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This is a list of Jamaican record producers.
B
B.B. Seaton
Bob Andy
Bena Di Senior
Bobby Digital
Boris Gardiner
Bunny Lee
Byron Lee
Beenie Man
C
Captain Sinbad
Carl Harvey
Chris Blackwell
Clancy Eccles
Clement S. 'Coxsone' Dodd
Clive Chin
Clive Hunt
D
Danny Ray
Dave Kelly
David Madden
Dean Fraser
Derrick Harriott
Demarco
Dennis Alcapone
Derrick Morgan
Devon Russell
Dobby Dobson
Donovan Germain
Dr Alimantado
Duke Reid
E
Edward Seaga
Enos McLeod
Errol Brown
Errol Holt
Errol Thompson
Etana
Everton Blender
F
Freddie McGregor
G
General Degree
Geoffrey Chung
George Phang
Glen Adams
Glen Brown
Gussie Clarke
H
Harry Johnson (Harry J)
Harry Mudie
Henry "Junjo" Lawes
Herman Chin Loy
Hyman Wright
J
Jack Ruby
Jack Scorpio
Jah Lloyd
Jah Screw
Jah Thomas
Jah Woosh
Joe Gibbs
Jon Baker
Joseph Hoo Kim
Junior Reid
Kamau Preston
Karl Pitterson
Keith Hudson
Ken Lack
King Jammy
King Sporty
King Tubby
Kurtis Mantronik
L
Lee "Scratch" Perry
Leonard Chin
Leroy Sibbles
Leroy Smart
Leslie Kong
Linval Thompson
Lloyd Barnes
Lloyd Charmers
Lloyd Daley
Lynford Anderson
M
Mavado
Max Romeo
Mike Brooks
Mike Beatz
Mikey Chung
N
Niney the Observer
O
Ossie Hibbert
P
Papa San
Phil Pratt
Philip "Fatis" Burrell
Pluto Shervington
Prince Buster
Prince Far I
Prince Jammy
Prince Jazzbo
Prince Philip
R
Richard Bell
Richie Stephens
Robert Ffrench
Ronnie Nasralla
Roy Cousins
Roy Francis
Rupie Edwards
S
Scientist
Serani
Sonny Roberts
Steely & Clevie
Sanchez
Sean Paul
Sly & Robbie
Sonia Pottinger
Stephen "Di Genius" McGregor
Steven "Lenky" Marsden
Sugar Minott
Supa Dups
Super Cat
Sydney Crooks
T
Tapper Zukie
Tommy Cowan
Trinity
U
Uziah Thompson
V
Vincent "Randy" Chin
Vybz Kartel
W
Wayne Jobson
Willi Williams
Winston Riley
Y
Yabby You
See also
:Category:Jamaican record producers
Music of Jamaica
List of Jamaican backing bands
Jamaican record producers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jamaican%20record%20producers |
Nabil Sahraoui (26 September 1969 – 20 June 2004), alias Mustapha Abou Ibrahim, was an Algerian Islamist militant, and the head of the radical Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat (GSPC, later renamed Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb) from August 2003 until his death the following year.
Early life
Sahraoui was born in Batna, Algeria, on 26 September 1966.
GSPC
In 2003, Sahraoui replaced Hassan Hattab as the leader of the GSPC, since the latter was removed from the post due to his view that reconciliation with the government should be encouraged. In October 2003, Sahraoui pledged allegiance as GSPC leader to both Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda organization and to the Taliban leader Mohammed Omar.
Death
Sahraoui was killed in a shootout with the Algerian army in the Kabylie region on 20 June 2004 at age 34. His top aides were also killed in the military sweep.
Sahraoui was replaced as head of the GSPC by Abu Musab Abdel Wadoud over the objections of former leader Hassan Hattab.
Notes
1966 births
2004 deaths
Islam in Algeria
Terrorism in Algeria
Islamic terrorism in Algeria
Algerian al-Qaeda members
Leaders of al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
Deaths by firearm in Algeria
People from Batna, Algeria
Leaders of Islamic terror groups
Salafi jihadists
21st-century Algerian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabil%20Sahraoui |
Taxi Rider, known as , is a video game for the PlayStation 2 developed by Tamsoft. It was published in Japan by D3 Publisher as volume 48 of the Simple 2000 series, and in Europe by 505 GameStreet.
A port for the PlayStation Portable was released in 2007 as Simple 2500 Series Portable!! Vol.9: The My Taxi.
Gameplay
The game's concept is similar to that of Sega's Crazy Taxi, in that the player, as a taxi driver, must pick up customers and deliver them to their destination within a fixed time limit. However, the execution differs from Sega's game - instead of competing to earn as much money as possible within a fixed time limit, the player is employed by Ogawara Gengorou, the boss of a local taxi firm, and given a quota which they must earn before the shift ends, with the ultimate goal of earning one million yen. Each shift, which can take place in the morning or evening, constitutes a "day" in-game, and the quota increases each day. After successfully completing a shift, the player may gain bonuses such as upgrades to the taxi's handling, acceleration or maximum speed or access to a previously restricted area. Additionally, customers may give additional challenges such as reaching the target without stopping or with transposed steering. However, unlike Crazy Taxi, the game does not feature any stunts or jumps, with the exception of nitro boosts which can be collected and used; it is also generally slower, particularly early in the game when the taxi's engine has not been upgraded.
Setting and graphical style
The game is set in the fictional Nijiiro (literally "rainbow-coloured") City, presumably located somewhere in Japan, with adjoining areas including Dream Hills (a residential area), Coast Amusement Center and Dragon Peak. Rather than opting for the semi-realistic approach of Crazy Taxi, the cars and people in the game are rendered in a super deformed style similar to the Choro Q video games (some of which were also developed by Tamsoft).
External links
D3 Publisher product page (Japanese)
505 GameStreet product page
2004 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
D3 Publisher games
Simple 2000 games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games about taxis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxi%20Rider |
"Porque te vas" (; Spanish for "Because You Are Leaving") is a song by English-born Spanish singer Jeanette, written by José Luis Perales and produced by Rafael Trabucchelli for record label Hispavox in 1974.
Background and recording
Jeanette made her solo debut in 1971 with the release of the Manuel Alejandro-penned single "Soy rebelde" on label Hispavox, which marked her return to music and established her as a melodic singer, veering away from the folk-pop of Pic-Nic, her previous group of the 1960s. A commercial success, the hit single topped the charts in Spain and charted in the Top 10 of Latin American countries such as Argentina, Colombia and Peru; becoming a popular "teen anthem" in the Spanish-speaking world. Inspired by Jeanette's success, José Luis Perales decided to write a song for her, since he was still at the beginning of his career and "practically nobody well-known had recorded his songs". Perales has stated that he wrote "Porque te vas" in three hours during a rainy afternoon in his cottage, which possessed no water or light. That day, he also wrote the song "Escucha"; both tracks were composed with Jeanette's singular voice in mind, with Perales imitating her high-pitched vocals in the demo recording.
The song was produced by Rafael Trabuchelli, considered a pioneer of music production in Spain and "one of the most influential figures in Spanish music between 1965 and 1975." While working for Hispavox, he had developed the "characteristic lush sound" of 1970s Spanish ballads, which "[resulted] from sophisticated orchestral arrangements and studio wizardy." He is now described as the "Spanish Phil Spector", and his production style was known as the "Torrelaguna Sound", named after the Torrelaguna Street in Madrid, where Hispavox Studios was based. Perales had met Trabuchelli through musician friends, and showed him the demo of "Porque te vas", which he received with enthusiasm. Juan Márquez was in charge of the track's conducting and arrangement. According to Perales, Jeanette initially refused to record the song, as she wanted to keep working with well-known composers like Manuel Alejandro, and eventually gave in after her surroundings pushed her to do it. The singer has denied such claims, saying that she "[loved] it" from the beginning.
Composition
"Porque te vas" is a romantic ballad that incorporates elements of funk, disco and pop music, featuring a predominant use of the saxophone. Critic Julián Molero of Lafonoteca described the track's instrumentation as "full of self-confidence with almost mocking interventions of the brasses and the crash of the drums releasing unexpected blows". Writing for the Spanish edition of Rolling Stone, Miguel Ángel Bargueño wrote that the song possessed "an unruly rhythm and distinctly pop sound". In the book Lost in the Grooves: Scram's Capricious Guide to the Music You Missed, authors Kim Cooper and David Smay described the song as: "delicate breezy pop with one of those super-suave catchy tunes". The organizers of Festival Europa Sur stated in 2014 that with tracks like "Porque te vas", Jeanette "demonstrated that a canción melódica song can be approached from a pop optic". Her vocals have been described as "innocent", "mischievous", "sweet", "sultry" and "angelic". Julián Molero felt that Jeanette's voice, "this time moves a bit away from the usual sweetness to become a childish and playful air."
A love song, "Porque te vas" deals with "the pain of parting." Its lyrics "speak of a loss, of an abandonment", and have been described as conveying a "sense of longing". Jeanette begins singing: "Hoy en mi ventana brilla el sol y el corazón se pone triste contemplando la ciudad, porque te vas" ("Today the sun shines in my window and the heart gets sad contemplating the city, because you're leaving"). The refrain features the lyrics: "Todas las promesas de mi amor se irán contigo/Me olvidarás/Me olvidarás/Junto a la estación yo lloraré igual que un niño/Porque te vas" ("All of my love's promises will go with you/You will forget me/You will forget me/Beside the station I will cry like a child/Because you are leaving"). She is often but mistakenly thought to be singing "¿Por qué te vas?" or "Porqué te vas" ("Why are you leaving?"). Regarding the confusion, La Voz de Galicia stated in 2016: "that causal conjunction does not contain a question, but an assumption. Come on, she, the abandoned, has assumed it, so the small stripe of the diacritic would be a step back in history. And no! With all the work that comes from heartbreak."
Release and reception
Hispavox released "Porque te vas" as a 7-inch single in 1974. It featured B-side "Seguiré amando", a ballad written by Jeanette with a "South American air". Upon release, La Vanguardia gave the single two out of five stars—rating that indicated "applause"—and called it "trivial and well-arranged".
In 1976, "Porque te vas" was reissued after the commercial and critical success of the film Cría cuervos, where it was part of its soundtrack. Following the single's reissue in 1976, La Vanguardia rose its rating to three out of five stars—indicating "ovation".
Cover versions
"Porque te vas" has been covered by many artists across several languages. It remains the "most covered and profitable" song in José Luis Perales' career. In 1977, Finnish singer Merja Rantamäki recorded the song as "Veit sydämen", which was included in her album Mä mistä löytäisin sen laulun. The same year, German singer Sabrina covered the song as "...Und du willst gehn" and released it as a single. Brazilian singer Lilian recorded a Portuguese version of the song under the title "Eu sem você", released in 1978. Soviet band Vesyolye Rebyata recorded a version in Russian titled "V posledniy raz", which appeared in their 1979 album Muzykal'nyy Globus Argentine punk rock band Attaque 77 included a cover of "Porque te vas" in their 1992 album Ángeles caídos. The British born Andorran singer Jack Lucien released an English language version titled "You're Leaving Me" with English language lyrics by Elizabeth Hurley and Patsy Kensit. In 1999, German band Masterboy covered the song and released it as a single. In 2020, French-Italian singer Carla Bruni released an acoustic version of the song on her self-titled album. It is the first song she recorded in Spanish.
Spanish /Danish singer Brigitte Escobar released a jazzy version of Por Que Te Vas in 2004 on her debut album 'Brigitte', Red Kite records.
Legacy
Since its inclusion in Cría cuervos, "Porque te vas" has attained cult status, and is now considered a classic, remaining one of the most famous songs of Spanish pop music. In 1979, Madrilenian newspaper ABC wrote that, "never a Spanish song, and sung in our language, had achieved such popularity levels on both sides of the Atlantic." Efe Eme's Luis Lapuente described the single in 2016 as "a precious cult object among European collectors, who compare the former lead singer of Pic-Nic with delicious French lolitas such as Lio or Françoise Hardy". "Porque te vas", along with other Jeanette songs, has been revalued by the indie music scene—particularly indie pop—which considers the singer a "muse" and "godmother".
"Porque te vas" is often analyzed in relation to the final years of Francisco Franco's regime, time in which "Spanish society began to submerge in the cultural wave that dominated Europe." Authors Kim Cooper and David Smay considered the single to be "quite symbolic", since its "breakout" was around the same time as Franco's death. Likewise, in his book Yé-Yé Girls of '60s French Pop, Jean-Emmanuel Deluxe felt that Jeanette was "a real ray of sunshine in a country under the strict military regime of the dictator Franco." Writing for the South Korean online newspaper Voice of the People, Gwon Jongsul argued that the song's inclusion in Cría cuervos gave it a new, political meaning—becoming associated with the dictatorship and bringing a "more intense pain" to the lyrics.
The Spanish edition of Rolling Stone ranked it forty third on the magazine's 2006 list of "The 200 Best Songs of Spanish Pop-Rock". In the song's entry, Miguel Ángel Bargueño felt that "Porque te vas" "broke the image of folk balladist that Jeanette carried since her Pic-Nic stage and conveyed an accentuated feeling of loss that caused a greater impact by being interpreted by a helpless-looking twenty-year-old." In 2014, Diariocrítico.com placed "Porque te vas" at number fifty four on its list of the 100 best songs of Spanish pop. Writing for The Guardian, Andrew Khan described the song as "a masterpiece of downbeat easy listening," and praised it for "[proving] once again there's often more depth of emotion in derided MOR pop than other, more fashionable, genres."
Carla Bruni has claimed that listening to the song inspired her to pursue a career in music. French film director Jean-Pierre Améris has called it one of his favorite records. In a 1995 interview, the then newly formed French duo Air described themselves as big admirers of the song, which they came to know during their childhood. Band member Nicolas Godin stated: "We like it so much that we have composed a song in its line. We would love for her to sing it, but in France she is too well known and we are afraid that the collaboration will end up eclipsing us. So we're looking for a singer that resembles her."
The song has been adapted as football chants by fans of the Argentine San Lorenzo de Almagro and the Chilean Colo-Colo clubs.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications and sales
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of the original single release.
Jeanette – primary artist, vocals
Rafael Trabucchelli – producer
Juan Márquez – arranger, conductor
Elías Dolcet – photography
Juan Dolcet – photography
See also
Yé-yé
Music of Spain
1974 in music
1976 in music
List of best-selling singles in France
List of number-one singles of 1976 (France)
List of number-one hits of 1977 (Germany)
References
External links
"" at Discogs (list of releases)
"" statistics, tagging and previews at Last.fm
"" at Rate Your Music
"" at Acclaimed Music
1974 singles
1974 songs
1976 singles
Spanish pop songs
Easy listening songs
Spanish-language songs
Songs written by José Luis Perales
Number-one singles in Spain
Number-one singles in Germany
Number-one singles in France
Songs about heartache | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porque%20te%20vas |
Limber may refer to:
Limber, a song off the album Aneurythm by the American hard rock band Living Syndication.
Limber, a Puerto Rican frozen ice pop made in different flavors, supposedly named after aviator Charles Lindbergh.
Limber in limbers and caissons, a cart used for supporting an artillery piece in transit
Limber hole, a type of drain hole in ships
Limber Pine, a species of pine tree found in the Western United States and Canada
Limber Perez, a Honduran football player
Limber Trail, a trail at Shenandoah National Park
Limber, in Africa is happiness term | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limber |
"My Love" is a 1965 single release by Petula Clark which, in early 1966, became an international hit, reaching No. 1 in the US; the track continued Clark's collaboration with songwriter and record producer Tony Hatch.
History
In November 1965, on a flight from London to Los Angeles, Tony Hatch was putting the finishing touches on his composition "The Life and Soul of the Party", which he planned to record with Clark in Los Angeles to serve as her next single. During casual conversation with the American sitting next to him, Hatch was advised that this song's title would be meaningless to the American public. Hatch then wrote lyrics for a song whose title – "My Love" – could not conceivably present any comprehension issue; the lyrics were completed during the flight and Hatch completed the music soon after landing in Los Angeles.
"My Love" was recorded at Western Studios and featured the backing of the Wrecking Crew.
Petula Clark would recall: "We recorded three songs on that session...I liked the two other songs quite a lot, but I really didn't like 'My Love'...I thought it was a bit ordinary. I had got so used to these wonderful songs that Tony had been writing with all these different moods and I thought 'My Love' was just a bit flat." Clark would describe how she tried to discourage Warner Bros A&R man Joe Smith from issuing "My Love" as a single: "He's a very small man physically...about the right height for me. I was able to get hold of his lapels, and I said to him, 'Joe, I don't care which [of the three songs] you put out, but just don't put out "My Love".' And he said: 'Trust me, baby.'"
Reception
Smith did in fact agree to the release of "My Love" as a single, and it returned Clark to the top of the US charts for the first time since "Downtown", her breakthrough success. "My Love" spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 1 on 5 February 1966, and spending two weeks at that position. This made Clark the first British female to have two US No. 1 hits. Also a No. 1 hit on Canada's "RPM Play Sheet", "My Love" returned Clark to the top ten on the UK's Record Retailer chart for the first time since "Downtown" two years previous, with a March 1966 peak of No. 4.
Chart performance
Adaptations into other languages
Translated recordings by Clark also made "My Love" a hit in France, Italy, and West Germany, respectively as "Mon amour" (No. 12), "L'amore è il vento" (Love is the wind) (No. 24), and "Verzeih' die dummen Tränen" (Forgive the foolish tears) (No. 21). "Mon amour" also reached No. 35 in Wallonia, in a tandem ranking with "My Love" and "Si tu prenais le temps".
Cover versions
Also in the 1960s, Ed Kilbourne wrote gospel-themed lyrics to the song, retitling it "His love".
The Norwegian rendering "Det er så lett å leve livet" was recorded in 1966 by Vigdis Mostad, also the Swedish rendering "Det är så lätt att leva livet" by Gitte Haenning and the Finnish rendering "Rakkauteni" by Hannele Laaksonen. "Rakkauteni" was also recorded by Laila Kinnunen whose version appears on the 2002 compilation Kadonneet Helmet.
Mrs. Miller covered the song in 1966, on her debut album with Capitol Records entitled Mrs. Miller's Greatest Hits and is on the 1997 compilation CD of her work released on Capitol's Ultra-Lounge label: Wild, Cool & Swingin', The Artist Collection Vol. 3: Mrs. Miller.
John Davidson covered it in 1966 for his album Time of My Life!.
The 1967 album release Pet Project by the Bob Florence Big Band features an instrumental version of "My Love", the album being devoted to songs associated with Petula Clark.
Sonny James (C&W singer) covered "My Love" in 1970. His version reached No. 1 that May on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, in the midst of his then-record string of 16-straight No. 1 singles in as many releases. Also in 1970 C&W singer Barbara Fairchild recorded "My Love" for her debut album Someone Special.
Nancy Boyd (nl) remade "My Love" for her 1987 album of classic hit songs Let's Hang On credited to Nancy Boyd & Cappello's.
Florence Henderson (Actress/singer) performed the song as a serenade on the famous 1969 "Tonight Show" segment in which Tiny Tim married Miss Vicky.
References
Petula Clark songs
1965 singles
Songs written by Tony Hatch
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Sonny James songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
1965 songs
Song recordings produced by Tony Hatch
Pye Records singles
Warner Records singles
Disques Vogue singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Love%20%28Petula%20Clark%20song%29 |
David Hafler (February 7, 1919 – May 25, 2003) was an American audio engineer. He was best known for his work on an improved version of the Williamson amplifier using the ultra-linear circuit of Alan Blumlein.
Biography
In 1950, Hafler founded Acrosound with his colleague Herbert Keroes. This company was primarily in the business of designing and manufacturing transformers for tube amplifiers. Around this time Hafler and Keroes popularized the ultra-linear output-stage for audio amplifiers. However, the partnership did not last.
In 1954 Hafler founded Dynaco with Ed Laurent. Hafler was instrumental in bringing affordable, high-quality audio kits to hobbyists, making his name a household word in the US audio community for many years.
In the 1970s Hafler promoted "passive pseudo-quadraphonics", an inexpensive method of recreating ambient sounds at the rear from ordinary stereophonic recordings. Known as the "Hafler hookup" or "Hafler circuit", this consisted of two similar additional rear speakers, connected in series (typically 8 + 8 or 16 ohms total) between the live feeds to the front speakers. The crosstalk or loss of stereo separation in the front speakers was generally less than 2 dB, while the rear sound level in a typical recorded live performance was about 7 dB below the front, but clearly audible.
The Dynaco QD-1 Quadaptor was based on this idea, adding a variable resistor to control the volume of the rear speakers. This passive method worked fairly well compared to the matrix decoders of the period, which attempted to reconstruct a surround sound field from a two channel recording. It had been observed that ambient sounds in a concert, such as applause or coughs from the audience, are generally received in a non-correlated phase by the stereophonic microphones, while sounds from the musicians are generally in a more or less synchronous phase. Thus, if rear speakers are fed with the difference between the stereo channels, audience noises and echoes from the auditorium can be heard from behind the listener.
In 1977, Hafler founded the David Hafler company in Pennsauken, New Jersey (a Philadelphia suburb). His first two products were the DH-101 preamplifier, followed a few months later by the DH-200 companion power amplifier. Added later was the rugged DH-500 stereo amplifier, which was rated at 255 watts per channel and saw great success in home, studio, and live environments. The amplifiers were notable for their early use of new, more-powerful MOSFETs to enable much lower distortion at higher power, in a very economical fashion. The new designs were less vulnerable to thermal runaway, allowing them to operate reliably at higher power without requiring expensive protective circuitry.
Following the Dynaco business model, these products were available in both kit form and factory assembled. The units were acclaimed for their breakthrough sound quality and exceptional value, and are still highly prized today. Hafler made several different models of amplifiers and preamps over the years. Hafler products were also a solid foundation for improvements through later upgrades and modifications, installed both by DIY hobbyists and small specialist audio companies.
Hafler sold his company to the Rockford Corporation in 1987. Today, the Hafler company primarily makes products for the professional sound market.
The Hafler brand was purchased by Canadian based Radial Engineering Ltd in 2014. Radial planned to re-launch the Hafler brand of high-fidelity audio products.
Mike Belitz, CEO and President of Ultimate Support, in a venture with Vancouver, B.C. Private Equity Firm, Regimen Partners, have acquired Radial Engineering Ltd. and its diverse catalog of brands that include Primacoustic, Tonebone, Reamp, Hafler, Dynaco, Jensen Transformers and Iso•Max.
David Hafler died from complications of Parkinson's disease in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the age of 84.
Awards and honors
Hafler was inducted into the Audio Hall of Fame in 1984.
References
External links
1919 births
2003 deaths
American audio engineers
20th-century American engineers
Quadraphonic sound engineers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hafler |
Abrocomes () was a son of king Darius I of Persia and his wife Phratagune, who died with his full brother Hyperanthes in the battle of Thermopylae, while fighting over the body of Leonidas.
References
Further reading
The history of Herodotus, Volume 2 at Project Gutenberg
Battle of Thermopylae
Year of birth unknown
480 BC deaths
Achaemenid princes
Persian people of the Greco-Persian Wars
Military leaders of the Achaemenid Empire
5th-century BC Iranian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrocomes |
Howard Verne Ramsey (April 2, 1898 – February 22, 2007) was one of the last surviving veterans of the First World War in the United States. Ramsey saw action in France during the war. His story was told in a 2005 speech by Vice President Dick Cheney commemorating the 75th anniversary of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.
Ramsey was awarded the Portland, Oregon Medal, the World War Service Medal from the State of Oregon, the 75th Anniversary of World War I Medal, and two Republic Française medals (awarded to US citizens by France).
Military service
Born in Rico, Colorado, he graduated from Washington High School in Portland, Oregon in 1916. While in high school, he joined the Naval Militia and was on a U. S. Naval ship, the USS Marblehead; one of the ships with him was Admiral George Dewey’s flagship in the Battle of Manila in the Spanish–American War. After high school, he hoped of enlisting in the army with his friend Harry. He and Harry were too thin, so they ate bananas and drank water so they could gain more weight. They enlisted in 1916 in Salt Lake City, Utah and served in France during the First World War. He and his friend were in different companies, but got to see each other. One of his fondest memories of France was waiting outside the military vehicle to take an officer somewhere, and a little French girl came by and sat in his car and asked him for a souvenir. He said he didn't have anything, but looked around and gave her an American penny and she gave him a little gift wrapped in tissue. As she left, he looked in the tissue and found a lock of her curly hair. He had that lock of hair until his death.
He was one of the few men who could drive a motor vehicle, so he didn't have to be on the front lines. He drove cars, trucks and motorcycles while in the war. Howard drove trucks to the lines where soldiers had been killed to help transport their bodies back to the United States. He also chauffeured officers, drove ambulances and taught men how to drive. He did his fair share of walking in the cold wearing the uncomfortable wool uniforms of the time. They brought back with them a large missile that two men had to carry (it was donated to Camp Withycombe in Clackamas, Oregon). His brother was also in the Army, but in a different company. He did get a furlough to go and visit his brother on an Indian motorcycle which he wrecked in the snow. His company had to come and pick him and the motorcycle up.
Aftermath
He came to Portland around 1920 and worked for Hudson-Essex (later Hudson Motor Car Company). In 1922 he went to work for Western Electric (later AT&T) and retired in 1963 at the age of 65.
He married Hilda Epling in 1923 in Los Angeles, California where he had been transferred to the phone company. She was a telephone operator in Portland, Oregon and that is where they met. He allowed his wife to work for just a year so they could buy a car and they did buy a new Model A. He was transferred many times over the years, all over the west coast.
They have one daughter born in 1934 – 11 years after they married and thought perhaps there would be no children. Her name is Coral, after his buddy Harry's daughter.
References
External links
Howard Ramsey
1898 births
2007 deaths
American centenarians
Men centenarians
United States Army personnel of World War I
People from Dolores County, Colorado
Military personnel from Colorado
United States Army soldiers
Washington High School (Portland, Oregon) alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Ramsey |
The Ethiopian Democratic Union or EDU, also known as Teranafit (formerly a separate group based in Shire before it merged with the EDU), was one of the political parties that formed in opposition to the Derg regime of Ethiopia. It merged with the Ethiopian Democratic Party to form the Ethiopian Democratic Unity Party.
Armed struggle
Founded in the aftermath of the revolution and the military coup that toppled Emperor Haile Selassie in September 1974, the EDU professed a conservative agenda. Established under the tutelage of the hereditary Prince of Tigray, Ras Mangasha Seyum, the EDU was made up of various elements that included land owners who were opposed to the nationalization of their land holdings, monarchists, high-ranking military officers displaced by the mutineers who had led the coup against the Emperor, and conservative and centrist opponents of the Marxist-Leninist Derg. From mid-1976 into 1977, the EDU broadcast radio programs into Ethiopia from the Sudan, and also launched a military campaign into Begemder that almost captured Gondar. Although democratic ideals were voiced by the party, and vaguely promoted a constitutional monarchy, it never made its political program clear, a failing which eventually weakened the EDU when its various factions began to diverge politically. Ethnic rivalries between the Tigrean loyalists of Ras Mangasha and the non-Tigrean elements of the EDU also widened the split.
Other rebel movements politically opposed to the EDU, which included the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front in Tigray and the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party in Begemder, fought against them and helped the Derg forces push the EDU out of the territories it held. In 1978, the leadership of the EDU split due to serious political differences that had developed between them and it withdrew from the armed struggle against the Derg regime. It remained active among Ethiopian exile communities, particularly in Europe and in the Sudan.
The group was responsible for a pogrom against Ethiopian Jews in 1978.
Opposition party
The EDU reorganized in Addis Ababa as a legal opposition party after the TPLF led the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front to power. It was at this time the party assumed a pan-Ethiopian liberal republican ideology. The party had a representative at the July 1991 London conference which led to the establishment of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia. However some small factions continued to resist the EPRDF, particularly in Begemder province.
Merger
In September 2003, the EDU merged with the Ethiopian Democratic Party, becoming the United Ethiopian Democratic Party. Seyoum Mengesha became the party's honorary chairman, but played little role in the party administration, living in exile, and the post was quietly abolished.
References
Defunct political parties in Ethiopia
Factions of the Ethiopian Civil War
Political parties established in 1974
Rebel groups in Ethiopia
Anti-communist parties
Conservative parties in Africa
Monarchist parties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian%20Democratic%20Union |
Michael Wayne Junkin (born November 21, 1964) is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for three seasons with the Cleveland Browns and the Kansas City Chiefs. He played in 20 games over the course of his NFL career.
Junkin played four years of college football at Duke University. In the 1987 NFL Draft, the Cleveland Browns traded up to select him with the fifth overall pick. He played in parts of two seasons for the Browns, both of which ended early due to injury. Junkin was then traded to the Kansas City Chiefs for a fifth-round selection and played in five more games. After his release from the Chiefs, he did not play another game in the NFL. His failure to establish himself in the NFL has caused him to be regarded as a draft bust.
High school and college
Junkin was born in North Little Rock, Arkansas to Kirk, a United Airlines pilot, and Doris, a substitute teacher. His brother Trey Junkin was an NFL player as well. Junkin attended Belvidere High School in Belvidere, Illinois, and played tight end on the football team. In 1982, his senior year, he was the team's MVP and captain. He was named to the Belvidere Bucs Football Hall of Fame in 2013.
After graduating from high school, Junkin played college football with the Duke Blue Devils. He played in three games for the Blue Devils as a freshman. In one game against North Carolina State, Junkin had 25 tackles en route to a 27–26 Duke victory; head coach Steve Sloan stated afterwards that it was "one of the best games I have ever seen a freshman play." Between his freshman and sophomore seasons, Junkin went from 205 pounds to 240 to help get more playing time. As a sophomore, he spent the 1984 season as one of five starting linebackers on a modified Duke defense, which normally would have three or four linebackers. In his junior season, he was again a starting linebacker and finished the season with 162 tackles despite playing on an injured knee. Junkin started off his senior year with 15 tackles against Northwestern despite battling a head cold. Three weeks later in a game against Virginia, Junkin had 18 tackles and was named Atlantic Coast Conference defensive player of the week. Junkin graduated from Duke after the 1986 season as the school record-holder for career tackles with 512. Due to his performance his senior year, Junkin was named to the Second Team College Football All-American.
Professional career
Junkin was selected in the first round with the fifth overall pick in the 1987 NFL Draft by the Cleveland Browns. To acquire him, the Browns traded Chip Banks along with their first and second-round picks to the San Diego Chargers for their first and second-round picks. In regards to the selection, head coach Marty Schottenheimer stated that scout Dom Anile had watched him play, and compared his playing style to "a mad dog in a meat market." However, Anile saw him as a second-round talent despite the quote, and felt he was not worth the fifth overall selection, but Schottenheimer overruled his scouts and selected Junkin with that pick. The Browns' archrival, the Pittsburgh Steelers, were surprised at the pick as they had expected the Browns to select Shane Conlan after trading up for the pick; the St. Louis Cardinals selection of Kelly Stouffer and the Buffalo Bills selection of Conlan eventually allowed the Steelers to select future Hall of Fame cornerback Rod Woodson, haunting the Browns for years.
Entering the 1987 season, Junkin was projected to be the starting outside linebacker opposite Clay Matthews, Jr. despite playing inside linebacker in college, which generated criticism around the league as a transition that would be difficult for him to make. After a 16-day holdout, the Browns and Junkin agreed to a four-year deal worth nearly $2 million. After missing the first preseason game against the St. Louis Cardinals, he made his debut against the New York Giants. In that game, he played the second half and failed to record a tackle. By the end of training camp, due to struggles learning the outside linebacker position, he made the roster, but lost the starting job to Anthony Griggs. After the Browns moved to a 4-3 defense for the second game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Junkin made his debut, and the plan was for him to gradually see more playing time each week. In early November, due to a combination of a players' strike and an injured wrist, Junkin was placed on the injured reserve list and replaced on the active roster by David Grayson.
Due to a combination of the Browns drafting Clifford Charlton and Junkin's desire to move back inside, the Browns planned to move him back to inside linebacker for the 1988 season. He spent training camp competing with Eddie Johnson for the second inside linebacker position alongside Mike Johnson, and by the end of preseason play, Junkin had won the starting job. In his first career start against the Kansas City Chiefs, Junkin had six tackles, including the first one of the game in a 6–3 Browns win. A month later, Junkin injured his knee, and was forced to miss several games. He returned to the team in early November, but Johnson had played so well in Junkin's absence that he spent the next few weeks as the backup inside linebacker. He was given the starting job again to end the season, but missed tackles and a lack of impact plays led to his second season being considered a disappointment.
In early 1989, Schottenheimer was fired as Browns head coach, and took the head coaching job with the Kansas City Chiefs. He still had faith in Junkin, unlike the Browns, and traded a fifth-round pick to bring him to Kansas City. Two weeks after the trade, a report came out that Junkin had taken steroids provided by a doctor to treat an injured ankle, and had failed a drug test at the scouting combine as a result. Entering the 1989 season, Junkin competed with Walker Lee Ashley for the second inside linebacker spot alongside Dino Hackett. Ashley won the job, and Junkin played five games before a shoulder injury sidelined him for the rest of the season. He was released from the Chiefs after season's end, and retired after not being signed by any team through the 1990 season.
Junkin became known as a draft bust due to his unproductive career. An ESPN article in 2008 noted Junkin noted as the eighth biggest draft bust of all time. He was also named one of the Cleveland' Browns worst three draft picks from 1995 or earlier.
References
1964 births
Living people
Players of American football from Little Rock, Arkansas
American football linebackers
Duke Blue Devils football players
Cleveland Browns players
Kansas City Chiefs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Junkin |
Bob Marley is an American comedian. He has appeared on The David Letterman Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and Comedy Central. He can be seen in the film The Boondock Saints.
Personal life
Marley grew up in Bangor, Maine before moving to Portland, Maine. Marley said his "dad had no idea there was a singer named Bob Marley." He attended the University of Maine at Farmington, where he realized wanted to pursue comedy as his career.
As his career was taking off, Marley moved to California and lived there for several years, but moved back to Maine in 2005. His third child was born shortly before the family moved back.
Career
Marley's comedic bits are mostly about life in Maine. His first television appearance was on Comedy Central. He also appeared as Detective Greenly in the movie The Boondock Saints, and reprised this role in The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day.
He been a guest host on XM Radio channels 97, Blue Collar Radio, and 99, RawDog Comedy; and, as of 2013, appears weekly on the Portland-based station Coast 93.1-WMGX in a segment called "The World According to Bob."
Personal achievements
On Thursday, September 23, 2010, at 11:02 pm EDT, Marley entered the Guinness Book of World Records with the longest continuous stand-up routine, beating the record held by Lindsay Webb from Australia. He completed 40 hours of comedy, the first 17 hours and 14 minutes without any repetition of material. Marley's record was broken by David Scott on April 30, 2013, with a time of 40 hours and 8 minutes.
Television
Badly Dubbed Porn
The Dink Show with Tyler Dama
Spider Man: Return Of The Mongols
Late Show with David Letterman
Late Night with Conan O'Brien
The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn
MAD TV
Prime Time Live with Diane Sawyer
NBC's Showcase
Rodney Dangerfield's Comedy Cure on TBS
Mars and Venus with Cybill Shepherd
The Martin Short Show
Comedy Central Presents
Shorties Watchin' Shorties
The Late Late Show
Comics Unleashed
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon
Filmography
The Breaks (1999)
The Boondock Saints (1999)
Liar's Club (2001)
The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009)
Discography
3000 Shows Later (1997)
All New Stuff (1998)
Up Against the Brick Wall (1999)
Sold Out! (2000)
Live at Merrill Auditorium (2001)
Comedian Bob Marley Live (previously released material) (2002)
I'm Tellin' You (2002)
Dude...Don't Be Such a Dink! (2003)
Greatest Hits Vol.1 (DVD) (2003)
Put the Boots to 'Er (2004)
Greatest Hits Vol.2 (DVD) (2004)
Upta Camp (2005)
Greatest Hits Vol.3 (DVD) (2005)
Naughty Pine aka Worldwide (CD/DVD combo) (2006)
Don't Feed The Native (previously released material) (2006)
Goin' Up the Faya (2007)
Big Mouth Bob (CD/DVD combo) (2008)
Runamuck (2008)
Maine-iac on the Loose (2008)
Drop It Haahd (CD/DVD combo) (2009)
15 Years in Comedy (box set) (2009)
Weirdo (2010)
Minivan Owner (CD/DVD combo) (2010)
New England's King Of Comedy (2011)
Guinness World Champ (CD/DVD Combo) (2011)
Irish Curse (2011)
Wicked Funny with Greatest Hits Vol.4 (CD/DVD combo) (2012)
Traveling Hooligan (2013)
Mouth Farts (2014)
Down One Nut (2015)
References
External links
Bob Marley's official homepage
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
American male comedians
Comedians from Maine
Deering High School alumni
Living people
Male actors from Portland, Maine
People from Bangor, Maine
University of Maine at Farmington alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Marley%20%28comedian%29 |
Megan Kelso (born February 5, 1968 in Seattle, Washington) is an American comic book artist and writer.
Early life and education
Kelso received her B.A. from Evergreen State University, where she studied history and political science.
Career
Kelso started working in the 1990s, with the minicomic, Girlhero, which won her a Xeric Foundation grant in 1993. She has since published several other projects including Queen of the Black Black and The Squirrel Mother. In 2004, she was the editor of the female cartoonist anthology, Scheherazade: Stories of Love, Treachery, Mothers, and Monsters (published by Soft Skull Press). This anthology showcases the work of 23 major female graphic novelists of the time, including veteran and emergent graphic novelists.
From April 1 to September 9, 2007, Kelso published a weekly comic strip in The New York Times Magazine titled Watergate Sue. Her Artichoke Tales graphic novel for Fantagraphics Books was published in 2010.
Among many other publications, Kelso had a story (which she co-created with Ron Rege) in SPX 2004, the annual anthology published by Small Press Expo (SPX). Kelso has also created work for several magazines, including the now-defunct Tower Records' Pulse Magazine.
She received two Ignatz Awards in 2002, for Outstanding Artist (for Artichoke Tales #1 and her story in Non #5) and Outstanding Minicomic (for Artichoke Tales #1).
Kelso has develop and led a workshop, "Comics for Writers," at various events, including the 2014 Seattle Graphic Novel Panel, hosted by the Graphic Artists Guild and sponsored by Fantagraphics.
Selected bibliography
The Squirrel Mother: Stories (2006), Fantagraphics Books
Artichoke Tales (2010), Fantagraphics Books
Queen of the Black Black (2011), Fantagraphics Books
Who Will Make the Pancakes: Five Stories (2022) Fantagraphics Books
Personal life
She is married and lives with her husband and daughter in Seattle, Washington.
External links
NYTimes Magazine strip
Ellen Forney, Megan Kelso and Raina Telgemeier on Process at The Comics Journal
1968 births
Living people
Alternative cartoonists
American women cartoonists
American female comics artists
American comics writers
Female comics writers
Artists from Seattle
Ignatz Award winners for Outstanding Artist
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
American cartoonists
Evergreen State College alumni
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan%20Kelso |
The Salar Jung family was a noble Hyderabad family under the Nizams, who ruled from 1720 to 1948. They are credited with safeguarding rare artifacts and collections, which are now at Salar Jung Museum.
The family were one of the remaining families of nobles other than the three great Paigah nobles, (who were the highest order of nobility under the Nizams) and after them ranked the Umra-e-Uzzam families. The Salar Jung family was one of the Umra-e-Uzzam. Their ancestry dates to the 16th century. By the middle of the 19th century, the family assumed importance as five members served as Grand Viziers to the Nizams.
The family resided at the Dewan Devdi palace.
The five Prime Ministers from the family are buried at Daira Mir Momin, a graveyard in the old city of Hyderabad. Prince Moazzam Jah and classical musician Bade Ghulam Ali Khan are also buried there.
They claimed descent from Owais al-Qarani,who lived in the times of Prophet Muhhammad. According to the legend their claimed ancestor Shaikh Owais II who was tenth in descent from Owais,arrived in India during the reign of Ali Adil Shah of Bijapur,and established himself by marrying his son Shaikh Muhammad Ali to Minister Mulla Ahmad Nawayet's daughter.
The family's Jagir comprised six taluks: Kosgi, Ajanta, Koppal, Yelburga, Dundgal, Raigir which had a total of 333 villages with a population of 180,150 (1901),spread over an area of 1.486 square miles that produced a revenue of 820,000.
Members
Mir
Turab Ali Khan, Salar I
Mir Laiq Ali Khan Salar Jung II
Mir Yousuf Ali Khan, Salar Jung III
See also
Salar Jung Museum
References
External links
The Salar Jungs
People from Hyderabad State | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salar%20Jung%20family |
Sawt al Jamahir (Arabic صوت الجماهير meaning Voice of the Masses) was a monthly newspaper published by the Iraqi-controlled Arab Liberation Front (ALF), a small Ba'athist faction within the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It was edited by the ALF's Secretary-General Rakad Salem and was believed to have been funded by the Iraqi government. It was unclear if publication continued after the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 during the Iraq War.
References
Arabic-language newspapers
Ba'athism
Defunct newspapers published in Iraq
History of the Ba'ath Party
Monthly newspapers
Newspapers published in Iraq
Organization of the Ba'ath Party
Palestine Liberation Organization
Publications with year of establishment missing
Publications with year of disestablishment missing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawt%20al-Jamahir |
Harry Clasper (5 July 1812 – 12 July 1870) was a professional rower and boat builder from Tyneside in England. He was an innovative boat designer who pioneered the development of the racing shell and the use of outriggers. He is said to have invented spoon-shaped oars.
He was the first of three well-known Tyneside oarsmen, the other two being Robert Chambers and James Renforth.
Early history
Harry Clasper was born in Dunston, now part of the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, but then an independent village on the south bank of the River Tyne, a mile upriver from Gateshead. Later his family moved to Jarrow, also on the south bank of the Tyne, downriver from Newcastle. At the age of 15, he began to work at Jarrow Pit, which was notorious for firedamp. After a while, Clasper decided that mining did not suit him and he became apprenticed as a ship's carpenter in Brown's Boatyard, Jarrow. There he learnt about woodworking and the principles of boatbuilding. This would be useful to him in later life.
After a while, his family moved back to Dunston and Clasper became employed as a coke burner and wherryman for the Garesfield Coke Company at nearby Derwenthaugh. His work as a wherryman would also serve him well in later life. Clasper then worked for a while at Hawks, Crawshay, and Sons Ironworks around the mid-1830s.
In 1836 he married his cousin Susannah Hawks, a member of a wealthy family. Their wedding certificate shows Clasper signing with a cross, as he could not read or write, whilst Susannah signed her name.
Racing
Clasper formed a racing crew with his brother William and two other men. Harry rowed as stroke (the oarsman who sits nearest the stern, opposite the cox and who sets the stroke rate) and another brother, Robert, acted as cox. The boat was named "Swalwell". The crew started well, winning several races and became known as the Derwenthaugh crew.
Clasper took over the tenancy of the Skiff Inn, Derwenthaugh, and in addition to being a pub landlord, he began to build boats on the same site. He built two skiffs for himself, the Hawk in 1840 and the Young Hawk in 1841. With the latter he won the Durham Regatta Single Sculls race in 1842.
Race against the Thames
The Derwenthaugh crew was dominating the rowing scene on the Tyne and the logical progression was to challenge a crew from the River Thames. This was done and the race was held on the Tyne on 16 July 1842. The race was rowed over a five-mile (8 km) course from the Tyne Bridge to Lemington for a stake of £150 a side. The Thames crew gained an easy victory. The Derwenthaugh crew's boat, St Agnes, although much narrower than the Thames boat (29 inches as against 40 inches), was 60% heavier than the Thames boat. Clasper realised that he needed to design and build a much lighter boat for future races.
The Five Brothers
Clasper had already started to build a new four-oared boat, called The Five Brothers. The completed boat had a five-strake, mahogany hull that had been French polished.
It also had outriggers, as had the previous boat, the St Agnes. Outriggers had been used before, but were not universally in use. Despite being much lighter than the St Agnes, the new boat was still about 20% heavier than the boats being raced on the Thames. The Five Brothers made an appearance at the Thames Regatta in 1844 when the Derwenthaugh crew won a prize of £50 and narrowly missed winning the £100 top prize, the Champion Fours.
Lord Ravensworth
In 1845 Clasper took another four-oared boat, the Lord Ravensworth, to the Thames Regatta. This latest boat was a further improvement on The Five Brothers. The crew was all Claspers, consisting of Harry at stroke, brothers William and Robert with uncle Ned, and brother Richard as cox. The Derwenthaugh crew won the Champion Fours, beating two other crews, including one from London. They were given the title of four-oared "World Champions". The crew were given a hero's welcome on returning to Newcastle. Clasper then sold the Lord Ravensworth for £80.
Later career
In the next fifteen years, Clasper, with a variety of other crewmembers, won the Champion Fours at the Thames Regatta six further times. His crewmembers included his eldest son, John Hawks Clasper and Robert Chambers, later to be World Sculling Champion. His last victory was in 1859, when he was 47 years old.
For many years he was a champion sculler on the Tyne and in Scotland, but was never successful as a sculler at the Thames Regatta. His last competitive race was a sculling race on the Tyne in 1867, when he was 55; his younger opponent beat him easily.
Clasper became a rowing coach using his experience of many races. He recommended rest, light and regular meals, walking and running, as well as two sessions on the water each day. He coached Robert Chambers, who became Tyne, Thames, England and World Sculling Champion.
During his time racing and coaching he continued to be a pub landlord, and ran a succession of pubs, including the Skiff pub in Gateshead and the Clasper Hotel on Scotswood Road, Newcastle. He moved on from there and finally settled at the Tunnel Inn, Ouseburn. He ran this until his death in 1870.
Death
He died on 12 July 1870, probably of a stroke. For his funeral, the coffin was transported from the Tunnel Inn, Ouseburn to St Mary's Church, Whickham. Part of the journey was by paddle tug on the river, travelling over part of the course that had seen so many of his triumphs. Many thousands watched the funeral procession and burial.
Effect on boat design
Outriggers
Clasper realised early in his rowing career that, to produce faster racing boats, it was necessary to reduce the area of the hull in contact with the water, so as to produce less drag. At the time, boats were wide in the beam because the oar was attached to the gunwales, and the oarsman needed sufficient leverage. Wide boats had a large surface area in contact with the water. A way of getting round this problem was to attach outriggers to the side of the boat and attach the oars to the outer ends of the outriggers. This meant that the boat could be made as narrow as possible, thus reducing surface area, without affecting the leverage exerted by the oarsmen.
Wooden outriggers had first been tried out on the Tyne in 1828, fitted to a sculling boat. Two years later, iron outriggers were fitted to a boat. It cannot be claimed that Clasper originated the idea of the outrigger, but he saw its potential in allowing the boat designer to produce a slimmer faster boat. In the early years, when the Derwenthaugh crew was racing against crews from the Thames, it was doing so in narrow-beamed boats with outriggers whereas the Thames crews were in wide beamed boats. The sight of Claspers boats winning races helped to establish the use of outriggers as a standard in rowing.
Shell hulls
At the time when Clasper was starting to design racing boats, the standard boat hull was constructed of a number of strakes (or planks), with a keel projecting from bottom of the hull. Together with Matthew Taylor, another Tyneside boat-builder, he worked to reduce the surface area and drag. They did this by placing the keel inside the hull of the boat and constructing the hull with a single strake on each side. The surface would then be given several coats of varnish to give as smooth a finish as possible.
It is difficult to say who was the first to initiate the idea of a single-strake hull. Robert Jewitt a boat-builder of Dunston on Tyne claimed that Clasper had copied the idea from him, a claim that Clasper denied. It was, perhaps, unfortunate for Jewit that Claspers fame meant that he received the credit.
Sliding seats
John C. Babcock, of the Nassau Rowing Club of New York, is credited with inventing the sliding seat, which allowed oarsmen to add the power of their legs to the stroke. There were several attempts to develop one without success until Babcock showed that it could be used successfully in 1870.
Prior to that, Clasper's crews, and other Tyneside oarsmen had developed a technique of sliding on their fixed seats so as to make some use of their legs in producing a longer more powerful stroke. This became known as the "traditional Tyne stroke".
References
Bibliography
Clasper, David, Harry Clasper, Hero of the North.
Clasper, David, Rowing: A Way of Life – The Claspers of Tyneside, 2003.
Dillon, Peter, The Tyne Oarsmen. Clasper Chambers & Renforth, 1993.
External links
Friends of Rowing History information
Harry Clasper information
Harry Clasper — Hero of Tyneside
North East Rowing information
Newcastle and Gateshead history
The sliding seat
1812 births
1870 deaths
Sportspeople from Gateshead
English male rowers
British boat builders
Boat and ship designers
Sport in Tyne and Wear
19th-century sportsmen
19th-century English people
Sportspeople from Jarrow | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Clasper |
Fetendo or Fetal Endoscopic surgery is a form of fetal intervention in the treatment of birth defects and other fetal problems. The procedure uses real-time video imagery from fetoscopy and ultrasonography to guide very small surgical instruments into the uterus in order to surgically help the fetus. The name Fetendo was adopted for the procedure because of how the video-based manipulation recalls a video game.
Overview
Fetendo intervention is less invasive than open fetal surgery. It can be often be achieved with just a small guided wire sent through a needle-puncture of the skin (percutaneous), though in some cases it may require that a small opening be made in the mother's abdomen.
The fact that it is less invasive reduces the mother's postoperative recovery and lessens the troubles with preterm labor.
Fetendo has proven to be very useful for some, but not all, fetal conditions. Some examples include:
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome - laser ablation of vessels
Fetal bladder obstructions
Aortic or pulmonary valvuloplasty - opening the aortic or pulmonary fetal heart valves to allow blood flow
Atrial septostomy - opening the inter-atrial septum of the fetal heart to allow unrestricted blood flow between the atria
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - balloon tracheal occlusion
See also
Image-guided surgery
Fetoscopy
References
Obstetric surgery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetendo |
Mutant League is an animated series based on the video games Mutant League Football and Mutant League Hockey which aired from July 2, 1994 to February 24, 1996. The show ran for two seasons, with the second typically incorporating more poignant stories and issues, while the first seemed somewhat hodgepodge with little regard for continuity (the Monsters have one win streak that ends twice, for instance). There are forty episodes in all, thirteen in Season 1 and twenty-seven in Season 2. The series was distributed by Claster Television and Produced by Franklin/Waterman 2 Productions in association with Electronic Arts.
Plot
During a football game, an earthquake reveals buried toxic waste, and the fumes cause all of the attendees and players to mutate, including young Bones Justice (Bones Jackson in the games) a sports federation based around the superhuman beings, the Mutant League is formed and Bones grows up to play for the Midway Monsters. Corrupt league commissioner Zalgor Prigg constantly schemes to get the popular athlete to play for any one of the four teams he owns (Slayers, Evils, Derangers or Ooze), or if nothing else discredit him for refusing to join. Bones' search for his father and his personal quest to bring order to the league, are subplots throughout the series. Several other characters from the games such as Razor Kidd, Mo and Spew, K.T. Slayer, Grim McSlam and Coach McWimple regularly appear in the show.
Unlike the games, players did not die from their unique approach to contact sports; though frequently maimed to the point of losing body parts, through treatments in a machine called the Rejuvenator which bathed them in toxic chemicals, they would soon be as returned to health. The show also has no robot players (except in one episode where K.T. Slayer was benched by robotic clones of himself) and only five teams; the Monsters, the Slayers, the Ooze, the Derangers and the Screaming Evils. It also has the teams competing in all manner of sports, not just the ones seen in the games. Most commonly Football, but also hockey, basketball, soccer, baseball, volleyball and even monster truck races and sumo wrestling. As with the video games, all of these sports were modified with deathtraps and loose rules on violence to accommodate the near-indestructible nature of the players. Some episodes end with a "grudge match" between two particular players.
A line of action figures was released based on the show, but went virtually unknown.
Rumors of a Mutant League wrestling league surfaced featuring such characters as the Polluter, the Toxic Teacher and "Dad" (or possibly Butch Justice) but apparently never entered production.
Characters
Midway Monsters
Bones Justice: The main protagonist of the series, an animated human skeleton. Bones joined the Monsters because it was the only team in the Mutant League that Prigg does not own. Bones seeks out Prigg to learn the truth about his father Butch Justice. He never takes off his shade and his eyes glow red when angered. In one episode, it is also said that he does not need to breathe when the arena is sabotaged by poisonous gas He is voiced by Dan Petronijevic.
Razor Kidd: A mutant Lizard who was dumped by the Slayers and joined the Monsters. He and Bones begin as rivals but become close friends. He is voiced by Ian James Corlett in Season 1 and Richard Yearwood in Season 2.
Mo and Spewter: Twin troll brothers with superior brawn, but minimal intelligence. They literally share a single brain, which they keep in either one of their flip-top skullcaps.
Darkstar: A tough mutant who loves to fight anyone, because of his brutality and after inadvertently knocking down Prigg, as punishment, he was sent to the Monsters where he butts heads with Bones until he learned to play fair. Though he plays fair, he is still brutal to those who threaten his teammates. He is voiced by Scott McCord.
Thrasher: Daughter of Malone. She resembles a gargoyle with orange skin and a yellow fin that drapes over the top of her head like hair. She and Darkstar usually have arguments. Her entrance, as the first female player into the Mutant League, was controversial both for Prigg and the Monsters, but she eventually proved herself to the team. Another episode revolved around one of her stalkers. She is voiced by Tara Strong.
Elanore McWhimple: Owner of the Monsters He is voiced by Brian Drummond.
Malicious Malone: Former Mutant League player-turned Head Coach of the Midway Monsters Scott McNeil.
George McWhimple: Husband of Elanore McWhimple he is voiced by Rob Paulsen.
Slick Toxin: A mutant high-school star athlete recruited by Bones Justice. He is the center of a single episode where, after being heart-to-heart to Bones, he decides to quit the league and return to school He is voiced by Vincent Tong.
Cannonball: A mutant that served as the Monsters' baseball pitcher He is voiced by James Arnold Taylor.
Slay City Slayers
K.T. Slayer: A troll with brute force and a vicious take-no-prisoners attitude. Slayer is also Prigg's right-hand mutant and team captain of the Slayers. He is the primary rival of Bones and will do almost anything to put Bones out of commission He is voiced by Jess Harnell
Jackie LaGrunge: A dangerous 9-year veteran, LaGrunge has become even more deadly as this former hybrid evolves into a whiptoid He is voiced by Dorian Harewood
Derangers
Joe Magician: A mutant obviously punned after Joe Montana, team captain of the Derangers He Voiced by Jim Cummings.
Grim McSlam: A mutant with 4 arms and punned after Jim McMahon He is Voiced by Quinton Flynn.
Screaming Evils
Madman: A demented hyena man, team captain of the Evils He is voiced by Aron Tager.
Madboy: Son of the demented hyena man Madman He is voiced by Daniel DeSanto.
Ooze
Liquid Lazer: The team captain of the Ooze. Among team captains, the most reluctant to follow Prigg's orders. His body can liquify and reassemble at will He is voiced by Thom Adcox-Hernandez.
Other characters
Bob Babble: Main announcer for MLSN (Mutant League Sports Network), often seen at times, and frequently heard. He has a voice reminiscent of famed sports announcer Howard Cosell He is voiced by Nick Jameson.
Sherry Steele: MLSN's human female reporter and a secret ally of the Monsters. She becomes close friends with Bones, and often serves as his moral center, particularly in an episode where Bones is temporarily left wheelchair-bound. As the series progresses, she falls in love with Bones, which she admits to in the series finale, just before Bones travels underground in search of his father She is voiced by Grey DeLisle.
Zalgor Prigg: Corrupt commissioner of the Mutant League and owner of the Slay City Slayers. He was once a power-hungry businessman when he was human. The main antagonist of the series, he eats live spiders that come out of a humidor-shaped box on his desk. He also is somewhat self-conscious of a set of "knobs" that grow out of the top of his head, in a manner similar to hair plugs He is voiced by Martin Roach.
Kang: A werewolf with a Don King hairdo, Prigg's personal assistant. He is frequently pounded on by Prigg for delivering bad news, but his worst fear is being tossed into a fiery pit of demonic lawyers He is voiced by Brad Garret.
Jukka: A scientist working for Prigg. He is purple-skinned and always wears dark goggles. He runs the rejuvenation tanks, despite being employed by Prigg, he is often neutral, and has even helped the Midway Monsters from time to time He is Voiced by Jennifer Hale.
Episodes
There are forty episodes altogether: 13 in season one, 27 in season two.
Season 1 (1994)
"Opening Kick-Off" (Jul. 2, 1994)
"Frightening Disease" (Jul. 9, 1994)
"The Fugitive" (Jul. 16, 1994)
"The Teammate" (Jul. 23, 1994)
"Head of the Coach" (Jul. 30, 1994)
"Troublemakers" (Aug. 6, 1994)
"Collision Course" (Aug. 13, 1994)
"The Sumo Match" (Aug. 20, 1994)
"The Prize of Fame" (Aug. 27, 1994)
"Boneheads Whodunnit?" (Sep. 3, 1994)
"The Loser" (Sep. 10, 1994)
"Breakdown" (Sep. 17, 1994)
"All-Star Battle Royale" (Sep. 24, 1994)
Season 2 (1995–1996)
"She's a Girl!" (Aug. 26, 1995)
"Razor's Wedge" (Sep. 2, 1995)
"The Great Madman" (Sep. 9, 1995)
"The Bones Justice Story" (Sep. 16, 1995)
"The Retirement" (Sep. 23, 1995)
"Until You Walked in My Shoes..." (Sep. 30, 1995)
"Scandalous Cad: Part 1" (Oct. 7, 1995)
"Scandalous Cad: Part 2" (Oct. 14, 1995)
"The Ultimate Breed" (Oct. 21, 1995)
"The Recruit" (Oct. 28, 1995)
"Enter the Skeletoid" (Nov. 4, 1995)
"Hooked on Buzz" (Nov. 11, 1995)
"Shoeless Lazer" (Nov. 18, 1995)
"All-Star Game" (Nov. 25, 1995)
"The Outing" (Dec. 2, 1995)
"The Mental Game" (Dec. 9, 1995)
"Role Model" (Dec. 16, 1995)
"Strike" (Dec. 23, 1995)
"The Fanatic" (Dec. 30, 1995)
"Ultra Fear" (Jan. 6, 1996)
"City Course" (Jan. 13, 1996)
"The Comeback" (Jan. 20, 1996)
"Love Story" (Jan. 27, 1996)
"In My Father's Name: Part 1" (Feb. 3, 1996)
"In My Father's Name: Part 2" (Feb. 10, 1996)
"Sudden Death" (Feb. 17, 1996)
"The Hall of Pain Awards" (Feb. 24, 1996)
Release
Home video
A 69-minute VHS tape of the show was released in 1996 by Columbia TriStar Home Video, featuring episodes edited together into what was called Mutant League: The Movie.
Streaming
In 2022, Sony Pictures Television's YouTube channel Throwback Toons began uploading episodes of the series.
References
External links
Mutant League art director Dwayne Ferguson's website
SPTI's Anime & Animation Brochure: Mutant League
1990s American animated television series
Animated series based on video games
Television series about mutants
1994 American television series debuts
1996 American television series endings
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Works based on Electronic Arts video games
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
American children's animated sports television series
Animated television series about monsters
Television series by Claster Television
Mutant League series | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant%20League |
The history of Rhode Island is an overview of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and the state of Rhode Island from pre-colonial times to the present.
Pre-colonization
Native Americans occupied most of the area comprising Rhode Island, including the Wampanoag, Narragansett, and Niantic tribes. Many were killed by diseases, possibly contracted through contact with European explorers, and through warfare with other tribes. The Narragansett language eventually died out, although it was partially preserved in Roger Williams's A Key into the Languages of America (1643).
Rhode Island Colony period: 1636–1776
In 1636, Roger Williams settled on land granted to him by the Narragansett tribe at the tip of Narragansett Bay after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious views. He called the site "Providence Plantations" and declared it a place of religious freedom.
In 1638, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, John Clarke, Philip Sherman, and other religious dissidents settled on Rhode Island after conferring with Williams, forming the settlement of Portsmouth which was governed by the Portsmouth Compact. The southern part of the island became the separate settlement of Newport after disagreements among the founders.
Dissident Samuel Gorton purchased Indian lands at Shawomet in 1642, precipitating a dispute with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport united for their common independence as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, governed by an elected council and president. The King of England granted Gorton a separate charter for his settlement in 1648, and Gorton named the settlement Warwick in honor of the Earl of Warwick who had helped him obtain it. These four settlements were finally united into one colony by the Royal Charter of 1663. Critics at the time sometimes referred to it as "Rogue's Island", and Cotton Mather called it "the sewer of New England" because of the Colony's willingness to accept people who had been banished from Massachusetts Bay.
In 1686, King James II ordered Rhode Island to submit to the Dominion of New England and its appointed governor Edmund Andros. This suspended the Colony's charter, but Rhode Island managed to retain possession of it throughout the brief duration of the Dominion—until Andros was deposed and the Dominion was dissolved. William of Orange became King after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and Rhode Island's independent government resumed under the 1663 charter—and that charter was used as the state constitution until 1842.
In 1693, William III and Mary II issued a patent extending Rhode Island's territory to three miles "east and northeast" of Narragansett Bay, conflicting with the claims of Plymouth Colony. This resulted in several later transfers of territory between Rhode Island and Massachusetts.
Richard Ward was made a freeman of Newport in 1710, then entered public service as Attorney General, later became Deputy and Clerk of the Assembly, and then served as the General Recorder for the colony from 1714 to 1730.[1] In 1723, he was paid six pounds for attending the trial of a group of pirates who were taken prisoner by Captain Solgar, commander of the British ship Greyhound. Of the 36 pirates taken into captivity, 26 were sentenced to hang, and the execution took place at Newport on July 19, 1723, at a place called Gravelly Point.[1]
In 1726, Ward was one of the four Rhode Island commissioners appointed to meet a group of Connecticut commissioners to settle the boundary line between the two colonies.[1] Ward was the Secretary of State from 1730 to 1733, and in 1740 became the Deputy Governor of the colony. In this capacity he and Samuel Perry were appointed trustees to the Indian sachem Ninigret. In 1741 he was selected as Governor for a single term.[1]
Colonial relations with Natives
Early relations were mostly peaceful between New Englanders and the Indian tribes. The largest tribes that lived near Rhode Island were the Wampanoags, Pequots, Narragansetts, and Nipmucks. Squanto was a member of the Wampanoag tribe who stayed with the Pilgrims in Plymouth Colony and taught them many valuable skills needed to survive in the area.
Roger Williams won the respect of his Colonial neighbors for his skill in keeping the powerful Narragansetts on friendly terms with the Colonists. In 1637, the Narragansetts formed an alliance with Rhode Island during the Pequot War. However, this peace did not last long, as the most traumatic event in 17th century Rhode Island was King Philip's War (1675–76). Metacomet became the chief of the Wampanoags; he was known as King Philip by the settlers of Portsmouth who had purchased their land from his father Massasoit. He led attacks around Narragansett Bay, despite Rhode Island's continued neutrality, and later these spread throughout New England. A force of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Plymouth militia under General Josiah Winslow invaded and destroyed the fortified Narragansett Indian village in the Great Swamp in southern Rhode Island on December 19, 1675. The Narragansetts also invaded and burned down several of the Rhode Island settlements, including Providence, although they allowed the population to leave first. In one of the final actions of the war, troops from Connecticut led by Captain Benjamin Church hunted down and killed King Philip at Mount Hope (Rhode Island).
Revolutionary era, 1775–1790
Rhode Island was the first colony in America to declare independence on May 4, 1776, a full two months before the United States Declaration of Independence. Rhode Islanders had attacked the British warship HMS Gaspee in 1772 as one of the first acts of war leading to the American Revolution. British naval forces under Captain James Wallace controlled Narragansett Bay for much of the Revolutionary War, periodically raiding the islands and the mainland. The British raided Prudence Island for livestock and engaged in a skirmish with American forces, losing approximately a dozen soldiers. Newport remained a hotbed for Loyalist sympathizers who assisted the British forces, so the state appointed General William West of Scituate to root them out in the winter of 1775–76. British forces occupied Newport from 1777 to 1778, pushing the Colonial forces to Bristol.
Battle of Rhode Island
The Battle of Rhode Island was fought during the summer of 1778 and was an unsuccessful attempt to expel the British from Narragansett Bay, although few Colonial casualties occurred. The Marquis de Lafayette called the action the "best fought" of the war. The British were forced to concentrate their forces in New York and consequently left Newport. The French under Rochambeau landed in Newport in 1780, and it became the base of the French forces in the United States for the remainder of the war. The French soldiers behaved themselves so well that, in gratitude, the Rhode Island General Assembly repealed an old law banning Catholics from living in Rhode Island. The first Catholic mass in Rhode Island was said in Newport during this time.
Rural resistance to the Constitution was strong in Rhode Island, and the anti-federalist Country Party controlled the General Assembly from 1786 to 1790. In 1788, anti-federalist politician and Revolutionary War General William West led an armed force of 1,000 troops to Providence to oppose a July 4 celebration of nine states having ratified the Constitution. Civil war was narrowly averted by a compromise limiting the Fourth of July celebration. The State of Rhode Island was the last of the 13 states to ratify the United States Constitution (May 29, 1790), only doing so after being threatened with having its exports taxed as a foreign nation.
Slavery in Rhode Island
In 1652, the first statute in the Thirteen Colonies banning slavery was passed, but the law was not enforced by the end of the 17th century. In 1703, a law passed by the Rhode Island General Assembly effectively overturned this municipal statute. By 1774, the slave population of Rhode Island was 6.3 percent, nearly twice as high as any other New England colony. In the late 18th century, several Rhode Island merchant families began actively engaging in the triangle trade. James and John DeWolf of Bristol were the largest slave traders in Rhode Island. In the years after the Revolution, Rhode Island merchants controlled between 60 and 90 percent of the American trade of enslaved African people. In the 18th century, Rhode Island's economy depended largely upon the triangle trade; Rhode Islanders distilled rum from molasses, sent the rum to Africa to trade for slaves, and then traded the slaves in the West Indies for more molasses.
Stephen Hopkins, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and slave owner, introduced a bill while serving in the Rhode Island Assembly in 1774 that prohibited the importation of slaves into the colony, and this became one of the first anti-slavery laws in the United States. In February 1784, the Rhode Island Legislature passed a compromise measure for gradual emancipation of slaves within the state. All children of slaves born after March 1 were to become apprentices, the girls to become free at 18, the boys at 21. By 1840, the census reported only five former Africans enslaved in Rhode Island. However, the international slave trade continued despite the antislavery laws of 1774, 1784, and 1787. In 1789, an Abolition Society was organized to secure enforcement of existing laws against the trade. Leading merchants continued to engage in the trade even after it became illegal, especially John Brown, for whom Brown University is named, and George DeWolf, but slaving was no more than a minor aspect of Rhode Island's overall maritime trade after 1770. By the mid-19th century, many Rhode Islanders were active in the abolitionist movement, particularly Quakers in Newport and Providence such as Moses Brown. The Free African Union Society was America's first African benevolent society, founded in Newport in 1780. Rhode Island's Constitution finally emancipated all slaves in 1843 in Section 4, "Slavery shall not be permitted in this state."
Industrial Revolution
In 1790, English immigrant Samuel Slater founded the first textile mill in the United States in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (Slater Mill) and became known as the father of the American Industrial Revolution. During the 19th century, Rhode Island became one of the most industrialized states in America with large numbers of textile factories. The state also had significant machine tool, silverware, and costume jewelry industries.
The Industrial Revolution moved large numbers of workers into cities and attracted large numbers of immigrants from Ireland, and a landless class developed which was ineligible to vote by Rhode Island law. By 1829, 60-percent of the state's men were ineligible to vote. All efforts at reform failed in the face of rural control of the political system. In 1842, Thomas Dorr drafted a liberal constitution which he tried to ratify by popular referendum. However, conservative Governor Samuel Ward King opposed the constitution, leading to the Dorr Rebellion. The rebellion gained little support and failed, and Dorr went to prison. The conservative elements relented, however, and allowed most American-born men to vote, but the conservative rural towns remained in control of the legislature. The new Constitution of Rhode Island took effect in May 1843.
Civil War
During the American Civil War, Rhode Island furnished 25,236 soldiers to the Union armies, of which 1,685 died. These comprised 12 infantry regiments, three cavalry regiments, and an assortment of artillery and miscellaneous outfits. Rhode Island used its industrial capacity to supply the Union Army with the materials needed to win the war, along with the other northern states. Rhode Island's continued growth and modernization led to the creation of an urban mass transit system and improved health and sanitation programs. In 1866, Rhode Island abolished racial segregation throughout the state. Governor William Sprague IV fought at the First Battle of Bull Run while a sitting governor, and Rhode Island general Ambrose Burnside emerged as one of the major heroes of the war.
The Gilded Age
The fifty or so years following the Civil War were a time of prosperity and affluence that author William G. McLoughlin called "Rhode Island's halcyon era". Rhode Island was a center of the Gilded Age and provided a home (or summer home) to many of the country's most prominent robber barons. This was a time of incredible growth in textile mills and manufacturing, and saw a huge influx of immigrants to fill those jobs. The state saw increased population growth and urbanization, even as the state denied the growing urban masses access to political power. In politics, the state was dominated by Republicans allied with their mouthpiece newspaper, The Providence Journal. The Journal's editor Henry B. Anthony and his later protege Nelson Aldrich, along with war hero Ambrose Burnside, all Republicans, dominated politics during this time. Aldrich, as US Senator, became known as the "General Manager of the United States", for his ability to set high tariffs to protect Rhode Island and American goods from foreign competition.
In Newport, New York's wealthiest industrialists created a summer haven to socialize and build ostentatious grand mansions. In Providence, Pawtucket, Central Falls, and Woonsocket, thousands of French-Canadian, Italian, Irish, and Portuguese immigrants arrived to fill jobs in the textile and manufacturing mills. In response, the Know Nothing party, allied with the Republicans and the Providence Journal, sought to exclude these newcomers from the political process. The constitution of 1843 denied the vote to the landless poor, and ensured that urban centers were disproportionately underrepresented in the state legislature.
Around the start of the 20th century, Rhode Island had a booming economy, which fed the demand for immigration. During World War I, Rhode Island furnished 28,817 troops, of whom 612 died. After the war, the state was hit hard by the Spanish Influenza.
Racial hostility
In the 1920s and 30s, rural Rhode Island saw a surge in Ku Klux Klan membership, largely among the native-born white population, in reaction to the large waves of immigrants moving to the state. The Klan is believed to be responsible for burning the Watchman Industrial School in Scituate, Rhode Island, which was a school for African American children.
Since 1929
In 1935, Governor Theodore Francis Green and Democratic majorities in the state House and Senate replaced a Republican dominance that had existed since the middle of the 19th century in what is termed the "Bloodless Revolution." The Rhode Island Democratic Party has dominated state politics ever since. Since then, the Speaker of the House has always been a Democrat and one of the most powerful figures in government.
The Democratic Party presents itself as a coalition of labor unions, working class immigrants, intellectuals, college students, and the rising ethnic middle class. The Republican Party has been dominant in rural and suburban parts of the state, and has nominated occasional reform candidates who criticize the state's high taxes and excesses of Democratic domination. Cranston Mayors Edward D. DiPrete and Stephen Laffey, Governor Donald Carcieri of East Greenwich, and former Mayor Vincent A. "Buddy" Cianci of Providence ran as Republican reform candidates.
The state income tax was first enacted in 1971 as a temporary measure. Prior to 1971, there was no income tax in the state, but the temporary income tax soon became permanent. The tax burden in Rhode Island remains among the five highest in the United States, including sales, gasoline, property, cigarette, corporate, and capital gains taxes.
A new Constitution of Rhode Island was ratified in 1986 and came into effect on 20 January 1987.
Rhode Islanders have overwhelmingly supported and re-elected Democrats to positions of authority. , Rhode Island has heavily Democratic legislatures; both U.S. Senators and Congressmen, and all statewide offices are held by Democrats. The state has been carried by Democratic presidential candidates in every election since 1988.
Population
See also
Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island
History of New England
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Women's suffrage in Rhode Island
Thirteen Colonies
List of newspapers in Rhode Island in the 18th century
Timeline of Newport, Rhode Island
Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island
Regarding border disputes
Washington County, Rhode Island
Bristol County, Rhode Island
History of Massachusetts
History of Connecticut
References
Bibliography
Aubin, Albert K. The French in Rhode Island (Rhode Island Heritage Commission, 1988).
Coleman, Peter J. The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790–1860 (1963). online edition
Conley, Patrick T. The Irish in Rhode Island (Rhode Island Heritage Commission, 1988).
Coughtry, Jay A. The Notorious Triangle: Rhode Island and the African Slave Trade, 1700–1807 (1981).
Crane, Elaine Forman. A Dependent People: Newport, Rhode Island in the Revolutionary Era (Fordham University Press, (1992) online edition
Dennison, George M. The Dorr War: Republicanism on Trial, 1831–1861 (1976) online edition
Field, Edward. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (3 vols. 1902).
Hall, Donald, foreword, Feintuch, Burt and Watters, David H., editors, Encyclopedia of New England (2005), comprehensive coverage by scholars
James, Sidney V. Colonial Rhode Island: A History (1975).
Levine, Erwin L. Theodore Francis Green, The Rhode Island Years (Brown University Press, 1963)
Lockard, Duane. New England State Politics (1959) pp 172–227; covers 1932–1958
Lovejoy, David. Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760–1776 (1958). online edition
McLoughlin, William G. Rhode Island: A History (States and the Nation) (1976) excerpt and text search
Mayer, Kurt B. Economic Development and Population Growth in Rhode Island (1953).
Moakley, Maureen, and Elmer Cornwell. Rhode Island Politics and Government (2001) online edition
Peirce, Neal R. The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States (1976) pp 141–81; updated in Neal R. Peirce and Jerry Hagstrom, The Book of America: Inside the Fifty States Today (1983) pp 187–92
Polishook, Irwin. Rhode Island and the Union (1969).
Preston, Howard W. Rhode Island and the Sea (1932).
Santoro, Carmela E. The Italians in Rhode Island: The Age of Exploration to the Present, 1524–1989 (Rhode Island Heritage Commission, 1990),
Weeden, William B. Early Rhode Island: A Social History of the People (1910).
Withey, Lynne E. Urban Growth in Colonial Rhode Island: Newport and Providence in the Eighteenth Century (1984).
WPA (Works Progress Administration). Rhode Island: A Guide to the Smallest State (1937), famous guide to state & every town & city
External links
O'Brien, Francis J. (2004) Bibliography for Studies of American Indians in and Around Rhode Island, 16th – 21st Centuries
The Providence Journal
Rhode Island History
Rhode Island Naval History
History of Rhode Island (1853; full text online)
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the end of the century by Edward Field (ed.). History of the state, published in 1902. (Full text available online.)
1663 charter
Indian Place Names
African-American Collection from Rhode Island State Archives
"The Unrightious Traffick: Rhode Island's Slave History", a seven-part 2006 Providence Journal series
Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Rhode%20Island |
Safety is a position in gridiron football on the defense. The safeties are defensive backs who line up ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage. There are two variations of the position: the free safety and the strong safety. Their duties depend on the defensive scheme. The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field. While American (11-player) formations generally use two safeties, Canadian (12-player) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks, a position not used in the American game.
As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game, safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers.
Safeties are the last line of defense; they are expected to be reliable tacklers, and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football. Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks, either by design (Byron Jones) or as a cornerback ages (Rod and Charles Woodson, DeAngelo Hall, Lardarius Webb, Tramon Williams).
Historically, in the era of the one-platoon system, the safety was known as the defensive fullback (specifically the free safety; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback, a term still in Canadian parlance) or goaltender.
Free safety
The free safety tends to watch the play unfold and follow the ball as well as be the "defensive quarterback" of the backfield. The free safety is typically assigned to the quarterback in man coverage, but as the quarterback usually remains in the pocket, the free safety is "free" to double cover another player. On pass plays, the free safety is expected to assist the cornerback on his side and to close the distance to the receiver by the time the ball reaches him. If the offense puts a receiver in the slot, then the free safety may be called upon to cover that receiver. Because of their speed and deep coverage, free safeties are especially likely to make interceptions.
Offenses tend to use the play-action pass specifically to make the free safety expect a run play, which would draw him closer to the line of scrimmage, and reduce his effectiveness as a pass defender. Furthermore, quarterbacks often use a technique to "look off" a free safety, by looking away from the intended target receiver's side of the field during a pass play, with the intention to lure the free safety away from that side of the field. This phenomenon often tests how effective a free safety's savvy and athleticism are at defending long pass plays.
Free safeties occasionally blitz as well. When this happens, the pressure on the quarterback can be severe since a blitz by a defensive back is not usually anticipated.
Current examples of free safeties active in the NFL include Marcus Williams, Justin Simmons, Minkah Fitzpatrick, Quandre Diggs, Kevin Byard, Micah Hyde, and Jessie Bates III.
Strong safety
The strong safety tends to be larger and stronger than the free safety. However, the word strong is used because he is assigned to cover the "strong side" of the offense, the side on which the tight end, a typically big, powerful receiver-type player lines up on offensive plays.
The strong safety tends to play closer to the line than the free safety does, and assists in stopping the run. He may also cover a player, such as a running back or fullback or H-back, who comes out of the backfield to receive a pass. A strong safety's duties are a hybrid of those belonging to a linebacker in a 46 or 3-4 defense and those of the other defensive backs, in that he both covers the pass and stops the run.
Current examples of strong safeties active in the NFL include Jamal Adams, Landon Collins, Jordan Poyer, Harrison Smith, Budda Baker, Tyrann Mathieu and Derwin James. Strong safeties are not seen in the Canadian game, however the strong side linebacker in Canadian football is assigned similar duties to the American football strong safety. As such, Canadian football strong side linebackers are often players who played strong safety in college or the NFL.
References
External links
phillyBurbs.com Football 101: The Free Safety
American football positions
Goalkeeping | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20%28gridiron%20football%20position%29 |
In gridiron football, the safety (American football) or safety touch (Canadian football) is a scoring play that results in two points being awarded to the scoring team. Safeties can be scored in a number of ways, such as when a ball carrier is tackled in his own end zone or when a foul is committed by the offense in their own end zone. After a safety is scored in American football, the ball is kicked off to the team that scored the safety from the 20-yard line; in Canadian football, the scoring team also has the options of taking control of the ball at their own 35-yard line or kicking off the ball, also at their own 35-yard line. The ability of the scoring team to receive the ball through a kickoff differs from the touchdown and field goal, which require the scoring team to kick the ball off to the scored upon team. Despite being of relatively low point value, safeties can have a significant impact on the result of games, and Brian Burke of Advanced NFL Stats estimated that safeties have a greater abstract value than field goals, despite being worth a point less, due to the field position and reclaimed possession gained off the safety kick.
Safeties are the least common method of scoring in American football but are not rare occurrences – a safety has occurred around once every 14 games in the history of the National Football League (NFL), or about once a week under current scheduling rules. A much rarer occurrence is the one-point (or conversion) safety, which can be scored by the offense on an extra point or two-point conversion attempt: these have occurred at least twice in NCAA Division I football since 1996, most recently at the 2013 Fiesta Bowl, though no conversion safeties have occurred since 1940 in the NFL. A conversion safety by the defense is also possible, though highly unlikely. Although this has never occurred, it is the only possible way a team could finish with a single point in an American football game.
Scoring a safety
American football
In American football, a safety is scored when any of the following conditions occur:
The ball carrier is tackled or forced out of bounds in his own end zone.
The ball becomes dead in the end zone, with the exception of an incomplete forward pass, and the defending team is responsible for it being there.
The offense commits a foul in its own end zone.
Canadian football
In Canadian football, a safety touch is scored when any of the following conditions occur:
The ball becomes dead in the goal area of the team in possession of the ball
The ball touches or crosses the dead line or a sideline in goal after having been directed from the field of play into the Goal Area by the team scored against or as the direct result of a blocked scrimmage kick.
The ball carrier is penalized for intentional grounding or an offside pass in his own goal area.
Resuming play after a safety
American football
After a safety is scored, the ball is put into play by a free kick. The team that was scored upon must kick the ball from their own 20-yard line and can punt, drop kick, or place kick the ball. In professional play, a kicking tee cannot be used – however, a tee can be used in high school or college football. Once the ball has been kicked, it can be caught and advanced by any member of the receiving team, and it can be recovered by the kicking team if the ball travels at least 10 yards or a player of the receiving team touches the ball.
Canadian football
After scoring a safety touch, the scoring team has the option of taking control of the ball and beginning play from their own 35-yard line, kicking the ball off from their 35-yard line, or accepting a kickoff from the team that conceded the score. When the scored-against team kicks off, it comes from the 35-yard line under amateur rules and from the 25-yard line under CFL rules. If a kickoff is chosen it must be a place kick, and the ball can be held, placed on the ground, or placed on a tee prior to the kick. As in American football, the ball must go at least ten yards before it can be recovered by the kicking team.
Elective safeties
In American football, intentionally conceded safeties are an uncommon strategy. Teams have utilized elective safeties to gain field position for a punt when pinned deep in their own territory and, when ahead near the end of a game, to run down the clock so as to deny the other team a chance to force a turnover or return a punt. Teams have also taken intentional safeties by kicking a loose ball out the back of their end zone, with the intent of preventing the defense from scoring a touchdown.
Elective safeties are more common in Canadian football, where they can result in better field position than a punt. The 2010 Edmonton Eskimos surrendered a Canadian Football League (CFL)-record 14 safeties, a factor that led CFL reporter Jim Mullin to suggest increasing the value of the safety touch from two to three points as a deterrent.
Conversion safeties (one-point safeties)
Scored by the offense
In American football, if a team attempting an extra point or two-point conversion (officially known in the rulebooks as a try) scores what would normally be a safety, that attempting team is awarded one point. This is commonly known as a conversion safety or one-point safety. The first known occurrence of the conversion safety was in an NCAA University Division (now NCAA FBS) game on October 2, 1971, scored by Syracuse in a game at Indiana. On a failed point-after-touchdown kick, an Indiana player illegally batted the ball in the end zone (a spot foul defensive penalty). There are two other known occurrences of the conversion safety in Division I college football – a November 26, 2004, game in which Texas scored against Texas A&M, and the 2013 Fiesta Bowl in which Oregon scored against Kansas State. In both games, the point-after-touchdown kick was blocked and recovered by the defense, which then fumbled or threw the ball back into its own end zone. A conversion safety has occurred once in Division I-AA (now NCAA FCS) where Nevada scored a conversion safety against North Texas on September 21, 1991 and twice in Division II: once by Morningside College on November 9, 1996, against Northern Colorado, and once by Emory and Henry College on October 8, 2022, against University of Virginia's College at Wise. There are also at least four known NCAA Division III occurrences, the first being on October 20, 1990, scored by DePauw University against Anderson University; the second on October 23, 1993, scored by Salisbury State against Wesley College; the third on November 11, 2000, scored by Hamline University against St. Thomas-Minnesota, and the most recent scored by Bluffton University against Franklin College (Indiana) on November 9, 2013. One-point safeties have also occurred in an NAIA game and two junior college games.
No conversion safeties have been scored in the NFL since 1940, although it is now slightly more likely after the rule change in 2015 which allowed the defense to take possession and score on a conversion attempt. Before 2015, the only scenario in which a one-point safety could have been scored in the NFL would have involved, on a conversion attempt in which the ball was not kicked by the offense, the defense then kicking or batting a loose ball out of its own end zone without taking possession of the ball, giving the offense a one-point safety.
Scored by the defense
A conversion safety can also be scored by the defense. This scoring play has never occurred; to accomplish this, the team attempting the try must somehow be forced back to its own end zone. A possible scenario in the NFL and NCAA would involve a turnover while attempting a conversion, followed by the defending team's ball-carrier fumbling while en route to the attempting team's end zone, with the attempting team finally recovering the ball and, after establishing possession outside the end zone, downing it in its own end zone (this scenario is not possible in high school football, as a turnover would end the conversion attempt; such a conversion safety could occur only if the offense maintains possession). While such a conversion safety has never been scored by the defense, it is the only possible way under current rules in which a team could finish with a single point in an American football game.
See also
List of safety records
Touchback
Own goal
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
External links
1 point safety Oregon vs. Kansas State via YouTube
(NFL) Every Super Bowl Safety via YouTube
American football terminology
Canadian football terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety%20%28gridiron%20football%20score%29 |
The NACA airfoils are airfoil shapes for aircraft wings developed by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The shape of the NACA airfoils is described using a series of digits following the word "NACA". The parameters in the numerical code can be entered into equations to precisely generate the cross-section of the airfoil and calculate its properties.
Origins
NACA initially developed the numbered airfoil system which was further refined by the United States Air Force at Langley Research Center. According to the NASA website:
Four-digit series
The NACA four-digit wing sections define the profile by:
First digit describing maximum camber as percentage of the chord.
Second digit describing the distance of maximum camber from the airfoil leading edge in tenths of the chord.
Last two digits describing maximum thickness of the airfoil as percent of the chord.
For example, the NACA 2412 airfoil has a maximum camber of 2% located 40% (0.4 chords) from the leading edge with a maximum thickness of 12% of the chord.
The NACA 0015 airfoil is symmetrical, the 00 indicating that it has no camber. The 15 indicates that the airfoil has a 15% thickness to chord length ratio: it is 15% as thick as it is long.
Equation for a symmetrical 4-digit NACA airfoil
The formula for the shape of a NACA 00xx foil, with "xx" being replaced by the percentage of thickness to chord, is
where:
x is the position along the chord from 0 to 1.00 (0 to 100%),
is the half thickness at a given value of x (centerline to surface),
t is the maximum thickness as a fraction of the chord (so t gives the last two digits in the NACA 4-digit denomination divided by 100).
Note that in this equation, at x = 1 (the trailing edge of the airfoil), the thickness is not quite zero. If a zero-thickness trailing edge is required, for example for computational work, one of the coefficients should be modified such that they sum to zero. Modifying the last coefficient (i.e. to −0.1036) will result in the smallest change to the overall shape of the airfoil. The leading edge approximates a cylinder with a chord-normalized radius of
Now the coordinates of the upper airfoil surface and of the lower airfoil surface are
Symmetrical 4-digit series airfoils by default have maximum thickness at 30% of the chord from the leading edge.
Equation for a cambered 4-digit NACA airfoil
The simplest asymmetric foils are the NACA 4-digit series foils, which use the same formula as that used to generate the 00xx symmetric foils, but with the line of mean camber bent. The formula used to calculate the mean camber line is
where
m is the maximum camber (100 m is the first of the four digits),
p is the location of maximum camber (10 p is the second digit in the NACA xxxx description).
For example, a NACA 2412 airfoil uses a 2% camber (first digit) 40% (second digit) along the chord of a 0012 symmetrical airfoil having a thickness 12% (digits 3 and 4) of the chord.
For this cambered airfoil, because the thickness needs to be applied perpendicular to the camber line, the coordinates and , of respectively the upper and lower airfoil surface, become
where
Five-digit series
The NACA five-digit series describes more complex airfoil shapes. Its format is LPSTT, where:
L: a single digit representing the theoretical optimal lift coefficient at ideal angle of attack CLI = 0.15 L (this is not the same as the lift coefficient CL),
P: a single digit for the x coordinate of the point of maximum camber (max. camber at x = 0.05 P),
S: a single digit indicating whether the camber is simple (S = 0) or reflex (S = 1),
TT: the maximum thickness in percent of chord, as in a four-digit NACA airfoil code.
For example, the NACA 23112 profile describes an airfoil with design lift coefficient of 0.3 (0.15 × 2), the point of maximum camber located at 15% chord (5 × 3), reflex camber (1), and maximum thickness of 12% of chord length (12).
The camber line for the simple case (S = 0) is defined in two sections:
where the chordwise location and the ordinate have been normalized by the chord. The constant is chosen so that the maximum camber occurs at ; for example, for the 230 camber line, and . Finally, constant is determined to give the desired lift coefficient. For a 230 camber-line profile (the first 3 numbers in the 5-digit series), is used.
Non-reflexed 3 digit camber lines
3-digit camber lines provide a very far forward location for the maximum camber.
The camber line is defined as
with the camber line gradient
The following table presents the various camber-line profile coefficients for a theoretical design lift coefficient of 0.3 - the value of must be linearly scaled for a different desired design lift coefficient:
Reflexed 3-digit camber lines
Camber lines such as 231 makes the negative trailing edge camber of the 230 series profile to be positively cambered. This results in a theoretical pitching moment of 0.
From
From
The following table presents the various camber-line profile coefficients for a theoretical design lift coefficient of 0.3 - the value of , and must be linearly scaled for a different desired design lift coefficient:
Modifications
Four- and five-digit series airfoils can be modified with a two-digit code preceded by a hyphen in the following sequence:
One digit describing the roundness of the leading edge, with 0 being sharp, 6 being the same as the original airfoil, and larger values indicating a more rounded leading edge.
One digit describing the distance of maximum thickness from the leading edge in tenths of the chord.
For example, the NACA 1234-05 is a NACA 1234 airfoil with a sharp leading edge and maximum thickness 50% of the chord (0.5 chords) from the leading edge.
In addition, for a more precise description of the airfoil all numbers can be presented as decimals.
1-series
A new approach to airfoil design was pioneered in the 1930s, in which the airfoil shape was mathematically derived from the desired lift characteristics. Prior to this, airfoil shapes were first created and then had their characteristics measured in a wind tunnel. The 1-series airfoils are described by five digits in the following sequence:
The number "1" indicating the series.
One digit describing the distance of the minimum-pressure area in tenths of chord.
A hyphen.
One digit describing the lift coefficient in tenths.
Two digits describing the maximum thickness in percent of chord.
For example, the NACA 16-123 airfoil has minimum pressure 60% of the chord back with a lift coefficient of 0.1 and maximum thickness of 23% of the chord.
6-series
An improvement over 1-series airfoils with emphasis on maximizing laminar flow. The airfoil is described using six digits in the following sequence:
The number "6" indicating the series.
One digit describing the distance of the minimum pressure area in tenths of the chord.
The subscript digit gives the range of lift coefficient in tenths above and below the design lift coefficient in which favorable pressure gradients exist on both surfaces.
A hyphen.
One digit describing the design lift coefficient in tenths.
Two digits describing the maximum thickness as percent of chord.
"a=" followed by a decimal number describing the fraction of chord over which laminar flow is maintained. a=1 is the default if no value is given.
For example, the NACA 612-315 a=0.5 has the area of minimum pressure 10% of the chord back, maintains low drag 0.2 above and below the lift coefficient of 0.3, has a maximum thickness of 15% of the chord, and maintains laminar flow over 50% of the chord.
7-series
Further advancement in maximizing laminar flow achieved by separately identifying the low-pressure zones on upper and lower surfaces of the airfoil. The airfoil is described by seven digits in the following sequence:
The number "7" indicating the series.
One digit describing the distance of the minimum pressure area on the upper surface in tenths of the chord.
One digit describing the distance of the minimum pressure area on the lower surface in tenths of the chord.
One letter referring to a standard profile from the earlier NACA series.
One digit describing the lift coefficient in tenths.
Two digits describing the maximum thickness as percent of chord.
For example, the NACA 712A315 has the area of minimum pressure 10% of the chord back on the upper surface and 20% of the chord back on the lower surface, uses the standard "A" profile, has a lift coefficient of 0.3, and has a maximum thickness of 15% of the chord.
8-series
Supercritical airfoils designed to independently maximize laminar flow above and below the wing. The numbering is identical to the 7-series airfoils except that the sequence begins with an "8" to identify the series.
See also
Vought V-173
NACA cowling
NACA duct
References
External links
UIUC Airfoil Coordinate Database coordinates for nearly 1,600 airfoils
John Dreese's NACA airfoil coordinate generation program Works on Windows XP, 7 and 8.
NACA Airfoil Series
NASA website feature on NACA airfoils
Airfoil Interactive WebApp
Aerodynamics
Aircraft wing design
Airfoil
https://engineeringjournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/JoMA/article/view/3639 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA%20airfoil |
The Comsat Angels were an English post-punk band from Sheffield, England, initially active from 1978 to 1995. Their music has been described as "abstract pop songs with sparse instrumentation, many of which were bleak and filled with some form of heartache". They have been credited as being an influence on later post-punk revival bands such as Blacklist, Bell Hollow, Editors and Interpol.
The Comsat Angels toured heavily in the UK and western Europe, especially in the Netherlands; the band's two concerts in August 1982 in Iceland had a strong influence on the music scene in Reykjavík. They also toured the United States twice. Their music has been extensively reissued and recompiled since 1995 by various record labels.
History
Early years
Named after the J. G. Ballard short story "The Comsat Angels", the foursome's original lineup (lasting from 1978 to 1992) consisted of Stephen Fellows (vocals, guitar), Mik Glaisher (drums), Kevin Bacon (bass) and Andy Peake – (keyboards).
They debuted in 1979 with the "Red Planet" three-track single. This release attracted Polydor A&R man Frank Neilson and the band signed a three-album recording contract. These three albums – Waiting for a Miracle (1980), which included the single "Independence Day", probably their best known song, Trouser Press reported in a review that "Waiting For a Miracle" was hailed in one UK paper as the greatest debut LP of all time, it remains a stunning masterwork,Sleep No More (1981) and Fiction (1982) – are regarded by some as their best, but only sold modestly.
In their early years, the group shared live stages with bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Yellow Magic Orchestra, Depeche Mode, U2 (an 18-date tour in 1981), Captain Beefheart, the Sound, Wall of Voodoo and Gang of Four. In 1982, they performed two songs on BBC Television's the Old Grey Whistle Test. A U.S. tour in 1982 had to be cancelled after a week, due to Bacon contracting appendicitis.
C.S. Angels
In 1982, a US-based company Communications Satellite Corporation wrote a series of letters to the band's management saying that "the word Comsat was a registered trade mark in America and that the group had no authority to use the name." The name Comsat Angels was actually taken from a short story written by J. G. Ballard. As a result of the threatened lawsuit, the band was forced to perform and release their records in the U.S. under the name "the C.S. Angels". The band also performed once in Sheffield, England in 1987 under the name "the Headhunters".
Jive years
The first three albums failed to live up to Polydor's expectations, so the record label let the band go. They then signed with Jive Records and recorded Land (1983), which had a more commercial, new wave-oriented sound. The album included the single "Will You Stay Tonight?" which had some success on US radio and reached no 81 in the UK charts. In the wake of this unexpected success Independence Day was rereleased and peaked at no 75.
Fifth album 7 Day Weekend (1985) also followed a more pop-oriented trend. However, it also failed on the charts, and Jive Records dropped the band. Their single "I'm Falling" was featured in its entirety in the movie Real Genius with Val Kilmer. The movie never released an official soundtrack album, but gave the band perhaps its widest audience.
Change of label
The band found a fan and supporter in Robert Palmer (a fellow Yorkshireman), who was at the height of his popularity at this point in the 1980s. Palmer facilitated the Comsat Angels' signing to Island Records, and he served as executive producer for their next album, Chasing Shadows (1986) and even sang on one song, "You'll Never Know". That album's music is viewed as the band's return to their dark, brooding roots.
Change of name to Dream Command
For the follow-up, they talked Island into letting them build their own studio. The band decided to try for AOR radio with their next recording, Fire on the Moon (1990). The group changed its name to Dream Command for this record, likely because of pressure from their record label and the Communications Satellite Corporation.
Neither the band nor their label were happy with the album, which was released in small quantities in the US and the Netherlands only. They also released the single, "Celestine" (1990, Island Records). They never performed live with this name and never used it again. Few people in the UK even knew about it until the Comsats were mentioned in Q magazine's "Where Are They Now?" section.
Afterwards, the band resumed using the name the Comsat Angels.
Second change of label
Around 1990, they recruited Sheffield musician Nick Robinson as an additional guitarist. (He appeared on "I Wanna Destroy You", later released on the compilation From Beyond 2). This was another turning point for the band, as they set about writing and recording new material on their own terms and finally hooked up with RPM Records (and with Caroline Records in the U.S.), who then released the Comsats' 1979-84 BBC Radio 1 sessions as Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones. (The title was taken from a Samuel R. Delany short story.)
RPM released a new Comsats single, "Driving", and an album, My Mind's Eye, in 1992. (The album was released in the U.S. on Caroline Records, under the band name C.S. Angels, with two bonus tracks.) The music press praised the album, citing several current shoegaze-type bands (e.g., Curve, Catherine Wheel) who were influenced by the Comsats' sound. Melody Maker'''s review stated: "My Mind's Eye could easily have been recorded by ghosts, such is the dexterity of The Comsats' approach and the haunted nature of their anguished restraint... Every snapping bassline and icebound guitar fragment has a place, a purity and a passion that chills... At the heart of their hurtling hailstorm lies Steve Fellows' punishing baritone. The man sounds like he's singing from a carriage on the soul train to hell, all sweat and worry as the songs rage around him like they've come for a debt".
RPM also issued a Dutch radio sessions collection, Unravelled, prior to the release of the band's final studio album, The Glamour, in 1995. The Glamour was the first studio album to feature new members Simon Anderson and Terry Todd (who appeared on Unravelled), after the departure of Bacon. The latter had left to concentrate on production work at the band's Axis studio in Sheffield. No singles were released from The Glamour, and several songs from these sessions (e.g., "Hyperprism" and "Evanescent") were only included on the 2007 reissue of the album.
The Comsat Angels disbanded in late 1995 following UK dates to promote The Glamour.
Other projects
Fellows released an instrumental album, Mood X, his first solo release, on RPM in 1997. He also began managing the band Gomez that year after discovering them. He later helped the band Little Glitches, and was said to be working on a more traditional song-based solo album. In July 2008, he posted five songs recorded in the mid-1990s on his Myspace page. In January 2020 he released the album Slow Glass. The rest of the Comsat Angels regrouped in the late 1990s under the new moniker Soup, with new vocalist Peter Hope, but soon disbanded. Their sole album, Condensed, was recorded with producer John Wills of Loop in 1998, but not released until 2012. Peake later formed the duo Lost Garden.
Brief reformation
The Comsat Angels reformed for a gig on 26 April 2009 as part of the Sensoria music festival at the Sheffield O2 Academy. They played tracks from their first three albums, including what many consider to be their masterpiece, Sleep No More.Sleeve notes from Renascent reissue of Sleep No More Mark Kermode introduced the band on stage, describing them not only as his personal favourite act of all time but as "the greatest band in the world". The band completed a UK tour of three cities (Glasgow, Manchester and London) during October 2009, followed by a special hometown show at Plug in Sheffield on 11 December 2010.
Legacy
The Comsat Angels' albums remained out of print for years, but RPM Records rereleased the first three Polydor albums on CD in 1995, while another British label, Renascent, reissued several of them in 2006 and 2007, adding outtakes and other tracks. Martin Gore of Depeche Mode covered "Gone" on his 1989 EP, Counterfeit. In 1992, Silkworm covered "Our Secret" as the B-side of their "The Chain" 7" single. Joel RL Phelps, formerly of Silkworm, covered "Lost Continent" on his 1999 album Blackbird.
Jack Rabid, the publisher of The Big Takeover magazine, has been one of the band's biggest supporters since the early 1980s.
Mark Kermode, a film critic for BBC Radio 5 Live and The Observer, championed the Comsat Angels when reviewing the Ian Curtis biopic Control, stating that the Comsats were "the band that Joy Division should have been". In May 2008, Kermode interviewed British poet Simon Armitage on BBC Two's The Culture Show and the two discussed their love of the band. In his Film Review show on 2 May 2014, Kermode related that Fellows had sent him the remains of the guitar he used in the band's first three albums, as he felt Kermode was one of the few people likely to appreciate it. Kermode had the guitar rebuilt into working order.
Members
Stephen Fellows – vocals, guitar (1978–1995, 2009–2010)
Mik Glaisher – drums (1978–1995, 2009–2010)
Kevin Bacon – bass (1978–1992, 2009–2010)
Andy Peake – keyboards (1978–1995, 2009–2010)
Nick Robinson – guitar (1990)
Simon Anderson – guitar (1993–1995)
Terry Todd – bass (1993–1995, 2009)
Discography
Studio albumsWaiting for a Miracle (1980, Polydor) (reissued in 1995 on RPM, in 2006 on Renascent and in 2015 on Edsel)Sleep No More (1981, Polydor) NZ No. 44, UK No. 51 (reissued in 1995 on RPM, in 2006 on Renascent and in 2015 on Edsel)Fiction (1982, Polydor) UK No. 94 (reissued in 1995 on RPM, in 2006 on Renascent and in 2015 on Edsel)Land (1983, Jive) (reissued on Connoisseur in 2001) UK No. 917 Day Weekend (1985, Jive) (reissued on Connoisseur in 2001)Chasing Shadows (1986, Island) (reissued on Edsel in 2015)Fire on the Moon (as Dream Command) (1990, Island) (U.S. and Netherlands only) (reissued on Edsel in 2015)My Mind's Eye (1992/1993, RPM/Caroline [U.S.]) (U.S. version has bonus tracks "There Is No Enemy" and "Magonia") (reissued on Thunderbird in 2001 and in 2007 on Renascent)The Glamour (1995, RPM) (reissued in 2007 on Renascent)
Singles and EPs
"Red Planet" 7" (March 1979, Junta JUNTA1) (black and limited red vinyl versions)
"Total War" 7" (May 1980, Polydor 2059 227)
"Independence Day" 7" (11 July 1980, Polydor 2059 257)
"Eye of the Lens" 7"/double 7"/12" (March 1981, Polydor POSP 242)
"(Do The) Empty House" 7"/double 7" (October 1981, Polydor POSP 359)
"It's History" 7" (May 1982, Polydor POSP 432)
"After the Rain (Remix)" 7" (September 1982, Polydor POSP 513)
"Will You Stay Tonight?" 7"/12"/12" picture disc (August 1983, Jive JIVE 46) UK No. 81
"Island Heart" 7"/ 12" (October 1983, Jive JIVE 51 ) UK No. 139
"Independence Day" (re-recording) double 7"/12" (January 1984, Jive JIVE 54) UK No. 71
"You Move Me" 7"/12" (May 1984, Jive JIVE 65) UK No. 101
"Day One" 7"/12" (September 1984, Jive JIVE 73) UK No. 119
"I'm Falling" 7"/12" (September 1985, Jive JIVE 87) UK No. 90
"Forever Young" 7"/12" (November 1985, Jive JIVE 111)
"The Cutting Edge" 7"/12" (February 1987, Island IS 312) UK No. 175
"Celestine" (as Dream Command) CD single (1990, Island) (U.S. only)
"Driving" 12"/CD EP (1992, RPM/ Thunderbird CSA001)
"Shiva Descending" CD EP (1993, Crisis/ Normal NORMAL 149) (Netherlands only)
"Field of Tall Flowers" 12"/CD EP (1994, RPM/ Thunderbird CSA 003)
"The Cutting Edge" (version from Unravelled) CD EP (1994, Crisis 599 990–2)
Compilations and live albumsEnz (1982, Polydor) (Netherlands only)Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones – The BBC Sessions 1979–1984 (1992, RPM) (reissued in 2006 by Renascent)Unravelled (1994, RPM) (Dutch radio sessions)From Beyond 2 (2000, Cherry Red)To Before'' (2007, Renascent)
References
External links
Extensive fansite
Stylus reviews of first three albums
The Comsat Fellowship (discussion list)
Musical groups from Sheffield
English new wave musical groups
Musical groups established in 1978
English post-punk music groups
1978 establishments in England
Polydor Records artists
Jive Records artists
Island Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Comsat%20Angels |
The Lincoln Cosmopolitan is a full-size luxury car that was sold by Lincoln from the 1949 through the 1954 model year. All Lincolns were manufactured at Lincoln Assembly, Dearborn, Michigan, while some were sent in "knock-down kits" to regional factories at Maywood Assembly, Maywood, California or St. Louis Assembly, St.Louis, Missouri, and assembled locally.
First generation (1949-1951)
In 1949, Lincoln introduced its first postwar bodies (the first product lines of the combined Lincoln-Mercury Division); a Mercury Eight-based standard Lincoln and a larger "senior" Lincoln Cosmopolitan utilizing an exclusive body and wheelbase. The two Lincolns were the result of a last-minute revision to Fords original postwar plans for small (Ford), medium (Ford-based Mercury) and large (Lincoln) car variants. When it was decided that the 1949 Ford would be an entirely new, smaller vehicle the originally planned Ford would become the new Mercury, the somewhat longer originally planned Mercury would become the "junior" Lincoln and the originally planned Lincoln would become the "senior" Lincoln Cosmopolitan.
In a departure from previous Lincoln vehicles, the bodywork featured no running boards, with the fenders and doors enclosed together; the Lincolns featured headlights and taillights recessed ("frenched") into the bodywork. At the time, the styling was referred to as a pontoon design. Using a feature that would later appear in the later Lincoln Continental sedan, all Lincoln-Mercury four-door sedans featured rear-hinged suicide doors. Alongside the four-door, the Cosmopolitan was sold as a two-door (in standard and Capri trim) and two-door convertible. There was also a four-door fastback sedan body style (marketed as the Cosmopolitan Town Sedan), but fastbacks rapidly went out of style after WWII and after only 7302 Town Sedans were ordered, the model did not return for 1950. Although Lincoln moved 73,507 total cars for the 1949 model year, 1950 production totaled only 28,150, a nearly 60% drop. The retail price for the convertible was US$3,948 ($ in dollars ).
Sharing its engine with the Ford heavy truck line, the Lincoln and the Lincoln Cosmopolitan were powered by a 337 cubic-inch Ford Flathead V8, becoming the first Lincoln powered by a V8 engine. Ford did not have a full automatic transmission yet, although an experimental automatic known as Liquamatic had been tested in 1941. An attempt to purchase Packard's Ultramatic transmission was unsuccessful as Packard could not supply the transmissions in sufficient quantities, so Ford instead purchased GM Hydramatics. Although Ford and Mercury would gain automatics for 1951, Lincoln continued using the Hydramatic until 1955. The 1951 model year saw the last Lincolns with manual transmissions until the 2000 Lincoln LS. For the suspension, the chassis was given front coil springs.
All versions of the Lincoln Cosmopolitan came with electro-hydraulically operated windows and front seat as standard equipment, the same was obtainable only as an extra-cost option on the standard Lincoln. With the advent of improved production techniques, Lincoln offered its clients a vast array of color choices, including two tone appearances and offered 23 single colors including metallic selections, and provided 24 two-tone combinations. Optional equipment was a short list to include a heater and windshield defroster and a radio while full wheel covers, rear fender skirts and whitewall tires were standard.
Alongside the Mercury Eight, the 1949-51 Lincoln Cosmopolitan would gain popularity among customizers creating "lead sleds".
Second generation (1952-1954)
For 1952, the Lincoln-Mercury model line saw a redesign. A single basic body design was shared between Lincoln and Mercury with Lincoln incorporating several elements to impart a larger, more substantial look. Not only did the Cosmopolitan lose its unique body and wheelbase but it also ceded top rung status to the new Lincoln Capri. Both Lincoln models differed from the Mercury (now the Mercury Monterey) with their own extended rear quarters, Lincoln-specific grille, bumpers, exterior lamps, instrument panel and other miscellaneous trim and fittings. In a major change, four-door Lincoln-Mercury vehicles saw the introduction of front-hinged rear doors. With the convertible reserved for the Capri range, the Cosmopolitan was now limited to two-door hardtop and four-door sedan body types.
Along with the new body Lincoln introduced a ball joint front suspension and a high-compression, overhead valve 317 cubic-inch Lincoln Y-block V8, with the 4-speed Hydramatic as the only available transmission.
Lincolns won the top four spots in the Stock Car category of the Pan American Road Race in both 1952 and 1953. while taking first and second place in 1954.
Presidential state car
In 1950, under the Harry S. Truman presidency, legend has it that Truman held a grudge with General Motors because they would not give him use of their cars during his run for the 1948 presidential election; thus, he chose Lincoln for the presidential state car.
The White House leased ten Lincoln Cosmopolitans, built by the Henney Motor Company for Lincoln, and modified by the Hess and Eisenhardt Company. The cars were modified with extra headroom to accommodate the tall silk hats popular at the time, and were painted black. Nine of the automobiles had enclosed bodies, while the tenth was an armored convertible especially for President Truman. The tenth Cosmopolitan was long, wide, and weighed , heavier than a stock Cosmopolitan. All ten cars were outfitted with V8 engines "with heavy-duty Hydra-Matic transmissions."
In 1954, President Dwight D. Eisenhower had the Cosmopolitan convertible fitted with a Plexiglas roof that became known as the "Bubble-top"; it remained in presidential service until 1965.
References
Cosmopolitan
Full-size vehicles
1940s cars
1950s cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20Cosmopolitan |
The Fifie is a design of sailing boat developed on the east coast of Scotland. It was a traditional fishing boat used by Scottish fishermen from the 1850s until well into the 20th century. These boats were mainly used to fish for herring using drift nets, and along with other designs of boat were known as herring drifters.
Design
While the boats varied in design, they can be categorised by their vertical stem and stern, their long straight keel and wide beam. These attributes made the Fifies very stable in the water and allowed them to carry a very large set of sails. The long keel, however, made them difficult to manoeuvre in small harbours.
Sailing Fifies had two masts with the standard rig consisting of a main dipping lug sail and a mizzen standing lug sail. The masts were positioned far forward and aft on the boat to give the maximum clear working space amidships. A large fifie could reach just over in length. Because of their large sail area they were very fast sailing boats.
Fifies built after 1860 were all decked and from the 1870s onwards the bigger boats were built with carvel planking, i.e. the planks were laid edge to edge instead of the overlapping clinker style of previous boats. The introduction of steam powered capstans in the 1890s, to help raising the lugs sails, allowed the size of these vessels to increase from to over in length. From about 1905 onwards sailing Fifies were gradually fitted with engines and converted to motorised vessels.
There are few surviving examples of this type of fishing boat still in existence. The Scottish Fisheries Museum based in Anstruther, Fife has restored and still sails a classic example of this type of vessel named the Reaper. The Swan Trust in Lerwick, Shetland have restored and maintain another Fifie, The Swan, as a sail training vessel. She now takes over 1000 trainees each year, and has taken trainees to participate in the Cutty Sark Tall Ships Races to ports in France, Denmark, the Netherlands, Ireland as well as around the UK. The Isabella Fortuna is owned by the Wick Society.
Gallery
References
External links
The Reaper - The Boats that Built Britain - Tom Cunliffe
The history of herring fishing on the east coast of Scotland
Scottish Fisheries Museum
The Swan Trust
Sailboat types
Types of fishing vessels
Fishing in Scotland
Ships of Scotland
Scottish design
Sailing in Scotland
1850s establishments in Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifie |
The history of the Portuguese Communist Party (, , or PCP), spans a period of years, since its foundation in 1921 as the Portuguese section of the Communist International (Comintern) to the present. The Party is still an active force within Portuguese society.
After its foundation, the party experienced little time as a legal party before it was forced underground after a military coup in 1926. After some years of internal re-organization, that adapted the PCP to its new clandestine condition and enlarged its base of support, the party became a force in the opposition to the dictatorial regime led by António de Oliveira Salazar, despite being brutally suppressed several times during the 48 years of resistance and having spent several years with little connection with the Comintern and the World Communist Movement.
After the end of the dictatorship, with the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the party became a major political force within the new democratic regime. Despite being less influential since the fall of the Socialist bloc in eastern Europe, it still enjoys popularity in vast sectors of Portuguese society, particularly in the rural areas of the Alentejo and Ribatejo, and also in the heavily industrialized areas around Lisbon and Setúbal, where it holds the leadership of some municipalities.
Origins and foundation
At the end of World War I, in 1918, Portugal fell into a serious economic crisis, in part due to the Portuguese military intervention in the war. The military involvement led to an abrupt rise in inflation and unemployment. The Portuguese working classes responded to the deterioration in their living standards with a vast wave of strikes. Supported by an emerging labour movement, the workers achieved some of their objectives, such as the historic victory of an eight-hour working day.
In September 1919, the working class movement founded the first Portuguese Labour Union Confederation, the General Confederation of Labour (CGT) that saw a steady increase to 100,000 members in few months. But the feeling of political powerlessness, due to the lack of a coherent political strategy among the Portuguese working class, plus the growing popularity of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia in 1917, led to the foundation of the Portuguese Maximalist Federation (FMP) in 1919. The goal of FMP was to promote socialist and revolutionary ideas and to organize and develop the worker movement. The FMP started publishing the weekly Bandeira Vermelha (Red Flag) which became a popular newspaper among the Portuguese working classes.
After some time, members of the FMP started to feel the need for a "revolutionary vanguard" among Portuguese workers. After several meetings at various Labor Union offices, and with the aid of the Comintern, this desire culminated in the foundation of the Portuguese Communist Party as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International (Comintern), on 6 March 1921. Soon after, the party's first youth organization, the Communist Youths (Portuguese: Juventudes Comunistas) was created.
Unlike virtually all other European Communist Parties, the PCP was not formed after a split of a Social Democratic or Socialist Party, but from the ranks of Anarcho-Syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism. Both of these groups, at the time, were the most active factions of the Portuguese labor movement. The Party opened its first headquarters in the Arco do Marquês do Alegrete Street in Lisbon. In the same year, 1921, it also opened the Communist Centers of Porto, Évora, and Beja. Seven months after its creation, the first issue of O Comunista (The Communist), the first newspaper of the party, was published.
The first congress of the party took place in Lisbon in November 1923, with Carlos Rates leading the party. The theses of the congress had previously been published in O Comunista and discussed by all the local organizations. The congress was attended by about a hundred members of the party and asserted its solidarity with Socialism in the Soviet Union and the need for a strong struggle for similar policies in Portugal.
Outlawing and the clandestine struggle
From the 1926 military coup to the Reorganization of 40
After the military coup of May 28, 1926, the party was outlawed, and had to operate in secrecy. By coincidence, the coup was carried out on the eve of the second congress, forcing the suspension of the tasks. In 1927 the party's Main Office was closed. The party was first re-organized in 1929 under Bento Gonçalves. Adapting the party to its new illegal status, the re-organization created a net of clandestine cells to avoid a wave of detentions.
The re-organization of 1929 made the party more effective and influential, especially among the labour movement. However, with the rise of Salazar's dictatorial Estado Novo regime, in 1933, suppression of the party grew. The strikes and the creation of new labour unions were made illegal in September 1933 with the existing unions being forced to adopt the new corporativist rules. This would greatly limit the party's pull among the working classes. This, along with ideological struggles between Marxist and anarcho-syndicalist factions and the conflicts with the Comintern, would lead to a new decline in the party's action in the late 1930s. Meanwhile, in 1931, the first number of Avante! was published. Despite its illegal status, the newspaper would become the most important publication of the party, being distributed among clandestine members. However, due to the constant assaults of the clandestine printing offices, the newspaper would not become widely available until the 1940s.
Despite the growing repression against the communists, that included the obligation of all civil servant to sign an anticommunist statement, the party still managed to influence riots and demonstrations. In 1934, following the closure of the free labour unions, several riots and strikes started, the most notable of them in Marinha Grande. There, on January 18, the workers, led by José Gregório, António Guerra and other Party members, controlled the entire town and only a massive intervention by the military would end the riot. In 1936, the party's influence inside the navy led to a mutiny in several ships, 10 of them were killed and another 60 were sent to Tarrafal.
Also in 1936, the Spanish Civil War began. Despite some appeals from the Communist Party of Spain and the Comintern for the members of the party to enlist, the fragilized structure of the late 1930s never allowed it to send a reasonable force. Nonetheless, an estimated 1,000 Portuguese fought against the Francoist forces, integrated the Republican ranks.
In the late 1930s, many members were arrested, tortured, and executed. Many were sent to the Tarrafal concentration camp in the Cape Verde Islands. This included Bento Gonçalves, who died there. The vast wave of arrests in the previous years led to the announcement of the definitive end of the PCP by the government, which, along with a growing confidence in the German victory in World War II, led to the liberation of several communist prisoners from Tarrafal and other prisons in November 1940, among them, Álvaro Cunhal, Militão Ribeiro and Júlio Fogaça. The release of important cadres, combined with the internal dissatisfaction about the decline of the party influenced a major re-organization in 1940–41, named the Reorganization of 40.
Meanwhile, in 1938, the Portuguese Communist Party had been expelled from the Communist International. The reason for the expulsion was a sense of distrust inside the Comintern, caused by a sudden breakdown in the party's activity, accusations of alleged embezzlement of money carried out by some important members of the party and, mainly, the weak internal structure of the Party, dominated by internal wars. The action against the PCP, signed by Georgi Dimitrov, was in part taken due to some persecution against Comintern member parties or persons (like the Communist Party of Poland or Béla Kun) led by Joseph Stalin. These series of events would, in part, lead to the end of the Comintern in 1943. The PCP would only re-establish its relations with the Communist movement and the Soviet Union in 1947, after some sporadic contacts made, at first, through the Communist parties of Spain and France and later through Mikhail Suslov.
The 3rd congress (the first one after the re-organization) was held in 1943, and stated that the party should unite with all those who also wanted the end of the dictatorship. Another important conclusion was the need to increase the party's influence inside the Portuguese army. For the first time ever, the party was able to build a strong clandestine organization, with a net of clandestine cadres, which would make the party the foundation of the Portuguese resistance against the regime. These improvements in the party's structure led to the creation of the first national platform of democratic organizations, the Movement of National Antifascist Unity (MUNAF), in December 1943. In 1944, the Portuguese support of the German war effort created severe shortages of food and goods, greatly decreasing Portugal's living standards. The situation led to waves of strikes, greatly influenced by the party, in the regions of Lisbon, Ribatejo and Alentejo. By this time, with the re-organized structure successfully avoiding the persecutions, the Avante! was being published at least once per month, stating the party's support to the popular turmoil.
Post-war and the Movement of Democratic Unity
In 1945, with a whole new international community created by the defeat of the major fascist regimes in World War II, Salazar was forced to make some superficial democratic changes in order to raise Portugal's image in the eyes of its western allies. In October of that year, the democratic resistance was authorized to form a platform, which was named Movement of Democratic Unity (Portuguese: Movimento de Unidade Democrática, or MUD). Initially, the MUD was controlled by the moderate opposition, but soon became strongly influenced by the PCP that controlled its youth wing. Among the leadership of the youth wing were several communists, including Octávio Pato, Salgado Zenha, Mário Soares, Júlio Pomar and Mário Sacramento. This influence led to the MUD being made illegal by the government in 1948, after several waves of suppression.
The fourth congress, held in July 1946, pointed to massive popular struggle as the only way to overthrow the regime, and stated the policies that would help the party lead that popular movement. This, along with the improvement of the party's clandestine action, was the main focus of the congress. A brief report of the conclusions of this congress was published by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). For the first time since the party had been expelled from the Comintern, the CPSU published info about the PCP, a slight change in the Soviet stance on the party. At this time, Álvaro Cunhal travelled to Yugoslavia with the aid of Bento de Jesus Caraça in order to improve the relations with the Socialist Bloc. Later, in 1948, he travelled to Soviet Union in order to speak with Mikhail Suslov, after the ties between the PCP and the International Communist Movement were re-established. Soon after returning from Soviet Union, Cunhal was arrested by the political police.
In 1951, after the death of the president António Carmona, the government, continuing the policy of staging democratic changes, called for an election. The Party, along with other sectors of the opposition, supported the mathematician Ruy Luís Gomes, who would be declared ineligible five days before the election. During the campaign, some supporters of his candidacy had been imprisoned and Gomes himself had been beaten in the Rio Tinto. Following these events, the other oppositionist candidate, Quintão Meireles, abandoned the elections and the official candidate, Craveiro Lopes, was elected unchallenged.
Portuguese Colonial War and last years of the regime
In 1954, a harvest-worker named Catarina Eufémia was murdered by a lieutenant of the Guarda Nacional Republicana after attempting to ask her supervisor for a pay raise. Catarina became a martyr of the party's struggle for better living conditions for the peasants in Alentejo. After the Carnation Revolution, the Party erected a monument to Catarina in her hometown, Baleizão.
The fifth congress, held in September 1957, was the first and the only to be held outside Portugal. In Kyiv, Soviet Union, the Party approved its first program and statutes, revealing an increase of the Party's organic stability. The congress took, for the first time, an official position on colonialism, stating that all people had the right to self-determination, and made clear its support of the liberation movements in the Portuguese colonies, such as MPLA in Angola, FRELIMO in Mozambique and PAIGC in Guinea-Bissau. This was the first congress in the party's history to receive salutations from foreign communist parties.
In 1958, the government announced that a presidential election would be held; however, as in the previous elections, the opposition groups had little trust in the fairness of the electoral act. The candidate supported by the party, Arlindo Vicente, left the race and supported Humberto Delgado, who was gathering support from several democratic groups. Despite a massive campaign with a major rally in Porto, attended by 200,000 people, the government's candidate, Américo Tomás, won the election through massive election fraud. Delgado would later be assassinated by the PIDE.
In January 1960, a remarkable event in the party's history occurred: A group of ten PCP members managed to escape from the high-security prison in Peniche. The escape returned to freedom many top figures of the party, among them, Álvaro Cunhal, who would be elected in the following year the first Secretary-general in nineteen years. Among the escapees was also Jaime Serra, who would help to organize a secret commando group, the Armed Revolutionary Action (Portuguese: Acção Revolucionária Armada or ARA.) The ARA was the armed branch of the PCP that would be responsible in the early 1970s for some military action against the dictatorial regime.
In 1961, the Colonial War in Africa began, first in Angola, and in the next year in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. The war lasted 13 years and devastated Portuguese society, forcing many thousands of Portuguese citizens, mainly young people, to leave the country seeking a better future in countries like France, Germany or Switzerland, and also to escape conscription. The Party, which had been involved in the formation of the nationalist guerrilla movements along with the Soviet Union, immediately stated its opposition to the war, and political support of the anti-colonial movements. The war initiated a process of decline of the regime as it caused a growing unrest inside Portuguese society.
In 1962, the "Academic Crisis" occurred. The Portuguese regime, fearing the growing popularity of democratic ideas among the students, carried out the boycott and censure of several student associations and organizations, including the important National Secretariat of Portuguese Students. Most members of this organization were intellectual communist militants that were persecuted and forbidden to continue their university studies. The students, with strong aid from the PCP, responded with demonstrations that culminated on 24 March with a huge student demonstration in Lisbon. The demonstration was brutally suppressed by the shock police, leading to hundreds of student injuries. Immediately thereafter, the students began a strike that became an important point in the resistance against the regime. In 1987, the 24th of March was declared the National Day of the Students by the Portuguese parliament, which is celebrated every year, mainly by university students.
The sixth congress in 1965 became one of the most important congresses in the party's history. Álvaro Cunhal, elected General-secretary in 1961, released the report The Path to Victory—The tasks of the Party in the National and Democratic Revolution which became a document of major influence within the democratic movement. Widely distributed among the clandestine members, it contained eight political goals, such as "the end of the monopolies in the economy," "the need for agrarian reform and redistribution of the land," and "the democratization of access to culture and education" — policies that the party considered essential to make Portugal a fully democratic country. By this time, the Sino-Soviet split and the criticisms of Maoism made during the congress caused the Maoist members to leave the party.
In 1970, the Armed Revolutionary Action made its first attack, sabotaging the Cunene, a ship used to transport supplies for the troops in Africa. The ARA would keep attacking political and military targets of the regime until August 1972. Some of its major attacks included an attack to the school of the political police, the PIDE, the bombing of the Niassa ship, the destruction of several war helicopters in the Tancos air base, the bombing of the cultural center of the United States embassy and an attack to the regional NATO command in Oeiras.
In 1972, the Communist Students League, the first organized youth wing in several years, was founded. It would later become the Portuguese Communist Youth.
Following several years of turmoil, due to the prolonged war and by the growing unrest caused by the lack of liberties, the regime fell. On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution occurred, putting an end to 48 years of resistance and marking the beginning of a new cycle in the party's life.
Carnation Revolution of 1974 and the first years of democracy
Revolutionary period
Immediately after the revolution, basic democratic rights were re-established in Portugal. On 27 April, the political prisoners were freed, including a large number of imprisoned Party cadres. On April 30, Álvaro Cunhal returned to Lisbon, where he was received by thousands of people. May 1 was commemorated for the first time in 48 years, and an estimated half million people gathered in the FNAT Stadium (now May 1 Stadium) in Lisbon to hear the speeches of the party's leader Álvaro Cunhal and the socialist Mário Soares. On May 17, the party's newspaper, Avante!, produced the first legal issue of its history.
The following months were marked by radical changes in the country, always closely followed and supported by the PCP. Several parties were created. The major political and military leaders for the former regime were exiled or dismissed. A process to give independence to the colonies started with the full support of the party and, within one year, Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe would become independent countries. By that time, the party was holding several rallies per week. A good part of the party's political proposals were being met. A major struggle of the party was assuring the unity of all labour unions inside the General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers, which was opposed by the Socialists and the Social Democrats. The Party also criticized the growing interference by NATO in the revolutionary process, which was supported by the Socialists and by the right-wing.
Six months after the Revolution, in October 1974, the party's seventh congress took place. More than a thousand delegates and hundreds of Portuguese and foreign guests attended. The congress set forth important statements that discussed the ongoing revolution in the country. The 36 members of the elected Central Committee had spent more than 300 years in jail.
On 12 January 1975, the Portuguese Communist Party became the first legally recognized party, after the opening of the legalizing process by the Supreme Court of Justice. Meanwhile, the revolutionary process continued. On 11 March 1975, the left-wing military forces defeated a coup attempt perpetrated by the right wing military connected to the former regime. This resulted in a turn of the revolutionary process to the political left, with the main sectors of the economy, such as the banks, transportation, steel mills, mines and communications companies, being nationalized. This was done under the lead of Vasco Gonçalves, a member of the military wing who supported the party and who had become prime minister of Portugal after the first provisional government resigned. The Party then asserted its complete support for these changes and for the Agrarian Reform process that implemented collectivization of the agricultural sector and the land in a region called the Zone of Intervention of the Agrarian Reform (ZIRA), which included the land south of the Tagus River. The Party took the lead of that process and drove it according to the party's program, organizing many thousands of peasants into cooperatives. That, combined with the party's strong clandestine organization and support of the peasants' movement during the preceding years in that region, made the southern regions of Portugal the major stronghold of the PCP.
One year after the revolution, the first democratic elections took place to elect the parliament that would write a new Constitution to replace the Constitution of 1933. The Party achieved 12.52% of the voting and elected 30 MPs. In the summer of 1975 the revolutionary process reached its climax, and the government of Vasco Gonçalves, influenced by the left, was under attack from the Socialist Party and the right-wing. Several rallies and demonstrations both in support of and against the government were being held. During the summer, several party offices were attacked, pillaged or set on fire. On July 19 a major rally organized by the Socialists against the party was held in Lisbon. In August, nine influential military officers (the Group of 9) issued a document against Vasco Gonçalves and the Movement of the Armed Forces. In the following months the tension continued between the PCP and the moderated parties. In September, Gonçalves was replaced by Pinheiro de Azevedo. The divisions inside the military were growing, and, on November 25, a coup attempt by the radical left was thwarted by the right wing military. In the aftermath, the party was attacked by the remaining forces, but a notable speech by Melo Antunes, a member of the Group of 9, asserted the importance of the PCP inside the Portuguese democratic regime.
In the following months, the attacks against party offices continued with a lower intensity, however. In 1976, the building of the current democratic regime was starting and, on April 2, the new democratic constitution, which included several references to "Socialism" and a "Classless Society", was approved with the party's support. On April 25, the second democratic election was carried out and the party raised its share of the vote to 14.56% and 40 MPs. In June, the first democratic presidential election was held and the party's candidate, Octávio Pato, garnered 7.5% of the votes. The winner of the election was Ramalho Eanes, an officer of the moderate military wing.
In that same year, the first Avante! Festival took place. The festival would become a major political and cultural event in Portugal and is still held yearly, as of 2006. The eighth congress was held in Lisbon from November 11–14. The congress mainly stated the need to continue the quest for Socialism in Portugal and the need to defend the achievements of the Revolution against what the party considered to be a political step backward, led by a coalition of the Socialist Party and the right-wing Centro Democrático Social, who were opposed to the Agrarian Reform process. In December, in the first local election, the party, in coalition with the Portuguese Democratic Movement and the People's Socialist Front, attained 18% of the vote, electing 37 mayors.
Late 1970s and early 1980s
In 1979, the party carried out its ninth congress, which analyzed the state of the post-revolutionary Portugal, right-wing politics and the party's struggles to keep the nationalized economy. In December 1979, an extra legislative election took place after a wave of political turmoil caused the fall of the government. The party formed the United People Alliance, in coalition with the Portuguese Democratic Movement and increased its vote to 18.96% and 47 MPs. The election was won by a right-wing coalition, led by Francisco Sá Carneiro, which immediately started a policy that the party considered to be contrary to working-class interests. In the same year, local elections were held and the party gathered 20.5% of the vote and elected 50 mayors, also as part of the United People Alliance. In November 1979, the Communist Students League merged with the Young Communist League to form the Portuguese Communist Youth, which is still the party's youth organization.
In 1980, a new election was called and the party dropped to 41 seats. Also in 1980, in the presidential election, the party's candidate left the race and supported Ramalho Eanes. In the local elections of 1982 the UPA secured the leadership of 55 municipalities, achieving its best result ever, with 20.7% of the vote.
After the sudden death of Sá Carneiro in an airplane crash in 1980, the political instability returned and the right-wing coalition government disintegrated in 1983. In the subsequent legislative election, the party achieved 44 MPs and 18.20% of the vote as part of the APU in the 1983 elections. The election was won by the Socialists that formed a grand coalition with the Social Democrats. Also in 1983 the party held the tenth congress that again criticized what it saw as the dangers of right-wing politics. In 1985, a new election was called, prompted by the unstable balance of forces inside the grand coalition and Aníbal Cavaco Silva led the Social Democrats to a narrow victory, the party initiated its electoral decline, gathering only 15.5% of the voting.
In 1986, the surprising rise of the socialist Mário Soares, who reached the second round in the presidential election defeating the party's candidate, Salgado Zenha, made the party call an extra Congress. The eleventh congress was called with only two weeks' notice, in order to decide whether or not to support Soares against Freitas do Amaral. Soares was supported, and he won by a slight margin. Had he not been supported by the PCP he would have lost. The Congress was considered a success, despite being prepared with such short notice. In 1987, after the fall of Cavaco Silva's government, another election took place. The Party, now in coalition with the Ecologist Party "The Greens" (PEV) and with the Democratic Intervention (ID), a political association, in the Unitary Democratic Coalition (CDU) saw an electoral decline to 12.18% and 31 MPs. In the election, Cavaco Silva consolidated his power with an absolute majority.
From the end of the Socialist Bloc to the present
From the late 1980s until 1991
In 1988, another congress took place, the twelfth, held in Porto, in which more than 2,000 delegates participated. The congress analyzed the evolution of the political situation in Eastern Europe and also the right wing policies carried out by the government of Aníbal Cavaco Silva. A new set of statutes and a program were put forth, with the new program being titled, "Portugal, an Advanced Democracy for the 21st Century". The program, which is still the party's program (as of 2006), traced five major objectives to the party's struggle: a free democratic regime, based on the citizens' participation, an economic development based on a mixed economy at the service of the people, a social policy capable of assuring the rise of the country's living standards, culture available to everyone, and an independent and sovereign Portugal, pursuing peaceful relations with all countries and peoples.
At the end of the 1980s, the Socialist Bloc of Eastern Europe started to disintegrate and the Party faced new challenges. With many members leaving, the Party called an extra congress for May 1990, in Loures. There, the majority of the more than 2,000 delegates decided to continue the Party's "revolutionary way to Socialism", clashing with what many other communist parties around the world were doing, by keeping its Marxist-Leninist guidelines. The congress asserted that socialism in the Soviet Union had failed, but a unique historical experience, several social changes and several achievements by the labour movement had been influenced by the Socialist Bloc. Álvaro Cunhal was re-elected General Secretary and Carlos Carvalhas was elected Assistant General Secretary.
From the 13th Congress to the present
In the legislative election of 1991, the Party won 8.84% of the national vote and 17 MPs, continuing its electoral decline. The Party's candidate to the presidential election of the same year, Carlos Carvalhas, finished 3rd, after gathering 12.5% of the votes.
The fourteenth congress took place in 1992 and Carlos Carvalhas was elected the new General Secretary, replacing Álvaro Cunhal. The Congress analyzed the whole new international situation created by the disappearance of the Soviet Union and the defeat of Socialism in Eastern Europe. The Party also outlined measures intended to put Aníbal Cavaco Silva and the right-wing government on its way out, which occurred shortly thereafter. In 1995 the right-wing Social Democratic Party was replaced in the government by the Socialist Party after the October legislative election, in which the Party received 8.61% of the votes. Meanwhile, in the European election of 1994, the Party elected 3 MEPs, gathering 11.2% of the voting.
In December 1996, the fifteenth congress was held, this time in Porto, with more than 1,600 delegates participating. The congress criticized the right-wing policies of the Socialist government of António Guterres and also debated the future of the Party following the debacle of the Socialist Bloc. During the first government of Guterres, the first referendum to the abortion law was held in Portugal. Despite a massive campaign from the Party and the remaining leftwing forces, the liberalization of abortion was rejected by the voters.
In the subsequent local elections, the Party continued to decline, but in the legislative election of 1999 the Party increased its voting percentage for the first time in many years. The sixteenth congress was held in December 2000 and Carlos Carvalhas was re-elected General Secretary. In the legislative election of 2002, held after the resignation of the socialist Prime-Minister António Guterres, the Party achieved its lowest voting result ever, with only 7.0% of the votes. The right-wing returned to power with a coalition between the Social Democratic Party and the People's Party. The new government introduced several changes in the labour laws that triggered the first general strike in many years, in November 2002. With the strong support of the Party and of the CGTP, hundreds of thousands of workers participated in the strike.
In the following European election of 2004, the CDU managed to keep its two MEPs, after claiming 9.1% of the vote. The two members of the European Parliament, Ilda Figueiredo and Pedro Guerreiro sit in the European United Left - Nordic Green Left group.
The most recent Congress, the seventeenth, in November 2004, elected Jerónimo de Sousa, a former metallurgical worker, as the new General Secretary and analyzed the political situation since the last congress in 2000. It also reaffirmed the program adopted in the 12th Congress. Minor changes in the statutes, such as considering the official website as the Party's official press or adapting the voting methods to the new laws that made voting by showing hands illegal, were also introduced. In January 2005, the right-wing majority in the parliament was dissolved and a new legislative election was held. The Party raised its share of the vote and is now represented in the parliament by 12 MPs of 230, after receiving about 430,000 votes.
Álvaro Cunhal died on 13 June 2005 after being away from the public eye for several years. Two days later, 250,000 people gathered in Lisbon to attend to his funeral, one of the largest funerals in Portuguese history.
After the last local election, in 2021, in which the Party lost the presidency of 5 municipalities, the Portuguese Communist Party holds the leadership of 18 (of 308) municipalities, most of them in Alentejo and Setúbal, and has leadership of hundreds of civil parishes, and local assembly members. The local administration of the PCP often concerns itself with issues such as preventing privatization of the water supply, funding culture and education, providing access to sports and promoting health, facilitating participatory democracy and preventing corruption. The presence of the Greens in the coalition also keeps an eye on environmental issues such as recycling and water treatment.
The Party's work still follows the program set forth by "Advanced Democracy for the 21st Century". Issues like the decriminalization of abortion, workers rights, the increasing fees for the Health Service and Education, the erosion of the social safety net, low salaries and pensions, imperialism and war, and solidarity with other countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Palestine, Cuba, and the Basque Country are constant concerns in the Party's agenda.
From the election of 2015 until the failure to pass the government budget in 2021, the Party supported the government of António Costa together with the Left Bloc. In the elections of 2022 the Socialist Party won an absolute majority and the PCP and Left Bloc returned to opposition.
See also
Communist Party of Portugal (in Construction)
Portuguese Communist Party
Electoral results of the Portuguese Communist Party
History of Portugal
Carnation Revolution
Catarina Eufémia
References
Bibliography
External links
In Portuguese:
Portuguese Communist Party official web site
History section of the Party's official website
Avante Festival! official website
Avante! newspaper online edition
PCP's short biography by the Carnation Revolution archive center
In English:
Portuguese Communist Party web site
Portuguese Communist Party program
Political history of Portugal
Portuguese Communist Party
History of socialism
Portuguese Communist Party
History of organisations based in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Portuguese%20Communist%20Party |
(Arabic:الوطن, meaning the Homeland) is an independent French-language newspaper in Algeria.
History and profile
The paper was founded in 1990 after Omar Belhouchet and nineteen colleagues left the FLN government-owned newspaper El Moudjahid ().
It aims to promote democracy and to give coverage to the Algerian opposition, and has acted as an outspoken voice against censorship and corruption. It has been suspended several times by the Algerian government, and journalists and editors jailed for various offenses. Its reporters have, according to the international press watchdogs Reporters Without Borders (RSF) and Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) been targeted by both government forces and Islamist insurgents.
In July 2007, the paper started the first weekend edition in Algeria. Subsequently, the newspaper started economic, real estate, and television supplements, with the goal of having one supplement per day. In 2008, launched a trilingual Arabic, English, and French website. Fayçal Métaoui, an journalist, said that the paper created the website because its most significant competition originated from Arabic-language and English-language news sites.
El Watan is one of the few newspapers in Algeria to own its own private printing facilities.
Controversy and Strikes
El Watan has faced numerous boycotts from the Algerian National Publishing and Advertising Agency (ANEP) and the Algerian Press Service (APS), preventing the newspaper from accessing public advertisement. In 2018, El Watan editor Omar Belhouchet noted that fear of reprisals have led "media companies [to] self-censor regarding certain topics".
In September 2020, El Watan released a critical report detailing alleged large-scale corruption by Ahmed Gaid Salah, son of a late Army Chief of Staff. The report prompted the government to suspend El Watan’s advertising revenue and the newspaper eventually responded by emphasizing its support for the army.
In 2022, following months of inconsistent, and then unpaid, salaries, El Watan'''s staff went on strike. Newspaper management claimed unpaid salaries were due to revenue lost from bullying from the state, as well as improper notification of debt repayment by tax authorities and Crédit Populaire d’Algérie's decision to "freeze the company's accounts despite continuous attempts to find a solution to the problem". Creditors responded that the newspaper has substantial unpaid debt.
In an effort to regain revenue, El Watan'' negotiated with ANEP and APS to allow the newspaper access to free public advertisement. Subtle changes in the newspaper's outputs following the end of strikes in late 2022 have been noted, especially in regards to foreign parties Algeria is increasing its economic and political relationships with.
Global Popularity
The paper's online version was the 45th most visited website for 2010 in the MENA region.
See also
List of newspapers in Algeria
Censorship in Algeria
Vatan
References
External links
El Watan homepage
El-Watan ordered to pay fine – IFEX
1991 establishments in Algeria
Newspapers published in Algeria
French-language newspapers published in Algeria
Newspapers established in 1991
Mass media in Algiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Watan |
Topic was a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated in France and sold throughout Europe. It contained hazelnuts, nougat and caramel.
The bar was first introduced in 1962. In the UK, it was advertised with the line "A Hazelnut in Every Bite".
The chocolate bar was promoted in a series of radio advertisements broadcast in 2002 with the strapline "A joy to eat, but a bitch to make". These adverts featured actors Simon Pegg and Mark Heap who both appeared in the cult British TV comedy Spaced.
The bar was removed from boxes of Celebrations in 2006, along with Twix (although Twix has subsequently been reintroduced).
In 2022 Mars, Incorporated ceased production of the Topic. .
See also
List of chocolate bar brands
References
Chocolate bars
British confectionery
Mars confectionery brands
Products introduced in 1962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic%20%28chocolate%20bar%29 |
Glenn Kesby (born 1970) is an Australian countertenor, specialising in baroque music.
Concerts and oratorio
His other concerts have included Rye Festival, post-Restoration music at the Chelsea Festival, Lute songs at Hampton Court Palace, Handel's Dixit Dominus, Bach's Missa Brevis in G minor and Purcell's Welcome to all the Pleasures at the Shipton Festival.
Baroque encounter
In 2004, he set up his own early music ensemble, Baroque Encounter, to stage lesser known baroque repertoire in full period costume in a style similar to the original performances.
Other
Kesby is a regular concert artist at London's Handel House Museum, and with the Artemis and Hanbarne baroque ensembles. He has performed at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival and overseas in Germany, Hungary, Cyprus, Ireland, France and his native Australia. Now permanently settled in Britain, he is the recipient of a Tait Memorial Trust Scholarship to continue his studies with Mary King.
External links
Glenn Kesby's website
Baroque Encounter's website
1970 births
Living people
21st-century Australian male opera singers
Operatic countertenors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Kesby |
John Miller Srodes (July 17, 1809 – September 30, 1882) was a Union Army officer during the American Civil War. Serving in the Mississippi Marine Brigade, he captained the of the Mississippi Marine Brigade from April 28, 1862 to July 16, 1862 and played an important role in the Battle of Memphis.
Early life
John Miller Srodes was born on Grant's Hill in Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania on July 17, 1809. A story from his childhood says that he got angry at his brothers one day and ran away. He was captured by Indians, and his brothers could not find him. He pretended to like the Indians in order to escape. In reality, it seems that he enjoyed living with the Indians since he stayed with them for two or three years. He did finally return home, however, when an opportunity arose to do so. His granddaughter Lida Olive Bickerstaff remembers him telling her stories about when he lived with the Indians and teaching her their language, life, and customs.
Srodes experience living with the Indians probably shaped his life in the following two areas. First, it probably shaped his attitude towards those of other races. Many years later, when his granddaughter Lida saw a "colored" person for the first time, she ran away into the house. But Srodes went inside, picked her up, took her outside, and had her talk with the man. His long journey overland from the Indians to his home also may have set the stage for future journeys he would take. Three times Srodes walked from New Orleans to Pittsburgh after having arrived in New Orleans on a flatboat.
Military career
Srodes was a ship captain who piloted boats from Pittsburgh to Cairo, Illinois and Memphis, Tennessee. He served his country as a captain in the Mexican War under General Zachary Taylor and fought in several battles on Taylor's drive to Mexico City. In the Civil War, John served as captain of the Ram Lioness of the Mississippi Marine Brigade from April 28 to July 16, 1862, when he was discharged.
The Lioness was part of the Ram Fleet under the command of Colonel Charles Ellet, Jr. The Ram Fleet was a fleet of nine steam-powered rams that played a role in winning domination of the Mississippi River by the Union. Ellet's nine rams were converted steam ships fitted with a reinforced prow. Unarmed, the ships were designed simply to ram into the side of enemy ships and sink them. Rams were an old idea that was revived after the development of steam propulsion. Ellet initially tried to convince the Navy to let him develop a ram fleet, but he was rejected. So he took his idea directly to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who gave Ellet permission to build and command the fleet.
Ellet personally led the fleet in the Battle of Memphis on June 6, 1862. After handily defeating the Confederate flotilla, Ellet noticed a white flag flying over Memphis. Having been wounded, Ellet sent his son, Medical Cadet Charles Rivers Ellet, to attend to the surrender of the city. Charles Rivers Ellet was escorted to shore by Srodes aboard the Lioness, which was the last ram to arrive on the scene because it was hauling coal for the fleet. Charles Rivers Ellet, who had joined the fleet just five days earlier on his nineteenth birthday, took a rowboat ashore along with three other Union soldiers and demanded the surrender of the city from Mayor John Park. Since the Confederate army had already left, the mayor was powerless to surrender and the Union army was not ready to occupy Memphis. Ellet, however, demanded that they be permitted to hoist the American flag over the post office as a symbol of the fall of Memphis. The mayor advised them against doing so, saying that he could not ensure their safety. Ellet, however, did not listen to the mayor and convinced the mayor to escort his party of four to the post office. When they arrived at the post office, several civilians escorted Ellet and one other to the fourth floor, and they created a makeshift flag stand to fly the Union flag. As they admired their work, someone closed the trapdoor and stranded them on the roof. The people of the city, noticing the Union flag, began to yell and fire shots at the men of the roof.
The mayor, fearing that the city would be bombarded because of the antics of the people, made his way back to the Lioness and yelled for help. Srodes then came ashore and threatened to fire on the city "if those men are not released in ten minutes." He then suggested that the mayor assemble the police force to disperse the crowd. The Lioness had no guns, though: to give a show of force, Srodes sent all of the ship's marines ashore armed with carbines and hand grenades. Thousands of people jeered at the marines as they made their way to the post office. Soon, however, a warehouse below town exploded, and the people dispersed to investigate the explosion. Srodes placed four men on guard at the entrance of the post office and sent others up to the fourth floor to rescue their comrades. Srodes details the aftermath of the Battle of Memphis in his diary:
"June 5. All well and our navy and troops in full possession of Fort Pillow at 5:30 A.M. It is one of the strongest forts I ever saw. If they had the spunk and courage we had, one hundred and fifty thousand men couldn't take the fort with fifty thousand. I can't describe the amount of guns and property other than fortress is good. Orders to move to Memphis and we took up the line of march. We advanced on down to Cypress Bend and all the Rams lay to. The gunboats at the head of the Old Hen lay to until June 6 at 4:30 A.M. The whole fleet moved on quietly until the foot of the Chickens at Memphis. The enemy's gunboats commenced. Three shots were fired from the enemy before our gunboats got in to the line of battle. The enemy turned tail for retreat, but our gunboats and the Rams stopped their retreat before they got to the head of President Island. We captured and sank all but one and she may thank the Lord that they are human men on the Rams. Saving scalded and drowning, deluded men and crews, and putting out the fires. The victory is glorious, but the slaughter of rebels is great. No man on earth can tell their loss. It is immense. Some boats went down and all their crews. The fight was short. Orders for Lioness, 9:30 A.M., to take flag of truce and dispatch banner and lieutenant. Dispatch banner was Surgeon Ellet. The dispatch was for the surrender of Memphis. The time for return of banner was up. A dispatch came on board the mob had shut them up. Capt. Srodes dispatched to the city authorities that he would give them 20 minutes for the safe return of the flag banner, and cut loose then to give orders for shelling the town. He got but a short distance from the shore till the river was checkered with small boats, flags of truce in all directions, calling for Capt. Srodes not to shell the town. The city authorities were with him and guaranteed the safe return of our men. Capt. Srodes saw Lt. Crandall with a rebel flag, waving it at Jeff's Greeks. In the great excitement in Memphis, I suppose that had not even been seen, but it came all right on board. Ours is waving on the postoffice. The flag is the Lioness flag that the owners gave her. All excitement—Union men laying down rebel flags and running Union up. The mob is St. Louis pilots and engineers that never were of any account, and worse. Now 12 A. M. All quiet as yet. One little fire up in pinch, among the whiskey heads forepart of the night."
During his military service, Srodes was injured by a shell that went through his back and caused an injury to his spine. This happened in May or June 1862 while he was on the Yazoo River. Srodes also contracted malarial fever. He was treated for his injury and illness on board the Lioness by medical officers from the Ram Fleet.
Family and later life
On October 14, 1830, Srodes married Eliza Quinn. They had seven children: William Quinn, Sarah Ann, John Q., Ellen Hood, Margaretta Pugh, Mary Alwilda, and Anna Eliza. Eliza died of consumption on Christmas Day in 1856. Srodes was away on one of his trips as a riverboat captain and did not find out about her death until he arrived back home. Srodes remarried Nancy Galbraith Chase in Pittsburgh on December 17, 1857. In his latter years, Srodes was an innkeeper in Phillipsburg, Beaver County, Pennsylvania. He died of paralysis at his home along the Ohio River bank in Phillipsburg on September 30, 1882.
References
Hearn, Chester G. Ellet's Brigade: The Strangest Outfit of All. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 2000.
Taylor, I. T. America's Greatest Pioneer Family: History of the Shrode Family in America. Nashville: McQuiddy Print, 1945.
1809 births
1882 deaths
Union Army officers
Military personnel from Pittsburgh
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Miller%20Srodes |
The Tientsin Massacre (), was an attack on Christian missionaries and converts in the late 19th century during the late Qing dynasty. 60 people died in attacks on French Catholic priests and nuns. There was intense belligerence from French diplomats, and armed foreign intervention in Tianjin (Tientsin) in 1870. The incident nearly precipitated a war and marked an end to relative cooperation between foreign powers and the Tongzhi court, and adversely affected the ongoing renegotiation of the Treaties of Tientsin, first signed in 1858. French Catholic missionaries were active in China; they were funded by appeals in French churches. The Holy Childhood Association (L'Oeuvre de la Sainte Enfance) was a Catholic charity founded in 1843 to rescue Chinese children from infanticide. It was a target of Chinese anti-Christian protests led by the local gentry who saw the need to defend Confucianism. Rioting sparked by false rumors of the killing of babies led to the death of a French consul and provoked a diplomatic crisis.
Background
Around 1860, a Lazarist priest, Father Joseph Tsiou, began a mission in Tianjin. Tsiou was a skilled physician, who made it practice to baptize seriously ill infants whom he could not heal. This led to the impression that the baptism itself caused the deaths and there was opposition to this among the populace. Tsiou died in 1861 and was replaced by a French missionary and sisters of the congregation of the Daughters of Charity. In keeping with the Holy Childhood program popular at that time, the mission continued the practice of teaching and baptizing sick and abandoned children.
False rumors circulated for years that the missionaries killed children in order to remove the eyes for the manufacture of some expensive medicines. In June 1870, rumors spread throughout China concerning Catholic nuns who used to give small cash rewards to people who brought homeless or unwanted children to their orphanages. This led illicit child-brokers to engage in kidnapping. Throughout 1870, deaths at these orphanages increased due to outbreaks of disease. Tensions between Chinese residents of the northeastern port city of Tianjin (Tientsin) and western missionaries erupted in 1870 in the riot known as the Tianjin Massacre.
Incident
The summer of 1870 was hotter and drier than usual, and the popular mood was unsettled. Angry and excited crowds assembled in the street from time to time in the neighborhood of the Mission buildings and demanded the release of the children. It does not appear that either the mission nor the French Consul took any steps at this time to allay the public's fears. On June 18, two Chinese kidnappers were arrested 30 li outside Tianjin, were investigated and executed forthwith. According to Chonghou, Commissioner for the Three Ports, "Talk about kidnapping became more and more widespread among the populace. Because of this, the streets and alleys were not tranquil." Subsequently, the populace apprehended and sent in a "reader" from the church, Chen Xibao. He was beaten and sent to the magistrate. Through the Tianjin prefect, Liu Jie, he was interrogated and it was found that, in reality, he was leading students home, and was not kidnapping them. He was subsequently released. There was also a case in which the residents of Taohuakou apprehended and sent in Wu Lanzhen, who had kidnapped Li Suo. From the prefect's interrogation, Wang San from the church was implicated. Upon further investigation, the Chinese authorities determined that Wu Lanzhen had lied.
Chinese officials met with their French counterparts, who had assumed responsibility for the Catholic missions to China since the Arrow War. However, an angry anti-Christian crowd had gathered outside the cathedral and smashed windows. Chinese Catholic converts begged the French Consul, Henri-Victor Fontanier, to appeal directly to the county magistrate, Chonghou, for public calm.
Commissioner Chonghou's account
While the Chinese magistrate's staff attempted to suppress the riot, the French Consul visited the magistrate's official quarters to lodge a very angry complaint. Fontanier shot and wounded a Chinese assistant after an argument with the magistrate, under the threats of the mob. The French Consul and his assistant, M. Simon, were murdered by the rioters and their bodies dumped in the river.
Newspaper report
The London Pall Mall Gazette reported that on June 20, in anticipation of local unrest, the British Consul at Tianjin, Mr. Lay, had contacted the British Minister, Mr. Wade, requesting that a man-of-war be sent to the port. It further said that Consul Fontanier and his aide M. Simon had been killed when the mob stormed the French consulate. The mob then proceeded to the mission property next door, which housed the recently completed Church of Our Lady of Victory, the presbytery, the convent, and orphanage.
The riot only ended after a number of Catholic institutions and foreign buildings, including the Tientsin Cathedral and four British and American churches, were burned down. As well as the two French Consular officials, two Lazarist priests, and approximately 40 Chinese Christians were killed, as were three Russian traders assumed by the mob to be French. A jar of pickled onions found was claimed to be the eyes torn from children. Ten nuns of the Daughters of Charity were raped and mutilated by the crowd before being killed. The final death toll of the riot was given at around 60.
Aftermath
The Chinese government immediately condemned the riot. Foreign gunboats were sent to restore order to the legations of Tianjin, with reparations and reprisals demanded by the European governments. Chinese negotiations to mitigate the damage were led by the aging statesman Zeng Guofan. The situation was more complex than Zeng originally thought; he interrogated the orphans, who denied they had been kidnapped, and proclaimed the nuns innocent. Foldable hand fans began to appear depicting the murder of the French Consul near the door of the church as political propaganda expressing resistance to Western countries and their religions. Europeans were incensed and demanded punishment against the riot's ringleaders. Zeng had eighteen Chinese instigators (or scapegoats, depending on who tells the history) executed and removed both the magistrate and much of his staff. A Chinese mission of apology sailed to France, under Imperial Commissioner Chonghou. A formal apology was presented to the provisional French Head of State Adolphe Thiers in November 1871. China paid France the large sum of 400,000 taels as compensation.
The Tientsin Incident was far-reaching politically and culturally. Before 1870 the French and Chinese had been negotiating a clause to bring Western missionaries under the same guidelines as Chinese Buddhist and Taoist religious institutions, in the hope it would stop such situations as occurred at Tientsin. Afterwards, however, the French and Americans refused to allow Chinese control or protection over the spread of Christianity in the country. The Qing government replied in turn by refusing to either proscribe or endorse foreign missionaries. For Europeans, the riot and loss of life was further proof that the Chinese government could not be trusted to protect foreigners or their investments. For many Chinese, the fact Europeans and missionaries continued to be an elite outside the realms of Chinese law, and seemingly able to engage in actions through military force without serious repercussions, directly led to anti-foreign feeling which led to the Boxer Rebellion of 1900.
See also
Anti-missionary riots in China
Chonghou, (1826-1893) a key diplomat
Yangzhou riot, of 1868
References
Further reading
Bays, Daniel H. : Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (1996) online review
Barend, J. Ter Haar. Telling Stories: Witchcraft and Scapegoating in Chinese History, (Brill, Leiden: 2006) chap. 4, ‘Westerners as Scapegoats’ pp. 154–201.
Cohen, Paul A. China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Anti-Foreignism, 1860–1870. (Harvard University Press, Cambridge: 1963)
Fairbank, John King. "Patterns Behind the Tientsin Massacre." Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 20, no. 3/4 (1957): 480–511. online
Harrison, Henrietta "'A Penny for the Little Chinese': The French Holy Childhood Association in China, 1843–1951." American Historical Review 113.1 (2008): 72–92. online
Thin, George. The Tientsin massacre, the causes of the late disturbances in China and how to secure permanent peace (1970) online, primary sources
The Tientsin massacre: being documents published in the Shanghai Evening Courier, from June 16th to Sept. 10th, 1870 (1870); primary sources online
Conflicts in 1870
Massacres in 1870
Foreign relations of the Qing dynasty
1870 in China
History of Tianjin
History of Christianity in China
Racially motivated violence in Asia
Massacres of Christians in China
Orphanages
1870 murders in China
Events in Tianjin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin%20Massacre |
Maccabi Haifa Weightlifting team is a branch of Maccabi sports association in Israel. This team is located in Haifa, the major city in the North part of Israel and active from 1991. Almost all of the team members including the coach immigrated to Israel during the great wave of immigration from Russian-speaking countries in the 1990s.
This team was formed by Semyon Minaker, who was its first coach and trained this team until his retirement.
From 1992 to 1997, Maccabi Haifa weight lifting team constantly won National Competitions. Some members of this team hold the National Champion titles.
Here is the list of Maccabi Haifa Weightlifting team former and current members:
Alexander Feler
Dimitry Apelbaum
Michael Plax
Rostislav Novak
Alexander Shifrin
Roman Peler
Vasily Shteinberg
Seva Solomynik
Jenia Hutorskoy
Weight
Weightlifting
Weightlifting in Israel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabi%20Haifa%20%28Weightlifting%29 |
Energy 52 was a trance project of German DJ Paul Schmitz-Moormann (DJ Kid Paul). The project was supported by Cosmic Baby (Harald Blüchel), who produced, co-composed, and remixed tracks.
The project is best known for the 1993 track "Café del Mar" which became one of the most popular trance songs of its time, being remixed a significant number of times and featuring on hundreds of compilation albums. In April 2011, the song was voted number one by BBC Radio 1 listeners in Pete Tong's Top 20 Dance Tracks of the last 20 years.
References
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Musical groups from Berlin
German DJs
German trance music groups
German dance music groups
Electronic dance music DJs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy%2052 |
Mutant League Hockey is an ice hockey game that was released in 1994 for the Sega Genesis. It's a spin-off of Mutant League Football and has several of the same team names.
Gameplay
Unlike Mutant League Football which featured five species of mutant, Mutant League Hockey narrows it down to three: robots, undead skeletons and trolls, removing aliens and superhumans. The game has the same tone as its predecessor, with special plays that can cause things to happen like making the puck explode when it is picked up by an opposing player, bribing the referee to call fake penalties against the other team, and land mines and holes on the ice.
The teams in the game are ranked by a rating of zero through six skulls.
As with Mutant League Football, hazards litter the ice and death is commonplace. Players may substitute their goalie for a demon goalie, a gigantic demon head that takes the place of the net; scoring on a demon goal causes it to explode. In addition, the crowd is prone to throwing weapons or other powerups onto the ice; they may be picked up and used freely. When a player dies, their corpse remains on the ice and may be tripped on; between periods, a giant slug acting as an ice resurfacer eats the debris littering the ice. As in real hockey, fights may break out. Fights in Mutant League Hockey are done as a minigame, where the objective is to knock out the opponent. Both players are still sent to the penalty box, but the player who got knocked out also takes an additional penalty for losing.
References
External links
Unreleased Amiga port
1994 video games
Electronic Arts games
Fantasy sports video games
Fictional mutants
Ice hockey video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Mutant League series
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Video games about death games
Video games scored by Russell Lieblich
Video games developed in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutant%20League%20Hockey |
IceRocket was an Internet search engine which specialized in real-time search. Based in Dallas, Texas, it launched in 2004 hoping to market itself solely through word of mouth.
IceRocket was backed by Mark Cuban and headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The company has received angel funding from Mr. Cuban.
History and growth
Icerocket launched in 2004. The search engine originally launched with features designed to make web searches on a PDA much easier, for instance allowing users to email a query to the engine and receive their results back in response. Icerocket had an early licensing deal with Gofish.com.
In August 2011, it was announced that IceRocket had been acquired by the Meltwater Group.
Service
IceRocket was generally for blog searches but expanded into searching the popular social networking websites Twitter and Facebook as well as allowing searching of news and the World Wide Web. IceRocket's Big Buzz feature allows users to search Blogs, Tweets, news, images etc. all from one page.
The IceRocket site was a free resource for people looking to monitor their brand, it was ad supported. IceRocket had an API that it licenses to social media monitoring firms as well as PR agencies.
Closure
The site is no longer active.
See also
Bloglines
BlogScope
Technorati
References
Blog search engines | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceRocket |
Jim Johnson (May 26, 1941July 28, 2009) was an American professional football player and coach in the National Football League (NFL). He was a defensive coordinator for nine seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive coordinators in the NFL, he was especially known for being a master architect of blitzes, disguising them skillfully and keeping offenses off balance.
Johnson played as a tight end for two years with the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL). In more than 40 years of coaching, he held head coaching duties only once (at the collegiate level), but was interviewed by the Arizona Cardinals regarding their head coaching vacancy in 2004.
Playing career
A native of Maywood, Illinois, Johnson played high school football for Proviso East High School in Maywood, Illinois. He played college football for head coach Dan Devine at the University of Missouri from 1959 to 1962. An all-Big Eight quarterback, Johnson played in the same backfield with long-time NFL executive Bill Tobin. He went undrafted in the 1963 NFL Draft, but was signed to play tight end by the Buffalo Bills of the AFL (1963–64).
Coaching career
Johnson began his coaching career as head coach at Missouri Southern (1967–68), before serving four-year tenures at Drake University (1969–72) and Indiana University (1973–76). In 1977, Johnson was hired by his former head coach at Missouri, Dan Devine, as defensive backs coach at University of Notre Dame. After helping the 1977 Fighting Irish to win the national championship in his first year, Johnson was later promoted to defensive coordinator and assistant head coach under Gerry Faust.
Leaving Notre Dame in 1984, Johnson coached in the short-lived USFL with the Oklahoma Outlaws (1984) and Jacksonville Bulls (1985). In 1986, he finally entered the NFL as a coach, spending eight seasons with the St. Louis/Phoenix Cardinals (1986–93). After overseeing the Cards defensive line for four seasons, Johnson excelled as their secondary coach, helping Aeneas Williams become the first rookie cornerback to lead the league in interceptions (6) since 1981.
In 1994, he joined the Indianapolis Colts as linebackers coach under head coach Ted Marchibroda. After defensive coordinator Vince Tobin left the Colts in 1996 to become head coach of the Cardinals, Johnson was deemed his successor by new Colts head coach Lindy Infante. The Colts finished last in the AFC East in 1997, causing Infante and his staff to be fired.
Johnson spent the 1998 NFL season as linebackers coach on the final staff of Seattle Seahawks head coach Dennis Erickson, before leaving for Philadelphia. He helped the Seahawks register 10 TDs on defense, including 8 INTs returned for scores, 2nd most in NFL history. If Johnson had stayed, he could have stepped into the coordinator's role when Fritz Shurmur died of cancer that summer.
On January 22, 1999, Eagles head coach Andy Reid targeted and hired Jim Johnson as the Eagles new defensive coordinator. Johnson's tenure in Philadelphia was his most successful, as the Eagles won 5 division titles, each reaping the benefits of his defenses. Because head coach Andy Reid is known more for his acumen on the offensive side of the ball, he handed complete control of the defensive unit of the team to Johnson, allowing Reid to concentrate on running the offense with his offensive coordinators, Brad Childress and later Marty Mornhinweg.
Reid repeatedly said he had full confidence in Johnson and the Eagles rewarded him accordingly, as he became one of the highest paid coordinators in the NFL. "As I've said many times, Jim Johnson is the best in the business at what he does", said Reid upon signing his prized defensive coordinator to a lucrative four-year contract extension in 2005. "His defensive units continue to produce at a very high level as he puts a lot of pressure on opposing offenses."
From 2000–07, Johnson's units rank tied for first in the NFL with 342 sacks, second in the league in 3rd down efficiency (34.3%) and red zone touchdown percentage (43.0%), and fourth in fewest points allowed (17.6 per game).
In 2001, Johnson's unit became the fourth team in NFL history to go all 16 games without allowing more than 21 points. Their streak of allowing 21 or fewer in 34 straight games was second longest in NFL history (Minnesota, 1968–71). In 1999, Johnson's unit forced an NFL-best 46 turnovers, including a team-record 5 interceptions returned for TDs.
Eagles defenders were selected for the Pro Bowl 26 times during Johnson's tenure. Former Eagle Brian Dawkins led the way with seven. Other Eagles defenders to go to the Pro Bowl under Johnson include Troy Vincent (five), Jeremiah Trotter (four), Hugh Douglas (three), Lito Sheppard (two), and Trent Cole, Michael Lewis, Asante Samuel, Corey Simon, Bobby Taylor (one each).
Current NFL head coaches John Harbaugh (special teams and defensive backs), Ron Rivera (linebackers), and Sean McDermott (defensive backs and linebackers) coached under Johnson with the Eagles.
Illness and death
Shortly after the Eagles were eliminated from the playoffs, on January 29, 2009, it was announced that Johnson was undergoing treatment for melanoma. In mid-May, Johnson announced a leave of absence due to the advancement of the cancer, with secondary coach Sean McDermott taking over duties as the interim defensive coordinator.
On July 24, 2009, Johnson officially resigned as defensive coordinator, with McDermott having the interim tag removed. Four days later, on July 28, 2009, Johnson died at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 68.
Head coaching record
College
References
1941 births
2009 deaths
American football quarterbacks
American football tight ends
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Buffalo Bills players
Indianapolis Colts coaches
Missouri Southern Lions football coaches
Missouri Tigers football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Seattle Seahawks coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
National Football League defensive coordinators
United States Football League coaches
Sportspeople from Maywood, Illinois
Players of American football from Cook County, Illinois
Deaths from melanoma
Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
American Football League players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Johnson%20%28American%20football%29 |
Darryl "Flea" Virostko (born December 25, 1971) is a professional "big wave" surfer from Santa Cruz, California. He graduated from Santa Cruz High School in 1991. He is a three-time Mavericks competition winner. Virostko appears as himself in the surfing films Riding Giants, Step Into Liquid, and Billabong Odyssey. Surfer declared his 2004 wipeout on a 50-foot wave at Waimea Bay, Hawaii, the "Wipeout of the Decade".
As of 2009 Virostko is a recovering addict, and runs a program, "FleaHab", to teach other recovering addicts how to surf and be active while learning a new way of life. He starred in The Westsiders a documentary film by Josh Pomer that chronicles his difficult upbringing and addiction to drugs, on the west side of Santa Cruz.
Wendy Edwards collided with Darryl in a 'Bizzare' motor vehicle crash while driving highway 1 northbound On January 10,2022. Wendy fled the scene of the accident and jumped off a 300 ft. cliff into the ocean resulting in her death.
References
Darryl Virostko filmography on go.com
https://www.ksbw.com/article/santa-cruz-ocean-jump-scotts-creek-surfing-flea/38740759
Notes
1971 births
Living people
American surfers
Big wave surfing
Sportspeople from Santa Cruz, California
Big wave surfers
Santa Cruz High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl%20Virostko |
Calyceraceae is a plant family in the order Asterales. The natural distribution of the about sixty species belonging to this family is restricted to the southern half of South America. The species of the family resemble both the family Asteraceae and the Dipsacaceae.
Description
Calyceraceae are perennial or annual herbs. There may be a few or many branched stems that may be without hair or with soft silky hairs. The leaves may be in a rosette at the base of the stems or set alternately along the stems. Stipules are lacking. The leafblade is simple, but may be lobed to pinnatisect. The margin of the leaves may be entire or toothed. The inflorescences are flowerheads comparable to those in the sunflower family. They are at the top of the stems or opposite leaves, and may have a flowerstem or be seated, while each flowerhead may be on its own or in a cyme. Each individual flowerhead is surrounded by an involucre, consisting of one or two rows of bracts that are often leaf-like and usually not merged. The base of the flowerhead may be conical, convex or sometimes almost spheroidal. On the base of the flowerhead, at the base of each individual flower, are linear to narrowly lanceolate, green, chaffy scales (or paleae) that become woody when seeds are ripening. Each flowerhead may contain a few or up to over one hundred hermaphrodite or unisexual, star-symmetric or mirror-symmetric flowers. The petals are fused to form a funnel-shaped or sometimes cylinder-shaped corolla that is split into four to six lobes at the top. The corolla's remains stay on the top of the one-seeded dry fruit at maturity. Four or five stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The lower third of these filaments are fused with the corolla tube, while sometimes filaments may also be attached to their neighbors. Filaments carry nectaries. The anthers stand upright, with pollen freed from a slit at the top. The style is thread-like without hairs, sticking out above the corolla tube, while the stigma at its tip is club-shaped or split in two. The ovary consists of two carpels with only one ovule, which is pendulous and anatropous. The fruit is an achene, with a persistent calyx which may consists of spines, contains one seed that is only enclosed by a thin pericarp and has fleshy endosperm. The sepals may be free or fused calyx lobes, sometimes spine-like and woody on the outside. Fruits may be dispersed separately when ripe or can remain on the floral base that breaks free of the plant.
Differences with related families
Both Calyceraceae and Asteraceae have their flowers set in heads with a common floral base. The bracts surrounding the flowerhead in the Calyceraceae are leaf-like while the involucral bracts in the Asteraceae differ clearly from the leaves. The anthers are free in the Calyceraceae and form a tube in the Asteraceae. The filaments in the Calyceraceae are, at least in their lower third, fused to the corolla, whereas in the Asteraceae the filaments are free or rarely connected (e.g. in Barnadesia).
Both Calyceraceae and Dipsacaceae have persistent calyces, but these become lignified or spiny in Calyceraceae, but are cup-shaped or consist of a circle of hairs in the Dipsacaceae. Stamens are alternating with the corolla lobes and anthers open at their top in the Calyceraceae whereas stamens are centered on the petals and anthers open toward the middle of the flower in the Dipsacaceae.
Distribution
Six genera are assigned to this family: Acicarpha, Boopis, Calycera, Gamocarpha, Moschopsis and Nastanthus.
The majority of species in this family occur in Argentina, seven of which are endemics, with the highest species density south of the tropics. Calycera (eleven species) and Acicarpha (five species) both are widespread along the Andes from northern Argentina through to the Altiplano of Peru. Most of the thirteen species of Boopsis occur in the south of Argentina and Chile but some species are found in the tropics. Moschopsis grows in the Salta Province in Argentina.
Acicarpha tribuloides occurs as an introduced weed along roads in Florida.
References
Asterales families | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyceraceae |
Laura Freixas (born 1958) is a Spanish novelist, short story writer, and newspaper columnist.
Biography
Freixas was born in Barcelona in 1958. Laura Freixas is the granddaughter of Freixas Miquel. Freixas studied at the French School in her home city of Barcelona. She got a BA degree in Law in 1980 from the University of Barcelona. She has been active as a writer since 1988. Freixas' work also includes scholarship and promotion of women writers.
She has also worked in international universities as a publisher, a Spanish language assistant, and a translator. At present she teaches literature workshops for different institutions. She writes as a columnist for the newspaper La Vanguardia and does literary reviews for its supplement Cultura/s. She is a contributor to literary magazines such as Mercurio, Letras libres, El País, and Revista de Libros.
She has been a lecturer or a writer in residence at many Spanish and foreign universities and taught creative writing at the University of Virginia (UVA). She is a member of the European Cultural Parliament and the chair of the association Clásicas y Modernas for gender equality in Spanish culture from 2009 to 2017.
Freixas has campaigned against trans-inclusive laws in Spain as she views it as a regression for Spanish gender equality.
Literary work
Novels
The Last Sunday in London (1997)
Just Between Friends (1998)
Love or Whatever It Is (2005)
Short story collections
The Wrist Murderer (1988)
Tales at the Age of Forty (2001)
Compilations
Mothers and Daughters (1996) – Freixas also wrote the prologue
Women Friends (2009)
Non-fiction works
Women and Literature (2000)
La novela femenil y sus lectrices (2009)
Autobiography
A Teenager in Barcelona Around 1970 (2007)
References
External links
Freixas' official site is available in Spanish and English
Laura Freixas's documentary and interview in Tesis program Archived
Official Site of Association Clásicas y Modernas for gender equality in Spanish culture
1958 births
Living people
Novelists from Catalonia
Writers from Barcelona
Spanish literary critics
Spanish women literary critics
Women writers from Catalonia
Spanish women novelists
Spanish women short story writers
Spanish short story writers
Spanish columnists
Spanish women columnists
20th-century Spanish novelists
20th-century Spanish women writers
20th-century short story writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Freixas |
State Route 155 (SR 155) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California connecting State Route 99 and State Route 178, going through the southern part of the Sierra Nevada mountain range. This highway runs from west to east. Its western terminus is in Delano and its eastern terminus is in the small town of Lake Isabella. Locally it is known as the Garces Highway.
Route description
SR 155 starts in Delano at SR 99. The route travels south on Fremont St. and then turns east onto Garces Hwy. From there, it leaves the city and enters agricultural land. Continuing east, it leaves the farmland just before crossing SR 65 (Porterville Hwy.). From there, it starts a gentle climb into the foothills of the Eastern San Joaquin Valley. The route reaches the small town of Woody, where it turns onto Bakersfield-Glennville Rd. The road then begins its steep climb, as it winds through the Greenhorn Mountains. It then reaches the small town of Glennville. At Glennville, the road turns onto Evans Rd, as it continues to travel east. It then reaches its highest elevation at Greenhorn Summit – 6102 ft – and starts its descent. The road crosses the small town of Alta Sierra. Continuing east, it enters the Kern River Valley. In the town of Wofford Heights, the route turns south onto Wofford Heights Blvd. It then travels along the western shore of Lake Isabella. The route then terminates at SR 178 in the town of Lake Isabella, south of the lake.
SR 155 in Delano is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.
History
SR 155 was adopted as an unsigned state route in 1933 as Legislative Route 142. Originally it was defined to run from LRN 4 (signed as US 99, currently SR 204) near Bakersfield to LRN 57 (signed as SR 178) near Isabella via Glennville. The route started in Oildale, north of Bakersfield on Airport Dr. The route traveled north on Airport Dr, which becomes Bakersfield-Glennville Rd. It continues north, to the town of Woody, where it joins the current route. In 1963, when US 99 and LRN 141 where swapped, the definition was changed to run from LRN 141, instead of LRN 4. That definition never took effect since in 1964, all of the state routes were renumbered. LRN 142 became SR 155, and was defined to run from SR 204 near Bakersfield to SR 178 near Isabella via Glennville. That definition only lasted one year, since in 1965, the route was realigned to its current routing, which starts in Delano.
The western portion of the route was adopted as an unsigned state route in 1933 as Legislative Route 136. It ran from LRN 4 (signed US 99, currently SR 99) to LRN 129 (currently SR 65). In 1964, the route became a signed route as SR 211. This should not be confused with SR 211 in Humboldt County. That definition only lasted one year, since in 1965, the route became a part of SR 155. The state route was also extended east on Garces Hwy, to the town of Woody, where it connected with the existing SR 155 segment.
Major intersections
References in popular culture
Route 155 (near the intersection with 6th Ave/Dairy Ave) was the location of the famous "crop duster" scene from the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest. (35°45'38.9"N 119°33'42.0"W)
See also
References
External links
California Highways: Route 155
California @ AARoads.com - State Route 155
155
State Route 155
Greenhorn Mountains
Kern River Valley
Sequoia National Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20State%20Route%20155 |
"Silly Love Songs" is a song by the British–American rock band Wings that was written by Paul and Linda McCartney. The song first appeared in March 1976 on the album Wings at the Speed of Sound, then it was released as a single backed with "Cook of the House" on 1 April in the US, and 30 April in the UK. The song, which features disco overtones, was written in response to music critics accusing McCartney of predominantly writing "silly love songs" and "sentimental slush"; however, Paul has since clarified that the song was actually directed to John Lennon who accused him of writing such songs
The song was McCartney's 27th American number one as a songwriter; the all-time record for the most number one hits achieved there by a songwriter. With this song, McCartney became the first person to have a year-end No. 1 song as a member of two distinct acts. McCartney previously hit No. 1 in the year-end Billboard chart as a member of the Beatles with "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in 1964 and "Hey Jude" in 1968.
"Silly Love Songs" has since appeared on multiple McCartney greatest hits compilations, including Wings Greatest, All the Best! and Pure McCartney. The song has also appeared on the "Hits" section of the compilation album Wingspan: Hits and History. Despite its popularity, McCartney has not performed the song live since the dissolution of Wings.
Background
"Silly Love Songs" was written as a rebuttal to music critics who had criticized McCartney for writing lightweight love songs. Author Tim Riley suggests that in the song, McCartney is inviting "his audience to have a laugh on him," as Elvis Presley had sometimes done.
The song includes a build-up of multiple vocal parts sung in counterpoint, similar to the Beach Boys' "God Only Knows", a song that McCartney cited as his favourite of all time. McCartney allowed the horn section to create their own parts for the song.
Release
"Silly Love Songs" was released in the US on 1 April 1976 and spent five non-consecutive weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was the number 1 pop song in Billboard's Year-End Charts of 1976; it was also the group's second of three number ones on the Easy Listening chart. The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies. Billboard listed "Silly Love Songs" as Paul McCartney's all-time biggest Hot 100 single.
The single was released in the UK on 30 April 1976 and reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. The song reached No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart on 27 May.
Critical reception
Upon release, "Silly Love Songs" generally received positive reviews from music critics, despite a common criticism of the song lacking substance. AllMusic'''s Stephen Thomas Erlewine described the song, as well as its follow-up single, "Let 'Em In", as "so lightweight that their lack of substance seems nearly defiant". Music critic Robert Christgau called the two tracks "charming if lightweight singles", while Rolling Stone critic Stephen Holden said "Silly Love Songs" was "a clever retort whose point is well taken". Cash Box said that "the production is slick and the arrangement filled with drive" and that McCartney's "voice is as good as ever". Record World said that "all the ingredients of a sure chart-topper are wrapped up in this delightful, fast moving number" with "awesome hooks." John Bergstrom of PopMatters called the song "an exemplary piece of mid-‘70s pop production and a pure pleasure".
In 2008, "Silly Love Songs" was listed at No. 31 on Billboard's Greatest Songs of All Time, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Other recordings
In 1976, Wings recorded "Silly Love Songs" live for their triple live album Wings Over America. In 1984, three years after the dissolution of Wings, Paul McCartney re-recorded "Silly Love Songs" for the soundtrack to the motion picture Give My Regards to Broad Street.
Personnel
Personnel per The Paul McCartney Project
Wings
Paul McCartney – lead and backing vocals, bass, Mellotron, piano, string conductor, percussion
Linda McCartney – backing vocals, tambourine
Denny Laine – backing vocals, piano
Joe English – drums
Other musicians
Tony Dorsey – trombone
Thaddeus Richard – saxophone
Steve Howard – trumpet
Howie Casey – saxophone
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
All-time charts
Certifications
Ardijah version
In 1999, New Zealand music group Ardijah released an R&B version of "Silly Love Songs". Their cover debuted at number 22 on New Zealand's RIANZ Singles Chart on 17 January 1999, rising to number nine the following week. It then moved up to number three, where it stayed for two weeks, and reached number one on 14 February, becoming the band's highest-charting single in their home country as well as their first top-10 hit since "Watchin' U" in 1988. "Silly Love Songs" logged 17 weeks on the New Zealand chart in total and was certified gold for selling over 5,000 copies.
Charts
Certifications
Other covers
In 1977, Welsh singer Shirley Bassey covered the song on her album You Take My Heart Away.
In 1995, American rock band The Replicants covered the song on their self-titled album, with Maynard James Keenan on vocals.
In 1996, rock group Red House Painters performed the song on their album Songs for a Blue Guitar.
Wings band member Denny Laine covered "Silly Love Songs" on his album Wings at the Speed of Denny Laine.
In 1998, American singer Stevie B recorded a version for his album Right Here, Right Now.
In 2001, the song was sampled in the song 'Elephant Love Medley' for the musical Moulin Rouge! In 2011, the song is featured in the Valentine's Day episode of Glee, which is also titled after the song. The song was performed by Darren Criss (who plays Blaine Anderson), while all-male a cappella group Beelzebubs sang the background vocals.
In 2015, John Pizzarelli recorded the song on his album Midnight McCartney''.
See also
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1976 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1976 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles from the 1990s (New Zealand)
Notes
References
External links
Lyrics of this song
Bibliography
1976 songs
1976 singles
1999 singles
Paul McCartney songs
Paul McCartney and Wings songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Capitol Records singles
Music published by MPL Music Publishing
British disco songs
Funk songs
Songs about music | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly%20Love%20Songs |
Customs House, Sydney is a heritage-listed museum space, visitor attraction, commercial building and performance space located in the Circular Quay area at 45 Alfred Street, in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The building served as a customs house prior to Federation and then as the head office of New South Wales operations of the Government of Australia agency Department of Trade and Customs (and its successors) until 1988. The customs function relocated to a new site in 1990. The initial designs were by Mortimer Lewis and it was built during 1845 by under the administration of Governor Sir George Gipps. It is also known as Customs House (former) and Site of former Customs House. The site was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List on 22 June 2004; and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.
Ownership was transferred to the City of Sydney Council in 1994, when it became a venue for exhibitions and private functions. After being refurbished in 2003, it has also become the new home of the City of Sydney Library. The ground floor of the building houses a scale model of Sydney's city centre viewed through a glass floor. The model was built by Modelcraft in 1998 and weighs one tonne. Images of the various versions of the building across its history are also displayed on the ground floor.
History
People of the Eora tribe are said to have witnessed from the site, in 1788, the landing of the First Fleet. Convict David O'Connor was hanged on the site in 1790 and it is said that his ghost haunts the Customs House to this day, offering people rum.
The first Customs house in Sydney was built in 1800. Its location is presumed to be at or near the spot of the landing and official flagraising on the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. This event marked the foundation of the colony of New South Wales. The site has been occupied by buildings ever since.
The driving force behind the construction of the later sandstone edifice on Circular Quay was Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes, the Collector of Customs for New South Wales for a record term of 25 years from 1834 to 1859. Colonel Gibbes persuaded the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, to begin construction of the Customs House in 1844 in response to Sydney's growing volume of maritime trade. The building project also doubled as an unemployment relief measure for stonemasons and laborers during an economic depression which was afflicting the colony at the time.
The site at Circular Quay was chosen in 1843 to house the Customs Service for the rapidly growing colony. They were responsible for all imports and exports, excise on locally manufactured goods, immigration control, control of narcotic substances and morally corrupt goods such as books and films. During the war years this included items of enemy origin, or having socialistic or communistic tendencies. Accordingly, areas for storage, administration and public business were included in the original design of the building. As trade increased, so did pressures on space within the Customs House and two new wings were constructed between 1883 and 1889. These wings provided accommodation for the Shipping Office and Maritime Board. The Customs House opened for business in 1845 and replaced cramped premises at The Rocks. It was partially dismantled and expanded to three levels under the supervision of the then Colonial Architect, James Barnet, in 1887. Various additions were made over the next century, particularly during the period of World War I, but some significant vestiges of the original Gibbes-Lewis building remain.
These demands increased again with the approach of Federation. Custom's roles of immigration control and administration of tariffs were major reasons for Federation. They became, at this time, the major revenue raiser for the Commonwealth Government. Extensions were timed to coincide with the change in government. More floors were added to cope with new and expanding duties brought about by the massive political change. More revisions were made between 1915 and 1917 to further accommodate these changes and pressures brought about by the war.
Few major structural changes have occurred between 1917 and 1995. This reflects the movement of international shipping away from Circular Quay to other areas of the City and the State.
From 15 June 1990 operations of the Customs Service were relocated to a new site. Ownership was then transferred from the Australian Government to the City of Sydney Council in 1994. The building underwent several rounds of refurbishment. It was refurbished in 1996-7 to become a venue for exhibitions and private functions. A further round of refurbishment was completed in 1999, converting the building into the "tourism gateway" to Sydney ahead of the 2000 Summer Olympics. The building contained galleries, a museum, bars, cafes and a restaurant, as well as performance and exhibition space. The City of Sydney's planning scale model of the City was also moved here from the Town Hall offices. After the Olympics, the building was further refurbished in 2003 to house the main City of Sydney Library, moved here from Town Hall. The site was refurbished and reopened in June 1997 as a combined commercial, performance, tourism and museum space.
Description
The two-storey Georgian structure was designed by Mortimer Lewis and featured thirteen large and expensive windows in the facade to afford a clear view of shipping activity in Sydney Cove. Colonel Gibbes, who dwelt opposite Circular Quay on Kirribilli Point, was able to watch progress on the Customs House's construction from the verandah of his private residence, Wotonga House (now Admiralty House).The building is a composite load-bearing and framed structure. The external masonry walls range from thick, with internal walls approximately . Internal beams vary in fabric from wood to steel. The load-bearing masonry on the perimeter of the building and the steel-framed structure in the core are fairly readily separable in the upper reaches of the building, though the edges of concrete floors do bear on the earlier masonry at the perimeter of the framed structure of the core. The panel walls contained in the 1917 frame are of brick. Floors in the perimeter building are generally suspended timber, joisted with added steel beams, while the framed core has reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Lift shafts exist on the central axis of the building.
The roof is a pitched roof on king-post trusses finished with Marseilles tiles of Australian make. Extensive box-gutters run around the perimeter of the 1903 roofs.
Internal walls are finished with lime plaster, repaired with cement render. Some areas have significant plaster mouldings. Ceiling types are mixed. Window joinery, doors and architraves are generally french polished or varnished. Windows are timber, of french door and vertical sliding sash types, where overlooking the street.
Condition
Recent conservation measures have returned the building to excellent physical condition. The archaeological potential is medium.
Modifications and dates
1885–1887: James Barnet architect. Original building partially dismantled and rebuilt to three storeys with side wings, to form a U-shape in plan.
1896–1903: W.L. Vernon architect. Two phases of alterations resulting in the addition of two new floors and a wing in the rear courtyard, forming an E-shape in plan.
1915–1917: George Oakeshott architect. All building enclosed by the former U-shape was replaced by a framed structure. This opened the ground floor as a large space with a lightwell. A sixth storey comprising caretakers quarters was added.
1925–1990: various additions by the Commonwealth Department of Works.
1996–1997: Conservation and Refurbishment Project – opened June 1997.
Heritage listing
On 22 June 2004, the building was added to the Commonwealth Heritage List.
The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet Landing. Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony. The Customs House contains parts of the oldest surviving building of its type in Australia, used continuously for 145 years. It is a physical record of the history of the Customs Service and its importance in the history of Australia. The Customs House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished government architects: Mortimer Lewis, James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon.
Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction, the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants.
Customs House, Sydney was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.
The Sydney Customs House occupies a unique symbolic and physical position on the site of the First Fleet landing. This historical event has enormous significance to the history of Australia. Its location is a physical reminder of the importance of Circular Quay as the original maritime centre for the colony and is a significant symbol of British imperial sovereignty and colonial commercial expansion. The Customs Service was the only revenue collector in an outpost of Empire struggling for economic survival. It later became a watchdog over ideas, people and goods coming into the country. The internal and external growth and change of the building reflect these changes in use.
The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.
The Custom's House embodies the work of three successive and individually distinguished official architects of New South Wales. Although Walter Liberty Vernon and James Barnet greatly altered the work of Mortimer Lewis, they did so using similar external materials and proportions so as to generate an overall unity of construction.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The site has significance as the initial point of European invasion of the lands of Aboriginal people.
The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
Because of the scarcity of documentary evidence about the early stages of construction, the surviving building fabric from these stages constitutes the principal source of additional evidence about the early history of the building and its occupants.
The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.
This site has been ranked as extremely significant in its unique reflection of the commercial expansion of the colony and the nationally significant role of the Customs Service. This is especially true for the early phases of the building's evolution.
See also
Australian non-residential architectural styles
References
Bibliography
Attribution
External links
Customs House (official website of the building)
Sydney Architecture (historic photos and details)
[CC-By-SA]
Libraries in Sydney
Government buildings in Sydney
Customs houses in Australia
Neoclassical architecture in Australia
James Barnet buildings in Sydney
Commonwealth Heritage List places in New South Wales
Government buildings completed in 1845
1845 establishments in Australia
Walter Liberty Vernon buildings in Sydney
Mortimer Lewis buildings
New South Wales State Heritage Register
Commercial buildings in New South Wales
Office buildings in New South Wales
Museums in New South Wales
Event venues in New South Wales
Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register
Sydney central business district | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs%20House%2C%20Sydney |
Jason "Ratboy" Collins (born July 4, 1974, in Santa Cruz, CA) is an aerial surfer who graduated from Santa Cruz High School. Following the lead of surfers such as Christian Fletcher, Collins dominated aerial surfing in the mid-nineties. Collins is also an accomplished longboarder and is well known for his overall riding style.
He landed a backside 360 air during the Expression Session at the O'Neill Cold Water Classic in 1994 when other competitors were doing top turns and roundhouse cutbacks. By landing that air, Collins defined his persona in the surfing world. He is a staple at surf competition air shows, has been published on multiple magazine covers and has a line of signature surfboards with the Stretch label.
External links
EXPN Interview
Transworld Surf Bio
Santa Cruz Sentinel Article
Surfline Santa Cruz Clip
Surfline video search Jason "Ratboy" Collins
1972 births
Living people
American surfers
Sportspeople from Santa Cruz, California
Santa Cruz High School alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Collins%20%28surfer%29 |
HM Prison Acklington was a Category C men's prison, located near the village of Acklington a few miles from Amble), in Northumberland, England. Acklington Prison was operated by Her Majesty's Prison Service. In 2011 Acklington was merged into the newly named HM Prison Northumberland.
HMP Acklington was the most northerly adult prison in England, and was built on the site of the former RAF Acklington airfield.
History
Acklington Prison opened in 1972, and was soon branded a holiday camp by the local media due to lax security and comfortable conditions for inmates. When the prison's security problems were at their worst, there were 14 escapes in one year. A review of security was undertaken in 1990 after a spate of escapes, including one in which a jogger trotted away from a supervised group and scaled the fence. Several weeks later two inmates hijacked a milk float and used it to dodge security.
Acklington came in for further criticism in September 2002 when prefabs were constructed at the prison to house inmates due to overcrowding. A month later staff passed a vote of no confidence in governor Peter Atkinson, citing safety concerns over job cuts at the prison.
In November 2004, three prisoners were involved in a disturbance which caused extensive damage to a wing of Acklington Prison. The inmates were protesting about being recently jailed, and were segregated after the incident.
In July 2011, it was announced that Acklington along with several other publicly operated prisons, would be market tested, allowing private operators as well as HM Prison service, to tender for the contract to operate the prison.
On 31 October 2011 HM Prison Acklington merged with HM Prison Castington to form HMP Northumberland and on 1 December 2013 management of HMP Northumberland passed from Her Majesty's Prison Service to Sodexo Justice Services.
The prison until October 2011
Acklington is a category C prison for adult male prisoners, with many being sex offenders. Education and vocational courses at the prison include: Woodwork; Tailoring and Textiles; Industrial workshops; Engineering workshops; Painting and Decorating; Bricklaying; Amenity Gardening; Market Gardening; Laundry; Physical Education; Waste Management and Catering, all of which include accredited qualifications. The prison also offers accredited Offending Behaviour programmes which include Drug Rehabilitation facilities, Sex Offender Programmes, Enhanced Thinking Skills, and Healthy Relationships programmes.
References
External links
Ministry of Justice pages on HMP Northumberland
HMP Acklington - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports
Acklington
Acklington
1972 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM%20Prison%20Acklington |
Hospira was an American global pharmaceutical and medical device company with headquarters in Lake Forest, Illinois. It had approximately 19,000 employees. Before its acquisition by Pfizer, Hospira was the world's largest producer of generic injectable pharmaceuticals, manufacturing generic acute-care and oncology injectables, as well as integrated infusion therapy and medication management systems. Hospira's products are used by hospitals and alternate site providers, such as clinics, home healthcare providers and long-term care facilities. It was formerly the hospital products division of Abbott Laboratories. On September 3, 2015, Hospira was acquired by Pfizer, who subsequently sold off the medical devices portion of Hospira to ICU Medical.
Worldwide sales in 2014 were approximately $4.5 billion. Current results are now part of Pfizer's consolidated statements.
History
In January 2004, Abbott announced it was spinning off its hospital products division.
Hospira's name was picked by employee vote. The name is derived from the words "hospital," "spirit," "inspire," and spero, a Latin word meaning "hope." Hospira became an independent company on May 3, 2004, with 14,000 employees, 14 manufacturing sites and an estimated $2.5 billion in annual sales.
In 2007, Hospira purchased Mayne Pharma Ltd., an Australian-based specialty injectable pharmaceuticals company, for $2.1 billion.
In 2009, Hospira acquired the biotechnology business from Pliva-Croatia, the generic injectable pharmaceuticals business of Orchid Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd., a leading Indian pharmaceuticals company, for approximately $400 million, and TheraDoc, a clinical informatics company that develops hospital surveillance systems, in 2009. In 2010, Hospira acquired Javelin Pharmaceuticals, Inc., maker of post-operative pain management drug Dyloject, for approximately $145 million.
In 2011, Hospira's board chose Mike Ball, formerly president of Allergan, as Hospira's new CEO. Ball became CEO in March 2011. Hospira named John Staley its non-executive chairman with the retirement of former executive chairman Christopher Begley in January 2012. Begley had announced his retirement as Hospira's chief executive in August 2010, but had remained as executive chairman.
In 2015, Pfizer signed an agreement to acquire Hospira. The roughly $17 billion acquisition was completed in September, 2015. A year later Pfizer sold the medical devices portion of Hospira to ICU Medical for roughly $900 million in cash, stock, and other consideration.
In 2020 through 2022, Pfizer used Hospira, Inc. as a trade name in reference to the subsidiary's involvement in as a supplier of 0.9% Sodium chloride Injection USP diluent for use with the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.
Sodium thiopental production
Sodium thiopental is an anesthetic discovered by Abbott Laboratories in the 1930s. Hospira manufactured the drug after splitting off from Abbott under the brand name Pentothal. The WHO considers it an essential drug. However, it is also used as part of the lethal injection protocol in many US states. Though Hospira has supplied these states with the drug, it has said, "we do not support the use of any of our products in capital punishment procedures."
In January 2011, the company announced that it would stop producing sodium thiopental. Hospira had recently moved production of the drug from a plant in North Carolina to a plant in Liscate, Italy. However, the Italian government would only allow Hospira to manufacture it if they could guarantee it wouldn't be used in capital punishment. The Italian constitution bans the use of capital punishment. Company officials determined there was no way it could prevent sodium thiopental from being used in executions, and did not want to expose their employees to liability.
Legislation and litigation
In August 2009, Hospira introduced a generic version of oxaliplatin, originally developed by Sanofi-Aventis SA for treating colon cancer. In April 2010, Hospira announced a legal settlement with Sanofi-Aventis, under the terms of which Hospira agreed to stop selling oxaliplatin injection in the United States by June 30, 2010, with the stipulation that they could relaunch the product on August 9, 2012.
In 2010, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that would allow the marketing of biosimilar drugs in the United States. The legislation provided for 12 years of data exclusivity for brand-name biologics. Some consumer groups, like AARP, oppose this provision, saying it would cause lack of access to the promise of such drugs.
Competitors
Hospira's competitors in specialty injectable pharmaceuticals include Fresenius AG, Baxter International Inc., Bedford Laboratories, Mylan, Sandoz, Teva Pharmaceuticals as well as divisions of several multinational pharmaceutical companies. Its competitors in medication management systems include Baxter, B. Braun Melsungen AG, CareFusion and Fresenius Medical Care AG.
Infusion pump system firmware vulnerability disclosures
In 2014-2015 two security researchers independently identified what were described as severe defects in Hospira's PCA system firmware, the software controlling various of their drug infusion equipment (CVE-2015-3459 and further advisory ICSA-15-125-01B). Numerous remote exploit vulnerabilities were found, in what was believed to be the first FDA safety advisory of its kind. This was followed in July 2015 by a second FDA recommendation that hospitals discontinue use of the affected pumps entirely. The devices, extent of their flaws, and implications, were widely discussed.
References
External links
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
American companies established in 2004
Pharmaceutical companies established in 2004
Companies based in Lake Forest, Illinois
Generic drug manufacturers
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
2015 mergers and acquisitions
Health care companies based in Illinois
Abbott Laboratories
Pfizer
Corporate spin-offs
American corporate subsidiaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospira |
WNHT may refer to:
WNHT-LD, a low-power television station (channel 4) licensed to serve Birmingham, Alabama, United States
WNHT (TV), a former CBS affiliate in Concord, New Hampshire, now WPXG (UHF 21)
WXKE, a radio station (96.3 FM) licensed to Churubusco, Indiana, United States, which held the call sign WNHT from 2002 to 2014
WXXS, a radio station (102.3 FM) licensed to Lancaster, New Hampshire, United States, which held the call sign WNHT from 1997 to 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNHT |
is a Japanese term for unbalancing an opponent in the Japanese martial arts.
The noun comes from the transitive verb kuzusu (崩す), meaning to level, pull down, destroy or demolish. As such, it refers to not just an unbalancing, but the process of putting an opponent to a position, where stability, and hence the ability to regain uncompromised balance for attacking, is destroyed.
In judo, it is considered an essential principle and the first of three stages to a successful throwing technique: kuzushi, tsukuri (fitting or entering) and kake (execution).
Kuzushi is important to many styles of Japanese martial arts, especially those derived from, or influenced by, Ju Jutsu training methods, such as Judo, Ninjutsu, Aikido, Uechi-ryu karate, Goju-ryu karate, and Wadō-ryū karate.
The methods of effecting kuzushi depend on maai (combative distance) and other circumstances. It can be achieved using tai sabaki (body positioning and weak lines), taking advantage of the opponents actions (push when pulled, pull when pushed), atemi (strikes), or a combination of all three.
Judo
There are three primary ways of applying kuzushi in judo:
direct action (e.g. pulling or pushing while entering for a throw);
inducing opponent's action (e.g. a feint or combination attack);
direct action by opponent (e.g. a counter throw).
References
Further reading
Kano Jigoro, (1994) Kodokan Judo .
Ohlenkamp, Neil (2006) Judo Unleashed .
External links
kuzushi judoinfo.com
kuzushi: beginning and advanced concepts bestjudo.com/blog
Kumite Gata and the Essence of Wado-ryu. Part III: The Principle of Kuzushi zenshindojo.fi
Japanese martial arts terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzushi |
Lee Harold Carmichael (born September 22, 1949) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for thirteen seasons with the Philadelphia Eagles (1971–1983) and one season for the Dallas Cowboys (1984). Carmichael was the Director of Player Development and Alumni for the Eagles from 1998 to 2014, and a Fan Engagement Liaison from 2014 to 2015, before retiring again in 2015.
Early years
Carmichael attended William M. Raines High School in Jacksonville, Florida, where he played the trombone in the school's band. He began playing quarterback on the football team.
He walked-on at Southern University and became a tri-sport athlete. He used his 6'8" height to play on the basketball team as a center, and threw the javelin and discus for the track and field team. In football, he shifted to playing wide receiver, where he was a four-year starter, although he never led the team in receptions. He received All-conference honors as a senior. He was a teammate of Mel Blount.
In 1989, he was inducted into the Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame. In 2004, he was inducted into the Florida Sports Hall of Fame. In 2012, he was inducted into the Southwestern Athletic Conference Hall of Fame. In 2018, he was inducted into the Black College Football Hall of Fame. In January 2020, he was elected as one of 10 seniors to the Centennial Slate for the Class of 2020 of the NFL Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Professional career
Carmichael was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the seventh round (161st overall) of the 1971 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he was converted into a tight end, starting in six out of the nine games and leading the team's tight ends with twenty receptions (fourth on the team).
The next year he was moved to wide receiver. In 1973, he had a breakout year with the arrival of head coach Mike McCormack, leading the league with 67 receptions for 1,116 yards (16.7-yard average) and was tied for fourth with nine receiving touchdowns.
His production fell in the next three seasons as the team struggled to find a reliable quarterback. In 1977, Ron Jaworski was named the starting quarterback, with Carmichael leading the team with 46 receptions for 665 yards and seven touchdowns.
He was elected to four Pro Bowls in his NFL career. He finished third in receiving yards in 1978 with 1,072 and was second in receiving touchdowns in 1979 with eleven.
In 1980, he set an NFL record at the time by catching passes in 127 consecutive NFL games while also helping the Eagles make an appearance in Super Bowl XV.
On May 11, 1984, he was waived by the Eagles. On August 8, he was signed as a free agent by the New York Jets, who were looking to improve their depth at wide receiver while Wesley Walker held out in a contract dispute and Lam Jones recovered from a broken collarbone. He was released on August 26.
On September 6, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys, who were looking for wide receiver depth after Tony Hill was injured in the season opener 20–13 win against the Los Angeles Rams. He played in two games and caught only one pass before being cut on November 14 and announcing his retirement.
He ended his career with 590 receptions for 8,985 yards with 79 career touchdown catches, along with 64 rushing yards on nine carries. He currently ranks 25th all-time in career touchdown receptions, but he was seventh all-time at the time of his retirement. His career catches ranked fifth all-time when he retired. He retired as the Eagles' all-time leader in pass receptions, receiving yards, receiving touchdowns, and total touchdowns (79), with all four records still standing as of early 2017. He also holds Eagles post-season records for receiving yards (465), touchdowns (six), yards per reception (sixteen), and yards per game (66.4). He and Brent Celek are the only Eagles with three touchdowns in a single post-season (1979), and he is one of four players with two touchdowns in a single post-season game. He holds the Eagles record for most games with a touchdown for both the regular season (69) and playoffs (five, shared with Duce Staley and Brian Westbrook). At 6 foot 8 inches, he is believed to be the tallest wide receiver in the history of the NFL.
Carmichael was selected to the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team by voters of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1973 to 1983, Carmichael led all NFL receivers in receptions, receiving yards, and touchdowns. In 1987, he was inducted into the Eagles Hall of Fame. The Professional Football Researchers Association named him to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2009.
On January 15, 2020, Carmichael was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2020.
Personal life
After retiring from his playing career, he settled in South Jersey and joined a Philadelphia travel agency as a vice president for sales. He later operated various businesses, including steel fabrication and sports marketing.
In 1998, Carmichael was named the director of player and community relations for the Eagles, a newly created position where he would be a "combination mentor, confidant, troubleshooter, and liaison between the players and the authority figures in the organization". He was moved to a Fan Engagement Liaison position in 2014, and retired from that role on April 2, 2015. He currently works as an ambassador for the team in his retirement.
References
1949 births
Living people
William M. Raines High School alumni
Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida
American football wide receivers
Southern Jaguars football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Dallas Cowboys players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold%20Carmichael |
Salabat Jung, born as Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi on 24 November 1718, was the 3rd son of Nizam-ul-Mulk. He was appointed as Naib Subahdar (Deputy Viceroy) to his elder brother, Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II, the Prime Minister of Mughal Empire, with the title Salabat Jung. He was invested by Imperial firman, at Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 12 September 1749. He was granted the titles of Khan Bahadur and Salabat Jung during his father's lifetime.
During the Second Carnatic War he was a prisoner, first in Nasir Jung's camp and later in Muzaffar Jung's camp. After Muzaffar Jung (his nephew) was killed by the Afghans on 13 February 1751, Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan was proclaimed as the new Nizam near Lakkireddipalli Pass, by the French under De Bussy with the title Asaf-ad-Daulah, Nawab Said Muhammad Khan Bahadur, Salabat Jung, Zafar Jung, Nawab Subahdar of the Deccan. He was promoted to the title of Amir-ul-Mamalik by the Emperor Alamgir II. He was the ruler of the Hyderabad State in India from 1751 until 1762.
The Khilwath Palace of Hyderabad was built under his direction.
Alliance with the French
Salabat Jung agreed to retain the French in the Deccan restoring previous rights and privileges. He gave the title of Saif-ud-daula Umdat-ul-Mulk to De Bussy and wrote to the Mughal Emperor Alamgir II for ratification, the Mughal Emperor agreed to their decision and granted De Bussy a title "Mansabdar of 7000" and appointed Hyder Jung as the "Vakil" (attorney) representing the French within the Mughal Empire.
This new alliance with the French had greatly contributed to the advancement of Salabat Jung's forces, in the year 1756 Salabat Jung utilised heavy muskets known as Catyocks, which were attached to the ground, it was known to have fired more rapidly than a cannon. These new weapons would completely reverse fortunes of the Maratha rebels.
Conflict with Marathas
In March 1751, Salabat Jung gave the French the villages of Nizampatnam and Alamanava in the Krishna district, Kondavid, Narsapur in the Godavary district, together with Yanaon and Mahfuzbandar. The extirpation of the conspirators against Muzaffar Jung was only the prelude to a more serious contest that threatened his successor to the Nizamat of Hyderabad Deccan, Salabat Jung. He had scarcely crossed the River Krishna when he was met by 25,000 Marathas under the personal command of their Peshwa, Balaji Baji Rao. This prince had entered into a league with Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II the elder brother of Salabat Jung; had levied a contribution of Rs. 150,000 from Aurangabad, the chief authority of which place was secretly disposed to Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II and now appeared as the ally of the "lawful" Nizam and as the precursor of his appearance in the territories of his father. The Maratha army however disappeared as suddenly as it had presented itself. The invasion of the Deccan by Damaji Rao Gaekwad from Gujarat had forced the Peshwa to retreat.
Salabat Jung made his entry in great pomp and took formal possession of Hyderabad. His first attention was directed to rewarding his allies. Gratuities were bestowed on the officers according to their rank from 100,000 to the commander in chief to 5,000 to each ensign. The future pay of the troops was settled with equal liberality. A communication was opened with Machilipatnam (Masulipatam) and from that port only 220 miles distant the French were supplied with recruits of men, stores and ammunition. De Bussy was thus enabled afterwards to increase his Europeans to 500 and to arm new Sipahis (Native Soldiers) whom he recruited in the country making a total of 5,000 Sipahis. Salabat Jung did not remain long at his capital. The threatened appearance of Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II, the disaffection of Aurangabad and the prospect of renewed invasion by the Marathas required his presence on his northern frontier and he set off for Aurangabad within a month (May 1751) after his arrival.
Salabat Jung reached Aurangabad on 18 June and in the month of August, Balaji Baji Rao having settled his internal disorders again invaded and ravaged the Mughal territory at the head of 40,000 men. The character of the French auxiliaries acquired fresh lustre on this occasion. While at Aurangabad their discipline and orderly conduct had commanded the respect of the Indians and they now established the superiority of the Salabat Jung over the Marathas. The Peshwa, meanwhile, had ordered Holkar and Scindia to join Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II and to affect a junction with himself near Aurangabad, occupied by Salabat Jung and his French allies. The news of this fresh campaign dismayed the Nizam and his advisers.
De Bussy said, "Care nothing for the invading army; you will best preserve the Deccan by marching on Poona."
With audacity the French general unfolded his plan and overcame the fears of Salabat Jung. Leaving Aurangabad to its fate, the Mughal prince moved on to Golkonda, and, after some days spent there in preparation, he marched through Pabal, Khedal and Ahmednagar to Bedar on the road to Poona. As he marched, he contrived to send messages to Tara Bai at Satara and received from the old queen favourable and encouraging replies.
Near Parner, De Bussy learnt of the approach of a Maratha army. Balaji, angered at the boldness of the Nizam's plan, had been sufficiently affected by it to detach 40,000 horsemen from the main army and lead them in pursuit. The Mughal forces consisted of large irregular levies, quite unfit to meet Balaji's cavalry. But with them were 500 French infantry and 5000 highly disciplined Sipahis led by French officers. On the news of the enemy's vicinity the Muslims formed up to await the Maratha attack.
De Bussy seized some heights on one of the flanks and put his field-pieces on them, so as to command the ground across which the Peshwa must charge. In support of the guns he drew up his disciplined infantry. Balaji attacked the Mughals in the usual Maratha fashion, testing the whole line before charging home. But these proved bad tactics in face of the rapid shooting of the French cannon and the continuous fire of their drilled riflemen. The Maratha army after suffering some loss disappeared.
De Bussy led the Mughals on Poona, destroying all the villages through which they passed. The Peshwa retaliated by getting his agents to spread among the Mughals rumours of intended French treachery. De Bussy's answer was a brilliant coup de main. On 22 November, the Marathas were engaged at Kukadi in devotions inspired by an eclipse of the moon. Balaji, like most members of his family, was strict in his religious beliefs and encouraged his soldiers to pray to their gods, to secure an early release of the moon from the clutches of the demon Ketu. While so engaged, they were surprised by De Bussy's attack. The Maratha army did not suffer heavily, but they abandoned their camp, from which the plundering Mughals secured a considerable booty. Among their trophies were the golden utensils used by Balaji Baji Rao for himself and for his gods.
On 27 November 1751, the French general took and sacked Ranjangaon and utterly destroyed Talegaon Damdhere. De Bussy's plan of campaign had succeeded. So far from invading the Nizam's dominions, Balaji Baji Rao was perplexed how to save Poona. He reinforced his army by summoning to it the Scindia contingent, led by Datta and Madhav Rao Scindia, two sons of Ranu Scindia ; and on 27 November 1751, he attacked the Mughal army on the banks of the Ghodnadi river with the utmost determination. The Maratha attack was led by Mahadji Purandare, Datta and Madhav Rao Scindia and Kanher Rao Trimbak Ekbote better known as Kanher Rao Phakde, a native of Purandar. So vigorous was the Maratha charge that Salabat Jung's levies were completely overwhelmed. The day was saved by De Bussy again. Changing his front, he brought his guns to bear on the flank of the charging cavalry with such effect that he enabled the Mughals to rally; and, although the Maratha losses were far less than those of their enemies, they eventually withdrew from the field, taking with them Salabat Jung's howdah, four elephants and seven hundred horses. The next day De Bussy pressed on to Koregaon on the river Bhima, a little town only 16 miles from Poona.
Balaji Baji Rao now decided to follow his foe's example and save his capital by carrying the war into Nizam's country. He directed Sadashiv Rao Bhau to enter into negotiations with the Nizam's Hindu diwan, Ram Das, to whom Dupleix had given the title of Raja Raghunath Das. The plenipotentiaries met, but the negotiations, no doubt at Balaji' s orders, were deliberately drawn out. Before any settlement was arrived at, the Nizam was dismayed to hear that the fort of Trimbak had been escaladed by a Maratha officer.
While the Nizam vainly protested against the outrage and demanded the return of his property, news reached him that Raghuji Bhonsle was over-running, on his eastern frontier, the whole country between the Penganga and the Godavari.
At the same time the Peshwa's agents fomented the discontent of the Mughal soldiery, by charging De Bussy with embezzling their pay, which they had not received for several months. Salabat Jung's confidence in his French general was shaken and he ordered a retreat to Ahmednagar. Having reached that town in safety, the Nizam's courage returned. He replenished his ammunition and collected siege guns for the recapture of Trimbak. He set out northwards, but he was so harassed on his march that he abandoned his enterprise and once again sought De Bussy's counsel. That sagacious soldier saw that it was useless to continue the march on Trimbak. It was useless also to march on Poona, for the Mughals had turned their backs on it and were now 60 miles away. He advised Salabat Jung to ask for an armistice and thus secure his retreat to his own dominions. The Nizam took his advice. On 7 January 1752, Balaji at Shingwa accepted an armistice in return for a promised cession of land. Salabat Jung sent some cakes, and his diwan, Raja Raghunath Das, sent some tulsi leaves as a proof of their good faith; and the lately victorious Nizam and French army retreated across their own frontier.
During this period the Salabat Jung's government was entirely in the hands of the French. Bussy personally commanded the army and controlled the civil administration through his agent Raja Raghunath Das. Salabat Jung did not hesitate to address Dupleix as his protector and to acknowledge that himself and his states were entirely at his disposal. Salabat Jung ceded a territory round Machilipatnam to the French in September 1751 and conferred the government of the Carnatic on Dupleix and his successors in February 1752. It was probably not intended by Dupleix to displace Chanda Sahib who was yet alive.
Feroze Jung II's Deccan Expedition and Unrest in Aurangabad
Despite his initial victories against the Marathas, Salabat Jung had to retreat to protect his dominions from the North. His army was mutinous for want of pay, and during the homeward march Raja Raghunath Das was assassinated by some Afghan soldiers in April 1752, with whose commander he had quarrelled. The French received a serious shock from the death of Raghunath Das. Salabat Jung was provided with another councillor in whom De Bussy had even more confidence than in the deceased. This was Haider Jung of Machilipatnam who had early entered into the service of the French and learned their language. His abilities attracted the notice of Dupleix and his judgment and fidelity while with Bussy had raised him to great power and high honours. But to fill the part of minister it was necessary to find a man of rank who should be able to regulate the mutinous army and embarrassed finances and willing at the same time to be entirely subservient to the French.
The predominance of a body of foreigners and the elevation of their upstart dependents had unavoidably proved disgusting to the nobility of Salabat Jung's court and was felt most by those who but for them would have been at the head of the state. The two most distinguished men of this class were Shah Nawaz Khan Dakhani and Rukan ud-Daulah Syed Lashkar Khan. Shah Nawaz had been minister of Nasir Jung while governing the Deccan as his father's deputy. He joined the prince in his rebellion in 1741 and although his life was spared after the victory of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah I, he remained for some years in disgrace. He employed that period in writing a biography of the principal nobles of the preceding age which has contributed more than his political transactions to preserve his reputation in India. On the accession of Nasir Jung he became prime minister and on his death he fled to a hill fort in the Carnatic. He was pardoned and reconciled to Muzaffar Jung through the intervention of Dupleix and probably expected to be restored to his former power. Finding the whole administration committed to Raghunath Das he became discontented and obtained permission to retire to Aurangabad where he became the head of a party opposed to the French and was the principal mover of the intrigues in that city in favour of Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II. De Bussy was too well aware of his hostility to trust him with the office of prime minister but thought it expedient to disarm his opposition by appointing him governor of the province of Hyderabad. Rukan ud-Daulah had also held a high office under Nasir Jung and was no less inimical than Shah Nawaz to the French ascendancy but he had concealed his sentiments with more care; had always been employed under Salabat Jung's government and now appeared to Bussy to be a suitable person to place at the head of the administration. He was accordingly made minister and the French influence seemed as great as ever.
But events in Delhi were going in a different direction. Safdar Jung was the new Vizier of the Mughal Empire and the Amir ul-Umara Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II felt slighted on being left out as the heir to Nizamat of Hyderabad. The motives which led to his acquiescence in the accession of Nasir Jung ceased with that prince's life. The weakness of Salabat Jung's title invited him to assert his own. He therefore solicited the Emperor's nomination to the governorship of the Deccan and at the same time entered on negotiations with Balaji Baji Rao for the purpose of obtaining his support. He left his son, Shihab ud-Din Muhammad Khan, as his deputy in the office of Mir Bakhshi, and proceeded towards the Deccan, taking with him Malhar Rao Holkar, on the promise of paying him money upon his arrival at home. He was acknowledged at Burhanpur by the troops on that frontier. He was joined by the Maratha Peshwa, Balaji Baji Rao in person and when he arrived at Aurangabad on 29 September 1752 his force computed to amount to 150,000 men.
When intelligence of his arrival reached Hyderabad, Salabat Jung, marched out with a great force to oppose his elder brother. Malhar Rao Holkar, being informed of these designs, and seeing that war between the two brothers was imminent, took the opportunity of asking for Khandesh and Khanpur, which were old dependencies of Aurangabad. He foresaw that the struggle with Salabat Jung would be severe, and he deemed it prudent to refrain from taking any part in it.
Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II had appeared with one of the largest armies ever assembled in the Deccan and it was thought that his succession was inevitable. But no fighting had taken place between the rivals, when Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II died on 16 October 1752. Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, carried his coffin to Delhi. They also carried with them his money and valuables, exceeding a Rs. 10,000,000 in amount, and delivered them over to his son Shihab ud-Din Muhammad Khan. This young man, whenever his late father was absent, had deemed it best for his interests to be constant in his attentions to Safdar Jung, and by this conduct he had gained the favour of that minister, who showed him great kindness. When the intelligence of his father's death arrived, he communicated the fact to Safdar Jung before it was generally known, and from that day the minister called him his "son". By the minister's influence, he was appointed Mir Bakhshi, and received the title of Amir-ul-Umara Imad-ul-Mulk Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III.
But the Maratha leaders insisted on his carrying out Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II's engagements. In this they were supported by the Mughals of Burhanpur, who, after the help given by them to Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II, were afraid to remain Salabat Jung's subjects. The Nizam left the decision to De Bussy. The French general preferred a solid peace to a doubtful war and advised the surrender of a considerable tract of land, provided Raghuji Bhonsle first withdrew from the eastern provinces. Balaji ordered Raghu Bhonsle to do so. He complied.
Thus, in spite of de Bussy's genius and of French valor, the Peshwa acquired in this war the sacred town and fort of Trimbak and the whole country west of Berar from the Tapti to the Godavari. This treaty is known in history as the Treaty of Bhalki (November 1752).
With the death of Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II, Salabat Jung remained the uncontested Nizam of Hyderabad Deccan. De Bussy advised Salabat Jung to move back to Hyderabad with him, to which he agreed.
Conquest of Northern Circars by the French
The acquisition of the Northern Circars is an important landmark in the history of the French in India. It placed at their disposal a contiguous territory of 470 miles of sea coast stretching from Orissa to the Coromandel Coast. These territories were also noted for their economic wealth; Machilipatnam was noted at this period for its dyeing and printing industry, while Rajahmundry abounded in rich teak forests. Srikakulam (Chicacole) was a rice-producing area. The presence of the Eastern Ghats made this region unvulnerable to outside attack. The Eastern Ghats abounded in thick bamboo forests, and in those days of infantry and cavalry warfare, it was difficult for the enemy to penetrate through them.
The acquisition was made possible by the uprising of Syed Lashkar Khan who was bitterly opposed to the French predominance and other noblemen in the region. The treasury of the Nizam, was almost empty and the Nizam's troops had not been paid for six months. Salabat Jung found it still more difficult to pay the French detachment, and their pay was in arrears for two months. The French Sipahis, threatened to rebel, if their arrears were not paid, and Salabat Jung was forced to pay their salaries by raising a loan of 150,000 Rupees from the local Circars and from the revenue of Hyderabad. But the troops of the Nizam had to go without their pay. So, these soldiers started clamouring for the payment of their arrears and refused to go on the proposed Carnatic expedition unless their arrears were cleared. The general discontent was so great in the Nizam's army that even the nagar-beaters and camel drivers took a solemn oath not to proceed to the Carnatic until their salaries were paid. The Mughal soldiers openly went about saying, that the French were robbing the Nizam of his riches, which the family had accumulated for the past 60 years, while the subjects of the Nizam, were starving. Their discontent was so great, that they went to the extent of threatening the life of Rumi Khan Fransisi, the agent of the French. De Bussy was ordered to ask Salabat Jung for the grant of the four Northern Circars, namely Ellore, Mustafanagar, Rajahmundry, and Srikakulam (Chicaole), towards the maintenance of the French detachment. De Bussy moved the matter with Salabat Jung, but Syed Lashkar Khan, saw, that the consideration of the matter was postponed for the time being and before Bussy could further move in the matter, he had to go to Machilipatnam on account of his illness.
Taking advantage of the financial distress of the Nizam and the general indiscipline that had crept into the French forces, Syed Lashkar Khan used all his ingenuity to make the French unpopular and their stay, untenable in the Deccan. He started exploring his moorings in a very cautious manner. Early in April 1753 he appealed to the British, to leave no stone unturned and to assist him to expel the French. The letter of Syed Lashkar Khan was intercepted by the spies of Dupleix but Syed Lashkar Khan, even after knowing it, did not desist from intriguing against the French. Though the plans of Syed Lashkar Khan against the French were welcome to the English, they could not send him any material help owing to their preoccupations in the Carnatic affairs. Syed Laskhar Khan tried to harass the French by with-holding their salaries. To the original detachment of 300 Europeans and 2000 Sipahis, Bussy added further a battalion of 5000 Sipahis, and all these were entirely under the personal command of Bussy. All together, their salaries amounted to, Rs. 250,000, per month.
Bussy, accordingly started from Machilipatnam on 25 June 1753, and reached Hyderabad on 15 July 1753. He arrived in Hyderabad with the firm resolve not to leave the Deccan unless the financial condition of the Nizam warranted such a step. On his arrival he found that the French commandant Goupil was busy elsewhere, collecting the revenues, and that great confusion and disorder prevailed in the French ranks. He soon restored order and discipline among the 500 Europeans and 4000 Sipahis who were in Hyderabad and opened negotiations with the Qiladar, Mahmud Hussain. The latter, realising that Bussy was not the man to mince matters, arranged the necessary money for the payment of the French troops. Bussy, cleared the arrears of pay of the troops partly by raising money from the Bankers and partly by advancing from his own private funds.
De Bussy then called upon Goupil and Mainville to submit accounts of the money, so for, collected by the French troops. He found on a careful scrutiny of the accounts submitted that the French had over-reached themselves in collecting taxes, and that they extorted gratuities from the Nawabs and Palaiyakkarars (polygars) and oppressed the people in general. When Dupleix was informed of this he sent the following letter of admonition to the French officers;
De Bussy realised that the irresponsible and arrogant manner of the French soldiers had alienated the people from them and that intrigues were afoot in the court against the French. Syed Lashkar Khan, the Marathas, especially Janu Nimbalkar and Raja Ram Chander, and the English at Fort St. George were interested in ousting, the French power from the Deccan. Syed Lashkar Khan, even after the arrival of Bussy, did not desist from plotting against the French. He induced Salabat Jung to write to Dupleix that the arrears, due to the French troops must be deducted From the Rs. that Dupleix owed to the Nizam, as his deputy in the Carnatic. He also proposed that during the rainy season the French troops should be stationed at Machilipatnam so that they could collect the revenues with greater ease. Syed Lashkar Khan, though he advised the French in the above manner, at the same time sent secret instructions to the zamindars on the East Coast not to pay taxes to the French and to attack the French jagirs in the various districts. Encouraged by such messages, Raja Ram Chander of Ongole seized Bandurti with the help of the English.
Syed Lashkar Khan also put two younger brothers of Salabat Jung, Nizam Ali Khan and Basalat Jung into prison in the Fort of Daulatabad on the plea that the latter were intriguing with de Mainville and ordered the French Commandant to return forthwith to Hyderabad.
He also made Salabat Jung to write to Bussy, suggesting that the French should stay, during the monsoons in Machilipatnam and that the Nizam would call them whenever he required their assistance. Apart from this, no sooner did he hear that Mahmud Hussain, the Qiladar of Hyderabad, had assisted Bussy in arranging the loans for the payment of the French troops, than he got him replaced by a new Governor. Seeing these manoeuvres, De Bussy decided to deal with Syed Lashkar Khan, in a very drastic manner. He decided to adopt one of the following three courses; namely; to demand from the Nizam fresh territories lo maintain, the French forces and if the Subah refused to grant them, to seize certain territories and attach them to Machilipatnam which was under Moracin and inform Salabat Jung that those territories would be safe guarded by the French for the Nizam. But if either of these plans failed, Bussy, even decided to get the help of the Peshwa, against the Nizam in exchange for Surat being ceded to the Marathas. On being informed of these plans, Dupleix fully concurred with them and he sent to Bussy an additional force of 350 men. Of these, Bussy, dispatched 150 men to Machilipatnam, under the command of the Marquis of Conflans.
Feeling himself sufficiently strong, Bussy now decided to march against Aurangabad. Prior to this, he sent a letter to Salabat Jung, in which he reminded him that if he became the Deccan Subahdar it was mainly due to the efforts of the French. Saunders, the English Governor, remarked;
De Bussy in Aurangabad in November 1753. His journey to Aurangabad was full of obstacles and he had to meet the silent opposition of the people, inspired by the manoeuvres of Syed Lashkar Khan. Seeing this, Bussy decided to enter Aurangabad in full battle array; Syed Lashkar Khan seeing the preparations made by Bussy decided to yield and opened negotiations with the latter. On Bussy's arrival, Syed Lashkar Khan at the head of 21 nobles mounted on elephants went to receive him. Bussy, when he met them, contrived to arrange their order of arrival in such a manner that they had to dismount first as though doing obeisance to the French General.
On approaching Bussy, the Diwan, Syed Lashkar Khan dismounted from his elephant and bowed to the French General, seeing which, the other Deccan nobles followed suit. Bussy, getting down from his elephant embraced the Diwan. The latter then offered to surrender his official seals as a token of his resignation. De Bussy perceived that Syed Lashkar Khan was popular with the people, and whatever intrigues he had carried on against the French he had done for the noble purpose of ridding his country and his ruler of foreign domination. De Bussy realised that however much he desired to get rid of the minister, making him resign openly was not the proper method. Hence he refused to accept the seals, and mildly hinted to the Diwan, that he would be satisfied with the cession of the Northern Circars to the French.
The Northern Circars, constituted the most fertile coastal strip of the Nizam's Dominions. They were watered by the three important rivers of the Deccan, the Krishna River, the Godavari and the Gundlakamma. Syed Lashkar Khan was loath to part with those fertile regions and he asked De Bussy, whether he would not be satisfied with territorial grants in the interior; but on finding that Bussy had set his heart on the acquisition of the Northern Circars alone, he gave way. On 23 November, a grand court was held at Aurangabad, and the treaty of Aurangabad, was signed between Salabat Jung and the French. By this treaty the four Northern Circars, Ellore, Mustafanagar (Kondapalli) Rajahmundry and Srikakulam (Chicacole) were granted to the French. The Sarkars were personally conferred on Bussy towards the maintenance of the French troops. It was also decided that the revenues of the Circars should be spent exclusively for disbursing the pay of the French troops.
At this period a Mughal Governor Jafar Ali, was in charge of the revenue administration of the Circars. So it was settled that if Jafar Ali, failed to remit the revenues to Bussy within the stipulated time, the sum should be made good from the treasury of the Nizam. Secondly, the safety of the person of Salabat Jung was entrusted to the care of the French, and further, it was agreed that the Nizam should not interfere in the administration of the Subah of Carnatic. It was also mutually agreed, that in matters of general administration also, the Nizam should govern the country in accordance with the wishes of De Bussy. De Bussy in his turn agreed to support and befriend Syed Lashkar Khan. Soon after receiving the patent for the Sarkars, Bussy, instructed the French agent at Machilipatnam to take charge of those territories, and he dispatched 150 Europeans and 2500 Sipahis to French commander Moracin at Machilipatnam, to bring those territories under the French control.
Death
Salabat Jung was deposed by his brother, Asaf Jah II Mir Nizam Ali Khan Siddiqi, on 8 July 1762. He was ordered held in Bidar Fort prison, where he was killed on 16 September 1763. He was buried at Bidar outside the dargah of Multani pasha (bustan e Asifia by manik rao vital rao).
References
External links
18th-century executions
18th-century Indian Muslims
Mughal nobility
1718 births
1763 deaths
Nizams of Hyderabad
French India
Yanam
18th-century Indian monarchs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salabat%20Jung |
Daredevils was a punk rock band from Los Angeles, California.
History
The punk band was formed by guitarist Brett Gurewitz after his 1994 departure from Bad Religion.
The Daredevils were Brett Gurewitz, director Gore Verbinski, Dean Opseth, and Josh Freese.
The group released only one single "Hate You", with the B Side "Rules, Hearts" and disbanded.
Members
Brett Gurewitz - guitar, vocals (see also Bad Religion)
Gore Verbinski - guitar (see also Little Kings)
Dean Opseth - bass (see also Medicine)
Josh Freese - drums (see also A Perfect Circle, Guns N' Roses, The Offspring, The Vandals, Nine Inch Nails)
Discography
Hate You (1996)
Music videos
Hate You (1996)
References
Punk rock groups from California
Rock music supergroups
Musical groups established in 1994
Musical groups from Los Angeles
1994 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daredevils%20%28band%29 |
HM Prison Durham is a Georgian era reception Category B men's prison, located in the Elvet area of Durham in County Durham, England. Built in 1819, the prison continues to be operated by His Majesty's Prison Service. Women prisoners were moved in 2005 due to overcrowding and suicides.
History
The Northgate was established in Saddler Street in around 1072. It was rebuilt by Bishop Thomas Langley in the early 15th century to provide custodial facilities, which became known as the Northgate Prison or the County Gaol, and it was enlarged in 1773. There was also a House of Correction, also known as the Bridewell, which was established on the north side of Elvet Bridge in 1634.
In the early 19th century it was decided to consolidate these two institutions at the current site, just south of the new Durham Courthouse: the new prison, consisting of some 600 cells, opened in 1819.
In 1832, protests over working conditions in the South Shields workhouse were supported by miner strikes. Soldiers were sent to evict striking miners from their pubs. One miner, William Jobling, was convicted of the murder of a local magistrate near Jarrow Slake. He was hanged amid heightened security of 50 mounted Hussars and 50 infantrymen to protect the gallows. His body was gibbeted after death. The prison's C wing was built in 1850. Between 1869 and 1958, 95 judicial executions took place on the gallows at Durham prison or the court house.
Irish Republicans were imprisoned in Durham in 1918.
On 17 December 1958, the final execution at Durham took place when Private Brian Chandler (aged 20) was hanged for the murder of Martha Dodd in the course of theft. Chandler was a soldier based at Catterick camp, and had beaten the 83-year-old widow to death with a hammer.
During the late 1960s and 1970s the prison became a study project for Stan Cohen and Laurie Taylor, which led to their publication of three books, namely Psychological Survival: The Experience of Long-term Imprisonment (1972), Escape Attempts (1976) and Prison Secrets (1978). Cohen additionally published Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment and Classification (1985).
In 1990 a 19-year-old-prisoner Darren Brook was murdered by another prisoner.
Durham (which was a Category A prison for men and women at the time) was praised in 2001 by Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons for its progressive regime, integration of inmates and falling levels of violence. However, in 2003 it was revealed that Durham had the highest suicide rate of all prisons in England.
In 2004 a report by the Chief Inspector of Prisons criticised Durham for being severely overcrowded. The report highlighted the lack of education and work opportunities for inmates at the prison. In 2005 Durham's female high-security wing with 120 prisoners was discontinued and the prisoners transferred elsewhere, after HM Inspectorate of Prisons reports concluded, following several suicides, that it was unsuitable for housing female prisoners.
On 13 July 2011 it was announced that along with several other prisons, HMP Durham would be put up for market testing as part of a Ministry of Justice budget plan to make savings of almost 25%.
A 2014 report by HM Inspectorate of Prisons found that a third of inmates tested positive for drug use, a rate almost twice as high as would be expected in similar prisons. Rates of violence were also higher than expected which indicated that monitoring should be improved. The prison was, however, praised for the quality of work activity and learning available to prisoners.
In 2018 the Channel 4 documentary Prison was filmed over a 7 month period in the jail.
21st Century
As of 2022, Durham is a Reception prison for remand adult/ young male prisoners, primarily serving the courts of County Durham, Tyne and Wear, Teesside and Cumbria
It is divided into seven wingspans secure units, plus a segregation section and healthcare section. The prison offers part-time education to all inmates, including courses on data input, bricklaying, woodwork, painting and decorating, waste management and gardening.
Notable inmates
Current
Colin Ash-Smith
Former
Martina Anderson
Mary Ann Cotton
Sandra Gregory
Myra Hindley
Marie Therese Kouao
Bernadette McNeilly
Ruth Neave
Carole Richardson
Maxine Robinson
Maria Rossi
Sara Thornton
Judith Ward
Rosemary West
Ian Brady
Keith 'Mad Dog' Brumwell
Andy Ferrell
Kieran Patrick Kelly
Ronald Kray
John McVicar
Raoul Moat
Charlie Richardson
Eddie Richardson
John Straffen
David Boyd
John Vickers.
Film and TV links
The 1980 British film McVicar starring Roger Daltrey is partially set in Durham Prison.
The Prison is featured in Longford (2006) - Myra Hindley as an inmate
References
External links
History of Durham Gaol from theprison.org.uk
Ministry of Justice pages on Durham
Durham
Buildings and structures in Durham, England
Prisons in County Durham
19th-century establishments in England
Durham
Women's prisons in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM%20Prison%20Durham |
NGC 4656/57 is a highly warped barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canes Venatici and is sometimes informally called the Hockey Stick Galaxies or the Crowbar Galaxy. Its unusual shape is thought to be due to an interaction between NGC 4656, NGC 4631, and NGC 4627. The galaxy is a member of the NGC 4631 Group. A Luminous Blue Variable in "super-outburst" was discovered in NGC 4656/57 on March 21, 2005.
See also
Antennae Galaxies
References
External links
Hockey Stick (NGC 4656)
SEDS – NGC 4656
Canes Venatici
NGC 4631 Group
4656
07907
42863
Interacting galaxies
Barred spiral galaxies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204656%20and%20NGC%204657 |
HM Prison Frankland is a Category A men's prison located in the village of Brasside in County Durham, England. Frankland is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service, and is located next to HM Prison Low Newton, a closed women's prison.
The prison has been nicknamed "Monster Mansion" due to the many convicted murderers, rapists and terrorists imprisoned there.
History
Frankland was originally opened in 1983 with four wings, each holding 108 in single cells. A further two wings opened in 1998 to an open gallery design to hold an additional 206. A specialist Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) unit opened at the prison in May 2004.
The prison has increased in size in recent years following major redevelopment work including the construction of the new DSPD 'Westgate Unit'. In March 2008, the Ministry of Justice announced that Frankland would be expanded again, with planning permission being granted for an extra 120 places at the prison.
In 2011, two convicted prisoners, Nathan Mann and Michael Parr, disemboweled 23-year-old Mitchell Harrison, who had been convicted of raping a 13-year-old girl.
Facilities
Frankland is a Dispersal prison that holds male prisoners who are over 21 years of age, and whose sentence is usually 4 years or more, life sentences and high-risk remand prisoners. The prison has been dubbed the "Monster Mansion" due to many of its inmates being convicted murderers, high-risk sex offenders and those convicted of terrorism-related offences. Prison accommodation is divided between wings, with wings A to D holding 108 inmates each, wings F and G holding an additional 208, with J holding 120. All cells are single occupancy.
The Healthcare Centre at the prison consists of a 4-bedded ward and 10 furnished rooms, a dental suite, X-ray and a Suicide Crisis Suite. A number of clinics are held, many conducted by visiting specialists. There are also telehealth services and wing-based treatment rooms. Primary care is contracted to the County Durham & Darlington Foundation Trust.
Education at the prison is provided by The Manchester College, with a range of courses provided - from basic skills to higher education level. Frankland also runs workshops in furniture production, a charity workshop and a sight-and-sound workshop. The prison has a library and gym to support inmates' learning and recreation.
Frankland Prison has a visitors' centre. Facilities include a canteen and children's play area, all with disabled access.
Notable prisoners
Former inmates
Kamel Bourgass
Charles Bronson
Paul John Ferris
Adam Johnson
Kieran Patrick Kelly
Andrzej Kunowski
Andrew Malkinson
Dominic Noonan
Colin Pitchfork
Harold Shipman
John Straffen
Peter Sutcliffe
Curtis Warren
Current inmates
Michael Adebolajo
Dhiren Barot
Levi Bellfield
David Bieber
Peter Chapman
David Copeland
Wayne Couzens
Mark Dixie
John Duffy
David Fuller
Benjamin Geen
Delroy Grant
Ian Huntley
Thomas Mair
Stuart Morgan
Colin Norris
Hussain Osman
Muzzaker Shah
Michael Stone
Charles Taylor
References
External links
Ministry of Justice pages on Frankland
HMP Frankland - HM Inspectorate of Prisons Reports
Frankland
Prisons in County Durham
Buildings and structures in Durham, England
1980 establishments in England
Frankland
Dispersal prisons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM%20Prison%20Frankland |
Precita Eyes Muralists Association is a community-based non-profit muralist and arts education group located in the Bernal Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, California. It was founded in 1977 by Susan and Luis Cervantes.
History
Precita Eyes Muralists Association was founded in 1977 by Susan and Luis Cervantes, who had come to the Bay Area several years before and started a family. Susan Cervantes was inspired by Las Mujeres Muralistas, the first all-women group of collaborative muralists. Cervantes adopted the Mujeres uralists' philosophy of collaborative, accessible, community art.
The organization evolved from a community mural workshop in which the participants designed and painted the mural “Masks of God, Soul of Man” for the Bernal Heights Library. The group signed the piece as Precita Eyes Muralists because the project was a collaborative effort. The name of the organization comes from the fact that most of the muralists were from Precita Valley, which gets its name from Precita Creek. Precita is a diminutive form of the Spanish word ‘presa,’ which means dam; the word ‘Precita’ means little dam. The ‘Eyes’ in the name are what we perceive the visual world with, our own eyes.
After the first mural, the group of artists continued to be interested in creating murals. They completed two major mural commissions and several more portable murals. Two years later, the group applied for non-profit status in 1979. In 1998 Precita Eyes expanded its operations with the purchase of the building at 2981 24th Street, near the well-known Balmy Alley. As of 2007, Precita Eyes had supported nearly 100 murals in the Mission neighborhood,
Precita Eyes celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2007 and continues to conduct several mural projects each year. Recent projects include two international projects, one in Beijing, China and the other in parts of Palestine and Lebanon. Other recent local projects involved the restoration of two San Francisco Parks, Excelsior Playground and Crocker-Amazon Playground. They also host an annual Urban Youth Arts Festival, with artists painting on boards in Precita Park.
Murals are an expression of the culture of the neighborhood; in an article about Precita Eyes, muralist Juana Alicia Montoya said "In the 1960s and '70s, the Mission District became the cultural heart of the Chicano movement in California... and the murals were an integral part of that movement, as was theater and poetry." The book Chicana and Chicano Art: ProtestArte says "Arts organizations such as Precita Eyes continue to support Chicano muralism's original objective: to create public art that authentically represents a community's history and culture."
Programs
Precita Eyes Muralists is one of only a handful of mural arts organizations in the United States. It maintains two centers. The original Mural Arts Center across from Precita Park at 348 Precita Avenue is used primarily by the education program for toddler, kids and youth classes. The Precita Eyes Mural Arts and Visitors Center, at 2981 24th Street, conducts mural tours; has a small art supply and mural merchandise store; is used as a gallery space and a space for workshops for adults to plan and design mural art; has space to work on mosaics and portable murals; and contains Precita Eyes Muralists’ Offices.
Precita Eyes Muralists offers weekly art classes for toddlers, children and youth 18 months to 19 years old.
Precita Eyes offers walking tours that cover mural history and the cultural and historical significance of the murals in Balmy Alley and the wider Mission district. Tours are open to the public during the weekends. Private tours for large groups such as school classes or visiting groups can be scheduled during the weekday and are tailored to the audience.
Notes
Bibliography
Community Murals as Democratic Art and Education by David Conrad, Journal of Aesthetic Education, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Spring, 1995), pp. 98–102, University of Illinois Press
Coming Up Taller: Arts And Humanities Programs For Children And Youth At, by Judith Humphreys Weitz, 1996, Diane Publishing
External links
Official website
American artist groups and collectives
Murals in San Francisco
Arts organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Mission District, San Francisco
Arts organizations established in 1977
1977 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precita%20Eyes |
Joseph Stanley Kimmitt (April 15, 1918 – December 7, 2004) was the Secretary of the United States Senate and Secretary for the Majority from 1977 to 1981. Kimmitt also served in World War II and the Korean War as a United States Army lieutenant colonel. Kimmitt commanded a unit in the 8th Infantry Division in Germany from 1962 to 1964 before retiring from the Army as a colonel. He went to work under Mike Mansfield, U.S. Senator from Montana, before becoming Secretary. Upon leaving the Senate, Kimmitt then worked on the APACHE (Attack Helicopter) program. Kimmitt later founded Kimmitt, Senter, Coates, & Weinfurter, Inc. (KSC&W), a Washington, D.C. lobbying firm. Stan Kimmitt died in 2004.
Joseph went to the University of Montana.
Three sons went into the military, all Field Artillery, including Brigadier General Mark Kimmitt, who served as Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs, Major Joseph (Jay) Kimmitt, and Major General Robert Kimmitt, who served as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, both under President George W. Bush. J. Stanley Kimmitt and his wife, Eunice Kimmitt, also had three daughters, Kathleen Ross, Mary Kimmitt Laxton, and Judy Kimmitt Rainey and one other son, Thomas Patrick Kimmitt, who went to Georgetown University and then to medical school.
References
External links
Library of Congress link to the Senate resolution on the passing of Stan Kimmitt
Remarks from the US Senate floor on the passing of Stan Kimmitt.
Obituary and remembrance of Stan Kimmitt from the Great Falls Tribune.
Family tree on Rodovid
Arlington National Cemetery
1918 births
2004 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army officers
Secretaries of the United States Senate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Stanley%20Kimmitt |
Heathrow Terminal 4 is a railway station at Heathrow Terminal 4 served by the Elizabeth line.
The separate Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station on the Piccadilly line is adjacent to this station. Journeys to and from Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station are free of charge and can be used by passengers changing terminals at Heathrow.
History
The station opened on 23 June 1998, together with the Heathrow Express. From 1998 to 2008, the station was the terminus of the Heathrow Express service from London Paddington. All services terminated here after calling at Heathrow Central. In 2005, the Heathrow Connect service was introduced, which provided a slower service to Paddington but calling at local stations along the way, as well as offering cheaper fares. This service also terminated at Terminal 4, together with the Heathrow Express. Upon the opening of the new Heathrow Terminal 5 station in 2008, all Heathrow Express services were re-routed to terminate there, and services to Terminal 4 were replaced with an every 15minute shuttle service, which ran between Heathrow Central and Terminal 4. Most Heathrow Connect services then terminated at Heathrow Central, although on Sundays, they continued to Terminal 4.
On 20 May 2018, TfL Rail took over the Heathrow Connect service in readiness for becoming part of the Elizabeth line, which at the time was expected to open in December 2018. From May 2018 until 5 November 2022, trains ran half hourly between London Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 4; an additional shuttle runs between Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station to maintain a train service of every 15minutes between the two stations. On 9 May 2020, Heathrow Terminal 4 station closed temporarily until further notice, due to the closure of the airport's Terminal 4 during the COVID-19 pandemic in London. The station was reopened on 14 June 2022. On 24 May 2022, the Elizabeth line took over operations of services at the station, with through services to Abbey Wood via central London commencing on 6 November 2022.
Services
All services at Heathrow Terminal 4 are operated by the Elizabeth line using EMUs.
The typical service is four trains per hour to and from . A small number of early morning and late evening services run only as far as .
Connections
London Buses routes 482 and 490 serve the station.
References
External links
1998 establishments in England
4 station
Railway stations in the London Borough of Hillingdon
Railway stations opened by Railtrack
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1998
Railway stations in Great Britain not served by their managing company
Railway stations served by the Elizabeth line
Airport railway stations in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathrow%20Terminal%204%20railway%20station |
LaunchBar is an application launcher for macOS. It provides access to user's applications and files, by entering short abbreviations of the searched item's name. It uses an adaptive algorithm that 'learns' a user's preferred abbreviations for a particular application. For example, after training, Adobe Photoshop may be launched by simply typing 'pho' and Time Machine can be opened by typing 'tm' even though that sequence of characters does not appear anywhere in the name of the application.
LaunchBar also provides capabilities beyond application launching, such as file management and piping the current selection to a command line utility, along with clipboard management and a built-in calculator.
LaunchBar is distributed as crippleware shareware - full usage of the application requires paying the registration fee, but up to 7 abbreviations may be used per session without paying anything.
According to user interface researcher Bruce Tognazzini, "LaunchBar should be able to outperform a visual interface for complex, repetitive switching sequences by an expert user".
History
LaunchBar began as a series of shell scripts for the NeXTSTEP platform, then migrated to OPENSTEP where it was developed into a full-fledged application. It was ported to Mac OS X in 2001 as LaunchBar 3.
In 2005, Apple introduced Spotlight, which took over LaunchBar's default position at the top-right corner of the screen. In response, LaunchBar was changed to display its window at the center of the screen, below the menu bar.
In 2014, LaunchBar 6 was released with a redesigned interface, additional indexing rules and built-in actions, live web searches and usage statistics.
See also
Comparison of application launchers
External links
Official site
Interview with Norbert Heger, LaunchBar's developer
LaunchBar demo screencast
MacWorld review
References
Utilities for macOS
Application launchers
MacOS-only proprietary software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaunchBar |
The Charles F. Kettering Prize was a US$250,000 award given by the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation for the most outstanding recent contribution to the diagnosis or treatment of cancer.
History
The award was named in honor of Charles F. Kettering, inventor, former General Motors Director, and pioneer of the General Motors Research Laboratories. It was awarded annually from 1979 to 2005.
In 2006, due to budget constraints the Alfred P. Sloan Jr. Prize, the Charles F. Kettering prize and the Charles S. Mott Prize, originally each worth $250,000, were consolidated into a single General Motors Cancer Research Award with a combined value of $250,000. The first and only winner of the General Motors Cancer Research Award was Napoleone Ferrara. Since 2006 no more prizes have been awarded.
Medalists
2005 Angela H. Brodie
2004 Robert S. Langer
2003 V. Craig Jordan
2002 Brian J. Druker and Nicholas B. Lydon
2001 David E. Kuhl and Michael E. Phelps
2000 Monroe E. Wall and Mansukh C. Wani
1999 Ronald Levy
1998 H. Rodney Withers
1997
1996 and Patrick C. Walsh
1995
1994 Laurent Degos and Zhen-yi Wang
1993 and Bernard Fisher
1992 Lawrence H. Einhorn
1991 Victor Ling
1990 David Cox
1989
1988 Sam Shapiro and Philip Strax
1987 Basil I. Hirschowitz
1986 Donald Pinkel
1985 Paul C. Lauterbur
1984 Barnett Rosenberg
1983 Emil Frei III and Emil J. Freireich
1982 Howard E. Skipper
1981 E. Donnall Thomas
1980 Elwood V. Jensen
1979 Henry S. Kaplan
See also
List of biomedical science awards
References
Prize, Kettering
Cancer research awards
American science and technology awards
General Motors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering%20Prize |
Butler is an application launcher for macOS by Peter Maurer. It can learn common abbreviations for programs and which are used most frequently. Butler can play music on iTunes and copy and move files. It can be accessed via a menu or keyboard shortcut. Butler is similar to other launchers such as Quicksilver and LaunchBar.
Awards
Butler was named MacAddict's April 2006 Shareware pick of the month.
References
External links
Official website
Utilities for macOS
Application launchers
MacOS-only proprietary software | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler%20%28software%29 |
HM Prison Low Newton is a closed prison for female adults and young offenders in Brasside, County Durham, England. The prison, which is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service, is next to HMP Frankland, a Category A men's prison. Notable inmates at the prison include the child killer Lucy Letby and formerly Rosemary West, as well as spree killer Joanna Dennehy.
History
Low Newton Prison was originally constructed in 1965 as a mixed remand centre for 65 males and 11 females. Additional accommodation was provided in 1975 and the capacity of the centre increased to 215, though the centre was normally overcrowded. Low Newton accommodated both male and female young persons and adult women until September 1998, when a re-role refurbishment programme commenced. Since 1998 HMP Low Newton has been an all-female jail taking female prisoners from across the north of England, as well as lifers and juveniles.
In the same year an inmate from Low Newton had to be immobilised by a Taser stun-gun whilst visiting the University Hospital of North Durham. The prisoner was being treated for wounds to her thigh and groin, when she grabbed the prison officer to whom she was handcuffed. The inmate then held a pair of scissors to the throat of the officer and demanded drugs, before being stunned by the police.
In February 2014 The Learning Shop, an initiative set up in the prison to improve women's mental health was closed due to lack of funding. The National Offender Management Service (NOMS), part of the Ministry of Justice, stated that similar support would still be available to prisoners.
The prison today
Low Newton is an all-female maximum security prison and young offender institution. It also holds a small number of juveniles and life sentenced prisoners. Low Newton serves the courts in the catchment area from the Scottish Borders to North Yorkshire across to North Cumbria.
Low Newton is also home to the 'Primrose Project', designed to treat women with 'Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorders', the only women's prison in the United Kingdom with such a unit.
Notable inmates
Notable people to have been incarcerated at the prison include:
Current
Joanna Dennehy
Emma Aitken – murderer, former lover of Dennehy in prison
Lucy Letby - serial killer of infants while working as a neonatal nurse
Former
Sharon Carr – youngest female murderer in the U.K. who killed aged 12, briefly spent time at Low Newton in 2018 and 2019 before being moved after another violent incident with another inmate
Tracey Connelly – known for her part in the abuse and killing of Baby P
Rose West — serial killer, former wife of Fred West
Anne Darwin – wife of John Darwin, who faked his own death with the help of Anne in an initially successful bid to fraudulently claim financial benefits
Bernadette McNeilly – Leader of a group that tortured and murdered 16-year-old Suzanne Capper, released in 2015
Barbara Salisbury – nurse convicted of the attempted murder of two elderly patients in order to "free up beds", was also charged but not convicted of other attempted murders/murders of patients
References
External links
Ministry of Justice pages on Low Newton
Regime information for Low Newton Prison
Low Newton
Low Newton
Low Newton
Low Newton
Buildings and structures in Durham, England
1965 establishments in England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM%20Prison%20Low%20Newton |
Woodside Park is a neighborhood located in Silver Spring, Maryland, in the United States.
Early history
Woodside Park began as the Alton Farm, country estate of Crosby Stuart Noyes, a prominent Washingtonian and owner of the Washington Evening Star newspaper. Upon his death in 1908, his will gave the land to his children with a provision that his widow could live on the estate until her death. She survived until 1914. The Noyes children eventually sold the property to the Woodside Development Corporation in 1922. The corporation divided the farm into lots of approximately one acre each, though most original lots were later subdivided into half acre or smaller parcels.
Between the 1920s and the 1960s, racially restrictive covenants were used in Woodside Park to exclude African-Americans. The racial covenants prohibited homeowners from selling or leasing their property to "any one of a race whose death rate is at a higher percentage than the white race." In practice, such euphemistic restrictions were harshly enacted against Black Americans specifically. Restrictions against other minority groups, such as Jews and Asians, were not given legal standing in deeds in Woodside Park, but such deeds were enforced in other Maryland suburbs.
Location
Woodside Park is located just north of downtown of Silver Spring, one of the oldest suburbs of Washington, DC. Its boundaries are Georgia Avenue (State Route 97) on the west, Spring Street to the South, Colesville Road (US Route 29) to the east, and Dale Drive and Columbia Boulevard on the north. It also includes one block of Clement Road north of Dale Drive and Clement Place. It borders the neighborhoods of Woodside, Woodside Forest, North Woodside, and Seven Oaks-Evanswood. It also shares a boundary with the Silver Spring business district.
The park
Woodside Park is characterized by its park-like setting, including roads that followed the contours of the land, and not a grid, as well as a number of streams. Most of these streams, however, have been moved underground into pipes. The styles of homes in the neighborhood vary, with examples of most of the styles of residential architecture popular through the 20th century.
The neighborhood maintains the Woodside Park Civic Association (WPCA), which publishes a monthly newsletter, called The Vo!ce from September through June. It also sponsors an "Oktoberfest" and Halloween with pumpkin carving and costumes in October, as well as an annual picnic in June.
Woodside Park is home to an Orthodox Jewish community, centered around the Woodside Synagogue Ahavas Torah (WSAT) located on Georgia Avenue. The Woodside Synagogue is an Orthodox synagogue dating from 1974. All of the Woodside Park neighborhood is located within the Shepherd Park/Woodside Community Eruv, which encompasses most of incorporated Silver Spring and parts of Northwest DC.
Notes
References
Woodside Park History Page
Woodside Synagogue
Jews and Judaism in Silver Spring, Maryland
Neighborhoods in Montgomery County, Maryland
Orthodox Jewish communities
Orthodox Judaism in Maryland
Silver Spring, Maryland (CDP) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside%20Park%20%28Silver%20Spring%2C%20Maryland%29 |
KKYK-CD (channel 30) is a low-power, Class A television station in Little Rock, Arkansas, United States, affiliated with the Spanish-language network Telemundo. Owned by KTV Media, KKYK-CD maintains studios on Shackelford Drive in the Beverly Hills section of Little Rock, and its transmitter is located on Shinall Mountain, near the city's Chenal Valley neighborhood.
History
The station first signed on the air on May 15, 1995 as K58FA; its calls were changed to KKRK-LP in 1997. In 1999, the station was acquired by the Equity Broadcasting Corporation, which was based in Little Rock, and changed its call letters to KLRA-LP (the KLRA callsign originally belonged to a popular country music AM radio station in Little Rock; it was known for its morning DJ Hal Webber, whose on-air senior-citizen character was called "Brother Hal"; Equity commonly used the call signs of old Little Rock radio stations for its television stations; such as KKYK and KBBL).
The station became an affiliate of Spanish-language network Univision in 2001. On May 8, 2004, Equity began simulcasting the station's programming on sister station KUOK in Woodward, Oklahoma as well as its three translators (K69EK (now KOCY-LD) and KCHM-LP (now KUOK-CD) in Oklahoma City; KUOK-CA (now defunct) in Norman; and KOKT-LP (also now defunct) in Sulphur), forming a regional mini-network known as Univision Arkansas-Oklahoma. Local commercials from the Little Rock area that were inserted by that station during national commercial breaks and KLRA-LP's station identification bumpers were broadcast through this simulcast to Oklahoma viewers (the Oklahoma City repeaters were identified only through text-only IDs placed at the bottom of the screen each half-hour). In March 2005, the simulcast between KLRA-LP and KUOK was discontinued, with both stations – which continued to be programmed via satellite from Equity's headquarters in Little Rock – relaying Univision programming through separate feeds with KUOK carrying advertising for businesses within the Oklahoma City market and separate station promotions (KUOK's schedule now mirrors the national feed outside of local advertising, news inserts and occasional paid programming substitutions). KLRA-LP rebranded as Univision Arkansas shortly afterward.
After failing to find a buyer at a bankruptcy auction, KLRA was sold to Pinnacle Media in August 2009 (after having initially been included in Silver Point Finance's acquisition on June 2 of several Equity stations), with Pinnacle assuming control of the station under a local marketing agreement on August 5. In 2013, the station changed its call letters to KKYK-CD (a callsign that was formerly used on a repeater of former sister station KMYA-DT, channel 49, which also once bore the KKYK calls); in addition to swapping call letters, the station also swapped affiliations with KKYK-CD (channel 20), which adopted the KLRA-CD calls and became the market's Univision affiliate; the new KKYK-CD moved to UHF channel 30 and became an affiliate of Soul of the South Network. The station's low-power translator stations in northwestern Arkansas: KWNL-CD (channel 31) in Winslow and KXUN-LD (channel 43) in Fort Smith, became translators of the channel 20 KLRA-CD.
Newscasts
Until 2008, KLRA-LP had produced a daily half-hour Spanish-language regional newscast Noticias Univision Arkansas (Univision Arkansas News), which aired Monday through Friday evenings at 5 and 10 p.m.; the program was produced out of Equity Broadcasting's headquarters in Little Rock as one of what would become six Univision-affiliated stations owned by Equity whose newscasts were hubbed from the facility, although each station maintained their own locally based reporters.
The newscasts were also simulcast on now-former sister station KUOK in Woodward, Oklahoma and its translators (all of which are now owned by Oklahoma City-based Tyler Media Group) after the stations became the Univision affiliate for the Oklahoma City television market in May 2004; as a result, the newscasts were retitled Noticias Univision Arkansas-Oklahoma (Univision Arkansas-Oklahoma News) in 2005. The following year, Equity Broadcasting began producing separate regional Spanish-language newscasts for KUOK and Tulsa Univision affiliate KUTU-CA. As a result of corporate cutbacks due to the company's financial issues, Equity discontinued the newscasts it produced for all six of its Univision affiliates (including KLRA-LP) on June 6, 2008.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
References
Television channels and stations established in 1995
Equity Media Holdings
KYK-CD
Univision network affiliates
KYK-CD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKYK-CD |
The Communist Party of Canada ran several candidates in the 2006 federal election, none of whom were elected.
Manitoba
Lisa Gallagher (Brandon—Souris)
Gallagher received 120 votes (0.32%), finishing seventh against Conservative incumbent Merv Tweed.
Ontario
Upali Jinadasa Wannaku Rallage (Brampton—Springdale)
Wannaku Rallage was born and raised in Sri Lanka, and later moved to Italy before coming to the Greater Toronto Area. He is a trade unionist in the service transportation industry, and a member of the Canada-Sri Lanka Patriotic National Organization. He received 110 votes (0.23%), finishing fifth against Liberal incumbent Ruby Dhalla.
Sam Hammond (Sudbury)
Hammond received 70 votes (0.15%), finishing seventh against Liberal incumbent Diane Marleau.
Quebec
Evelyn Elizabeth Ruiz (Laurier—Sainte-Marie)
Evelyn Ruiz is active in Montreal's Latin American community. Ruiz received 100 votes (0.2%) finishing ninth against incumbent and Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe.
Bill Sloan (Westmount—Ville-Marie)
Bill Sloan is a lawyer who specializes in the rights of political refugees. Sloan received 69 votes (0.2%) to finish seventh against the Liberal Party of Canada incumbent, Lucienne Robillard.
Footnotes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist%20Party%20of%20Canada%20candidates%20in%20the%202006%20Canadian%20federal%20election |
HM Prison Kirklevington Grange is a Category D men's prison, and young offenders institute located in the village of Kirklevington (near Yarm), in North Yorkshire, England. The prison is operated by His Majesty's Prison Service.
History
Kirklevington Grange Prison was originally opened in 1965 as a mixed remand centre and also a detention centre. In October 1992 the jail was converted into a resettlement prison for adult male offenders.
In March 2004 the Independent Monitoring Board issued a report on Kirklevington Grange praising the fair and respectful atmosphere at the prison, despite a 22% rise in the number of inmates. The Board also commended the good links between the prison and the local population and the access to job centres for the prisoners.
In January 2006 an inspection report from Her Majesty's Chief Inspector of Prisons praised Kirklevington Grange for its excellent resettlement work. The report also praised the positive attitude amongst staff at the prison. However the report recommended that the quality and range of work opportunities for prisoners should be improved at the jail.
A 2011 report following inspection of the prison found that it was a safe environment with a high standard achieved in diversity work, health care and catering.
In January 2014 a prisoner escaped from the jail.
The prison today
Kirklevington Grange is a resettlement prison for Category D adult male offenders nearing the end of their sentences, who are intending to settle in the north-east of England. Accommodation at the prison comprises single rooms with fitted storage cupboards. All rooms have privacy locks, having their own key.
The prison's aim is to prepare inmates for their release. Prisoners are therefore encouraged to maintain and develop links with families and the wider community. Prisoners can in the final stages of their sentence progress to working out of the prison in full-time employment or voluntary community work.
The prison is currently managed by HM Prison Service.
Kirklevington Grange
Kirklevington Grange was a country house remodelled and extended in the 1892-1898 period to designs by E. J. May. The structure, which is listed as a Grade II building, is now incorporated into the main prison complex.
Notable inmates
Andy Ferrell, former professional footballer who received a four-year sentence in 2013 for drug dealing.
References
External links
Ministry of Justice pages on Kirklevington Grange
Category C prisons in England
Category D prisons in England
Prisons in North Yorkshire
1992 establishments in England
Men's prisons | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM%20Prison%20Kirklevington%20Grange |
Saint Edward's School is a coeducational independent college-preparatory school in Vero Beach, Florida, United States. It enrolls children grades pre-K through 12.
History
The school opened on September 22, 1965, to 31 students in grades five through eight. It is affiliated with the Episcopal Church.
The school expanded aggressively in the 90s with an enrollment of over 900 students. Multiple construction projects in 1999, combined with a sagging economy, triggered severe financial problems and school accrued a large debt by the early 2000s. Michael Mersky, who was appointed the 7th head of the school in 2009, launched an ambitious fund raising effort for the Pirate Fund and by mid-2010, school announced that it has successfully gotten rid of the debt. Part of the school restructuring necessitated selling the lower school campus, which was then situated in Riomar country club.
In the year 2010, the campus was changed to a "one campus school", eliminating the lower school campus, and bringing everyone onto the middle and upper school campus.
Academics
A total of 27 AP classes were offered in the 2015–2016 school year.
Facilities
The 26-acre campus is located on the Indian River Lagoon. School facilities include an 800-seat theater, a water complex, two gyms, two libraries, fine arts center with music and arts studios, athletic playing fields, and eight science labs. The school library is named for Peter Benedict who served as the head of the school from 1971 to 1995.
The school operates the Waxlax Center for the Performing Arts, an 800 seat proscenium theater. It opened in May 2000 and was renovated in 2008.
Notable alumni
Lake Bell, actress, writer and director
Prince Fielder, professional baseball player
Tom Segura, comedian
References
External links
Buildings and structures in Vero Beach, Florida
High schools in Indian River County, Florida
Private high schools in Florida
Private middle schools in Florida
Private elementary schools in Florida
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Edward%27s%20School |
The Hellstrom Chronicle is an American film released in 1971 which combines elements of documentary, horror and apocalyptic prophecy to present a gripping satirical depiction of the struggle for survival between humans and insects. It won both the 1972 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and BAFTA Award for Best Documentary. It was conceived and produced by David L. Wolper, directed by Walon Green and written by David Seltzer, who earned a Writers Guild of America Award nomination for his screenplay.
Plot
Fictional scientist Dr. Nils Hellstrom guides viewers throughout the film. He claims, on the basis of scientific-sounding theories, that insects will ultimately win the fight for survival on Earth because of their adaptability and ability to reproduce rapidly and that the human race will lose the fight largely because of excessive individualism. The film combines short clips from horror and science fiction movies with extraordinary camera sequences of butterflies, locusts, wasps, termites, ants, mayflies, other insects rarely seen before on film and insectivorous plants/insects.
Cast
Lawrence Pressman - Dr. Nils Hellstrom
Production
Technical advisers Roy Snelling and Charles Hogue were entomologists at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.
Reception
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 75% score based on reviews from 8 critics.
Green later called it "almost yellow-journally but good. We were giving the audience an elbow to the ribs every third line."
Awards
1972 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature
1972 BAFTA Award for Best Documentary
Home video
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray January 10, 2012 from Olive Films.
See also
Phase IV
Hellstrom's Hive
Watership Down
The Plague Dogs
The Adventures of Chatran
References
External links
The Hellstrom Chronicle at the David L. Wolper Co.
New York Times review
Review, Chicago Sun-Times by Roger Ebert
Notes at Turner Classic Movies
1971 films
Best Documentary Feature Academy Award winners
American documentary films
Documentary films about insects
1971 documentary films
Films directed by Walon Green
The Wolper Organization films
Films scored by Lalo Schifrin
1970s English-language films
1970s American films
Films produced by Walon Green | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hellstrom%20Chronicle |
The 1999–2000 strike and shutdown of the UNAM (National Autonomous University of Mexico, the largest university in Latin America) had its origins in the January 1999 announcement by its latest rector that tuition would increase significantly and graduation requirements would become more restrictive. In response, a large group of students declared a strike and blockaded the main campus to the point of institutional paralysis. The blockades intensified and eventually led to the university's closure, during which there were violent encounters between opposition groups, students, guards and faculty. The crisis led to the eventual resignation of the university's rector and appointment of a new one. Along the way, bloody conflicts resulted in serious injuries and even fatalities on the unlawfully occupied campus. Eventual action by the recently created federal police finally ended the occupation during February 2000.
Background
The third article of the Constitution of Mexico states that all education imparted by the state is free. Whether this includes decentralized, autonomous institutions of higher education like the UNAM is a matter of (often heated) debate. Tuition at the UNAM is not free, and it had last been raised in 1948 to 200 pesos per academic year (tuition became 20 cents in the 1993 currency revaluation); the amount is specified in the University bylaws, and changing it requires action by the University Council (a legislative body that comprises representatives of the faculty and students, and all directors of schools, faculties, and institutes). By 1999, inflation and the exchange rate meant that tuition amounted to about 0.02 US dollars. The quality of education of the UNAM, alma mater of several Latin American presidents had decayed since its glory days. At the time, UNAM had a budget of about one billion dollars, of which 90% was provided by the federal government.
In January 1999, Francisco Barnés de Castro, then rector of the UNAM, announced his intention to raise tuition. Attempts to raise tuition since 1948 had failed twice before, most recently in the late 1980s under Rector Jorge Carpizo MacGregor. Barnés proposed a number of reforms, including a tuition raise from about 0.02 dollars to about 150 dollars per academic year. Barnés promised the additional 48 million dollars the university would receive from the tuition increase would be used to fund more research and increase the quality of its facilities; the proposal also included a plan for tuition remission for students who signed a statement saying they could not afford the new rates.
Strike begins
A group of students quickly organized a protest, on the grounds that thousands of students would have to see their studies interrupted unable to afford tuition. With the support of the community, UNAM was shut down temporarily by the protesters during part of February and also part of March 1999. Ultimately on April 20, 1999, this group referred to itself as the Comité General de Huelga (CGH or "Strike General Committee") and declared a continuing, if not permanent, closure of the university.
In June 1999, the 132-member government council of the university, which includes faculty and students, modified the proposal to make the tuition increase voluntary. Barnés declared that the conscience of each student would dictate who would pay increased tuition and who would not. Strikers grew increasingly belligerent and had violent altercations with students who were still attempting to enter the campus to try to resume classes. Meanwhile, UNAM issued multiple warrants against strikers who were accused of stealing computers, vehicles and earthquake monitoring equipment.
Public opinion
The strikers took advantage of the situation to resist additional graduation requirements such as tougher examinations and time limits for graduation. When this resistance became more widely known among the general public, community support decreased and the press adopted a less supportive stance towards those who perpetuated the blockades.
On June 2, after three months of the strike, president of Mexico Ernesto Zedillo spoke about the importance of the issue and what he termed the "brutal aggression against the university that is hurting the enormous majority who want to study to get ahead". The next day, about fifteen thousand students held a rally at a stadium in Ciudad Universitaria to support the strike and hurl insults at Rector Barnés. The same day, female professors held banners on Mexico City overpasses asking motorists to turn on their lights if they opposed the strike; thousands did so.
Strikers took their public displays to the heart of Mexico City, interrupting traffic for hours. City residents blamed Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, then Head of Government of the Federal District and hopeful Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) presidential candidate in the 2000 elections, since many former student activists were members of the PRD.
Consulta, a polling firm, estimated an 83% of community support to the raise in tuition fees before the strike, versus only 55% support after the strike began.
New rector appointed
In November 1999, Barnés resigned his position as rector of the UNAM. He had given in to some of the demands of the CGH; the CGH, however, kept extending the closure and making new demands. One of these demands was open admission for all students graduating from university-run high schools (some measure of which existed, but was contingent on a number of conditions including a sufficiently high GPA). In January 2000 the Junta de Gobierno appointed Juan Ramón de la Fuente, who had served previously as Secretary of Health in President Zedillo's cabinet, as the UNAM's rector. One of de la Fuente's first measures was a referendum to determine the opinion of students on the matter.
De la Fuente indicated that 125,000 votes (out of a student population of around 333,000) would be sufficient to give him more bargaining power to negotiate with the strikers. Around 180,000 students cast votes, 87% voting in favor of ending the strike. In spite of results showing overwhelming support to end the strike and return to classes, the CGH did not recognize the outcome. The CGH held its own poll in which 86,329 votes were cast, with 65% supporting a continuation of the closure.
End of the strike
On February 1, 2000, students and workers opposed to the strike clashed with CGH and their supporters. This incident occurred when 200 students attempted to enter an UNAM-owned and run high-school, not on the main campus, to try to restart classes. 400 federal police officers were sent to open a way through the barricades, which they accomplished with many injuries, and even some fatal ones.
On February 6, 2000, federal police stormed the university's main campus, ending the takeover. A total of 632 people were arrested during that ultimate day of violent clashes.
Footnotes
References
UNAM's Economic Research Institute, Roberto Rodríguez Gómez: "10 years later: the economic background of the 1999-2000 takeover & shutdown of the UNAM".
La Jornada: "Temporary shutdowns at UNAM increase in frequency, March 25th, 1999".
Octavio Rodriguez Araujo "El conflicto en la UNAM (1999-2000). Dos concepciones sobre la universidad pública".
UNAM Revista de Sociologia, Miguel Armando Lopez Leyva "Los movimientos sociales en la incipiente democracia mexicana. La huelga en la UNAM (1999-2000) y la marcha zapatista (2000-2001)" .
Yolanda de Garay, "(2002) Historia de un movimiento estudiantil 1999 - 2001, Edición Digital, UNAM".
Archivo Historico de la UNAM (AHUNAM): "Hemerografia y Registro Fotografico Sobre el Conflicto Universitario de 1999-2000".
Alan Eladio Gómez: "People's power, educational democracy and low intensity war : the UNAM student strike, 1999–2000, M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 2002.
UNAM
UNAM
UNAM
Student strikes
Student protests in Mexico
Protests in Mexico | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20UNAM%20strike |
Glycyrrhizol A is a prenylated pterocarpan and an isoflavonoid derivative. It is a compound isolated from the root of the Chinese licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza uralensis).
It may has in vitro antibacterial properties. In one study, the strongest antibacterial activity was observed against Streptococcus mutans, an organism known to cause tooth decay in humans.
References
Pterocarpans
Antibiotics
Phenols
Methoxy compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycyrrhizol |
The Seekonk River is a tidal extension of the Providence River in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows approximately 8 km (5 mi). The name may be derived from an Algonquian word for skunk or for black goose. The river is home to the Brown University men's rowing team, India Point Park, Blackstone Park, Crook Point Bascule Bridge, Narragansett Boat Club (the oldest rowing club in the country), Swan Point Cemetery, and the Bucklin Point waste-water treatment facility. The River is listed by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management as an impaired waterway.
Course
The river begins where the Blackstone River reaches sea level below Pawtucket Falls. From there it flows due south between Providence and East Providence, picks up flow from the Ten Mile River, and eventually flows into the Providence River between Bold Point and India Point. The Seekonk River is the northernmost point of Narragansett Bay tidewater.
Slate Rock
A prominent boulder on the west shore of the Seekonk River (near the current Gano Park) was once one of Providence's most important historic landmarks. Slate Rock was said to be the spot where a group of Narragansetts first welcomed the exiled Roger Williams in 1636 with the famous phrase "What cheer, netop?", and directed him to his eventual settlement location at the fork of the Woonasquatucket and Moshassuck Rivers.
The historic rock was accidentally blown up by city workers in 1877. They were attempting to expose a buried portion of the stone, but used too much dynamite and the stone was "blasted to pieces." Pieces of the stone were later sold for souvenirs. A monument in nearby Slate Rock Park commemorates the location.
Flora and fauna
The Seekonk River is home to numerous fauna that either migrate to the bay at some point during the year or live there year-round. There are several species of fish, shellfish and crab that have been documented. Birds include loon, cormorants, herons, gulls, terns, swans and geese.
Numerous plants also make the Seekonk River their home, both on land and underwater. Common aquatic vegetation includes grasses like spartina grass and phragmites in most high marsh areas, and brown and green seaweed in the intertidal zone. Other vegetation that makes its home along the river include shrubs like rosa rugosa, various trees like the willow, oak and beech.
Crossings
Below is a list of all crossings over the Seekonk River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.
Pawtucket
Main Street Bridge
Pawtucket River Bridge; Carries Interstate 95 and U.S. 1
Division Street Bridge
Providence
Henderson Bridge
Crook Point Bascule Bridge
Washington Bridge; Carries Interstate 195, U.S. 6 and U.S. 44.
Tributaries
Blackstone River
Ten Mile River
Bucklin Brook
See also
List of rivers in Rhode Island
Green Jacket Shoal, a ship graveyard at the mouth of the river
References
Maps from the United States Geological Survey
Rivers of Providence County, Rhode Island
Tributaries of Providence River
Geography of Providence, Rhode Island
East Providence, Rhode Island
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
Rivers of Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seekonk%20River |
505 Games S.p.A. is an Italian video game publisher based in Milan. It was founded in 2006 as a subsidiary of Milan-based Digital Bros.
History
505 Games was founded in 2006 in Milan as a subsidiary of Digital Bros. The company found its early success through its video games such as Cooking Mama and Zumba Fitness.
In April 2012, 505 Games took over publishing duties from THQ for the fitness game Adidas MiCoach, following a lawsuit between THQ and Adidas. In April 2013, they acquired the license of Drawn To Life series. The purchase included rights to the franchise as a whole. In November 2013, it canceled Ashes Cricket 2013 and issued refunds. In April 2014, 505 Games announced a publishing agreement with Adam Orth's Three One Zero of the game Adrift. The game is described as a first-person experience, where the player controls an astronaut exploring debris of a wrecked station in outer space. In January 2015, 505 Games confirmed the acquisition of the intellectual property (IP) rights to the multi-award-winning Game of the Year 2013, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons from Starbreeze Studios. In April 2015, 505 Games announced a publishing agreement with Swedish game developer Starbreeze for the game Overkill's The Walking Dead, which released in late 2018. A month later, 505 Games announced a publishing agreement with game developer Overkill Software for the game Payday 2 Crimewave Edition. In August 2016, 505 Games announced it would be publishing Virginia from Variable State.
In March 2015, 505 Games purchased 2.67% stock of Swedish game developer Starbreeze Studios. In January 2016, 505 Games announced that they will shift their focus from publishing games for other developers to developing their own intellectual properties. In October 2016, 505 Games has announced through Koji Igarashi, their collaboration in publishing Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night from Igarashi's own ArtPlay, DICO and Inti Creates, though Inti's involvement has been reduced. At the Sony E3 press conference on 11 June 2018, 505 Games announced a partnership with Remedy Entertainment to publish Control.
505 Games acquired Australia-based Infinity Plus Two, the developers of the Puzzle Quest games in January 2021.
505 Games is working with Rabbit and Bear Studios to publish Eiyuden Chronicle: Hundred Heroes, a spiritual successor to the Suikoden series. The partnership was announced February 2021.
On 27 June 2022 D3 Go! was acquired by 505 Games. The acquisition also included the intellectual property of the Puzzle Quest games.
Games published
Games published by 505 Games include Sniper Elite III, Payday 2, Assetto Corsa, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, Terraria, Redout, How to Survive, Defense Grid 2, Deep Black, Abzû, Adrift, Virginia, Dead by Daylight, Control, Unturned, Indivisible, and the PC release of Death Stranding.
Accolades
In April 2015, 505 Games was awarded the title of Best Indie Games Label at the MCV Awards.
References
External links
Companies based in Milan
Italian companies established in 2006
Video game companies established in 2006
Video game companies of Italy
Video game publishers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/505%20Games |
Nisbet is a small hamlet on the B6400, in Roxburghshire, along the River Teviot, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland. It is located north of Jedburgh and south of Roxburgh.
The village has several Nisbet location names: Nisbet, East Nisbet, West Nisbet, Nisbetmill, Upper Nisbet, and Upper Nisbet Moor. However, none of these are connected to the family of Nisbet of that Ilk, who built Nisbet House in Berwickshire. There was a Nisbet family located a short distance from this Nisbet village at Cessford Burn from 1665 to 1822.
The Rev. Samuel Rutherford was born in the village of Nisbet about 1600.
See also
Nisbet House
List of places in the Scottish Borders
External links
A Hog-backed and two-coped monuments, in Nisbet graveyard
CANMORE/RCAHMS record for Nisbet, Old Churchyard
SCRAN image: Steel truss bridge, Nisbet, Roxburghshire
SCRAN image: Farm horsemen homeward bound at Nisbet Village, Roxburghshire, Scottish Borders
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/sct/ROX/gazetteer/O.html GENUKI: Roxburghshire Gazetteer:)
Gazetteer for Scotland, Old County of Roxburghshire
Villages in the Scottish Borders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisbet%2C%20Scottish%20Borders |
A crowned republic, also known as a monarchial republic, is an informal term that has been used to refer to a system of monarchy where the monarch's role may be seen as almost entirely ceremonial and where nearly all of the royal prerogatives are exercised in such a way that the monarch personally has little power over executive and constitutional issues. The term has been used by a small number of authors (below) to informally describe governments such as Australia and the United Kingdom, although these countries are classified as constitutional monarchies. A crowned republic may refer also for the historical republic with a doge as the head of the state, especially Venice and Genoa or even the Republic of San Marino.
History
As an informal term, "crowned republic" lacks any set definition as to its meaning, and the precise difference between a constitutional monarchy and a "crowned republic" remains vague. Different individuals have described various states as crowned republics for varied reasons. For example, James Bryce wrote in 1921: "By Monarchy I understand the thing not the Name i.e. not any State the head of which is called King or Emperor, but one in which the personal will of the monarch is constantly effective, and in the last resort predominant, factor of government. Thus, while such a monarchy as that of Norway is really a Crowned Republic, and indeed a democratic republic, monarchy was in Russia before 1917, and in Turkey before 1905, and to a less degree in Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy until 1918, an appreciable force in the conduct of affairs".
In 1763, John Adams argued that the British Empire was a form of republic:"[T]he British constitution is much more like a republic than an empire. They define a republic to be a government of laws, and not of men. If this definition be just, the British constitution is nothing more nor less than a republic, in which the king is first magistrate. This office being hereditary, and being possessed of such ample and splendid prerogatives, is no objection to the government’s being a republic, as long as it is bound by fixed laws, which the people have a voice in making, and a right to defend. An empire is a despotism, and an emperor a despot, bound by no law or limitation but his own will; it is a stretch of tyranny beyond absolute monarchy."
The Australian Republic Advisory Committee described the country as a "crowned republic" and stated it was "a state in which sovereignty resides in its people, and in which all public offices, except that at the very apex of the system, are filled by persons deriving their authority directly or indirectly from the people" so "it may be appropriate to regard Australia as a crowned republic". Australian founding father Richard Chaffey Baker did not use the term "crowned republic" but has been identified as one of the first to articulate this view. He "proudly proclaimed his loyalty to the Queen in the same breath as he declared himself a republican", holding that republicanism did not solely revolve around absence of monarchy.
H. G. Wells (1866–1946) used the term in his book A Short History of the World to describe the United Kingdom, as did Alfred, Lord Tennyson in 1873 in an epilogue to Idylls of the King. In referring to the UK as a crowned republic, the Australian Republic Advisory Committee stated "Britain has not been a constitutional monarchy since probably the late 18th century."
In the Kingdom of Greece, the term Βασιλευομένη Δημοκρατία (Vasilevoméni Dimokratía, literally crowned democracy or crowned republic) became popular after the 23 October 1862 Revolution, which resulted in the introduction of the 1864 constitution. The Constitution of 1952 enshrined the concept into law by declaring the form of government that of a Crowned Republic. This is sometimes translated as "Crowned Democracy".
The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I
In 1987, Patrick Collinson argued that the government of Elizabethan England (1558–1603) can be described as a "monarchical republic", because there were serious limits on the queen's independent authority, and some privy councillors sponsored a scheme to allow a brief interregnum if the queen should be killed by her Catholic enemies. Many historians have accepted and expanded upon this theory. However, in 2019, Jonathan McGovern suggested that this formulation is an exaggeration, and has been treated too seriously by subsequent historians.
See also
Popular monarchy
Notes
References
Monarchy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowned%20republic |
Stereotypic movement disorder (SMD) is a motor disorder with onset in childhood involving restrictive and/or repetitive, nonfunctional motor behavior (e.g., hand waving or head banging), that markedly interferes with normal activities or results in bodily injury. To be classified as SMD, the behavior in question must not be due to the direct effects of a substance, autism, or another medical condition. The cause of this disorder is not known.
Signs and symptoms
Common repetitive movements of SMD include head banging, arm waving, hand shaking, rocking and rhythmic movements, self-biting, self-hitting, and skin-picking; other stereotypies are thumb-sucking, dermatophagia, nail biting, trichotillomania, bruxism and abnormal running or skipping.
Cause
The cause of stereotypic movement disorder is unknown.
Diagnosis
Stereotyped movements are common in infants and young children; if the child is not distressed by movements and daily activities are not impaired, diagnosis is not warranted. When stereotyped behaviors cause significant impairment in functioning, an evaluation for stereotypic movement disorder is warranted. There are no specific tests for diagnosing this disorder, although some tests may be ordered to rule out other conditions. SMD may occur with Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, intellectual disability, Autistic Spectrum Disorder, fetal alcohol exposure, or as a result of amphetamine intoxication.
When diagnosing stereotypic movement disorder, DSM-5 calls for specification of:
with or without self-injurious behavior;
association with another known medical condition or environmental factor;
severity (mild, moderate or severe).
Classification
Stereotypic movement disorder is classified in the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a motor disorder, in the category of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Differential diagnosis
Other conditions which feature repetitive behaviors in the differential diagnosis include autism spectrum disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder, tic disorders (e.g., Tourette syndrome), and other conditions including dyskinesias.
Stereotypic movement disorder is often misdiagnosed as tics or Tourette syndrome (TS). Unlike the tics of TS, which tend to appear around age six or seven, repetitive movements typically start before age three, are more bilateral than tics, and consist of intense patterns of movement for longer runs than tics. Tics are less likely to be stimulated by excitement. Children with stereotypic movement disorder do not always report being bothered by the movements as a child with tics might.
Treatment
There is no consistently effective medication for SMD, and there is little evidence for any effective treatment. In non-autistic habit reversal training may be useful as well as decoupling. No treatment is an option when movements are not interfering with daily life.
Prognosis
Prognosis depends on the severity of the disorder. Recognizing symptoms early can help reduce the risk of self-injury, which can be lessened with medications. Stereotypic movement disorder due to head trauma may be permanent.
Epidemiology
Although not necessary for the diagnosis, individuals with intellectual disability are at higher risk for SMD. It is more common in boys, and can happen at any age
References
Further reading
External links
Neurological disorders
Neurological disorders in children
Neurodevelopmental disorders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypic%20movement%20disorder |
Six Mile Run is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in Franklin Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,184.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Six Mile Run had a total area of 7.484 square miles (19.383 km2), including 7.476 square miles (19.363 km2) of land and 0.008 square miles (0.020 km2) of water (0.10%).
Demographics
Census 2010
The 2010 United States census counted 3,184 people, 1,152 households, and 820 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 1,218 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup was 37.00% (1,178) White, 33.86% (1,078) Black or African American, 0.19% (6) Native American, 23.62% (752) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 2.73% (87) from other races, and 2.61% (83) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.92% (284) of the population.
Of the 1,152 households, 37.8% had children under the age of 18; 53.8% were married couples living together; 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present and 28.8% were non-families. Of all households, 22.7% were made up of individuals and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.31.
25.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.3 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 90.4 males.
Historic district on the National Register of Historic Places
The National Register of Historic Places defines the Six Mile Run Historic District as roughly bounded by Grouser Road, Amwell Road, Bennetts Lane, New Jersey Route 27, a diagonal line from the bridge at Six Mile Run to South Middlebush Road at Claremont, Butler Road and the Millstone River. It includes a portion of the Delaware and Raritan Canal and the Six Mile Run Canal House that are separately listed on the National Register. It contains 149 contributing buildings, 5 contributing sites and 44 contributing structures.
Examples of Six Mile Run Historic District contributing buildings are the three Meadows Foundation maintained properties listed here:
Van Liew-Suydam House, 280 South Middlebush Road. It was built in the 18th century by Peter Van Liew. Joseph Suydam later built the part of the house that is visible today. The newest and largest portion of the house was built in 1875. Although the most recent long term owner of the house was named French, the house has been named after its two initial owners.
Hageman Farm, 209 South Middlebush Road
Wyckoff-Garretson House, 215 South Middlebush Road
Historic village name
Six Mile Run is the historic name for an unincorporated community located within portions of North Brunswick Township and South Brunswick Township in Middlesex County and Franklin Township in Somerset County, in New Jersey. Route 27 (historically known as Old Road/King's Highway and once part of the Lincoln Highway system) bisects the village and serves as the dividing line between the two counties. The name of the settlement was formally changed from Six Mile Run to Franklin Park on June 25, 1872.
Six Mile Run Reformed Church
In 1710, a congregation of the Dutch Reformed Church (now the Reformed Church in America) formed the Six Mile Run Reformed Church. The first building was replaced by a new building in 1766 and was later replaced in 1817 by a third structure on the same site. The current building replaced the 1817 church that was destroyed by fire in 1879. The Frelinghuysen Memorial Chapel was added in 1907 and the Fellowship Hall was dedicated in 1958.
Six Mile Run Reservoir
The proposed Six Mile Run Reservoir Site is adjacent to the Delaware and Raritan Canal and included a large portion of the Six Mile Run Watershed in central Franklin Township. In 1970, the land for the reservoir was acquired by the State through the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources as a future reservoir and recreation area and included many of the properties later listed as contributing to the Six Mile National Register Historic District. The reservoir was never built, and in 1993 administration of the area was transferred to the Division of Parks and Forestry.
Six Mile Run Reservoir section of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park
Today the Six Mile Run Reservoir site is maintained as a State Park and includes several trails that are used primarily by mountain bikers, hikers, and horseback riders. It has of twisting single track maintained by JORBA. Access to the park can be found at the large parking lot on Canal Road near Six Mile Run Road, from the parking lot of the private soccer club on Route 27, and from several smaller parking areas on roads that traverse the park.
Because part of the land at the site was taken out of cultivation 39 years ago, the process of "old field succession" has now yielded up trees and foliage that are unique among state park lands. In the section between Canal Road and South Middlebush Road, there are postings describing the foliage and the natural process. The "Red Dot" hiking trail, which runs between Canal Road and South Middlebush Road, has now been extended from South Middlebush Road up to NJ Route 27. There is a new White Trail, not fully blazed but very usable, running from a left fork off Red Dot near South Middlebush Road, to a parking lot off Jacques Lane.
See also
Three Mile Run, New Jersey, now incorporated into New Brunswick, New Jersey
Ten Mile Run, New Jersey
References
Sources
Brahms, William B., Franklin Township, Somerset County, NJ: A History, Franklin Township Public Library, 1998;
External links
Six Mile Run Reformed Church
NJ Churchscape: Six Mile Run Reformed Church
Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in Somerset County, New Jersey
Census-designated places in New Jersey
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six%20Mile%20Run%2C%20New%20Jersey |
Woizero Bezabish Wolde (died 1870s) was the wife of Sahle Selassie, Negus of Shewa, mother of King Haile Melekot of Shewa, and grandmother of Emperor Menelik II. She held the districts of Bulga and Yifat as her personal fiefs. Bezabish would become infamous for betraying her son Haile Melekot by submitting to his opponent Emperor Tewodros II during the latter's forcible re-incorporation of Shewa under the direct rule of the Imperial throne in 1855.
References
1870s deaths
Ethiopian Royal Family
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezabish |
Pink Floyd was considered a pioneer in the live music experience for combining intense visual experiences with music to create a show in which the performers themselves were almost secondary. As well as visuals, Pink Floyd set standards in sound quality with innovative use of sound effects and panning quadrophonic speaker systems.
Special effects
Besides the music, an elaborate part to any Pink Floyd live show is the special effects.
Dynamic lighting
Pink Floyd were among the first bands to use a dedicated travelling light show in conjunction with their performances. During the Barrett era, dynamic liquid light shows were projected onto enormous screens behind the band while they played, and the band also incorporated large numbers of strobe lights, which were controlled manually by an engineer. This had the effect of totally obscuring the band itself, except for their shadows, which Barrett took advantage of: he would hold his arms up during parts where he was not required to play, making his shadow grow, shrink and undulate, adding to the visual spectacle. They developed many of these lighting techniques through their early association with light artist Mike Leonard.
When psychedelia fell out of fashion from around 1970 onwards, elevated platforms of the type conventionally used for roof maintenance in high buildings were brought on tour and filled with lighting equipment to be raised and lowered during performances. Following Roger Waters' departure in 1985, the Pink Floyd light show reached a pinnacle. Marc Brickman, the group's lighting designer, utilized hundreds of automated intelligent lighting fixtures and lasers, which were state-of-the-art at the time. By the 1994 Division Bell tour, the band was using extremely powerful, isotope-splitting copper-vapour lasers. These gold-coloured lasers were worth over $120,000 a piece and previously had only been used in nuclear research and high speed photography.
A large circular projection panel dubbed "Mr Screen" first made an appearance during performances of Dark Side of the Moon in 1974 and became a staple thereafter. The high quality, extreme wide angle projection required special high-speed, 35mm, 10,000 watt xenon film projectors, with custom lenses, all designed, built and toured by Associates & Ferren. Specially recorded films and animations were projected onto it, and for the 1977 "In the Flesh" and 1980–1981 "The Wall Live" tours, coloured spotlights were fixed around the rim, an effect which reached its zenith with the dancing patterns of multi-coloured lights in the A Momentary Lapse of Reason and Division Bell tours. In the latter, the screen could be retracted behind the stage when not required, and was tilted horizontally with its peripheral lights focused onto the stage into a single spotlight during the final guitar solo in "Comfortably Numb".
Several generations of giant glitter balls began with the Dark Side of the Moon tour. By the Division Bell tour, the ball had evolved into a globe 4.9 metres in diameter, which rose from the mixing station to a height of 21.3 metres before opening into an array of petals 7.3 metres wide during the final guitar solo of "Comfortably Numb", revealing a 12 kilowatt Phobeus HMI lamp inside.
Props and pyrotechnics
Pyrotechnics (such as exploding flashpots, an exploding gong and fireworks) and dry ice were used extensively throughout Pink Floyd's career. In 1973's tour to promote The Dark Side of the Moon, a large scale model plane flew over the audience and crashed onto the stage with a spectacular explosion, an effect repeated at the start of The Wall and the Division Bell shows. During shows to promote A Momentary Lapse of Reason, a similar effect was achieved with a flying bed.
Oversized helium balloons were first introduced during the Dark Side of the Moon tours, but in 1975, this element began to play a central part in the live show. For the U.S. leg of the 1975 tour, a pyramid shaped dirigible was floated above the stage. It proved unstable in windy conditions and blew into the crowd, which tore it into pieces for souvenirs. The trademark giant pig was brought in for Animals in 1977, floating over the audience, as well as a grotesque 'Nuclear Family', a refrigerator filled with worms, a television and a Cadillac. In some shows, an envelope of propane gas was put inside the pig, causing it to explode. The inflatables reached their peak in 1980–1981 during The Wall shows, in which several of the characters from the album were brought to life in the form of fully mobile, giant string puppets with menacing spotlights for eyes, taking the traditional balloons to a new level. The characters were designed by the notable satirical artist, Gerald Scarfe.
Special effects reached a new and outrageous level during these Wall shows. For example, a long, high wall made from 340 white bricks was built between the audience and the band during the first half of the show. The final brick was placed as Roger Waters sang "goodbye" at the end of the song "Goodbye Cruel World." For the second half of the show, the band was largely invisible, except for a hole in the wall that simulated a hotel room where Roger Waters "acted out" the story of Pink, and an appearance by David Gilmour on top of the wall to perform the climactic guitar solo in "Comfortably Numb." Other parts of the story were told by Gerald Scarfe's animations projected onto the wall itself (these animations were later integrated into the film Pink Floyd: The Wall). At the finale of the concert, the wall was demolished amidst sound effects and a spectacular light show.
Major tours and concerts
30 September 1966 – The All Saints Church Hall Concert - London Free School/International Times Benefit Show
29–30 April 1967 – The 14 Hour Technicolour Dream concerts
12 May 1967 – Games for May concert
4–12 November 1967 – First US Tour
29 June 1968 – Midsummer High Weekend concert
February – December 1968 – Pink Floyd World Tour 1968
May – September 1969 – The Man and The Journey Tour
25 October 1969 - Actuel Festival Amougies, Belgium
27 June 1970 – The Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music concert
28 June 1970 - The Holland Pop Festival in Kralingen Rotterdam
September 1970 – October 1971 – Atom Heart Mother World Tour
October – November 1971 – Meddle Tour
January 1972 – November 1973 – Dark Side of the Moon Tour
June 1974 – French Summer Tour
November – December 1974 – British Winter Tour
April – July 1975 – Wish You Were Here Tour
January – July 1977 – In the Flesh Tour
February 1980 – June 1981 – The Wall Tour (Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980–81)
September 1987 – August 1988 – A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour (as documented by Delicate Sound of Thunder)
May 1989 – July 1989 – Another Lapse Tour
30 June 1990 – Knebworth Festival concert
18 September 1993 – Cowdray Ruins concert
March – October 1994 – The Division Bell Tour (as documented by Pulse)
17 January 1996 – Rock and Roll Hall of Fame performance
2 July 2005 – Live 8 concert
10 May 2007 – Syd Barrett Tribute concert
Notable performance history
Barrett era
The earliest shows for what is considered to be "Pink Floyd" occurred in 1965 and included Bob Klose as a member of the band, which at the time played mainly R&B covers. Klose left the band after 1965. The remaining four members played very small (generally no more than 50 people), mostly unadvertised shows at the Marquee Club in London through June 1966. The set list continued to include R&B, but some original psychedelia was also being introduced.
On 30 September 1966, Pink Floyd were invited to play All Saint's Church Hall to raise money for the nascent International Times newspaper, and quickly became the "house band". At these shows, the band began its use of visual effects and gradually stopped covering R&B. Word of these shows quickly spread in the London underground culture and soon the band became very well-attended and developed a cult following. On 23 December 1966, the first of the "International Times" associated gigs to be held at the UFO Club was performed. Mainstream interest about the counter-culture was increasing and a very small portion of their 20 January 1967 show at the UFO Club was broadcast as part of Granada TV's documentary entitled It's So Far Out, It's Straight Down, which constitutes the first audial or visual record of the band live.
Pink Floyd were among the 30 bands that played The 14 Hour Technicolour Dream benefit gig organised for the "International Times" legal defence fund and held at the Alexandra Palace in London on the eve of 30 April 1967. Some of the other bands who played were The Who, The Move, The Pretty Things, Soft Machine, Tomorrow and The Creation. Notables in attendance included musician John Lennon, artist John Dunbar, actor Michael Caine, artist and musician Yoko Ono, actress Julie Christie, musician Mick Jagger and artist David Hockney. Although both the BBC and filmmaker Peter Whitehead filmed portions of the event, there is no known footage of Pink Floyd.
On 12 May 1967, Pink Floyd performed at Queen Elizabeth Hall in London a concert entitled Games for May. At this show, they debuted a multi-speaker pan pot system controlled by a joystick from the stage that allowed them to move the sound to anywhere a speaker had been set up. This precursor to their later "Azimuth Coordinator" unfortunately was stolen after the show.
After their debut single, "Arnold Layne", charted well in the UK, the band was invited to perform on the BBC2 music show The Look of the Week on 14 May 1967. The setlist for the broadcast consisted of "Pow R. Toc H." and "Astronomy Domine". This was their first British television appearance.
Pink Floyd were invited to appear on the BBC2 music show Top of the Pops in July 1967 for three weeks after their second single "See Emily Play" reached No. 6 on the UK charts. By this time Syd Barrett's behavior had become somewhat unpredictable. On one occasion, the increasingly difficult Barrett remarked that if John Lennon did not have to appear on Top of the Pops neither did he. Consequently, their management company, Blackhill Enterprises, convinced the band to cancel all of their August shows and go to Spain to recuperate.
Increasingly, throughout the summer and into the fall of 1967, copious drug use (especially LSD) and pressure by the record company to constantly write new hit songs continued to take a toll on Barrett's mental state. He became unable to make a meaningful contribution to the group on stage, playing his guitar incoherently and sometimes not playing at all. By the time of the band's first tour of the US in early November 1967, his condition was plainly showing. He stared blankly into space on their 4 November American Bandstand performance, listlessly strummed and barely managed to mime the vocals to "Apples and Oranges". On 5 November, things got worse: they appeared on The Pat Boone Show and Barrett sat in stubborn silence, refusing to answer any question put to him. He also refused to mime "See Emily Play": Waters was forced to mime the track instead (Waters confirmed this on the VH1's Legends: Pink Floyd episode). After 22 December show, the rest of the band quietly put out the word that they were in need of a guitarist.
Although both Jeff Beck and Davy O'List were considered, it was David Gilmour, then unobligated, who was brought on to augment Barrett as need arose during live shows. For the first four shows of 1968, Pink Floyd was a five-man live act again. When they were on the way to their show at Southampton University on 26 January 1968, they decided not to pick up Barrett.
Transition and experimentation
A typical 1968 set list would include some of the following:
"Astronomy Domine"
"Interstellar Overdrive"
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
"Pow R. Toc H."
"Let There Be More Light"
"The Massed Gadgets of Hercules" (first performed on 23 May 1968, renamed "A Saucerful of Secrets" )
"Flaming"
"Keep Smiling People" (a prototype version of "Careful with That Axe, Eugene")
Although their management company Blackhill Enterprises parted ways with them over their decision about Syd Barrett on 29 June 1968, Pink Floyd headlined the first free Hyde Park concert organized by Blackhill. Others performing were Tyrannosaurus Rex, Roy Harper and Jethro Tull.
A second tour of the US during July and August 1968 (see A Saucerful of Secrets US Tour) was launched to tie into the release of their second album, A Saucerful of Secrets. Increasingly throughout 1968 and 1969, shows consisted of post-Barrett compositions, with notable exceptions being "Astronomy Domine" and "Interstellar Overdrive", both of which were performed into the 1970s. Their audiences changed during this time as well: while Barrett-era crowds consisted mainly of hippies who would dance in time with the music, they now drew more "intellectual" crowd, who would sit and remain quiet until the last note of a song was played. By early 1969, most of their excess earnings were funneled into upgrading their sound equipment rather than maintaining a permanent light show. If visuals were to be used at all, they had to be provided by the venue or the local promoter.
A typical 1969 set list would include some of the following:
See: The Man And The Journey Tour
"The Man/The Journey"
"Astronomy Domine"
"Interstellar Overdrive"
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
"Pow R. Toc H."
"Let There Be More Light"
"A Saucerful of Secrets"
"Cymbaline"
"Green is the Colour"
"Main Theme" (rarely played)
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
The shows at Mothers, Birmingham on 27 April 1969 and the College of Commerce, Manchester on 2 May 1969 were recorded for the live part of the Ummagumma album. One source also claims that the show at Bromley Technical College on 26 April 1969 was also recorded for the album.
On 14 April 1969, at Royal Festival Hall, they debuted their new pan pot 360 degree sound system dubbed the "Azimuth Coordinator". This show, named "More Furious Madness from the Massed Gadgets of Auximenes", consisted of two experimental "suites", "The Man" and "The Journey". Most of the songs were either renamed earlier material or under a different name than they would eventually be released.
A UK tour occurred during May and June 1969 culminating in the show dubbed "The Final Lunacy" at Royal Albert Hall on 26 June 1969. Considered one of the most experimental concerts by Pink Floyd, it featured a crew member dressed as a gorilla, a cannon that fired, and band members sawing wood on the stage. At the finale of "The Journey" suite the band was joined on stage by the brass section of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the ladies of the Ealing Central Amateur Choir, and at the very end a huge pink smoke bomb was let off.
An additional complete performance of "The Man/The Journey" occurred at the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam on 17 September and was taped and later broadcast by Dutch radio station Hilversum 3. Portions of the suites were being performed as late as early 1970.
The "Atom Heart Mother" era
A typical 1970 set list would include some of the following:
"Astronomy Domine"
"Interstellar Overdrive"
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
"A Saucerful of Secrets"
"Cymbaline"
"Green is the Colour"
"Main Theme" (rarely played, and only in early 1970)
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
"Sysyphus" pts. 1-4 (rarely played, and only in early 1970)
"Grantchester Meadows"
"Embryo"
"The Violent Sequence" (rarely played, and only in early 1970)
"Heart Beat, Pig Meat" performed at Manchester Opera House on 8 February 1970
"Atom Heart Mother"
"Fat Old Sun" (beginning in September)
"Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast" (only played a few times in December)
Early in 1970, Pink Floyd performed at gigs a piece from their film soundtrack for Michelangelo Antonioni's film Zabriskie Point referred to as "The Violent Sequence". This was the musical basis for "Us and Them", from their The Dark Side of the Moon album. Lacking only the lyrics, it is identical to the final song and is the earliest part of the seminal album to have been performed live. The song "Embryo" was also a part of the live repertoire around this time, but was never to appear on a studio album, until the compilation album Works.
On 18 January 1970 (possibly 17 January 1970), the band began performing a then untitled instrumental piece, which would eventually become the title track to their next album Atom Heart Mother. At this point, it had no orchestra or choir accompaniment. The song officially debuted at the Bath Festival, Somerset England on 27 June 1970 under the title "The Amazing Pudding" (later the name of a Pink Floyd fanzine) and for the first time with orchestra and choir accompaniment.
Announced as "The Atom Heart Mother" by the British broadcaster John Peel on his BBC Radio 1 show "Peel's Sunday Concert" on 16 July 1970, a name suggested by him to the band, it was also announced as "The Atomic Heart Mother" two days later at the Hyde Park free concert. Partly because of the difficulties of finding and hiring local orchestras and choirs, the band often played what is referred to as the "small band" version of the song when they performed it live.
On 28 June 1970 Fink Floyd was the end-performance of the Kralingen Music Festival or "Stamping Ground" in a park near Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
On 18 July Pink Floyd headlined a free concert in Hyde Park organised by Blackhill Enterprises. They closed the show with Atom Heart Mother, which had been given the name after Roger Waters read an article in a newspaper about a woman who had been given a prototype heart pacemaker
Pink Floyd also appeared at a Free festival In Canterbury on 31 August which was filmed. This was the end leg of the Medicine Ball Caravan tour organised by Warner Brothers, which was later made into a film of the same name. It appears that the Pink Floyd footage was not included in the movie but spectators report that Atom Heart Mother was part of the set that was recorded. The audience must have been one of the smallest to see Pink Floyd at this era, only 1500 were present as the festival was not widely promoted.
In contrast, over 500,000 people witnessed their show at Fête de L'Humanité, Paris on 12 September 1970, their largest crowd ever. Filmed by French TV, the show was never broadcast.
Experimental on the album Atom Heart Mother, the song "Alan's Psychedelic Breakfast" was performed at a few gigs in December 1970. "Breakfast" being made was part of the song. The first part of this lasted around four minutes. The second part of "breakfast" preparation was around a minute followed by a 3-minute tape of British DJ Jimmy Young, whom the band disliked.
For a great recording of some of their material from this period check out the Fillmore West show in San Francisco, California on 29 April 1970 on Wolfgang's Vault. This show includes material from Ummagumma and Atom Heart Mother.
Early performances of "Echoes"
A typical 1971 set list would include some of the following:
"Astronomy Domine" (dropped from the setlist in June)
"Interstellar Overdrive" (dropped from the setlist in November 1970)
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
"A Saucerful of Secrets"
"Cymbaline"
"Green Is the Colour" (dropped from the setlist in August)
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
"Embryo"
"Atom Heart Mother"
"Fat Old Sun"
"Echoes"
"One of These Days" (beginning in late September / early October)
January 1971 saw the band working on a track in the studio of then unconnected parts whose working title was either "Nothing — Parts 1 to 24" or "Nothing Parts 1–36". This song made its live debut under the working title "Return of the Son of Nothing" on 22 April 1971 in Norwich, England and like "Atom Heart Mother" before it, it was a work in progress. This was later to be released as "Echoes" on the album Meddle.
Although announced as "Echoes" on 6 August 1971 at Hakone, Japan, the song was still performed with the additional lyrics at later August gigs. The show on 18 September 1971 at Montreux, Switzerland and subsequent shows do not have the additional lyrics. In 1972, during a German tour, Waters sardonically introduced Echoes as "Looking Through the Knotholes in Granny's Wooden Leg" (a Goon Show reference) on one occasion and "The March of the Dam Busters" on another. On another occasion, during a live radio broadcast, Waters had instructed compére John Peel to announce "One of These Days" to the home audience as "A poignant appraisal of the contemporary social situation."
After the band's Crystal Palace Garden Party performance (London, 15 May 1971), it was discovered that the use of fireworks caused some fishes to die, in a pond directly in front of the stage. The band was subsequently pressured to compensate for the damage.
Eclipse - A Piece for Assorted Lunatics
A typical 1972 set list included:
First Set:
"Breathe in the Air"
"The Travel Sequence"
"Time"
"Home Again"
"The Mortality Sequence" (aka "Religion")
"Money"
"The Violent Sequence"
"Scat"
"Lunatic"
"Eclipse"
Second Set:
"One of These Days"
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" (or as an encore)
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene" (or as an encore)
"Echoes" (or as an encore)
"Atom Heart Mother" (rarely, last performance on 22 May 1972)
"A Saucerful of Secrets" (rarely in second set, usually as an encore)
"Childhood's End" (rarely, introduced in November 1972)
Encore:
Rotated one of these three songs:
"A Saucerful of Secrets" (last performance on 23 September 1972)
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun" (or in second set)
"Echoes" (or in second set)
Occasionally, multiple song encores were performed, adding:
"Blues"
Playing 98 shows (the most until 1994), 1972 was the last time Pink Floyd varied their set lists each night on a tour until their final one. Songs played in the second set and encore were swapped constantly, and the band even varied the number of songs played in the encore from the usual one, to two or three.
1972 saw Pink Floyd debut the performance of a not just a song (like on previous tours), but an entire album prior to its release. The original title was Eclipse (A Piece for Assorted Lunatics), then The Dark Side of the Moon - A Piece for Assorted Lunatics, the name under which it made its press debut in February 1972 at London's Rainbow Theatre. The title changed for the first part of the US tour to Eclipse (A Piece for Assorted Lunatics) during April and May before reverting to Dark Side of the Moon - A Piece for Assorted Lunatics in September for the second part of the US tour and finally released in 1973 under the title of Dark Side of the Moon.
One of the two shows at The Dome, Brighton, England on 28 June and 29 June was filmed by Peter Clifton for inclusion on his film Sounds of the City. Clips of these appear occasionally on television and the performance of "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" is on the various artists video Superstars in Concert.
In November 1972, during the middle of the European leg of their 1972 world tour and again in January 1973, Pink Floyd performed with the Roland Petit Ballet. The portion of the setlist for which the ballet was choreographed was "One of These Days", "Careful with That Axe, Eugene", "Obscured by Clouds", "When You're In" and "Echoes".
Dark Side of the Moon
An early 1973 set list (until mid-March) included:
First Set:
"Echoes"
"Obscured by Clouds"/"When You're In" (The two songs incorporated into a longer piece with a jamming guitar & keyboard section in the middle)
"Childhood's End" (rarely)
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
Second Set:
The Dark Side of the Moon entire album
Encore:
"One of These Days"
For the remainder of 1973 (except 4 November), the set list included:
First Set:
"Obscured by Clouds"
"When You're In"
"Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun"
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
"Echoes"
Second Set:
The Dark Side of the Moon entire album
Encore:
"One of These Days"
In 1973, the band moved Dark Side of the Moon to the second set (where it would reside through 1975), and played the album version of the piece, notably the revamped versions of "On the Run" and "The Great Gig in the Sky." 1973 saw Pink Floyd go on two relatively short tours of the US, one in March to coincide with the release of The Dark Side of the Moon and a later one in June. Sandwiched between them were two nights at London's Earl's Court on 18 May and 19 May where they debuted the special effect of a plane crashing into the stage at the end of the song "On the Run". This was also the first year that the band took additional musicians on tour with them, unlike the earlier performances of "Atom Heart Mother" where the band would often hire local musicians.
Because of the overwhelming chart success of both The Dark Side of the Moon, which reached No. 1 in the US in late April, No. 2 in the UK, and the US-released single "Money", the nature of Pink Floyd's audiences changed in June 1973. David Gilmour said of the change "It was 'Money' that made the difference rather than 'The Dark Side of the Moon'. It gave us a much larger following, for which we should be thankful. ... People at the front shouting, 'Play Money! Gimme something I can shake my ass to!' We had to get used to it, but previously we'd been playing to 10,000 seaters where, in the quiet passages, you could hear a pin drop." They could now sell out stadiums.
On 4 November 1973, Pink Floyd played two shows at London's Rainbow Theatre to benefit musician Robert Wyatt formerly the drummer of Soft Machine, a band they'd played with in their UFO Club days. Wyatt fell from a fourth floor window in June 1973, breaking his back and making him a paraplegic. The set list for these two shows were:
Main Set:
The Dark Side of the Moon entire album
Encore:
"Obscured by Clouds"
"When You're In"
1974 Tours
A French Summer Tour set list would include all of the following:
"Raving and Drooling"
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
"Echoes"
The Dark Side of the Moon (Entire album)
Encore (one of the following):
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene"
"One of These Days"
A British Winter Tour set list included all of the following:
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond"
"Raving and Drooling"
"You've Got to be Crazy"
The Dark Side of the Moon (Entire album)
Encore:
"Echoes"
These early versions of "Shine On You Crazy Diamond", "Raving and Drooling" & "You've Got to be Crazy" were released as part of the Wish You Were Here Experience and Immersion sets.
1975 North America Tour & Knebworth '75
A typical 1975 set would include all of the following:
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts I-V)"
"Have a Cigar"
"Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts VI-IX)"
"Raving and Drooling"
"You've Got to be Crazy"
The Dark Side of the Moon (entire album)
Encore:
"Echoes"
In 1975, the band launched a short tour that ended two months prior to the release of Wish You Were Here, which eventually sold out stadiums and arenas across America.
The last gig of the tour was as the headliner of the 1975 Knebworth Festival, which also featured The Steve Miller Band, Captain Beefheart and Roy Harper (who joined Pink Floyd on the stage to sing "Have a Cigar"). It was the second Knebworth Festival, which featured artists such as The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, Genesis and Frank Zappa between 1974 and 1979.
Despite some technical problems, the band managed to perform a remarkable concert, which as well as the usual special effects featured a fly-past by a pair of Spitfires. This was supposed to synchronise with the start of 'Breathe' but the band had tuning difficulties and the planes flew over before the start of the set. Knebworth was the last time the band would perform "Echoes" and the entire Dark Side of the Moon with Roger Waters.
In the Flesh
A typical 1977 set list would include the following:
Animals (entire album)
Wish You Were Here (entire album)
Encore:
"Money"
"Us and Them"
"Careful with That Axe, Eugene" (performed once in Oakland, California)
"More Blues" (performed once in Montreal, Quebec, Canada)
In 1977, Pink Floyd embarked on a world tour in support of the "Animals" album. Although the album had not sold as well as their two previous releases, "Dark Side Of The Moon" and "Wish You Were Here", the band's popularity was at an all-time high. The band managed to sell out arenas and stadiums in both Europe and America, setting attendance records all along the way. In Chicago, the band played to an estimated audience of 95,000; in Cleveland and Montreal, they set attendance records for those venues by playing to over 80,000 people. The "In The Flesh" tour would later become widely known as their most memorable series of concert performances, and the last in which Roger Waters would accompany the band. The elaborate stage presentations, particularly those constructed for the outdoor venues, were their most complex and elaborate to date. Designed by Mark Fisher and Andrew Sanders, they featured a pyrotechnic "waterfall", umbrella-like canopies that could be deployed to protect the band from the elements, and a variety of characters associated with the "Animals" album; including "Algie", a 40-foot long inflatable pig that drifted out over the audience, the "Average American family" (which, at the time, included Mom, Dad and 2.5 children), and paper sheep that parachuted down on the crowds after being shot from cannons mounted to the sides of the stage. The musicians that accompanied the band on the tour included veteran saxophone player Dick Parry (occasionally playing keyboards as well) and guitarist Snowy White, who also filled in on bass guitar for some songs.
In the first half of each show, the band played all of the songs from Animals, but in a slightly different sequence than the album (typically starting with "Sheep", then "Pigs On the Wing (Part 1)", "Dogs", "Pigs On the Wing (Part 2)" and "Pigs (Three Different Ones)"). The second half of the shows consisted of Wish You Were Here being played in its exact running order ("Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts 1-5)", "Welcome to the Machine", "Have a Cigar", "Wish You Were Here" and "Shine On You Crazy Diamond (Parts 6-9)"). The encores would usually consist of either "Money" or "Us and Them" from Dark Side of the Moon or both. At the Oakland, California show on May 9, they played "Careful with That Axe, Eugene" as a third encore, the last time the song was ever performed live.
The tour started in Dortmund, West Germany on 23 January and proceeded through Europe, ending in Stafford, England on 31 March. Three weeks later, the North American leg of the tour opened in Miami, Florida on 22 April, concluding in Montreal, Quebec on 6 July. The show in Oakland, California on 9 May is widely regarded as one of the band's finest performances ever. During "Have a Cigar," Waters and Gilmour can be heard laughing as they sing part of the opening line. In the run-up to the band's four-night run at Madison Square Garden in New York City (1–4 July), tour promoters used an aggressive marketing strategy, filling pages of The New York Times and Billboard magazine with ads. In May, there was a Pink Floyd parade on 6th Avenue featuring both inflatable and live animals.
Another memorable performance occurred in Cleveland, Ohio on 25 June. The show was held at Cleveland Municipal Stadium, just a short distance from Burke Lakefront Airport. Most of the shows opened with a recording of jet airplane taking off, but promoters secretly arranged for the band's Boeing 737 jet to do a low flyover directly over the stadium as the show opened. The FAA later fined the promoters $1,500 over the incident. The show was also delayed briefly by a fan that grabbed the tether line for the inflatable pig and wouldn't release it. At their performance in Boston two nights later, Waters jokingly said "We're going to take a PIG break, back in 20 minutes". He closed the show by gratefully commenting that this had been "the perfect end to the perfect day, good night and God bless".
As the tour began, everyone was in good spirits, but the later shows were marred by Roger Waters' increasing annoyance with the raucous fans in attendance. During the last show in Montreal, a noisy fan near the stage irritated Waters to such an extent that he spat on him. The act so disgusted David Gilmour that he left the stage prior to the final encore, "More Blues", leaving Snowy White to fill in as the roadies began dismantling the stage equipment. The insatiable audience clamored for the band to keep playing, and a small riot broke out in front of the stage following the band's eventual exit. Later that night, Waters recounted the incident to his friend, music producer Bob Ezrin, and expressed his growing feelings of alienation toward their fans. Those feeling of detachment became the starting and focal point for Pink Floyd's next album, The Wall.
The Wall live
The 1980/1981 set lists comprised the entire album, The Wall.
Pink Floyd mounted its most elaborate stage show in conjunction with the tour of The Wall. A band of session musicians played the first song, wearing rubber face masks taken from the real band members, then backed up the band for the remainder of the show. Most notable was the giant wall constructed between the band and the audience.
The costs of the tour were estimated to have reached US$1.5 million even before the first performance. The New York Times stated in its 2 March 1980 edition that:
The 'Wall' show remains a milestone in rock history though and there's no point in denying it. Never again will one be able to accept the technical clumsiness, distorted sound and meagre visuals of most arena rock concerts as inevitable" and concluded that "the 'Wall' show will be the touchstone against which all future rock spectacles must be measured. The show was designed by Mark Fisher with Art Direction by Gerald Scarfe.
The Wall concert was only performed a handful of times each in four cities: Los Angeles, Uniondale (Long Island), Dortmund, and London (at Earl's Court). The primary 'tour' occurred in 1980, but the band performed eight shows at Dortmund (14–20 February 1981) and five more shows at Earl's Court (13–17 June) for filming, with the intention of integrating the shows into the upcoming movie. The resulting footage was deemed substandard and scrapped; years later, Roger Waters has given conflicted answers on the status of the concert films stating from "trying to locate this footage for historical purposes but was unsuccessful and considers it to be lost forever" to "I have all of the film but am reluctant to release". There are several unofficial videos of the entire live show in circulation and some footage is shown on the Behind the Wall documentary.
Gilmour and Mason attempted to convince Waters to expand the show for a more lucrative, large-scale stadium tour, but because of the nature of the material (one of the primary themes is the distance between an artist and his audience) Waters balked at this. In fact, Waters had reportedly been offered a guaranteed US$1 million for each additional stadium concert, but declined the offer, insisting that such a tour would be hypocritical.
These shows are documented on the album Is There Anybody Out There? The Wall Live 1980-81.
Waters recreated the Wall show in Berlin in 1990, alongside the ruins of the Berlin Wall, and was joined by a number of guest artists (including Bryan Adams, Scorpions, Van Morrison, The Band, Tim Curry, Cyndi Lauper, Sinéad O'Connor, Marianne Faithfull, Joni Mitchell, Ute Lemper and Thomas Dolby). This concert was even bigger than the previous ones, as Waters built a long and high wall. The size of the theatrical features of The Wall were increased to cater for a sold-out audience of 200,000 people and of another estimated 500 million, in 35 countries, watching on television. After the concert began, the gates were opened and an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 people were able to watch the concert. This show is available on The Wall Live in Berlin album and DVD.
Roger staged another tour of The Wall in 2010 saying of the story "It has occurred to me that maybe the story of my fear and loss with its concomitant inevitable residue of ridicule, shame and punishment, provides an allegory for broader concerns: Nationalism, racism, sexism, religion, Whatever! All these issues and ‘isms are driven by the same fears that drove my young life."
A Momentary Lapse of Reason
After the release of A Momentary Lapse of Reason in 1987, Pink Floyd embarked on an 11-week tour to promote the album. The two remaining members of the band, David Gilmour and Nick Mason, along with Richard Wright, had just won a legal battle against Roger Waters and the future of the group was uncertain. Having the success of The Wall shows to live up to, the concerts' special effects were more impressive than ever. The initial "promotional tour" was extended, and finally lasted almost two years, ending in 1989 after playing around 200 concerts to about 5.5 million people in total, including 3 dates at Madison Square Garden (5–7 October 1987) and 2 nights on Wembley Stadium (5–6 August 1988). The tour took Pink Floyd to various exotic locations they had never played before such as shows in the forecourt of the Palace of Versailles, Moscow's Olympic Stadium, and Venice, despite fears and protests that the sound would damage the latter city's foundations.
These shows are documented by the Delicate Sound of Thunder album and video.
Pink Floyd was the second highest grossing act of 1987 and the highest grossing of 1988 in the U.S. Financially, Pink Floyd was the biggest act of these two years combined, grossing almost US$60 million from touring, about the same as U2 and Michael Jackson, their closest rivals, combined. Worldwide, the band grossed around US$135 million.
The tour marked the first time that the band played in Russia, Norway, Spain, New Zealand and was the first time they had played in Australia since 1973.
A further concert was held at the Knebworth Festival in 1990, a charity event that also featured other Silver Clef Award winners. Pink Floyd was the last act to play, to an audience of 125,000. During this gig Clare Torry sang backing vocals making it the second and last time she did so. Vicki and Sam Brown also attended as backing vocalists, as well as Candy Dulfer with a saxophone solo. The £60,000 firework display that ended the concert was entirely financed by the band.
The Division Bell
The Division Bell Tour in 1994 was promoted by Canadian concert impresario Michael Cohl and became the highest-grossing tour in rock music history to that date, with the band playing the entirety of The Dark Side of the Moon in some shows, for the first time since 1975.
The concerts featured more elaborate special effects than the previous tour, including two custom designed airships. The arch-shaped stage was designed by Marc Brickman and Mark Fisher with lighting by Marc Brickman. Three stages leapfrogged around North America and Europe, each long and featuring a arch modelled on the Hollywood Bowl. All in all, the tour required 700 tons of steel carried by 53 articulated trucks, a crew of 161 people and an initial investment of US$4 million plus US$25 million of running costs just to stage. This tour played to 5.5 million people in 68 cities; each concert gathered an average 45,000 audience. At the end of the year, the Division Bell Tour was announced as the biggest tour ever, with worldwide gross of over £150 million (about US$250 million). In the U.S. alone, it grossed US$103.5 million from 59 concerts. However, this record was short-lived; less than a year later, The Rolling Stones' Voodoo Lounge Tour (like the Division Bell Tour, also sponsored in part by Volkswagen) finished with a worldwide gross of over US$300 million. The Stones and U2 (with their Vertigo Tour) remain the only acts ever to achieve a higher worldwide gross from a tour, even when adjusting for inflation.
These shows are documented by the Pulse album and Pulse (1995 film).
Post-Pulse era
1996: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame performance
In 1996, Gilmour and Wright performed "Wish You Were Here" with Billy Corgan (of The Smashing Pumpkins fame) at their Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction.
2001: David Gilmour & Nick Mason statements about Pink Floyd touring again in the future
In an interview with BBC Radio 2 in October, 2001, Gilmour implied that the Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd compilation (released in November 2001) "probably" signaled the end of the band. "You never know exactly what the future (holds)", Gilmour said. "I'm not going to slam any doors too firmly, but I don't see myself doing any more of that, and I certainly don't see myself going out on a big Floyd tour again." A few days later in an interview with Launch.com, Nick Mason contradicted the statement, saying "I don't feel I've retired yet. You know, if everyone wanted to, we could certainly still do something. I've spent 30 years waiting for the planets to align. I'm quite used to it."
2002: David Gilmour in Concert DVD release
David Gilmour released a solo concert DVD called David Gilmour in Concert in November 2002 which was compiled from shows on 22 June 2001 and 17 January 2002 at The Royal Festival Hall in London. Richard Wright, Robert Wyatt, and Bob Geldof (Pink in The Wall film) make guest appearances.
2003: Steve O'Rourke's funeral performance
Longtime manager Steve O'Rourke died on 30 October 2003. Gilmour, Mason and Wright performed "Fat Old Sun" and "The Great Gig in the Sky" at his funeral at Chichester Cathedral, contrary to reports in the media claiming they played "Wish You Were Here".
2005: Live 8 performance
On 2 July 2005 Pink Floyd performed at the London Live 8 concert with Roger Waters rejoining David Gilmour, Nick Mason and Richard Wright. It was the quartet's first performance together in over 24 years — the band's last show with Waters was at Earls Court in London on 17 June 1981.
Gilmour announced the Live 8 reunion on 12 June 2005:
The band's set consisted of "Speak to Me/Breathe/Breathe (Reprise)", "Money", "Wish You Were Here", and "Comfortably Numb". This is the only known occurrence when Pink Floyd played "Breathe" and "Breathe (Reprise)" together as a single piece. As on the original recordings, Gilmour sang the lead vocals on "Breathe" and "Money", and shared them with Waters on "Comfortably Numb". For "Wish You Were Here", Waters sang half of the verse's lyrics, unlike the original recording. When Waters was not singing, he was often enthusiastically mouthing the lyrics off-microphone. During the guitar introduction of "Wish You Were Here", Waters said:
They were augmented by guitarist/bassist Tim Renwick (guitarist on Roger Waters' 1984 solo tour, who has since become Pink Floyd's backing guitarist on stage); keyboardist/lap steel guitarist/backup vocalist Jon Carin (Pink Floyd's backing keyboardist from 1987 onward who performed on the 1999–2000 North American leg of Waters' "In the Flesh" tour, his 2006–2008 "Dark Side of the Moon Live" tour, his 2010–2011 "The Wall" tour and David Gilmour's 2006 On an Island tour); saxophonist Dick Parry during "Money" (who played on the original recordings of "Money", "Us and Them", and "Shine on You Crazy Diamond"); and backing singer Carol Kenyon during "Comfortably Numb". During "Breathe", on the screen behind them, film of the iconic pig from the Animals album was shown flying over Battersea Power Station (itself visible on the horizon in television broadcasts of the performance), and during "Money", a shot of The Dark Side of the Moon record being played was shown. During "Comfortably Numb", the three giant screens showed the Pink Floyd Wall (from the cover of The Wall), and during the final guitar solo, the words "Make Poverty History" were written on the wall.
At the end, after the last song had been played, Gilmour said "thank you very much, good night" and started to walk off the stage. Waters called him back, however, and the band shared a group hug that became one of the most famous pictures of Live 8. As they proceeded to walk off, Nick Mason threw his drumsticks into the audience. With Wright's subsequent death, in September 2008, this was to be the final concert to feature all four bandmates playing together.
2007: Syd Barrett tribute concert
On 10 May 2007 Pink Floyd (Wright, Gilmour and Mason), joined by Andy Bell of Oasis on bass and Jon Carin on keys, performed at London's Barbican Centre as part of "The Madcap's Last Laugh", a tribute concert for Syd Barrett who had died the previous year. They played "Arnold Layne", and later joined other artists to perform "Bike". This would be the last time Wright appeared as part of Pink Floyd, before his own death the following year.
Roger Waters appeared in the concert performing his own song "Flickering Flame", also with Jon Carin on keys, but did not take part in either song with the members of Pink Floyd.
In 2020, the live recording of "Arnold Layne" from this concert was released as a single for Record Store Day.
Backing musicians
See: Pink Floyd live backing musicians
Because of the increasingly complex nature of Pink Floyd's music, more and more musicians besides the band were required on stage to recreate sounds achieved in the studio. Some performances of Atom Heart Mother featured an entire orchestra and choir, reputedly a nightmare to bring on tour. Less 'weighty' contributions from other musicians followed. In 1973 Dick Parry provided saxophone for Dark Side of the Moon and reprised this for live performances in every subsequent tour except those promoting The Wall and A Momentary Lapse of Reason, the latter in which Scott Page provided sax. For 1977's Animals promotion, Snowy White was brought in as an additional guitarist. He returned for The Wall shows along with a complete "surrogate band" consisting of Peter Wood (keyboards), Willie Wilson (drums) and Andy Bown (bass). Andy Roberts replaced White for the 1981 shows. For the A Momentary Lapse of Reason and Division Bell tours, Jon Carin (whom David Gilmour had met at Live Aid playing in Bryan Ferry's backing band) provided additional synthesizers and keyboards, Guy Pratt replaced Roger Waters on bass, Tim Renwick provided additional guitar and Gary Wallis additional percussion. Several backing vocalists, (the most notable of whom are Rachel Fury, Clare Torry, Sam Brown, Margaret Taylor, Durga McBroom and Carol Kenyon) have accompanied the band on and off from Dark Side of the Moon onwards. During their performance at Live 8, Pink Floyd used Tim Renwick, Jon Carin, Dick Parry and Carol Kenyon.
Notes
References
Fitch, Vernon. The Pink Floyd Encyclopedia, 2005,
Mason, Nick. Inside Out: A Personal History of Pink Floyd, 2004.
Schaffner, Nicholas. Saucerful of Secrets: The Pink Floyd Odyssey, 1991.
Povey, Glenn and Russell, Ian. Pink Floyd: In The Flesh: the complete performance history, 1997.
Scarfe, Gerald. "The Making of Pink Floyd: The Wall", 2010.
External links
Mark Fisher's Pink Floyd gallery
Pink Floyd concert tours
Concerts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Floyd%20live%20performances |
Logan Park Cemetery is a cemetery located at the northwest edge of Sioux City, Woodbury County, Iowa. The cemetery contains a number of notable figures from the history of Sioux City.
Notable burials
Jay Darling, cartoonist.
David W. Stewart, U.S. Senator in 1926 and 1927
References
External links
Logan Park Cemetery burial records at Findagrave.
Logan Park Cemetery tour
Cemeteries in Iowa
Sioux City, Iowa
Protected areas of Woodbury County, Iowa
Tourist attractions in Sioux City, Iowa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan%20Park%20Cemetery%20%28Sioux%20City%29 |
Nizam Mir Barkat Ali Khan Siddiqi Mukarram Jah, Asaf Jah VIII (6 October 1933 – 15 January 2023), less formally known as Mukarram Jah, was the titular Nizam of Hyderabad between 1967 and 1971. He was the head of the House of Asaf Jah until his death in 2023.
Born as the eldest son of Azam Jah and Dürrüşehvar Sultan, he was named successor to the title of Nizam of Hyderabad by his grandfather Mir Osman Ali Khan. Upon Osman's death in 1967, he became the titular Nizam. He lost his titles and the privy purses in 1971, when the 26th Amendment to the Indian constitution was passed.
Jah subsequently moved to Australia, where he stayed at the Murchison House Station. While the prince remained in Australia, his palaces in Hyderabad were encroached upon and fell into disrepair. Numerous divorce settlements and failed business ventures led to the loss of the majority of his fortune. In 1996, he moved to Turkey where he remained until his death in 2023. Jah was buried in Hyderabad.
Jah chaired the H.E.H. The Nizam's Charitable Trust and Mukarram Jah Trust for Education & Learning (MJTEL) Mukarram Jah high school.
Biography
Early life and education
Mukarram Jah was born to Azam Jah, the son and heir of Osman Ali Khan, the last reigning Nizam of Hyderabad state, by his wife Dürrüşehvar Sultan, daughter of the last Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty, Abdulmejid II. Jah was educated in India at the Doon School in Dehradun and in England at Harrow and Peterhouse, Cambridge. He also studied at the London School of Economics and at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
Jah stayed at Teen Murti Bhavan in New Delhi for a while and briefly served as an honorary aide-de-camp of Jawaharlal Nehru. He stated in 2010 that Nehru had wanted him to become his personal envoy or the Indian ambassador to a Muslim country.
Nizam of Hyderabad
He became the titular Nizam of Hyderabad after the death of his grandfather in 1967.
Life in Australia and Turkey
In 1972, he visited Australia and came across the Murchison House Station, a pastoral property of 350,000 acres on the west coast, near Kalbarri. He bought the farm and permanently moved to Australia. He also purchased Havelock House, a mansion in Perth.
In 1996, he sold the farm and moved to Turkey shortly after.
His two main palaces in Hyderabad, Chowmahalla and Falaknuma, have been restored and opened to the public, the former as a museum showcasing the era of the Nizams and the latter as a luxury hotel. The Taj Falaknuma Palace Hotel opened in February 2010, having been leased to the Taj Group, after some ten years of renovations.
Like his grandfather, Mukarram was the richest man in India until the 1980s. However, in the 1990s, he lost some assets to divorce settlements. His net worth is nevertheless estimated at $US 2 billion.
Death and funeral
Jah died on 15 January 2023, at the age of 89. According to Jah's wish his funeral took place in Hyderabad which was the former capital of Hyderabad State and of the Nizam of Hyderabad on 18 January 2023.
His remains were laid in state at the Chowmahalla Palace, where family members and government officials paid their respects. In the evening of 18 January, he was buried at the Mecca Masjid.
Personal life
Marriages
Mukarram Jah married five times. His first wife was a Turkish noble woman, Esra Birgin (b. 1936), and they married in 1959. Jah left his Hyderabad palace for a sheep station in the Australian outback and divorced his wife, who did not want to move with him. In 1979, he married a former air hostess and employee of the BBC, Helen Simmons (b. 1949 – d. 1989); she converted to Islam and changed her name to Aysha. After her death, he married Manolya Onur (b. 1954 – d. 2017), a former Miss Turkey in 1992, and divorced her after a five-year marriage in 1997.
He married Jameela Boularous (b. 1972), from Morocco, in 1992. In 1994, he married Princess Ayesha Orchedi (b. 1959), who is Turkish.
Children
By Esra Birgin, Mukarram Jah had one son and one daughter:
Walashan Nawab Sahibzada Mir Azmat Ali Khan Siddiqi Bayafendi Bahadur (b. 1960), also known as Azmat Jah, married 1994 to Princess Begum Sahiba Zainab Naz Jah (née Zeynep Naz Guvendiren) and has one son, has worked as a cameraman.
Murad Jah
Sahibzadi Shehkyar Unisa Begum (b. 1964), unmarried and without issue
By Helen Simmons he had two sons:
Walashan Nawab Sahibzada Mir Alexander Azam Khan Siddiqi Bayafendi Bahadur (b. 1979)
Walashan Nawab Sahibzada Mir Mohammod Umar Khan Siddiqi Bayafendi Bahadur (1984-2004) deceased due to drug overdose
By Manolya Onur he had a daughter:
Sahebzadi Nilufer Unisa Begum/Nilufer Elif Jah (b. 1992)
By Jameela Boularous he had a daughter:
Sahebzadi Zairin Unisa Begum (b. 1994)
Mukarram Jah had a brother Muffakham Jah.
Full style
His Exalted Highness Prince Rustam-i-Dauran, Arustu-i-Zaman, Wal Mamaluk, Asaf Jah VIII, Muzaffar ul-Mamalik, Nizam ul-Mulk, Nizam ud-Daula, Nawab Mir Barakat 'Ali Khan Siddiqi Bahadur, Sipah Salar, Fath Jang, Nizam of Hyderabad and Berar.
Military titles
Honorary Lieutenant-General
Palaces
The palaces he owned:
Chowmahalla Palace, Hyderabad.
Falaknuma Palace, Hyderabad.
Nazribagh Palace, Hyderabad.
Naukhanda Palace, Aurangabad.
Chiraan Palace, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad.
Purani Haveli Hyderabad. (Mukarram Jah Trust for education and Learning).
Complaint against Mukarram Jah
Nawab Najaf Ali Khan another grandson of 7th Nizam, met the Police Commissioner of Hyderabad and submitted a complaint along with supporting documents alleging that Prince Mukarram Jah, his ex-wife Princess Esra, (who is also the General Power of Attorney (GPA) holder of Prince Mukarram Jah), his son Prince Azmat Jah and his brother Prince Muffakham Jah had used false documents in the UK High Court to lay claim over the £35 million Nizam’s Fund lying in NatWest Bank there.
Ancestry
See also
Mir Najaf Ali Khan - cousin of Mukarram Jah
Kingdom of Hyderabad
References
External links
Some recent photographs of the Nizam and the princely family
1933 births
2023 deaths
The Doon School alumni
Asaf Jahi dynasty
Ottoman dynasty
Hyderabadi Muslims
People educated at Harrow School
Indian people of Turkish descent
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukarram%20Jah |
Cannon School is an independent, nonsectarian, college preparatory institution serving students in junior kindergarten through grade 12. The school enrolled approximately 1040 students for the 2022–2023 school year. Cannon School is located in Concord, North Carolina in Cabarrus County, on a campus on Poplar Tent Road near the Cabarrus–Mecklenburg county line. The school is fully accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Southern Association of Independent Schools.
History
Cannon School was founded in 1969 as Cabarrus Academy. The school was located in the historic downtown Concord residence of local textile entrepreneur J.W. Cannon. The school initially served students in grades 1-10. Upon opening, the school had 75 all white students, but neither a cafeteria nor a gymnasium. Tuition was $750. Headmaster Herman Butrick claimed that black students would have been admitted, but non applied. In 1970, the IRS found that the school had a non-discriminatory admissions policy and was thus eligible for tax-exempt status.
In 1994 the school relocated to its current campus in the northwestern corner of Cabarrus county, and in 1998 the Cabarrus Academy was renamed Cannon School.
Originally a school for junior kindergarten through eighth grade, Cannon expanded throughout the 1990s and graduated its first senior class in 2002. (Note: First "new" senior class. As Cabarrus Academy, the school did graduate seniors in its earlier years.)
Academics
Cannon School offers Mandarin Chinese classes in the Middle School and Upper School. Cannon School has developed a sister school exchange program with Tianli International School of Luzhou, Sichuan, China. Each year, since 2004, local families host Chinese students and teachers in their homes during week-long visits to Cannon School and other points of interest around the Carolinas.
Notable alumni
Vicky Bruce, professional women's soccer player
Harrison Burton, NASCAR Cup Series driver for Wood Brothers Racing
Austin Cindric, NASCAR Cup Series driver for Team Penske, 2022 Daytona 500 winner, and 2020 NASCAR Xfinity Series champion
Jarell Eddie, professional basketball player
Carter Faith, country music artist
References
Schools in Cabarrus County, North Carolina
Private high schools in North Carolina
Private middle schools in North Carolina
Private elementary schools in North Carolina
Preparatory schools in North Carolina
Educational institutions established in 1969
1969 establishments in North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%20School |
Woizero Zenebework was the wife of Wossen Seged, Merid Azmach of Shewa; the mother of Negus Sahle Selassie, the first Negus of Shewa; the grandmother of Negus Haile Melekot of Shewa; and the great-grandmother of Emperor Menelik II. Woizero Zenebework held the powerful districts of Menz and Tegulet as her personal fiefs.
Zenebework was the most powerful woman in Shewa during the reigns of her husband, son and grandson. Despite the efforts of Sahle Selassie to resolve the ongoing theological disputes that affected the Ethiopian Church in Shewa, she intervened on behalf of the Sost Lidat, which led to an edict on 24 November 1841 which purged all of the clergy who did not embrace that view on the nature of Christ. She joined her daughter-in-law Bezabish in betraying her grandson Haile Melekot by submitting to Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia when he invaded Shewa in 1855 to forcefully re-incorporate it into the Empire.
Notes
19th-century Ethiopian people
19th-century Ethiopian women
Rulers of Shewa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenebework |
John Kosh, known simply as Kosh, is an English art director, album cover designer, graphic artist, and documentary producer/director. He was born in London, England and rose to prominence in the mid-1960s while designing for the Royal Ballet and the Royal Opera House. He was the creative director of Apple Corps for The Beatles and was art director and album cover designer for Abbey Road and Let It Be, as well as other Apple artists.
History
As art director of Art & Artists Magazine, he met the Beatles towards the end of the 1960s and was hired as Creative Director for Apple Records, where he was responsible for design, promotion and publicity. During this period he designed albums for a clientele that covered numerous British rock bands including the Rolling Stones. In 1969 Kosh handled the War Is Over campaign for John Lennon and Yoko Ono and created the famous Abbey Road and Who's Next album covers. During this period Kosh became well known in the London avant-garde art scene for designing and producing exhibitions, posters and books.
In 1973 after garnering several awards with the London Design & Art Directors Club, he was elected to the British D&AD Jury before moving to Los Angeles. Once in L.A. he continued designing for various famous artists including: Jon Lord, Jimmy Buffett, Bob Dylan, the Eagles, The Moody Blues, Dan Fogelberg, Carole King, Randy Newman, Pointer Sisters, T.Rex, Richard Pryor, Ringo Starr, Linda Ronstadt, Electric Light Orchestra, Bob Seger, Rod Stewart, Spinal Tap, W.A.S.P. and James Taylor. Kosh has garnered seven Grammy nominations and won three for his work with Linda Ronstadt. He is the only Art Director to have worked with The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Who.
He served as faculty member of Otis/Parsons Institute of Art and on the Board of Governors of the National Recording Academy. From approximately 1988–1993, Kosh was partner in the Los Angeles Design Studio, Kosh Brooks Design, with fellow Art Director Larry Brooks. Kosh's client roster has included Capitol Records, Columbia-TriStar, Walt Disney Studios, Walt Disney Classics, Fox Television, The Gurin Company, CNN, MCA, MGM, the NFL (he designed the Super Bowl XXI logo), Sony Records and Warner Bros. Records. In 2009, the British Post Office (Royal Mail) issued commemorative stamps recognising the Beatles and their album covers. Two of them were Kosh's: Abbey Road and Let It Be.
Personal life
John Kosh currently lives and works in Los Angeles with partner, wardrobe stylist and writer, Genevieve Schorr. He has one son, John Kosh Jr. (born in London ) in 1971.
Works
A display of his more prominent graphics was exhibited at the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Museum in Cleveland, Ohio.
10,000 Maniacs
1987 "In My Tribe"
Aerosmith
1978 "Live! Bootleg"
1979 "Night in the Ruts"
Bad Company
1976 "Run with the Pack"
Badfinger
1974 "Badfinger"
The Beatles
1969 "Abbey Road"
1969 "The Ballad of John and Yoko"
single
1970 "Let It Be"
Jimmy Buffett
1977 "Son of a Son of a Sailor"
1989 "Off to See the Lizard"
2002 "Far Side of the World"
2003 "Meet Me in Margaritaville: The Ultimate Collection"
2005 "Live at Fenway Park"
2007 "Live at Wrigley Field"
2009 "Buffet Hotel"
2010 "encores"
J. J. Cale
1979 "5"
Kim Carnes
1982 "Voyeur"
Donovan
1973 Cosmic Wheels
1973 "Essence to Essence"
Eagles
1976 "Hotel California"
No. 6 on Rolling Stone'''s 100 Best Album Covers of All Time
1979 "The Long Run"
1980 "Eagles Live"
1982 "Eagles Greatest Hits, Vol. 2"
Electric Light Orchestra
Designed the band's logo and these album covers
1976 "A New World Record"
1977 "Out of the Blue"
Family
1971 "Fearless"
Dan Fogelberg
1977 "Nether Lands"
1978 "Twin Sons of Different Mothers"
1979 "Phoenix"
1980 "The Innocent Age"
1984 "Windows and Walls"
1990 "The Wild Places"
1993 "River of Souls"
1995 "No Resemblance Whatsoever"
Marvin Gaye
1978 "Here, My Dear"
Humble Pie
1972 "Smokin'"
1973 "Eat It"
King Crimson
1974 "Red"
John Lennon & Yoko Ono
1968 "Life With the Lions"
1969 "Wedding Album"
1969 "Cold Turkey" single
1969 'War is Over (If You Want It)' campaign and Christmas card
1969 Plastic Ono Band "Give Peace a Chance" single
John Lennon
1970 "Instant Karma!" single
1971 " Power to the People" single
Jon Lord
1976 SarabandeLinda Lewis
1972 "Lark"
Carole King
1989 "City Streets"
1993 "Colour of Your Dreams"
McGuinness Flint
1972 "McGuinness Flint"
Kronos Quartet
1988 "Winter Was Hard"
Melissa Manchester
1977 "Singin'"
1978 "Don't Cry Out Loud"
Steve Miller Band
1986 "Living in the 20th Century"
Martin Mull
1978 "Sex and Violins"
Randy Newman
1988 "Land of Dreams"
1995 "Randy Newman's Faust"
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
1978 "You're Gonna Get It!"
Pointer Sisters
1981 "Black & White"
1982 "So Excited!"
Richard Pryor
1976 "Bicentennial Nigger"
Bonnie Raitt
1979 "The Glow"
Ratt
1991 "Ratt & Roll 81-91"
REO Speedwagon
1980 "Hi Infidelity"
1982 "Good Trouble"
Minnie Riperton
1977 "Stay in Love"
Rolling Stones
1970 "Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out!"
1971 "Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2)"
Linda Ronstadt
1975 "Prisoner in Disguise"
1976 "Hasten Down the Wind"
1976 "Greatest Hits"
1977 "Simple Dreams" – GRAMMY
1977 "A Retrospective"
1978 "Living in the USA"
1980 "Mad Love"
1981 "Greatest Hits, Volume 2"
1982 "Get Closer"
GRAMMY; design & A/D w/Ron Larson
1983 "What's New"
1984 "Lush Life"
GRAMMY; design & A/D w/Ron Larson
1986 "For Sentimental Reasons"
1987 "Trio" (with Dolly Parton & Emmylou Harris)
Design & A/D w/Ron Larson
1987 "Canciones de Mi Padre"
1991 "Mas Canciones"
1992 "Frenesi"
1993 “Winter Light ”
1996 "Dedicated to the One I Love"
1998 “We Ran”
1999 “Box set Compilation”
2000 “A Merry Little Christmas”
2013 “Simple Dreams A Musical Memoir]]”
Phil Spector
1972 "A Christmas Gift for You"
Ringo Starr
1970 "Beaucoups of Blues"
1976 "Ringo's Rotogravure"
1977 "Ringo the 4th"
1978 "Bad Boy"
1981 "Stop and Smell the Roses"
Rod Stewart
1975 "Atlantic Crossing"
1976 "A Night on the Town"
1977 "Foot Loose & Fancy Free"
1983 "Body Wishes"
Spinal Tap
1992 "Break Like the Wind"
Design & A/D with Larry Brooks
Stone the Crows
1972 "Ontinuous Performance"
T. Rex (Marc Bolan)
1973 "Tanx"
1974 "Zinc Alloy and the Hidden Riders of Tomorrow"
1975 "Bolan's Zip Gun"
Andy Taylor
1987 "Thunder"
James Taylor
1976 "Greatest Hits"
1977 "JT"
1979 "Flag"
1981 "Dad Loves His Work"
Koko Taylor
1991 "I Got What It Takes"
W.A.S.P.
1989 "The Headless Children"
1992 "The Crimson Idol"
1997 "KFD"
1999 "Helldorado"
2001 "Unholy Terror"
2002 "Dying For The World"
2004 "The Neon God: Part 1 - The Rise"
2004 "The Neon God: Part 2 - The Demise"
The Who
1971 "Who's Next"
The Moody Blues
1978 "Octave"
Awards
Kosh is a seven-time Grammy nominee, and has won three of the awards:
Grammy Awards of 1986 – John Kosh & Ron Larson (art directors) "Best Album Package 1984" for Lush Life performed by Linda Ronstadt
Grammy Awards of 1983 – John Kosh & Ron Larson (art directors) "Best Album Package 1982" for Get Closer performed by Linda Ronstadt
Grammy Awards of 1978 – John Kosh (art director) "Best Album Package 1977" for Simple Dreams'' performed by Linda Ronstadt
Journey to the Ten Worlds
In 1995 Kosh and actor Susan Shearer formed Ten Worlds Entertainment. They directed the opening and closing sequences for the Emmy winning documentaries "When The Lion Roars—The MGM Story" and "In Search of Dr. Seuss" for Turner along with the 1992 through 1998 Billboard Awards telecasts for Fox TV. As production designers on the Showtime six-hour documentary, "Sex and the Silver Screen" with Raquel Welch, Kosh and Shearer recreated the look, lighting and film techniques of the 1960s back through the 1920s and teens. Ten Worlds was responsible for the title, set and production design for the CBS special "60 Years of Life Magazine" hosted by Candice Bergen. Ten Worlds also produced the elegant show logos and graphics for a series of TCM documentaries on glamorous film stars such as Louise Brooks, Rita Hayworth and Clara Bow. They designed the Warner Bros. 75th Anniversary Show, "Glorious Technicolor", hosted by Angela Lansbury, for TNT and the New Year's special, "Life Remembers for CBS". Ten Worlds achieved critical acclaim for their work on "The Last Days of Kennedy and King" for TBS and the ten-hour documentary "100 Years −100 Movies" for the America Film Institute and CBS. The Ten Worlds team designed "California Connected", a dynamic, weekly news program for PBS stations throughout California and "The Barrymores", a 90-minute special for A&E along with "Masters of Production" for PBS, chronicling the great Hollywood movie production designers.
In 2005, Kosh led Ten Worlds Entertainment into its evolution – becoming Ten Worlds Productions, Inc. Under its new name, it produced and directed a pilot for The History Channel, "Declassified: The Rise and Fall of the Wall", which sheds new light on the Berlin Wall. This pilot soon became a 13-part documentary series. The subjects of these documentaries focus on such figures as John Lennon, Fidel Castro, the Tet Offensive, Charles Lindbergh, Joseph Stalin and World War I.
About Us - Ten Worlds Productions, Inc.</ref>
References
External links
koshdesign
The Seventies website
Beatles fan site
Rolling Stones
Grammy List
Ringo Discography
John Lennon Fan site
Apple Records
English art directors
English designers
English film producers
Film directors from London
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Album-cover and concert-poster artists
English expatriates in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kosh |
An Ethernet crossover cable is a crossover cable for Ethernet used to connect computing devices together directly. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type, e.g. two computers (via their network interface controllers) or two switches to each other. By contrast, straight through patch cables are used to connect devices of different types, such as a computer to a network switch.
Intentionally crossed wiring in the crossover cable connects the transmit signals at one end to the receive signals at the other end.
Many network devices today support auto MDI-X (aka "auto crossover") capability, wherein a patch cable can be used in place of a crossover cable, or vice versa, and the receive and transmit signals are reconfigured automatically within the device to yield a working connection.
Motivation
The 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX Ethernet standards use one wire pair for transmission in each direction. This requires that the transmit pair of each device be connected to the receive pair of the device on the other end. The 10BASE-T standard was devised to be used with existing twisted pair cable installations with straight-through connections.
When a terminal device (with an MDI port) is connected to a switch or hub, this crossover is done internally in the switch or hub (MDI-X port). A standard straight-through cable is used for this purpose where each pin of the connector on one end is connected to the corresponding pin on the other connector.
One terminal may be connected directly to another without the use of a switch or hub, but in that case, the crossover must be done in the cabling. Since 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX use pairs 2 and 3, these two pairs must be swapped in the cable. This wiring scheme constitutes a crossover cable. A crossover cable may also be used to connect two hubs or two switches on their upstream ports.
Because the only difference between the T568A and T568B pin and pair assignments are that pairs 2 and 3 are swapped, a crossover cable may be envisioned as a cable with one modular connector following T568A and the other T568B (see TIA/EIA-568 wiring). Such a cable will work for 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX.
The polarity of each pair is not swapped, but the pairs crossed as a unit: the two wires within each pair are not crossed.
Automatic crossover
Introduced in 1998, this made the distinction between uplink and normal ports and manual selector switches on older hubs and switches obsolete. If one or both of two connected devices has the automatic MDI/MDI-X configuration feature, there is no need for crossover cables.
Although Auto MDI-X was specified as an optional feature in the 1000BASE-T standard, in practice it is implemented widely on most interfaces.
Besides the eventually agreed upon Automatic MDI/MDI-X, this feature may also be referred to by various vendor-specific terms including: Auto uplink and trade, Universal Cable Recognition and Auto Sensing.
1000BASE-T and faster
In a departure from both 10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-T and faster use all four cable pairs for simultaneous transmission in both directions through the use of telephone hybrid-like signal handling. For this reason, there are no dedicated transmit and receive pairs. 1000BASE-T and faster require either a straight or one of the crossover variants only for the autonegotiation phase. The physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer provides identification of each pair and usually continues to work even over cable where the pairs are unusually swapped or crossed.
Fiber
For most optical fiber variants of Ethernet, fibers are used in pairs with one fiber for each direction. The transmitter on one end of the connection needs to be connected to the receiver on the other and vice versa. For this, fiber patch cables with duplex connectors are normally configured as crossover as is the on-premises wiring. Thus, a simple connection with two patch cables at each end and a section of fixed cable in the middle has three crossovers in total, resulting in a working connection. Patch cable crossovers can usually be reconfigured very easily by swapping the connectors within a duplex bracket if required.
Pinouts
In practice, it does not matter if non-crossover Ethernet cables are wired as T568A or T568B, just so long as both ends follow the same wiring format. Typical commercially available pre-wired cables can follow either format depending on the manufacturer. What this means is that one manufacturer's cables are wired one way and another's the other way, yet both are correct and will work. In either case, T568A or T568B, a normal (un-crossed) cable will have both ends wired identically according to the layout in either the Connection 1 column or the Connection 2 column.
Half crossed
Certain equipment or installations, including those in which phone and/or power are mixed with data in the same cable, may require that the "non-data" pairs 1 and 4 (pins 4, 5, 7 and 8) remain un-crossed. This is the most common kind of crossover cable.
Fully crossed
See also
Networking cable
References
Ethernet cables
fr:RJ45#Câblage croisé complet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet%20crossover%20cable |
The Sacramento Zoo is a zoo located in William Land Park in Sacramento, California. It opened on June 2, 1927, with 40 animals. At that time, it occupied , which remained the case until the early 1960s when the zoo expanded to its current . , the zoo had just over 500 animals on site.
History
The zoo opened as the "William Land Park Zoo" on June 2, 1927, with 40 animals brought together from various local parks, including monkeys, raccoons, birds, and deer.
In 1948, the Sacramento Union newspaper sponsored a drive to raise money to buy the zoo an elephant. In the fall of 1949, SUE (the “Sacramento Union Elephant”), so named by local teenage sisters Jacklyn and Carolyn Bolton via a contest sponsored by the Union, arrived at the zoo, much to the delight of area visitors. In 1955, the zoo bought “Winky”, Sue’s companion.
The Sacramento Zoological Society formed in 1958 to support and raise funds for the zoo as city funding began to dwindle. The year 1958 also brought along the start of the zoo’s educational programming, at that time, one of only nine zoos in the United States to have such a program. In 1997, the society took over day-to-day operation of the zoo.
The zoo was expanded to in the early 1960s, with new habitats built in most areas of the zoo. In 1965, the zoo received its first grizzly bear and two orangutans, and began charging 25 cents for admission. The current name was adopted in 1970, along with the completion of the reptile house and the creation of a docent program.
On April 6, 2007, an exhibit featuring six penguins opened to the public. The day prior, Mayor Heather Fargo and other guests were dressed in black and white to greet the new arrivals, who were on loan for the "one year bash".
In 2009, the zoo started construction on a new barn and yard for their giraffes. The old wooden barn was demolished and replaced with a much more spacious, heated barn. The new barn includes a breeding facility with many large stalls for current giraffes and their calves. The Tall Wonders giraffe habitat has a pavilion for visitors to get an eye to eye view of the giraffes. The new facility opened on February 12, 2010.
In 2011, brought along the grand opening of a new river otter exhibit, complete with glass that enabled visitors to walk up to visitors and interact with the very sociable North American river otters in their naturalistic habitat.
In September 2014, the zoo opened Small Wonders of Africa with aardvarks, Wolf's guenon, red-billed hornbill, and other creatures.
The zoo is working on replacing its current Reptile House with a Biodiversity Center.
In November 2018, zoo officials have explored the possibility of moving the zoo to the former ARCO Arena site in Natomas, citing the need for more space and the constraints of their current location; however, the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association controls the arena site and have conflicting plans to build a mixed-use development on the site. of the former ARCO Arena site were donated to California Northstate University to build its new medical center.
In June 2020, a red panda named Amaya gave birth to her second cub at the Sacramento zoo.
References
Photo gallery
External links
Zoos in California
Zoo
Tourist attractions in Sacramento, California
Zoos established in 1927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento%20Zoo |
Riverdale High School (often abbreviated as RHS) was an English language secondary school, in the Pierrefonds-Roxboro borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The school was part of the Lester B. Pearson School Board and was designated a "community school".
History
Riverdale had many athletic teams, including basketball, rugby, soccer, volleyball, track and field, and swim teams. The school also had a wide variety of community-based clubs and organizations.
In 1971, the Riverdale Band won the International Band competition held in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan.
In 1972, an expansion of the original building took place.
The logo visible to the right and the slogan "Reach Higher and Succeed" were adopted during the 1988-1989 school year after they were chosen in a schoolwide contest. Both were submitted by students at the time. The school's official colours were blue (a dark navy blue) and Grey, with the school paper having the matching name "Blue & Grey," but they were changed to match the uniforms adopted in 1993, whose colours were also selected by the student body. Before that the school had no uniform but only a dress code with rules such as "no jeans" and "no clothes with holes."
A dwindling student populace made Riverdale apportion out half of its first floor to a French-language elementary school in 1988 to share costs, leaving the other two floors to the high school, along with the other half of the first floor, which included the cafeteria, shop classes, and music department. Later in 2007, the school got the full first floor back.
In 2011, the main hallway, which was used for the junior grades was closed off for adult education because of its low student population, but the cafeteria was still very much part of the school, as were the drama department, music department and shop classes, situated on the first floor.
In 2017, the second-floor hallway, which had previously run a full rectangular loop, was closed off roughly a fourth of the way through to make more space to be used for adult education which shared the building.
In 2019, the school was forced to close and merge with the nearby Pierrefonds Comprehensive High School by the Minister of Education at the time, Jean-François Roberge. The building transferred over to the French-speaking Marguerite-Bourgeoys school board which had been struggling with overcrowding issues.
The building now houses the De L'Altitude high school.
Notable alumni
Ian Beausoleil-Morrison, nee Morrison; professional engineer and academic, Head of the Sustainable Building and Energy Systems group, Faculty of Engineering and Design at Carleton University
Michael Calce, denial-of-service attack hacker known as Mafiaboy
Khem Birch, Professional basketball player for the Toronto Raptors (NBA)
David Boys, World (1997) and Canadian (2003) Scrabble champion
Craig Button (1980), former NHL executive, current hockey broadcast analyst
Bill Coon (1976), jazz guitarist, composer
Glen MacPherson (1975), cinematographer
Harley Morenstein, Host and creator of YouTube show Epic Meal Time and host of Epic Chef
Eric Prosh (1975), Director of Minerals and Petroleum Resources, Nunavut
Harry Standjofski, actor, theater director, playwright.
Jack W. Szostak (1968), cell biologist, recipient of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009
André White (1976), musician, composer, recording engineer, and educator
Alissa White-Gluz, former lead singer of Canadian Metalcore Band The Agonist and current lead singer of Swedish Melodic Death Metal Band Arch Enemy
Charlene Wong, Olympic figure skater
References
English-language schools in Quebec
High schools in Montreal
Educational institutions established in 1964
Lester B. Pearson School Board
Pierrefonds-Roxboro
1964 establishments in Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale%20High%20School%20%28Quebec%29 |
Avtovo () is a station on the Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line of the Saint Petersburg Metro. Designed by architect , it opened as part of the first Leningrad Metro line on November 15, 1955. In 2014, The Guardian included it on the list of 12 most beautiful metro stations in the world.
Avtovo's unique and highly ornate design features columns faced with ornamental glass manufactured at the Lomonosov factory. Although the original plan envisaged using glass on all of the columns in the station, white marble was substituted on some due to time constraints. This marble was supposed to be temporary, but it has never been replaced. The walls are faced with white marble and adorned on the north side by a row of ornamental ventilation grilles. At the end of the platform a mosaic by V.A. Voronetskiy and A.K. Sokolov commemorates the Leningrad Blockade (1941-1944) during the Second World War.
Unlike the other stations on the first line, Avtovo is a shallow-level station, constructed using the cut and cover method. It belongs to the shallow column class of underground stations.
Avtovo has as its entrance vestibule a large Neoclassical building with a domed cupola, located on the east side of .
Gallery
References
External links
Description of the station on Metrowalks.ru
Description of the station on Kommet.spb.ru
Saint Petersburg Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1955
Railway stations located underground in Russia
Cultural heritage monuments of regional significance in Saint Petersburg | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtovo%20%28Saint%20Petersburg%20Metro%29 |
(the German form of Latin naenia, meaning "a funeral song" named after the Roman goddess Nenia) is a composition for SATB chorus and orchestra, Op. 82 by Johannes Brahms, which sets to music the poem "" by Friedrich Schiller. Brahms composed the piece in 1881, in memory of his deceased friend Anselm Feuerbach. It was first performed by the Tonhalle Gesellschaft Chorus Zürich on 6 December 1881, conducted by Brahms. Nänie is a lamentation on the inevitability of death; the first sentence, "", translates to "Even beauty must die". Typical duration of a performance is approximately 15 minutes.
Poem
Schiller's lament is not for a specific person but the death of the abstract "beautiful" ("Das Schöne"). Schiller mentions three episodes from Greek mythology, but again mostly without names, assuming that the reader with knowledge will make the connections. The first episode refers to Orpheus who tries to rescue Eurydice from the underworld, the second refers to Aphrodite's mourning of her lover Adonis, the third refers to the failed effort of Thetis to save her son Achilles from death.
Setting by Brahms
Brahms began his composition in spring 1880 as a response to the death of his friend, the painter Anselm Feuerbach. He chose the text referring to the frequent motifs from Greek mythology in the painter's work. Brahms completed the composition in the summer of 1881 and dedicated it to Henriette Feuerbach, the painter's stepmother. Written about a decade after Ein deutsches Requiem, it shows a similar approach of consolation of those who mourn a death.
Other compositions
Hermann Goetz also set the text to music in 1874 as Nenie, Op. 10.
References
External links
"Auch das Schöne muß sterben!", text and various translations, lieder.net
Nänie, free scores at the Brahms Institut
, University of Memphis Chamber Orchestra and University Singers, April 2011
Compositions by Johannes Brahms
Choral compositions
Funerary and memorial compositions
1881 compositions
Musical settings of poems by Friedrich Schiller
Poetry by Friedrich Schiller
1800 poems | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4nie |
Hind bint ʿAwf () was a mother-in-law twice of Muhammad. As the mother, mother-in-law and grandmother of several companions of Muhammad, she was known as the "grandest mother-in-law on earth". She was also known by the name Khawla.
Family
Hind's father, Awf ibn Zuhayr ibn al-Haarith ibn Humaatah ibn Juraysh/Jarsh, was from the Himyar tribe of Yemen. Her mother was Aisha bint al-Muhazzam.
Marriage(s) and children
Hind apparently married four times and had at least nine children.
First marriage
Her first husband was Al-Jaz'i al-Zubaydi. Al-Tabari mentions one child from this union. A son.
1. Mahmiyah ibn Al-Jaz'i al-Zubaydi.
He was an early convert to Islam who spent thirteen years in Abyssinia. On his arrival in Medina in 628, Muhammad appointed him community treasurer.
Second marriage
She also married Al-Harith ibn Hazan ibn Jubayr ibn Al-Hazm ibn Rubiya ibn Abdullah ibn Hilal. The Banu Hilal were residents of Mecca. Although they were wealthy, they did not have the political power of the Quraysh tribe.
From Harith, Hind was the mother of at least four children.
2. Lubaba "the Elder", better known as, Umm Fadl. She was the wife of ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, and mother of seven of his children, including the famous Ibn Abbas.
3. Barra bint al-Harith, renamed Maymuna when she married her third husband, Muhammad.
4. Al-Saayib ibn al-Harith.
5. Qatn ibn al-Harith.
Third marriage
Her next husband was Khuzayma ibn Al-Harith al-Hilali. From him Hind had only one daughter:
6. Zaynab bint Khuzayma, who was also a wife of Muhammad. It is mentioned that "three of her brothers" were present at her funeral; since Mahmiyah was then in Abyssinia, these brothers must have been Al-Saayib, Qatn and Awn.
Fourth marriage
Hind's fourth husband was Umays ibn Ma'ad ibn Tamim ibn Al-Harith ibn Kaab ibn Malik from the Khath'am tribe. This marriage produced three children:
7. Asma bint Umays, who was married respectively to Rabia ibn Riyab al-Hilali, Jafar ibn Abi Talib, the first caliph of Islam Abu Bakr and the fourth caliph Ali, and from them, had at least eight children of her own.
8. Salma bint Umays, who married Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib and then Shaddad ibn Usama ibn Al-Haad al-Laythi. It is also said that she married Kaab ibn Inaba from the Khath'am tribe.
9. Awn ibn Umays, who died at the Battle of al-Harra.
Stepchildren
Al-Harith ibn Hazan also had at least three daughters from another wife, Fakhita bint Amir ibn Muattib ibn Malik al-Thaqafi. Hind's stepchildren from this marriage were:
10. Lubaba al-Sughra/Lubaba "the Younger"bint al-Harith, she's also known as Layla or Asma, who married Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi, and was the mother of the famous warrior Khalid Ibn Walid.
11. Huzayla bint al-Harith.
12. Ghorra bint Al-Harith, also known as Izza, who was married to Abdullah ibn Malik al-Hilali.
References
Women companions of the Prophet
7th-century Arab people
Himyarites | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%20bint%20Awf |
Tiaprofenic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylpropionic acid (profen) class, used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain. The typical adult dose is 300 mg twice daily. It is not recommended in children.
Long-term use of tiaprofenic acid is associated with severe cystitis, roughly 100 times more commonly than other NSAIDs. It is contraindicated in patients with cystitis and urinary tract infections. It is sparingly metabolised in the liver to two inactive metabolites. Most of the drug is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Renal disease impairs excretion, and it should be used with caution in renal disease.
It was patented in 1969 and approved for medical use in 1981. It is available in generic formulations. A sustained-release preparation is available. It is an isomer of Suprofen.
References
External links
Manufacturer Data Sheet
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Diarylketones
Thiophenes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiaprofenic%20acid |
Daniel William Heep (born July 3, 1957) is a retired Major League Baseball outfielder.
Heep, who batted and threw left-handed, played for five different ballclubs during his 13-year career: the Houston Astros (1979–1982), New York Mets (1983–1986), Los Angeles Dodgers (1987–1988), Boston Red Sox (1989–1990), and Atlanta Braves (1991).
Heep played for two different World Series champions: the New York Mets in 1986, and the Los Angeles Dodgers in 1988.
Baseball career
Heep played baseball for, and graduated from, Lee High School in San Antonio.
Heep played for St. Mary's University in San Antonio where he was twice an All-American, in 1976 and 1978, as a pitcher. At St. Mary's he earned his bachelor's degree in physical education, and he is a member of that school's Athletic Hall of Fame.
Originally drafted by the Houston Astros in the 1979 Major League Baseball Draft, he compiled a .331 batting average, 23 home runs and 108 runs batted in (RBI) in a little over a year in the minors to earn his first major league call up. His major league debut came on August 31, against the New York Mets. He remained with the Astros through the end of the season, achieving a .143 average with two runs batted in. The second RBI was a game winner against the Los Angeles Dodgers on September 30. He was the Pacific Coast League batting champion with a .343 average with the Tucson Toros in 1980.
After hitting .237 with four home runs and 22 RBI in 85 games with the Astros in 1982, he was acquired by the New York Mets for Mike Scott at the Winter Meetings on December 10.
Danny Heep was the 4,000th strikeout victim of Nolan Ryan, on July 11, 1985.
NCAA coach
Heep was the head coach for the NCAA Incarnate Word Cardinals baseball team in San Antonio from 1998-2017. Since becoming head coach in 1998, the program has won two conference championships. In 2014, they became a Division I program in the Southland Conference.
Head coaching record
Below is a table of Heep's yearly records as a collegiate head baseball coach.
Personal
His uncle was former major league catcher Matt Batts, who played for the Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Redlegs between 1947 and 1956.
References
Article – from University of the Incarnate Word's official website.
Interview with Danny on Blog Talk Radio.
New York Times Article on Heep's collision with Terry Blocker.
External links
1957 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from San Antonio
Boston Red Sox players
Columbus Astros players
Daytona Beach Astros players
Houston Astros players
Incarnate Word Cardinals baseball coaches
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball outfielders
New York Mets players
San Antonio Dodgers players
St. Mary's Rattlers baseball players
Tucson Toros players
Vancouver Canadians players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny%20Heep |
Star Wars: Legacy is an American comic book series set in the Star Wars universe. The series, published by Dark Horse Comics, is written by John Ostrander and Jan Duursema, and illustrated by Duursema and others, with inks by Dan Parsons and color by Brad Anderson. Issue #0, which cost 25¢ and introduced the setting and major characters, was released on June 7, 2006.
Set over 130 years after the fall of Emperor Palpatine and the Galactic Empire, Star Wars: Legacy follows Cade Skywalker, a descendant of Luke Skywalker, as he and several allies eventually bind together in an attempt to defeat Darth Krayt—the new Dark Lord of the Sith—and the reborn Galactic Empire.
Publication history
Star Wars: Legacy ran from June 2006 until issue #50, published in August 2010.
Dark Horse Comics finished the Star Wars: Legacy story with a six-issue limited series dealing with the return of Darth Krayt titled Star Wars: Legacy War.
Plot synopsis
The story of Star Wars: Legacy starts 126 years after the film Return of the Jedi. The comics feature Cade Skywalker, a descendant of Luke Skywalker, who was trained as a Jedi, but abandoned the New Jedi Order following its defeat by the One Sith. He apprenticed himself to the pirate Rav and lives among bounty hunters, smugglers and pirates such as his best friends Jariah Syn and Deliah Blue. Cade, in an attempt to avoid detection and his destiny, also dropped his last name and Jedi heritage while being reluctantly guided by Luke, now a Force ghost. The series begins with an attack on the Jedi Temple and the overthrow of the Galactic Alliance and the Fel Empire by the Sith.
Along with Cade and his friends, various other characters appear who are set against the Sith; including deposed Emperor Roan Fel and his Imperial faction, the remnants of the Galactic Alliance under Admiral Gar Stazi, and the remaining Jedi. After a large and costly war with the Sith Empire, Cade and his allies manage to kill the evil Sith Emperor, Darth Krayt. However, even without their leader, the Sith remain a powerful danger.
Issues
Collected editions
The series was collected into trade paperbacks:
Broken (collects #1-3, 5–7, 144 pages, May 2007, )
Shards (collects #4, 8-13, 176 pages, March 2008, )
Claws of the Dragon (collects #14-19, 144 pages, June 2008, )
Alliance (collects #20-22, 27, 104 pages, December 2008, )
The Hidden Temple (collects #23-26, 104 pages, February 2009, )
Vector (collects #28-31 & Star Wars: Rebellion #11-12, 144 pages, June 2009, )
Storms (collects #32-36, 128 pages, November 2009, )
Tatooine (collects #37-41, 104 pages, February 2010, )
Monster (collects #42-46, 128 pages, June 2010, )
Extremes (collects #47-50, 104 pages, December 2010, )
War (collects Star Wars: Legacy: War #1-6, 144 pages, January 2012, )
Continuation
A second volume to the series, which shares the same name as the original, was announced in 2012. Written by Corinna Bechko and Gabriel Hardman, penciled by Hardman, colored by Rachelle Rosenberg, and published by Dark Horse Comics, it will star Ania Solo, a descendant of Han and Leia Organa Solo. The first issue was planned to be released in March 2013, and continue as a monthly, ongoing series. The series ran for 18 issues, from March 20, 2013, to August 27, 2014.
Plot summary
The second iteration of Star Wars: Legacy stars Ania Solo, a descendant of Han and Leia. It takes place in the aftermath of Star Wars: Legacy – War, a comic miniseries which was set in the year 138 ABY. As the series begins, Solo is running a junkyard on a backwater Outer Rim planet and living a life far removed from Emperors and royalty. However, the first issue sees her come into possession of a lightsaber and an Imperial communications droid; she discovers that she has been targeted for death, and is launched into an adventure unlike any she has seen before. The backwater world serves as a microcosm for greater galactic affairs, and the story expands outward, showing the reader what is happening in the highest levels of galactic government.
The first issue opened with a "giant lightsaber duel," and it additionally features the Imperial Knight, Yalta Val—an agent of the Galactic Federation Triumvirate—running into trouble in the Outer Rim. The Mon Calamari refugee Sauk, a friend of Solo's who works at an ice mining facility and gets pulled into the adventure by Solo. In the second issue, Solo is pursued both by local police and by an Imperial Knight determined to kill in order to get the lightsaber back. She is aided by formidable friends she has made as a black market salvage dealer. The series also features Sith, and the Princess Marasiah Fel of the previous Star Wars: Legacy. It may eventually include an appearance by Cade, the earlier protagonist.
Development
In August 2010, the fiftieth and final issue of the comic series Star Wars: Legacy was published by Dark Horse Comics. The six-issue miniseries Star Wars: Legacy – War followed; published from December 2010 to May 2011, it allowed authors John Ostrander and Jan Duursema an opportunity to wrap up the story. On December 3, 2012, Comic Book Resources announced that a new incarnation of Legacy was coming in 2013, written by Corinna Bechko and Gabriel Hardman, and additionally penciled by Hardman. Dark Horse's Vice President of Publishing Randy Stradley soon after indicated that the project had been in the works for a number of months.
Bechko and Hardman indicated via their Twitter feeds how excited they were to be working on the project. They have both been Star Wars fans since the release of the original Star Wars film in 1977, which they cited as a major influence. Dark Horse letterer Michael Heisler praised their work and asserted that they "know what they're doing." Hardman stated that he and Bechko will be "honoring and building on" the work done by Ostrander and Duursema in the original Legacy, but that the series will be accessible to fans unfamiliar with Ostrander and Duursema's work.
The idea of a female protagonist did not originate with Hardman and Bechko, but after it was pitched to them, it played a significant role in drawing them to the project. Bechko has described Ania Solo as a character who "doesn't take a lot of guff," but who is nevertheless not a traditional badass female. Hardman asserts that she has the potential to be "an inspiring but very down-to-Earth human sort of character, as well." Rather than write a genealogy textbook, the two aim to tell a big adventure story that will eventually answer fans' questions about Solo's lineage.
Rachelle Rosenberg was the colorist and Dave Wilkins was the cover artist. The first issue, Prisoner of the Floating World, Part 1, was scheduled for release on March 20, 2013, to continue as a monthly, ongoing series, with the second issue to be released on April 24. Neither Bechko nor Hardman were worried about the implications the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens would have on the Expanded Universe. Their goal was to tell an exciting story that would work "no matter what", and they were reassured by the likelihood of the film taking place decades before Legacy.
Legacy
George Lucas featured Darth Talon in his unused treatments of the Star Wars sequel trilogy created for Disney. She was to have been the apprentice of Darth Maul, the two serving as the trilogy's primary two villains. According to Lucas, "She was the new Darth Vader and most of the action was with her." In early versions, she would have corrupted the character who became Kylo Ren, and in later versions they were combined into the same character.
References
External links
Dark Horse Announcement
Legacy
Comics by John Ostrander
Sequel comics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Wars%3A%20Legacy |
Kolodong, New South Wales () is a locality between Taree and Wingham in the Manning Valley on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia in the Mid-Coast. Kolodong contains some agricultural land, a small residential area and a sizable industrial area. Kolodong is home to a day care centre, Taree Baptist Church and Taree Christian College.
References
Mid North Coast
Towns in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolodong%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
Daisy Chainsaw were an English rock group who were active between 1989 and 1994 started by guitarist and songwriter Crispin Gray. The group's original lead vocalist KatieJane Garside appeared on the band's early EPs and 1992 debut album, Eleventeen, before departing in 1993. Lead vocalist Belinda Leith replaced Garside for the group's final album, released in 1994.
Career
The band formed in 1989 after KatieJane Garside answered an advertisement placed by guitarist Crispin Gray in the music press. Their gigs included grapevines and rag dolls strewn across the stage, and Garside thrashing around in soiled gowns drinking juice from a baby bottle.
The band were successful with their Love Sick Pleasure EP which included the hit single, "Love Your Money" - primarily due to prime time appearances on ITV's The Chart Show and Channel 4's The Word. However, they had to decline appearing on BBC TV's Top of the Pops because Garside had a throat infection. Love Your Money reached number 26 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1992.
Turning down an offer to be signed to Madonna's Maverick record label, they later signed to the indie label, One Little Indian. The follow-up singles Pink Flower (UK number 65) and Hope Your Dreams Come True were only moderately successful, as was their debut album Eleventeen (1992), peaking on the UK Albums Chart at number 62.
In support of Eleventeen, the band toured extensively in the United Kingdom with grunge band Mudhoney, who were supporting their new release, Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge (1991), and alternative rock band Hole, who were also supporting their debut, Pretty on the Inside (1991). Hole frontwoman Courtney Love cited KatieJane Garside as one of the "first true riot grrls" alongside herself and Kat Bjelland of Babes in Toyland, although none of these bands were directly associated with the riot grrl movement.
In 1992, they toured the UK alongside Sheep on Drugs and Elephant Witch.
In 1993, Garside left the band and disappeared from the music scene and from the public eye. Due to her manic onstage histrionics and bizarre behaviour in interviews, rumours circulated that Garside had fallen into mental illness. Garside reportedly moved to a house in the Lake District and was publicly unheard of until 1999.
Belinda Leith (previously Queen B, London Records 1990) now joined as Daisy Chainsaw's lead vocalist, signing to One Little Indian and recording the final Daisy Chainsaw album For They Know Not What They Do. After touring England to promote the album in 1993 the album was released the next year. Leith left before the album's release to collaborate on other projects and sing on Terry Hall's album Home, released in 1994. She is featured in the video and front cover for the single "Forever J".
The three remaining members renamed themselves Dizzy Q Viper and released an EP with Crispin Gray on vocals, before splitting up. After Dizzy Q Viper, Vapid Dolly was created, and this band was made up of Dizzy Q Viper members with the addition of Hanayo as lead vocals. The new millennium saw Garside and Gray musically reuniting to form Queenadreena. Garside currently plays in Liar, Flower and Gray plays in Starsha Lee.
Crispin Gray was interviewed at length in May 2021 about the formation and history of Daisy Chainsaw in addition to his subsequent bands.
Discography
References
External links
English indie rock groups
One Little Independent Records artists
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy%20Chainsaw |
gpsOne is the brand name for a cellphone chipset manufactured by Qualcomm for mobile phone tracking. It uses A-GPS or Assisted-GPS to locate the phone more quickly, accurately and reliably than by GPS alone, especially in places with poor GPS reception.
Current uses
gpsOne is primarily used today for Enhanced-911 E911 service, allowing a cell phone to relay its location to emergency dispatchers, thus overcoming one of the traditional shortcomings of cellular phone technology. Using a combination of GPS satellite signals and the cell sites themselves, gpsOne plots the location with greater accuracy than traditional GPS systems in areas where satellite reception is problematic due to buildings or terrain.
Geotagging - addition of location information to the pictures taken with a camera phone.
Location-based information delivery, (i.e. local weather and traffic alerts).
Verizon Wireless uses gpsOne to support its VZ Navigator automotive navigation system.
Verizon disables gpsOne in some phones for other applications as compared to AT&T and T-Mobile. gpsOne in other systems besides Verizon can be used with any third-party applications.
Future uses
Some vendors are also looking at GPS phone technology as a method of implementing location-based solutions, such as:
Employers can track vehicles or employees, allowing quick response from the nearest representative.
Restaurants, clubs, theatres and other venues could relay SMS special offers to patrons within a certain range.
When using a phone as a 'wallet' and making e-payments, the user's location can be verified as an additional layer of security against cloning.
For example, John Doe in AverageTown USA is most likely not purchasing a candy bar from a machine at LAX if he was logged paying for the subway token in NYC, and calling his wife from the Empire State Building.
Location-based games.
Functions
gpsOne can operate in four modes:
Standalone - The handset has no connection to the network, and uses only the GPS satellite signals it can currently receive to try to establish a location.
Mobile Station Based (MSB) - The handset is connected to the network, and uses the GPS signals and a location signal from the network.
Mobile Station Assisted (MSA) - The handset is connected to the network, uses GPS signals and a location signal, then relays its 'fix' to the server. Which then uses the signal strength from the phone to the network towers to further plot the user's position. Users can still maintain voice communication in this scenario, but not 'Internet/Network service', (i.e. Web browser, IM, streaming TV etc.)
Mobile Station Hybrid - Same as above, but network functionality remains. Normally only in areas with exceptional coverage.
Adoption
Since introduction in 2000, the gpsOne chipset has been adopted by 40+ vendors, and is used in more than 250 cellphone models worldwide.
More than 300 million gpsOne enabled handsets are currently on the market, making it one of the most widely deployed solutions.
External links
Product website
The gpsOne XTRA MSB assistance data format:
Vinnikov & Pshehotskaya (2020): Deciphering of the gpsOne File Format for Assisted GPS Service, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1184:377-386
Vinnikov, Pshehotskaya and Gritsevich (2021): Partial Decoding of the GPS Extended Prediction Orbit File, 2021 29th Conference of Open Innovations Association
Mobile telecommunications
Global Positioning System
Qualcomm | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GpsOne |
Kew, New South Wales is a small town in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia in the Port Macquarie-Hastings Council local government area. Kew is one of the communities that make up the Camden Haven district of Port Macquarie-Hastings.
Kew is located at the intersection of Nancy Bird Walton Drive (the former Pacific Highway) and Ocean Drive, the road to the larger town of Laurieton. Kew has a visitor information centre,
a pub, a post office, a small police station, a motel, a roadhouse and a general store. Traffic congestion along this stretch of the highway led to the construction of a new dual carriageway bypass of Kew to the east of the township as part of a highway upgrade from Coopernook to Herons Creek. Construction commenced in November 2007 and was completed in December 2009.
The largest school in the district, Camden Haven High School, is located 2 km east of Kew on Ocean Drive.
Kew is home to the Big Axe.
Kew Country Club is both a bowling and golf club and is located 100 metres west of the Pacific Highway traffic lights. The club has a lawn bowling green and two synthetic bowling greens. The golf course is eighteen holes with bent grass greens. Kew is served by several daily coaches along the Pacific Highway, and three NSW TrainLink XPT services at Kendall railway station on the North Coast Line 2 km to the west.
Population
In the 2016 Census, there were 1,089 people in Kew. 77.9% of people were born in Australia and 87.1% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were Anglican 29.3%, No Religion 23.2% and Catholic 19.4%.
Notable people
Nancy Bird Walton (1915 – 2009), world-famous aviator
References
Mid North Coast
Towns in New South Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew%2C%20New%20South%20Wales |
The rufous-naped tit (Periparus rufonuchalis), also known as the black-breasted tit or dark-grey tit, is an Asian songbird species in the tit and chickadee family (Paridae). It was sometimes considered conspecific with the rufous-vented tit (P. rubidiventris), and was formerly placed in the genus Parus.
This tit is a native of the western Himalayas, but has a very large range, occurring in parts of India, China, Pakistan, Turkestan, Kyrgyzstan, and Afghanistan. Widespread and common, it is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.
Footnotes
References
Gill, Frank B.; Slikas, Beth & Sheldon, Frederick H. (2005): Phylogeny of titmice (Paridae): II. Species relationships based on sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene. Auk 122(1): 121–143. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[0121:POTPIS]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
External links
Picture of the rufous-naped tit
rufous-naped tit
Birds of Central Asia
Birds of Western China
Birds of Afghanistan
Birds of Pakistan
Birds of North India
rufous-naped tit
rufous-naped tit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous-naped%20tit |
William Nathaniel Massey (3 June 1809 – 25 October 1881) was a British barrister, author and Liberal Member of Parliament.
Early life
Massey studied law, being admitted as a student at the Inner Temple in November 1826, and was called to the bar in January 1844. He married firstly in 1833, Frances Carleton, daughter of Rev John Orde. Massey practised on the Western Circuit and in 1852 was appointed recorder of Portsmouth and in 1855 of Plymouth.
In politics
He first entered the House of Commons in July 1852 as a Liberal member for Newport, Isle of Wight. In April 1857 he became MP for Salford. In August 1855 he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department during the first ministry of Lord Palmerston, and became a member of Brooks's. He held the office until March 1858 when the Conservatives came to power, and Lord Derby formed his second government. He continued to represent Salford in the Commons until 1865, and was appointed Chairman of Committees of the Whole House. He purchased the old ruined estate at Old Basing House, Hampshire.
In January 1865 Massey left parliament to become a member of the Council of the Governor-General of India. He was nominated to the position of Minister for Finance in the British Raj, and was sworn onto the Privy Council. He retired from the council in 1868.
As a "City Liberal" club member, Massey contested the constituency of Liverpool on 17 November 1868. He was finally returned to parliament in November 1872 as MP for Tiverton, a seat he held until his death.
Later life
In 1869 Massey became chairman of the National Bank (later part of the Royal Bank of Scotland), a post he held for the rest of his life. He was a member of the Athenaeum Club; and was chairman of St John's Hospital for Diseases of the Skin. He died at his London home, 96 Portland Place, in October 1881.
Works
Massey's major work was A History of England under George III, which was published in four volumes between 1855 and 1863, by J. W. Parker & Son. It was unfinished, and drew on research of Edward Hawke Locker on George II. He also wrote:
Common Sense versus Common Law. London, Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1850.
Family
His first wife was Frances Carleton Orde (3 November 1806 – 11 July 1872) daughter of John Orde and Frances Carleton, and their son was Charles Carleton Massey (23 December 1838 –29 March 1905), the famous writer on spiritualism, psychic phenomena, mysticism and theosophy.
In 1880, shortly before his last illness, Massey married Helen Henrietta, youngest daughter of the late Patrick Grant, Esq., Sheriff-Clerk of Inverness.
References
External links
1809 births
1881 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
UK MPs 1880–1885
Members of the Council of India
Members of the Inner Temple
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Salford
Members of Parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nathaniel%20Massey |
The CMLL World Trios Championship (Spanish: "Campeonato Mundial de Trios") is a professional wrestling championship promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in Mexico. The title has existed since 1991 and is contested for by teams of three wrestlers. </ref>
The first champions were Los Infernales ("The Infernal Ones"; MS-1, Pirata Morgan and El Satánico) who won a tournament on November 22, 1991. Since then 28 trios have held the championship. The current champions are Los Cancerberos del Infierno (Virus, Raziel and Cancerbero) after having defeated Stuka Jr., Guerrero Maya Jr. and Star Jr. to win the vacant titles on April 24, 2021. The championship has been vacated on four occasions, each time leading to CMLL holding a tournament to determine new champions. Only two teams have held the title on more than one occasion, Los Infernales and the trio of Héctor Garza, Hijo del Fantasma and La Máscara.
History
With the emergence of trios (tag teams consisting of three people) such as Los Misioneros de la Muerte, Los Brazos and more, the six-man tag team match became increasingly popular in the early 1980s. Its popularity led to the trios format becoming the most prevalent match format in Lucha libre to this day. In 1985, the Mexican lucha libre, or professional wrestling, promotion Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ("Mexican Wrestling Enterprise"; EMLL) was given control of the newly created Mexican National Trios Championship. Over the subsequent six years, that championship became the focal point of the very popular trios division, serving as the highest honor EMLL could bestow on a trio at the time. In 1991, EMLL changed their name to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ("World Wrestling Council") and began to establish a series of CMLL-branded world championships, relegating the Mexican National championships to being a secondary level of championships within the company. In 1991, CMLL added a CMLL-branded world championship for the trios division. They held a 16-team tournament to crown the first champions, a tournament that saw "Los Infernales" ("The Infernal Ones"; MS-1, Pirata Morgan and El Satánico) defeat "Los Brazos" ("The Arms"; El Brazo, Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata) to become the first CMLL World Trios Champions. Over the next couple of years, the championship would be held by such teams as "Los Intocables" ("The Untouchables" Jaque Mate, Masakre and Pierroth Jr.) and "La Ola Blanca" ("The White Wave"; Gran Markus Jr., El Hijo del Gladiador and Dr. Wagner Jr.). In 1993, the then-reigning Mexican National Trios Champions left CMLL, and the Mexico City Boxing and wrestling commission allowed the champions to take the Mexican National Trios Championship with them. From 1993 through 2001, when the Mexican National Trios Championship returned to CMLL, the CMLL World Trios Championship was the only championship for the division.
In 1997 then-reigning champion Héctor Garza, who held the title along with Dos Caras and La Fiera, left CMLL, forcing the championship to be vacated. Subsequently, the team of Rey Bucanero, Emilio Charles Jr. and El Satánico won the championship in a tournament final over Apolo Dantés, Black Warrior, and Dr. Wagner Jr. In October 1998, the championship was vacated again when Mr. Niebla was injured, forcing his teammates Atlantis and Lizmark to give up the championship. The Lagunero team of Black Warrior, Blue Panther and Dr. Wagner Jr. defeated "Los Guapos" ("The Hansome Ones"; Bestia Salvaje, Scorpio Jr. and Zumbido) in the tournament finals, but vacated the championship in February 2002. Blue Panther and Dr. Wagner Jr. replaced Black Warrior with Fuerza Guerrera and defeated Black Warrior's new team of Mr. Niebla, Antifaz del Norte and Black Warrior himself. In 2006, the championship were vacated once again after not being defended for almost 20 months. Los Guerreros de Atlantida ("The Warriors from Atlantis"; Atlantis, Tarzan Boy and Último Guerrero) won the championship on September 29, 2006, and began defending it on a regular basis. In February 2007 Los Perros del Mal ("The Bad Dogs"; Perro Aguayo Jr., Mr. Águila and Héctor Garza) won the championship and held it for 15 months before splitting up and vacating the championship. The team of El Hijo del Fantasma, Héctor Garza and La Máscara won the tournament, defeating Blue Panther, Dos Caras Jr. and Místico in the finals. In 2015 CMLL's Guadalajara branch brought back the Occidente ("Western") Trios Championship, specifically for their shows held in Jalisco, Guadalajara. The Occidente championship is considered tertiary to both the world and national championships.
Reigns
Los Guerreros Laguneros (Euforia, Gran Guerrero and Último Guerrero) are the current trios champions, having defeated The Cl4n (Pronounced as "The Clan"; Ciber the Main Man, The Chris and Sharlie Rockstar) to win the title on September 28, 2018 as part of the CMLL 85th Anniversary Show. They are the 30th overall championship team and this is their first reign as a team. 27 teams have held the title, combining for 30 individual title reigns. Three teams have held the title more than once, the first champions Los Infernales, the team of Héctor Garza, Hijo del Fantasma and La Máscara and the current champions Los Guerreros Lagunero. Black Warrior, Blue Panther and Dr. Wagner Jr. holds the record for the longest single reign of any team, but due to the uncertainty of when the championship was vacated it can only be verified that they held them for a minimum of 1,141 days. Dr. Wagner Jr.'s four reigns combine to 2,051 days, the highest of any wrestler. Héctor Garza's five individual reigns is the record for the most reigns of any individual wrestler. All title matches take place under two out of three falls rules.
Tournaments
1991
CMLL held a 16-trios team tournament from October 25, 1991 to November 22, 1991 to determine the first ever CMLL World Trios Championship team. This was the third CMLL-branded world championship created by CMLL after the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship in May and the CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship in September 1991. In the finals, Los Infernales (El Satánico, MS-1 and Pirata Morgan) defeated Los Brazos (El Brazo, Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata) to win the championship.
Tournament brackets
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-NoSeeds
| RD1-team1=Perro Aguayo, Ringo and Cachorro Mendoza
| RD1-score1=W
| RD1-team2=Emilio Charles Jr., La Fiera and Sangre Chicana
| RD1-score2=
| RD1-team3=Jerry Estrada, Tony Arce and Vulcan
| RD1-score3=
| RD1-team4=Octagón, El Dandy and Konnan El Barbaro| RD1-score4=W| RD1-team5=Los Infernales(El Satánico, MS-1 and Pirata Morgan)| RD1-score5=W| RD1-team6=Black Magic, Mano Negra and Vampiro Canadiense
| RD1-score6=
| RD1-team7=Rayo de Jalisco Jr., Apolo Dantés and Justiciero| RD1-score7=W| RD1-team8=El Hijo del Gladiador, Gran Markus Jr. and Herodes
| RD1-score8=
| RD1-team09=Los Brazos(El Brazo, Brazo de Oro and Brazo de Plata)| RD1-score09=W| RD1-team10=El Hijo del Santo, Blue Demon Jr. and El Hijo del Solitario
| RD1-score10=
| RD1-team11=Los Hermanos Dinamita(Cien Caras, Máscara Año 2000 and Universo 2000)| RD1-score11=W| RD1-team12=Aníbal, Lizmark and Lizmark Jr.
| RD1-score12=
| RD1-team13=Misterioso, Mogur and Voador
| RD1-score13=
| RD1-team14=Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera and Pierroth Jr.| RD1-score14='W'| RD1-team15=Atlantis, Ángel Azteca and Super Astro| RD1-score15=W| RD1-team16=Ángel Blanco Jr., El Hijo del Ángel Blanco and Medico Asesino Jr.
| RD1-score16=
| RD2-team1=Perro Aguayo, Ringo and Cachorro Mendoza
| RD2-score1=
| RD2-team2=Octagón, El Dandy and Konnan El Barbaro| RD2-score2=W| RD2-team3=Los Infernales| RD2-score3=W| RD2-team4=Rayo de Jalisco Jr., Apolo Dantés and Justiciero
| RD2-score4=
| RD2-team5=Los Brazos| RD2-score5=W| RD2-team6=Los Hermanos Dinamita
| RD2-score6=
| RD2-team7=Blue Panther, Fuerza Guerrera and Pierroth Jr.
| RD2-score7=
| RD2-team8=Atlantis, Ángel Azteca and Super Astro| RD2-score8=W| RD3-team1=Octagón, El Dandy and Konnan El Barbaro
| RD3-score1=
| RD3-team2=Los Infernales| RD3-score2=W| RD3-team3=Los Brazos| RD3-score3=W| RD3-team4=Atlantis, Ángel Azteca and Super Astro
| RD3-score4=
| RD4-team1=Los Infernales| RD4-score1=W'| RD4-team2=Los Brazos| RD4-score2=
}}
1997
In early 1997 Héctor Garza, who was one-third of the reigning CMLL World Trios Champions alongside Dos Caras and La Fiera, left CMLL to join rival promotion AAA. CMLL vacated the championship and decided to hold a one-night, eight-team tournament to crown the new trios champions. The tournament took place on Friday March 21, 1997 on the undercard of the 1997 Homenaje a Salvador Lutteroth ("Homage to Salvador Lutteroth") show. In the finals, Emilio Charles Jr., Rey Bucanero and El Satánico defeated Apolo Dantés, Black Warrior, and Dr. Wagner Jr.
Tournament brackets
1998
In October 1998, Mr. Niebla suffered an injury, which forced CMLL to vacate the CMLL World Trios Championship as it was not clear when Mr. Niebla would be able to wrestle again. They held a three-show, eight-team tournament from December 4 to December 12, 1998. Former champions Atlantis and Lizmark teamed up with Emilio Charles Jr. for the tournament, while Mr. Niebla actually returned to action in time to be in the tournament as well, teaming up with Rayo de Jalisco Jr. and Shocker. In the finals the trio of Dr. Wagner Jr., Blue Panther and Black Warrior defeated Los Guapos (Scorpio Jr., Bestia Salvaje and Zumbido) to lay claim to the championship.
Tournament brackets
2008
In the summer of 2008 then-CMLL World Trios Champions Los Perros del Mal kicked Héctor Garza out of the group; at the time Garza held the championship alongside Perros members Perro Aguayo Jr. and Mr. Águila, forcing the championship to be vacated. CMLL held an eight-team tournament for the vacant championship, starting on May 30, with the finals on June 13, 2008, during CMLL's 2008 Infierno en el Ring event.
Tournament brackets
2013
In May 2013 long-time CMLL World Trios Champions El Bufete del Amor'' (Marco Corleone, Máximo and Rush) were forced to vacate the championship due to Corleone suffering a serious knee injury. CMLL held an eight-team, two-night tournament to determine the next champions. The tournament started on June 9, 2013 and the finals took place on June 16.
Tournament brackets
Footnotes
References
External links
Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre championships
Trios wrestling tag team championships
World professional wrestling championships | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL%20World%20Trios%20Championship |
The Union of the Independent Trade Unions of Albania (BSPSH), is a National Confederation of Trade unions in Albania. It was established in 1991 and held its first national conference in February, 1992. It has an estimated membership of 85,000.
Originally led by Valer Xheka - after a tumultuous and violent transition, including charges of a political takeover by Azem Hajdari, in 1998 the Supreme Court of Albania recognized Xhevdet Lubani as the legitimate leader.
References
External links
www.icftu.org entry in the ITUC address book.
International Trade Union Confederation
Trade unions in Albania
National federations of trade unions
Trade unions established in 1991
1991 establishments in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Independent%20Albanian%20Trade%20Unions |
William Massey (1856–1925) was Prime Minister of New Zealand.
William Massey may also refer to:
Bill Massey (baseball) (1871–1940), baseball player in 1894
Bill Massey (softball) (1936–2020), New Zealand softball player, coach and umpire
William Massey (calligrapher) (1691–1764), author of The origin and progress of letters (London: J. Johnson, 1763).
William Massey (cricketer) (1846–1899), played cricket for Somerset and Lancashire
William Massey (rower) (1817–1898), rowed and played cricket for Cambridge University
William A. Massey (politician) (1856–1914), U.S. Senator
William A. Massey (mathematician) (born 1956), American mathematician
William Clifford Massey (1917–1974), American anthropologist
William Nathaniel Massey (1809–1881), British author and politician
William S. Massey (1920–2017), American mathematician | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Massey%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Union of Independent Trade Unions may mean:
Union of Independent Trade Unions (Portugal)
United Independent Albanian Trade Unions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20Independent%20Trade%20Unions |
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