the last World Championships in which three gymnasts per country were permitted to advance to the all-around finals.
Results
Medal table
Overall
Men
Women
Men
Team Final
All-around
Floor Exercise
Pommel Horse
Rings
Vault
Parallel Bars
Horizontal Bar
Women
Team Final
All Around Final
Svetlana Khorkina won her second title, only the fifth female gymnast to achieve this feat. At age 22, she became the oldest women's all-around champion since Nellie Kim in 1979, the last time the event had been won by a gymnast in her 20s. Daniele Hypólito became the first Latin American gymnast to ever place in the top five.
As of 2023, this is the most recent Women's All Around final where none of the medals were won by an American gymnast.
Vault Final
Uneven Bars Final
Balance Beam Final
Floor Exercise Final
References
FIG Official Results: 35th World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.
World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
G
G
W | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20World%20Artistic%20Gymnastics%20Championships |
Millburn Academy (Gaelic: Acadamaidh Allt a' Mhuilinn) is a six-year secondary school in Inverness, Scotland. It serves the portion of Inverness east of the River Ness along with rural areas to the south of the city's reach, with a catchment area that includes the primary schools of Crown, Daviot, Drakies, Inshes, Raigmore and Strathdearn. The school runs parallel to the 'Mill Burn' which was originally used for a Whisky distillery. The distillery is now gone and has been replaced by a chain hotel.
Millburn Academy opened for pupils in August 1961, although at that time it was known as Millburn Junior
Secondary School.
In its early years Millburn Junior Secondary School catered for pupils in the first three, and later four, years of
secondary, but in 1967 the school name was changed to Millburn Secondary School, showing the direction in which
the school was developing.
For a period after 1967, the introduction of comprehensive education meant that Millburn Academy accommodated
all pupils on the east side of Inverness for the first 2 years of their secondary education, after which the more able
transferred to Inverness Royal Academy to continue their education while the others remained at Millburn
Secondary School.
In 1967 the school was renamed as Millburn High School for a short time, but after pressure from parents it was
re-designated as Millburn Academy.
The arrangement with Inverness Royal Academy ended in 1977 and from 1979 Millburn Academy could
concentrate on being the sixth year secondary school for the catchment area - Crown, Drakies, Milton Of Leys, Raigmore, Moy,
Daviot and Raigbeg Primary Schools, including pupils living in the area who attended Bishop Eden Primary School
and St. Josephs R.C. Primary School. Through the 1980s the school developed into a six year secondary.
The current at Millburn academy is Johnny Croal ( elected in 2019).
School badge
The school badge was designed by the former head of Art and Design at the school, the late James Cameron. It consists of:
A torch: the symbol of learning;
A mill wheel and water which operated on the Mill Burn;
An eagle, the symbol of St John and the school motto, "Strive to Achieve".
School building
The original school building and school huts were replaced by the new school building in 2007. The new school was built through the Public Private Partnership Agreement for £26,000,000. The building consists of 3 floors. The ground floor is made up of the support for learning, guidance, physical education and technical departments as well as a large social area. There is also a canteen on the ground floor which serves hot and cold meals daily. A notable feature is the huge sports hall which is situated in the centre of the building. The first floor is made up of the business, history, geography, modern studies, religious education, mathematics, music and science departments. The spiral staircase in the main foyer leads up to another social area. The second and top floor is made up of the English, modern languages and art departments.
The school also has a large grass playing field and a fourth generation astroturf multi-purpose pitch. The car parking facilities are available both adjacent to Diriebught Road and Victoria drive.
Rectors
John Mathieson MA FRSGS 1961 - 1972
William T Weatherspoon BSc Dip Ed 1972 - 1989
GC Spence MA 1990 - 2007
Delia Thornton MA 2007- 2011
Gavin MacLean 2011–2018
Johnny Croall 2018–present
References
External links
profile on Parentzone at Education Scotland
Secondary schools in Inverness
1961 establishments in Scotland
Educational institutions established in 1961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millburn%20Academy |
Stingy may refer to one of the following:
A miser
The name of a fictional puppet character on LazyTown
Stingy (song), single by Ginuwine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingy |
Kidney development, or nephrogenesis, describes the embryologic origins of the kidney, a major organ in the urinary system. This article covers a 3 part developmental process that is observed in most reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. Nephrogenesis is often considered in the broader context of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
Phases
The development of the kidney proceeds through a series of successive phases, each marked by the development of a more advanced kidney: the archinephros, pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The pronephros is the most immature form of kidney, while the metanephros is most developed. The metanephros persists as the definitive adult kidney.
Archinephros
The archinephros is considered as hypothetical or primitive kidney.
Pronephros
The pronephros develops in the cervical region of the embryo.
During approximately day 22 of human gestation, the paired pronephri appears towards the cranial end of the intermediate mesoderm. In this region, epithelial cells arrange themselves in a series of tubules called nephrotomes and join laterally with the pronephric duct. This duct is fully contained within the embryo and thus cannot excrete filtered material outside the embryo; therefore the pronephros is considered nonfunctional in humans.
Mesonephros
The development of the pronephric duct proceeds in a cranial-to-caudal direction. As it elongates caudally, the pronephric duct induces nearby intermediate mesoderm in the thoracolumbar area to become epithelial tubules called mesonephric tubules. Each mesonephric tubule receives a blood supply from a branch of the aorta, ending in a capillary tuft analogous to the glomerulus of the definitive nephron. The mesonephric tubule forms a capsule around the capillary tuft, allowing for filtration of blood. This filtrate flows through the mesonephric tubule and is drained into the continuation of the pronephric duct, now called the mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct. The nephrotomes of the pronephros degenerate while the mesonephric duct extends towards the most caudal end of the embryo, ultimately attaching to the cloaca. The mammalian mesonephros is similar to the kidneys of aquatic amphibians and fishes.
Metanephros
During the fifth week of gestation, the mesonephric duct develops an outpouching, the ureteric bud, near its attachment to the cloaca. This bud, also called the metanephrogenic diverticulum, grows posteriorly and towards the head of the embryo. The elongated stalk of the ureteric bud, called the metanephric duct, later forms the ureter. As the cranial end of the bud extends into the intermediate mesoderm, it undergoes a series of branchings to form the collecting duct system of the kidney. It also forms the major and minor calyces and the renal pelvis.
The portion of undifferentiated intermediate mesoderm in contact with the tips of the branching ureteric bud is known as the metanephrogenic blastema. Signals released from the ureteric bud induce the differentiation of the metanephrogenic blastema into the renal tubules. As the renal tubules grow, they come into contact and join with connecting tubules of the collecting duct system, forming a continuous passage for flow from the renal tubule to the collecting duct. Simultaneously, precursors of vascular endothelial cells begin to take their position at the tips of the renal tubules. These cells differentiate into the cells of the definitive glomerulus.
In humans, all of the branches of the ureteric bud and the nephronic units have been formed by 32 to 36 weeks of gestation. However, these structures are not yet mature, and will continue to mature after birth. Once matured, humans have an estimated two million nephrons (approximately 1,000,000 per kidney) but this number is highly variable ranging widely from approximately 200,000 to over 2.5 million per kidney.
Migration
After inducing the metanephric mesenchyme the lower portions of the nephric duct will migrate caudally (downward) and connect with the bladder, thereby forming the ureters. The ureters will carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder for excretion from the fetus into the amniotic sac. As the fetus develops, the torso elongates and the kidneys rotate and migrate upwards within the abdomen which causes the length of the ureters to increase.
References
Embryology of urogenital system
Nephrology
de:Niere#Entwicklung | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney%20development |
The Modern could be
The Modern (band), a British Electropop band formerly called Matinée Club
The Modern (building complex), a twin tower complex in Fort Lee, New Jersey
The Modern (restaurant), a Danny Meyer restaurant in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City
The Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, referred to colloquially as "The Modern" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Modern |
The 2005 Danmark Rundt was ridden from 3 August to 7 August 2005. This edition is remembered for the complete dominance of Ivan Basso, who won 4 of the 6 stages, and the overall classification. It was the 15th edition of the men's stage race, which was established in 1985.
Stages
The total length of the race was 848.8 km.
Stage 1: Skive – Skive (210 km)
Stage 2: Viborg – Århus (185 km)
Stage 3: Århus – Vejle (185 km)
Stage 4: Assens – Odense (90 km)
Stage 5: Nyborg (13.8 km, ITT)
Stage 6: Slagelse – Frederiksberg (165 km)
Final classifications
Overall classement (yellow jersey)
Ivan Basso's average speed for the race was 42.489 km/h.
Point classement (purple jersey)
Hill classement (red-dotted jersey)
Youth classement (white jersey)
Team classement
Fighter classement
References
cyclingnews
2005
Danmark Rundt
Danmark Rundt, 2005
August 2005 sports events in Europe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Danmark%20Rundt |
Forrest Murrell Blue Jr. (September 7, 1945 – July 16, 2011) was an offensive lineman who spent eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the San Francisco 49ers (1968–1974) and Baltimore Colts (1975–1978).
Blue was born in Marfa, Texas on September 7, 1945. He spent his teenage years in Tampa, Florida where his family moved after his father, a United States Army captain, retired there. A 1963 graduate of George D. Chamberlain High School, he made the National Honor Society and starred on the varsity teams in football, baseball, track and basketball. He was a member of the Florida High School Activities Association (FHSAA) Class AA football champions in 1961. He eventually was inducted into the Tampa Sports Hall of Fame in 1993 and named the sixth-best football player ever from Hillsborough County by the St. Petersburg Times in 1999.
Blue was a three-year letterman as a center for Ralph "Shug" Jordan at Auburn University from 1965 through 1967. He played for the College All-Stars in its 34–17 defeat to the Green Bay Packers at Soldier Field on August 2, 1968.
Selected 15th overall in the 1968 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers out of Auburn University, Blue helped the team win three straight division titles, and was named an All-Pro three times.
Blue died at an assisted living facility in Carmichael, California of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. He was one of at least 345 NFL players to be diagnosed after death with this disease, which is caused by repeated hits to the head.
In May 2013, he was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Gallery of Forrest Blue football cards
Forrest Blue at Pro Football Reference
Forrest Blue at Database Football
1945 births
2011 deaths
Players of American football with chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Auburn Tigers football players
Baltimore Colts players
George D. Chamberlain High School alumni
National Conference Pro Bowl players
People from Marfa, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
San Francisco 49ers players
Deaths from dementia in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest%20Blue |
Middenbeemster is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the former municipality of Beemster, and lies about 6 km northwest of Purmerend. Since 2022 it has been part of the municipality of Purmerend.
In 2001, the town of Middenbeemster had 3628 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.82 km², and contained 1404 residences. The slightly larger statistical area "Middenbeemster" has a population of around 3820. The town is the birthplace of the painter Carel Fabritius.
Notable residents
Francien de Zeeuw
Carel Fabritius
References
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Purmerend | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middenbeemster |
"Hallo Spaceboy" is a song by the English musician David Bowie from his 1995 album Outside. It originated as an instrumental by Reeves Gabrels called "Moondust", which Bowie and Brian Eno stripped down and used to form the final track. An industrial rock and electronica number influenced by the Pixies and Nine Inch Nails, the song contains a hypnotic sound, with synthesisers, loops and distorted guitar lines. Lyrically influenced by Brion Gysin, the song contains images of apocalypse and continues the androgynous conundrums of former Bowie songs such as "Rebel Rebel".
For its release as the third and final single from Outside, "Hallo Spaceboy" was remixed by the duo Pet Shop Boys, who added a disco edge and lyrics referencing the Major Tom character from Bowie's "Space Oddity". The single reached number 12 in the UK and charted elsewhere across Europe. Its accompanying music video mixes shots of both Bowie and Pet Shop Boys with footage of science fiction clips, atomic bomb testing footage and television advertising clips. Both versions of "Hallo Spaceboy" have been positively received and have appeared on lists of Bowie's best songs. Bowie performed "Hallo Spaceboy" frequently on his concert tours, recordings from which have appeared on live albums.
Writing and recording
Written by David Bowie and Brian Eno, "Hallo Spaceboy" developed from an ambient instrumental piece written by guitarist Reeves Gabrels called "Moondust". Initial work on the track began during a recording session at Mountain Studios in Montreux in 1994, shortly after the main sessions for the Leon project concluded. Bowie biographers Nicholas Pegg and Chris O'Leary point to the influence of poet and artist Brion Gysin, who developed a cut-up technique with William S. Burroughs that Bowie had, on several occasions, utilised for song lyrics. During the recording, Bowie spoke the "If I fall, moondust will cover me", reportedly Gysin's final words before his death in 1986. Work halted on the track following the session, as Bowie believed "there wasn't anything special going on with that piece".
The track resurfaced on 17 January 1995 during the Outside sessions in New York City at The Hit Factory. Eno wrote in his diary that it was "stripped down to almost nothing [before] I wrote some lightning chords and space and suddenly, miraculously, we had something." The final track features Bowie, Eno, Gabrels, guitarist Carlos Alomar, bassist Yossi Fine, pianist Mike Garson and drummer Joey Baron. After finishing the track, Bowie said "I adore that track. In my mind, it was like Jim Morrison meets industrial. When I heard it back, I thought, 'Fuck me. It's like metal Doors.' It's an extraordinary sound." Gabrels later expressed disappointment in not receiving a co-writing credit for the song.
Composition
Characterised by commentators as industrial rock and electronica, Pegg describes "Hallo Spaceboy" as "a hardcore maelstrom of sci-fi noise, hypnotic high-speed drumming and an insistent, speaker-hopping four-note guitar riff". The song's influences range from the Pixies and Pornography-era Cure to Nine Inch Nails and the Smashing Pumpkins; Bowie himself reportedly stated he was aiming for a Nine Inch Nails-type sound. Featuring synthesisers, loops and distorted guitar lines, a few reviewers compared the song's sound to Bowie's 1974 album Diamond Dogs and his work with the rock band Tin Machine. Author Dave Thompson argued that the song would not have felt out of place as a bonus track on that album. Lyrically, Pegg states that "Hallo Spaceboy" captures the "millennial angst" of the Outside album and continues the androgynous conundrums of songs such as 1974's "Rebel Rebel" and 1979's "Boys Keep Swinging" with the line "Do you like girls or boys? / It's confusing these days". Some of the words and ideals, such as "chaos", "dust" and "hallo", and visions of a science fiction apocalypse were recycled from Tin Machine's "Baby Universal" (1991).
Release and promotion
"Hallo Spaceboy" was released as the sixth track on Outside on 25 September 1995. Bowie featured the song prominently on the 1995 Outside Tour, often together with Nine Inch Nails on the US leg and after as the closing number. Bowie intended "Hallo Spaceboy" to be his next single after "Strangers When We Meet", performing the song twice in Birmingham and again on Jools Holland's Later... in late December the same year. Both Birmingham performances were later released on the live album No Trendy Réchauffé (Live Birmingham 95) in 2020.
Pet Shop Boys remix
Believing that in its original state, "Hallo Spaceboy" was uncommercial as a potential hit single in 1996, Bowie commissioned Neil Tennant of the Pet Shop Boys to remix the song for release as the third single from Outside. Tennant, a lifelong Bowie fan, stripped the song's anger with electronics and added Pet Shop Boys' signature backing vocals to the mix. Combined with the original only containing a single verse, and a lyric including feelings of alienation, Tennant and bandmate Chris Lowe added lyrical fragments from Bowie's 1969 song "Space Oddity", using a Gysin-style cut-up technique, to create a second verse: "Ground to Major, bye bye Tom / dead the circuit, countdown's wrong / Planet Earth is control on?" O'Leary states the additions turned the song's cry of "this chaos is killing me" into a plea from an astronaut "strung out in heaven".
Bowie himself initially expressed reservation about the additions when Tennant told him during a telephone conversation, but later agreed that they worked well. Tennant told NME in a 1997 interview that he and Lowe, working alongside Bowie, had completed what Tennant called the "Major Tom trilogy", in reference to the fictional astronaut who first appeared in "Space Oddity" and later appeared in 1980's "Ashes to Ashes". Tennant explained, "I said to [Bowie], 'It's like Major Tom is in one of those Russian spaceships they can't afford to bring down,' and he said, 'Oh wow, is that where he is? Compared to the original version, the remix features a disco edge.
Released on 19 February 1996, the single was released through several formats, including a 7" single through BMG/RCA, a CD single through Arista/RCA and a 12" promo in the US through Virgin. The CD single was packaged with a reissue of "The Hearts Filthy Lesson" and live renditions of "Under Pressure" and "Moonage Daydream", recorded on the Outside Tour on 13 December 1995 in Birmingham. The single was a success across Europe, reaching number 12 in the UK, becoming Bowie's highest charting single since 1993's "Jump They Say". On top of a number 1 placement in Latvia, the remixed "Hallo Spaceboy" charted in Australia (36), Austria (37), Belgium Flanders (48) and Wallonia (30), Finland (8), Germany (59), Ireland (21), the Netherlands Top 40 and Single Top 100 (24 and 33, respectively), Scotland (10) and Sweden (12).
The music video for "Hallo Spaceboy" was directed by longtime Bowie director David Mallet, mixing shots of both Bowie and Pet Shop Boys into a rapid-fire montage of Cold War era retro-footage of science fiction film clips, atomic bomb testing footage and television advertising clips. Bowie performed the song with Pet Shop Boys at the 1996 Brit Awards on 19 February 1996, and again on Top of the Pops on 1 March. According to O'Leary, Bowie "thrashed around" during these performances while Tennant sang calmly.
The Pet Shop Boys remix replaced "Wishful Beginnings" on the Outside – Version 2 album, and is included on some editions of the compilation albums Best of Bowie (2002), Nothing Has Changed (2014) and Legacy (The Very Best of David Bowie) (2016). The remix was later included on Re:Call 5, released as part of the Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001) box set in 2022. Four additional remixes, excluding the single one, were compiled on the 2004 two-disc edition of Outside. An extended Pet Shop Boys remix is included on their 2007 remix album Disco 4.
Critical reception
Both versions of "Hallo Spaceboy" have received positive reviews from music critics and biographers. Discussing the original, biographer Marc Spitz called it Bowie's "most convincing rocker" since "Rebel Rebel", and David Buckley said the track is "quite daring, with a hard, industrial menace and a great use of dynamics". Some have recognised the original as a highlight of the Outside album. AllMusic's Christian Huey said that the song was "the most successful spin since [1980's] Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps) on his recurring 'urban nightmare' motif." Alexis Petridis of The Guardian called the original "pummelling, chaotic and hypnotic".
Reviewing the Pet Shop Boys remix, British magazine Music Week rated the song four out of five, writing that the song "has been transformed into a hi-NRG anthem with chart appeal to the max". Mojo magazine writer Mark Paytress opined that adding Pet Shop Boys was a "masterstroke". Huey called the remix a success, with "less uncompromising" drama and "less disturbing" results.
"Hallo Spaceboy" has appeared on lists ranking Bowie's best songs by Far Out (number 21), The Guardian (number 40) and Mojo (number 70). In 2016, Ultimate Classic Rock placed the single at number 79 (out of 119) in a list ranking every Bowie single from worst to best.
Live performances
"Hallo Spaceboy" featured regularly on Bowie's setlists throughout 1996 and 1997, and made return appearances during his 2000 summer shows, 2002 Heathen and 2003–2004 A Reality tours. A version recorded on 18 July 1996 at the Phoenix Festival in England appeared on the BBC compilation Phoenix: The Album in 1997. A July 1997 recording from the Earthling Tour was also released on the live album Look at the Moon! in 2021, and 2 November recording in Rio de Janeiro from the same tour appeared on the live album LiveAndWell.com in 2000 (re-released in 2021). Pet Shop Boys also performed their own version of "Hallo Spaceboy" during their residency at London's Savoy Theatre in 1997.
At Bowie's fiftieth birthday concert in New York in January 1997, the song was performed together with Foo Fighters. Three years later, he performed it at the Glastonbury Festival on 25 June 2000, released in 2018 as Glastonbury 2000. Bowie performed the song live at BBC Radio Theatre, London, on 27 June 2000, and a recording of this performance was included on the bonus disc of Bowie at the Beeb in 2000; the full concert later appeared on Brilliant Adventure (1992–2001). A November 2003 performance from the A Reality Tour is included on the 2004 A Reality Tour DVD, and the 2010 A Reality Tour album.
Personnel
According to Chris O'Leary:
David Bowie – lead and backing vocals
Brian Eno – synthesisers, drum machine
Reeves Gabrels – lead guitar, loops, textures
Carlos Alomar – rhythm guitar
Yossi Fine – bass
Mike Garson – keyboards
Joey Baron – drums
Neil Tennant – lead and backing vocals (remix)
Chris Lowe – synthesisers, programming (remix)
Technical
David Bowie – producer
Brian Eno – producer
David Richards – engineer
Charts
References
Sources
1995 songs
1996 singles
David Bowie songs
Pet Shop Boys songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Songs written by Brian Eno
Song recordings produced by Brian Eno
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Arista Records singles
LGBT-related songs
Major Tom
Music videos directed by David Mallet (director) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallo%20Spaceboy |
Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville or Huntsville Unit (HV), nicknamed "Walls Unit", is a Texas state prison located in Huntsville, Texas, United States. The approximately facility, near downtown Huntsville, is operated by the Correctional Institutions Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The facility, the oldest Texas state prison, opened in 1849.
The unit houses the execution chamber of the State of Texas. It is the most active execution chamber in the United States, with 583 (as of March 9, 2023) executions since 1982, when the death penalty was reinstated in Texas (see Lists of people executed in Texas).
History
The prison's first inmates arrived on October 2, 1849. The unit was named after the County of Huntsville. Robert Perkinson, the author of Texas Tough: The Rise of America’s Prison Empire, wrote that the unit was, within Texas, "the first public work of any importance".
Originally Huntsville Unit was only for white Texans; the only penalties available to black Texans were whipping and hanging. During the American Civil War, prisoners at Huntsville produced tents and uniforms for Confederate forces at the prison textile factory. After the Civil War ended, Huntsville Unit was the only prison in the former Confederate States of America to remain. Perkinson stated that the prison became, within the state, the "first racially integrated public institution".
Originally women in the Texas Prison System were housed in the Huntsville Unit. Beginning in 1883 women were housed in the Johnson Farm, a privately owned cotton plantation near Huntsville. During this time there was some concern that "immoral practices may be resorted to" in regards to the female prisoners.
Historically the prison served as the administrative headquarters of the Texas Prison System and the Texas Department of Corrections; the superintendent and the other executive officers worked in the prison, and all of the central offices of the system's departments and all of the permanent records were located in the prison. In 1934 John Lomax and Alan Lomax recorded the earliest known recording of "This Little Light of Mine" when they recorded Jim Boyd of Jacksonville, Texas, singing at prison.
In 1974, the prison was the site of an eleven-day siege, one of the longest hostage-taking sieges in United States history. Three armed inmates, Fred Carrasco, Ignacio Cuevas, and Rudy Dominquez, held several hostages in the education department. The ringleader, Fred Carrasco, had been a porter in the chapel. Cuevas usually worked in the inmate dining hall. Ten hostages were employees of the prison system: two were educators, and one was a guard.
Later on, the prison chaplain became a hostage. Four prisoners were held as hostages. On the final day, the inmates tried to escape using chalkboards and hostages as shields. Dominquez was killed in the attempt. Carrasco killed Elizabeth Beseda and then shot himself. Julia Standley was also killed that day. Ignacio Cuevas was executed on May 23, 1991 for her murder.
Facility
While the prison is officially the Huntsville Unit, the prison's red brick walls led to the nickname "Walls Unit." The prison is southeast of Dallas and north of Houston. The original cellblock had been closed for several years prior to 2011. The electric chair was previously in a building adjacent to the institution's east wall. When the death row was in Huntsville, it was in the East Building.
Operations
The warden of the Huntsville Unit is in charge of the maintenance of the Captain Joe Byrd Cemetery, the TDCJ prisoner cemetery. Prisoners from this unit are assigned to maintain the cemetery.
Release center
The Huntsville Unit serves as one of the TDCJ's regional release centers for male prisoners. Most male prisoners are released to be closer to their counties of conviction, approved release counties, and/or residences. Male prisoners who have detainers, are classified as sex offenders, have electronic monitoring imposed by the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, and/or have certain special conditions of the Super Intensive Supervision Program (SISP) are released from the Huntsville Unit, regardless of their counties of conviction, residences, and/or approved release counties.
Rick Thaler, the director of the Correctional Institutions Division, predicted in 2010 that the Huntsville Unit, which serves as the regional release center for Greater Houston, will remain the TDCJ's largest release center. Throughout the history of the Texas Prison System 90% of male prisoners were sent to the unit for the final portions of their sentences before being released. Starting in September 2010 the TDCJ instead began to use regional release centers for male prisoners.
Death penalty
The Huntsville Unit is the location of the State of Texas execution chamber. The TDCJ houses male death row inmates in the Polunsky Unit and female death row inmates in the Mountain View Unit.
Between 1819 and 1923 the method of execution was hanging until Texas authorized the use of the electric chair; the use of the electric chair ended the execution of death sentences by counties in Texas. The chair– often euphemistically called "Old Sparky" was constructed by inmates. Between 1924 and 1964, 362 inmates were executed by electrocution. The chair now resides at the Texas Prison Museum, located on Interstate 45 on the north side of Huntsville which features displays of historical items from the prison system, including shanks and other items confiscated from inmates.
On one occasion the prison used a facility below the current warden's office as a death row for women. Emma "Straight Eight" Oliver, the first female death row inmate under Texas state jurisdiction, was sentenced to death in 1949. In 1951 her sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. Subsequently the Goree Unit and then the Mountain View Unit were used as women's death rows.
Execution procedure
Inmates scheduled for execution are brought from death row on the Polunsky Unit to the Walls Unit early in the afternoon of their scheduled execution. Unlike other states, Texas has prohibited inmates from getting special last meals since 2011, because of abuse of the privilege by past prisoners and the rationale that they did not offer a meal to their victims and therefore should not be allowed a special recognition. Inmates can, but are not required to, make a last statement prior to their execution. By law executions are scheduled to begin after 6:00 p.m. Huntsville (Central) time.
The inmates are housed until that time about from the door of the execution chamber. The Texas Death House is located at the northeast corner of the Walls Unit, just below the #1 picket. There is no law prohibiting multiple executions in a single day, but this has not happened since August 2000.
The execution chamber is a by room with mint green painted walls and a gurney. When Jim Willett was the warden of Huntsville Unit, he added a pillow to the gurney. Texas uses a single lethal dose of pentobarbital to execute condemned inmates. Two adjacent rooms, which view into the execution room through glass windows, house two groups. One room is reserved for the family or families of the crime victim(s). The other is for the family of the condemned.
Notable inmates
This list does not include death row inmates who were only housed in other units (Ellis, Polunsky, and/or Mountain View) and executed in Huntsville on the days of their executions.
Buck Barrow, Barrow Gang
W. D. Jones, Barrow Gang, 6 years at Huntsville
Executed
Ronald Allridge: Executed in June 1995.
James Allridge: Executed in August 2004.
Suzanne Basso: Executed in February 2014.
Betty Lou Beets: Executed in February 2000.
James Eugene Bigby: Executed in March 2017.
Lester Bower: Executed in June 2015.
Ignacio Cuevas: Executed in May 1991.
Carlos DeLuna: Executed in December 1989.
George Hassell: Executed in February 1928.
Larry Allen Hayes: Executed in September 2003.
Henry Lee Lucas: Died in prison in March 2001.
Stephen McCoy: Executed in May 1989.
Jerry Walter McFadden: Executed in October 1999.
Ronald O'Bryan: Executed in March 1984.
James Paster: Executed in September 1989.
Reginald Perkins: Executed in January 2009.
Angel Maturino Resendiz: Executed in June 2006.
Tommy Lynn Sells: Executed in April 2014.
James Edward Smith: Executed in June 1990.
Karla Faye Tucker: Executed in February 1998.
Cultural references
"Huntsville", a song on Merle Haggard's 1971 album, Someday We'll Look Back references being sent to Huntsville Prison.
The Getaway, a 1972 Sam Peckinpah film, which starred Steve McQueen, was filmed here.
Cross Canadian Ragweed has a song that is about the prison called "Walls of Huntsville" on their 2002 self-titled album.
Steve Earle recorded "Ellis Unit One" (after the Ellis Unit) for the 1995 film Dead Man Walking. The song's lyrics focus on the effect of the death penalty on the guards that carry it out. Earle has been a vocal critic against the death penalty.
Kevin Costner portrayed the convict Butch Haynes in the 1993 film A Perfect World, who escaped from Huntsville Prison.
Texas Country artist Cody Johnson refers to the prison in his song "Texas Kind of Way", with the lyric "might as well just lock me up in Huntsville, if your memory's here to stay".
In the 2007 film No Country for Old Men, it was mentioned that the Sheriff in Terrell County, Texas had sentenced a man to death in the Huntsville Unit for killing a 14-year-old girl.
Subject of a song by country singer Bobby Bare - "Back Home In Huntsville Again"
In Quentin Tarantino's "Jackie Brown", the characters played by Samuel L. Jackson and Robert De Niro first met while doing time in Huntsville.
In the 2003 video game Freelancer, the LPI Huntsville is a prison ship orbiting Houston planet in the Texas system.
David Allen Coe refers to the "Huntsville prison walls so high" in his song Houston, Dallas, San Antone.
The 2003 film, The Life of David Gale, was shot in multiple places, including Huntsville, Texas. In the film, Kevin Spacey played the eponymous character, a college professor and longtime activist against capital punishment who is sentenced to death for killing a fellow capital punishment opponent.
Jason Boland & The Stragglers released a song off 2015 CD Squelch titled "Christmas in Huntsville".
See also
List of Texas state prisons
Texas Prison Rodeo
Capital punishment in Texas
Footnotes
External links
Huntsville Unit - Texas Department of Criminal Justice
Texas Prison Board: An Inventory of Records of the Texas Prison System at the Texas State Archive 1913-1933, 1943, undated
List of prisoners at the Huntsville Unit - The Texas Tribune
Texas Prison Museum
"Inside Death Row." - National Geographic Explorer
1849 establishments in Texas
Prisons in Huntsville, Texas
Women's prisons in Texas
Capital punishment in Texas
Execution sites in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville%20Unit |
The Formula is a fan film that premiered online in 2002. Made in Iowa by a group of friends over 18 months, the movie documents a Star Wars fan's attempt to make an epic fan film of his own, only to become disillusioned by the process and turn on his friends. The movie centers on the motivations of fan filmmakers, and proved popular for encouraging other would-be filmmakers to not give up their own projects and enjoy the process.
The Formula has been featured as a leading representative of the fanfilm genre, with print references in The Weekly Standard and The Times. It eventually screened theatrically, showing as an official selection at the 2003 Cedar Rapids Film Festival. Film Threat gave it a five-star (out of five) review, calling it "a great surprise to those seeking out a good Star Wars fanfilm that's not made up exclusively of angst-filled Jedi, stormtroopers, over the top villains, or whatever the norm is nowadays.".
The Formula was the first film for directors Chris Hanel and Stephen Phelan, and both have gone on to filmmaking careers. Besides working as a video game designer, Chris Hanel also co-wrote and served as the VFX Supervisor for the series Return of Pink Five.
The film is also notable because it was the first visual effects collaboration of Ryan Wieber and Michael Scott, who went on to create the popular lightsaber fight Ryan vs. Dorkman.
Plot
The film begins with the opening credits of a typical Star Wars fanfilm entitled "Bond of the Force". Gregory (Abe Peterka) plays Jacen Solo, and Jennifer (Rebecca Peterka) plays the offscreen voice of Jaina Solo. Jacen is on a forest planet searching for Anakin Solo, but only encountering a Sith Lord named Darth Katai, played by Zarth (Justin Whitlock). The two begin to duel, and it is an intense battle...until Greg misses his cue, incurring the wrath of writer-director Tom "Servo" Harrison (Chris Hanel). Tom gets into a fight with his friends, and they walk out on him. After a monologue based on High Fidelity, with Star Wars in the place of rock music, Tom reflects back a few months to the genesis of the fanfilm project.
Tom, Greg, Jenny, and Zarth are seen hanging out at Excalibur Games, a hobby shop, playing the Star Wars pants game. Tom is revealed to be an employee at the store, working for store credit while he has his money saved up for film school. He claims the only downside to the job is the trekkies—specifically, two irate, Star Wars-hating ones named James (James Kropa) and Stewart (Michael Mulherin). The two enter the store, arguing over a discrepancy between the film Star Trek Generations and the Technical Manual. While waiting for Tom to get their new Star Trek cards, Stewart accidentally spills soda on a set of comics that Greg's boss ordered. Tom demands they pay for the damaged goods, and the Trekkies overpay him before leaving the store in a rush. Tom realizes that they can sell the undamaged books to Greg's boss for full price and pocket the money from the Trekkies. At Greg's suggestion, Tom combines the money with his remaining store credit and buys model lightsabers, which prompts the idea in his mind of making a Star Wars fanfilm.
Tom, Greg, Jenny, and Zarth sit around discussing ideas for a plot for their fanfilm, deciding against a story about a mischievous not-good-but-not-evil Jedi, a story about a post-Return of the Jedi Boba Fett (sitting on his butt watching Jerry Springer all day), a story about all the sith in the galaxy competing for the master-and-apprentice positions, and a rock musical. Tom doesn't want to do just another lightsaber duel film, which had become a cliche in Star Wars fan films by that point, but because no one can agree on any of the other ideas, they decide to do a duel after all, much to Tom's frustration. Tom approaches the reluctant Trekkies to do the visual effects, offering them ten percent of his store credit (which was all already spent on the lightsabers). Tom ends up spending all his money on preproduction for the film, and finds himself no longer able to afford film school. He has a nightmare about his film being terrible, with poorly-rotoscoped lightsabers and a soundtrack by Meco.
Back in the present, Zarth tells Tom he needs to "pull his head out". An irate Tom grabs a prop lightsaber, and the two enter a Matrix-inspired lightsaber duel fantasy sequence. When Zarth beats Tom, he asks him, "Do you think that's a real lightsaber you're holding?" Tom realizes he's been taking himself and the film too seriously, and has lost any sense of fun.
On their way back to Excalibur Games, Tom and Zarth are stopped by Greedo. Greedo and Tom begin to play out a homage to Greedo's scene in A New Hope, until Zarth interrupts and points out that the gag has already been done—in Crapisode One. Back at Excalibur, the gang shows Greedo the scene in question. He flips out, complaining that a lightsaber fight is so overdone, but one Greedo scene is done before and suddenly it's off-limits. Jenny explains that a lightsaber duel is a formula, and can be personalized, but they can't add anything to a Greedo scene, because "in the end, you always wind up dead," which Greg then proves by shooting Greedo in the head.
Later that night, the gang is eating pizza, and Tom apologizes to the others for his behavior. When it is revealed that Tom had dressed up as Darth Maul for the midnight showing of Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Tom recounts the story in a soliloquy reminiscent of Jaws. Tom then reveals how much he hated the movie, and how mad he was at George Lucas. Later, when he met his friends, he realized that no movie would have met his expectations. Now, he just wants to finish his fanfilm.
The gang finishes shooting the duel, and holds the premiere in the store. Everybody is excited watching the film. After everybody else goes home, Tom reflects on the point of making a Star Wars fanfilm—to have fun.
External links
The Formula at TheForce.net
Review at Film Threat
The Formula review at The Fan Film Menace
2002 films
2002 independent films
Fan films based on Star Wars
American independent films
Films about filmmaking
Films shot in Iowa
2000s English-language films
2000s American films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Formula%20%282002%20film%29 |
is an autobahn in Germany, connecting Berlin and Munich via Leipzig and Nuremberg. It is the fifth longest autobahn spanning .
Route
The northern terminus of the A 9 is at the Potsdam interchange, where it merges into the A 10, also known as the "Berliner Ring", about away from the Berlin city limits. The shortest route from there into Berlin would be the A 10 (east) and the A 115 (AVUS). The southern end is in the Munich borough of Schwabing.
On its way, the A 9 passes through the German states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Bavaria. West of Leipzig, the border between Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony crisscrosses along the autobahn. In Bavaria, long sections of the Nuremberg–Munich high-speed railway run parallel to the autobahn.
History
Plans for a European motorway connection from Berlin to Rome were already developed from 1927 by a private MüLeiBerl (Munich-Leipzig-Berlin) company. However, construction of the A 9 was not begun until the 1930s as part of the Reichsautobahn project set up by Nazi Germany.
It was inaugurated in sections, beginning in 1936 with the Strecke 16 between what is today's Schkeuditz interchange (present-day A 9 and A 14) near Leipzig and Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge, in length. With the opening of the second lane near Schnaittach in 1941, the last gap was closed. This makes the A 9 Germany's first completed autobahn.
After World War II, the section from the inner German border to Berlin served as one of four transit access roads through East Germany (GDR) toward West Berlin during the Cold War era. The road was closed by the Soviet Military Administration during the Berlin Blockade. The U.S. Army Europe under Lucius D. Clay considered a tank offensive to forcibly reopen the route, but chose not to implement the plan since it had no guaranteed chance of success and would lead to World War III if the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany chose to resist. The route was finally reopened after the success of the Berlin Airlift.
Yellow signs with "TRANSIT" in black letters marked the allowed route. Distances were usually given towards Berlin - Hauptstadt der DDR ("Berlin - Capital of the GDR"), i.e. East Berlin. Despite funding from West Germany, road conditions were generally poor. The surface was made up of 1930s concrete slabs rather than blacktop or continuously cast concrete. A section in Thuringia between Schleiz and the Rodaborn rest area even was a cobblestone road, later paved over by the East German authorities until being replaced by concrete in the 1980s. Until the introduction of a new numbering system in 1974, the southern part was known as the West German A 3.
After reunification, the continuous six-lane expansion of the A 9 from the Potsdam junction to the Nuremberg interchange was tackled as an important transport project German unit No. 12. With a traffic load of up to 50,000 vehicles per day near Bayreuth in 1990, the four-lane route was close to the capacity limit.
As part of the six-lane expansion, the new route was relocated in some sections, as the old road has gradients of sometimes over seven percent and tight curve radii. For example, in the area of Münchberg south of Hof a viaduct was built to avoid the guidance of the highway through a fog valley, especially because in this section on 19 October 1990 a heavy pile-up with ten dead and numerous seriously injured had occurred. West of Bad Berneck in the Fichtelgebirge led the old carriageway on a bridge in the middle of the village Lanzendorf. This very stressful condition for the residents was eliminated with the new track construction; Today, the highway runs east of the village. Even before the expansion, the motorway church Himmelkron was built directly on the old carriageway and consecrated on 6 October 1996. The church building is therefore today a bit off the new route. The course was also changed at the connection point Trockau (43). The new route runs slightly east of the old one. The formerly very steep and extremely winding Trockauer Berg was defused by the laying of the route. At Hienberg between the junctions Hormersdorf (47) and Schnaittach (48), there are always different routes for the two lanes. The separation of the lanes was maintained in the six lane expansion, but the course changed. The rest stop Hienberg, which lay on the mountain of the same name, does not exist anymore.
In 2001, the six-lane expansion, with the exception of three sections, was completed. The 120 million DM expensive conversion between the junctions Bayreuth-North and -Süd, which included a 320 -meter-long enclosure and noise barriers, dragged itself into the year 2006. After its completion, there were only in Thuringia track sections of the A 9 with four lanes without hard shoulder. These were on the one hand to the Hermsdorfer cross and on the other to 19 kilometers south of the junction Triptis at operating kilometer 205 and north of the junction Schleiz at operating kilometer 224. Another reason for the delay was the fact that in terms of financing new Tried ways and private investors were searched by tender, which should refinance on the truck toll (so-called A-model). It promises a higher quality of the road and a faster completion. According to the announcement of 4 August 2011, the consortium A9SixLanes from the companies VINCI Concessions (47.5%), BAM PPP (47.5%) and Reinhold Meister GmbH (5%) was awarded the contract for the expansion. The construction work was carried out by a construction consortium led by Eurovia, Wayss & Freytag (daughter of Royal BAM) and Reinhold Meister and started in 2012. The section was released on 5 September 2014. In November 2014, the remaining work was completed. The expansion of the A 9 took about 25 years.
Despite the six-lane expansion still some structures of the original route have been preserved, such. B. the bridge in the Holledau at the rest area Holledau, the Saale bridge in the direction of Munich between Bad Lobenstein (29) and Rudolphstein (30) and the Tautendorfer bridge in direction Berlin between Hermsdorf-South (25a) and Lederhose (25b). Between the cross Rippachtal (19) and the exit Naumburg (21a) still lead three original bridges over the highway.
Furthermore, some service areas were closed and replaced during the expansion. Thus, on 30 June 2004, the rest area Rodaborn near Triptis was closed. It had been opened in 1928 as a tourist restaurant for the citizens of Triptis and was in 1936 with the completion of the Reichsautobahn to the first motorway service area in Germany. In GDR times, it was closed in the 1970s and reopened in 1986 only for transit travelers by the hospitality company Mitropa. At the same place an uncultivated parking lot was built after the closure. Also two resting places in Bavaria had to give way to the six-lane extension; on the one hand Sophienberg south of Bayreuth and Hienberg north of Nuremberg on the same mountain. In place of the former, an uncultivated parking facility was built, as a replacement for both facilities was built in 1999 at Pegnitz the service area Franconian Switzerland / Pegnitz.
Current condition and future plans
With one exception, Hermsdorf interchange, the A 9 has a profile of at least three lanes and one emergency lane per direction. The section between Neufahrn and the München-Nord interchange north of Munich was upgraded between 2004 and 2006 to four lanes each way. A survey of this section recorded an average number of 143,000 vehicles per day and a maximum of 184,000.
Since 2006 talks have been underway about turning the three-way interchange Holledau into a four-way, and extending the A 93 into the Pfaffenhofen area. Further plans and visions include widening the Hermsdorfer Kreuz to six lanes, and widening the sections Nuremberg – Nuremberg-East and Holledau – Neufahrn to eight lanes.
On 26 January 2015 German transport minister Alexander Dobrindt announced plans to outfit an as yet undesignated section of the A9 in Bavaria as a test track for autonomous cars.
Along the route
East of Dessau, the autobahn crosses the Elbe River via the long Vockerode Bridge. Built in 1938 according to plans designed by Paul Bonatz, it was replaced by a new construction in the course of the A 9 extension from 1996 to 2000. The prominent tower at the northern end is preserved, it was widely known to transit travellers for its Plaste und Elaste aus Schkopau ("plastic and elastomer from Schkopau") neon sign, now on display at the German Historical Museum in Berlin.
Close to exit 10, Dessau-East, a gravel pit had provided material for the construction of the autobahn. After 1939 the pit was renaturated and became the "Reichsautobahnbad Mildensee", with cabins to change, and eateries. It is still in use today as a beach, but not under the old name.
The Dessauer Rennstrecke
South of exit 11, Dessau-South, nearly ten kilometers of the roadbed — roughly from Thurland southwards to just north of the B 183 (ex-B 186) interchange (exit 12 for Bitterfeld/Wolfen of the modern A9 roadbed) — were upgraded with a paved-over median to become the "Dessauer Rennstrecke" (Dessau Racetrack), a 25-meter (82 ft) wide high-speed track intended for races and record attempts, such as by Rudolf Caracciola in 1938/39, Goldie Gardner in 1939 or those by Hans Stuck with the Mercedes-Benz T80 land speed record car, intended to start in January 1940 - the Rennstrecke segment itself had even been marked out on road maps as early as 1938. With its pillarless bridges and no interchange exits before 1945, but especially with the straight alignment and the broad concrete surface without a distinct median, it was also intended to function as an auxiliary airfield in World War II. After the war, annual races were resumed from 1949 to 1956. The East German driver Paul Greifzu was killed in a training accident on 10 May 1952.
The four-way interchange at Schkeuditz was the first cloverleaf interchange in Germany, as well as the first autobahn interchange in Europe. It was opened in 1936, two years before construction was finished.
On 30 June 2004 Germany's oldest autobahn inn, Rodaborn near Triptis, was closed due to the upgrading of the old two-lane to the modern three-lane profile. Located near the source of the Roda River, the restaurant was opened in 1928 as a country inn for the local population and turned into a rest area on 20 December 1936 when the Reichsautobahn was opened. During the days of the GDR, it was run by the state-owned Handelsorganisation (HO) company, later by Mitropa. The rest area was open only for transit travellers, not for East German citizens. In 2009, in a loop of history, it was rented by a local couple to re-open it as an inn for local daytrippers. Though the connection to the adjacent autobahn parking lot is cut off by a fence, Rodaborn still is a popular stop for motorway travellers.
The Rudolphstein Saale Bridge south of Bad Lobenstein, an arch bridge designed by Paul Bonatz, was opened on 27 September 1936 and soon became an icon of the Reichsautobahn development program. Between 1945 and 1966 the A 9 was interrupted at the inner German border between Bavaria and Thuringia since an arch of the bridge had been blown up by retiring Wehrmacht forces near the end of the war. Traffic to and from West Berlin was diverted via A 72 until 1951 and from then until 1966 via B 2. Not until then the bridge could be rebuilt in a complicated joint venture of West and East German authorities. In the course of the autobahn extension, a second bridge was erected parallel to the original construction.
The Frankenwald rest area near exit Rudolphstein is one of two rest areas in Germany with a restaurant bridging the road.
In Lanzendorf near Bad Berneck, the autobahn passed right through the village on a bridge. The route was realigned during the construction after 1990. Right next to the old route, the autobahn church Lanzendorf was built. Sanctification took place 6 October 1996.
Exit 40b, Bindlacher Berg, was until after reunification no public exit, but used exclusively by the US Forces stationed on the Bindlacher Berg.
Until the upgrade to six lanes, from Bayreuth-Nord to Bindlach existed the last autobahn alley of trees in Germany. It has been replanted since.
Near Trockau, the former steep and curvy section also was realigned after 1990.
Exit 45, Weidensees, was called "Veldensteiner Forst" until the 1970s and was probably built on behalf of Hermann Göring, who had a hunt nearby. Weidensees itself did not merit its own exit.
Interchange 51, Nuremberg, was originally a cloverleaf. It had been improved by adding a long, sweeping bridge from the northern lane of the A9 coming from Munich towards the A3 in the direction of Würzburg and Frankfurt, since the traffic in that direction was much heavier than the traffic heading north. The old, small curve in the former south-east quadrant still shows what is probably the original 1930's cobblestone.
Despite the upgrade to six lanes total, some original bridges have been retained, but carry just one direction, like the bridge crossing the Saale at the old border crossing between Bavaria and Thuringia.
From 2000 until construction began to upgrade to four lanes for each direction, the section between Neufahrn and Munich-Nord was among the first in Germany where it was allowed in appropriately heavy (and correspondingly slow) traffic to legally use the emergency lane as an additional traffic lane. Since further adding of two more lanes north of Neufahrn towards Holledau is not in sight, a similar regulation is considered for this section.
Near exit 73, München-Fröttmaning, there's a Berlin Bear statue placed on the median (). Its equivalent is placed on the median of the A 115 (as the extension of the A 9 into Berlin) near former rest area Dreilinden, north of the former checkpoint Bravo .
At the entrance to the rest area "Köschinger Forst", direction Berlin, there's a milestone with the inscription Berlin - 500 km.
Culture References
Spider Murphy Gang song FFB is about a car accident between Nuremberg and Ingolstadt.
References
External links
1938 Reichsautobahn map showing the marked Dessauer Rennstrecke stretch of today's A 9
9
A009
A009
A009
A009
A009
Buildings and structures in Bayreuth (district)
Buildings and structures in Nürnberger Land | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn%209 |
Cardamine californica, or milkmaids, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native to western North America from Washington to California and Baja California. It is common in a variety of habitats including shady slopes, open woodlands, chaparral and grasslands in the winter and early spring. In the San Francisco Bay Area, it is one of the first wildflowers to bloom, with blossoms from January to May.
Description
Cardamine californica is an herbaceous perennial plant growing to about 1 foot tall. The flowers are borne on a raceme inflorescence, each flower about 1/2 inch in diameter with four white to pink petals. The flower closes its petals in late afternoon as the sun goes down and nods its pedicel before a rain, protecting the pollen.
Hand pollination of two milkmaids populations in the San Francisco Presidio improved seed set from 8% to 85%, with seeds ripening in about 53 days.
References
Sources
"Wildflowers of Henry W. Coe State Park" brochure, Larry Ulrich, 2002
External links
Photo of Milkmaids in Henry Coe State Park
Jepson Manual Treatment - Cardamine californica
USDA Plants Profile; Cardamine californica
Cardamine californica - Photo gallery
californica
Flora of California
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Flora of Baja California
Flora without expected TNC conservation status | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamine%20californica |
Westbeemster is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the former municipality of Beemster, and lies about 9 km northwest of Purmerend. Since 2022 it has been part of the municipality of Purmerend.
In 2001, the town of Westbeemster had 117 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.04 km², and contained 40 residences. The larger statistical district "Westbeemster" has a population of around 360. By 2020, the town population had increased to 810 inhabitants.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Purmerend | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbeemster |
Noordbeemster is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the former municipality of Beemster, and lies about 9 km north of Purmerend. Since 2022 it has been part of the municipality of Purmerend.
The statistical district "Noordbeemster", which covers the village and the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 360.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Purmerend | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordbeemster |
Sandefjords Blad is a newspaper published daily in Sandefjord, Norway, except on Sundays. It is available in Norwegian language only. Sandefjords Blad is a private company, owned by Mecom with a circulation of 14,780 copies (2004) and 50 employees (2004). Sandefjords Blad is printed at the joint printing center Edda Trykk Ltd at Borgeskogen in Stokke.
As of 2018, the newspaper has a circulation of 7,577 printed copies and 12,213 daily online subscribers. According to the Norwegian Media Businesses' Association, the newspaper had 29,300 readers on an average day in 2018. The editor is Steinar Ulrichsen and the newspaper is owned by Amedia.
Circulation
Circulation data according to the Norwegian Media Businesses' Association.
History
Sandefjord got its first newspaper in October 1859, Sandemanden. This newspaper was only released for a year and a half. Typographer and printer Hans Severin Iversen started the newspaper and printing press in Sandefjord on April 24, 1861. This newspaper initially used the name Sandefjords Tidende and traditionally represented the Conservative Party.
During the German occupation of Norway, paper rationing as a consequence of World War II led the newly established Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment to force a merger between the newspapers Sandefjords Blad and Vestfold, beginning on September 1, 1940. The new newspaper received the name Sandefjords Presse and its last issue was printed on May 19, 1945. Olaf Bøe from Nasjonal Samling was appointed editor for Sandefjords Presse in 1944.
German occupation
Despite heavy restrictions and many directives issued by the Quisling regime and Presseabteilung at the beginning of the German occupation of Norway, Sandefjords Blad operated as normal in the early days of the occupation. On August 29, 1942, the Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment ordered a merge of the two Sandefjord-based newspapers, Sandefjords Blad and Vestfold. The new newspaper was named Sandefjords Presse and its first edition was issued on September 1, 1942. The government’s reasoning for the forced merger was due to paper rationing as a consequence of the war. Editors for the new paper were Thoralf Granerød and Arne Hoffstad. Granerød was replaced by Øivind Vindal Christensen following Granerød’s death in 1943. The newspaper had a circulation of 7,700 as of September 7, 1942. Arne Hoffstad later escaped to Sweden in the fall of 1944 and Olaf Bøe was appointed editor by the press director for Nasjonal Samling, Anders Beggerud. News of Nazi Germany’s capitulation reached the city on May 7, 1945, and the editorial staff at Sandefjords Presse worked through the night and were able to publish a four-page newspaper on May 8. Through this process, Olaf Bøe had been removed as editor and replaced with former editor Øivind Vindal Christensen.
During the occupation, roughly all staff members at Sandefjords Presse were helping with the production of illegal newspapers. Several illegal newspapers were also distributed by Sandefjords Presse. The last edition of Sandefjord Presse was published on May 19, 1945. Sandefjords Blad returned with its first issue on Whit Tuesday, May 22, 1945. Ole Lind became editor and Torleif Jacobsen assisting editor.
Names
Some former names for the newspaper have been:
Sandemanden (1859–1860)
Sandefjords og Sandeherreds Tidende (1861-1873)
Sandefjords Tidende (1874–1894)
Sandefjords Blad (1894-1942)
Sandefjords Presse (1942-1945)
Sandefjords Blad (1945–)
External links
Sandefjords Blad (in Norwegian)
References
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Sandefjord
Companies based in Sandefjord | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandefjords%20Blad |
The lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States cover the law clerks who have assisted the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in various capacities since the first one was hired by Justice Horace Gray in 1882. The list is divided into separate lists for each position in the Supreme Court.
Each justice is permitted to have three or four law clerks per Court term. Most clerks are recent law school graduates, who have typically graduated at the top of their class and spent at least one year clerking for a lower federal judge. Among their many functions, clerks do legal research that assists justices in deciding what cases to accept and what questions to ask during oral arguments, prepare memoranda, and draft orders and opinions. Research suggests that clerks exert a moderate influence on how justices vote in cases, but have "substantial influence in cases that are high-profile, legally significant, or close decisions".
Lists
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)
Note that, due to the several changes in the size of the Court since it was established in 1789, two seats have been abolished, both as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 (and before the Court established the practice of hiring law clerks). Consequently, neither "seat 5" nor "seat 7" has a list article. Also, the seat numbers in these articles are not derived from official United States federal government sources, but are used as a way of organizing and detailing the succession of justices over the years since the first set of justices were confirmed by the United States Senate.
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20law%20clerks%20of%20the%20Supreme%20Court%20of%20the%20United%20States |
Zuidoostbeemster is a town in the west of the Netherlands in the former municipality of Beemster, North Holland. It is located about 1 km northwest of Purmerend. Since 2022 it has been part of the municipality of Purmerend.
In 2005, the statistical district "Zuidoostbeemster", covering the village and surrounding countryside, had a population of around 2050. By 2020 the village grew to 3,310 inhabitants.
References
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Purmerend | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidoostbeemster |
John Philip Roblin (August 16, 1799–November 12, 1874) was a farmer and political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West (now Ontario).
He was born in Sophiasburgh Township in Prince Edward County, Upper Canada in 1799, the son of Prudence Platt and Philip Roblin. His father was a Loyalist who had left New Jersey for Upper Canada in 1784. His uncle, John Roblin, was a member of the 5th Parliament of Upper Canada from 1809 to 1810.
John Philip Roblin lived in Prince Edward County his entire life. As a young man, he first settled in Ameliasburgh Township, clearing land and farming, then moved to Hallowell Township and finally settled at Picton in 1858.
Roblin represented Prince Edward County in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1830 to 1836. He was elected twice, in the elections of 1830 and 1836. He was a supporter of the Reform movement of Upper Canada, following the lead of Reformers Marshall Spring Bidwell and Peter Perry, the members of the Legislative Assembly from the neighbouring Lennox and Addington County. All three were defeated in the election in 1836, when the Tories won control of the Assembly. Although he was a supporter of the Reform movement, he did not support the radical approach which resulted in the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1837. Instead, as a captain of the 2nd Battalion of Prince Edward militia, he commanded a troop of cavalry in the winter of 1837–1838.
Following the union of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, he was twice elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, in 1841 and 1844. In Parliament, he supported the union of the two provinces, and generally voted as a moderate reformer, but with an independent tendency.
He resigned his seat in 1846 to become county registrar, crown lands agent and customs collector at Picton. He also rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the local militia and warden for Prince Edward District. Roblin was a staunch Wesleyan Methodist. He was a member of the senate of Victoria College at Cobourg, Ontario, from approximately 1848 to 1863.
His cousin, David Roblin, served two terms as a member of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, from 1854 to 1861. John Philip and David became disillusioned with the Reformers of the 1840s and 1850s. John Philip stated that George Brown, one of the leaders of the Reformers in the 1850s, was too moderate, and was "working for the Tories."
He died at Picton, Ontario in 1874.
Two premiers of Manitoba, Sir Rodmond Roblin and Duff Roblin, were related to John Philip Roblin through his cousin David.
References
1799 births
1874 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
People from Prince Edward County, Ontario
Canadian Methodists
United Empire Loyalists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Philip%20Roblin |
Montfort College () is a private Catholic school in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
History
The Brothers of St. Gabriel came to Chiang Mai and established Montfort Primary School in 1932 along Charoen Prathet Road on a plot of land provided by Bishop Peross from Luang Anusarn Suntorn who gave his financial support at no interest. The land was located along the Ping River, approximately 200 meters from the Sacred Heart Church. Montfort School opened its first academic year on 16 March 1932. Fr. Reunemenier was the manager, Brother Simon the first director, Brother Ambrosio the vice-director and Brother Louis was responsible for new construction.
Montfort College opened its secondary section in 1949, started to admit girls to its secondary section from levels 10–12 in 1975 and started to admit girls to its primary section in 2009.
At present
Montfort College has two sections: primary (grades 1–6) and secondary (grades 7–12). In 2013, the secondary section had 3,238 students, while the primary had approximately 2,400 students. The school has two teaching syllabuses: normal and English.
Notable alumni
Thaksin Shinawatra – 23rd Prime Minister of Thailand
Surapong Tovichakchaikul – former Deputy Prime Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand
Tharin Nimmanahaeminda – former Finance Minister of Thailand
Tawatwong na Chiang Mai – former Deputy Minister of Finance, Deputy Minister of Public Health, and Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand
Chao Wonglak na Chiangmai – Prince of Chiangmai, Legitimate heir of the ruler of Chiang Mai
Sukrit Wisetkaew – singer and actor
Witwisit Hirunwongkul – actor and singer
Chookiat Sakveerakul – film director
Panupong Wongsa – footballer
Pattadon Janngeon - actor and singer
References
External links
Montfort College website (Thai)
Montfort College website (English)
Montfort Alumni
Catholic schools in Thailand
Education in Chiang Mai
Educational institutions established in 1932
Brothers of Christian Instruction of St Gabriel schools
1932 establishments in Siam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort%20College |
Foișorul de Foc (literally The Fire Tower) is a high building in Bucharest, Romania, between Obor, Calea Moșilor, and Nerva-Traian. It was used in the past as an observation tower by the firemen.
Background
It was built in 1890, two years after the previous watchtower, Turnul Colței, built in 1715, was demolished. The plans were made by George Mandrea, back then the chief-architect of Bucharest.
Foișorul de Foc had a double role, as it was also designed to be a water tower, too. However, after the building was finished, the local water utility company (Uzina de Apă Grozăvești) had no pumps powerful enough to fill it with water.
Foișorul de Foc was used by the firefighters until 1935, when it became ineffective, as more and more high-rise buildings were built in Bucharest, and the introduction of the telephone reduced the need for a watchtower. In 1963, it was turned into a Firefighters' Museum.
Gallery
References
Museums in Bucharest
Historic monuments in Bucharest
Towers in Romania
Round towers
Firefighting museums
Fire lookout towers
Towers completed in 1890
1890 establishments in Romania
19th-century architecture in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foi%C8%99orul%20de%20Foc |
Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969), was a 1969 United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that police officers arresting a person at his home could not search the entire home without a search warrant, but that police may search the area within immediate reach of the person without a warrant. The rule on searches incident to a lawful arrest within the home is now known as the Chimel rule.
Ronald M. George, the young deputy attorney general who unsuccessfully argued California's case, ultimately became chief justice of the Supreme Court of California.
Background
Police officers with a warrant authorizing Chimel's arrest on counts of burglary from a coin shop were allowed into his home by Chimel's wife, where they awaited his return in order to serve him with the warrant. Upon receiving his warrant for arrest, "Chimel denied the request of officers to look around" his home for further evidence. Ignoring Chimel, the police officers continued their search of Chimel's home "on the basis of the lawful arrest," and the police "instructed Chimel's wife to remove items from drawers," where she eventually found coins and metals. Later at Chimel's trial for burglary charges, "items taken from his home were admitted over objection from Chimel that they had been unconstitutionally seized." However, a number of these items including the coins and medals that were taken from his home, were used to convict Chimel.
The state courts upheld the conviction despite his claim that the arrest warrant was invalid. Prior to Chimel, the court's precedents permitted an arresting officer to search the area within an arrestee's "possession" and "control" for the purpose of gathering evidence. Based on the "abstract doctrine," it had sustained searches that extended far beyond an arrestee's area of immediate reach.
Decision and significance
The Supreme Court ruled 6–2 in favor of Chimel. It held that the search of Chimel's house was unreasonable under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.
The court reasoned that searches "incident to arrest" are limited to the area within the immediate control of the suspect. While police could reasonably search for and seize evidence on or around the arrestee's person, police were prohibited from rummaging through the entire house without a search warrant. The court emphasized the importance of warrants and probable cause as necessary bulwarks against government abuse:
The ruling overturned the trial-court conviction by stating that the officers could reasonably search only "the petitioner's person and the area from within which he might have obtained either a weapon or something that could have been used as evidence against him."
Criticism
In his concurring opinion in Riley v. California (2014), citing his dissent in Arizona v. Gant (2009), justice Samuel Alito called Chimel'''s reasoning "questionable", saying: "I think it is a mistake to allow that reasoning to affect cases like these that concern the search of the person of arrestees."
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395
References
External links
Search Incident to Arrest'', US Supreme Court Center.
United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States Fourth Amendment case law
1969 in United States case law
1969 in California
Legal history of California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimel%20v.%20California |
Hot Stuff may refer to:
Film
Hot Stuff (1912 film), a 1912 film starring Mabel Normand
Hot Stuff (1929 film), a 1929 film starring Alice White, Louise Fazenda, and William Bakewell
Hot Stuff (1956 film), a 1956 short subject starring the Three Stooges
Hot Stuff (1971 film), a 1971 National Film Board of Canada animated short
Hot Stuff (1979 film), a 1979 film starring Dom DeLuise, Suzanne Pleshette, and Jerry Reed
Music
Hot Stuff (album), a 1984 album by La Mafia
Hot Stuff, a 1988 album by Buck Clarke
"Hot Stuff (Let's Dance)", a 2007 song by Craig David from Trust Me
"Hot Stuff" (Donna Summer song), a 1979 song from Bad Girls
"Hot Stuff" (Rolling Stones song) from Black and Blue
"Hot Stuff" (Kumi Koda song), Kumi Koda's 15th domestic single
"Hot Stuff", a song by Ashlee Simpson from Bittersweet World
"Hot Stuff", a song by Whitesnake from Come an' Get It
"Hot Stuff", a song by Krokus from The Blitz
"Hot Stuff", a song by Davichi from My Fair Lady
Other uses
Eddie Gilbert (wrestler) (1961–1995), American wrestler known as "Hot Stuff" Eddie Gilbert
"Hot Stuff", the 159th episode of Happy Days where the original Arnold's was burned down
Hot Stuff (aircraft), American aircraft during World War II
Hot Stuff the Little Devil, a Harvey Comics character
"Hot Stuff", the 94th episode of Family Matters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot%20Stuff |
The Cummins Unit (formerly known as Cummins State Farm) is an Arkansas Department of Corrections prison in unincorporated Lincoln County, Arkansas, United States, in the Arkansas Delta region. It is located along U.S. Route 65, near Grady, Gould, and Varner, south of Pine Bluff, and southeast of Little Rock.
This prison farm is a correctional facility. The prison first opened in 1902 and has a capacity of 1,725 inmates. Cummins housed Arkansas's male death row until 1986, when it was transferred first to the Tucker Maximum Security Unit. The State of Arkansas execution chamber is located in the Cummins Unit, adjacent to the location of the male death row, the Varner Unit. The female death row is located at the McPherson Unit. Cummins is one of the State of Arkansas's "parent units" for male prisoners; it serves as one of several units of initial assignment for processed male prisoners.
History
In 1902 the State of Arkansas purchased about of land for $140,000 ($ when adjusted for inflation) to build the Cummins Unit. The prison was established during that year, and prisoners began occupying the site in December. The prison occupied the former Cummins and Maple Grove plantations. Both had been used for growing cotton.
Then-Governor of Arkansas Jeff Davis wanted the state to buy a farm in Jefferson County owned by Louis Altheimer, a Republican Party leader who was Davis's friend. When the legislature instead purchased the land for Cummins, Davis put up political opposition, trying to force the state to cancel the purchase.
In 1933 Governor Junius Marion Futrell closed the Arkansas State Penitentiary ("The Walls"), and some prisoners moved to Cummins from the former penitentiary. Since the establishment of the prison, it had housed African-American men and women. Beginning in 1936, white male prisoners with disciplinary problems were housed at Cummins. As of 1958, most prisoners worked in farming, producing cotton, livestock, and vegetables. The prison, during that year, housed clothing and lumber manufacturing facilities. In 1951 white female prisoners were moved from the Arkansas State Farm for Women to Cummins.
On September 5, 1966, riots occurred at Cummins and 144 prisoners attempted a strike. Arkansas State Police ended the strike with tear gas. In 1970 some prisoners asking for segregated housing started a riot, leading to an intervention by state police.
In 1969 Johnny Cash performed at a concert in Cummins Unit. He donated his own money so a chapel could be built there.
In 1972 Arkansas's first prison rodeo was held at the Cummins Unit. In 1974 death row inmates, previously at the Tucker Unit, were moved to the Cummins Unit. In 1976 female inmates were moved from the Cummins Unit to the Pine Bluff Unit. In 1978 a new execution chamber opened at Cummins Unit. In 1983 the Cummins Modular Unit opened. In 1986 death row inmates were moved to the Maximum Security Unit. In 1991 the vocational technology program moved from the Cummins Unit to the Varner Unit. In 2000 Arkansas's first lethal electrified fence, built with inmate labor, opened at the Cummins Unit.
A tornado affected the Cummins Unit facility in May 2011. It damaged the dairy facility, the chicken and swine houses, and the employee housing in the Free Line area. The tornado destroyed the prison's three green houses. It also turned over a center pivot irrigation system.
In 2020 the prison was affected in the COVID-19 pandemic in Arkansas. According to correctional staff, the administration initially did not wish for correctional staff to wear masks to avoid frightening prisoners. As of April 25, 2020, 33 correctional employees and 800 prisoners had COVID-19. 11 Cummins prisoners had died from COVID-19.
Torture
In 1968, Tom Murton alleged that three human skeletons found on the farm were the remains of inmates who had been subjected to torture, prompting a publicized investigation which found "a prison hospital served as torture chamber and a doctor as chief tormentor."
The revelations included allegations of electrical devices connected to the genitalia of inmates. The Arkansas State Penitentiary System at that time had already been found to have held inmates at the Cummins Unit under conditions rising to the level of unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment, in cases tried by the US District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas, among others.
Composition
It is located partially in Auburn Township, and partially in Choctaw Township.
Cummins has about of land.
Prisoners working the fields are part of the Hoe Squad, and prisoners who refuse work are taken to solitary confinement.
A white building is and has been referred to the past as the prison's "barracks". The "telephone-pole" style structure serves as a housing unit for prisoners. The building had eight units. In the past, one was reserved for white trustees, one for black trustees, and others for other prisoners. The housing units were racially segregated. There was a separate unit for female prisoners.
The prison includes the "Free Line", the prison residences for free world employees, including the warden, several prison officials, and their families; prisoners work as house servants in the Free Line.
Children (dependents of correctional staff) living on the prison property are zoned to the Dumas School District. The prison property was formerly within the Gould School District. On July 1, 2004, the Gould School District was merged into the Dumas district.
In the past the main entrance to the prison was at the terminus of a road off of the main highway. The main gate consisted of a wooden structure behind a chicken wire fence, which had barbed wire on top. A trusty shooter manned the main entrance. In past eras, the prison housed a commissary and did not house educational facilities, prison factories, or medical and dental clinics.
The Cummins Unit has an electric fence.
The Cummins/Varner Volunteer Fire Department provides fire services to the Cummins Unit property. The station is inside the Cummins Unit property, along Arkansas Highway 388. In fiscal year 2010 the Arkansas Department of Correction spent $81,691 on the fire station.
Operations
As of 2006, the Cummins Unit has the largest farming operation in the Arkansas Department of Correction system. At Cummins, over of land is devoted to production of crops and farm goods, including cash crops, hay, livestock, and vegetables. As of 2001 prisoners harvested corn, cotton, and rice from the fields and were supervised by prison guards mounted on horses.
Cummins previously housed the Special Management Barracks, a unit for prisoners with counseling and mental health requirements. In 2008 it moved to the Randall L. Williams Correctional Facility.
Prisoners at Cummins attend the correctional school system.
Prisoner life
In the past, each prisoner worked for 10 hours per day, six days per week in the fields. Prisoners were only excused if the outside temperature was below freezing. Some prisoners who were sent to the fields lacked shoes. Prisoners did not have fixed quotas. Instead they were told to do as much work as possible. Prisoners deemed to be not doing enough work were beaten.
Trustee prisoners had authority over other prisoners. At night, all except for two of the free world prison guards left, so trustees kept the order during the night. Prisoners who were not trustees were sub-ranked as "do-pops" and "rankers". In past eras, trustee prisoners were responsible for the prison's perimeter security.
During the day, the prison barracks were empty since most prisoners worked on the fields. At night, the two free world employees patrolled the central corridor but did not venture into the barrack units. The trustees, armed with knives, kept the order at night. Some inmates, referred to as "crawlers" and "creepers", stabbed sleeping prisoners. Male on male rape frequently occurred in the housing units. The prison did not ask trustees to intervene in case of rape, and guards rarely intervened.
Prisoners did not receive payment for working in the fields. In order to buy items from the commissary, some prisoners worked there. Other prisoners sold their blood; a healthy prisoner was permitted to sell his blood once weekly.
Trustees were allowed to leave and re-enter the prison without undergoing searches, so trustees smuggled in alcohol, illegal drugs, and weapons; they then sold those items within the prison. Trustees usually bought these items from one another, since they had large amounts of money. Non-trustees, including "do-pops" and "rankers", had to pay trustees in order to get food, medicine, access to medical staff, access to outsiders, and protection from arbitrary prison punishments. Therefore non-trustees did not have large reserves of money.
Education in the Cummins Unit began in 1968, when the Gould School District started a night program.
Wardens
Thomas G. Milner (1941-1949)
Terrell Don Hutto (beginning 1967)
Notable inmates
Death Row
John Edward Swindler, sentenced to death and executed on June 18, 1990, for the murder of Patrolman Randy Basnett.
Ricky Ray Rector, sentenced to death and executed on January 24, 1992, for the murder of Police Officer Robert Martin.
Darryl Richley, sentenced to death and executed on August 3, 1994, for the murder of Donald Lehman.
Hoyt Franklin Clines, sentenced to death and executed on August 3, 1994, for the murder of Donald Lehman.
James William Holmes, sentenced to death and executed on August 3, 1994, for the murder of Donald Lehman.
Barry Lee Fairchild, sentenced to death and executed on August 31, 1995, for the murder of Marjorie "Greta" Mason.
Marion Albert Pruett, sentenced to death and executed on April 12, 1999, for the murder of Bobbie Jean Robertson.
Christina Marie Riggs, sentenced to death and executed on May 2, 2000, for murders of her two children.
Charles Laverne Singleton, sentenced to death and executed on January 6, 2004, for the murder of Mary Lou York.
Eric Nance, sentenced to death and executed on November 28, 2005, for the murder of Julie Heath.
Ledell Lee, sentenced to death and executed on April 20, 2017, for the murder of Debra Reese. He was the first person executed in Arkansas in 12 years.
Jack Harold Jones, serial killer, and Marcel Wayne Williams, sentenced to death and executed on April 24, 2017. It was the first double execution in the United States since 2000.
Kenneth Williams, serial killer, sentenced to death and executed on April 27, 2017.
Non Death Row
Kenneth Nicely, sentenced to life for the 1958 murder of a police officer and Arkansas longest-serving prisoner.
Bruce Jackson's prison photography
In the 1960s, ethnographer Bruce Jackson began taking photographs of prisoners in Texas for his research on African-American work songs in prison. Jackson had become friends with the assistant warden of Ramsey prison farm at the time, T. Don Hutto. When Hutto became Arkansas commissioner of corrections in 1971, their friendship provided Jackson with access to prisoners resulting in numerous publications. In 2010, Jackson's photo collection from the Cummins Unit was exhibited at the Albright-Knox Art Gallery in Buffalo, New York and at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.
See also
Trusty system
Gates v. Collier, 1974 court decision abolishing the trusty system
List of law enforcement agencies in Arkansas
List of United States state correction agencies
List of U.S. state prisons
References
General
"The Law: The Shame of the Prisons". Time. January 18, 1971.
"New Chapter in Horror". The Nation. January 10, 1972.
"One Year of Prison Reform". The Nation.
"Prison History and Events 2011-1838"
"Prisons: Hell in Arkansas". Time. February 9, 1968.
Factor 8: The Arkansas Prison Blood Scandal, 2005 film
Bruce Jackson, Killing Time: Life in the Arkansas Penitentiary. Cornell University Press, 1977.
Specific
Further reading
- PDF
External links
Cummins Unit. Arkansas Department of Corrections.
"Cummins Unit". Encyclopedia of Arkansas.
1902 establishments in Arkansas
Prisons in Arkansas
Buildings and structures in Lincoln County, Arkansas
Capital punishment in Arkansas
Women's prisons in the United States
Execution sites in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cummins%20Unit |
Savanna (サバンナ) are a Japanese comedy duo consisting of and . Both attended Ritsumeikan University High School and created the manzai team as a joke during their years at Ritsumeikan University, having first met in the school's judo club. They then decided to join Yoshimoto Kogyo as a professional kombi. Their act is heavily based on observational humor, and Yagi frequently being confused as the boke of the group.
Born August 4, 1974,Ide, Kyoto near Uji, Kyoto, Yagi originally had decided to become a tax official (though he had previously received a black belt in judo) when he met Takahashi and became a manzai comedian. Officially, he is the tsukkomi of the two, and he usually plays the "normal guy" in their observational humor acts. He is known for his meaningless English gags (not unlike Kazuki Ōtake of the kombi Summers), and often yells phrases such as "Spoon!", "Fork!", "I like protein! I am hercules!", "Handshake survival!", and "Tsuppari Ichiban! Chiyotaikai!", the last one referring to the favored arm-thrusting attack style of sumo ozeki (champion) Chiyotaikai Ryūji.
The boke of the group, Takahashi, was born January 28, 1976, in Kyoto. He generally plays the stranger role in their acts, and his blues-playing character, Hiroshi Inui, has become a frequent addition to their material lately, allowing the duo to advance to the semi-finals during the 2006 R-1 Grand Prix tournament. His father is a respected dentist.
While Savanna has performed over 100 observational humor acts (neta) on stage, it is rumored that Yagi has created a usable stock of over 500.
Yagi has appeared on Ninja Warrior before, failing to complete the first stage after whipping out on the 'Jumping Spider' challenge.
References
Japanese comedy duos
People from Kyoto Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna%20%28owarai%29 |
Edward Barnard may refer to:
Edward Barnard (provost) (1717–1781), provost of Eton
Edward Emerson Barnard (1857–1923), American astronomer
Edward Barnard (politician) (c. 1806–1885), Canadian politician
Edward George Barnard (died 1851), British Liberal Party politician, Member of Parliament for Greenwich 1832–1851
Edward William Barnard (1791–1828), British scholar
Edward Chester Barnard (1863–1921), American topographer
See also
Édouard-André Barnard (1835–1898), Lower Canada born militia officer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Barnard |
"Like a Star" is a song by English singer-songwriter Corinne Bailey Rae, released as the lead single from her self-titled debut studio album (2006). It was written by Bailey Rae and produced by Steve Chrisanthou. The song was originally released in the United Kingdom on 7 November 2005 as a limited edition of 3,000 copies, reaching number 34 on the UK Singles Chart. An accompanying music video was directed by James Griffiths.
The single was re-released on 9 October 2006, reaching a new peak position of number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. "Like a Star" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards.
Track listings
UK CD single
"Like a Star"
"Enchantment"
"Choux Pastry Heart"
UK 7-inch single
A. "Like a Star"
B. "Enchantment"
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Corinne Bailey Rae.
Corinne Bailey Rae – acoustic guitar, backing vocals, lead vocals, percussion, songwriting, Spanish guitar
Steve Chrisanthou – organ, production, programming, recording
The London Session Orchestra – strings
Wil Malone – string arrangement and conducting
Paul Siddal – keyboards
Jeremy Wheatley – mixing
Gavyn Wright – director of The London Session Orchestra
Charts
Certifications
Re-release
"Like a Star" was re-released in the UK on 9 October 2006 due to the popularity of the song. A new music video, directed by Sam Brown, was shot for the reissue. The single reached a new peak position of number 32 on the UK Singles Chart. "Like a Star" was released in the United States in January 2007, reaching number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100. As of January 2010, the song had sold 327,000 downloads in the US.
Bailey Rae performed "Like a Star" and "Put Your Records On" live on the 7 October 2006 episode of NBC's Saturday Night Live. She also performed "Like a Star" and "Trouble Sleeping" on NBC's Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip on 27 November 2006. The song was used in the ABC shows Grey's Anatomy and Men in Trees, as well as in an episode of NBC's Medium and CBS' CSI: NY. The track was also featured in the films Nancy Drew (2007) and 27 Dresses (2008). Rae performed "Like a Star" at the 49th Grammy Awards on 11 February 2007. The following year, it received a nomination for Song of the Year at the 50th Grammy Awards.
Track listings
UK CD single 1
"Like a Star"
"Emaraldine"
UK CD single 2
"Like a Star"
"Emaraldine"
"Enchantment" (Amp Fiddler Remix)
"Daydreaming" (Aretha Franklin cover)
"Like a Star" (re-release video)
UK 7-inch single
A. "Like a Star"
B. "Enchantment" (Amp Fiddler Remix)
Download
"Like a Star" (acoustic)
"Like a Star" (instrumental)
Charts
References
2000s ballads
2005 debut singles
2005 songs
2006 singles
Contemporary R&B ballads
Corinne Bailey Rae songs
EMI Records singles
Songs written by Corinne Bailey Rae | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20a%20Star |
Folkestra, formerly known as FolkESTRA North is The Sage Gateshead’s youth folk ensemble, formed in 2001. It is led by their Musical Director Ian Stephenson, a multi-instrumentalist playing folk and traditional music from Northumbria and Scandinavia. The former Musical Director was Kathryn Tickell, one of England's premiere folk musicians.
They have performed at a wide range of concerts, recorded and published their self entitled album, "FolkESTRA North", and taken part in festivals including the National Festival of Youth Music, Sidmouth International Festival and Towersey Village Festival.
In Easter of 2005, Folkestra took part in a UK tour called "The Road to the North" to celebrate the rich traditional music of the North East of England. They performed here alongside The Kathryn Tickell Band, Alistair Anderson, Louisa Jo Killen, and the Old Rope String Band. With two successful CDs and a growing national reputation, Folkestra have performed at many concerts and festivals across the country, and also at the BBC Proms first ever Folk Day at the Royal Albert Hall. In the summer of 2012, Folkestra are to perform at Traflgar Square in the River of Music festival.
Folkestra's 15 band members play a wide variety of instruments, including fiddles, an accordion, a melodeon, a whistle, a flute, guitars, a saxophone, northumbrian pipes, double bass, voices, and foot percussion.
English folk musical groups
Culture in Tyne and Wear | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestra |
Claude Matthews (December 14, 1845 – August 28, 1898) was an American politician who served as the 23rd governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1893 to 1897. A farmer, he was nominated to prevent the loss of voters to the Populist Party. The Panic of 1893 occurred just before he took office, leading to severe economic problems during his term. Republicans took the Indiana General Assembly in the 1894 mid-term election and repudiated many of the Democrats' laws, leading to violence in the assembly. A popular party figure when he left office, he was a nominee to run for president at the 1896 Democratic National Convention, but lost his bid for the nomination to William Jennings Bryan.
Early life
Family and background
Matthews was born in Bethel, Kentucky, on December 14, 1845, the son of Thomas A. and Eliza Ann Fletcher Matthews. His mother died when he was four months old, and his father sent him to be raised by an aunt in Kentucky. His father remarried in 1858, and he returned to live with them near Danville, Kentucky. He worked on the family's farm and attended Centre College and graduated in 1867. The same year he moved to Clinton, Indiana, where he met Martha Whitcomb, the daughter of former state governor James Whitcomb. The couple married on January 1, 1868, and had three children.
Early political career
Matthews purchased a farm and began to raise livestock and produce grain. He became prominent in the area because of his breeding program and the qualify cattle and horses he produced. In 1872 he was one of the founding members of the National Association of Breeders of Short-Horn Cattle. In 1876 he was elected to a seat in the Indiana House of Representatives and served a single term. In 1882 he ran for the state senate, but was defeated.
In 1890, Democratic party leaders approached Matthews and encouraged him to run for Indiana Secretary of State. He was one of several men the party was grooming as a potential candidate for governor in the upcoming election. Democrats at that time were losing members to the Populist Party, and were seeking farmers to lead the party and help win back farming voters. He campaigned against Republican John B. Stoll and won the election by 20,000 votes. He continued in that office for two years before resigning to run for governor. He used his position to become a well-known advocate of the unlimited coinage of silver.
Governor
Campaign
Matthews was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate for governor in 1892 and ran in the fall election against incumbent Republican governor Ira Joy Chase and Populist candidate Leroy Templeton. The campaign focused primarily on depressed farm prices and farmers desires to inflate the currency to alleviate debt problems. Matthews won the election by seven thousand votes. The Populist party failed to make significant gains in the state, and the election marked the party's decline in the state.
Shortly before Matthews took office, the national economy was struck by the Panic of 1893, caused in part by the inflationary acts of the government, which Matthews supported in the campaign. In Indiana, it led to a large rise in unemployment, the bankruptcy of most of the state railroad companies, the collapse of many state banks, business failures, and a collapse in land value. Matthews came into office with projected budget shortfalls and threats of worker strikes across the state.
Strikes
Coal miners in southern Indiana made good on their threats and joined in a national strike. The strikers attacked railroad tracks to prevent strikebreakers from sending out shipments. Matthews called out nine companies of militia and sent them to forcibly break up the strikers and protect coal shipments. As the militia arrived to resolve the situation, and second large strike broke out in Hammond, as railroad workers seized control of an important railroad hub in northern Indiana, effectively shutting down a large part of the state's exporting via Lake Michigan. Matthews called up additional militia and dispatched them to break up the second strike.
The legislature was not in session when Matthews ordered the militia to duty, but they approved of his actions when they gathered later in the year. Because they had not approved the call-up, no funds had been appropriated for paying the men, and Matthews borrowed over $40,000 on his personal credit to pay for the operations. The legislature agreed to reimburse him for his expense. In addition to fighting strikers, Matthews continued the policy of the previous governors of suppressing white cap organizations in the southern part of the state. Matthews had advocated in the campaign the banning of horse racing and prize fighting in the state. He successfully pressed the General Assembly to pass legislation banning the enterprises. He then dispatched the militia and state police to seize the horse tracks and fighting arenas in the state.
Conflict with the General Assembly
As the 1894 mid-term elections neared, Republicans were able to secure blame for the poor economic situation on the Democrats, and swept into power in the statehouse, taking strong majorities in both houses. The legislative districts created in 1890 were a subject of intense debate at the time; the legislature during the term of Governor Isaac P. Gray had created several gerrymander districts that favored Democrats. Republicans had contested the districting in the courts, who ruled the state must be redistricted. The Democrats had done so in 1893, but the Republicans overrode their redistricting upon taking power, and created their own plan which effectively reversed the situation and created pro-Republican gerrymander districts.
The Republicans continued in their effort to repudiate the decade of Democratic control and passed a controversial bill that revoked all the legislation passed by the previous Democratic-controlled General Assembly and restored the governor's power to appoint people to office. The bill was passed on the final day of the legislative session, knowing that if the governor did not veto it before adjournment, it would become law. It arrived on Matthews's desk just minutes before adjournment; he promptly vetoed it and ran with his secretaries to try to return it to the assembly before it adjourned. He found the doors locked and called for help from fellow Democrats to beat down the door to the House of Representatives. A newspaper recorded that "Democrats and Republicans fought like beasts of forest" as the governor struggled to deliver the vetoed bill to the speaker. Republicans successfully beat back the Democrats just as the speaker declared an adjournment. Fighting continued for a half-hour after the adjournment before the Democrats withdrew. Matthews took the issue to the Indiana Supreme Court, who ruled in favor of the Assembly, effectively rolling back a decade of Democratic legislation.
Before his term as governor ended, Matthews was nominated by David Turpie to run for president at the 1896 Democratic National Convention held in Chicago. Matthews was a leading candidate until the sixth ballot when his supporters switched to William Jennings Bryan after Bryan delivered an impassioned speech. Matthews left office and returned to his farm. He continued making occasional public appearances and delivering speeches. While delivering a speech in Montgomery County, he suffered a stroke and died three days later in an Indianapolis hospital on August 28, 1898. His body was returned to his home town and buried in a Clinton cemetery.
Electoral history
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
National Governors Association
NY Times Obituary
1845 births
1898 deaths
People from Vermillion County, Indiana
Democratic Party governors of Indiana
Secretaries of State of Indiana
Democratic Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives
Politicians from Danville, Kentucky
Centre College alumni
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude%20Matthews |
Tămâioasă Românească () (Romanian Muscatel) is a Romanian grape variety used for the production of aromatic wines, Tămâioasă are natural sweet or semi-sweet wines, with alcohol content of 12%-12.5%. In Moldova, is known as Busuioacă albă.
The golden-yellow wine has a pronounced honey-like flowery bouquet. Because of its natural sweetness it is usually consumed as a dessert.
References
Grape varieties of Romania
White wine grape varieties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83m%C3%A2ioas%C4%83%20Rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83 |
George Gregoriou was an American political writer and professor of Greek Cypriot origins. Born in Cyprus in 1936 into a nationalistic family; his father was interned by the colonial authorities during the insurrection in 1931. The family emigrated to the United States in 1950 but continued to support Cyprus' struggle for freedom, a link that led Gregoriou to the writing of the books Cyprus: A View from the Diaspora.
He worked as a political science professor at the William Paterson University of New Jersey, has written numerous books on the Western geopolitical strategies in the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly the political forces of British colonialism, the Greek and Cyprus events responsible for the events leading to the de facto partition in 1974 and the Anglo-American policies outside and inside the United Nations to legitimize the facts on the ground created by the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus.
Georgiou was highly critical of American foreign policies and ascribes the partitioning of Cyprus to an American plot as much as Turkish invasion. He has also criticised the war on Iraq and remarked that the Pentagon "needs to soil the Iraqi landscape with young blood", "a small price for oil, profits, and power for the political-military-industrial complex".. In a recent editorial, Georgiou disputed whether "the Pentagon, the CIA, the White House ever tell the truth".
He has been criticized from within the Greek-American community for anti-Americanism, to which he has responded that "if being "pro-American" requires lying, you should count me out, as it comes too close to militarism and fascism" . Georgiou staunchly opposes capitalism in his editorials, and he has supported that "the capitalist state does not respond to peoples’ needs, unless they take to the streets". He has also ascribed the problems to modern America, not to specific party politics, but "the very nature of capitalism".
Finally, Georgiou has decried Deng Xiaoping for "unleashing predator capitalism" on China after the death of Mao Zedong , and castigated "politicians who have the illusion of improving the lives of the masses within existing structures" as "political criminals".
Gregoriou retired from teaching at William Paterson University in 2006 and died on February 20, 2020
References
External links
Editorial
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from New Jersey
Academics from New Jersey
Greek Cypriot people
1936 births
Living people
Cypriot emigrants to the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gregoriou |
Robert Gilpin (; July 2, 1930 – June 20, 2018) was an American political scientist. He was Professor of Politics and International Affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University where he held the Eisenhower professorship.
Gilpin was an influential figure in the fields of international relations theory and international political economy. A "soft" realist, Gilpin argued that international economic affairs reflected state power, and that states' security interests shaped international economic cooperation. He was a proponent of what would become known as Hegemonic stability theory, the notion that the international system is most likely to be stable in the presence of a hegemon.
Biography
Gilpin received his B.A. from the University of Vermont in 1952 and his M.S. from Cornell University in 1954. Following three years as an officer in the U.S. Navy, Gilpin completed his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley, earning his doctorate in 1960. He joined the Princeton faculty in 1962 and earned tenure in 1967. He was a faculty associate of the Center of International Studies, and the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination.
Gilpin was a Guggenheim fellow in 1969, a Rockefeller fellow from 1967 to 1968 and again from 1976 to 1977, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a member of the American Political Science Association for which he served as vice president from 1984 to 1985, and he was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Early in his career, Gilpin focused on conflict and national security, in particular nuclear weapons policy. Over time, his focus shifted to international political economy.
Gilpin described his view of international relations and international political economy from a "realist" standpoint. He characterized himself as a "soft" realist. He explained in his book Global Political Economy that he considered himself a "state-centric realist" in the tradition of prominent "classical realists" such as E. H. Carr and Hans Morgenthau. He has described Morgenthau, Carr and Hedley Bull as influences on his thinking, as well as Susan Strange, Raymond Vernon and Richard Cooper.
An important figure in the field of International Political Economy, Gilpin's scholarship pushed back on claims made by liberal institutionalists such as Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye on the declining importance of state power in international economic affairs amid complex interdependence. Gilpin argued that states were still the key actors in the realm of economic relations and that security interests remained a key determinant of state behavior in economic affairs. Non-state actors were still fundamentally dependent on what states did. Gilpin was a strong influence on Stephen D. Krasner.
Within IPE, Gilpin proposed an influential framework for organizing schools of political thought on the relationship between politics and economics into three: Mercantilism, Liberalism, and Marxism.
In his 1975 book US Power and the Multinational Corporation, Gilpin warned that multinational corporations could facilitate a rapid spread of advanced technologies away from the leading states to rising states, thus facilitating more rapid power transitions. Gilpin has described War and Change In World Politics (1981) as the work of his that he is most pleased with.
In the final years of his career, Gilpin focused his research interests in the application of realist thinking to contemporary American policies in the Middle East. Gilpin was openly critical of the politics surrounding the 2003 invasion of Iraq in his essay "War is Too Important to Be Left to Ideological Amateurs."
Bibliography
American Scientists and Nuclear Weapons Policy (1962)
France in the Age of the Scientific State (1968)
US Power and the Multinational Corporation (1975)
War and Change In World Politics (1981)
Hegemonic War and the Peloponnesian War
The Political Economy of International Relations (1987)
The Challenge of Global Capitalism (2000)
Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order (2001)
These books have been translated into a number of languages. The Political Economy of International Relations won the 1987 Award for the Best New Professional and Scholarly Book in Business, Management, and Economics, as well as the 1988 Woodrow Wilson Foundation Book Award for the best book in political science
See also
Hegemonic stability theory
Neorealism
Neoclassical realism
Kenneth Waltz
References
Further reading
External links
Princeton University profile
Gilpinian Realism and International Relations
Conversations in International Relations: Interview with Robert Gilpin
Articles at JSTOR
1930 births
2018 deaths
Cornell University alumni
American economists
American international relations scholars
Political realists
American political scientists
Princeton University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of Vermont alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
National Bureau of Asian Research
People from Burlington, Vermont | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Gilpin |
Nicholas Louis Douglas Firth (born October 1942) is the former head of Chappell & Co. and BMG Music Publishing.
Career
Firth's career in music publishing began in 1962, where he worked for the Chappell Group, then a division of PolyGram BV, culminating with simultaneous positions as President of Chappell International and Vice President of the PolyGram Publishing Division, which he held from 1981 to 1985, when PolyGram sold Chappell. Subsequently, Mr. Firth was a shareholder and CEO of Music Theatre International. Mr. Firth was later Chairman and CEO of BMG Music Publishing, the largest independent music publisher in the world and the third largest music publisher among all publishers. BMG was sold to Universal Music Publishing Group in 2007.
His grandfather Louis Dreyfus and great uncle Max Dreyfus owned Chappell & Company in New York City and London.
Nicholas Firth serves on the Boards of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), the National Music Publishers Association (NMPA), the International Music Publishers Association (IMPA), the Third Street Music School Settlement, and the Mannes College of Music.
Nick serves as Chairman of the Advisory Board of musiXmatch.
Personal life
Firth was born in London, England, grew up in the United States of America, and then returned to the UK, where he got his first publishing job.
Nicholas Firth was married to his second wife, Edmée, née de Montmollin for 31 years until her death. His first marriage ended in divorce. He lives in Bedford New York.
References
External links
BMG MusicSearch
Songwriter's Hall of Fame article
Nick Firth interview on www.songwriteruniverse.com
Nick musiXmatch's Advisor
Living people
1942 births
Bertelsmann people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Firth |
James Atwell Mount (March 24, 1843 – January 16, 1901) was an American politician serving as the 24th governor of Indiana from 1897 to 1901. His term coincided with the economic recovery following the Panic of 1893, and focused primarily on industrial regulations and advancement of agriculture. As governor during the Spanish–American War, he oversaw the formation as dispatch of the state levies and played an important role in changing national policy to allow African-Americans to serve as army officers.
Early life
James Atwell Mount was born in Montgomery County, Indiana, on March 24, 1843, one of the twelve children of Atwell and Lucinda Fullenwider Mount. He received little formal education during the winter months when no farming could be conducted, and spent most of his youth working on his family's farm, and clearing land for use as pasture and fields.
American Civil War
He enlisted in the Union Army on 22 July 1862, during the height of the American Civil War, and was assigned to D Company of the 72nd Indiana Infantry. His regiment was part of the famous Lightning Brigade commanded by John T. Wilder. Mount gained a reputation for leadership, valor, and bravery, and twice volunteered for charges against superior forces during the Battle of Chickamauga during September 1863.
He remained in the service for the duration of the war and served primarily as a scout and skirmisher. During Sherman's march to the sea he was one of the leading scouts of the army, and was the first Union soldier to enter Georgia. He remained with the army throughout its destructive march across the state, and participated in the widespread scorched earth tactics of the campaign. He was promoted during his service for his demonstrated leadership and mustered out as a sergeant in D Company on 24 July 1865.
Farming
After the war ended, Mount returned to Indiana in 1865 where he used the money he had earned as a soldier to pay for schooling. He attend the Presbyterian Academy in Boone County and received a classical education. While in school he met Kate Byrd, who became one of his closest friends. He only had funds to complete one year at the university, and returned to his family's farm. Kate and Mount continued their relationship and fell in love, marrying after she graduated in 1867. The couple rented a small run-down house and farm in Montgomery County and began to work it. After working the farm for several years they were able to save enough to purchase it and all of its equipment. They soon had three children who grew to help them on the growing farm. They purchased neighboring land, eventually owning over and building a new large home. He called the estate Willow Brook.
Mount was known for his business acumen in the community and was very good at predicting the most profitable times to sell crops. In his spare time, he would lecture and teach at a county agricultural school to help other farmers learn advanced farming techniques and methods to get the greatest income from their crop sales, primarily through marketing timing and group negotiations. Mount became instrumental in the formation of several farming co-ops and became well known in the region.
Political career
State senator
Mount had been approached several times to run for public office by the Republican Party, to which he belonged, but had always refused. In 1888 he was nominated to run for the Indiana State Senate, despite his protests. The party at that time was losing farming votes to the Populist Party, and bringing farmers to the ticket was seen as a way to reverse the trend. He reluctantly accepted the nomination expecting to lose, but won the election in an ordinarily Democratic-controlled district. In the Democratic-controlled Senate he submitted no legislation of his own, but did support several measures he believed would benefit the farming community, including increasing funding for state agricultural programs.
In 1890, his party nominated him to run for Congress, again against his wishes. He again reluctantly accepting, believing he would be defeated and not have to serve in the office. He was overwhelmingly defeated in the election, finished out his two remaining years as a state senator, and returned to his farm in 1892. The following year the nation was adversely affected by the Panic of 1893, leading to a collapse of farm and produce value. Across the state, farmers began to lose their land to their lenders. The following year in the 1894 mid-term elections the Republicans swept to power in the statehouse, and took control of the Indiana General Assembly. As a farmer, Mount was also affected by the economic downturn and decided a return to politics was the best way he could help the situation.
Governor
Mount sought his party's nomination for governor, and won, being aided by his farming background which was believed to give him an edge in the campaign. The primary issue of the campaign was national, the unlimited coinage of silver money, which would cause inflation, which farmers believed would alleviate their financial problems. Although the issue could only be resolved at the federal level, it dominated the state campaign as well, and Mount openly supported the measure. Mount won the election by plurality, defeating the Democratic candidate Benjamin by over 26,000 votes.
Mount had become president of the State Horse Thief Detective Association in 1892. It was a vigilante group that privately defended country farmers, leading him to change the policy of recent Governors who were attempting to suppress such white cap groups. Although he actively sought the governor's seat, he soon came to dislike it and wanted to leave office. Mount's primary dislike from the job arose from the constant lobbying of individuals for patronage jobs and party leaders' demands. Several progressive agenda items were enacted during his term, including compulsive school attendance laws, requiring all children between age eight and fourteen attend school. Anti-trust laws, a number of industry regulations on worker health and safety, and food and drug quality were also passed during his term.
The economy began to recover shortly after his term began, increasing state revenues and taking pressure off of the government. A coal miners strike was still continuing when his term began, so he dispatched two commissioners to determine the problems who successfully ended the strike with promises of regulatory reform. Mount's primary concern remained to be the farming community. He advocated granting more power to the state agricultural department. Among the authority it was granted was the ability to enforce quarantines on diseased farm animals, the ability to inspect farms for disease, and promotion of fruit crops.
The Spanish–American War began during the second half of Mount's term, and he was responsible for preparing the Indiana's levies. Indiana had maintained regiments of black troops since the Civil War, and Mount activated two of their companies to serve in the new conflict. The United States War Department refused to accept them unless they were commanded by white officers, leading to a dispute with Mount. Most blacks in Indiana were Republican at the time, and the party did not want to alienate them given the recent string of close elections. Mount objected strongly to the War Department demand and enlisted the support of Indiana's senator, Charles W. Fairbanks. Mount and Fairbanks both spoke with President McKinley to demand that he allow the blacks companies to be commanded by black officers. McKinley complied, making the first steps towards the racial equality and integration of the United States Army.
Mount received national attention in the last year of his term when he refused to extradite William S. Taylor to Kentucky. Taylor was a Republican candidate for Governor of Kentucky in the 1899 election, and was believed to have been involved in the murder of his Democratic opponent after making accusations of vote fraud. Mount ordered state police to protect Taylor who remained in Indiana for the rest of his life.
Mount left office on January 14, 1901, and was relieved and happy to return to his farm. In his farewell speech he called it the happiest day of his life. Two days later, January 16, as he was preparing to leave the capitol and return home, he died of a heart attack in his Indianapolis apartment. His body lay in state for three days before he was returned to be buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in Crawfordsville, Indiana.
Electoral history
See also
List of governors of Indiana
Indiana White Caps
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
[Obituary]
National Governors Association
James Mount at FindAGrave
1843 births
1901 deaths
American Presbyterians
Republican Party governors of Indiana
Republican Party Indiana state senators
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
People from Indiana in the Spanish–American War
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20A.%20Mount |
Northern Correctional Institution (NCI) was a high-security state prison in Somers, in the northern part of the U.S. state of Connecticut. Until its closure, the prison housed the state's male convicts serving long sentences for violent crimes; previously, it had also housed the death row for inmates before the abolition of the death penalty in Connecticut.
It was the designated restrictive housing facility for the Connecticut Department of Correction, managing those inmates who had demonstrated a serious inability to adjust to confinement, particularly those that posed a threat to the safety and security of the community, staff, and other inmates.
The institution Group Safety Threat Member program was relocated from the Garner Correctional Institution in order to centralize restrictive housing functions. In response to this, and with a commensurate increase in the number of young offenders, the facility more than doubled the size of its educational staff in order to serve those inmates who fell under federal mandates and require special education.
The prison's inmate population reached a peak of 510 in January 2003. With the state's incarcerated population at a 32-year low, Northern was found by the state to be cost-ineffective and unnecessary, and was closed in June 2021. Remaining inmates were transferred to other prisons within the state.
History
The Northern C.I. was completed in January 1995 and received its first inmates in March 1995. Also in 1995, Connecticut's death row inmates were moved to the Northern C.I. from the Osborn Correctional Institution.
In February 1997, the Chronic Disciplinary Unit arrived at Northern.
In November 1999, the Security Risk Group Threat population arrived.
In August 2000, Warden Larry J. Myers' face was slashed by inmate John Barletta, leaving him seriously injured. Barletta was serving 60 years for a 1992 drive-by shooting murder in Norwalk and life in prison without parole for the murder of his cellmate in 1999 at Garner Correctional Institution in Newtown, Connecticut.
In November 2000, the Chronic Disciplinary Unit was removed from the facility.
In September 2004, the Chronic Disciplinary Unit was returned to the facility.
As of July 1, 2014, the prison had 258 inmates (178 accused, 80 sentenced). The prison was controlled by 310 personnel from the Connecticut Department of Correction under the supervision of Warden Anne Cournoyer and Deputy Warden William Mulligan.
On June 11, 2021, the Northern C.I. was officially closed, with the remaining population transferred to other facilities over the previous several months.
Death row and "Old Sparky"
Connecticut legislated lethal injection as its sole method of execution in 1995. The last person executed
by lethal injection was Michael Bruce Ross on May 13, 2005. The last person executed by electrocution was Joseph "Mad Dog" Taborsky in May 1960. Connecticut's "Old Sparky" had not been tested since it was moved from Wethersfield to the Somers State Prison (now Osborn Correctional Institution) in Somers in 1962, and prison officials said the prison's electrical system could not handle it. The death penalty was abolished in Connecticut in 2012.
Notable prisoners
Steven Joseph Hayes, perpetrator of the Cheshire, Connecticut, home invasion murders
Joshua Komisarjevsky, perpetrator of the Cheshire, Connecticut, home invasion murders
As both of these men were on death row and the death penalty has been abolished, they were considered regular inmates. Due to the severity of their crimes, it was deemed unsafe to house them in the Connecticut DOC. Both were moved to maximum security facilities in Pennsylvania.
References
External links
Northern Correctional Institution (Connecticut Department of Correction)
Prisons in Connecticut
Somers, Connecticut
Buildings and structures in Tolland County, Connecticut
Capital punishment in Connecticut
1995 establishments in Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Correctional%20Institution |
August Müller (1864 – 1949), born in Mönchengladbach, was a medical student at the University of Kiel, Germany, and a pioneer in the manufacture of contact lenses. In 1889, he presented at the university his doctoral thesis titled Eyeglasses and corneal lenses in which he described his efforts to grind scleral lenses from blown glass. Refinements in his process led him to be able to correct his own severe -14 dioptre myopia to within 0.50 D.
Müller's compatriot Adolf Fick had published his work on contact lenses earlier in 1887, but his lenses were heavy and could only be worn for short periods. Müller's lenses were lighter and shaped to match the curved contour of the cornea. He suggested that the lens would remain in place on the cornea due to capillary action lubricated by the tear film.
Müller called his development Hornhautlinsen or 'corneal lenses'. His efforts to develop a new corrective lens were ultimately unsuccessful, since a patient could only tolerate the lens bearing down heavily on the sclera for half an hour, less than those of Fick. Moreover, it had to be inserted underwater to prevent trapping air bubbles, and cocaine administered to anaesthetise the eye, but he did however lay the groundwork for later researchers and his ideas and recommendations on fit, tear flow and rounded edges still form the basis for contact lens fitting today.
In 1932, Müller donated three lenses to the German Museum in Munich. These were the same lenses that he had discussed in his thesis.
Further reading
Müller's 3 lenses at the Deutsches Museum URL accessed 10 March 2006
Image of Müller at Biblioteca Argentina de Oftalmología URL accessed 10 March 2006
Notes
1864 births
1949 deaths
19th-century German inventors
German ophthalmologists
People from Mönchengladbach | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20M%C3%BCller%20%28inventor%29 |
The Layout Versus Schematic (LVS) is the class of electronic design automation (EDA) verification software that determines whether a particular integrated circuit layout corresponds to the original schematic or circuit diagram of the design.
Background
A successful design rule check (DRC) ensures that the layout conforms to the rules designed/required for faultless fabrication. However, it does not guarantee if it really represents the circuit you desire to fabricate. This is where an LVS check is used.
The need for such programs was recognized relatively early in the history of ICs, and programs to perform this comparison were written as early as 1975. These early programs operated mainly on the level of graph isomorphism, checking whether the schematic and layout were indeed identical. With the advent of digital logic, this was too restrictive, since exactly the same function can be implemented in many different (and non-isomorphic) ways. Therefore, LVS has been augmented by formal equivalence checking, which checks whether two circuits perform exactly the same function without demanding isomorphism.
Check
LVS checking software recognizes the drawn shapes of the layout that represent the electrical components of the circuit, as well as the connections between them. This netlist is compared by the "LVS" software against a similar schematic or circuit diagram's netlist.
LVS checking involves following three steps:
Extraction: The software program takes a database file containing all the layers drawn to represent the circuit during layout. It then runs the database through many area based logic operations to determine the semiconductor components represented in the drawing by their layers of construction. Area based logical operations use polygon areas as inputs and generate output polygon areas from these operations. These operations are used to define the device recognition layers, the terminals of these devices, the wiring conductors and via structures, and the locations of pins (also known as hierarchical connection points). The layers that form devices can have various measurements performed to and these measurements can be attached to these devices. Layers that represent "good" wiring (conductors) are usually made of and called metals. Vertical connections between these layers are often called vias.
Reduction: During reduction the software combines the extracted components into series and parallel combinations if possible and generates a netlist representation of the layout database. A similar reduction is performed on the "source" Schematic netlist.
Comparison: The extracted layout netlist is then compared to the netlist taken from the circuit schematic. If the two netlists match, then the circuit passes the LVS check. At this point it is said to be "LVS clean." (Mathematically, the layout and schematic netlists are compared by performing a Graph isomorphism check to see if they are equivalent.)
In most cases the layout will not pass LVS the first time requiring the layout engineer to examine the LVS software's reports and make changes to the layout. Typical errors encountered during LVS include:
Shorts: Two or more wires that should not be connected have been and must be separated.
Opens: Wires or components that should be connected are left dangling or only partially connected. These must be connected properly to fix this.
Component Mismatches: Components of an incorrect type have been used (e.g. a low Vt MOS device instead of a standard Vt MOS device)
Missing Components: An expected component has been left out of the layout.
Parameter Mismatch: Components in the netlist can contain properties. The LVS tool can be configured to compare these properties to a desired tolerance. If this tolerance is not met, then the LVS run is deemed to have a Property Error. A parameter that is checked may not be an exact match, but may still pass if the lvs tool tolerance allows it. (example: if a resistor in a schematic had resistance=1000 (ohms) and the extracted netlist had the a matched resistor with resistance=997(ohms) and the tolerance was set to 2%, then this device parameter would pass as 997 is within 2% of 1000 ( 997 is 99.7% of 1000 which is within the 98% to 102% range of the acceptable +-2% tolerance error) )
Software
Commercial software
Assura, Dracula and PVS by Cadence Design Systems
Calibre by Mentor Graphics
Guardian LVS by Silvaco
Quartz LVS by Magma Design Automation
IC Validator by Synopsys
PowerLVS -now SmartLVS by Silvaco
SmartLVS by Silvaco
VERI and HVERI by Zeni EDA
Free software
KLayout https://klayout.de/
Netgen http://opencircuitdesign.com/netgen/
References
Electronic circuit verification | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layout%20Versus%20Schematic |
Samuel Moffett Ralston (December 1, 1857 – October 14, 1925) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as the 28th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana and a United States senator from Indiana.
Born into a large impoverished family, he took many jobs as a child including working in a coal mine. He taught school and studied law, becoming a prominent state lawyer before becoming active in his local politics. Because he served during the state's 100th anniversary he is sometimes called the Indiana's "Centennial Governor". During his tenure as governor, he was responsible for implementing many progressive era reforms in the state and put down a riot in Indianapolis. He gained the support of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan for his anti-Catholic political positions, and with their support was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1922. Ralston had become popular among the national Democratic Party as an early front-runner for the presidential nomination in 1924, but he dropped out of the race because of his failing health, and died the next year.
Early life
Family and background
Samuel Ralston was born near New Cumberland, Ohio, on December 1, 1857 the second child of John and Sarah Ralston. He was of Scottish descent, his great-grandparents immigrated to Pennsylvania in about 1760. His older brother John had died at age three, shortly before Samuel's birth. In 1865 the Ralston family moved to Owen County, Indiana where John purchased a large farm and began to raise livestock. His boyhood home, the Moffett-Ralston House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
Ralston, and his three brothers and four sisters, worked on the family farm to help the family subsist. The family suffered from financial difficulty and lost their farm in 1873, they then moved to Fontanet, Indiana. He took up employment in a butcher shop and later worked in a coal mine to help provide income for the family. His father later opened a butcher shop of his own returning the family to prosperity.
Education
As a boy he attended public school in Owen County, Indiana. As he grew older, he began working as a school teacher during the winter months while attending college during the summer. After completing high school he married Mary Josephine Backous on December 26, 1881; she died six months later. Ralston graduated from Central Indiana Normal College in Danville, Indiana in 1884 having completed a scientific course, but was interested in learning law after attending trial as a spectator. Ralston read law in the office of Robinson & Fowler. Unable to afford boarding, he spent several months sleeping on the sofa of the law office. He began a formal course in September 1884 and was admitted to the bar on January 1, 1886. In June he opened a law practice in Lebanon, Indiana with partner John A. Abbott, there he remained for several years. He became well known in the state for skills, and was soon one of Indiana's preeminent lawyers, mostly representing businesses.
While attending college he met Jennie Craven and began courting her. The couple later married on December 30, 1889. Together they had three children, Emmet, Julian, and Ruth. The family was Presbyterian and attended church regularly. Ralston had also become a member of the Young Men's Democratic Club and took an interest in politics and began stumping on behalf of Democrat candidates.
Early campaigns
Ralston had been a Democrat for all of his adult life. Living in a Republican dominated area though, he had a difficult time to obtain political office. He ran for the Indiana State Senate in 1888 but was defeated. In 1896 and 1898 he ran for Indiana Secretary of State but was defeated both times. During his times running for office, he became friends with party boss Thomas Taggart. Taggart attempted to have Ralston nominated to run for governor in 1908 because of Ralston's anti-prohibition position, but was defeated at the party convention by prohibitionist and future Vice President of the United States Thomas R. Marshall. In 1908, Ralston was elected President of the Lebanon School Board and served until 1911, his first election victory.
Governor
In 1912 Taggart again supported Ralston's nomination for Governor, and this time succeed and was nominated on March 17. Ralston received the endorsement of numerous groups in the state, including the women’s suffrage movement and many churches. Ralston won the general election by plurality and became the Governor of Indiana on January 13, 1913, defeating Progressive candidate Albert Beveridge, and the Republican candidate former Governor Winfield T. Durbin.
Indianapolis riots
One of the first events Ralston became involved in was a strike by the street car workers in Indianapolis that began in October. The strike was called on the week of the city elections and Republicans accused the strikers of trying to prevent them from voting. The union demanded the passage of a law to better protect what they believed to be their rights and wanted the governor to call a special session of the Indiana General Assembly to pass such a bill. The strike quickly grew into a citywide riot as the growing mob began to attack police, business leaders, and public officials. Business leaders and Mayor of Indianapolis Samuel Shank demanded the governor call out the army and end the strike, but the unions threatened violence if that happened. On November 5 Ralston finally called out the entire Indiana National Guard and put the city under martial law. At noon on the 6th, the strikers and their sympathizers gathered around the Indiana Statehouse and began chanting a demand that the troops leave the city. Ralston exited the building and spoke to the crowd offering to withdraw the troops if the strikers would go back to work and negotiate peacefully. He offered concessions and promises that convinced the strikers of his good intentions, which effectively ended the strike that day. After several days passed, and it became apparent that the strike was truly over, he demobilized the guard.
When the General Assembly convened, Ralston was able to have several acts passed that led to improved working conditions for many workers in the state. Among the laws he advocated and passed were acts banning the sale of narcotic drugs for the first time, a minimum wage, conservation measures to prevent deforestation, incentives to encourage development of the livestock industry, free vaccinations for several prevalent diseases, and aid in helping the blind find work. His signature work though was his target of the tenement slums in the state. He successfully lobbied for funds to provide running clean water, children's playgrounds, and several other improvements to the living conditions of the urban poor. The final bill he signed empowered the state police to close the brothels in the state, which effectively ended any forms of legal prostitution in Indiana.
Progressive agenda
Thomas R. Marshall, Ralston's predecessor, had attempted to have a new constitution adopted but his plans were ruled unconstitutional by the Indiana Supreme Court who ruled a constitutional convention needed to be held. Ralston also favored creating a new constitution to enact numerous reforms that under the present constitution would have been illegal. To accomplish this goal, he began urging the General Assembly to call a constitutional convention. A bill was passed by the assembly in 1913 to permit the state to adopt a new constitution. The measure had to be submitted to a statewide referendum, as required by the current constitution, before the convention could be held. Outside of Indianapolis and the few industrial cities, there was little support for reform for industrial workers, the majority of the state's population was still rural. When the public voted in 1914, the measure was defeated, 235,140–338,947.
His two projects with the longest impact on the state were the Utilities Law and the Vocational Education Act. Ralston advocated and obtained significant increases in education spending and began a system of free vocational education for the state's school students. The regulations he enacted on the public utility companies began a process that would take running water and electricity to the entire state. The state park system and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources were created along with several state parks. Carl G. Fisher lobbied Ralston to help him promote the creation of a large highway project. At his urging, Ralston helped launch an ambitious project to build a major inter-state highway. He arranged a meeting of seven governors and was able to sell them on a plan to build a highway throughout their states connecting Jacksonville, Florida with Chicago, Illinois with each state funding its portion of the road. About twenty percent of the road's length would run through Indiana. The road was largest highway project in the United States up until that point, and resulted in the creation of the Dixie Highway, now US-31. Other important measures were passed during his term including Indiana's first worker's compensation program, the creation of the state's primary election system, and the creation of an inheritance tax.
He also made substantial contributions to the state's financial situation. The state had been in debt since the start of the internal improvements in the early 1830s and had twice verged on total bankruptcy, in 1847 and 1863, and once entered a partial bankruptcy in 1841. Although the state was not in immediate financial risk, it was still heavily burdened by debt. Ralston was insistent on paying off the state's debt and creating a rainy day fund, and advocated amending the constitution to prevent the state from borrowing funds in the future. Through a combination of spending cuts and increased taxation and with the support of the General Assembly, the government was able to pay off the entire state debt and create a $3.76 million surplus fund by the time he left office.
World War I
As the United States entered World War I, Ralston was called on by United States President Woodrow Wilson to help ready Indiana's levies. Numerous regiments, totaling more than 130,000 men, were mustered in Indiana and sent overseas in the state's largest deployment since the American Civil War. With most of the Indiana National Guard out of the state, Ralston reactivated the Indiana Legion, which had recently been renamed the Liberty Guard, an organization that had not seen action since the American Civil War. In 1916 tensions began to increase between the United States and Mexico and there was a possibility of war. The majority of the American forces were at that time in Europe, and Wilson requested Ralston to mobilize a full brigade of Hoosiers to defend the Mexican border. It was the largest single unit call the state had responded to, as the federal government typically only called out regiments. Several thousand men were quickly assembled and dispatched to the border.
Historians note that Ralston had one of the most eventful terms in the state's history, and faced more challenges than any governor, except for Oliver Morton. The state constitution prevented him from seeking a second term as governor, and he left office on January 8, 1917 after delivering a farewell address and urging the General Assembly to adopt additional progressive legislation that he was unable to have passed during his term.
U.S. Senator
Ralston campaigned for the United States Senate beginning in 1922. Because of his friendly relationship with the Indiana branch of the Ku Klux Klan, he was able to get their endorsement. Ralston delivered a speech at St. Mary's of the Woods where he condemned religious interference in state affairs. The Klan's primary goals at the time were to remove all Catholic influence from the government and public schools, and to shut down Catholic private schools. His speech earned him considerable popularity among the group who said he "was not afraid to tell off the papists to their faces." The Klan was one of the most influential groups within the state at the time, and it reprinted and circulated his speech. The Klan's support of Ralston was one of its most forceful attempts to have a candidate elected in Indiana, as it feared the Republican candidate who had publicly condemned the organization. The Klan fell apart in 1926—the year after Ralston's death—after a scandal, revealing that the majority of Indiana's politicians, including Ralston, had ties to the Klan.
Ralston won election to the United States Senate from Indiana, defeating Albert Beveridge in November 1922. The New York Times ran a lengthy story on his wife, referring to her as a "Chicken Farmer" because she was reluctant to move to Washington D.C., she did not want to leave her chickens unattended. He took up his Senate seat on March 4, 1923. In the senate he advocated the adoption of the Mellon tax plan, which was effectively a wealth redistribution plan.
In 1924 he was the front runner and expected to be the Democratic presidential nominee, but for reasons that were unknown at the time, he dropped out of the race just before the national convention. He later revealed that due to his failing health he did not believe he was fit to become President. His steadily worsening health lead to his death on October 14, 1925, his home near Indianapolis. He was buried in the Oak Hill Cemetery in Lebanon.
Electoral history
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
http://www.ruralhistoryproject.com/reports.asp?F=1&ReportID=14
Indian County History - Ralston Biography
Ralston's Biography at the National Governors Association
Samuel Ralston at FindAGrave
1857 births
1925 deaths
Democratic Party governors of Indiana
Indiana lawyers
Candidates in the 1924 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
American people of Scottish descent
American Presbyterians
People from Tuscarawas County, Ohio
People from Lebanon, Indiana
Democratic Party United States senators from Indiana
People from Owen County, Indiana
Canterbury College (Indiana) alumni
19th-century American lawyers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20M.%20Ralston |
Warren Terry McCray (February 4, 1865 – December 19, 1938) was the 30th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1921 to 1924.
He came into conflict with the growing influence of the Indiana Ku Klux Klan after vetoing legislation they supported. His personal estate was threatened with bankruptcy during his term and he solicited loans via the mail in order to help maintain his home and took a questionable loan from the State Department of Agriculture. The Indiana Attorney General was a Klan member and used the opportunity to bring a suit against the governor for embezzlement for which he was found not guilty.
Immediately after the embezzlement case failed, a new case was launched in federal court claiming he had solicited private loans in a fraudulent way. He resigned from office after his conviction for mail fraud and served three years in federal prison before being paroled in 1927 and pardoned by President Herbert Hoover in 1930.
Early life
Family and background
Warren Terry McCray was born near Brook, Indiana, on February 4, 1865, to Greenberry Ward and Martha (Galey) McCray. His friends and family called him "Warnie". He had two sisters, Annie Eliza and Fannie. At age five he moved to Kentland, Indiana where he grew up attending a local public school. His father and uncle formed a successful livery business there. From an early age, McCray was encouraged to find a way to make money, and began growing vegetables and selling them door to door as a young boy. As he grew older he began taking care of cattle of townspeople who did not have enough land for them to graze. For a fee, he drove the cattle into a pasture outside of town during the day and returned them in the evening.
In April 1874, his uncle died and his father took on new partners. They soon purchased the Discount and Deposit Bank of Kentland and began to accumulate considerable wealth. As a teenager, McCray took a job in the bank as a bookkeeper. After completing high school in 1882 his father offered to send him to college, but the young McCray choose to instead remain working at the bank. By 1885 he had grown tired of his banking job, and decided to go into business on his own. With a friend, Willis Kirkpatrick, he purchased a town grocery store which was immediately very profitable. He used his income from the store to invest in railroad and mining stock, but mostly to buy land. He also made a significant investment in grain elevators and became President of the National Grain Dealers Association.
McCray soon owned a large tract of quality farmland surrounding a large pond outside of Kentland which he named Orchard Lake. He married Ella Ade, the daughter of one of his father's business partners and sister of writer George Ade, on June 15, 1892. The couple had four children, although one died as an infant. McCray became interested in breeding cattle and began building a herd of specialized breeds. His reputation in the cattle community grew rapidly and he established a show barn and auction house and began selling his quality bred cattle, quickly growing his fortune.
Local politics
McCray became involved in local civics organizations and served on the country school board for one term in 1890. A devastating fire struck Kentland a few years later, and the county placed him in charge of overseeing several projects to rebuilding the town. He gained a reputation for getting things done quickly and cost effectively, and ran for a seat on the town council the following year. There, he successfully advocated the modernization of the town by paving the roads, building an electric plant, installing street lighting, building safer railroad crossings, and several other projects. The tax increases needed to pay for the projects turned out to be too much, and he was voted out of office after one term.
His activities gained him notice by the state party leaders who helped him to gain a seat on the state committee in the summer of 1896. He traveled to Washington D.C. in 1901 to attend the inauguration of President William McKinley and came back convinced he should pursue politics. The same year he was appointed by Governor Winfield T. Durbin as a trustee of the Northern Hospital for the Insane, serving as treasurer. He remained on the board for twelve years. In 1912, he was appointed to the State Board of Agriculture, and became President of the board in 1915. His success at implementing reforms as a board member helped his popularity in the state.
State politics
McCray decided to run for governor in the 1916 Republican primary, but was defeated by the well connected former state party chairman, James P. Goodrich. McCray returned to his board duties, which expanded as World War I broke out. Goodrich appointed him Chairman of the Food Conservation Committee of Indiana and a member of the United States Live Stock Advisory Committee to help ensure adequate army supplies and rationing during the war. In 1922 he became Chairman of the Corn Belt Advisory Committee of the War Finance Corporation which sought government assistance for farmers. McCray was also very involved with the Red Cross and led several fund raising drives to help the organization.
In 1920 McCray considered running for governor in the Republican primary again, but decided against it and to instead support Will H. Hays in his run. Hays, however, announced he would not be running and instead backed McCray. In the primary, he ran against five other candidates, who attacked him primarily over his war record, as some Republicans were not supportive of the war effort, and for his business practices. The charges proved ineffective, and McCray won the primary defeating his closest competitor by over 50,000 votes.
Governor
Reforms
In the general election, McCray was opposed by Democratic congressman Carleton B. McCulloch. McCulloch was a war veteran and a doctor and the campaign focused largely on the progressive agenda. The election was highly contested and remains the election with highest voter turnout in state history, most polling places having a turnout near 95%. The election was a landslide for Republicans across the board, as they increased majorities in both houses of the Indiana General Assembly.
McCray came to office and in his inaugural address he all but declared an end to the Progressive Era, stating that people demanded "a season of government economy and a period of legislative inaction and rest." He and the Republican majority in the General Assembly began rolling back several key regulatory laws and attempted to cut back on government spending. McCray focused attention on what he considered the useful and necessary state institutions and undertook an expansion of the education system by building dozens of new schools, constructing the first new state prisons in several decades, enlarging state hospitals, and building a new state reformatory for juvenile delinquents. McCray began laying out plans for a grander state highway system to better accommodate the automobiles which were becoming commonplace. Among the roads he approved creation of was the Lincoln Highway. To fund the road projects, the state introduced its first gasoline tax.
Ku Klux Klan
The Indiana Ku Klux Klan had been rising in power over the past decade in Indiana. Although it was unknown to McCray at the time, over half the members of the Indiana General Assembly were klansmen. Several members of the administration were also klansmen including Indiana Secretary of State Edward L. Jackson. In 1921, the General Assembly passed a bill to approve a "Klan Day" at the state fair, complete with cross-burnings and other Klan trappings. McCray promptly vetoed the bill, angering Klan leaders.
The Klan gained even more influence in the government in the following year, and Edward Jackson granted the Klan a state charter and officially recognized their organization. McCray was angry with Jackson over the action, and demanded it be rescinded and threatened to take the measure to court, claiming that no organization could receive a charter unless its leaders would reveal themselves and sign the charter. Grand Dragon D.C. Stephenson ordered Jackson to offer McCray a bribe to change his mind. Jackson offered McCray US$10,000 if he would fill several public offices with Klan members. McCray, a millionaire, declined the bribe and was offended. The dealing was behind the scenes and not made public.
Loan scandal
Land values in Indiana collapsed during the early 1920s and severely hurt McCray's financial position because of his large involvement in land speculation. Although he owned nearly $3 million in assets, he was faced with bankruptcy, but was disturbed at the thought of losing his beloved farm. He took a loan from the State Agricultural Board for $155,000 and deposited into his personal account to cover his debts. He then began soliciting loans from banks by creating fake promissory notes and using them as collateral. Bank officials later claimed that they were coerced by the governor, who hinted that he would remove state deposits if they did not grant him the loans.
Klan members soon found out about McCray's dealings and decided to use the situation to force him out of office. The Indiana Attorney General brought McCray up on charges of embezzlement regarding the loan he took from the agricultural board. By then, however, he had already repaid the loan to the board with the help of several friends. The case ended in a hung jury on April 11, 1924. On April 21, he was brought up on mail fraud charges after it was alleged he had mailed the fake promissory notes to several banks. During the trial, he admitted his entire scheme but declared he intended to repay all of the debts and had no criminal intentions. He was soon convicted and sentenced to serve ten years in prison, and he resigned on April 30 and was promptly arrested. The same day, Lieutenant Governor Emmett Forrest Branch was sworn in as governor. A close friend of McCray, he cried while taking the oath of office and later said that everything was so "sudden and surprising."
Later life
After serving three years in the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia, he was paroled and returned home in 1927. While in prison, the Indiana Klan fell apart as their schemes were revealed by the Grand Dragon after he was convicted of the rape and murder of Madge Oberholtzer. McCray resumed his business, which had recovered and repaid his loans though he remained reclusive in his home. When Republican party leaders informed U.S. President Herbert Hoover in 1930 of the Klan's role in McCray's conviction, he received a presidential pardon. McCray remained on his farm where he died on December 19, 1938. He was buried in Fairlawn Cemetery in Kentland, Indiana.
Electoral history
See also
List of governors of Indiana
List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
County History - McCray Bio
Times Magazine
National Governors Association
Warren McCray at FindAGrave
Warren T. McCray Collection, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library
1865 births
1938 deaths
American Presbyterians
Republican Party governors of Indiana
People from Newton County, Indiana
Recipients of American presidential pardons
People from Kentland, Indiana
Indiana politicians convicted of crimes
20th-century American politicians
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%20T.%20McCray |
All American Group (formerly Coachmen Industries) was an American company whose divisions produced pre-fabricated housing, recreational vehicles (RVs) and system-built homes. Based in Elkhart, Indiana, it was founded in 1964 as Coachmen Industries. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol COA until 2009, when it was delisted for failing to maintain continued NYSE listing standards.
History
Coachmen Industries was founded by three brothers: Tom Corson, Keith Corson and Claude Corson. The brothers started the company in a plant in downtown Middlebury, Indiana producing 12 travel trailer models, 1 truck camper style and 80 truck caps. Since 1964, Coachmen Companies have produced nearly 600,000 recreational vehicles of all sizes and types.
Following a weakening U.S. economy and rising gas prices, sales within the RV industry dramatically reduced causing financial difficulties for the company. In December 2008, the company sold all of the assets of its RV Group to Forest River, Inc., a unit of Berkshire Hathaway. Following the sale of its recreational vehicles business, Coachmen Industries changed its name to All American Group in 2009. In the same year, HIG Capital extended a $20 million 2-year financing arrangement to Coachmen Industries to support their working capital needs. The financing package comprised a convertible debt of $10 million and a revolving credit line of a further $10 million.
The Another division, All American Specialty Vehicles, a joint venture with ARBOC Mobility, manufactured ADA-accessible buses. All American merged into Arboc in 2011.
The company continued to operate in the modular housing business under the ALL AMERICAN HOMES and MOD-U-KRAF brand names. All American was acquired by Innovative Building Systems in 2011. Innovative filed for bankruptcy in 2016 and closed American Homes and Mod-U-Kraf.
References
External links
All American Homes website
Mod-U-Kraf website
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1964
Companies based in Elkhart County, Indiana
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
1964 establishments in Indiana
2008 mergers and acquisitions
2011 mergers and acquisitions
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2016
2016 disestablishments in Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20American%20Group |
Illinois Route 125 (IL-125) is a major highway in the central portion of the U.S. state of Illinois. Illinois 125 runs east from the concurrent U.S. Route 67 and Illinois Route 100 near Beardstown to Illinois Route 97 in Farmingdale, west of Springfield.
Route description
Illinois 125 lies within Cass County and Sangamon County, and serves the towns of Ashland and Virginia. Virginia is the county seat of Cass County.
IL-125 follows most of the route of the Sangamon Trail, a pioneer trail from Springfield, the state capital, to the Illinois River. Points of interest directly located on IL-125 include the Clayville Tavern, an 1824 hostelry located east of Pleasant Plains, and the Illinois River bluff at Bluff Springs, five miles (8 km) east of Beardstown and the river.
Points of interest marked on IL-125, but not directly on the road, include the Jim Edgar Panther Creek State Fish and Wildlife Area in eastern Cass County northwest of Ashland, and the old Cass County courthouse in Beardstown where lawyer Abraham Lincoln practiced.
History
SBI Route 125 originally ran from Springfield to Virginia. In 1968 it was extended west to Beardstown, replacing U.S. 67 and parts of Illinois Route 3. The next year it was truncated on its eastern portion from Springfield to Illinois 97. There have been no changes to Illinois 125 since 1969.
Major intersections
References
External links
125
U.S. Route 67
Transportation in Cass County, Illinois
Transportation in Sangamon County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Route%20125 |
Emmett Forest Branch (May 16, 1874 – February 23, 1932) was an American banker, politician and the 31st governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1924 to 1925, serving the remainder of the term of Warren T. McCray, who had resigned from office after being convicted for mail fraud. Branch's brief term focused on continuing the reforms and projects of his predecessor.
Early life
Branch was born in Martinsville, Indiana the oldest of his four siblings Olive Branch, Leafy Branch, and Frank Oaks Branch. His parents were Elliot and Alice Parks Branch. His father was a Republican politician who had served in state government for several decades. His grandfather and great-grandfather had also been involved in state politics and served as state senators. He attended Indiana University Bloomington and graduated in 1896, where he played on the school's championship-winning baseball team. He would be the first Indiana University graduate to become governor. After college, he studied law with his uncle Judge M.H. Parks. He was admitted to the bar in 1899 and established a law practice in Martinsville.
During the Spanish–American War, he enlisted in Company K of the 158th Regiment eventually rising to the rank of First Lieutenant. After the war he entered politics and was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives, serving three terms from 1903 to 1909. During World War I, he returned to the army as a lieutenant colonel of the 151st Infantry. He later commanded the 165th Depot Brigade at Camp Travis in Texas and served as part of the forces guarding the Mexican border in 1916 and 1917.
Politics
Legislator
After returning from the army, he opened a law office in Martinsville and married Katherine Bain, the daughter of a prominent newspaper owner. The couple had one son. In 1902, he was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives and served for three terms. He was elected Speaker of the House in 1907 and 1908. While Speaker, he ended the omnibus practice that allowed multiple bills to be combined and passed without debate.
In 1910, he returned to his law practice where he remained until nominated to run for Lieutenant Governor in 1920 and won the election. As President of the Senate, he took part in debate and supported several controversial measures including banning gambling and liquor sales on Memorial Day. When legislation to ban teaching the German language in public was introduced, the Senate edged on violence and order was restored only after Branch beat his gavel so hard on the podium that he broke both the podium and the gavel, causing the chamber to burst into laughter.
Governor
Governor Warren T. McCray had been having a behind the scenes battle with the Indiana Ku Klux Klan and became involved in questionable loan transactions, which the Klan exposed as a scandal to force him out of office. McCray was convicted of mail fraud and sentenced to ten years in prison, forcing him to leave office on April 30, 1924. The same day, Branch was sworn in as governor. A close friend of McCray, he cried while taking the oath of office and later said that everything was so "sudden and surprising."
Branch's term was brief, and he focused on continuing the projects and reforms McCray had begun, including expanding the state highway system, completing the new state prison, and expanding the school for the blind. He oversaw the completion of the Riley Hospital for Children. A month after taking office, a boxing match was held in Michigan City. Prize fighting was illegal in Indiana, and protesters demanded that for the governor to shut down the match. Branch secretly ordered the militia mobilized and put on standby, and sent a general to attend the match to see if he could detect any gambling going on. The general reported that nothing of note happened, and the match was held without incident.
Later life
After his term as governor ended, he retired to Martinsville, where he practiced law and managed his business interests as President of the Branch Grain and Seed Company and a major stockholder in the Martinsville Trust Company. He also owned several large farms in Morgan County. In 1929, he was appointed by Governor Harry G. Leslie to manage the state armory, a post he held until his death from a heart attack on February 23, 1932. He is buried in the Hilldale Cemetery.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
Justin E. Walsh et al. (eds), Biographical Directory of the Indiana General Assembly, volume 2 (1900–1984), (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1984), p. 50.
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
Indiana Historical Bureau, "Emmett Forest Branch: Short Term Governor, Long Term Proponent for the People"
National Association of Governors
1874 births
1932 deaths
20th-century American politicians
People from Martinsville, Indiana
Indiana University alumni
Indiana lawyers
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Army personnel of World War I
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
Republican Party governors of Indiana
[[Category:Republican Party members of the Indiana House of Representatives] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett%20Forest%20Branch |
Costen Jordan Harrell (February 12, 1885 – December 28, 1970) was a bishop of The Methodist Church in the United States, elected in 1944.
Early life
Costen was born on February 12, 1885, on his grandfather's plantation, about five miles north of Sunbury, Gates County, North Carolina. He is of early English American descent, with a Methodist inheritance on both sides of his family. His great grandfather was a class leader under Bishop Francis Asbury. Costen was the son of Samuel Isaac and Isadore (Costen) Harrell. Costen married Amy Patton Walden 6 June 1917.
Costen earned the A.B. degree in 1906 from Trinity College (now Duke University). He earned the B.D. and M.A. degrees in 1910 from Vanderbilt University.
Career
Harrell entered the Traveling Ministry of the Tennessee Annual Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South in 1909. He was ordained in 1911. Rev. Harrell served the following appointments in North Carolina: Epworth Church, Raleigh (1910–13); Calvary Church, Durham (1913–16), then Trinity Church, Durham (1916–19); and First Church, Wilson (1919–20). In Georgia, Rev. Harrell served First Church, Atlanta (1920–25). In Virginia, Rev. Harrell served Epworth Church, Norfolk (1925–29) and Monument Church, Richmond (1929–33). Harrell was then sent to West End Methodist Church in Nashville, Tennessee (1933–44), from which he was elected to the episcopacy.
Prior to his election to the episcopacy, he served as a pastor. In the reunification of U.S. Methodism (1939) he was the Secretary of the Committee on Temporal Economy and Lay Activities.
Randolph-Macon College honored Rev. Harrell with the D.D. degree in 1929. Duke University did the same in 1940. Birmingham-Southern College awarded the Litt.D. in 1945.
Death
Harrell died on December 28, 1970, in Atlanta, Georgia.
Selected writings
The Bible: Its Origin and Growth, paper covers, 190 pp., 1926.
Walking with God, 1928; another edition, 1946.
In the School of Prayer, 1929.
Friends of God, 1931.
Prophets of Israel, 1933.
The Radiant Heart, paper covers, 1936.
The Methodist Child's Membership Manual, 1940.
The Way of the Transgressor, 1941.
The Word of His Grace - Studies in Ephesians, paper, 78 pp., 1943.
References
Howell, Clinton T., Prominent Personalities in American Methodism, Birmingham, Alabama: The Lowry Press, 1945.
Leete, Frederick DeLand, Methodist Bishops.' Nashville, The Methodist Publishing House, 1948.
External Sources
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
See also
List of bishops of the United Methodist Church
American Methodist bishops
Bishops of The Methodist Church (USA)
American Christian theologians
1885 births
1971 deaths
Methodist writers
Duke University Trinity College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Vanderbilt University alumni
American biblical scholars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costen%20Jordan%20Harrell |
Affection is the debut studio album by Japanese pop and R&B singer Koda Kumi. It was released on March 27, 2002. It has been her only album to not chart in the Top 10, debuting at No. 12 on Oricon and staying on the charts for six weeks, making it her lowest-charting studio album. During its run, it had only sold 91,360 copies. The limited editions of the album contained remixes for "Take Back" and "Trust Your Love", which had previously been released on her North American release of the singles.
This album carries her most famous ballad, "walk," which, starting from her first tour, Secret ~First Class Limited Live~ (2005), she has performed at every concert. It also contained her first collaboration attempt, "Till Morning Comes," which featured Japanese rapper VERBAL, who is part of the hip-hop duo m-flo.
Information
Affection is singer-songwriter Kumi Koda's debut studio album. It charted at No. 12 on the Oricon weekly charts, but was her lowest selling album with only 91,360 copies sold. The album was predominantly R&B with the only pop song being "Best Friend Of Mine," which was done a cappella. This has also been Kumi's only full a capella song to date.
The album was also released as a limited edition, which contained two remixes performed in English: "Take Back [Jonathan Peters' Radio Mix]" and "Trust Your Love [Hex Hector Main Radio Mix]," both songs which had been previously released on her North American release of the singles. This edition was sold with a slipcase cover, as well. Though the album contained a-sides, there was no accompanying DVD. Instead, the music videos for "Take Back," "Trust Your Love," "Color of Soul" and the limited single "So into You" were later placed on her DVD 7 Spirits, which would be released a year later on March 19, 2003, alongside her Grow into One album.
The album contained her first collaborative effort on the CD, which was "Till Morning Comes." The track featured rapper Verbal, who is part of the hip-hop duo m-flo. Although her song "The Meaning of Peace," which had been performed with female singer BoA, was released prior in December 2001, the song was not classified as a collaboration and was, instead, classified as a duet.
affection also contained her most famous ballad, "walk," which, starting from her first tour, Secret ~First Class Limited Live~, she has performed at every concert. In 2010, she would release a ten-year anniversary version of the song, titled "walk ~to the future~", on her Suki de, Suki de, Suki de. single.
Promotional Advertisements
At the time of the album's released, Koda Kumi had not made a debut on television and traveled to local nightclubs to sing and promote.
"I had to go across the country and sing in clubs for promotion purposes. . .it was tough on me." – Koda Kumi
In KODA REKI, Kumi's self-published biography, Kumi talks about how she felt guilty for not meeting what she felt was her staff's expectations as far as single sales. She explained how she had to go to nightclubs to promote her singles and album, and the difficulty to adjusting to the night life. Despite this, however, she said she was still "happy for the experience."
Packaging
The album was released in two editions, a standard CD and a limited edition CD. The regular edition contained fourteen musical tracks, along with the booklet and the obi strip. The limited editions, however, contained two bonus tracks, remixes for the songs "Take Back" and "Trust Your Love," and a slipcase cover.
The remixes of the two tracks were performed in English. Both remixes were from her North American releases of the singles – which she had released under the stage name "Koda" – neither of which had received a release in Japan.
Music videos
affection did not receive a CD+DVD release or a corresponding DVD upon its release; however, promotional videos were released during each singles' release.
The promotional videos for the a-sides released during the album's era were not released on a DVD until 7 Spirits, which also carried the music videos for the then-released album Grow into One.
The affection era videos released on the DVD were:
Take Back: the initial debut video of the artist "Koda Kumi."
Trust Your Love: set in the winter tundra.
Color Of Soul: the video showed the many different angles of people around the world.
So Into You: set in Japan, hinting towards taboos in Japanese culture.
Track listing
Charts and sales
Alternate Versions
come back
come back: Found on the album (2002)
come back [PLUG in LANGUAGE Remix]: Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 3 (2011)
walk
walk: Found on the album (2002)
walk ~to the future~: Found on single Suki de, Suki de, Suki de. (2010)
walk [soichi Ono Remix]: Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 4 (2012)
References
Koda Kumi albums
2002 debut albums
Avex Group albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection%20%28Koda%20Kumi%20album%29 |
Henry Frederick Schricker (August 30, 1883 – December 28, 1966) was an American politician who served as the 36th and 38th Governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1941 to 1945 and from 1949 to 1953. He is the only Indiana governor elected to two non-consecutive terms, and the only governor between 1852 and 1977 to be elected to more than one term in office. His terms were marked by strong opposition party control of the Indiana General Assembly, which attempted to remove powers from the governor that had been granted during the Great Depression. Schricker fought the attempt in the state courts, and although his power was significantly reduced, the Indiana Supreme Court ruled in the case of Tucker v. Indiana that the governor was the chief executive of the state, and the legislature could not pass legislation that interfered with the division of powers.
Family and background
Schricker was born in North Judson, Indiana, on August 30, 1883, to Bavarian immigrants Fredrick and Magdelena Gray Schricker. He attended a Lutheran parochial school in North Judson to elementary school and attended a public school and completed grade eight. After graduation, he began working in his family's grocery store as a bookkeeper. His parents sent him to a local college to take a course in bookkeeping as the final step in his education. After working in the grocery store for nine years, Schricker decided to become a lawyer and worked toward that goal by taking a position in the Starke County clerk's office in Knox, Indiana.
After a year of studying law on the side, he passed the bar examination and began practicing law in Knox with his mentor, Adrian Courtright. He became the cashier of the Hamlet bank in 1907.and became the owner, publisher, and editor of the Starke County Democrat in 1908. He was actively involved in the community, organizing the first Boy Scout troop in Starke County in 1912 and presiding as the chief of the Knox Fire Department. It was also during this time that Henry met Maude Brown, a teacher in North Dakota, who had originally come from Knox. In 1914, Henry visited her and persuaded her to return to Knox, resulting in their marriage on October 21, 1914. In 1919, he returned to his previous career and became the cashier of the First National Bank of Knox.
Legislator
Schricker's first entry into politics was his run for the Indiana Senate in 1924 as a Democrat. After losing the race, he retained his cashier position and continued there until 1932, when he again ran and won. During his term in the Indiana Senate, he drafted legislation to create a new circuit court district for Starke County. Another important bill he created was one to create a tenure system for state teachers, which guaranteed the teachers they would remain employed by the state upon completing a certain number of years in state service. A third bill created a pension fund for firemen in the state. All three bills were passed and signed into law.
Lieutenant governor
He was nominated to run again for re-election to the Senate in 1936, but turned down the nomination after Governor Paul V. McNutt arranged for the convention to nominate him to run for Lieutenant Governor of Indiana, on a ticket with M. Clifford Townsend. McNutt was considered to be significantly more conservative than Townsend, and party leaders believed Schricker would help draw more Republican votes. Townsend and Schricker won the election and took office in January 1937.
As President of the Democratic-controlled Senate, Schricker helped pass welfare measures supported by Townsend. As lieutenant governor, he was also head of the state's agricultural department and spent considerable time traveling around the state for meetings with leaders of farming communities. The state party was in the midst of a dispute during his term, with the McNutt and Frederick Van Nuys faction opposing President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to stack the US Supreme Court. Roosevelt intervened in the state party affairs, and with the support of Townsend, he attempted to remove the state's senators, who were blocking his plan. Schricker did not takes sides in the debate, which McNutt ultimately won, but tried to avoid the Capitol. His traveling effectively turned into a four-year campaign for the governorship as he gained support around the state.
At the 1940 state Democratic Party Convention, Schricker won the nomination for governor on the second ballot, winning the majority of the delegates from the rural parts of the state. Opinion had turned strongly against the Democrats in the last year, primarily over welfare spending. To win the election, Schricker focused on his personal popularity rather than his connection to the party. He won the election by fewer than 4,000 votes and was the only Democrat elected in any statewide election. Republicans swept to power and took strong majorities in the General Assembly for the first time in 15 years. Part of the Republican platform had been to remove the state from the federal welfare system, revoke the massive increase in power granted to the governor by the Executive Reorganization Act, and cut spending and taxes.
Governor
First term
As Schricker took office in January 1941, the battle with the General Assembly was inevitable. Once convened the assembly immediately repealed the Executive Reorganization Act, stripping the governor of his direct authority over numerous government agencies and his authority to appoint officials, which reverted to the Assembly. Schricker openly supported the repeal of the act, stating he had no desire for "dictatorial powers". However, when the bill arrived to be signed into law, he vetoed it claiming that as it was written it would reduce his status to that of an "errand boy." Only a simple majority was required to override his veto, which the assembly promptly did.
Republicans soon continued their attempt limit the governor's power and passed the State Administration Act of 1941. The bill reorganized the state into five administrative departments, with only the smallest, which consisted of the governor's aides, remaining under the direct authority of the governor. The other four agencies were to be placed under the control of three-member boards of commissioners. The boards would consist of the governor and two commissioners appointed by the Assembly. The arrangement would effectively give the Assembly the ability to manage the departments. Schricker vetoed the bill when it reached his desk, but his veto was again overridden. When the Assembly adjourned in April, Schricker filed a suit in the state courts, claiming the bill violated the division of powers. The Marion County Circuit Court stayed the law until the matter could be reviewed by the Indiana Supreme Court.
Indiana Secretary of State James M. Tucker, a Republican, filed a countersuit claiming the state courts had no authority to stay an act of the legislature, and accusing the court of violating the division of powers. Tucker v. State came before the Supreme Court, which ruled that the governor was the chief executive of the state, and the legislature could not pass legislation that infringed upon that power. It declared, 4-1, the State Administration Act to be unconstitutional, on party lines.
Schricker refused to call a special session of the General Assembly. The legislature was unable to reconvene until 1943 when it promptly passed a bill to reform the patronage system and transferred most of the state's agencies to the merit system already employed in some agencies. It also took over the Two Percent Fund, which required all state employees to contribute two percent of their income to a fund that supported the Democratic Party. By creating a board to oversee the fund, they guaranteed that it would be split equally between both parties. Schricker vetoed the bill, but the legislature again overrode it.
In 1944, Schricker was mentioned as a candidate for vice president; Indiana Democrats were opposed to the renomination of incumbent Henry A. Wallace, and suggested that because he was from a midwestern state that often supported Republicans, the selection of Schricker could effectively counter the Republican vice presidential selection, Ohio Governor John W. Bricker. Despite the mentions in the press, Shricker made no effort to run for vice president; at the Democratic National Convention, the Indiana delegation, led by Schricker, attempted unsuccessfully to generate support for Paul V. McNutt or Sherman Minton as an alternative to Wallace or the favorite to succeed him, Harry S. Truman. When support for McNutt or Minton failed to materialize, the Indiana delegation supported Truman. Prevented by law from running for reelection to a consecutive term as governor, Schricker was nominated to run for the United States Senate. The race was hard-fought, but Schricker lost to Homer E. Capehart by 48.9% to 50.2% of the vote.
Second term
Schricker returned to private life by joining the American Fletcher National Bank and Trust Company of Indianapolis. However, he ran for the governorship again in 1948 and won, becoming Indiana's first governor to be elected to two non-consecutive terms, and the second to serve non-consecutive terms. During the Kentucky Derby weekend in 1949, Schricker authorized a crackdown on illegal gambling in Orange County, Indiana, near the French Lick Springs Hotel.
Democrats held a small majority in the General Assembly during Schricker's first two years in office, but in the midterms, Republicans again took power. They passed legislation to make public the names of welfare recipients and the amounts received. This was in violation of federal welfare laws and would have resulted in a loss of federal funding for the state welfare system. Schricker vetoed the bill, but the legislature overrode his veto. The federal government immediately cut off funding, creating an $18 million budget deficit for the state. Schricker called a special session of the legislature to resolve the financial situation, but no solution could be agreed upon. Instead, the legislators passed a bill that delayed the opening of the public welfare records by two years. Meanwhile, Senator William E. Jenner successfully introduced legislation at the federal level to prevent the state from losing its funding once the bill took effect.
Schricker left office with the state having a $115 million surplus fund due to frugal spending and his own support of the spending plans. The state's highway system, public schools, and prisons suffered during the years because of their neglect. After leaving office, Schricker cofounded the Wabash Fire and Casualty Insurance Company of Indianapolis.
Later years
Schricker was a popular Hoosier politician known for his charm of a small-town boy and his signature white hat. He was in demand as a speaker, and his advice and sanction were sought by Democratic candidates. He received national recognition when he was chosen to deliver the joint nomination speech for Adlai Stevenson at the Democratic National Convention in 1952. The same year, Schricker again ran for the U. S. Senate and again lost to the Republican incumbent, Jenner, this time by 5.6%. He retired to Knox in 1960 but remained active in civic affairs and played a role as himself in the 1950 movie Johnny Holiday. He died on December 28, 1966.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
Political Graveyard
Henry Schricker at FindAGrave
1883 births
1966 deaths
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Democratic Party governors of Indiana
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
Democratic Party Indiana state senators
People from Starke County, Indiana
American Lutherans
American people of German descent
Indiana lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century Lutherans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20F.%20Schricker |
DaJuan Michael Summers (born January 24, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He played college basketball at Georgetown University. In the 2009 NBA draft, he was drafted 35th overall by the Detroit Pistons.
High school career
Summers attended the McDonogh School, a private school in Owings Mills, Maryland. As a junior in 2004–05, he averaged 20.4 points and 11.6 rebounds per game, helping McDonogh to a 23-6 record and to the MIAA A Conference final and a No. 5 ranking in the Baltimore Sun's final poll.
As a senior in 2005–06, he averaged 29.2 points, 11.0 rebounds, 4.0 assists, 2.0 steals and 3.0 blocks per game, leading McDonogh to a 19-6 overall record. He finished his high school career with 1,502 points and a two-time Baltimore Sun Baltimore County Player of the Year (junior and senior).
Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Summers was listed as the No. 9 small forward and the No. 23 player in the nation in 2006.
College career
In his freshman season at Georgetown, Summers was named to the 2007 Big East All-Rookie team. In 37 games, he averaged 9.2 points, 3.7 rebounds and 1.1 assists per game.
In his sophomore season, he was a second team All-District 4 selection by the National Association of Basketball Coaches. In 33 games, he averaged 11.1 points, 5.4 rebounds and 1.5 assists per game.
In his junior season, he played 31 games, averaging 13.6 points, 4.1 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 1.1 steals per game.
On March 30, 2009, he declared for the NBA draft, foregoing his final year of college eligibility.
Professional career
On June 25, 2009, Summers was selected with the 35th overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Detroit Pistons. In July 2009, he joined the Pistons for the 2009 NBA Summer League. In August 2009, he signed a multi-year deal with the Pistons. In July 2010, he re-joined the Pistons for the 2010 NBA Summer League.
On July 3, 2011, he signed a two-year deal with Montepaschi Siena of Italy. On October 30, 2011, he parted ways with Siena after just four games.
On December 9, 2011, he signed with the New Orleans Hornets. On February 7, 2012, he was waived by the Hornets.
In September 2012, Summers signed with the Charlotte Bobcats. However, he was later waived by the Bobcats on October 27, 2012.
On December 3, 2012, Summers was acquired by the Maine Red Claws. On February 4, 2013, Summers was named to the Futures All-Star roster for the 2013 NBA D-League All-Star Game.
On March 15, 2013, Summers signed a 10-day contract with the Los Angeles Clippers. On March 25, 2013, he signed a second 10-day contract with the Clippers. On April 4, 2013, he signed with the Clippers for the remainder of the season. On July 9, 2013, Summers was waived by the Clippers.
On July 31, 2013, Summers signed a one-year deal with Budivelnyk Kyiv of the Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague. He sent his family home from Kyiv due to political unrest in Ukraine, but stayed to finish the season.
In July 2014, Summers joined the Brooklyn Nets for the 2014 NBA Summer League. On August 12, 2014, he signed with Gran Canaria of the Liga ACB.
On September 22, 2015, Summers signed with the New York Knicks. However, he was later waived by the Knicks on October 23 after appearing in four preseason games. On November 2, he was acquired by the Westchester Knicks as an affiliate player of New York. On November 23, he was named the D-League's Performer of the Week for games played Thursday, November 12, through Sunday, November 22. The honor marked the first of the 2015–16 season and the first in Westchester Knicks history. The following day, he was ruled out for the rest of the season with a left Achilles tendon injury, an injury he suffered on November 20 in the final two minutes of the team's win over the Sioux Falls Skyforce and was waived on November 24. In three games, Summers led the Knicks to a 3–0 start and averaged 25.3 points, 10.3 rebounds, 2.0 assists and 2.0 steals per game.
On July 28, 2016, Summers signed with Turkish club Pınar Karşıyaka for the 2016–17 season.
On August 3, 2017, he signed with Turkish club Galatasaray for the 2017–18 season.
On July 12, 2019, he has signed with Levallois Metropolitans of the LNB Pro A. Summers later joined Shimane Susanoo Magic, averaging 17.4 points, 8.0 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 1.1 steals per game. On October 11, 2020, he signed with Indios de Mayagüez of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN).
In September 2023, Summers signed with the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) as the team's import for the 2023–24 PBA Commissioner's Cup.
Career statistics
NBA
Regular season
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Detroit
| 44 || 0 || 9.2 || .354 || .357 || .711 || 1.0 || .4 || .2 || .2 || 3.0
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Detroit
| 22 || 1 || 9.0 || .406 || .429 || .450 || .5 || .1 || .1 || .0 || 3.4
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | New Orleans
| 15 || 6 || 13.9 || .431 || .313 || .778 || 1.5 || .7 || .5 || .0 || 4.5
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | L.A. Clippers
| 2 || 0 || 3.5 || .250 || .000 || .000 || 1.0 || .5 || .0 || .0 || 1.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 83 || 7 || 9.9 || .384 || .367 || .642 || 1.0 || .3 || .2 || .1 || 3.3
Euroleague
|-
| align="left" | 2011–12
| align="left" | Montepaschi Siena
| 1 || 1 || 18.4 || .500 || .000 || .000 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 4.0 || .0
|-
| align="left" | 2013–14
| align="left" | Budivelnyk Kyiv
| 10 || 8 || 27.8 || .426 || .222 || .806 || 4.6 || 1.0 || 1.5 || .6 || 12.3 || 12.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| align="left" | Career
| align="left" |
| 11 || 9 || 26.9 || .436 || .222 || .806 || 4.3 || .9 || 1.4 || .5 || 11.5 || 11.4
References
External links
Euroleague.net Profile
Eurobasket.com Profile
NBA D-League Profile
1988 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Bahrain
American expatriate basketball people in France
American expatriate basketball people in Iran
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in Lebanon
American expatriate basketball people in Saudi Arabia
American expatriate basketball people in South Korea
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Baltimore
BC Budivelnyk players
Big3 players
CB Gran Canaria players
Detroit Pistons draft picks
Detroit Pistons players
Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players
Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players
Karşıyaka basketball players
Liga ACB players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Maine Red Claws players
Mens Sana Basket players
New Orleans Hornets players
Metropolitans 92 players
Small forwards
Westchester Knicks players
American men's 3x3 basketball players
Al-Muharraq SC basketball players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DaJuan%20Summers |
Ralph Fesler Gates (February 24, 1893 - July 28, 1978) was an American politician who served as the 37th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1945 to 1949. A lawyer and veteran of World War I, he is credited with returning his party to power after the Ku Klux Klan scandal in the late 1920s that led to years of Democratic dominance of the state government during the Great Depression. His term in office focused primarily on encouraging economic growth as World War II ended through the improvement of the state highway system, education reform, and offering incentives for industrial growth. After leaving office he remained active as a leader in the state Republican Party until his death.
Early life
Family and background
Ralph Gates was born in Columbia City, Indiana, on February 24, 1893, the first son of Benton E. and Alice Fesler Gates. Gates had three younger brothers; John, Scott, and Benton. His father was a local banker, an attorney, and chaired the county Republican Party for ten years. To earn an income as a boy, Gates delivered newspapers and became acquainted with Thomas R. Marshall, who later became Vice President of the United States. Gates attended public school in Columbia City and graduated from high school in 1911. He attended the University of Michigan where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1915 and law degree in 1917.
After the United States entered World War I, Gates enlisted in the United States Navy in September 1917. He was mustered in as an ensign and assigned to the Pay Corps, which was responsible to managing the payroll of the navy. In December he was promoted to lieutenant and transferred overseas to work in the War Risk Insurance Bureau based in Ireland where he was employed to sell bonds to insure government war assets. He personally sold over $1 million in bonds, almost entirely to naval personal. In April 1919 he was transferred to France where he was placed in command of an airbase that was being constructed. The base was finished just as the war ended and Gates was offered a position in the Belgian relief effort, but he turned down the offer so he could go home.
Early political career
After he returned to Indiana, he began practicing law in his father's firm. He soon met Helene Edwards of South Whitley, a local school teacher in Muncie. The couple was married on October 30, 1919, and purchased a home in Columbia City where they lived the rest of their lives. They had two children, Robert and Patricia. Gates' father soon brought him into the family banking business where he served as a manager in the Farmer's Loan and Trust Bank. Gates first held political office in 1920 when he became the attorney for Whitley County. He became the town attorney for South Whitley in 1922, a position he held until 1944. He also served as attorney for Columbia City from 1927 through 1929. The Ku Klux Klan dominated the state government during the 1920s and Gates, thanks to his father's advice, was among the few office holders in his region who did not become involved with the secret organization. The Klan was exposed in a scandal in 1927 that led to a near collapse of the state Republican Party.
With the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, the family bank entered a period of financial difficulty. Gates and his brothers were able to successfully meet with each of the banks depositors and convince them to sign non-withdrawal pledges. Thanks to their cooperation, the family was able to preserve the bank and made it one of the few in the region to avoid a bank run. In 1928 he succeeded his father as the chairman of the Whitley County Republican Party and served as a delegate to the Republican National Convention. In 1931 Gates became the Indiana commander of the American Legion. The position led him to travel around the state and meet with many state leaders as he lobbied for veterans.
Gates continued to grow in popularity and power among the state party. He served again as a delegate to the national conventions in 1936 and in 1940. In 1941 he became the chairman of the state Republican Party where he immediately set to work to strengthen it and return it to power. He was known as a "master politician" and soon began to cull from the party leadership the last vestiges of the old progressive movement and those willing to compromise with the Democrats. He personally oversaw the reorganization of each county party in the state on the model of the Whitely County party.
Governor
Campaign
In 1944 Gates used his influence to secure a unanimous nomination at the state convention to run for Governor of Indiana. At the same convention, by Gates' design, Homer E. Capehart and William E. Jenner were nominated to run for the U.S. House of Representatives and the United States Senate respectively. The three men were deeply conservative, but Jenners was the most "rigidly ideological" of the three, leading to growing differences between him and Gates. Jenners gave the keynote address at the convention which set the tone for the campaign. He attacked President Franklin Roosevelt and the national Democratic Party for their failures during the Great Depression and their domination of both the state and federal government, but urged the party to support the ongoing World War II war effort. Gates supported Jenners' position, and in his speech attacked the state Democratic Party, calling them puppets of the Roosevelt administration claiming they took their orders from Washington and not citizens of Indiana.
After the convention Gates returned home where a parade had been organized in his honor in Columbia City. He launched his campaign after the parade and began traveling around the state to stump. He spent considerable time in traditionally Democratic southern Indiana in hopes that he could win over their support. In all of his speeches he used the term "a local problem can best be solved by local government." He also continued to charge that leadership of the state had been abandoned to federal government and that Republicans could remedy the situation. Gates and his Democratic opponent, Samuel D. Jackson, did not hold any debates or travel to make joint appearances. The Republican party platform paid off and Gates defeated Jackson by more than 46,000 votes. Republicans also took a large two-thirds majorities in both houses of the Indiana General Assembly.
Promoting economic growth
In Gates inaugural address he called on each branch of the government to do its job and not to interfere with the other branches. He promised not to abuse the executive authority, and the speech successfully ended what had become a fifteen-year battle between the legislature, the governor, and the Indiana Supreme Court over who held the final power to control the state bureaucracy. Gates announced he would focus on three main areas while he served as governor; industrial growth, highway construction, and improved health care. He also urged the legislature to reform state taxes and spending and predicted a fall in tax revenues as the war ended.
Gates became friends with Josiah K. Lilly Jr. the President of Eli Lilly and Company. Lilly advised Gates on a number of health care reforms and successfully lobbied Gates to support the construction of three new state-run mental hospital for the insane. The departments of revenue, veterans affairs, and commerce were all created at Gates urging during his term. He also successfully advocated the creation of Shades State Park. Teacher's wages were raised statewide, the Bureau of Motor Vehicles was reorganized to hire employees using the state merit system, and a retirement fund for state employees was started. To fund the new initiatives, excise taxes were raised on beer, liquor, and cigarettes. Using his connections in the American Legion, Gates was instrumental in influencing the organization to move its national headquarters from Washington, D.C., to Indianapolis and providing it office space in the World War Memorial building which was expanded to accommodate them.
Gates' position on highway construction came to be at odds with the more conservative wing of the party. The federal government offered matching funds to the state to build certain highways, but they feared taking the money would be seen as a sign of going back on their promise to not let the federal government influence them. Gates insisted that it was in the best interest of the state to accept the money and build the highways, but legislature failed to act on his recommendation. Jenners had been behind the movement to stop the highway construction bill, and Gates retaliated by planning to block Jenners from winning the nomination to run for governor in 1948. The Constitution of Indiana prevented governors from serving consecutive terms, barring Gates from running for office again. However, he still controlled the state party and at the state convention in 1948, he was able to unite the three factions opposing Jenners to deny him the nomination. Jenners, who had a two-hundred vote lead in the first ballot, was outraged and never forgave Gates.
Gates played a key role in the establishment of Chain O'Lakes State Park in Noble County. He promoted the cause of establishing the park even after leaving office. In 1960, when the park was established, Gates spoke at the opening ceremony.
Later life
Party leader
When Gates left office he resumed his duties as chairman of the state party, and also served at different times in the national party as a member of the Republican National Committee. He met with Robert A. Taft in 1952 and was offered the chance to run for Vice President of the United States, but he declined. The same year party leaders tried to nominate him to run for governor again, but he refused. Although he never ran for office again, his support and backing proved critical to Republicans for many years in gaining party nominations. Richard Lugar was among the last men he helped secure the party's Senate nomination for. He continued offering political advice until 1976 when told a reporter that the national party made a mistake in choosing Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan for the 1976 president nomination, and that Jimmy Carter was "well intentioned, but had no grasp of politics."
Death and legacy
Gates and his wife remained living in their Columbia City home, the same he had purchased in 1919. They also purchased a cottage on Crooked Lake just outside the town where they spent considerable time in the summer. He became an American Civil War enthusiast and collected a large number of books on the subject. After retiring from his law practice he also spent considerable time gardening. He died of natural causes on July 28, 1978. Only a private service was held after his death because of his request for only a simple ceremony where his favorite song, "Onward Christian Soldiers" was played. Indiana State Road 205, which runs from Garrett, through Churubusco and Columbia City, before ending in South Whitley, is called the Ralph F. Gates Memorial Highway.
As a governor, Gates was responsible for helping the state to successfully transition from a war to peace time economy. He is best remembered as an important Republican Party leader, who rebuilt the party following its near collapse after the KKK scandal in the late 1920s, and his continued role in the party after his time as governor.
The Ralph F. Gates Nature Preserve at Crooked Lake near the Whitley - Noble county line was given to ACRES Land Trust, Inc. in 1977 by Phil and Patricia McNagny.
A public dedication of an Indiana state historical marker commemorating Governor Ralph Fesler Gates was held on July 2, 2013, at 1:15 pm on the Whitley County Courthouse north lawn in Columbia City, Indiana.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
National Governors Association
Ralph Gates at FindAGrave
1893 births
1978 deaths
Republican Party governors of Indiana
American Presbyterians
University of Michigan Law School alumni
People from Columbia City, Indiana
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20F.%20Gates |
National Park are a Scottish band formed in 1997 in Glasgow. The band's music has been described as having some similarities to Velvet Underground, Galaxie 500 and Yo La Tengo "without sounding like anything else.""
History
The band was formed by former Telstar Ponies member John Hogarty and Scott Walker. In August 1997, the band played their first gig. Simon Shaw and Michael McGaughrin of the band V-Twin joined Hogarty and Walker, and played the bass and drums, respectively.
National Park's first single, "Great Western", was a 10" released on Earworm records; a ten-minute-long improvisation. It was recorded on a tape deck at an early rehearsal session. Despite the length of the track it was playlisted on Xfm London. Hogarty was also part of the Phantom Engineer project with David Keenan and Bill Wells. Collaborations with Future Pilot A.K.A. then followed, and were released on Beggars Banquet Records and also on Earworm records. The band also played live with many of their favourite bands, including Belle and Sebastian at the Shepherd's Bush Empire.
Scott Walker left the band in 1999, and was replaced briefly by Alasdair Roberts (of Appendix Out) and later by Gerard Love of Teenage Fanclub. Walker did return briefly to record "No More Rides" for the compilation You Don't Need Darkness to Do What You Think is Right, which was released by Geographic Music, a subsidiary of Domino Recording Company during 2001-2002.
In 2003, the band released a lathe-cut 7" single, "Background Frequencies", on an Australian label. In 2005 National Park released "The Only Stars" in Japan, which featured contributions by Bill Wells (piano), Sarah Martin (flute) and Mick Cooke (horn) of Belle and Sebastian.
Discography
Singles
"Great Western" (1998) 10" on Earworm
"Norman Dolph's Money" (1999) 7" collaboration with Future Pilot AKA on Earworm
"Secret Songs" (2003) 7" on Background Frequencies
"The Only Stars" (2005) 7" on Yield
Compilation appearances
"Sterling", on Future Pilot A.K.A. vs. A Galaxy of Sound (2000)
"No More Rides" on You Don't Need Darkness to Do What You Think Is Right (2002) Geographic
"The Only Stars", on Crunk Into Up Vol. 3 (2005)
References
External links
Official website
National Park at Earworm
National Park at Yield
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Glasgow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Park%20%28band%29 |
George North Craig (August 6, 1909 – December 17, 1992) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 39th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1953 until 1957. A lawyer and veteran of World War II who was promoted to serve in a division command staff, Craig first gained popularity in the state as National Commander of The American Legion. He was a political outsider when he ran for governor and was at odds with more conservative party leadership during his time in office. Although he made significant reforms, his term ended with a high-profile bribery scandal when it was found that several high-level state employees had been accepting bribes to influence their decision in assigning construction contracts. Craig was personally uninvolved in the scandal but was held responsible for it by the public, ending his political career.
At odds with party leaders, and angered by the bribery scandal, he left the state after his term and moved to Virginia where he opened a law office and later became president of an automotive company. After a decade he returned to Indiana where he retired from public life but resumed activity in the Republican Party as a political adviser until his death in 1992.
Early life
George Craig was born August 6, 1909, in Brazil, Indiana, the son of attorney Bernard C. and Clo Branson Craig. He attended local public schools and graduated from Brazil High School in 1927. He enrolled the University of Arizona in the same year and continued there until 1929 where he was a member of the Delta Chi fraternity. He later admitted that he spent little time studying and joined Kappa Beta Phi, a school-forbidden drinking fraternity. He left the school before graduating and decided to become a lawyer. He enrolled in Indiana University School of Law in 1930, but was required to meet with the school dean, Paul V. McNutt, to explain his poor grades in Arizona. After promising to apply himself he was accepted into the school.
Among Craig's classmates was William E. Jenner, who would later become his primary opponent within the Republican Party. The two often argued over politics while in school together. In 1931 Craig married his classmate Kathryn Louisa Heiliger. After graduating with a law degree in 1932, the couple returned to Clay County where they had two children, Margery and John, and Craig began practicing law in his father's firm. As the Great Depression set in, demand for lawyers dropped and Craig had only a few cases a year. He began to become involved in local politics and became the chairman of the county Republican Party in 1938. The following year he became the town of Brazil's attorney. In 1940 he was able to have himself named a candidate for lieutenant governor at the state convention, but was defeated in the vote.
World War II
As the United States entered World War II, Craig decided to enlist in the army. He was mustered in as a first lieutenant in the 18th Infantry Division that was training in Camp Bedford Forrest in Tullahoma, Tennessee. He remained with the division for the remainder of the war. His division was soon dispatched to Great Britain where they participated in the Invasion of Normandy. After commanding a platoon in storming the beach, he was promoted to command a company, and later a battalion in the subsequent liberation of France. After the war he earned a Bronze Star Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Croix de Guerre for his service. As the army began invading Germany, he was promoted to the regimental command staff and then the divisional command staff. There he became acquainted with Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower who often visited the division level commanders. His friendship with Eisenhower later played an important role in influencing his position on political issues. After the war in Europe ended, Craig was discharged in 1946 with a final rank of lieutenant colonel.
The American Legion
Craig returned home and resumed his father's law practice which he eventually took over. By the end of 1947, he became involved in The American Legion as the Clay County commander. He quickly rose in the organizations rank, becoming the vice-commander for the state of Indiana, a national committeeman, and in 1949 he was nominated commander of the national organization. The Legion headquarters were in Indianapolis and the group had significant political influence in the state. Command of the organization had been a stepping stone to the governorship for previous men, but Craig denied that he had such ambitions after being elected to the position. He began to travel national and around the state and became acquainted with many national and international dignitaries and high officeholders. The Legion's "Tide for Toys" campaign which was intended to distribute toys to foreign children, was started during his term. He continued his friendship with Eisenhower during his tenure and influenced the organization to support the anti-communist agenda as the Cold War set in. He personally delivered a number of anti-communist speeches. After 14 months as commander he returned to his law firm, which he moved to Indianapolis in December 1950.
Governor of Indiana
Political campaign
Publicly, Craig announced he intended to leave public life and work as a lawyer for the rest of his career. Secretly, however, he began making arrangement to run for the governorship of Indiana. He was an outsider to the Republican Party leadership and owed his rise in The American Legion largely to patronage from Democrats. Craig was considerably less conservative than the party leadership, of whom William Jenner was chief, and knew that any attempt to run would be opposed by them. Knowing that most state convention delegates were re-elected to each convention, he launched an unprecedented campaign, by personally meeting with hundreds of potential convention delegates before the May election in 1951. He was able to gain enough support to ensure he would be a contender at the convention and then announced his intention to run. Jenner and the party chairman attempted to unite support in favor of one of the other five more conservative candidates, but after three rounds of balloting Craig won the nomination. He later credited the popularity of The American Legion for his victory. Harold W. Handley, of the opposing faction, was nominated to run for lieutenant governor.
The national Republican Party was at that time going through a period of internal problems over their position on communism, and the best way to deal with the threat—both internally and externally. Craig brought the national party's problem to the state. Jenner and the party leadership supported faction of the party was virulently anti-communist, but Craig openly sided with Eisenhower and the wing of the party advocating a more measured response to the problem. Jenner was incensed not only by Craig's position on communism but also on his campaign platform that advocated significant increased state spending and the start of a number of new programs. The difference between Craig and the party continued throughout his time in office. Craig's Democratic opponent was incumbent lieutenant governor John Watkins. Thanks in large part to Eisenhower's popularity, Craig won a landslide victory in the election.
Reform agenda
His agenda was largely reform-oriented and included enhancing worker's compensation and unemployment benefits, building new schools, raising teacher's salaries, building a new state prison, constructing new hospitals, and improving traffic safety. Following his inauguration in January 1953, he submitted twenty-six proposals to the Indiana General Assembly that encompassed all of his agenda. His most controversial with the legislation was a proposal to reorganize the states 141 agencies into eleven departments centralized under the governor's control. The Republican legislature dismissed the request out of hand and accused him of trying to restart the battle over executive power that had been ongoing in the past three decades but had largely been avoided by the previous two governors.
Most of Craig's agenda was never implemented as the legislature accused him of not working with them, but in large part, it was his differences with party leaders that caused the problems. A Democratic senator observed that it was as if there were three parties in the assembly—the pro-Craig, the anti-Craig, and the Democratic parties. Craig was successful in having the Department of Corrections created, which he used to implement most of his penal reform. The Uniform Traffic Code was also established, which standardized road signs, speed limits, and traffic rules across the state. Funding was also granted to improve safety by installing signage and signal lights around the state. The police academy was expanded and the first narcotics group. The state police force was expanded to add fifty new officers, making it the largest in the nation at the time. The state's Mental Health Division was also established to reform the state's mental hospitals.
Craig wrangled with the legislature over the creation of major highways around Indiana. The assembly didn't want to pay for the roads, so Craig recommended a toll road be created. The assembly leadership balked at the idea, as toll roads had been abolished decades earlier. The assembly finally authorized the Indiana Toll Road in northern Indiana but refused to build anymore, primarily because they didn't want to allow the governor control over a large number of patronage positions which he could potentially use to gain more power in the party. His other construction recommendations, a state office building, new prisons, and the expansion of Purdue University were ignored by the assembly. They also refused what he believed his most economically valuable proposal, creating a shipping harbor on Lake Michigan.
The state's $22 million budget surplus disappeared during Craig's term, in large part though due to the Korean War bonus paid out to soldiers to enlist that the assembly authorized over Craig's veto. Craig was quoted as saying, "you can't put a bonus on patriotism any more than you can on motherhood." The bonus cost the state $7.6 million. The rest of the surplus was spent on school consolidation as one-room schoolhouses were phased out and students bused to larger centralized facilities.
Bribery scandal
Craig was featured on the cover of Time magazine in 1955, where his reforms in the state were touted as a national example. Eisenhower praised Craig as a leader and urged the party leaders to help him transition to a federal office. Eisenhower offered to make him Secretary of the Army in 1955, but Craig declined saying he wished to finish his term as governor. In later years, he also said his refusal was in part due to his personal dislike of Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Despite his popularity, he continued to remain at odds with the state party leadership. During the final session of the General Assembly, he recommended that the death penalty be abolished. The request was not considered by the body, and Jenner used it as proof that Craig had abandoned his conservative principles.
Near the end of Craig's term in 1956, a scandal was discovered that implicated the chief of the state highway department and two of Craig's aides, who were accused of accepting bribes to influence their decision on accepting construction contracts. Lieutenant Governor Harold Handley used the situation to attack Craig and accused him of being responsible for the scandal. Craig himself was not found to be personally involved in the plot but was required to testify before a grand jury in 1957 after he left office. When he left the court building, he gave an interview to the press in which he attacked William Jenner and a number of other party leaders for having a political vendetta against him. The scandal and his interview were published around the state and significantly hurt his popularity. In his later years, he said that he forgave Jenner for his actions while Craig was governor and that the two never agreed on anything except the weather.
Death and legacy
In December 1957 Craig and his family left Indiana, largely because of his disgust with the state Republican Party, and moved to Virginia where he opened a law office and later became president of an automotive company. In 1965 he moved again to Los Angeles and continued practicing law. Finally, in 1967, he returned home again to Brazil, Indiana and retired. He resumed some activity in the Republican Party as a political adviser but never made any significant public appearances. He continued practicing law until 1976, and was made a member of the State Board of Law Examiners that year and remained on the board for a decade. He retired in 1986 and lived relatively secluded until his death on December 17, 1992.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
Notes
References
External links
1909 births
1992 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
Methodists from Indiana
United States Army personnel of World War II
Indiana lawyers
Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni
Republican Party governors of Indiana
National Commanders of the American Legion
People from Brazil, Indiana
United States Army colonels
Bribery scandals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20N.%20Craig |
is an autobahn in Germany. It is colloquially known as Ostseeautobahn ("Baltic Freeway") or Küstenautobahn ("Coastal Freeway") due to its geographic location near the Baltic Sea coastline. The road is not built along a straight line, instead it is built near important cities (Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund), to make it more beneficial for travel between these cities, and also to serve as bypass.
Construction started in 1992, only two years after the German reunification, near the junction Wismar-Nord and was completed in December 2005, when the last section was opened near Tribsees by Chancellor Angela Merkel. Building costs are estimated at € 1.8 billion.
279 km of the autobahn are in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 27 km in Brandenburg and 30 km in Schleswig-Holstein, making the A 20 the longest continuously built new autobahn since 1945.
On 28 July 2009 the western extension started with the opening between Autobahnkreuz Lübeck and junction Geschendorf. In the meantime the next six kilometers to the temporary end at Weede has been opened for traffic. The extension and opening of the section between the temporary end in Weede and Autobahnkreuz Bad Segeberg is planned for the end of 2010. Further extension west (designated A 22 until June 2010) is planned and awaiting funding, including a tunnel under the Elbe and a 2-way connection with the also-planned A 26.
North of Hamburg the A 20 will have a unique function, namely the connection of the highways A 1, A 21, A 7 and A 23, but it will also function as a northern bypass of the city-region of Hamburg which will take traffic going from France and the Benelux countries to Denmark and Sweden away from Hamburg.
Exit list
References
External links
20
A020
A020
A020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn%2020 |
Harold Willis Handley (November 27, 1909 – August 30, 1972) was the 40th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1957 to 1961. A veteran of World War II, and furniture salesman by trade, Handley began his political career as a state senator. Thanks to his longtime friendship with state party leader and United States Senator William E. Jenner, he was able to secure the nomination to run for lieutenant governor in 1952, during which time he opposed many of the actions of Governor George N. Craig. His popularity rose among the conservative leadership of the Indiana Republican Party and aided him in winning the nomination and subsequent election as governor in 1956.
He was elected during a period of conservative domination of the state government. He successfully implemented major parts of his party's agenda that affected the state for decades. After raising the gasoline tax 50% to balance the state budget, his opponents branded him "High Tax Harold", ignoring the fact that he also eliminated state property taxes. He launched an unprecedented mid-term campaign for a United States Senate seat but ended in defeat and he finished his term as governor. He personally advocated mental health reform in Indiana and after leaving office he remained active in several charities that helped the mentally disabled, winning a Drummer Boy Award in 1970. He operated a successful public relations business in Indianapolis for several years and in 1969 served on the Constitutional Revision Committee that authored a set of major amendments to the state constitution.
Early life
Background and education
Harold Handley was born November 27, 1909, in LaPorte, Indiana, one of the three sons of Harold Lowell and Lottie Margaret Brackbill Handley. His father was a merchant who sold furniture. He attended local public schools before enrolling in Indiana University. His classmates included William E. Jenner and George N. Craig. Handley became good friends with Jenner; the two later became important political allies. Craig however, would become Handley's major opponent within his own party. He studied at the school for four years and graduated in 1932 with a bachelor's degree in economics.
After school Handley returned home where he joined his father's sales department. Although Handley was an able salesman, his company was one of many that folded during the mid-1930s because of the continuing Great Depression. Handley took a new job as a salesman at Unagusta Furniture Corporation, a North Carolina furniture company, but in turn folded in less than a year after he joined it. It was during his period of unemployment that he began to become involved in politics. He formed the Young Republicans of LaPorte County in 1935 and in 1936 he made an unsuccessful run for the Indiana Senate. He remained active in the party and ran for the senate again in 1940 and was elected along with a strong Republican majority to both houses of the body. In the first session of the Indiana General Assembly of his term, he supported the Republican position of repealing almost a decade of Democratic legislation and reorganizing the executive branch of the government to decentralize control away from the governor.
World War II
After the United States entered World War II in 1941, Handley resigned from the senate and enlisted in the army as a lieutenant, but eventually rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was assigned to the Eighty-eighth Infantry Division headquartered in Mojave desert. Despite making multiple requests to be sent overseas, the army kept him in the United States for the duration of the war to serve as a trainer for new recruits. As fresh soldiers arrived in the camp he was responsible for overseeing the drill sergeants and ensuring they were properly trained before they were dispatched to serve as reinforcements to the main body of the division.
During his time in the army, he met Barbara Jean Winterble, a psychiatric nurse working at a Red Cross post near his base. The two were married on February 17, 1944, and they moved back to LaPorte after Handley was discharged from the army in 1946. He took a new job in furniture sales and a second job in sales a small movie production company. He soon had two children, Kenneth and Martha Jean.
Legislator
Handley returned to politics in 1948 after winning election to his former senate seat. It was still a period of Republican domination in the state, and he quickly rekindled his friendship with then-United States Senator William E. Jenner. In the 1952 state convention, George N. Craig, a dark horse candidate, won the nomination to the consternation of the party leadership. Jenner and others had hoped to have a more conservative nominee for governor. They successfully maneuvered Handley as their candidate to win the nomination to run for lieutenant governor. Party tickets were not run at that time, and Handley ran a separate campaign for office, advocating a significantly different platform than Craig, who was calling for many progressive reforms. Thanks in part to the popularity of Dwight Eisenhower, Handley won a landslide victory and defeated his Democratic opponent E. Spencer Dalton by 230,420 votes.
In his role as President of the Senate, Handley became an early opponent of Governor Craig. Craig submitted a plan to reorganize the state's 141 agencies into eleven departments centralized under his leadership, a reversal of the reorganization Handley supported during his first term as a senator. Handley was able to kill all debate on the bill in the Senate and prevent it from passing. The short legislative sessions allowed Handley to focus most of his attention on his statutory offices, serving as the Commissioner of Agriculture and Commissioner of Commerce. He successfully attracted a number of companies to expand and move operations to Indiana, providing thousands of new jobs. He also used his position to build a considerable political base of support.
A scandal in the state highway department was discovered just before the 1956 state Republican Party convention. It was found that three governor-appointed commissioners had accepted bribes to influence their decision in assigning construction contracts. Handley publicly blasted Governor Craig and blamed him for the scandal. Craig had been in a constant battle with the Republican leadership during his term, and they had largely prevented him from gaining control of any of the state's patronage system. Craig later accused Handley, Jenner, and others of purposely attempting to derail his reform agenda and using the bribery scandal, in which Craig was found to be uninvolved in, to tarnish his reputation to end his political career.
Governor
Campaign
At the state convention, Handley ran for the nomination to run for governor with the backing of Senator Jenner. Although Craig tried to block his nomination, Handley was able to overcome his opposition and win the nomination. In the general election, his opponent was Democrat Ralph Tucker. The central election issues were the bribery scandal, the impending state budget deficit, and reform of the state health institutions. Handley also repudiated past governors who had taken federal grant money for selling out control of the state to the federal government. He said "Hoosiers refuse to stand in line in front of the treasury in Washington with tin cups in their hands," and that depending on the federal government for revenue would lead to the ruin of the state. President Eisenhower was running for re-election in the same year, and again thanks in part to his popularity, Handley won a second landslide victory, defeating Tucker by 227,475 votes.
Agenda
Handley had not advocated any significant agenda items during his term but rather focused on advocating his principles. His party controlled both houses of the Indiana General Assembly, and for the first time in fifty years, they were able to use their power to implement a major Republican agenda. Because of his good relations with the Assembly, they readily passed a number of items he requested.
The most controversial position Harold took was advocating a 50% increase in the state gasoline tax. The bonuses paid to soldiers, and the state's school consolidation plan had used up the budget surplus in 1956. A deficit was predicted for 1957 and 1958, but the state was not permitted to take on debt by the constitution. Members of his party recommended using some of the state's reserve fund to handle the deficit, but ultimately the tax increase was approved, earning him the nickname "High Tax Harold." Handley also successfully advocated the passage of a withholding law that allowed employers to withhold state income taxes from their employee's pay. This led to the discovery of thousands of tax cheats that produced an unexpected windfall for the state government. Hoping to use the situation to restore some confidence in his conservativeness, Handley proposed that most of the state property taxes be repealed. The General Assembly readily agreed and state-level property taxes completely repealed, leaving only some local property taxes in place.
A number of other important laws were passed in Indiana during Handley's administration. The state's first right-to-work law was put in place, but Handley was reluctant to support it. When he finally did sign the bill, his public image had already been tarnished by his opponents who attacked his lack of vigor in helping the common worker. A bill of major importance that Handley supported was also passed, making Indiana the first state to outlaw union shops, leading to a gradual decline in the influence of labor unions. The Interstate Highway system was also started during Handley's term, using $1 billion in federal grants to begin constitution. Before he left office, over had been completed. Some in his own party saw his support of the highway construction as breaking one of his campaign pledges to not accept federal money and the string that came attached to it. Handley countered that the highway was in the best interest of the state and that it was the only exception he would make to his position on accepting federal money.
A number of delayed construction projects were also started during his term, including the building of the Indiana State Office Building to allow for room to be made in the crowded Indiana Statehouse. Funds were granted to expand Purdue University and a new state mental hospital was built.
Chain O'Lakes State Park in Noble County was established in 1960, during Handley's term. Handley spoke at the park's opening ceremony.
Senate campaign
Senator William Jenner resigned shortly before the mid-term elections in 1958 and urged Handley to seek his seat. A plan was created where Handley would resign the governorship, his lieutenant would appoint him senator, and he could finish the term. When the plan was revealed to the party leadership, they strongly advised him to not implement it because they feared it would hurt the party and be perceived as a scandal. Handley then decided to have the Secretary of State order an election for the office in November, and Handley himself ran for the position.
Handley did not resign from the governorship during his campaign and was widely criticized for the unprecedented action. His Democratic opponent, Vance Hartke, brought up his tax increase, the breaking of his campaign promise, his reluctance on signing the right-to-work bill, and the rising state unemployment. Statewide unemployment was just above 10% in April, but dropped to 6.9% by the end of September. Handley also faced national backlash against the Republican Party in the wake of the recession in late 1957 and early 1958. Despite Handley's claim to have helped lower unemployment, he lost the election and returned his focus to the governorship.
Later life
The constitution of Indiana prevented governors from serving consecutive terms, making it impossible for Handley to seek re-election. He returned to his private life in his new Indianapolis home after leaving office in January 1961. He had become increasingly interested in helping the mentally retarded during his time as governor and quickly became involved in several charitable groups. In 1970 he won a Drummer Boy Award from the Retarded Children's Association for his work.
Handley started a public relations and advertising firm based in Indianapolis that became very successful. In 1969, a major revision of the state constitution was finally authorized. He and fellow former Governor Matthew E. Welsh were appointed to the Constitutional Revision Commission. Among the important influences he had on the revision was allowing governors to serve consecutive terms again. The state courts were also reorganized, and a level of appointment power was also returned to the governor. In total seven amendments he helped author were drafted and passed into law.
Handley traveled to Wyoming for a vacation in 1972. He died in Rawlins on August 30 of a heart attack. His remains were returned to Indiana for a public service, and he was buried at the Pine Lake Cemetery in LaPorte. His memoir and gubernatorial papers were donated to the Indiana State Archives.
Legacy
Handley Elementary School in LaPorte is named in honor of Handley. A seven-mile stretch of Indiana State Road 2 from LaPorte's east side to U.S. 20, outside Rolling Prairie, is known as the Harold W. Handley Highway.
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Harold Handley at FindAGrave
1909 births
1972 deaths
Republican Party governors of Indiana
Indiana University alumni
American Presbyterians
Republican Party Indiana state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Indiana
People from La Porte, Indiana
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20W.%20Handley |
The Riverbend Maximum Security Institution (RMSI) is a prison in Nashville, Tennessee, operated by the Tennessee Department of Correction. The prison opened in 1989 and replaced its 100-year-old neighbor, the Tennessee State Penitentiary. RMSI, which is made up by 20 different buildings, sits on located off Cockrill Bend Boulevard in Nashville.. Riverbend's designated capacity is 714 offenders. Of that number, 480 are classified as high risk.
The prison's overall mission is to ensure the safety of the public, departmental employees and inmates by managing high-risk male offenders. The Warden oversees a staff of nearly 400 people, including administrative workers, correctional officers, unit managers and medical personnel.
Education programs at the prison include GED and Adult Basic Education. There are also vocational classes available for printing, commercial cleaning, industrial maintenance, cabinet making/millwork and computer information systems. TRICOR, the prison industry, also manages a data entry plant and print shop at the prison. Inmates not involved in academic vocation, or industry programs are required to work in support service roles throughout the facility.
Male death row prisoners live at Riverbend. The state's electric chair and lethal injection gurney are located at Riverbend.
Notable prisoners
Sedley Alley – rapist and murderer; executed by lethal injection June 28, 2006
Cory Lamont Batey – rapist in Vanderbilt rape case
Letalvis Cobbins – convicted of the 2007 murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom
Robert Glen Coe – child rapist and murderer; executed by lethal injection April 19, 2000
Lemaricus Davidson – sentenced to death October 30, 2009, for the 2007 kidnapping, rape, torture and murders of Channon Christian and Christopher Newsom
Daryl Holton – child murderer; executed by electrocution September 12, 2007
Billy Ray Irick – child rapist and murderer; executed by lethal injection August 9, 2018
Bruce Mendenhall – murderer and suspected serial killer
Emanuel Kidega Samson – Burnette Chapel shooter
Paul Dennis Reid – murderer
Nicholas Todd Sutton – serial killer; executed by electrocution February 20, 2020
Philip Workman – murderer executed May 9, 2007
Edmund Zagorski – murderer executed by electrocution November 1, 2018
Gerald Lee Powers - murderer of Shannon Sanderson
George Hyatte - convicted for the murder of Tennessee corrections transport officer Wayne “Cotton” Morgan after he pleaded guilty to a robbery charge and his wife, Jennifer Forsyth Hyatte, fatally shot the corrections officer at the Kingston Courthouse in Roane County, Tennessee on August 9, 2005. He was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole on March 9, 2009.
References
External links
Riverbend Maximum Security Institution, Tennessee Dept. of Corrections
Death Row Offenders, Tennessee Dept. of Corrections
Prisons in Tennessee
Capital punishment in Tennessee
Buildings and structures in Nashville, Tennessee
Execution sites in the United States
1989 establishments in Tennessee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverbend%20Maximum%20Security%20Institution |
Sudanese Encyclopedia of Tribes and Genealogies (; transliterated: Mawsu'at al-qaba`il wa'l-ansab fi 'l-Sudan) by Awn Alsharif Qasim, printed in Khartoum by Maktabat Afiruqraf (Afro-Graph) in 1996.
This encyclopaedia consists of seven volumes and 2628 pages. In his 12-page introduction, which is incorporated in the first volume, Qasim states his purpose and objectives of compiling such a work. He also mentions the scope or coverage, the criterion of inclusion, arrangement of the various entries and hints on how to use his encyclopaedia.
Background
Qasim's encyclopaedia had its origins in the mid-1980s when he was collecting material for two of his other contributions, Halfayat al-Muluk, which is a regional biographical dictionary of the Halfaya region north of Khartoum, and Qamus al-lahja al-'ammiya fil-Sudan, 'A Dictionary of Sudanese Arabic'. Among those who appreciated the value of this indispensable source for Sudanese studies was R.S. O'Fahey, who followed its forms in writing Sudanese personal, tribal and place names.
Having revised and published these two works, Qasim began to plan for a project with a wider scope. His encyclopaedia appeared after more than ten years of active research and preparation.
There has been no shortage of studies on tribes, genealogies and noteworthy persons and place names in the Sudan. Much research has been done during the past decades. The results, however, are scattered and often inaccessible. As Heather J. Sharkey points out, Richard Leslie Hill felt this problem a long time ago, when he said in the preface to the second edition of his Biographical dictionary of the Sudan, "Little books are born in the Sudan by the dozen, without imprints without date, even without title page. They circulate for a brief season and die without trace."
Scope and coverage of the encyclopaedia
Qasim states in his introduction that his original intention was to follow the method used in his first encyclopaedia by including the major ethnic groups, important place names and noteworthy individuals deceased before the present day. The author, however, felt that bringing together such material and bringing them up to date would make his work more useful. Thus his encyclopaedia covers all of the Sudan and spans ancient and present times.
Arrangement of the encyclopaedia
The author does not follow a thematic or subject classification or arrangement for the entries of the six volumes. He prefers to arrange his entries in Arabic alphabetical order, irrespective of their subject matter. Thus entries on tribes, noteworthy persons and important place names are arranged together.
Cross-references are used to lead the reader from names that are familiar to alternate names that may not be. Internal cross-references also appear frequently within entries, where they are identified by the Arabic letter mīm to denote 'see' or 'see also'.
References
Genealogy publications
Encyclopedias of culture and ethnicity
Non-fiction books about Sudan
African encyclopedias
20th-century encyclopedias | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese%20Encyclopedia%20of%20Tribes%20and%20Genealogies |
Potosi Correctional Center (PCC) is a Missouri Department of Corrections prison located in unincorporated Washington County, Missouri, near Mineral Point. The facility currently houses 800 death row, maximum security and high-risk male inmates.
The facility, which opened in 1989, is a maximum security prison. In 1989 it had about 200 prisoners.
Shortly after the prison's opening, the majority of the non-death row prisoners at Potosi were serving long sentences, such as life imprisonment without parole, or sentences with a 50-year minimum before parole eligibility. A small number had shorter sentences.
Death row
In April 1989 the state transferred its 70 death row inmates from Jefferson City Correctional Center (JCCC, originally Missouri State Penitentiary) to Potosi. The U. S. District Court for the Western District of Missouri approved some modifications to the consent decree before the inmates were moved to Potosi. Originally death row prisoners lived in a 92-bed, two wing facility at PCC. The death row inmates had their own special custody levels: minimum custody, medium custody, close custody, and administrative segregation. One wing housed the minimum custody death row inmates, with another wing housing the others. The classification system was intended to award privileges to death row prisoners exhibiting good behavior. After inmates filed legal challenges, administrators began to consider whether to integrate death row prisoners into the non-death row population, because the majority of non-death row the prisoners at PCC had very long sentences and had committed similar crimes to those committed by death row inmates.
MDOC began to stop using the word "death row," believing it to be negative, and began referring to death row prisoners as ""capital punishment" (CP) inmates." For the first time in MDOC history, the state began to allow death row prisoners to leave their housing units, with staff escorts, to eat meals. When no serious incidents occurred, MDOC officials began to use an escort system so death row prisoners could use the gymnasium. The death row prisoners also began to have access to the law library, and death row prisoners were permitted to work in the laundry facility. On January 8, 1991, death row prisoners were fully mainstreamed into the population.
Executions
Sixty-one executions were carried out by lethal injection at the Potosi Correctional Center between April 1989 when death row moved to Potosi and April 2005 when the site of executions was moved east to the Eastern Reception, Diagnostic and Correctional Center in Bonne Terre, Missouri. Death row prisoners are housed at Potosi until being moved to Bonne Terre shortly before their scheduled execution. Since November 23, 2013, 20 executions have been carried out.
Notable Inmates
Current
Charles "Billy" Armentrout – Found guilty of capital murder and originally sentenced to Death Row in the beating death of his grandmother, Inez Notter. In 2006, an appeal resulted in a St. Louis circuit judge reducing his sentence to life in prison. Armentrout's story was the subject of the Netflix docuseries I Am a Killer (Season 2, Episode 7).
Terry Blair – serial killer
Nicholas Godejohn – Convicted of murdering Dee Dee Blanchard.
Former
Zein Isa – Murdered his daughter in an honor killing in 1989 and died in 1997.
Executed
Winford Stokes – Executed May 11, 1990.
Walter Junior Blair – Executed on July 21, 1993, for the murder of Katherine Jo Allen in 1979.
Larry Griffin – Executed June 21, 1995.
Anthony LaRette – Executed November 29, 1995.
Robert Earl O'Neal – Executed December 6, 1995.
Kelvin Malone – Executed January 13, 1999.
Roy Michael Roberts – Executed March 10, 1999.
Stanley Lingar – Executed February 7, 2001.
Amber McLaughlin - Executed January 3, 2023.
References
External links
Official prison website
Prisons in Missouri
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Missouri
Capital punishment in Missouri
1989 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potosi%20Correctional%20Center |
Shooting Dogs, released in the United States as Beyond the Gates, is a 2005 film, directed by Michael Caton-Jones and starring John Hurt, Hugh Dancy and Clare-Hope Ashitey. It is based on the experiences of BBC news producer David Belton, who worked in Rwanda during the Rwandan genocide. Belton is the film's co-writer and one of its producers.
The setting of the film is the École Technique Officielle (ETO) in Kigali, Rwanda, in 1994, during the Rwandan genocide. Hurt plays a Catholic priest (loosely based on Vjekoslav Ćurić) and Dancy an English teacher, both Europeans, who are caught up in the events of the genocide.
Unlike Hotel Rwanda, which was filmed in South Africa using South African actors, the film was shot in the original location of the scenes it portrays. Also, many of the massacre survivors were employed as part of the production crew and in minor acting roles.
The film's title refers to the actions of UN soldiers in shooting at the stray dogs that scavenged the bodies of the dead. Since the UN soldiers were not allowed to shoot at the Hutu extremists who had caused the deaths in the first place, the shooting of dogs is symbolic of the madness of the situation that the film attempts to capture.
Plot
Joe Connor is a teacher at the École Technique Officielle outside Kigali, run by Father Christopher. The school is also home to a company of Belgian soldiers under the command of Captain Delon, as part of the UN peacekeeping mandate. Joe is close to a girl, Marie, who Christopher believes has a crush on him. In early April 1994, they observe a number of events that cause Christopher some concern, including lists being made of Tutsi families, reports of Hutu mobs attacking Tutsis elsewhere in the country, and a suspicious interest shown by Christopher's government contact in the number of UN troops at the school.
On the night of 6 April 1994, distant explosions and gunshots are heard, and Delon hears that the President's plane has been shot down. He mobilises his men to guard the school perimeter, turning it into a military base. Refugees arrive at the gates, and Christopher, over Delon's objections, insists that they are let in. The next morning, Joe drives to Marie's house to fetch her, but the house is deserted save for a dog. He returns to the school to find that she has arrived through the rear entrance, as the front entrance is now guarded by a Hutu mob. The refugees organise themselves under the leadership of Roland, Marie's father. A number of European refugees also arrive, and, to Christopher's frustration, Delon arranges for them to be given better quarters. Christopher continues with church services as usual, while Joe attempts to help the refugees.
As a mob surrounds the school, Joe thinks it would help the refugees if their plight is televised and requests Delon's assistance to fetch BBC journalist Rachel and bring her to the compound. Delon is initially cooperative, but abruptly changes his mind and refuses when he hears that the Belgian soldiers guarding Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana have been massacred. Joe decides to leave anyway and get his friend François, who is a Hutu, to escort him instead, but François is not at home. Joe finds Rachel and her cameraman and persuades them to come to the school by telling them there are Europeans there. As they are returning to the school they are stopped at a roadblock and dragged from their vehicle at gunpoint. While Rachel tries to negotiate their way out, Joe is distraught to see a Tutsi man dragged off and hacked to death with machetes. He is further horrified to see that François is with the mob, holding a bloody machete. François arranges for Joe and the BBC team to be let through. The journalists seem much more dispassionate about the events than Joe, which he later discusses with Rachel, who is a veteran reporter with experience of similar events in Bosnia.
During an interview with Delon, Rachel asks him why his troops do not intervene to stop the killings and queries the UN mandate. Delon terminates the interview and tells her that he has requested a change to his mandate to allow him to intervene, without success. Christopher delivers the baby of Edda, one of the refugees, who names the baby after him. Christopher later leaves the school to find medicine for the baby and to visit a nearby convent, which he has heard has been attacked. At the pharmacist, he pays a bribe to get the medicine and angrily lies that the child is Hutu. When he arrives at the convent, he finds that the nuns have all been killed. Outside, the school's hurdles which he lent out as a favour are being used as part of the roadblock, something his government contact gleefully points out. On Christopher's return to the school, Delon tells him they will begin shooting the dogs scavenging nearby bodies. Christopher sarcastically asks if the dogs have been shooting at the UN troops, in reference to their limited mandate.
French troops arrive at the base but announce they are only there to take French refugees. After a furious outburst from Delon, they agree to take all the Europeans. Joe attempts to negotiate for Marie to take his place on the trucks but is rebuffed. Rachel leaves with the French, telling Joe he should leave too. A group of refugees, including Edda, try to escape through the rear of the school but are ambushed by a mob. Most of them are killed, but a few make it back to the safety of the compound. Edda initially avoids them by hiding, but her baby begins crying, alerting the killers to her presence. As Joe watches, she and her baby are hacked to death.
Delon eventually receives orders to withdraw from the school. While the Belgians are preparing to leave, Roland begs Delon to shoot the refugees, to spare them murder by machete, but Delon refuses. Joe decides he cannot bear it anymore and leaves with Delon. He encounters Marie as he is boarding the truck and cannot say anything but "I'm sorry". Christopher elects to stay behind, before realising he can smuggle children out in the back of the school truck. He takes a small group of children, including Marie, intending to return for more, but as soon as he leaves the school, the mob attacks and massacres the remaining refugees.
Christopher is stopped at a roadblock, which is led by his friend Julius. Despite Christopher's attempts to talk his way through and appeal to their relationship, Julius is openly hostile. When Christopher refuses to cooperate, Julius fatally shoots him. Marie, observing their conversation and fearing that the truck will be searched, meanwhile manages to slip away unnoticed with the children. Christopher sees Marie escape before dying.
Footage of Marie running is intercut with interview footage over the UN's reluctance to term the events in Rwanda a "genocide". In a brief epilogue, Marie tracks down Joe, who is now a teacher at Christopher's old school, and they briefly discuss their experiences.
The film closes with information about the genocide in Rwanda and the killings at the ETO in particular, with details of the personal experiences of some of the film crew during the genocide.
Cast (credited)
John Hurt as Father Christopher
Hugh Dancy as Joe Connor
Dominique Horwitz as Capitaine Charles Delon
Louis Mahoney as Sibomana
Nicola Walker as Rachel
Steve Toussaint as Roland
David Gyasi as François
Susan Nalwoga as Edda
Victor Power as Julius
Jack Pierce as Mark
Musa Kasonka Jr. as Boniface
Kizito Ssentamu Kayiira as Pierre
Clare-Hope Ashitey as Marie
Crew
Director – Michael Caton-Jones
Writers – David Wolstencroft (screenplay), Richard Alwyn (story), David Belton (story)
Original Music – Dario Marianelli
Cinematography – Ivan Strasburg
Editing – Christian Lonk
Casting – Anja Dihrberg, Karen Lindsay-Stewart
Production Design – Bertram Strauß
Art Direction – Astrid Sieben
Set Decoration – Dagmar Wessel
Costume Design – Dinah Collin
Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 84% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Complex, human characters and on-location shooting give Beyond the Gates palpable tension and urgency." In The Guardian critic Rob Mackey wrote: "If you didn't know the story, you might expect the film to develop into a nice little culture-clash comedy… Shooting Dogs boasts a real location: the school in Kigali where a nightmare played itself out." In The New Statesman Victoria Segal wrote: "Shooting Dogs was shot in Kigali and the geography plays a significant role in generating stark fear: the oddly deserted streets, the bodies in the undergrowth, the humidity and dust. It is full of prickling moments of evil…"
Awards
1 win Heartland Film Festival 2006
Grand Prize for Dramatic Feature
See also
Hotel Rwanda, a 2004 film dealing with the genocide that centers on the Hôtel des Mille Collines, a location also seen in Sometimes in April.
Shake Hands with the Devil, a 2007 film based on the book of the same name recounting General Dallaire's harrowing personal journey during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide and how the United Nations failed to heed Dallaire's urgent pleas for further assistance to halt the massacre
Rwandan genocide
References
External links
Does Shooting Dogs Lie?
Acts of Genocide: Abrahamsson, Christian; Environment and Planning D 2008 26(4):736-639 Introduction to a series of academic articles discussing the film
2005 films
2005 drama films
BBC Film films
British drama films
English-language German films
2000s French-language films
Films scored by Dario Marianelli
Films directed by Michael Caton-Jones
Films shot in Rwanda
Rwandan genocide films
Films set in Rwanda
Films set in 1994
German drama films
2000s British films
2000s German films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20Dogs |
Grow into One (stylized as grow into one) is the second studio album released by Japanese pop and R&B singer Koda Kumi, released on March 19, 2003. It barely peaked in the Top 10 on Oricon, coming it at #8, and charted for 43 weeks. The album also contained, at the time, one of her best-selling singles, "Real Emotion/1000 no Kotoba". Combined with the singles, the album has sold over half a million copies in Japan.
The album featured rap duo Clench & Blistah and urban contemporary singer and producer Lisa, who had been featured on Kumi's single "Maze", after having just split from her founded hip-hop group M-Flo.
Background and composition
Grow into One was released one year after her debut album Affection. The album was predominantly R&B with the only pop songs being those she performed for Final Fantasy X-2, which was released on the PlayStation 2 in 2003. Those songs were "real Emotion" and "1000 no Kotoba". The only other pop song was "To Be One", which was used in some of the online advertising for Final Fantasy X-2.
There was one B-side to make it to the album: the song "One," which featured reggae artist and music producer Lisa, and was originally released on Kumi's single "Maze". The album also contained her first collaboration attempt with Japanese rappers Clench & Blistah with the first track, "Teaser." She would later feature Blistah (known as Mr. Blistah) for several works and collaborate with the duo for their own songs, most notably her song "Candy" and Clench & Blistah's song "Stands Up!."
Concerning the success stemming from Final Fantasy X-2, Koda stated, "Although my second album, which I released directly after "Real Emotion" … the singles I released afterwards ranked outside of the top 10." Koda Kumi was hopeful for her Grow into One album due to the success of "Real Emotion/1000 no Kotoba". Due to the album gaining attention by charted in the Top 10, she began to push herself in her later singles. However, none of the following singles followed the success of "real Emotion", with Koda saying, "Because my hopes had been so high, the fall was really too hard."
Release
Grow into One was released in a standard and limited edition. The former contained the standard fourteen tracks, while the latter contained a Final Fantasy X-2 trading card and an unpublished, alternate arrangement of "1000 no Kotoba", was used during the ending credits of the game and had been placed on the second disc of the Final Fantasy X-2 Original Soundtrack. She would later be placed on her third compilation album Best: Bounce & Lovers in 2007.
Reception
Grow into One peaked at number eight on the Oricon Albums Chart, becoming her first album to chart in the top ten. It remained on the chart for nearly ten months. Between the album and the preluding singles, the total sales reached over 500,000.
Music videos
Music videos for several songs on Grow into One were released alongside the DVD 7 Spirits, which included music videos for the songs "Love Across the Ocean", set in a futuristic setting with Kumi being sent to earth, "Maze", set in an airport with Kumi being evaluated by a psychologist, and "Real Emotion", set in the Final Fantasy world of Spira.
Track listing
Official track list.
Charts and certifications
References
Koda Kumi albums
2003 albums
Avex Group albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grow%20into%20One |
Grasă de Cotnari () is a Romanian wine variety associated with the Cotnari wine region, in Iași County (historical region of Moldavia), where it has been grown ever since the rule of Prince Stephen the Great (1457–1504).
Grape is characterized by its relatively large big berries.
Wine styles
Grasă de Cotnari is usually a botrytised sweet wine (although semi-sweet varieties are also made) and usually has a high residual sugar content, sometimes as much as 300g/liter. The harvest of 1958 reached the maximal sugar content in the history of this wine of about 520g/liter.
With the general decline in demand for sweet wines after the Second World War and bad wine making during the communist era, mainly produced for the Soviet Union, Grasă de Cotnari became largely forgotten in the international wine market. Even today it is seldom available, although the offered qualities have improved considerably.
The wine is made primarily from a grape variety also called Grasă de Cotnari. or Grasă (an old white grape cultivated in the Furmint group), although some additional Fetească Alba is allowed. It is produced from grapes that fully reached and exceeded their maturity, hence the high residual sugar content. It is suitable for making aszú wines in Hungary where it is called Kövérszőlő.
A carefully made Grasă de Cotnari is a golden yellow wine, and in spite of its residual sweetness should retain a fine acid structure and 11,5-14% alcohol by volume. It ages well, its color darkens from pale yellow to reach a dark yellow with an orange note in it. A good Grasă de Cotnari should have a distinct bouquet of apricot, walnut and almond and should be drunk chilled at about 10-12 degrees Celsius.
Relationship to other grapes
The grape variety Grasa is known as Kövérszőlő () in Tokaj, Hungary. These two grape varieties are identical.
External links
Cotnari Vineyard Website
About COTNARI
Cotnari Wine House of Iasi at agerpres.ro
References
White wine grape varieties
Moldavia
Noble rot wines
Grape varieties of Romania
Wineries of Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gras%C4%83%20de%20Cotnari |
Albert Gallatin Porter (April 20, 1824 – May 3, 1897) was an American politician who served as the 19th governor of Indiana from 1881 to 1885 and as a United States Congressman from 1859 to 1863. Originally a Democrat, he joined the Republican Party in 1856 after being expelled by the pro-slavery faction of the Democratic Party. Only the second person born in Indiana to become the state's governor, he reluctantly accepted his party's nomination to run. His term saw the start of Indiana's industrialization that continued for several decades. During the second half of his term a strong Democratic majority took control of the Indiana General Assembly and revoked all of the governor's appointment powers and other authorities, weakening the governors position to its lowest state in the history of the state.
Early life
Family and background
Albert G. Porter was born on April 20, 1824, in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, the son of Thomas and Myra Tousey Porter. His father, a veteran of the War of 1812, was a bank teller at the Farmer and Mechanic's Bank. Established by the state government in 1818, the bank folded after the Panic of 1819. His father then served several years as a county clerk until the family moved to Boone County, Kentucky, after his mother inherited her father's farm. The large farm neighbored the Ohio River at the area's most convenient crossing point, and Porter began managing his father's ferryboat, crossing wagons and passengers across the river.
Using the money he earned from working the ferry, he enrolled in Hanover College in 1839, but soon ran out of money to continue his education. His uncle offered to pay for the remainder of his school, provided that he would switch to a Methodist school. Porter agreed, and attended and graduated from Asbury University (now DePauw University) in 1843. The following year he moved to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he took a job in the state's auditors office and briefly served as a private secretary to Governor of Indiana James Whitcomb. Whitcomb influenced Porter to pursue a career in law, so he began to study law in the office of Philip Spooner. He was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1845 and entered a corporate law practice in Indianapolis headed by Hiram Brown. He met and married Brown's daughter, Minerva, on November 20, 1846. The couple had five children.
Porter took a secondary job writing for the Indianapolis Journal, recording Indiana Supreme Court decisions, and gained a good reputation with the court. He served as the city attorney from 1851 until 1853, having run for office as a Democrat. In 1853 he was appointed to a vacant reporter seat for the Supreme Court. He was elected to the position in 1854 by a strong majority and served until 1856. That year, he became embroiled in the ongoing political feud between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions of the state Democratic party. The pro-slavery faction won, and Porter was among the anti-slavery men expelled from the party, causing him to join the newly formed Republican Party. With his brother-in-law's help, Porter began to organize the Marion County Republican Party, and ran for the city council on the Republican ticket. He served a partial term in the office but resigned in 1859 after having won the 1858 congressional election.
Congressman
He served in the United States House of Representatives until 1863, having been reelected once. As a congressman during the American Civil War, he supported much of the wartime legislation. His primary contribution was his own investigation of the railroads, which had accepted numerous land grants from the government during the war and the years leading up to it. He calculated the value of the transactions, and balanced it again the amount the railroads were demanding for payment for shipping men and munitions, saving the at time cash-strapped government several million dollars. He was nominated a third time to run for Congress in 1862, but declined primarily because of the position's poor salary and his need to replenish his savings.
He returned to Indianapolis, where he became head of one of the state's leading law firms; his most famous partner was future United States President Benjamin Harrison. He took on several high-profile cases, including the Ex parte Milligan case, which ended before the United States Supreme Court, who ruled that Lambdin P. Milligan, who had been arrested during the war for subversive activities, and tried and convicted by a military tribunal, should be released as the tribunal had no authority to prosecute so long as the civil courts were still in operation.
He was nominated as a Republican candidate to run for governor in 1876, but he declined. In 1878, Porter was appointed by President Rutherford B. Hayes as Comptroller of the United States Treasury. As comptroller he oversaw the settlement of numerous treasury disputes dating back to the Civil War. In 1880, while Porter was still in Washington, his party again nominated him to run for governor, without his knowledge. By the time he received word, his party was already printing campaign posters and the party leaders were able to convince him to run for the good of the party. He reluctantly accepted, and returned to Indianapolis.
Governor
Republican legislature
One of the most notable things about the campaign was Porter's sudden change in attire. In Washington he was well known for his style and manner of dress, but upon accepting the nomination he began dressing like a farmer, including wearing a straw hat. The campaign was "vigorous", and Porter traveled to all but five of the state's counties to stump and deliver speeches. Because he had supported the strikers in the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, he was able to gain the endorsement of the Knights of Labor, who turned out a large labor vote in his favor. Porter narrowly won the election by about seven thousand votes. He was the first Republican to win the governorship in twelve years, and along with a strong Republican majority elected to the Indiana General Assembly, he began a period of Republican dominance that would continue for a generation. Shortly after his term began, his party nominated him as a candidate for the United States Senate, but he declined.
Porter's term focused primarily on the continuing industrial development in the state, and internal improvements. Porter had the Great Kankakee Swamp in northwestern Indiana surveyed and plans drafted for its draining. The swamp was at the time one of the largest wetlands in the United States and encompassed nearly a tenth of Indiana, and a large part of Illinois. The plans were submitted to the General Assembly who approved of the plan, leading the reclamation of more than of land. To implement the project, the governor also advocated the creation of the Department of Geology and Natural History, the forerunner of the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.
Among Porter's other successful projects included the creation of the State Board of Health, the institution of mining regulations that significantly improved working conditions for miners in the state, and advocacy for women's rights. In 1881, he delivered a speech to the General Assembly urging them to grant suffrage to women. Although no action was taken on his advice, it renewed the debate which had seen little advancement since Governor James D. Williams had issued a similar request several years earlier. Porter used his appointment powers to advance the women's cause, appointing women to a variety of positions in state agencies, but primarily to board positions overseeing the state's benevolent institutions, like hospitals and orphanages. He also successfully forced out many of the non-expert members of important state boards, and replaced them with field experts.
Democratic legislature
After several months of debate, the General Assembly finally agreed to a compromise to grant women the right to vote by agreeing to also enact prohibition legislation. They proposed an amendment to the state constitution that would both grant women the right to vote, and enact statewide prohibition. The two issues were to much for the electorate to consider at once, and in the mid-term election of 1882, the amendment was overwhelming defeated, and so were the Republicans as a large Democratic majority came to power.
The second half of Porter's term was one of the uncommon times in Indiana's history where the legislature was completely controlled by a party hostile to the governor. Typical to such occasions, the assembly began to reign in the governor whose weak constitutional position made it difficult to resist. One of their first acts was to revoke all of the governor's appointment powers. He vetoed the bill on its first passage, but the assembly quickly overrode it, taking the responsibility for appointing all board members in the state, a power the governor had held since the Civil War. They also began to enact legislation designed to weaken Republican power across the state, first by creating a state board to manage the newly formed Indianapolis metropolitan police department, taking away control from the Republican-controlled city government. Along with other restrictive measures placed on the governor, they weakened the executive office to its lowest point in the history of the state. Nearly fifty years would pass before governors began to regain their former power.
The only significant legislation the governor was able to have passed during this time was a bill to fund a relief program following a flood that devastated the Wabash River and Ohio River areas in 1883. At the time the flood was the worst in the state's recorded history, and destroyed and damaged many towns and cities were in significant need of assistance. Consecutive terms being banned by the state constitution, Porter left office in 1884 and returned to his law practice.
Final years and legacy
Porter's wife had died in 1875, and on January 5, 1881, he remarried to Cornela Stone. The marriage was brief, and she died in 1886. His party attempted to nominate him to run for governor again 1888, but he declined. He did serve as a delegate to the 1888 Republican National Convention where he delivered a speech and nominated his old law partner Benjamin Harrison to run for president. Harrison won the nomination and campaign and appointed Porter as Minister to Italy in 1889. During his time there, he oversaw negotiations with Italy concerning the lynching of eleven Italians in 1891, following a highly publicized murder trial in New Orleans.
He resigned in 1892 and returned to Indianapolis, where he spent the final years of his life working on a book on the history of Indiana. He never finished the book, which remains unpublished. He suffered a hard fall from which his health never recovered, leading to his death on May 3, 1897, and was buried in Crown Hill Cemetery.
Electoral history
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
NYT Obituary
Biography and portrait from Indiana Historical Bureau
Biographical Directory of Congress
Albert Porter at FindAGrave
Albert Gallatin Porter papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library
1824 births
1897 deaths
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Governors of Indiana
Comptrollers of the United States Treasury
Indiana Democrats
Ambassadors of the United States to Italy
DePauw University alumni
Hanover College alumni
Republican Party governors of Indiana
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20G.%20Porter |
Hartmann Lauterbacher (24 May 1909 – 12 April 1988) was a senior regional leader (Obergebietsführer) of the Hitler Jugend, as well as Gauleiter of Gau South Hanover–Brunswick (Südhannover-Braunschweig) and an SS-Obergruppenführer.
A veterinarian's son, he went to the Reformgymnasium in Kufstein and eventually learnt to be a druggist.
NSDAP membership
Already by 1923, the then 14-year-old Hartmann Lauterbacher had become a member of the Austria-based NSDAP's youth organization. It is even said that Lauterbacher founded the first ever NSDAP youth local in Austria, in Kufstein. In 1925, when he was 16 years old, Lauterbacher was the leader of the Deutsche Jugend ("German Youth"), which he transferred to the Hitler Youth in 1927.
Hitler Youth leader
For professional reasons, Lauterbacher had to move to Braunschweig, where he joined the NSDAP in September 1927. Between 1929 and 1930, he attended the Braunschweig Druggists' Academy. From 1929 to 1932 he led the Hitler Youth of the Gau of South Hanover–Brunswick, as of 1930 as his main job.
Between 1932 and 1933, Lauterbacher was appointed leader of the Westphalia-Lower Rhine area, and between 1933 and 1934 he was appointed high area leader of the Hitler Youth West.
On 22 May 1934, Baldur von Schirach appointed Lauterbacher his deputy and Stabsführer. In 1936, Lauterbacher was elected as a member of the Reichstag. In April 1937 he was made a Ministerial Councilor to Schirach.
Second World War
While von Schirach was away performing a short stint in the military, Lauterbacher took over the Hitler Youth's commissary leadership. When he likewise found himself having to spend a few weeks at military service, in the shape of an SS formation, he suffered an accident and was wounded badly enough to make deployment anywhere other than on the homefront quite impossible.
However, since a Hitler Youth leader could not show any sign of physical flaw or marring, Lauterbacher had to hand his position over to Artur Axmann, who now became Baldur von Schirach's deputy. Helmut Möckel became Stabsführer.
Gauleiter of South Hanover–Brunswick
On 8 August 1940, Lauterbacher was appointed Deputy Gauleiter of Gau South Hanover–Brunswick, and on 8 December 1940, as Science and Education Minister Bernhard Rust's successor, he was appointed full-fledged Gauleiter. At the same time he received an appointment as Honorary Leader of the Academy for Youth Leadership in Braunschweig.
In January 1941, Lauterbacher was appointed to the Prussian State Council. He took over as Oberpräsident of the Prussian Province of Hanover on 1 April 1941 as SA Chief of Staff Viktor Lutze's successor. As Gauleiter and Oberpräsident, he thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in the province. At about the same time came his promotion to SS-Gruppenführer. Lauterbacher's last new assignment came on 16 November 1942, when he was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner for his Gau. On 30 January 1944, he was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer.
On 10 April 1945, shortly before the Allied forces marched into Germany, and only 20 days before Adolf Hitler killed himself, Lauterbacher took his family to safety in the Harz, but not without having announced over wired radio the requisite exhortations to hold out against the onslaught. Two days earlier, on 8 April, he had loaded his car up with cigarettes so that he could flee south from the Harz posing as a cigarette sales agent. Leaving his family in the Harz on 11 April, after making it as far as Carinthia, Lauterbacher was seized and taken prisoner by the British on 26 May.
Post war
Internment, acquittal, and escape
Early in July 1946, the High British Military Court in Hanover acquitted Lauterbacher of the charge of having ordered early in April 1945 the murder of German and Allied detainees at the prison in Hamelin. In August 1947, new proceedings against Lauterbacher began at the Dachau trials. At issue this time was an order allegedly given by Lauterbacher in September 1944 for the shooting of twelve American airman who had been shot down over Goslar. In October 1947, this trial, too, ended in acquittal. Lauterbacher, who since the end of the war had been interned in the Sandbostel camp near Bremervörde, managed on 25 February 1948 to flee detention owing to circumstances that are still unclear.
Ratlines
He went underground, until he was arrested in Rome in April 1950. Here he was dealing with people smugglers who took people from former fascist states with warrants or charges outstanding against them to South America or the Middle East.
Sent to the La Frachette camp near Rome by the Italians, who had declared him an "undesirable foreigner", Lauterbacher still managed to flee a few months later, in December 1950, to Argentina, following the same route Adolf Eichmann took the same year. In Buenos Aires he helped develop ratlines for other Nazis seeking to flee from Europe.
Anti-Israel activities
From there he went to Egypt with the assistance of the CIA and West German intelligence to train anti-Israel guerrillas.
Later life
He was reported by the police in Munich on 4 September 1956. As more intensive investigations got underway, Lauterbacher once more went underground, this time, though, without leaving any trail.
In the early 1980s it came to light that between 1977 and 1979, Lauterbacher had been working as an adviser in the Omani Ministry of Youth. The last few years of his life he spent very reclusively in Germany. Only his death certificate establishes that he died in Seeon-Seebruck.
Hartmann Lauterbacher, Baldur von Schirach's deputy, was said to be the organizational talent and the active element of the Reich Youth Leadership. As Gauleiter and High President in Hanover, he bore a great deal of the responsibility for stripping Jews of their rights and deporting them.
German justice, which had already begun proceedings through the Hanover prosecutor's office in 1947, later followed by investigative proceedings in Munich and Hanover, contented itself, however, to discontinue the investigation owing to lapse of time.
Activities for secret organizations
The suspicion keeps arising that Hartmann Lauterbacher was active in the Allied secret service, the Gehlen Organization and the Bundesnachrichtendienst.
References
Bibliography
External links
Photo of Hartmann Lauterbacher
1909 births
1988 deaths
Austrian Nazis
Austrian prisoners of war
Austrian politicians
Federal Intelligence Service informants
Gauleiters
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
SS-Obergruppenführer
Hitler Youth members
People acquitted of international crimes
Escapees from United States military detention | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann%20Lauterbacher |
Winfield Taylor Durbin (May 4, 1847 – December 18, 1928) was an American politician serving as the 25th governor of the U.S. state of Indiana from 1901 to 1905. His term focused on progressive legislation and suppression of white cap vigilante organizations operating in the southern part of the state. He was the seventh and last veteran of the American Civil War to serve as governor.
Early life
Durbin was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, on May 4, 1847, the son of William S. and Eliza Ann Sparks, the youngest of seven sons. While still a young boy, his family moved to New Philadelphia, Indiana where he attended public school and worked in his father's tannery producing leather. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, he and his brothers enlisted in the Union army. His brothers were accepted, but he was turned away because of a recent arm injury. After it healed he attempted to enlist again, and helped raise a company of the 139th Regiment Indiana Infantry, serving from April 1864 until the conclusion of the war. He mustered in at Camp Morton and his regiment was first dispatched to the Siege of Vicksburg, (Durbin could not have been at the siege of Vicksburg. The Rebels surrendered Vicksburg July 4, 1863. Durbin did not begin serving until nearly a year after Vicksburg.) and was then in the expedition to Arkansas Post.
He left the army after the war and studied briefly in a St. Louis, Missouri college before moving to Indianapolis, Indiana where he worked in a dry-goods store as a bookkeeper. In 1879 he left Indianapolis and moved to Anderson where he met Bertha McCullough. The two were married on October 6, 1875 and had two children. During the Indiana Gas Boom, Durbin worked with his father-in-law to found a number of manufacturing businesses and became moderately wealthy.
Durbin became active in local politics and was elected as a member of the State Republican Central Committee and was appointed to the executive committee in charge of western headquarters. He played a prominent role nationally in the Grand Army of the Republic, and was involved in lobbying. At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War he enlisted in the army and promoted by Governor James A. Mount to colonel, and was given command of the 161st Regiment Indiana Infantry in July 1898. His regiment was deployed in the occupation of Havana, Cuba for three months after which he returned home.
Durbin was nominated to run for governor in 1900, and easily won the convention vote. Opinion was strongly against Democrats, and the leading members of the party refused to run for governor that year. The party fielded John Kern to oppose Durbin, but Durbin became the first governor to win by majority in twenty-five years. Durbin's primary goal as governor was to bring efficiency to the state, and reform the government to function more economically, and to enact progressive legislation.
Governor
White caps
His predecessors policy toward white cap organizations had led to an increase of their activities. Although exact numbers are not known, at least sixty-eight lynching had occurred in recent years against suspected criminals, and numerous other types of vigilante justice was being dealt out by the groups. Most of their activity was in the southern part of the state. The General Assembly passed anti-lynching laws in 1899, requiring sheriff's to petition the governor for military assistance when lynchings were threatened and granted the governor power to remove sheriffs from office who refused to turn over prisoners to state custody, and to call out the militia to protect prisoners. Despite the law, lynchings continued until Durbin took office. In 1902 he invoked the law after a lynching, removing from office numerous law enforcement officials and putting the militia on patrol.
In 1903, a police officer was killed in Evansville, and the sheriff sent word to the governor, requesting assistance in protecting the suspect in custody. Durbin dispatched a company of militia to protect the jailhouse. A mob of the white caps soon surrounded the jailhouse and the militia and began taunting them for several hours. Someone in the crowd fired a shot at the soldiers, who responded by opening fire on the crowd, wounding eleven and killing one. The mob quickly fled. No more lynchings would occur in Indiana for more another thirty years until the deaths of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith.
Progressive agenda
Indiana's industry had grown at a rapid pace over the past decade, and numerous labor unions had begun to form in the state. He advocated additional anti-trust protections for the public, enactment of fines for vote buyers, and the creation of juvenile courts. He conducted statewide audits, and discovered an embezzlement scheme at Indiana University by Monroe County officials. He threatened to move the college to another city if the board could not get the situation under control.
Automobile usage in Indiana went from almost non-existent to such a level that Durbin began to advocate the construction of superior state highways. He saw the advantages of Indiana's position in the nation, which required a large part of traffic from the west to pass through Indiana in order to reach the northeastern United States.
Final years
When Durbin left office he returned to Anderson to resume overseeing his business interest. He returned to the public again in 1911 when Democrats attempted to call a constitutional convention. Along with former Governor Frank Hanly, he traveled the state railing against the Democrats and their proposed constitution as socialist. He remained active in the party, and was nominated as the Republican candidate to for governor again in 1912. The Republican party had fractured over the constitutional issue, despite preventing the calling of a convention. Many members left to join the Progressive Party in the following year. Durbin came in third in the election and was defeated by Democrat Samuel M. Ralston, with the Progressive candidate Albert Beveridge coming in second.
Durbin returned again to Anderson where he remained the rest of his life. He died on December 18, 1928, of bronchial pneumonia following an attack of influenza. He was buried in Crown Hill Cemetery.
Electoral history
See also
List of governors of Indiana
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait
National Governors Association
Winfield Durbin at FindAGrave
1847 births
1928 deaths
Republican Party governors of Indiana
Politicians from Anderson, Indiana
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Methodists from Indiana
People from Indiana in the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
People of Indiana in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
20th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfield%20T.%20Durbin |
Balmain Australian Football Club is a NSWFL foundation Australian Football club competing in the Sydney AFL Premier League and based out of the Sydney suburb of Balmain.
The team train at Glover st Oval in Lilyfield from 6pm on Tuesdays and Thursdays.
Home games are currently at HJ Mahoney Park in Marrickville.
History
The club formed in 1903 as the Balmain Football Club, a founding member of the Sydney Football League.
The Tigers won the Sydney AFL flag most recently in 2014.
Famous players
Jack Ashley played for Balmain before being recruited by , taking part in the clubs 1913 Championship of Australia victory and winning the Magarey Medal the following year.
Sydney Swans player Troy Luff played for Balmain after retiring from the Australian Football League from 2002 onward. Rugby league player Wally Messenger (the brother of Dally Messenger) played for the club in its early days.
Players to make VFL/AFL level from the Balmain Tigers over the years included John Stephenson (1907, Essendon), Charles Brown (1916–1923, Collingwood) Jack Armstrong (1925, St Kilda), Neil Davies (1955, Richmond), Paul Feltham (1970–78, North Melbourne, Richmond) and Ray Hall (1999, Richmond).
In 2010 and 2011 Nic Fosdike (Sydney Swans) was the senior playing coach while Nick Davis (Sydney Swans), Jason Saddington (Sydney Swans) and Chad Fletcher (West Coast Eagles) played alongside Fosdike.
In 2014 the club broke a 16-year drought to take out the Division 1 premiership
External links
Full Points Footy profile for Balmain Tigers
Australian rules football clubs in Sydney
Australian rules football clubs established in 1903
1903 establishments in Australia
Balmain, New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain%20Australian%20Football%20Club |
is an autobahn in Germany.
It runs from an interchange with the A 1 at Bargteheide to Wankendorf, halfway between Bad Segeberg and Kiel. A northbound extension to Kiel and a southbound extension connecting to the A 39 are being planned. The A 21 will cross the extension of the A 20 near Bad Segeberg.
Exit list
External links
21
A021
A021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesautobahn%2021 |
Oregon State Penitentiary (OSP), also known as Oregon State Prison, is a maximum security prison in the northwest United States in Salem, Oregon. Originally opened in Portland in 1851, it relocated to Salem fifteen years later. The 2,242-capacity prison is the oldest in the state; the all-male facility is operated by the Oregon Department of Corrections (ODOC). OSP contains an intensive management wing, which is being transformed into a psychiatric facility for mentally ill prisoners throughout Oregon.
History
Prior to the construction of prisons in Oregon, many convicted of crimes were either hanged or pardoned. Oregon State Penitentiary was originally built in Portland in 1851. Operating this facility proved difficult because it spanned two blocks, with a city street running through the middle. In 1859, the facility was leased to private contractors (Robert Newell and L. N. English), who instituted a system of prison labor. This new system led to many escapes.
In 1866, the state officially moved the penitentiary to a site in Salem, enclosed by a reinforced concrete wall averaging in height. The prison also began using a device called the "Gardner shackle" (later called the "Oregon Boot"), a heavy metal device attached to prisoners' legs to impede movement.
Escapes continued at the new facility, despite the wall and the Boot. The most famous of these occurred in 1902, when Harry Tracy and David Merrill killed three guards with a gun. Details about this period can be read in Thirteen Years in Oregon State Penitentiary, a book written by Joseph "Bunko" Kelly. Kelly describes scenes of extreme brutality, particularly floggings, which he recounts happening to whites, blacks, Indians, and a Chinese "half boy and half woman". He describes negligent doctors and a lack of mental health care, and complains that whiskey drinking affects the behavior of the guards. He also identifies a five-year period in which the warden stopped newspaper deliveries to prevent convicts from learning of pardons. The prison announced in 1904 that it would end the use of flogging, and instead punish prisoners by spraying them with cold water from a garden hose.
The prison experimented briefly in 1917–1918 with an "honor system" in which 130 prisoners were paroled with certain conditions. The prisoners were released into jobs outside the prison during the daytime. After 66 of these absconded, Governor James Withycombe announced that he would find a way for them to work jobs within the prison facility.
In the 1920s, the Penitentiary created a flax plant which employed more than half of its inmates. Inmates worked on construction and in the fields, and were paid $0.50–$1.00 per day. The plant was touted nationally as a way to make the prison financially self-sustaining, and to rehabilitate prisoners by giving them something to do and preparing them to work. In 1925, OSP had the largest flax scutching mill in the world, with 175 workers producing 100–150 tons of flax per day.
With assistance from the Federal Bureau of Education, OSP ran a unique and successful adult education program during the same era. With Prohibition in effect, 80 of the prison's 575 inmates at this time were moonshiners. Nine prisoners were shot in a 1926 riot beginning in the prison cafeteria.
Seven hundred inmates were involved in a riot on August 1, 1936, in response to a court ruling that made it more difficult for prisoners to be released after serving their minimum sentence. The riot was put down by armed guards; one prisoner, Thomas Baughn, was killed and two were wounded. After being deprived of their weapons (and of food, in punishment), prisoners began to break windows and throw projectiles from their cells.
Inmates at OSP attempted a mass escape in December 1951, after receiving weapons from a sympathetic guard. The plan was foiled by an informant, John Edward Ralph, who was quickly transferred to Folsom Prison for his own protection. Unrest continued through 1952 with civil disobedience and more escape attempts. Over 1300 prisoners conducted an eight-day hunger strike in August to protest alleged brutality of a guard named Morris Race. In October 1952, an escape attempt involving armed conflict with guards was suppressed with gunfire. On January 1, 1953, prison officials announced the discovery of an escape tunnel being dug by prisoner Robert Green. The tunnel was 12 feet underground and 50 feet long, reaching within 15 feet of the world outside OSP walls.
A major insurrection erupted in July 1953 when prisoners stopped working, on strike for better food and medical care. They barricaded themselves in the cafeteria. Under instructions from Warden Clarence T. Gladden, guards used tear gas to prevent the prisoners from reaching food supplies. The angry prisoners gained control of most of the prison and started fires in the flax plant, laundry room, tailor room, and machine shop. Ultimately the prisoners were subdued by guards with tear gas, shotguns, and rifles. 1100 Rebels were confined to a baseball diamond without food or water, with Warden Gladden saying they would stay there until "I am sure they are repentant". They stayed on the diamond for two days and one night, until twenty ringleaders identified by prison authorities were surrendered, and prisoners agreed to be individually searched.
In what may have been the first sex reassignment surgery officially conducted in a prison, a DMAB prisoner changed her sex to female, through surgery and hormones, in a period prior to release in 1965.
Discontent continued in the 1960s. The public became aware that only 200 of the 1200 inmates at OSP actually had sentences calling for maximum security incarceration; yet all inmates were treated according to maximum security standards. Prisoners continued to complain about medical care, dental care, and visitation rights.
Unrest culminated in March 1968, in an uprising which began with a surprise takeover of the prison's control center. 700 prisoners took control of the facility, started a fire in the flour shop, and held 40 guards and prison employees hostage. The hostages were freed after prison officials announced the resignation of Warden Gladden (then 73 years old), as well as immunity for the rioters. Prisoners were criticized for damaging facilities that supported them. Ron Schmidt, press secretary of Governor Tom McCall, said: "It's pure devastation. The men destroyed everything that was of any benefit to them." Two inmates were stabbed during the riot: Delmar DuBray, 30, was stabbed in the right kidney; Melvin Newell, 36, was stabbed in the abdomen and groin.
In November 1968, a work stoppage by 81 prisoners in the laundry room was controlled by guards with clubs, and the prisoners placed in isolation
Also in 1968, OSP inmates founded UHURU, an organization dedicated to Afro-American culture, history, and community service. Although the prison establishment was skeptical at first, UHURU gained official support and had a membership of several hundred in 1982. OSP prisoners were politically active in the following decades, holding forums on politics and communicating with the Oregon NAACP. OSP began to recruit African American staff in 1981 in response to pressure from activist black prisoners.
In September 1988, 28 female inmates at the Oregon Correctional Center staged a sit-down protest that prison Superintendent Robert H. Scheidler described as the first of its kind in the facility's history. On October 1, between four and eight women staged a hunger strike—inmate Jody Bedell fasted for 24 days before ending the strike. Both the sit-down protest and hunger strike were meant to call attention to overcrowding, poor medical care, inadequate education programs and the shortage of showers and laundry machines. At the time, the prison was built for 80 women but was housing over 140 women and had only one shower for every 43 inmates. The women who participated in the hunger strike were ordered to spend a year in a segregation unit and were fined $214.
In May 2020, ODOC announced that the state will close its death row. On December 13, 2022, Governor Kate Brown commuted the death sentences of everyone on Oregon's death row to life without parole. She also instructed the Department of Corrections to dismantle the state's death chamber.
Facility and programs
The prison is located on of land in the southeast of Salem, Oregon. The facility itself consists of , surrounded by a wall which is patrolled by armed correctional officers.
Most housing in the penitentiary is in large cell blocks with most inmates housed in single man cells that have been converted to double man cells to increase capacity. The penitentiary also has a full service infirmary.
Intensive Management Unit
Oregon State Penitentiary was the site of Oregon's first supermax unit, the "Intensive Management Unit" (IMU), constructed in 1991. The 196-bed self-contained Intensive Management Unit provides housing and control for male inmates who disrupt or pose a substantial threat to the general population in all department facilities. In 2006, this facility held 147 people (out of a total of 784 across Oregon) in solitary confinement.
Conditions in the IMU were the object of public criticism, triggered particularly by multiple suicide of mentally ill prisoners. Former warden Brian Belleque also expressed doubts about the possibility of rehabilitation in the IMU, saying: "We realize that 95 to 98 percent of these inmates here are going to be your neighbor in the community. They are going to get out." Prisoners in the OSP IMU were moved in 2009 to Snake River Correctional Institution in Ontario, Oregon.
In 2010, ODOC began to convert the IMU into a psychiatric facility, which will serve mentally ill prisoners from across Oregon. Some advocates for the mentally ill have argued that the IMU facility is not suitable for treating the mentally ill because it is "dark" and "crowded", and generally designed for solitary confinement.
Death row
OSP was the site of death row in Oregon and contained the lethal injection chamber where prisoners were executed. Governor John Kitzhaber announced an official moratorium on executions in November 2011. In May 2020, ODOC announced that the state will close its death row. On December 13, 2022, Governor Kate Brown commuted the death sentences of everyone on Oregon's death row to life without parole and instructed the Department of Corrections to dismantle the state's death chamber.
Executions in Oregon were conducted in public by counties until 1902, when they were centralized (and made less spectacular) at the State Penitentiary. Since the US Supreme Court reaffirmed the death penalty in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), Oregon has executed only two people: Douglas Franklin Wright, in 1996, and Harry Charles Moore, in 1997.
Hospice
Oregon State Penitentiary is home to a hospice, which is staffed by volunteers from among the prison population. The current incarnation of the hospice began in 1999, and won "Program of the Year Award" from the National Commission on Correctional Health Care in 2001. The OSP hospice was at the forefront of a national trend of prison hospices—reacting to increased prison deaths resulting from the HIV/AIDS epidemic and from harsher sentencing laws. The program's volunteer-based structure has served as a model for other institutions.
Minimum security annex
Oregon State Penitentiary has a separate minimum security facility located on its grounds. It was first opened in 1964 as Oregon's first women's prison, and was called Oregon Women's Correctional Center. In 2010, the state closed the minimum security annex.
Criticism and legal actions
Prisoners and advocates have charged the OSP system with racism, saying that the system discriminates against black inmates—both by placing them in worse conditions and by failing to protect them from racially motivated violence. They cite the case of Pete Wilson, a black prisoner who was stabbed by ten white inmates while white guards looked on. Black inmates also charged the OSP library with showing racial bias in access and employment. One black inmate described their opinion on the causes and effects of this bias:
Black and other minorities at OSP have an acute problem with the librarian when it comes to their gaining access to courts. First we recognize racism is an ingrained traditional attitude. And second, prisons are reflections of those views. Therefore, Blacks and others in their own wherewithal struggle towards the path of freedom through redress in our courts. But quite often the librarian tries to preclude these efforts in many different ways. Such as telling prisoners his notary seal is broken and of course this tactic will go on for two or three weeks until one of the counselors puts a stop to it, being that if the librarian doesn't notarize documents they will have to do his job.
Prisoners have accused OSP guards of homophobia, censoring homosexual materials in the men's prison and contact among inmates in the women's prison (closed in 2010). In 1982, prisoners filed a class-action lawsuit against the prison, charging that their rights to receive mail were being violated. In particular, they charged prison officials with censoring the mail by withholding "not approved" material, including material related to homosexuality. District Judge Owen Panner decided for the prisoners and the ACLU, ruling that blacklisting certain publications and materials (including those related to homosexuality) violated the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of the prisoners. However, some advocates believed that the legal ruling would have little effect. Carole Pope, a former prisoner at OSP, said: "We've had five major law suits. After each one, there was a token change, then it went back to the way it was. They [prison officials] don't take any of this seriously."
In 1977, three inmates (two current and one former) filed a lawsuit alleging that they had been harmed by medical experiments using drugs and radiation. The experiments were voluntary and affected 67 prisoners, who were paid $125 each.
In popular culture
Oregon State Prison appears in the opening scene of the 2001 film Bandits, during an escape scene in which the two protagonists forcibly break out of the prison and then proceed on a bank robbing spree. The "Gardner shackle" (later called the "Oregon Boot") is featured in the March 16, 1960, episode of Wagon Train, "The Alexander Portlass Story", and in the January 27, 1957, episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, "The Manacled."
Notable inmates
List of inmates (with dates of incarceration) at Oregon State Penitentiary:
Richard Laurence Marquette (1961–1973, since 1975)
Randall Woodfield (since 1981) – "The I-5 Killer"; injured at OSP in 1983; filed suit (unsuccessfully) in 1987 against author Ann Rule for publishing a libelous account of his case
Gary Haugen (since 1981) – killed David Polin, another OSP inmate, in 2003
Dayton Leroy Rogers (since 1989) – serial killer linked to the murders of seven women
Bradly Morris Cunningham (since 1995) – serving a life sentence for murdering his ex-wife and mother of his three sons Cheryl Keeton. True crime writer and author Ann Rule wrote a best selling book titled "Dead by Sunset" in the year 1995. The book focused on Bradly and Cheryl's bitter divorce and custody battle over their sons as well as Bradly's murder of Cheryl. A made-for-television movie also titled "Dead by Sunset" premiered on the MSNBC television network in the year 1995 too. The film was based on Anne Rule's book. Bradly also wrote and published an ebook titled "Ann Rule Deconstructed". In his ebook, Bradly accused Anne Rule of being a liar and having exaggerated with regards to her "Dead By Sunset" book.
Keith Hunter Jesperson (since 1995) – the "Happy Face Killer"
Christian Longo (since 2003) – murdered his wife and three children
William Perry Jackson – murdered five people with two accomplices during robberies in Washington and Oregon between May and August 1980.
Former inmates
Hank Vaughan (1865–1870) – moved with the prison from Portland to Salem, narrowly avoiding a lynch mob; paroled early for good behavior, moved to Nevada, and became a blacksmith
Joseph "Bunko" Kelly (1895–1908) – released; author of Thirteen Years In The Oregon Penitentiary
Harry Tracy (1901–1902) – escaped, committed suicide when threatened with capture
Carl Panzram (1915–1918) – escaped, assumed a false identity, committed more crimes, captured in 1928 in Washington, D.C., incarcerated at USP Leavenworth and executed there in 1930
Albert Rosser (1938, 1939–1943) – held then released with a stay, facing a 12-year sentence from the Oregon Supreme Court; imprisoned in 1939; released after minimum sentence of four years with good behavior; secretary of the Oregon teamsters, dubbed a "labor terrorist" and convicted of complicity with arson at the West Salem Box plant; delivered testimony while imprisoned for the Harry Bridges trial
John Omar Pinson (1947–1959) – paroled after six years of good behavior; accused of killing police officer Delmond E. Rondeau and setting fire to the flax plant in 1949; profiled on the television show Gang Busters!
Gary Gilmore (1962, 1964–1972, 1972–1975) – released to halfway house, quickly convicted of new crimes, re-incarcerated, transferred to USP Marion for bad behavior, paroled to Utah in April 1976, committed multiple murders in July 1976, executed in January 1977
Jerry Brudos (1969–2006) – died of liver cancer; OSP's longest-term resident
Randal Krager (1992–1994, 1995–1996) – released, re-arrested, pardoned; founded Volksfront in 1994 while incarcerated
Harry Charles Moore (1993–1997) – executed by lethal injection
Bobby Jack Fowler (1996–2006) – connected to the Highway of Tears murders, died in prison of lung cancer
George Hayford (1858–?), attorney and swindler
Diane Downs – convicted in the 1983 shooting of her three children, transferred to Clinton Correctional Facility for Women after her 1987 escape
John Arthur Ackroyd – Died in December 2016
Sebastian Shaw – Died in October 2021
See also
List of Oregon prisons and jails
Harry Minto
References
Bibliography
Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Oregon Vol. II: 1848-1888''', San Francisco: The History Company, 1888.
Joseph "Bunko" Kelly, Thirteen Years in Oregon State Penitentiary'', 1908
External links
ODOC official site
Prisons in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Salem, Oregon
Capital punishment in Oregon
Execution sites in the United States
1851 establishments in Oregon Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20State%20Penitentiary |
Feel My Mind (stylized as feel my mind) is the third studio album by the Japanese pop and R&B singer Koda Kumi, released in February 2004. The album charted in the Top 10 on Oricon at No. 7 and stayed on the charts for thirty-five weeks, selling over 147,000 copies. Its corresponding DVD was feel... (not to be confused with her single feel, which came out in January 2006) and was her last album to be released as a CD only without a CD+DVD option.
Information
Feel my mind is singer-songwriter Koda's third studio album and her last album to carry predominantly R&B tracks, as she produced mainly pop music beginning from her next album, secret, and onward. The album entered the top ten on Oricon at No. 7 and remained on the charts for nearly two months.
Feel my mind is credited with jump-starting Kumi's ero-kawaii/sexy-cute image, with which she later became synonymous. This image was cemented with her following album, Secret. However, Kumi later admitted in Koda Reki how she was nervous to take the "sexy-cute" image because she was nervous of disappointing her parents.
The limited editions of the album contained the tracks "Yume with You [R. Yamaki's Groove Mix]" – the original edition was released on her single "Crazy 4 U" and "Cutie Honey", which was later released on the single "Love & Honey". "Yume with You" was a cover of the Toshinobu Kubota song of the same title, initially released in 1993. Kumi, along with a large group of avex artists, later recorded and released a song in honor of Kubota's death in 2014, titled "Ashite Waratte Irareru Youni" (明日笑っていられるように / Laughing Towards Tomorrow).
The song "magic" (track No. 11) was composed by the female R&B singer and music producer Lisa, who Kumi had collaborated with for the song "one" on her Grow into One album, and went on to collaborate with again for the song "Switch", which also featured the Heartsdales.
Due to the album only being released as a CD version, a corresponding DVD was released the same day, feel.... The DVD contained three music videos from the album, with an interview, bonus pictures and the original television commercials for all of the singles released.
Packaging
Feel my mind was released in two editions:
CD: contains twelve musical tracks.
CD [Limited Edition]: contains fourteen musical tracks.
The limited editions had two bonus tracks: a remix og "Yume with You" and "Cutie Honey", which was later released as a single.
Music videos
Despite being released only as a CD, the album did contained a corresponding DVD: Feel...'.' The DVD contained the music videos released as A-sides from her singles during the era for the album. Those music videos included:
"Come With Me" – set at night during a party on a beach in Thailand. The speaking parts in the music video are subtitled in Japanese.
"Gentle Words" – set as the prelude for "Kiseki", which shows Kumi longing for a loved one.
"Crazy 4 U" – set in Tokyo with an espionage theme, having Kumi in several incarnations.
Background narration
"The artist that Koda Kumi should represent finally became clear. When I look back at the years until 2003, I was filled with enthusiasm, but had no clear goal... The fog in front of my eyes cleared and the path I should walk became visible." – Koda Kumi
On the release of Feel my mind, Kumi spoke in Koda Reki of how singing became more enjoyable due to her finding her own style – both in music and fashion. She explained that the reason her first few years were difficult was because she did not know who she wanted to be on stage, but because she began to find herself, more people started to support her and attend her events. Though she had attracted attention with her cover of "Cutie Honey", she was overwhelmed with criticism from the clothes she donned at Music Station.
"There were a lot of things that upset me . . . I wanted to believe in my own style that had taken so long to find. No matter what other people said, I didn't want to give up... I usually got scared easily, but I pushed through my own ideas for the first time." – Koda Kumi
Track listing
(Source)
Charts and sales
Alternative versions
"Rain"
"Rain": Found on the album (2004)
"Rain [Unplugged Version]": Found on "No Regret" single (2006)
"Rain [Album Version Instrumental]": Found on "No Regret" single (2006)<btr>
"Rain [Plug in Language Remix]": Found on Koda Kumi Driving Hit's 2'' (2010)
References
Koda Kumi albums
2004 albums
Avex Group albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feel%20My%20Mind |
Beets () is a village in the northwest Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam, North Holland, and lies about 9 km southwest of Hoorn.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1435 as "van der Beetze", and means "low lying (often flooded in the winter) land". Beets developed in the late 13th century on the southern part of the Beetskoog polder.
The Dutch Reformed church is a single aisled cruciform church from the 15th century. It was restored in 1873 and 1961.
Beets was home to 412 people in 1840. Until 1970, Beets was a separate municipality. In 2016, it became part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Edam-Volendam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beets%2C%20Netherlands |
NS International, formerly NS Hispeed, is a passenger railway operator based in the Netherlands that operates international intercity and high-speed connections to several European cities. It is a subsidiary of the Dutch state-owned railway operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS).
History
During 2007, the former international subdivision of the Dutch state-owned railway operator Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS), NS Internationaal, was reorganised and rebranded as NS Hispeed. Orientated on providing international passenger services between the Netherlands and neighbouring European countries, it promptly became a founding member of the Railteam alliance, with a 10% share in the group.
To facilitate the operation of high speed services, NS Hispeed proceeded with the procurement of new suitable rolling stock. In 2004, NS International and NMBS/SNCB had jointly ordered 19 V250 train sets from the Italian rolling stock manufacturer AnsaldoBreda for operations between Amsterdam and Brussels and Breda on the HSL-Zuid and HSL 4 high speed railway lines. However, difficulties with the order soon became apparent; the initial delivery date was scheduled to take place in 2007 By 2008, deliveries were not anticipated until early 2009, while the introduction into service date was pushed back to the middle of 2009. NS Hispeed claimed that the delay was primarily due to the lack of a formal ETCS level 2 specification; financial assistance in the form of reorganised track access charges for the unused HSL-Zuid line had to be arranged with the Dutch government.
On 7 July 2009, the new high speed service, branded Fyra, was introduced along with the formal presentation of the prototype V250 train at the high speed train depot at Watergraafsmeer in the Netherlands.
However, by this point the expected in-service date has been pushed back to Autumn 2010. In July 2010, the Dutch transport minister Camiel Eurlings stated that the commencement of commercial V250 services on Dutch high speed lines would not take place until December 2011. It would not be until September 2012 - roughly five years later than planned, - that a limited service of one return train per three hours in the Netherlands began in September 2012 between Amsterdam and Rotterdam.
The operations of the V250 fleet would be relatively brief as, during January 2013, it was removed from service due to numerous technical issues pertaining to both reliability and safety in low temperature conditions. Belgian authorities opted to revoke the V250's operating certification in Belgium after a floor plate that had fallen off a V250 was discovered. Four months later, only two of the nine sets to have been delivered were reportedly capable of performing test runs. The continuous problems with the V250 caused a public outcry in both Belgium and the Netherlands, including accusations in the Belgian and Dutch media that only financial considerations were behind the decision to grant the contract to AnsaldoBreda over its competitors. On 3 June 2013, NS announced that it would terminate the Fyra project and return the V250 fleet to its manufacturer. On 17 March 2014, NS announced a settlement with AnsaldoBreda had been reached under which the trainsets would be returned for a refund of €125 million, €88m less than originally paid, while an additional compensation for each unit, up to a maximum of €21m, would be issued if resold.
During June 2014, the company's name was changed to NS International; this rebranding came in parallel to the transfer of the operations of the HSL-Zuid high speed line from NS Hispeed to NS Reizigers. Some industry commentators saw this as a measure by the organisation to distance itself from the negative reputation garnered from the V250 controversy.
In September 2013, it was announced an agreement with the Dutch government, the international train operator Eurostar, and NS International has been reached for the provision of twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal. The initial launch date was December 2016. The service would use newly purchased rolling stock and also call at Brussels, and Rotterdam. Initially, trains would stop in Brussels for about half an hour to allow domestic passengers from Amsterdam and Rotterdam to leave, a security sweep performed, and then permit London bound passengers to board. In November 2014, Eurostar announced the Amsterdam service's launch had been pushed back to "2016–2017" and that it would include a stop at Schiphol Airport; Eurostar indicated that the calling pattern was "not set in stone" and if a business case supported it the service might be extended to additional cities such as Utrecht. Fare prices were reported to start at £35 for a single ticket. The first regular service to Amsterdam left London St Pancras International at 08:31 on 4 April 2018; services on the route were quickly expanded over the following years. The direct Amsterdam to London service launched on 26 October 2020 with two trains per day on weekdays.
In August 2019, it was reported that NS international's various services had been cumulatively used by 917,000 passengers over the previous three months, representing a 13 percent increase over the year prior. The increased ridership was attributed to shorter journey times and increased service frequency, particularly on the route to Berlin, which saw the largest increase in passenger volume at 19 percent. One month later, the Dutch flagcarrier KLM announced that it would replace all flights on its Brussels-Amsterdam route with high speed trains that it claimed would equal airliners in speed, comfort, and capacity. During October 2021, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management stated that it would permit greater competition on the nation's international lines to Brussels, Paris, London, Berlin, and Basel, in competition with NS International's services. This extended to international night train services, which the Dutch government was also reportedly considering granting on a fully open access basis between Amsterdam and Vienna. The plan was politically contentious due to the predicted economic consequences upon NS International.
NS International has responded to increased competition by reducing journey times on its existing services where feasible to do so. In September 2022, it was announced that NS International's Intercity service between Amsterdam and Berlin would benefit from increased speeds, cutting the journey time by 30 minutes by the end of 2023. The organisation has reportedly considered no longer accepting Interrail passes on some of its international services.
As of 2023, NS International is the Dutch partner of three high-speed international services: Eurostar, Thalys and ICE International. Although the rolling stock for these services are pooled, each partner has purchased and owns a number of units in each fleet. Accordingly, NS owns three ICE 3M EMUs used for the ICE services, and two PBKA EMUs operated by Thalys, all of which are quadricurrent.
Services
The company operates, together with its partners, direct services to Belgium, France, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Regional cross-border services (from Arnhem, Enschede, Hengelo, Maastricht, Nieuweschans, Venlo, Heerlen and Roosendaal) are not part of NS International, nor was the CityNightLine from Amsterdam to Munich and Zurich.
Rolling stock
See also
Dutch railway services
Train routes in the Netherlands
References
External links
NS International
Nederlandse Spoorwegen
Railway companies of the Netherlands
Railteam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS%20International |
Rhian Dodds (born 3 October 1979) is soccer player who played as a midfielder in the Canadian Soccer League, and the Scottish Premiership. He also holds British citizenship, but represented Canada internationally on the Under-20 level.
Playing career
Born in Irvine, Scotland, Dodds grew up in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He attended Robert Morris University, playing for the Colonials before joining Kilmarnock. He was given the nickname "Dick Turpin" after scoring a late winner against Motherwell at Fir Park in season 2006–07 by the stadium announcer, insinuating that Kilmarnock had "stolen" the victory with virtually the last kick of the ball.
After a seven-year tenure in Scotland he returned to his hometown of Hamilton, and signed with Hamilton Croatia of the Canadian Soccer League. Where he was united with his younger brother Jamie Dodds. He made his debut for the club on 11 June 2010 in a match against Brantford Galaxy.
References
External links
1979 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Canadian expatriate men's soccer players
Canadian men's soccer players
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Men's association football midfielders
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Hamilton Croatia players
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Footballers from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Soccer players from Hamilton, Ontario
Robert Morris Colonials men's soccer players
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Scottish Premier League players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Canadian Soccer League (1998–present) players
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhian%20Dodds |
A list of notable flat horse races which take place annually in Great Britain, under the authority of the British Horseracing Authority (BHA), including all conditions races which currently hold Group 1, 2 or 3 status in the European Pattern.
Races
The distances of the races are expressed in miles, furlongs and yards. In 2017 the BHA concluded a racecourse survey and remeasurement which led to some racecourses changing the exact distance of some races, or moving race start points to fit with advertised race distances. The distances in the table below are exact distances. Race distances are often given to the nearest furlong: e.g. The Derby's exact distance is 1 mile 4 furlongs and 6 yards, but it is called a 1 mile 4 furlong race.
The races in bold feature in the British Champions Series.
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Listed
Handicaps
Conditions, novices & maidens
Sales
Discontinued
Historic races
Notes
References
British Flat Pattern and Listed races 2018
Flat races
British flat races
Horse races, flat | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20flat%20horse%20races |
Campbelltown Blues Australian Football Club is an Australian rules football club competing in the Sydney AFL and based out of the Sydney suburb of Macquarie Fields, New South Wales.
History
The Campbelltown Australian Football Club formed in 1975.
In 2000, they aligned with the Penrith Panthers to become the Panthers. In 2002, they became the Campbelltown Kangaroos. This was later truncated to the Kangaroos.
In 2007, the club reverted to their old name, the "Blues".
Campbelltown players who have been recruited to play AFL football include Chris Oliver (St Kilda 2001–03), Dustin Martin (Richmond 2010- ) and Tom Young (Collingwood 2011–12) and Western Bulldogs (2013- )
References
External links
Full Points Footy Profile for Campbelltown
Australian rules football clubs in Sydney
Australian rules football clubs established in 1975
1975 establishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbelltown%20Football%20Club |
Busuioacă de Bohotin () is a grape which originates from the Bohotin region, in Southeast Iași County, Romania, and is also cultivated in other small areas: Huși in Vaslui County, Pietroasele in Buzău County, and Tohani in Prahova County, on a total area of no more than .
The wine has a light red color. Its flavor resembles honeysuckle and ripe juicy peaches. The sweet taste sometimes has a barely perceptible almond like bitter aroma caused by the latent cyanide moiety.
Description
Busuioaca is a liqueur wine with a special body, with an unmistakable fragrance, a mixture of rose and basil giving it a special note, rarely found in other aromatic wines. Its aroma is unique, bringing honeysuckle and peach ripe, succulent, with perfect harmony of sugar, alcohol and acidity. Sweet taste sometimes has a bitter sensuous taste of almonds.
The Busuioaca de Bohotin variety is grown in four viticultural centers: Bohotin, Iași County, Huși, Vaslui County, Pietroasele, Buzău County, and Tohani, Prahova County. If we gather the area cultivated with this variety in the four wine-growing centers, we have about 100 hectares, which makes the national production of authentic wine of Busuioaca de Bohotin very little.
See also
Romanian wine
References
Red wine grape varieties
Grape varieties of Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busuioac%C4%83%20de%20Bohotin |
Idaho Maximum Security Institution (IMSI) is a maximum-security prison located near Kuna, Idaho, one of a cluster of seven detention facilities known as the "South Boise Prison Complex". The other prisons in the area are the Correctional Alternative Placement Program, the Idaho State Correctional Center, the Idaho State Correctional Institution, the South Boise Women's Correctional Center, the South Idaho Correctional Institution, and the South Idaho Correctional Institution-Community Work Center. IMSI houses Idaho's death row for men and execution chamber.
The IMSI prison was opened in November 1989 to confine Idaho's most violent offenders.
The compound is located within a double perimeter fence reinforced with razor wire, an electronic detection system and a 24-hour armed perimeter patrol. The offender population includes many mental health offenders, including subjects of civil commitments. Thirty beds are dedicated for prisoners with acute mental illness. IMSI has restrictive housing beds dedicated to administrative segregation, disciplinary detention and death row. The remaining beds are allocated for close-custody general population offenders.
Notable prisoners
Curtis Allgier
Thomas Eugene Creech
Paul Ezra Rhoades (executed in 2011)
Keith Wells (executed in 1994)
James Edward Wood (died in 2004)
References
Prisons in Idaho
Buildings and structures in Ada County, Idaho
Capital punishment in Idaho
Execution sites in the United States
1989 establishments in Idaho | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho%20Maximum%20Security%20Institution |
A list of notable flat horse races which take place annually in France, under the authority of France Galop, including all conditions races which currently hold Group 1, 2 or 3 status in the European Pattern.
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Other races
Discontinued
References
tjcis.com – Flat races in France, 2018.
Flat
Flat horse races
Horse racing-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20French%20flat%20horse%20races |
Fetească regală () is a white grape variety, was identified around 1920 in Daneș, in Mureș County, Romania. It is a natural crossing of Grasă and Fetească albă.
This variety is cultivated mainly in Romania (Transylvania, Western Moldavia), as well as in Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary and Austria.
The quality of wines ranges between table wine and high-quality ones. The wines are dry and fresh and have acidity and specific flavour.
Synonyms
Fetească Regală is also known under the synonyms Danasana, Danesana, Danosi, Danosi Leányka, Dunesdorfer Königsast, Dunesdörfer Königsast, Dunnesdiorfer, Erdei Sárga, Feteasca Corolevscaia, Feteasca de Danes, Feteasca Korolevskaia, Feteasca Muscatnaia, Feteasca Muskatnaia, Feteasca Regola, Galbena de Ardeal, Galbena di Ardeal, Kenigrast, Kiraileanka, Királyleányka, Königliche Mädchentraube, Königsast, Königstochter, Konigsast, Kralovska Leanka, Pesecka Leanka.
See also
Fetească (disambiguation)
Romanian wine
References
White wine grape varieties
Grape varieties of Romania
Moldovan wine
Hungarian wine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feteasc%C4%83%20regal%C4%83 |
The East Coast Eagles is an Australian rules football club competing in the Sydney AFL competition based out of the Sydney suburb of Rouse Hill, New South Wales.
Previously known as the Baulkham Hills Falcons (1976–1999) and Sydney Hills Eagles (2012–2014) and wearing maroon and gold, the team wears the West Coast Eagles uniforms of blue and Gold.
History
The history of the Sydney Hills Eagles can be traced back to the formation of the Baulkham hills junior Australian football club in 1976. Since 1976 Baulkham Hills has fielded teams in all age groups in the major junior competition in suburban Sydney. Baulkham Hills are the most successful junior club in Sydney, having enough players to field two teams in every age group in most seasons and more often than not winning the premiership. In the mid-to-late 1980s it was not uncommon for two Baulkham Hills teams (then known as the Hawks and the Kookaburras) to play each other in grand finals.
In 1988, the club had enough numbers to field an under 19 team in the Sydney Football League. As the Sydney University club could not field an under 19 team, Baulkham Hills played in their stead. The team had a successful season, eventually finishing in fourth place after losing the first semi-final to Pennant Hills. As this team was an amalgamation of players from the Hawks and the Kookaburras, a new emblem – the Falcons – was born. The team played in a maroon jersey with gold stripes, similar to the jersey of the Subiaco club playing in the WAFL.
In the early 80s Baulkham Hills played in the SDSFA at their home ground at the Kellyville Postal Institute Club, then later moved to Charles McLaughlin Reserve. This period of the club was not a successful one and both the First and Reserve Grade teams went long periods without wins.
In 1989, the club fielded a senior team competing in the Sydney Football Association (Division 2) competition. The team met with moderate success in their first year, finishing fourth in a seven team competition, being knocked out of the finals race in the first semi-final.
In 1990 the club had gathered enough support from ex-junior players and disenchanted players from other clubs to field teams in the Sydney Football Association (SFA) Division 1 competition in the first grade, reserve grade and under 20 competitions. 1990 was a successful season, with the first grade team eventually losing the Grand Final to Balmain at Erskineville Oval and Doug Scholz winning the Snow Medal for the best and fairest player in the competition.
In the following year the Falcons turned the tables on Balmain and won their first senior premiership in a keenly fought match at Roger Sheeran Oval.
By 1993 the club had outgrown the SFA and was promoted to the Sydney Football League. The Falcons endured a tough couple of years in 1993 and 1994 before making the preliminary final in 1995. It was in 1995 that the club produced its first Phelan Medallist in ruckman Graham Jones.
Between 1996 and 1999 the club struggled, never finishing higher than fifth on the ladder. One high point for the club during these lean years was Jarrod Crosby winning the club's second Phelan Medal in 1998.
Before the 2000 season began, the club struck up a partnership with the West Coast Eagles and was renamed the East Coast Eagles. the club adopted their new playing strip of blue and yellow.
In 2006, the club were undefeated through the home and away season, and easily won their second semi final to qualify for the grand final. But in a shock result, the Eagles suffered their only loss of the season on grand final day, going down by 2 points to Pennant Hills in wet conditions at Henson Park.
In 2008 the club finished the season in fourth before defeating North Shore (by 50 points), St George (by 65) and UNSW/Eastern Suburbs (by 45) to reach their second Grand Final in three years against archrivals Pennant Hills. Despite trailing by just 17 points at half time, the Eagles ended up going down by 104 points.
In 2009 the club moved to their new oval Bruce Purser Reserve on the corner of Withers Rd and Commercial Rd, Rouse Hill
In 2009, The East Coast Eagles won their first ever AFL Sydney Premiership, winning the Grand Final against UNSW/Eastern Suburbs 22.12 (144) to 13.12 (90). Gus Seebeck kicked 10 goals for the game.
Captain, Jon Vlatko was named as the Club Champion in 2009, with Gus Seebeck finishing as runner up. Mark Skuse was announced as the Player's Player. In Division 1, Josh Shepherd claimed his third straight Best and Fairest award at the club by winning the Bill McLeod Medal, after taking out the Premier Cup Under 18's Best and Fairest award in 2007 and 2008.
In 2010, the Eagles did it again securing Back to Back Premierships by defeating Sydney Uni at Blacktown Olympic Park - 13.9 (87) to 10.10 (70). Damien Bowles claimed his first Club Champion medallion to go with his Rod Podbury Medal on Grand Final Day. Damien was unlucky not to also claim the League's Phelan Medal when after polling the most votes, he was ruled ineligible owing to suspension during the season.
The U/18 Premier Cup lads were beaten in the Grand Final by 6 points after extra time by Sydney University. Luke McLeod won the Division One medal named after his father Bill. James Ford took out the Division Three B&F whilst Dean Costello and Adam Hutt won their respective U/18 awards in Premier and Challenge Cup.
Following the completion of the 2011 season, the club was admitted to the North East Australian Football League and subsequently the name of the club was changed to the Sydney Hills Eagles.
In December 2012, it was announced that Marc Dragicevic had been recruited as coach of the Eagles' NEAFL team.
The years of 2012, 2013 and 2014 were spent playing in the NEAFL competition as the Sydney Hills Eagles, however in 2015 the Club withdrew from the NEAFL and returned to AFL Sydney where it fields four teams in Premier Division, Div One, Div Three and Under 19's.
The year of 2016 bought in the club's first Premier Division flag since its re-introduction to the Sydney AFL which saw Michael Sankey and Jon Vlakto hold the Premier Division Cup for the 2016 season, avenging the loss in 2015.
AFL players
There is a list of Eagles players who have played at AFL as Sydney Swans.
Nathan Gordon (Sydney Swans and Richmond)
Ryan Houlihan (Carlton)
Dion Myles (Sydney Swans)
Terry Thripp (Sydney Swans)
Sanford Wheeler (Sydney Swans)
Honours
Sydney AFL (3): 2009, 2010, 2011, 2016
Grand Finals detail
References
External links
Official Baulkham Hills Hawks Website
Full Points Footy Profile for East Coast Eagles
Full history of the East Coast Eagles AFL Football Club
Australian rules football clubs in Sydney
1976 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1976 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Coast%20Eagles |
Kwadijk is a village and former municipality in the northwest Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam in the Dutch province of North Holland. Kwadijk is located about north of Amsterdam and about north of Purmerend.
History
At least from 1414 there was a church in Kwadijk. That year the inhabitants of Kwadijk became "citizens" of Edam, from where the village was largely controlled. Many of the inhabitants of Kwadijk had relocated from the abandoned village Drei or Verdrey to the north of current Kwadijk between the Nieuwendijk and the Wijzend (near present-day Hobrede). At least until 1567 the Kwadijkers maintained the old graveyard of Drei.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, in addition to livestock and fishery, inhabitants also received income from through sailing industry. The old cruciform church from the beginning of the 16th century was replaced by the present church of Kwadijk, which dates back to 1835.
On January 1, 1812 both Kwadijk and Warder were added to the municipality of Middelie, however on May 1, 1817 all three emerged as independent municipalities. Yet even while independent, all three municipalities shared one mayor and were administered from the nearby city of Edam. This situation changed in 1890, when at the age of 29, Simon Berman was appointed mayor of Kwadijk, Middelie, and Warder. Berman moved the mayor's residence and local government office for the three municipalities into Kwadijk so he could live and provide services among his constituents.
On May 20, 1884 a railway station was opened in Kwadijk, on the line Enkhuizen-Zaandam. Originally the station was known as Kwadijk-Edam. From May 15, 1935 it was named Kwadijk. Not for long, as the station was closed on May 15, 1938. An occasional train would still make a stop at Kwadijk until 1941. Between May 1, 1906 and May 15, 1933 one could travel from "Kwadijk-Edam" railway station to Volendam and Edam by a steam-propelled tram, operated by the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij. Some of the tram's right-of-way is still distinguishable in the landscape between Kwadijk and Edam. After its final closure, the structure of Kwadijk's railway station served as residential building, art studio, and warehouse. In 2010 the building was rehabbed into a modern office building, while preserving historical elements.
In 1925 the water tower of Kwadijk was built by the provincial water supply company of North Holland. It was designed by the architect B.F. van Niefelt. The tower later became a residential structure. It is a national monument of the Netherlands.
In 1970 the municipality of Kwadijk merged into the new municipality of Zeevang. As part of the reorganization, the hamlet of Verloren Einde was added to the village of Kwadijk.
References
Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Edam-Volendam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadijk |
Joseph Parnes (born November 23, 1946) is an American businessperson and registered investment advisor notable for his involvement in short selling. He is president of Technomart Investment Advisors and editor of the market letter Shortex. His investment strategy is known to be contrarian in nature and is a regular contributor to Forbes and Futures Magazine. His short strategy was expressly referenced in Barron's feature article "Now a Word From the Dark Side".
Early years
Parnes was born in 1946 in Iran to a Persian Jewish family. He is the fourth and youngest child. Both of his parents died when he was 12, leaving him on his own and forcing him to take on multiple jobs to support himself, including being a taxi driver. Parnes then emigrated to the U.S. to study electrical engineering at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. There he struggled to support himself while in school, and found himself working and sleeping at nights at the local Catholic hospital in Lafayette, Louisiana. Once he graduated, he moved to New York City and began work at Western Electric, part of AT&T. The early 1970s were detrimental to the stock market, as a result of the Watergate scandal and the oil shortage. This is when Parnes found short positions to be an asset in developing a successful stock portfolio.
Professional career
In 1979, Parnes founded Technomart Investment Advisors, which develops custom accounts for both individual and institutional investors. He also created Shortex, a market letter which selects seven long and seven short positions. Parnes is currently president of the firm, directing all research, analysis, and corporate strategy. He is responsible for supplying the firm's private and institutional clients with actionable investment advice. He has experience across a broad array of industries, with a special focus on growth companies. Parnes' focus on short-selling has led to recent controversy with companies such as American Home Mortgage and Hansen Natural for his public declaration with the CEO on Bloomberg TV of impending devaluation.
Accomplishments
, Parnes had over $220 million, and was included in Barron's Top Investment Advisor Money Poll. Technomart Investment Advisors was recognized as one of the top wealth managers by Bloomberg Wealth Manager from 2004 to 2012. Parnes was highlighted in the "Baltimore Business Journal" for not losing money in 2008. He was a featured speaker at Reuters Advice Point in 2007, and was asked to provide his input on short-selling to the Financial Markets Law Committee c/o Bank of England via the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in 2011. He has been featured regularly in media including Barron's, Investor's Business Daily, Futures Magazine, Forbes, Bloomberg, CNBC, and formerly the Nightly Business Report.
In 2020 Joseph Parnes released his first book, Short Selling for the Long Term. The book focuses on leveraging short selling to increase long positions.
References
External links
Technomart Investment Advisors
ShoreteX
1946 births
Living people
American finance and investment writers
American money managers
American financial analysts
Businesspeople from Baltimore
Stock and commodity market managers
University of Louisiana at Lafayette alumni
People from Kermanshah
Iranian Jews
Iranian emigrants to the United States
American people of Iranian-Jewish descent | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Parnes |
Sydney Gordon Smith (15 January 1881 in San Fernando, Trinidad – 25 October 1963 at Auckland, New Zealand) was a cricketer who had three distinct careers, playing for Trinidad in the West Indies, for Northamptonshire in England and for Auckland in New Zealand. He also played for representative sides – for the West Indies side that toured England in 1906; for the MCC sides that toured the West Indies in 1910–11 and 1912–13; and for New Zealand in pre-Test cricket matches against MCC and Australian sides.
West Indies career
Smith was a forceful left-handed middle-order batsman and a left-arm spin bowler. He played first for Trinidad in the 1899–1900 Inter-Colonial Tournament and was successful over the next few seasons primarily as a bowler. In 1901–02 he was selected for the combined West Indies team in Trinidad against a touring team led by Richard Bennett and including England Test players Bernard Bosanquet, Frederick Fane and Rockley Wilson. He took nine wickets for 34 in the first innings and followed that with seven for 51 in the second. He was again selected for the combined West Indies team in Trinidad against Lord Brackley's team three years later.
He was selected to tour England with the second West Indies team in 1906. He was described pre-tour as "the best amateur bowler in the West Indies, bowls slow left hand; can also bat very well" and "he is regarded as the crack bowler of the side. A left-hander with easy delivery who can make the ball break either way, and who sends down a deceptive fast ball. He can hit with vigour and precision and cuts well. He is a good field in the slips". Smith started the tour extremely well, being particularly effective against the weaker sides. After 8 matches (4 first class, 4 against minor teams) he had scored over 700 runs and taken over 50 wickets. After that his batting was disappointing although he continued to take wickets, including 12 in the final match against Northamptonshire. In first-class matches he scored 571 runs at an average of 24.82, including a century against Hampshire and taking 66 wickets at an average of 24.36. In all matches he performed the "double", scoring 1107 runs and taking 116 wickets, leading the averages in both categories.
England career
After the 1906 tour, he stayed in England to qualify for county cricket with Northamptonshire. During his two-year residence qualification he was only able to play against the touring teams. In 1907 he took 10 wickets against the South Africans and in 1908 he scored 23 and 76* and took 9 wickets against the Philadelphians.
When he started playing regularly in 1909 he was an instant success, scoring more than 1000 runs and taking 115 wickets, his first full county season. In six seasons with the county, he passed the 1000-run mark four times and took 100 wickets four times, achieving the all-rounder's "double" in 1909, 1913 and 1914. In 1913, he became county captain during the season when George Vials fell ill and he retained the position in 1914. He was selected to play for the Gentlemen v Players a number of times, four times in the prestigious match at Lord's. He was named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1915 for his performances in 1914. By this time first-class cricket had been suspended in England because of the First World War. In all he played 119 first class matches for Northamptonshire scoring 6396 runs (with 12 centuries) and taking 502 wickets.
During his period with Northamptonshire he twice toured the West Indies; in 1910–11 and 1912–13. In 1910–11 he was second in the tourists first class batting averages and led their bowling averages, while 1912–13 his batting was a little disappointing but he was still second in the tourists' bowling averages.
New Zealand career
Smith moved again, this time to New Zealand, where he appeared in first-class matches from 1917–18 through to 1925–26, when he retired from the first class game. In 1919–20, he scored 256 for Auckland against Canterbury, which was his highest first-class score. In the next game against Wellington he took eight wickets for 55 runs in the first innings, and 13 wickets in the match. He was selected for the New Zealand team against the Australians in 1920–21, the MCC in 1922–23 and against the touring New South Wales team in 1923–24. "He used his height to the full to bowl a leg-break with a dropping ball and gave some fine exhibitions with the bat, though already in his mid-thirties". In all he played 5 times for New Zealand and in 26 first class matches for Auckland.
His uncles Frederick and Augustus Smith played for Barbados in early inter-colonial cricket.
A biography, Cricket's Mystery Man: The Story of Sydney Gordon Smith: West Indies, MCC, New Zealand, by Bill Francis, was published in Australia in 2014.
See also
List of Auckland representative cricketers
References
External links
CricketArchive stats
Cricinfo player profile
Pre-1928 West Indies cricketers
Trinidad and Tobago cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Northamptonshire cricket captains
Pre-1930 New Zealand representative cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
1881 births
1963 deaths
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
S. H. Cochrane's XI cricketers
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
Sportspeople from San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago emigrants to the United Kingdom
British emigrants to New Zealand | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Smith%20%28cricketer%2C%20born%201881%29 |
Gavin Cowan (born 24 May 1981) is an English football manager and former player, he is the manager of National League North club Brackley Town.
As a player he was a footballer and a centre-back. He notably played as a professional in the Football League for Shrewsbury Town. He has also played for Braintree Town, Canvey Island, Nuneaton Borough, Kidderminster Harriers, Grays Athletic, AFC Telford United, Fleetwood Town and Gainsborough Trinity.
Career
Cowan began his career at non-League club Braintree Town and moved to Canvey Island in 2003. He fell out of favour with Canvey Island manager Jeff King and in early 2005 was sent out on loan to Nuneaton Borough.
Impressing for the Football Conference side, he was spotted by Shrewsbury Town who signed him on a permanent deal in March 2005.
Shrewsbury did not use him regularly, with Cowan playing 15 times in the 2005–06 season. Early into the 2006–07 season he was sent out on loan to Kidderminster Harriers to gain more experience. He was recalled from this loan a few days short of the agreed month, in order to give him more preparation time for Shrewsbury's next league game, for which he appeared on the bench.
Shrewsbury Town cancelled his contract on 1 January 2007, allowing him to join Grays Athletic. In March 2007, Cowan returned to Nuneaton Borough on one-month loan. Cowan was released by Grays Athletic by mutual consent on 9 June 2007.
Finally after two loan previous spells in his career, he returned to Nuneaton Borough signing a two-year contract on 17 June 2007 ready for the club's Conference North promotion campaign ahead. Cowan's contract with Nuneaton was however announced to have been cancelled by mutual consent on 30 May 2008.
After returning to Essex briefly Cowan decided Shropshire was the place for him and so returned opting to come out of full-time football signing a two-year at Nuneaton Borough while looking to pursue a career in sports development.
He studied for a sports science degree at Shrewsbury College and had taken his coaching badges. He had also been involved with the Football Association helping to coach children of all ages and abilities. Cowan then signed for AFC Telford which enabled him to combine football with studying and coaching which he is hoping will all benefit him in his desire to give something back into a game that has been so good to him.
In January 2010, Cowan signed for Conference North rivals Fleetwood Town following his release by Telford, making his debut on 7 February away at Corby. He joined Gainsborough Trinity in March 2010.
Cowan left Gainsborough after the 2011/12 season to join Nuneaton Town, the club that reformed from Cowan's former team Nuneaton Borough, after they were promoted to the Conference Premier. Coincidentally Nuneaton had been promoted by beating Cowan's Gainsborough in the playoff final the previous season (although Cowan did not play in the final due to injury).
On 18 May 2015, Cowan signed for National League North side Solihull Moors as player/coach. He left at the end of the 2015–2016 season.
Coaching career
In May 2023, Cowan was appointed manager of the defeated National League North play-off final club Brackley Town.
Outside football
Cowan is both founder, and head coach of his own Football Academy, coaching Children on Football, life skills and general guidance on a healthy life style.
In December 2021 Cowan, along with his ex Shrewsbury Town teammates Dave Edwards and Sam Aiston, launched the podcast, In The Stiffs.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
English men's footballers
England men's semi-pro international footballers
Men's association football defenders
Braintree Town F.C. players
Canvey Island F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
Fleetwood Town F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Solihull Moors F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
English football managers
AFC Telford United managers
Brackley Town F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
Footballers from Hanover | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin%20Cowan%20%28footballer%29 |
North Shore Australia Football Club, known informally as the North Shore Bombers is an Australian rules football club competing in the Sydney AFL Premier League and based out of the Sydney suburb of St Leonards, New South Wales. Formed in 1903 it remains one of only three foundation clubs still in existence and generally recognised as one of the more successful clubs of Sydney AFL. The club's current home ground is Mortgage Choice Oval (also known as Gore Hill Oval) in St. Leonards, next to the Royal North Shore Hospital. Gore Hill Oval was redeveloped in 2018 and re-opened in 2019; and is believed to be the first or second senior AFL ground to have a synthetic surface.
Previously nicknamed the Bears, the club has the same playing strip and now logo as the Essendon Football Club in the AFL.
In 2021, the Men's Senior coach is Lloyd Perris and the Women's Senior coach is Locky Pryor. The club's president is John Goode.
The club fields 14 teams in the Sydney AFL league. The seniors compete in the Premier Division; the reserves are in the Premier Division Reserves. Under AFL Sydney's revised divisional structure, North Shore will field their third grade team in Division One, their fourths in Division Two, fifths in Division Three and sixths in Division Four.
The Under 19s compete in the top Division One competition, in which they have appeared in four Grand Finals in a row from 2014 to 2017, winning premierships in 2015 and 2016; and in 2021 will defend their 2020 premiership. They also field a team in the Under 19s Division Two competition.
North Shore fielded a Women's team for the first time in 2017, playing in the Women's Division One competition. Growth in the numbers of players in women's footy has seen the club nominate a second women's team in 2018, a third in 2019 and five teams in 2020 and 2021; with the Bombers promoted to Women's Premier Division.
History
The club formed in 1903, one of only three remaining foundation clubs, and since then has won thirteen senior premierships. The Bombers competed in 6 Grand Finals in a row from 2000 to 2005, winning premierships in 2001, 2004 & 2005. Although the Bombers failed to qualify for the finals in 2006, they bounced back in 2007 to take their 13th premiership.
In 2008, after a slow start to the season, the Bombers finished strongly to qualify for the final five, but were eliminated in the first finals match. They failed to qualify for the finals in 2009, but finished fifth in 2010 and fourth in 2011, 2012 and 2013. After missing the finals in 2014 and 2015; they have made the finals in every season since 2016, finishing in the top 2 after the home and away rounds in each season.
With strong junior numbers coming through the ranks, from 2006 to 2008 North Shore fielded two teams in the Under 18s Premier Cup, Sydney AFL's strongest under-18s competition. One of their teams, the Bombers, took out the premiership in 2006 and 2008; while their other team, the Wildcats, took out the 2007 title undefeated. In 2008, the Wildcats changed their name to the Bears. However, the introduction of a divisional structure in the Sydney AFL competition, with a limit of one team per club in each division, saw North Shore only field one under 18s team from 2009 onwards.
Strong player numbers coming through the junior pathway saw the club field a second Under 19s team in the Division Two competition from 2016.
North Shore have always fielded seniors and reserves teams. With solid growth in player numbers, a third open-age team was entered in 2011; competing in Division Three under the league's divisional structure. The thirds team was relegated after its first season, and now competes in Division Four. Continued growth in numbers saw a fourth open-age team entered in Division Five in 2014 and a fifth team in 2018.
Senior premierships: 1904, 1910, 1921, 1952, 1961, 1978, 1979, 1985, 1991, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007.
Reserve premierships: 1912, 1913, 1950, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2017, and 2023.
Division 1 premierships: 2017 and 2022.
In 2023, the Men's Division 2 North Shore Side won the premiership under club legend and coach Dario Phillips. They beat rivals Manly Warringah Wolves in a 7 point nail bitter, coming back from a 19 point first quarter deficit.
U19/U18 premierships: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 2006, 2007(Undefeated Premiers), 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016, 2020.
The mighty Division 3A men's took home the bread in 2019 under coach Craig Tidemann.
On 4th September 2022 Gordon Smith became the youngest person (28 years 111 days) in North Shore history to win premierships as both a Player (2019 Division 3 Men's) and a Coach (2022 Division 3 Women's)
Premierships
Premier Division
Premier Division Reserves
Men's Division 1
Women's Division Three
Under 18/19
Under 19s Division Two
Men's Division 2
Men's Division 3(A)
Past Players
The club has produced AFL players such as Ryan Davis, Russell Morris, Lewis Roberts-Thomson, Henry Playfair, Phil Bradmore, Andrew Bomford, Simon Davies, Michael Byrne and Will Sierakowski. Former North Shore Bombers Sam Naismith and Callum Mills are currently playing for the Sydney Swans. Luke Parks is currently listed at Carlton.
The club has also had a number of players admitted onto senior club rookie lists with Ed Clarke, Tom Hill and Mark Livy all listed with the Sydney Swans at one point throughout their careers. Most recently Callum Mills was drafted with the third pick in the 2015 AFL Draft when the Sydney Swans matched Melbourne Demons bid on Mills.
Tennis champion Pat Rafter played a number of games for the reserves in 2004.
Barry Breen, who kicked the winning behind for St Kilda in their 1966 premiership, would go on to coach North Shore to a premiership in 1985.
External links
Full Points Footy Profile for North Shore Bombers
Australian rules football clubs in Sydney
1903 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Shore%20Australian%20Football%20Club |
A list of notable flat horse races which take place annually in Ireland, under the authority of Horse Racing Ireland, including all conditions races which currently hold Group 1, 2 or 3 status in the European Pattern.
The distances of the races are expressed in miles, furlongs and yards.
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Other races
Discontinued
Notes
References
Revised Group Race Programme in Ireland for 2020 Announced - Revised Irish Pattern 2020.
2020 Flat Pattern Book - Irish Pattern Races, Listed Races and Premier Handicaps 2020.
Down Royal - Her Majesty's Plate upgraded to a Listed Race.
European Pattern Committee 2016 - Curragh races upgraded by European Pattern Committee.
Flat
Flat races
Horse races, flat
Horse racing-related lists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Irish%20flat%20horse%20races |
Middelie is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam, and lies about 5 km northeast of Purmerend.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1277 as Homines de Middela, and means "the middle river". Middelie developed in the 12th century as a peat excavation settlement. It used to be a fishing village, but after the Purmer was poldered, it lost its connection to the sea and the village stagnated. During the Reformation, Mennonites settled in the village, and used to make up half the population until the 20th century.
The Mennonite church is a modest aisleless church which was built in 1899 as a replacement of a wooden church. In 2013, ownership was transferred to a foundation and is used for weddings, meetings and concerts.
Middelie was home to 324 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 1970, when the new municipality of Zeevang was created. In 2016, it became part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.
References
External links
Former municipalities of North Holland
Populated places in North Holland
Geography of Edam-Volendam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelie |
(also known as ) is the conventional title given to a section of the Poetic Edda text in .
It follows without interruption, and it relates the meeting of Sigurðr with the valkyrie Brynhildr, here identified as ("driver to victory").
Its content consists mostly of verses concerned with runic magic and general wisdom literature, presented as advice given by Sigrdrífa to Sigurd.
The metre is , except for the first stanza.
The end is in the lost part of the manuscript but it has been substituted from younger paper manuscripts. The describes the scene and contains some of the poem.
Name
The compound means "driver to victory" (or "victory-urger", "inciter to victory")
It occurs only in (stanza 44) and in stanza 4 of the .
In , it could be a common noun, a synonym of valkyrie, while in it is explicitly used as the name of the valkyrie whose name is given as or in the Prose Edda.
Bellows (1936) emphasizes that is an epithet of Brynhildr (and not a "second Valkyrie").
Contents
The follows the without break, and editors are not unanimous in where they set the title.
Its state of preservation is the most chaotic in the Eddaic collection.
Its end has been lost in the Great Lacuna of the . The text is cut off after the first line of stanza 29, but this stanza has been completed, and eight others have been added, on the evidence of the much later testimony of paper manuscripts.
The poem appears to be a compilation of originally unrelated poems. However, this state of the poem appears to have been available to the author of the , which cites from eighteen of its stanzas.
The basis of the text appears to be a poem dealing with Sigurd's finding of Brynhild, but only five stanzas (2-4, 20-21) deal with this narrative directly.
Stanza 1 is probably taken from another poem about Sigurd and Brynhild.
Many critics have argued that it is taken from the same original poem as stanzas 6-10 of .
In stanzas 6-12, Brynhild teaches Sigurd the magic use of the runes. To this has been added similar passages on rune-lore from unrelated sources, stanzas 5 and 13-19.
This passage is the most prolific source about historical runic magic which has been preserved.
Finally, beginning with stanza 22 and running until the end of the preserved text is a set of counsels comparable to those in . This passage is probably an accretion unrelated to the Brynhild fragment, and it contains in turn a number of what are likely interpolations to the original text.
The valkyrie's drinking-speech
The first three stanzas are spoken by Sigrdrífa after she has been awoken by Sigurd (stanza 1 in Bellows 1936 corresponds to the final stanza 45 of Fáfnismál in the edition of Jonsson 1905).
What is labelled as stanza 4 by Bellows (1936) is actually placed right after stanza 2, introduced only by ("she said"), marking it as the reply of the valkyrie to Sigmund's identification of himself in the second half of stanza 1.
The following two stanzas are introduced as follows:
"Sigurth sat beside her and asked her name. She took a horn full of mead and gave him a memory-draught."
Henry Adams Bellows stated in his commentary that stanzas 2-4 are "as fine as anything in Old Norse poetry" and these three stanzas constituted the basis of much of the third act in Richard Wagner's opera Siegfried.
This fragment is the only direct invocation of the Norse gods which has been preserved, and it is sometimes dubbed a "pagan prayer".
The first two stanzas are given below in close transcription (Bugge 1867), in normalized Old Norse (Jonsson 1905) and in the translations by Thorpe (1866) and of Bellows (1936):
Runic stanzas
Stanzas 5-18 concern runic magic, explaining the use of runes in various contexts.
In stanza 5, Sigrdrífa brings Sigurd ale which she has charmed with runes:
Stanza 6 advises to carve "victory runes" on the sword hilt, presumably referring to the t rune named for Tyr:
The following stanzas address "Ale-runes" (7),
"birth-runes" (8),
"wave-runes" (9),
"branch-runes" (10),
"speech-runes" (11),
"thought-runes" (12).
Stanzas 13-14 appear to have been taken from a poem about the finding of the runes by Odin.
Stanzas 15-17 are again from an unrelated poem, but still about the topic of runes.
The same holds for stanzas 18-19, which return to the mythological acquisition of the runes, and the passing of their knowledge to the æsir, elves, vanir and mortal men.
Gnomic stanzas
Stanzas 20-21 are again in the setting of the frame narrative, with Brynhild asking Sigurd to make a choice.
They serve as introduction for the remaining part of the text, stanzas 22-37 (of which, however, only 22-28 and the first line of 29 are preserved in ), which are gnomic in nature.
Like , the text consists of numbered counsels, running from one to eleven.
The "unnumbered" stanzas 25, 27, 30, 34 and 36 are considered interpolations by Bellows (1936).
Editions and translations
Benjamin Thorpe (trans.), The Edda Of Sæmund The Learned, 1866 online copy, at northvegr.org
Sophus Bugge, Sæmundar Edda, 1867 (edition of the manuscript text) online copy
Henry Adams Bellows (1936) (translation and commentary) online copy, at sacred-texts.com
Guðni Jónsson, Eddukvæði: Sæmundar-Edda, 1949 (edition with normalized spelling)online copy
W. H. Auden and P. B. Taylor (trans.), The Elder Edda: A Selection, 1969
References
Jansson, Sven B. F. (Foote, Peter; transl.)(1987). Runes in Sweden.
Steinsland, G. & Meulengracht Sørensen, P. (1998): Människor och makter i vikingarnas värld.
Einar G. Pétursson, Hvenær týndist kverið úr Konungsbók Eddukvæða? , Gripla 6 (1984), 265-291
Einar G. Pétursson, Eddurit Jóns Guðmundssonar lærða: Samantektir um skilning á Eddu og Að fornu í þeirri gömlu norrænu kölluðust rúnir bæði ristingar og skrifelsi: Þættir úr fræðasögu 17. aldar, Stofnun Árna Magnússonar á Íslandi, Rit 46 (1998), vol I, pp. 402–40: introduction to Jón's commentary on the poem Brynhildarljóð (Sígrdrífumál) in Völsunga saga; vol. II, 95-102: the text of the commentary.
Völsung cycle
Eddic poetry
Nibelung tradition
Old Norse philosophy
Valkyries
Brunhild | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l |
Knight Rider: The Game is a video game developed by Davilex Games based on the original television series of the same name.
The game was released in Europe on PlayStation 2 and PC on November 22, 2002 and in North America on the PC on February 12, 2003. The game allows the player to take control of KITT – the Knight Industries Two Thousand, in a range of missions including, racing, exploring, chasing and others. The player will also meet famous villains from the original series, including KARR and Garthe Knight.
Sequel
A sequel was also produced, named Knight Rider: The Game 2, which was again developed by Davilex Games and was published by Koch Media for PC and PlayStation 2 on 5 November 2004.
See also
Knight Rider franchise
References
External links
Racing video games
Action games
Windows games
PlayStation 2 games
2002 video games
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Knight Rider video games
Single-player video games
Video games using Havok
Tri Synergy games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%20Rider%3A%20The%20Game |
The Penitentiary of New Mexico (PNM) is a men's maximum-security prison located in unincorporated Santa Fe County, south of central Santa Fe, on New Mexico State Road 14. It is operated by the New Mexico Corrections Department.
The complex consists of three separate facilities: Level V (opened in 1985), Level VI (opened in 1985) and Level II (opened in 1990) for the minimum restrict facility, based on New Mexico adoption of the Federal Bureau of Prisons system for inmate classification and restriction. The regular daily population is about 790 inmates, whose average age is 32.
The Level VI Supermax site contained New Mexico's Death Row; infamous convicted murderer Terry Clark was executed in 2001, becoming the only execution in the state between the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 and its repeal in 2009.
History
Opened in 1885, the New Mexico Penitentiary had been authorized by Congress since 1853. The design of the original facility on Cerrillos Road was based on the same plans used for Sing Sing and Joliet. A popular (but untrue) legend holds that the citizens of Santa Fe were given the choice between acquiring either the penitentiary or the first university in the region, but chose the penitentiary. The territorial legislature authorized the prison in 1884, but the University of New Mexico was not authorized until 1889.
The first prison industry produced bricks. Beginning in 1903, New Mexico became the first western state to employ prisoners in building highways.
On 19 July 1922, prisoners at the penitentiary rioted against overcrowding, the poor food, and the use of excessive force by the prison authorities. When the inmates refused to return to their cells, the tower guards opened fire, killing one inmate and injuring five others. In the report following the riot, the prison authorities were blamed for lack of experience, and failure to understand how to control a prison population.
The second riot was 15 June 1953. Inmates protesting the use of excessive force seized Deputy Warden Ralph Tahash and twelve guards and held them hostage. In the resulting melee, guards killed two inmates and wounded a number of others.
This second riot led to the construction in 1956 of a new facility about 11 miles south of the original prison, in open country along State Road 14, which came to be called "the main unit." The original 1885 facility was demolished shortly thereafter. Aside from the street name "Pen Road," no trace remains of the original penitentiary.
In the new 1956 facility, between the years 1967 and 1970, the population was below capacity and dorm rooms were used as classrooms. Warden J.E. Baker used Federal funds from President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty to address prison reform. It was called Project Newgate and the money was used to support programs such as prisoner education, job training, and community service.
In 1980, Cell Block 4, at the far northern end from the Control Center, was the scene of one of the most violent prison riots in the correctional history of the United States. Over two days 33 inmates were killed and 12 officers were held hostage by prisoners who had escaped from crowded dormitories located at the southern end from the Control Center. Men were brutally butchered, dismembered, and decapitated and hung up on the cells and burned alive. This section of the prison was closed in 1998 and is now referred to as the "Old Main."
Systemic reforms after the riot and the Duran v. King consent decree, including implementation of the Bureau Classification System under Cabinet Secretary Joe Williams, led to the modern New Mexico prison system. The prison is reputedly haunted, with numerous unexplained phenomena, from prison doors opening and closing of their own accord, to ghostly voices and footsteps.
See also
New Mexico State Penitentiary riot
References
External links
Penitentiary of New Mexico - New Mexico Corrections Department
Buildings and structures in Santa Fe County, New Mexico
Prisons in New Mexico
Government of New Mexico
Capital punishment in New Mexico
Reportedly haunted locations in New Mexico
Execution sites in the United States
1885 establishments in New Mexico Territory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penitentiary%20of%20New%20Mexico |
Pennant Hills Demons is an Australian rules football club competing in the Sydney AFL Premier League and based out of the Sydney suburb of Pennant Hills. Their home ground moved from Ern Holmes Oval in April 2011 to Mike Kenny Oval
History
The club was formed in 1971. Pennant Hills were promoted to the top Sydney grade, the SFL (now Sydney AFL Premier Division) in 1977.
The club has won the Sydney Premier Division premiership 5 times.
Their first was won in 2000, when the Demons defeated North Shore 15.12 (102) to 12.7 (79) at Macquarie University.
Their second was in 2006, at Henson Park. The Demons scored eight behinds in a row to defeat the previously undefeated East Coast Eagles by two points. Pennant Hills 5.20 (50) East Coast Eagles 7.6 (48)
The third flag in 2008 again came against East Coast Eagles, with a record 104-point win also at Henson Park. Pennant Hills 20.12 (132) East Coast Eagles 3.10 (28)
The Demons won again in 2015 against the highly fancied East Coast Eagles Pennant Hills 14.5 (89) East Coast Eagles 7.12 (54). This was the third time the two clubs had played off in the final game of the season, with all three being played at Henson Park and all three going the way of the demons.
The most recent flag was in 2017 against the highly rated Sydney University side. The Demons finished in 5th place on the ladder in the regular season, and are the first club to win from that position, taking out the match by 6 points in a thrilling game at Blacktown International Sports park. Final score Sydney Uni 7.18 (60) to Pennant Hills 10.6 (66)
Notable players
Lenny Hayes - (2010 Norm Smith Medallist)
Jackson Ferguson -
Mark McVeigh -
Jarrad McVeigh -
Kieren Jack -
Brandon Jack -
David Brown -
Braeden Campbell -
Stefan Carey - ,
Adam Chatfield -
Terry Thripp - .
Kieren Briggs -
James Peatling -
Mark Sheather -
References
External links
UPDATE: The greatest NSW team of all time revealed
Australian rules football clubs in Sydney
1971 establishments in Australia
Australian rules football clubs established in 1971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant%20Hills%20Australian%20Football%20Club |
The Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX-1) is a floating, self-propelled, mobile active electronically scanned array early-warning radar station designed to operate in high winds and heavy seas. It was developed as part of the United States Department of Defense Missile Defense Agency's (MDA) Ballistic Missile Defense System.
The radar is mounted on a fifth generation CS-50 twin-hulled semi-submersible oil platform. Conversion of the vessel was carried out at the AmFELS yard in Brownsville, Texas; the radar mount was built and mounted on the vessel at the Kiewit yard in Ingleside, Texas. It is nominally based at Adak Island in Alaska, but has spent significant time at Pearl Harbor in test status.
Specifications
Vessel length:
Vessel beam:
Vessel height: from keel to top of radome
Vessel draft: approximately when in motion or not on station; approximately when on station
Vessel stability: remains within 10 degrees of horizontal on station (fully passive stabilization)
Vessel speed:
Cost:
Crew: Approximately 75-85 members, mostly civilian contractors
Radar height:
Radar diameter:
Radar weight:
Radar range:
Displacement:
Details
SBX-1 is part of the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system under development by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA). The decision to place the system on a mobile sea-based platform was intended to allow the vessel to be moved to areas where it is needed for enhanced missile defense. Fixed radars provide coverage for a very limited area due to the curvature of the Earth. Even though the same limitation applies to the SBX, its ability to move mitigates this limitation. SBX's primary task is discrimination of enemy warheads from decoys, followed by precision tracking of the identified warheads. Testing has raised doubts about the system's ability to perform these tasks, to deal with multiple targets, and to report accurately to command authorities.
The vessel has many small radomes for various communications tasks and a large central dome that encloses a phased-array, 1,800 tonne (4,000,000 pound) X band radar antenna. The small radomes are rigid, but the central dome is not - the flexible cover is supported by positive air pressure amounting to a few inches of water. The amount of air pressure is variable depending on weather conditions.
The radar antenna itself is described as being . It has 45,000 solid-state transmit-receive modules mounted on an octagonal flat base which can move ±270 degrees in azimuth and 0 to 85 degrees elevation (although software currently limits the maximum physical elevation to 80 degrees). The maximum azimuth and elevation velocities are approximately 5-8 degrees per second. In addition to the physical motion of the base, the beam can be electronically steered off bore-sight (details classified).
There are currently 22,000 modules installed on the base. Each module has one transmit-receive feed horn and one auxiliary receive feed horn for a second polarization, totaling 44,000 feed horns. The base is roughly 2/3 populated, with space for installation of additional modules. The current modules are concentrated toward the center to minimize grating lobes. This configuration allows it to support the very-long-range target discrimination and tracking that GMD's midcourse segment requires. The radar is never pointed at land, for the safety of the inhabitants.
In addition to the power consumed by the radar, the thrusters which propel the vessel are electric and require substantial power. The maximum speed is approximately . To support this and all other electrical equipment, the vessel currently has six 3.6-megawatt generators (12-cylinder Caterpillar diesels). The generators are in two compartments, one port and one starboard.
The radar is derived from the radar used in the THAAD theater ballistic missile defense system, and is a part of the layered ballistic missile defense (BMDS) program of the United States Missile Defense Agency (MDA). One important difference from Aegis is the use of X band in the SBX. Aegis uses S band, and Patriot uses the higher-frequency C band. The X band frequency is higher still, so its shorter wavelength enables finer resolution of tracked objects.
The radar was described by Lt. Gen Trey Obering (former director of MDA) as being able to track an object the size of a baseball over San Francisco in California from Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, approximately away. The radar will guide land-based missiles from Alaska and California, as well as in-theater assets, depending on the mission.
The vessel is classed by ABS and has the IMO number of 8765412.
The first such vessel is scheduled to be based in Adak Island, Alaska, part of the Aleutian Islands. From that location it will be able to track missiles launched toward the US from both North Korea and China. Although her homeport is in Alaska, she will be tasked with moving throughout the Pacific Ocean to support her mission. The hull code number given to the SBX vessel, "SBX-1", indicates the possibility of further units of the class. In circumstances when a vessel is required to be continually on duty over a long period of time, common naval practice is to have at least three units of the type available to allow for replenishment, repair and overhaul. Three further vessels of the CS-50/Moss Sirius design were under construction or contract at the Severodvinsk Shipyard in Russia as of early 2007, but were configured for oil production. On 11 May 2011, Col. Mark Arn, the SBX project manager for MDA, said that the "SBX is the only one of its kind and there are no current plans for another one". In July 2011, a Missile Defense Agency spokesman explained that other, smaller radars in the Pacific will "pick up the slack" while SBX is in port with its radar turned off.
Operational history
The SBX deployed in 2006. The ship has spent time for maintenance and repair at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii several times, including 170 days in 2006, 63 days in 2007, 63 days in 2008, 177 days in 2009, and 51 days in 2010. When not at Hawaii, the SBX has been on operational deployments in the Pacific, including the waters off Alaska. The ship has not moored at Alaska, in spite of the construction of a $26 million, eight-point mooring chain system installed in 2007 in Adak's Kuluk Bay. On 23 June 2009, the SBX was moved to offshore Hawaii in response to a potential North Korean missile launch. Between 2009 and 2010, the vessel spent 396 continuous days at sea.
The SBX failed during a flight test on 31 January 2010, designated FTG-06. The test was a simulation of a North Korean or Iranian missile launch. The test failure arose from two factors, the first being that algorithms in the SBX radar software (designed to filter out extraneous information from the target scene) were left disengaged for the test, and the second was a mechanical failure in a thruster on the kill vehicle.
During flight test FTG-06a on 15 December 2010, the SBX performed as expected, but intercept of the target missile was again not achieved.
In May 2011, the SBX-1 entered Vigor Shipyard (formerly the Todd Pacific Shipyard) in Seattle for a $27 million upgrade and maintenance work by contractor Boeing. The work was completed in about three months and in August 2011, SBX-1 departed Seattle for deployment.
In December 2011, MDA transferred responsibility for the SBX vessel management and physical security to the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command. MDA retains responsibility for communications, the X-band Radar, and for mission integration.
In February 2012, the Missile Defense Agency requested only $9.7 million per year for Fiscal Years 2013 through 2017, down from $176.8 million in fiscal 2012. This reduced amount would be used to maintain SBX in a "limited test support" role, "while also retaining the ability to recall it to an active, operational status if and when it is needed."
In April 2012, it was reported that SBX-1 had left Pearl Harbor and was assumed to be being deployed to monitor North Korea's planned Unha-3 missile in the launch window of 12–16 April 2012. The vessel returned to Pearl Harbor on 21 May 2012. It redeployed to monitor the next North Korean launch attempt at the end of 2012.
In April 2013, it was reported that SBX-1 was being deployed to monitor North Korea. It has never been deployed to Adak.
In November 2015, it was moved to Pearl Harbor for repairs and testing. It departed Pearl Harbor November 2017 for North Pacific Ocean waters to monitor North Korea ballistic missile operations.
In January 2017 the SBX-1 was deployed into the Pacific during North Korean threats of ICBM and nuclear attacks on other nations. The radar was able to perform its mission of tracking a target operating at ICBM speeds during the interception of a mock ICBM by a GMD interceptor on 30 May 2017.
In May 2019, the SBX-1 docked on the north side of Ford Island in Pearl Harbor, where it underwent maintenance. It departed Pearl Harbor on 26 September 2019.
Gallery
In popular culture
A fictionalized version of SBX-1, armed with "Interceptor" anti-ballistic missiles, is used as the setting for the 2022 action drama film Interceptor.
The SBX-1 has become known to locals of Oahu as the "Golf Ball" due to its color and shape.
See also
Texas Towers, similar structures
USNS Observation Island (T-AGM-23), similar observation stations
USNS Invincible (T-AGM-24), similar radar
USNS Howard O. Lorenzen (T-AGM-25), similar observation stations
References
External links
Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) Sourcebook, July 2007 (24M PDF) via Federation of American Scientists
Sea-Based X-Band Radar (SBX) Sourcebook Volume II, via Federation of American Scientists
Sea-Based Ballistic Missile Defense -- Background and Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, June 2007, via Federation of American Scientists
Boeing Multimedia Sea-Based X-band Radar Image Gallery
Sea-Based X-Band Radar Arrives in Pearl Harbor , 2006-01-10
SBX
Missile defense
Missile Defense Agency
SBX
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-based%20X-band%20Radar |
Louise Alexandra Delamere (born 17 June 1969) is an English actress, best known for her roles as Lia in the Channel 4 comedy drama No Angels and Colette Sheward in the BBC medical drama Holby City.
Career
Delamere appeared in Agatha Christie's Poirot, in the episode Evil Under the Sun, where she played Arlena Stuart-Marshall, an actress who is murdered on a beach. She was featured in the Cadfael episode "The Holy Thief" and appeared in the BBC crime show Waking the Dead as Elaine Ashcroft, again playing a murder victim in the fourth season finale Thin Air.
She also had a role in the television drama The Chatterley Affair and has appeared in Torchwood. She played the recurring character Marion James in the fifth series of Waterloo Road. Delamere appeared as regular character Colette Sheward in BBC medical drama Holby City from 3 December 2013 until 4 November 2014.
She attended Glasgow's Royal Scottish Academy of Music & Drama (now the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland).
Personal life
Delamere is married to actor Stephen Mangan. They have three sons: Harry (born October 2007), Frank (born 2010), and Jack (born March 2016).
She has three brothers; her younger brother is the actor Matthew Delamere, and one of her older brothers is the director Robert Delamere.
Filmography
References
External links
1969 births
Living people
People from Wallasey
English film actresses
English television actresses
English stage actresses
Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
Actresses from Cheshire
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Delamere |
David Roblin (April 19, 1812–March 1, 1863) was a lumber merchant and political figure in Canada West.
He was born in Adolphustown Township in Upper Canada in 1812, the son of John Roblin. He settled in Richmond Township and opened a general store there in 1832. In 1841, he moved to Napanee. He served as reeve for the township from 1841 to 1857 and warden for the united counties of Frontenac, Lennox and Addington from 1849 to 1857. Over time, he expanded his business interests into the trade in timber. He took advantage of his political connections to support legislation in favour of the Grand Trunk Railway and received a contract to build a railway bridge and an appointment as arbitrator for the railway company. In 1854, he was elected to the 5th Parliament of the Province of Canada representing Lennox and Addington; he was re-elected to the 6th Parliament. Although he was a Reformer, he helped prop up the Liberal-Conservative coalition during his time in office. Roblin was defeated in the next general election by Augustus Hooper and, having suffered financially from a collapse of the timber market in 1857, retired from politics.
He died at Napanee in 1863.
External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1812 births
1863 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Roblin |
Oosthuizen is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam, and lies about 8 km north of Purmerend.
History
The village was first mentioned in the 12th century as "in Asthusa minore", and means "eastern houses". Minor or luttic was often added to distinguish from Grosthuizen. Oosthuizen started as a peat excavation settlement in the Zeevang polder. In 1292, it became a free heerlijkheid (=no fief).
The Dutch Reformed church is cruciform church with ridge turret. The choir and transept were constructed in 1511. The nave is from 1518. The Catholic Franciscus van Assisi Church is a residential home which was converted to church in 1960.
Oosthuizen was home to 634 people in 1840. It was a separate municipality until 1970, when the new municipality of Zeevang was created. It was the capital of Zeevang. In 2016, it became part of the municipality of Edam-Volendam.
Notable people
Adriaan de Bruin (ca. 1700-1766), enslaved servant of the Dutch politician Adriaan van Bredehoff.
Gallery
References
External links
Populated places in North Holland
Former municipalities of North Holland
Geography of Edam-Volendam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosthuizen |
Andrew Nesbitt (born 2 September 1960) is a rally driver and businessman from Newtownhamilton, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. He is currently co-driven by James O'Brien from Co. Cork. He is best known for driving the Subaru Impreza but first made his name driving a Toyota Celica on the 1996 Donegal International Rally. He defied the odds to beat top drivers such as Bertie Fisher and Austin MacHale. Since then he has had a host of rally wins. In 2000 he broke all records by winning the Donegal International and winning all 22 stages. He went on to become Tarmac Champion in 2000 and 2002. Andrew has taken a number of wins since 2002, but has failed to reclaim the tarmac title. He was often leading rallies or was in a strong position, until mechanical failures let him down. More recently he has performed very well, but has been unable to compete in a full season. Andrew's car is currently sponsored by Rutledge Joblink and Cross-Refrigeration. His car is prepared by McKinstry Motorsport. In 2004 Andrew realised his dream by entering the WRC (World Rally Championship) for the first time. He entered the snow event in Sweden and finished a very respectable 28th, in what is a very specialist event. He was 5th amongst the privateer crews. One of the most remarkable achievements of Andrew's career was winning the Jim Clark Memorial Rally for three consecutive years, breaking the record in the process.
On 11 and 12 August 2007 at Maasmechelen in Belgium Nesbitt contested his first ever round of the FIA European Championships for Rallycross Drivers with a 550+bhp strong spare Saab 9-3 T16 4x4 of Swede Per Eklund.
Nesbitt recently acquired a Solar energy company, Cool Power, which he later incorporated into Cross Energy, under the Cross-Group, along with its fruit ripening, hire and refrigeration departments. With Cross Energy, Nesbitt introduced Northern Ireland's first solar powered car charger.
References
"Supreme Nesbitt dominates Clark Rally", The Scotsman. 4 July 2004.
"Nesbitt leads the Irish jig", The Scotsman. 6 July 2003.
"Nesbitt takes Killarney title as O Sullivan clinches 8th", The Kingdom. 10 May 2002.
1960 births
Living people
Businesspeople from County Armagh
Irish rally drivers
Motorsport people from County Armagh
People from Newtownhamilton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Nesbitt |
Philibert de Chalon (18 March 1502 – 3 August 1530) was the last Prince of Orange from the House of Chalon.
Biography
Born at Nozeroy to John IV of Chalon-Arlay, Philibert served Emperor Charles V as commander in Italy, fighting in the War of the League of Cognac. He took part in the Sack of Rome and was killed during the final stages of the Siege of Florence (1530). An interesting exchange of letters during the siege between him and Charles still survives.
He died in 1530 being the last legitimate male line descendant of the ancient house of Ivrea (Anscarids), he was succeeded as Prince of Orange by the son of his sister (Claudia of Chalon), Renatus of Nassau-Breda, who thus founded the House of Orange-Nassau.
Ancestors
References
Sources
Sources
The Prince of Orange in Medieval History of Navarre
1502 births
1530 deaths
People from Jura (department)
Chalon-Arlay
Princes of Orange
Knights of the Golden Fleece
Military leaders of the Italian Wars
Military personnel killed in action
Viceroys of Naples
Philibert of Chalon
16th-century French people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert%20of%20Chalon |
Bruce Lee Bosley (November 5, 1933 – April 26, 1995) was an American professional football player who was a guard and center for 14 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers and the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected to four Pro Bowls (1960, 1965–1967), and was named All-Pro four times (1959–1961, 1966). He played college football for the West Virginia Mountaineers.
Collegiate career
.
Bosley was a third-team Class B all-state fullback at Green Bank High School when he was offered a full scholarship to play for the Mountaineers.
Bosley was an immediate starter and contributed to West Virginia going from 5–5 in 1951 to 7–2 in 1952. In 1954 after a dominating performance against Penn State, Bosley was named Associated Press Player of the Week. He went on to earn consensus All-America honors as a senior in 1955. West Virginia won 31 of 38 games Bosley played in during his four seasons from 1952 to 1955.
Bosley, also an Academic All-American with a degree in chemical engineering, was invited to play in the College Football All-Star Game, the North-South Game and the Senior Bowl.
Professional career
The San Francisco 49ers made Bruce Bosley their second-round selection in the 1956 NFL Draft. Bosley played his entire rookie season at defensive end.
By 1957, Bosley switched to line and was the team's starting left guard, earning his first Pro Bowl berth in 1960. Two years later in 1962 when the team was searching for a center after an injury to starter Frank Morze, all-pro guard Bosley started at center. Bosley was named to the Pro Bowl again in 1965 and was honored two more times in 1966 and 1967.
Bosley spent another season with the 49ers in 1968 and a year with the Atlanta Falcons in 1969 before retiring.
Post-football
By 1967, Bosley was cultivating his other passion: restoring old homes. NFL Films visited his Hillsborough W.S. Crocker Estate carriage house for a show called “They Lead Two Lives,” which chronicled his career as both a star football player and respected home builder.
During the next 11 years he remodeled two other estates in Hillsborough as president of Interior Design, a home building, remodeling, interior decorating, furnishing and real-estate company.
Personal life
Bosley became part-owner of a wholesale electrical supply house in addition to his home remodeling business and was also known for his civic and charitable activities in San Francisco.
Among his most prominent roles was membership on the board of directors for the San Francisco Annex for Cultural Arts, membership on the mayor's committee for the San Francisco Council for the Performing Arts, and a long-time volunteer role with both the San Francisco Film Festival and the San Francisco Ballet.
Bosley also served a stint as the president of the NFL Alumni Association.
He lived in San Francisco until his death from a heart attack on April 26, 1995.
Legacy
Bosley is listed on the San Francisco 49ers “Golden Era” team from 1946 to 1969 and he was named to the college football's 75th Silver Anniversary Team in 1981.
Bosley, a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, was a part of West Virginia University's second hall of fame induction class of 1992, and had his number 77 retired by the school in a pregame ceremony on September 3, 2016.
More recently, he was named the state of West Virginia's 30th greatest sports figure in a poll conducted by CNNSI.com.
References
1933 births
1995 deaths
All-American college football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Atlanta Falcons players
Western Conference Pro Bowl players
West Virginia Mountaineers football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Bosley |
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