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In computer science, the Actor model, first published in 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation. This article reports on the middle history of the Actor model in which major themes were initial implementations, initial applications, and development of the first proof theory and denotational model. It is the follow on article to Actor model early history which reports on the early history of the Actor model which concerned the basic development of the concepts. The article Actor model later history reports on developments after the ones reported in this article.
Proving properties of Actor systems
Carl Hewitt [1974] published the principle of Actor induction which is:
Suppose that an Actor has property when it is created
Further suppose that if has property when it processes a message, then it has property when it processes the next message.
Then always has the property .
In his doctoral dissertation, Aki Yonezawa developed further techniques for proving properties of Actor systems including those that make use of migration. Russ Atkinson and Carl Hewitt developed techniques for proving properties of Serializers that are guardians of shared resources. Gerry Barber's doctoral dissertation concerned reasoning about change in knowledgeable office systems.
Garbage collection
Garbage collection (the automatic reclamation of unused storage) was an important theme in the development of the Actor model.
In his doctoral dissertation, Peter Bishop developed an algorithm for garbage collection in distributed systems. Each system kept lists of links of pointers to and from other systems. Cyclic structures were collected by incrementally migrating Actors (objects) onto other systems which had their addresses until a cyclic structure was entirely contained in a single system where the garbage collector could recover the storage.
Henry Baker developed an algorithm for real-time garbage collection in his doctoral dissertation. The fundamental idea was to interleave collection activity with construction activity so that there would not have to be long pauses while collection takes place. See incremental garbage collection.
Henry Lieberman and Carl Hewitt [1983] developed a real time garbage collection based on the lifetimes of Actors (Objects). The fundamental idea was to allocate Actors (objects) in generations so that only the latest generations would have to be examined during a garbage collection. See generational garbage collection.
Actor programming languages
Henry Lieberman, Dan Theriault, et al. developed Act1, an Actor programming language. Subsequently for his masters thesis, Dan Theriault developed Act2. These early proof of concept languages were rather inefficient and not suitable for applications. In his doctoral dissertation, Ken Kahn developed Ani, which he used to develop several animations. Bill Kornfeld developed the Ether programming language for the Scientific Community Metaphor in his doctoral dissertation. William Athas and Nanette Boden [1988] developed Cantor which is an Actor programming language for scientific computing. Jean-Pierre Briot [1988, 1999] developed means to extend Smalltalk 80 for Actor computations. Christine Tomlinson, Mark Scheevel, Greg Lavender, Greg Meredith, et al. [1995] at MCC developed an Actor programming language for InfoSleuth agents in Rosette.
Carl Hewitt, Beppe Attardi, and Henry Lieberman [1979] developed proposals for delegation in message passing. This gave rise to the so-called inheritance anomaly controversy in object-oriented concurrent programming languages [Satoshi Matsuoka and Aki Yonezawa 1993, Giuseppe Milicia and Vladimiro Sassone 2004].
A denotational model of Actor systems
In his doctoral dissertation, Will Clinger developed the first denotational model of Actor systems. See denotational semantics of the Actor model.
References
Carl Hewitt, et al. Actor Induction and Meta-evaluation Conference Record of ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, January 1974.
Peter Bishop Very Large Address Space Modularly Extensible Computer Systems MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. June 1977.
Aki Yonezawa Specification and Verification Techniques for Parallel Programs Based on Message Passing Semantics MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. December 1977.
Henry Baker. Actor Systems for Real-Time Computation MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. January 1978.
Ken Kahn. A Computational Theory of Animation MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1979.
Carl Hewitt, Beppe Attardi, and Henry Lieberman. Delegation in Message Passing Proceedings of First International Conference on Distributed Systems Huntsville, AL. October 1979.
Carl Hewitt and Russ Atkinson. Specification and Proof Techniques for Serializers IEEE Journal on Software Engineering. January 1979.
Russ Atkinson. Automatic Verification of Serializers MIT Doctoral Dissertation. June, 1980.
Bill Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt. The Scientific Community Metaphor IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981.
Henry Lieberman. Thinking About Lots of Things at Once without Getting Confused: Parallelism in Act 1 MIT AI memo 626. May 1981.
Henry Lieberman. A Preview of Act 1 MIT AI memo 625. June 1981.
Jerry Barber. Reasoning about Change in Knowledgeable Office Systems MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1981.
Bill Kornfeld. Parallelism in Problem Solving MIT EECS Doctoral Dissertation. August 1981.
Will Clinger. Foundations of Actor Semantics MIT Mathematics Doctoral Dissertation. June 1981.
Daniel Theriault. A Primer for the Act-1 Language MIT AI memo 672. April 1982.
Henry Lieberman and Carl Hewitt. A real Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects CACM June 1983.
Daniel Theriault. Issues in the Design and Implementation of Act 2 MIT AI technical report 728. June 1983.
Henry Lieberman. An Object-Oriented Simulator for the Apiary Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D. C., August 1983
Carl Hewitt and Peter de Jong. Analyzing the Roles of Descriptions and Actions in Open Systems Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. August 1983.
Jean-Pierre Briot. From objects to actors: Study of a limited symbiosis in Smalltalk-80 Rapport de Recherche 88-58, RXF-LITP, Paris, France, September 1988.
William Athas and Nanette Boden Cantor: An Actor Programming System for Scientific Computing in Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on Object-Based Concurrent Programming. 1988. Special Issue of SIGPLAN Notices.
Satoshi Matsuoka and Aki Yonezawa. Analysis of Inheritance Anomaly in Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming Languages Research Directions in Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming MIT Press. 1993.
Darrell Woelk. Developing InfoSleuth Agents Using Rosette: An Actor Based Language Proceedings of the CIKM '95 Workshop on Intelligent Information Agents. 1995.
Jean-Pierre Briot. Acttalk: A framework for object-oriented concurrent programming-design and experience 2nd France-Japan workshop. 1999.
Giuseppe Milicia and Vladimiro Sassone. The Inheritance Anomaly: Ten Years After SAC. Nicosia, Cyprus. March 2004.
Actor model (computer science)
History of computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor%20model%20middle%20history |
David Mitchell (16 February 1829 β 25 March 1916) was a Scottish-Australian builder, responsible for Melbourne's Royal Exhibition Building. He was the father of Dame Nellie Melba.
Biography
Born in Forfarshire, Scotland, in 1829, David Mitchell emigrated to Australia in 1852.
Mitchell is noted for building Scots' Church, Melbourne, St Patrick's Cathedral, Eastern Hill, Menzies Hotel in William Street, Melbourne (1857) and Presbyterian Ladies' College, East Melbourne (1874). His grandest accomplishment was the Royal Exhibition Building, which became the first Australian building to be awarded UNESCO World Heritage status.
In 1878 he bought land outside Lilydale on which he opened and operated the Cave Hill limestone and marble quarry. The business worked in tandem with his building company and was a great success, operating as the David Mitchell Estate Ltd after his death until it was sold to a Belgian conglomerate in 2002. It finally ceased operations in 2015.
David Mitchell died on 25 March 1916 and is buried in the Melbourne General Cemetery.
His eldest daughter, born Helen Porter Mitchell, was the renowned soprano Dame Nellie Melba; artist Helen Lempriere was a niece.
References
Joan Campbell, 'Mitchell, David (1829β1916)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 5, MUP, 1974, pp 259β260.
Australian builders
1829 births
1916 deaths
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Angus, Scotland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mitchell%20%28builder%29 |
Andrew H. Hunter (March 22, 1804 β November 21, 1888) was a Virginia lawyer, slaveholder and politician who served in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly. He was the Commonwealth's attorney for Jefferson County, Virginia, who prosecuted John Brown for the raid on Harpers Ferry.
Early life
Hunter was born in 1804 to Col. David Hunter (1761β1829) and his wife, the former Elizabeth Pendleton (1774β1825) in Martinsburg, then in Berkeley County, Virginia, where his father long served as the county clerk. Although he had three brothers, one the Presbyterian clergyman Rev. Moses Hunter of New York, the family had resources sufficient to pay for his education at Washington Academy, now Washington and Jefferson College, further along the National Road in Washington, Pennsylvania, then at Hampden-Sydney College, from which he graduated summa cum laude in 1822. He married Elizabeth Ellen Stubblefield (d. 1873) and they had two sons, Henry Clay Hunter (1830-1886)βapparently named for the Kentucky politician Henry Clayβand Andrew Hunter Jr., and seven daughters.
Hunter and slavery
Although he was not a pro-slavery spokesmanβthat honor belonged to his near-neighbor and author of the new Fugitive Slave Law, Senator James M. MasonβHunter, like every Virginia politician, was firmly pro-slavery in any public context.
At the time of the 1860 U.S. Federal Census, Hunter owned five slaves: a 36 year old black male, black females aged 35 and 40, and a 6 year old mulatto boy.
A Northern newspaper described Hunter as a "furious advocate of slavery". He declared that the slave trade was "the source of great benefit, not only to the whites in those States, but particularly to the slaves themselves", and declared himself opposed to "sentimental legislation" that suppressed the foreign slave trade. Nevertheless, another newspaper described him as "a warm friend of [abolitionist] Horace Greeley, strange as that may seem."
Career
Attorney, frequently for railroads
Hunter was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1828, and practiced law in what became the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in his lifetime. His elder brother became a prominent lawyer in Martinsburg, the Berkeley County seat, and Hunter began his practice in Harpers Ferry, then settled in Charles Town (Jefferson County's seat). Beginning in 1840, Andrew Hunter became one of the local attorneys for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), and for many years assisted it, first in acquiring the right of way to lay tracks in the county for the connection at Harper's Ferry, although beginning in 1844 Hunter was also a director of the Winchester & Potomac Railroad Company and represented them in their attempts to be taken over by the B&O as it tried to lay track to Wheeling (then in western Virginia). Hunter was a presidential elector for the Whig party in 1840, but declined nomination for Congress.
Virginia politician
Jefferson County voters elected Hunter as one of their (part-time) representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1846, and he also worked for the B&O while in Richmond, but neither he nor his colleague William B. Thompson won re-election.
In 1850, Jefferson County voters and those from neighboring Berkeley and Clarke Counties elected Hunter to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850, along with Charles J. Faulkner (another local B&O attorney), William Lucas, and Dennis Murphy. Hunter and Lucas were "states' rights" men, although in the South Carolina nullification crisis of 1833, Hunter and Thompson had spoken strongly condemning South Carolina's course.
Hunter was Virginia governor Henry A. Wise's personal attorney.
It has been said that it was the John Brown affair that made Hunter a national figure, but even before John Brown's raid, he was mentioned as a possible presidential candidate:
The John Brown trial
Charles Town, where Hunter lived, was only from Harpers Ferry, where John Brown's 1859 raid produced a huge uproar, drawing national attention. By decision of Virginia Governor Henry A. Wise, whose personal attorney Hunter was, Hunter was given the politically explosive task of prosecuting abolitionist John Brown and the others of his party who were captured; the county prosecutor, Charles B. Harding, by general agreement was not capable of handling such a high-profile case, and he was happy to be "assisted". Thus, Hunter, who signed himself "Assistant Prosecuting Attorney", quickly drafted the indictment and prosecuted John Brown and his associates for murder, inciting a negro insurrection, and treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia. "Mr. Hunter had against him some of the finest legal talent of the North. He conducted the trial with great ability and made a national reputation as a lawyer." The defendants were convicted of all charges, except that since according to the Dred Scott decision Blacks were not citizens, the two Black defendants, Shields Green and John Anthony Copeland, could not commit treason, so that charge was dropped for those two defendants. All were sentenced to death and all were executed by hanging.
The circuit judge and the out-of-town attorneys having left, it was Hunter who was in charge of everything local relating to Brown during his final month. He was "the first man in Charlestown". Only he could have written the "Proclamation" of November 28, announcing the arrest of those in Jefferson County who could not explain their business there. It was Hunter who opened and read every letter addressed to Brown, retaining 70 to 80 that "he could not get, never would get, as I thought they were improper"; they were shipped to Richmond along with the other documents. Hunter told the jailor Captain Avis to treat Brown well.
Hunter was already "the recognized leader of the bar of this [Jefferson] county". The John Brown trials gave him a national reputation. He was at that time "one of the leading attorneys of the United States".
In 1881 Hunter went to Storer College to hear Frederick Douglass talk on Brown, and congratulated him when he was done. A visitor in 1883 wrote that "it seems to renew the youth of this venerable octogenarian to talk of John Brown". According to Hunter, Brown "was the bravest man I ever saw."
Confederate politician
Hunter was, during the war, "the trusted friend and advisor of General Robert E. Lee".
After Virginia voted for secession and the American Civil War began, Hunter and fellow lawyer Thomas C. Green (Charles Town's mayor, a Confederate tax assessor and later a justice of the West Virginia Supreme Court) represented Jefferson County under the Confederate regime in the Virginia House of Delegates during the sessions of 1861/62 and 1862/63, but neither won re-election in 1863. Another local B&O attorney, Thomas Jefferson McKaig (the railroad's counsel in Cumberland, Maryland, for nearly four decades and who served in both houses of the Maryland legislature), would also side with the Confederacy. After the resignation of banker and Confederate officer Edwin L. Moore (of the 2nd Virginia Infantry, in which his lawyer son Henry Clay Hunter fought as a private before receiving a lieutenant's commission in July 1861), Hunter then became State Senator for his district, by then occupied by Federal troops (and the U.S. Congress having recognized West Virginia as the 35th State). His youngest brother, Rev. Moses Hoge Hunter (1814-1899), served as chaplain of the 3rd Pennsylvania cavalry during that war, and would later edit the memoirs of their cousin, Union General David Hunter (particularly despised by Confederate sympathizers in western Virginia because of his raids, including that which destroyed the pro-Confederate Virginia Military Institute). General Hunter in July 1864 ordered subordinates to burn Andrew Hunter's home, and Hunter was then imprisoned for a month without explanation nor charges.
Law practice
After the war, Hunter resumed his legal practice. As the county's leading attorney, he again often opposed Charles J. Faulkner in court. Beginning in 1865, when West Virginia legislators moved the Jefferson County seat from Charles Town to Shepherdstown. Hunter fought to move the county seat back, and successfully defended a later law moving the county seat back to Charles Town (from Shepherdstown); Faulkner represented the losing Shepherdstown side. Hunter was later one of the losing attorneys representing Virginia in Virginia v. West Virginia, Virginia's suit to take back the counties of Jefferson and Berkeley, which the U.S. Supreme Court decided in 1871 (Faulkner was on the winning side).
Death
Andrew Hunter died at his home in Charles Town, Jefferson County, West Virginia, on November 21, 1888. He was in good health until shortly before his death (attributed in an obituary to "old age"). He is buried with other family members in the cemetery of Zion Episcopal Church in Charles Town. He was survived by two daughters, Mary E. Kent and Florence Hunter. His son Robert Harper, Jr., died "in Confederate service"; his other son, Henry Clay Hunter, an attorney, died a year before his father. His nephew Robert W. Hunter, also a Confederate officer and delegate, would survive the war and become the Secretary of Virginia Military Records.
Writing
Earlier newspaper versions of these recollections: 1887, more legible reprint of same story, 1888.
References
Bibliography
Further reading
County and city Commonwealth's Attorneys in Virginia
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1804 births
Politicians from Martinsburg, West Virginia
1888 deaths
People from Charles Town, West Virginia
Virginia lawyers
People from Jefferson County, West Virginia
19th-century American politicians
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
Pendleton family
American slave owners
Hunter family of Virginia
Burials at Zion Episcopal Churchyard (Charles Town, West Virginia)
Lawyers from Martinsburg, West Virginia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Hunter%20%28lawyer%29 |
Oxybutynin, sold as under the brand names Ditropan among others, is a medication used to treat overactive bladder. It works similar to tolterodine, Darifenacin, and Solifenacin. While used for bed wetting in children, evidence to support this use is poor. It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin.
Common side effects include dry mouth, constipation, dizziness, trouble sleeping, and urinary tract infections. Serious side effects may include urinary retention and an increased risk of heat stroke. Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied while use in breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It is an antimuscarinic and works by blocking the effects of acetylcholine on smooth muscle.
Oxybutynin was approved for medical use in the United States in 1975. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 97th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7million prescriptions.
Medical use
The immediate and slow release versions work equally.
In people with overactive bladder, transdermal oxybutynin decreased the number of incontinence episodes and increased average voided volume. There was no difference between transdermal oxybutynin and extended-release oral tolterodine.
Tentative evidence supports the use of oxybutynin in hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).
Adverse effects
Common adverse effects that are associated with oxybutynin and other anticholinergics include: dry mouth, difficulty in urination, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness. Anticholinergics have also been known to induce delirium.
Oxybutynin's tendency to reduce sweating can be dangerous. Reduced sweating increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke in apparently safe situations where normal sweating keeps others safe and comfortable. Adverse effects of elevated body temperature are more likely for the elderly and for those with health issues, especially multiple sclerosis.
N-Desethyloxybutynin is an active metabolite of oxybutynin that is thought responsible for much of the adverse effects associated with the use of oxybutynin. N-Desethyloxybutynin plasma levels may reach as much as six times that of the parent drug after administration of the immediate-release oral formulation. Alternative dosage forms have been developed in an effort to reduce blood levels of N-desethyloxybutynin and achieve a steadier concentration of oxybutynin than is possible with the immediate release form. The long-acting formulations also allow once-daily administration instead of the twice-daily dosage required with the immediate-release form. The transdermal patch, in addition to the benefits of the extended-release oral formulations, bypasses the first-pass hepatic effect that the oral formulations are subject to. In those with overflow incontinence because of diabetes or neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis or spinal cord trauma, oxybutynin can worsen overflow incontinence since the fundamental problem is that the bladder is not contracting.
A large study linked the development of dementia in those over 65 to the use of oxybutynin, due to its anticholinergic properties.
Contraindications
Oxybutynin chloride is contraindicated in patients with untreated narrow angle glaucoma, and in patients with untreated narrow anterior chamber anglesβsince anticholinergic drugs may aggravate these conditions. It is also contraindicated in partial or complete obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, paralytic ileus, intestinal atony of the elderly or debilitated patient, megacolon, toxic megacolon complicating ulcerative colitis, severe colitis, and myasthenia gravis. It is contraindicated in patients with obstructive uropathy and in patients with unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage. Oxybutynin chloride is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to the product.
Pharmacology
Oxybutynin chloride exerts direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. It exhibits one-fifth of the anticholinergic activity of atropine on the rabbit detrusor muscle, but four to ten times the antispasmodic activity. No blocking effects occur at skeletal neuromuscular junctions or autonomic ganglia (antinicotinic effects).
Sources say the drug is absorbed within one hour and has an elimination half-life of 2 to 5 hours. There is a wide variation among individuals in the drug's concentration in blood. This, and its low concentration in urine, suggest that it is eliminated through the liver.
Chemistry
Oxybutynin contains one stereocenter. Commercial formulations are sold as the racemate. The (R)-enantiomer is a more potent anticholinergic than either the racemate or the (S)-enantiomer, which is essentially without anticholinergic activity at doses used in clinical practice. However, (R)-oxybutynin administered alone offers little or no clinical benefit above and beyond the racemic mixture. The other actions (calcium antagonism, local anesthesia) of oxybutynin are not stereospecific. (S)-Oxybutynin has not been clinically tested for its spasmolytic effects, but may be clinically useful for the same indications as the racemate, without the unpleasant anticholinergic side effects.
Brand names
Oxybutynin is available by mouth in generic formulation and under the brand names Ditropan, Lyrinel XL, Ditrospam, Kentera, and Aquiette, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique.
See also
Arecoline
References
External links
Tertiary alcohols
Alkyne derivatives
Diethylamino compounds
AbbVie brands
Johnson & Johnson brands
Carboxylate esters
Muscarinic antagonists
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Cyclohexyl compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybutynin |
Waldemar Bernhard Kaempffert (September 27, 1877 - November 27, 1956) was an American science writer and museum director.
Career
Waldemar (Bernhard) Kaempffert was born and raised in New York City. He received his Bachelor of Science from the City College of New York in 1897. Thereafter, he was employed by Scientific American, first as a translator (1897β1900), then as managing editor (1900β1916). He also wrote articles about science for other publications during this time, including three articles for Harper's, beginning in 1908. In 1916, he started working as the editor of Popular Science Monthly.
In 1922, he began writing essays about science for The New York Times, where he was named Editor of Science and Engineering in 1927. During the 1920s, he also wrote free-lance magazine articles. in a June 1924 essay for Forum magazine, "The Social Destiny of Radio," he addressed a non-technical audience, discussing where radio had been and how it was changing American life.
In 1928, following a nationwide search for a director, the Museum of Science and Industry Chicago asked Kaempffert to become its first director. He enthusiastically devoted himself to the work of laying out the history of the sciences and of the industries. He encouraged his curators and exhibit designers to base their exhibits on careful research in order to be as objectively truthful as possible. This devotion to objectivity, however, led to disputes with the board of directors, especially around the appointment of George Ranney, who was also a director of International Harvester. This appointment created an apparent conflict of interest in the museum, as International Harvester was contributing to an exhibit on farm tractors that claimed that an IH predecessor company was responsible for the invention of the tractor. Research by both Kaempffert and his staff showed otherwise, but he could not antagonize donors to the museum nor his board of directors.
The board also found issue with Kaempffert's cost accounting. The board, all business executives, kept careful track of every dollar spent. Kaempffert, however, was more lax in his accounting. No wrongdoing was alleged, but the board wanted greater oversight. To achieve that, the board created a new layer of management, "assistant directors," who reported not only to Kaempffert but also directly to the Board. It was this usurpation of Kaempffert's authority that led him to ask The New York Times in January 1931 if he could have his old job back which was agreed. He remained with The New York Times until his retirement in 1956. He was succeeded as science editor by William L. Laurence.
In 1956, Kaempffert reported on climate change in The New York Times. He said: βCoal and oil are still plentiful and cheap in many parts of the world, and there is every reason to believe that both will be consumed by industry so long as it pays to do so.β
Kaempffert was a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, History of Science Society, National Association of Science Writers (serving as the president in 1937), and the Newcomen Society. He was also a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1940 to 1956.
Kaempffert was a member of the American Society for Psychical Research, an organisation dedicated to parapsychology. He was a friend of the parapsychologists James H. Hyslop and Walter Franklin Prince. Kaempffert wrote a supportive review of J. B. Rhine's book Extrasensory Perception (1934) in The New York Times. In 1916, he vigorously defended the Martian canals theory against skeptics.
His obituary in The New York Times said his death, on November 27, 1956, was the result of a stroke. He was 79. On January 7, 1911, Kaempffert married Carolyn Lydia Yeaton. She died in 1933.
Awards
Kalinga Prize (1954)
References
"The A.B.C. of radio: The underlying principles of wireless telephony in simple language" 1922 by Waldemar Kaempffert
Cattel, Jaques (ed.) "Kaempffert, Waldemar Bernhard" American Men of Science: A Biographical Directory, 9th ed., vol. 1, Physical Sciences. Lancaster, PA: The Science Press, 1955.
Kaempffert, Waldemar. "The Social Destiny of Radio" Forum, vol. 71, #6, pp.Β 764β769.
"Waldemar Kaempffert Dies: Science Editor of The Times, 79" New York Times, November 28, 1956, p.Β 35.
Pridmore, Jay. Inventive Genius: The History of the Museum of Science and Industry Chicago. Chicago: Museum of Science and Industry, 1996, pp.Β 26β48. For information on Kaempffert's tenure with the Museum of Science and Industry Chicago.
External links
1877 births
1956 deaths
American male journalists
American science writers
American parapsychologists
City College of New York alumni
Kalinga Prize recipients | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar%20Kaempffert |
A number of common weeding tools are designed to ease the task of removing weeds from gardens and lawns.
Tool types
The fulcrum head weeder has a split tip like a serpent's tongue, and a long thin handle. Many models have a curved piece of metal along the handle which is put against the ground while the tip is digging. The curved metal piece acts as a fulcrum in a lever system. It is helpful to remove weeds either with a tap root or a fibrous root system.
The Cape Cod weeder has a long, thin handle and a triangular scraping head. When the handle is held parallel to the ground, the head points downward.
The crack weeder is a relative of the Cape Cod Weeder. It is designed to scrape out weeds growing in crevices, stone walls and other deep and narrow places. The plane of the L-shaped scraping blade includes the handle; the bottom of the "L" is parallel to it.
Guna is a short traditional knife with a wide flat tip used for digging and weeding in the Philippines.
Homi is a short-handled traditional weeding and ploughing tool used by Korean People.
See also
Hoe
References
Bibliography
William Bryant Logan, Smith & Hawken The Tool Book, 1997
Gardening tools | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weeder |
Rudi Victor Ball (June 22, 1911 β September 19, 1975) was a German ice hockey player. He played for the German national team at several international tournaments, including the 1936 Winter Olympics, where he was notably one of the only German Jewish athletes at the games. He is a member of the IIHF Hall of Fame.
Early and personal life
Ball was born in Berlin, Germany. He had two older brothers, Gerhard and Heinz. His father Leonhard was a textile merchant and Jewish, while his mother, Gertrude, was Christian. In 1948 Ball moved to South Africa, and he died in Johannesburg in 1975.
1936 Winter Olympics
Because he was Jewish, Ball was initially denied inclusion on the German ice hockey team for the 1936 Winter Olympics at a time of Jewish persecution by the Nazi government. However, his friend and teammate Gustav Jaenecke refused to play unless Ball was included. Ball struck a deal to save his family in Germany if he returned to play in the games. The German authorities also realized that without Ball and Jaenecke, the team would not stand a chance of winning. When the Olympics opened, Ball was one of two Jewish athletes to represent Germany, along with Helene Mayer. One report at the time proposed that Ball was playing against his will. After Ball was injured, the Germans took fifth place. Ball played in four games and scored two goals.
He also represented Germany at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
Ball followed his brother Heinz to South Africa in 1948. Ball died in Johannesburg in 1975.
Ball was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2004.
Career
During his playing career, spanning from 1928 to 1952, Ball won the German championship eight times (1928β1944) and participated for Germany in the 1932 and 1936 Winter Olympics and in four world championships between 1930 and 1938. The German team won the bronze medal in 1932 and Ball scored three goals. His brothers Gerhard and Heinz also played for the German national team in many international competitions.
He played in a total of 49 official games for Germany between 1929 and 1938, scoring 19 goals. Ball was voted as the best European ice hockey player by a French sports magazine in 1930. He was considered one of the most popular European ice hockey players prior to World War II. During his playing career he was , and considered quick and had a good shot.
Ball scored more than 500 goals during his career. He was inducted into the International Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 2004.
Teams
International levelGermany β 1932 and 1936 OlympicsGermany β World Championships (1930, 1932 & 1938)
Club level
Berliner SC (1928β33)
EHC St. Moritz (1933β34)
Diavoli Rossi Neri (1934β36)
Berliner SC (1936β44)
SG Eichkamp Berlin (1946β48)
Tigers IHC (1949β50)
Wolves IHC (1950β51)
Awards
Olympic Bronze (1932)
World Championship Silver (1930)
European Championship Gold (1930)
World Championship Bronze (1932)
European Championship Bronze (1936 & 1938)
German Championships (eight between 1928 and 1944)
Spengler Cup (1928β29, 1934β35, 1935β36)
South African Championship (1951)
IIHF Hall of Fame (2004)
See also
List of select Jewish ice hockey players
References
External links
Rudi Ball Biography
IIHF Hall of Fame Entry
1911 births
1975 deaths
Berliner SC players
German ice hockey right wingers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to South Africa
Ice hockey people from Berlin
Ice hockey players at the 1932 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 1936 Winter Olympics
IIHF Hall of Fame inductees
Jewish ice hockey players
Medalists at the 1932 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Germany
Olympic ice hockey players for Germany
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
South African people of German-Jewish descent
South African Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi%20Ball |
Fort Edward is a National Historic Site of Canada in Windsor, Nova Scotia, (formerly known as Pisiguit) and was built during Father Le Loutre's War (1749-1755). The British built the fort to help prevent the Acadian Exodus from the region. The Fort is most famous for the role it played both in the Expulsion of the Acadians (1755) and in protecting Halifax, Nova Scotia from a land assault in the American Revolution. While much of Fort Edward has been destroyed, including the officers' quarters (which burned down in 1922) and barracks, the blockhouse that remains is the oldest extant in North America. A cairn was later added to the site.
Father Le Loutre's War
Despite the British Conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained primarily occupied by ethnic French Catholic Acadians and Mi'kmaq. Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived with 13 transports on 21 June 1749 to establish Halifax. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new British Protestant settlements, the latter erected fortifications in Halifax (1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753), and Lawrencetown (1754).
Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British took firm control of peninsular Nova Scotia by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (Fort Edward); Grand Pre (Fort Vieux Logis) and Chignecto (Fort Lawrence). (A British fort - Fort Anne - already existed at the other major Acadian centre of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia. Cobequid was not fortified.)
Fort Edward was the site of the Acadian church for the parish of l'Assomption (established 1722). After initially failing to take the settlements of Chignecto, Major Charles Lawrence, on 7 June 1750, he had Acadians destroy their church so that Fort Edward could be built in its place. In early March 1750, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq took three English prisoners. Gorham was ordered to Fort Edward. On Gorham's march to Pisiquid to secure the area prior to building Fort Edward, the Rangers engaged the Mi'kmaq in the Battle at St. Croix (1750).
The Fort is named after Edward Cornwallis, who established Halifax, Nova Scotia.
On 9 May 1750, Phillips was fired on by French and Native. Capt. John Rous was in a skirmish off Fort Edward at the same time, where he killed two native people, whose comrades took their bodies.
At first Alexander Murray commanded at Fort Sackville. In September 1751 he was given command of Fort Edward, where he remained for most of the ensuing seven years, except for a tour of duty at Halifax in 1753. On 12 December 1752, Murray was charged by the Nova Scotia Council with exploiting the local Acadian community by paying unfair prices for supplies and randomly imprisoning some of the men.
On November 1, 1753, Captain Hale was relieved by Commander Floyer as the commander of Fort Edward.
Fort Edward, Fort Lawrence, and Fort Anne were all supplied by and dependent on the arrival of Captains Cobb, Jeremiah Rogers or John Taggart, in one of the government sloops. These vessels took the annual or semi-annual relief to their destination. They carried the officers and their families to and from, as required.
French and Indian War
Fort Edward played an important role in the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755) of the Acadian Expulsion. Shortly after the Battle of Fort BeausΓ©jour on the eve of the Expulsion, the commander at Fort Edward Captain Alexander Murray wrote his wife saying, the Acadians "are in as great anxiety as I am about their fate". A month later, at exactly the same time as Lieutenant Colonel John Winslow read the expulsion orders in Grand PrΓ©; September 5 at 15:00 hrs, Captain Murray read the order to the 183 Acadian males he had imprisoned at Fort Edward. On October 20, 920 Acadians from Pisiquid were loaded on to four transports. Unlike at the neighbouring community of Grand PrΓ©, the English did not burn and destroy the buildings at Pisiquid. As a result, when the New England Planters arrived, many houses and barns were available for use. Fort Edward was one of four forts in which Acadians were imprisoned over the nine years of the expulsion (the others were Fort Frederick, Saint John, New Brunswick; Fort Cumberland; and Fort Charlotte, Georges Island, Halifax). On average, over a period of nine years, 350 Acadian prisoners at a time were held at the garrison.
Raids on Fort Edward
Both the Acadians and Mi'kmaq resisted the Expulsion. In September 1756, a group of 100 Acadians ambushed a party of thirteen soldiers of the 47th Regiment of Foot who were working outside the fort. They took seven men prisoner, and six escaped back to the fort.
In April 1757, a band of Acadian and Mi'kmaq partisans raided a warehouse near Fort Edward, killing thirteen British soldiers. After taking what provisions they could carry, they set fire to the building. A few days later, the same partisans raided Fort Cumberland. Because of the strength of the Acadian militia and Mi'kmaq militia, British officer John Knox wrote that "In the year 1757 we were said to be Masters of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, which, however, was only an imaginary possession." He said that the situation in the province was so precarious for the British that the "troops and inhabitants" at Fort Edward, Fort Sackville and Lunenburg "could not be reputed in any other light than as prisoners."
In the early 1760s it was illegal for Acadians to reside in Nova Scotia; families and individuals who had avoided capture in 1755 were imprisoned. The prison lists for Fort Edward between 1761-1762 still exist (For a list of the prisoners see List of Acadian Prisoners - Fort Edward). In 1762, one of the most famous prisoners, Acadian Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil) was imprisoned here. Between June 1763 and 1764, in the Minas region, the British authorities took 363 Acadians into custody at Fort Edward.
While prisoners, the Acadians were forced to work for the New England Planters to establish their farmlands. When the war finished, rather than stay and work as subordinates, the Acadians settled with their compatriots in present-day New Brunswick and Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Notable prisoners
Acadian Joseph Broussard
Father Henri Daudin
Father Jacques Girard
Commanders
Captain John Gorham (Gorham's Rangers (1750)
Captain William Phipps, Commander of Fort Edward, died c. Feb. 1751. Eldest son of Acting Governor of Massachusetts Spencer Phips
Capt George St. Loe (military officer) (40th) (1751)
Capt. Patrick Sutherland, (45th Regiment) (1751)
Capt John Hale (47th) (1753)
Capt Matthew Floyer, Nov. 1 (1753β54)
Nicholas Cox (47th), (1754β56)
Capt. Alexander Murray, (1754β55)
Capt Murray, Capt. Cox, on the 5th December, 1755, they were reinforced by Capt. William Lampson's and Capt Silvanus Cobb's companies of the first battalion of Governor Shirley's Massachusetts regiment (which was led by John Winslow)
Capt. Cox, Capt. Lampson, Capt. Cobb (1756)
Colonel Quintin Kennedy, regiment, under Lord Loudon, (Aug., 1757.)
Capt Daniel Fletcher (military officer) of Col Joseph Frye's Massachusetts regiment (1758β59).
Capt Jotham Gay of Col. John Thomas' Massachusetts regiment (1759-1760)
Capt. Edmund Wetmough (1760)
Capt Jotham Gay of Col. Nathanial Thwing (Nathan) (1759β60), May 14, 1760, to Jan. 10, 1761.
Gallery
American Revolution
During the American Revolution the 84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants), 2nd Battalion were stationed at Forts throughout Atlantic Canada. Fort Edward was the headquarters for the 84th Regiment in Atlantic Canada. The 84th Regiment moved from Halifax to Fort Edward to guard against a land assault on Halifax. Throughout the war, Fort Edward housed prisoners taken from American Privateering ships.
The Jacobite heroine Flora MacDonald spent the winter of 1778 - 1779 at the Fort with her husband, Alan Macdonald, before she returned alone to Scotland.
War of 1812
Fort Edward was also active during the War of 1812. During this time, the Fort continued to protect Nova Scotia against assault by American Privateers.
Fort Edward remained part of the British defenses in Nova Scotia until 1858.
World War I
During World War I, it was utilized as a training depot for Canadian and British soldiers. The site became known informally as "Camp Fort Edward" for the duration of the war. Among the recruits passing through the camp was the ill-fated Hollywood film director William Desmond Taylor.
During World War I the British Army used the fort to establish a training depot for Jewish men training to fight against the Ottoman Turks in Palestine and ultimately help Great Britain, France and America defeat Germany. Known as The Jewish Legion, this unit, was "stood up" for service in 1917 manned by Jews from around the world who came to Windsor for training on the slopes of the fort with Major W.F.D Bremner. The Legion was made up of Battalions 38-42. At Fort Edward was the 39th Battalion, 1100 Jewish troops led by Lt Colonel Eliezer Margolin. Bremner lived in Castle Fredericks and is an ancestor of Falmouth's James J. Bremner (See Halifax Provisional Battalion). Pictures and first-hand accounts of the time indicate that the men lived in tents on the hillside below the blockhouse.
Many of these recruits came with Zionist ideals and dreams of a restored Palestinian homeland for the Jews. In Windsor, Nova Scotia 1100 non-commissioned officers were trained. Founders of the legion included David Ben-Gurion, who became the first prime minister of Israel, and Ze'ev Jabotinsky, both men were trained at Fort Edward. At age 70, David Ben-Gurion reported on his time at Fort Edward: "I will never forget Windsor where I received my first training as a soldier and where I became a corporal."
Fort Edward National Historic Site
The fort was designated a National Historic Site in 1920. The blockhouse was additionally designated a Classified Federal Heritage Building in 1994.
Windsor Agricultural Fair
The Windsor Agricultural Fair is the oldest continuous agricultural fair in North America, beginning with the first generation of New England Planters at Fort Edward (1765).
See also
List of oldest buildings in Canada
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of the Mi'kmaq people
Military history of the Acadians
References
Endnotes
Citations
Texts
Letter from Fort Edward 1759
Issac Deschamps - diaries
Orderly book kept by Nathaniel Bangs at Fort Edward, 10 May-18 Nov. 1759; and at Halifax, 7 Feb.-May 1760. Bangs was a sergeant in a company led by Captain Jotham Gay of Hingham, Mass. of John Thomas's Regiment of Mass. Provincials.
Silas Rand. Attack on Fort Pemaquid by the Indians. Micmac Indian Legends. 298-299
Young, Richard. "Blockhouses in Canada, 1749-1841: a Comparative Report and Catalogue." Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History, Canadian Historic Site, 1980.
External links
Photos and history
West Hants Historical Society
Military history of Acadia
Military history of Nova Scotia
Military history of New England
Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
Military forts in Nova Scotia
Buildings and structures in Hants County, Nova Scotia
Fort Edward
Acadian history
Museums in Hants County, Nova Scotia
Military and war museums in Canada
Tourist attractions in Hants County, Nova Scotia
French and Indian War forts
Military forts in Acadia
Parks in Nova Scotia
Classified Federal Heritage Building
Military installations established in 1750
1750 establishments in the British Empire
Military installations closed in 1920
Protected areas established in 1920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Edward%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 |
Gosain is an Indian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Satpal Gosain (1935β2020), Indian politician
Shivani Gosain (born 1975), Indian actress
Suhit Gosain (born 1985), Indian pop singer, actor, and performer
See also
Gosains
Gossain
Surnames of Indian origin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosain |
KJYR (104.5 MHz) is a non-profit FM radio station licensed to Newport, Washington, and serving the Spokane metropolitan area. The station is owned by the Growing Christian Foundation, and broadcasts a Christian adult contemporary radio format.
KJYR has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 87,000 watts. Its transmitter is on Moon Hill in Cusick, Washington, near the Pend Oreille River. Because its tower is about 50 miles north of Spokane, KJYR also has booster stations in Spokane, Chewelah, Colville and Sand Point, Idaho. They all operate on 104.5Β MHz.
History
Launch
Originally assigned KMJY-FM in 1989 and receiving its broadcast license in 1990, this station was assigned the KQQB-FM call sign by the Federal Communications Commission on December 21, 2005.
KQQB-FM was one of two rhythmic contemporary outlets serving the Spokane area when it signed on in December 2005 (KEZE was the other). In December 2006, they re-imaged themselves as "Live 104.5" and shifted away from their Rhythmic lean for a somewhat more mainstream direction. In June 2008, the station fell silent for nearly a full year.
On June 5, 2008, the on-line website All Access reported that KQQB-FM and KAZZ were taken off the air. No reason was given for the abrupt sign-off, but whatever issue took the stations dark was "in court", although there were no details as to what those issues were. According to messages posted at Radio-Info.com, there were issues detailing the sale of both stations that resulted in former owners Radio Station KMJY, LLC, going to court to regain control after Proactive Communications defaulted on paying the final $1 million of a $6 million deal. Radio Station KMJY, LLC, then obtained a court order to seize the equipment from the studio and the station tower.
According to the FCC database, the station went silent on June 4, 2008, and on June 16, 2008, applied for special temporary authority to "remain silent", which was granted on August 27, 2008. The reason given in the application was "A secured creditor has seized transmitting equipment necessary to the operation of the station." This special temporary authority was scheduled to expire on February 24, 2009. The FCC accepted an application for an extension of this stay-silent authority on February 2, 2009. Per the FCC notification, the broadcast license of KQQB-FM would have automatically expired as a matter of law if broadcast operations did not resume by 12:01Β a.m. on June 5, 2009.
Service restored
In a June 2009 filing with the FCC, KQQB-FM said that it resumed broadcasting shortly before the deadline but that it began "experiencing program delivery problems" and fell silent again on June 3, 2009. The licensee attested that it was working on an alternative method of program delivery so that it may "return the station to broadcast service". The FCC accepted this new application for authorization to remain silent but, as of July 23, 2009, had taken no further action.
In September 2009, the station returned to the air with a rhythmic contemporary music format branded as "Cube 104.5".
104.5 Jamz KGZG-FM
Pendleton Broadcasting announced they would enter under a lease management and purchase agreement with KMJY, LLC in May 2010 and relaunched KQQB-FM's Rhythmic CHR format as "104.5 JAMZ" on June 1, 2010. The station's call sign changed to KGZG-FM on June 16, 2010. The station was noted for having a wide variety of Hits & Hip Hop music, including breaking new music that other Rhythmic stations in the country wouldn't play, as well as having no on-air personalities or syndicated shows.
On April 1, 2014, KGZG-FM's four-year LMA agreement ended and was not renewed by Pendleton Broadcasting. KMJY then took the station silent while waiting for a new purchase offer and new ownership. Pendleton has since moved the station's format to the internet as an online radio station.
104.5 Hank-FM
On December 11, 2014, KGZG-FM returned to the air under new LMA with Alexandra Communications, as they launched a classic country format as "104.5 Hank FM." The launch also gave Spokane its fourth country outlet. On December 1, 2014, KGZG-FM changed its call sign to KNHK-FM.
All Christmas 104.5 FM
After Hank FM was bought by Xana Oregon, LLC in July 2021, Hank FM switched to All Christmas 104.5 FM on October 1, 2021. With the change of music format, KNHK-FM switched its call sign to KZIU-FM on October 12, while KZIU-FM switched to KNHK-FM for Hank FM in Walla Walla.
Joy 104.5 FM
After All Christmas 104.5, on January 1, 2022, at 12:00 AM, KZIU-FM started playing Christian adult contemporary music. As of that point, they kept the KZIU-FM call sign as well the website allchristmas1045.com. By the time radio news website RadioInsight reported on the change (coming with such little announcement that they did not do so until almost three weeks after, on January 19), the station began identifying as KJYR, although as of the RadioInsight report they had yet to file the change with the FCC, which still identified them as KZIU-FM. On April 6, 2022, the call sign was formally changed to KJYR.
Ownership
In July 2005, Radio Station KMJY, LLC, reached an agreement to sell this station to Proactive Communications, Inc. The deal was approved by the FCC on September 1, 2005, and the transaction was consummated on September 28, 2005.
Proactive Communications, the station's licensee at the time this station went silent, also owned and operated 1970s oldies-formatted KAZZ, which was in the same studio in downtown Spokane.
In July 2008, Proactive Communications, Inc., reached an agreement to return the broadcast license for this station to Radio Station KMJY, LLC. The deal was approved by the FCC on September 10, 2008, and the transaction was consummated on the same day.
Effective July 16, 2021, Legend Broadcasting sold KNHK-FM, KYOZ, and translator K239CL to Tom Hodgins and Christopher Jacky's Xana Oregon, LLC for $395,000.
FM boosters
KJYR programming is also carried on broadcast translator or booster stations to extend or improve the coverage area of the station.
References
External links
JYR
Radio stations established in 1990
Pend Oreille County, Washington
1990 establishments in Washington (state)
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
JYR | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJYR |
The Longest Winter: The Battle of the Bulge and the Epic Story of World War II's Most Decorated Platoon is a non-fiction book written by Alex Kershaw and published in 2004 by Da Capo Press. It became a New York Times bestseller.
It tells the story of the eighteen men of an intelligence platoon under the command by Lieutenant Lyle Bouck. Placed in a front-line position, the soldiers fought fiercely outside the village of Lansareth to prevent the German advance on the morning of the Battle of the Bulge.
Platoon's actions
The Intelligence and Reconnaissance Platoon from the 394th Infantry Regiment of the 99th Infantry Division was the most decorated platoon of World War II for action on the first morning of the Battle of the Bulge defending a key road in the vicinity of the Losheim Gap. Led by 20-year-old Lieutenant Lyle Bouck Jr., the unit of 18 men and four forward artillery observers held off an entire German battalion of over 500 men during a 20-hour-long fight, inflicting about 96 casualties on the Germans. The platoon seriously disrupted the entire German Sixth Panzer Army's schedule of attack along the northern edge of the offensive. At 1630 on 16 December, about 50 German paratroopers finally flanked the platoon and captured the remaining 15 soldiers. Two who had been sent on foot to regimental headquarters to seek reinforcements were captured, and a third was killed.
All fifteen survived imprisonment as prisoners of war. Due to their capture, the blur of events during the first week of this massive campaign, and their release and return home, the U.S. Army was not aware of the platoon's actions for thirty-seven years. A book by John S. D. Eisenhower, The Bitter Woods, which described the actions of the unit in detail, help bring attention to the unit's actions that day.
On January 15, 1981, the entire platoon was recognized by Secretary of the Army John O. Marsh with a Presidential Unit Citation, and every member of the platoon was decorated, including four Distinguished Service Crosses, five Silver Stars, and ten Bronze Stars with V for Valor, making the platoon America's most decorated of World War II.
References
Bibliography
External links
Interview with Alex Kershaw at the Pritzker Military Library
2004 non-fiction books
History books about World War II
Da Capo Press books
Prisoners of war in popular culture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Longest%20Winter |
Oxbridge is a hamlet in the English county of Dorset. It lies on the River Brit between Bridport and Beaminster.
External links
Hamlets in Dorset | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge%2C%20Dorset |
"Booze Cruise" is the eleventh episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's seventeenth episode overall. Written by Greg Daniels and directed by Ken Kwapis, the episode first aired in the United States on January 5, 2006 on NBC. The episode featured Rob Riggle and Amy Adams as guest stars.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) brings the office on a booze cruise and plans on doing some "motivational" speaking. After he learns that the captain of the boat has other plans, a power struggle emerges. Meanwhile, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) and Roy's (David Denman) previously stagnant relationship blossoms, while Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Katy's (Amy Adams) begins to falter.
The story for "Booze Cruise" was inspired by a friend of B. J. Novak's who had gone on a booze cruise. Novak told Daniels about the trip, and Daniels then proceeded to write an episode about it. The episode featured the third and final appearance of Katy, portrayed by Amy Adams. The filming of the episode was a departure from the norm of the series; filming took place on an actual boat and because of this, many cast members got seasick. "Booze Cruise" received largely positive reviews from critics. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.5 in the 18β49 demographic and was viewed by 8.7 million viewers.
Plot
The Dunder Mifflin crew goes on a cruise on a Lake Wallenpaupack ship Princessβin January. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) plans to use the cruise as both a party and a leadership training exercise. However, "Captain Jack" (Rob Riggle) keeps preventing him from giving a business lecture and compromises his metaphor involving himself as "captain" of the office.
The captain puts Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) in charge of a prop wheel, which Dwight thinks is real. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), who has brought his girlfriend Katy Moore (Amy Adams) on the cruise, and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) share an awkward moment alone on the deck away from their significant others. Michael continually tries to take charge of the event by standing next to the captain and interrupting everything he says. When Michael falsely declares that the ship is sinking as a training exercise, his employees understand Michael's antics and stay put. However, the other passengers panic, one of them grabbing a life vest and jumping off the ship. The captain temporarily detains Michael by zip tying him to the railing on the deck outside.
After hearing a war story from the captain, a drunken Roy Anderson (David Denman) is inspired to announce a date for his wedding with Pam. Jim is crushed and breaks up with Katy, realizing that he does not want to be with her. He confesses his feelings for Pam to Michael, who acts surprised and claims Jim hid his feelings well. Michael encourages him to not give up on Pam.
Production
"Booze Cruise" was written by Greg Daniels, making it his fourth writing credit, and his second season two credit, after "Halloween" earlier in the year. The episode was directed by Ken Kwapis, making it his sixth directing credit for the series. Daniels referred to this episode as "our Scranton version of James Cameron's Titanic". The idea came from B. J. Novak because a friend of his went on a booze cruise. Novak told Daniels about the trip, and Daniels then proceeded to write an episode about it.
"Booze Cruise" featured the third and final appearance of Katy, portrayed by Amy Adams. Adams thoroughly enjoyed her work on the show. In an interview with Advocate.com, she said, "[The Office] was the best work experience. I loved that show and that cast so much. I donβt know if they believe me, but every time I see them Iβm like, 'Oh my gosh, Iβll do anything to come back.'"
Shooting for "Booze Cruise" was a departure from the norm of the series: For one thing, the majority of the episode was filmed away from the Dunder Mifflin set. For another thing, the episode was not filmed during the day, but rather during the night, from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. Principal filming took place in Long Beach Harbor, California. Because the episode took place on an actual boat, many cast members got seasick. Rainn Wilson grew especially nauseated on the second night, and Jenna Fischer and David Denman felt nauseated on the last night of shooting.
During the final sound mixing for the episode, Daniels recalls yelling at the shot of Jim and Pam on deck. He noted that he had "seen it many, many times, but I was yelling, 'Do it, you idiot! Kiss her!'"
Cultural references
During the conference room scene, Michael asks if anyone has seen the 1997 film Titanic. Pam and Jim pretend that they have never heard of the movie, and Pam suggests that Michael is thinking of the 1990 movie The Hunt for Red October. When the employees are boarding the boat, Michael sings the "Ballad of Gilligan's Island", the theme from the 1964 television series Gilligan's Island. Michael assigns the following roles: Pam is Mary Ann, Jim is The Professor, Katy is Ginger, Angela is Mrs. Howell, Kelly is a "native", Stanley is one of the Harlem Globetrotters, Michael is The Skipper, and Dwight is Gilligan. While on the cruise, Michael shouts "I'm the king of the world" referencing Leonardo DiCaprio's character Jack Dawson from the aforementioned film Titanic.
Reception
"Booze Cruise" originally aired on NBC in the United States on January 5, 2006. The episode received a 4.5 rating/11% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 4.5% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 11% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. At the time, this was the best 18-Β 49 rating that the show had had. The episode was viewed by 8.7 million viewers. Furthermore, the series retained 87 percent of its My Name is Earl lead-in audience. An encore presentation of the episode, on June 27, 2006, received a 1.8/6 rating and was viewed by over 4.1 million viewers.
"Booze Cruise" received acclaim from critics. M. Giant of Television Without Pity graded the episode with an "A". Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad stated "This sitcom gets better every week" and that "What made this one quite good was that they didn't rely on Dwight too much, although the bits with him 'driving' the boat were good." Monique Marcil of Zap2it said that the "28 seconds of silence between co-workers Jim and Pam capture all the awkwardness and longing of unspoken love better than any words could. And it's these private moments caught on film by the unseen documentary crew that give this otherwise tart sitcom its sweetness." John Krasinski stated that "Booze Cruise" included two of his favorite scenes to film: Jim's conversation with Pam, and Jim's conversation with Michael. He later called both of the shots "beautiful" and noted that it was "nothing short of an honor" to film them with Fischer and Carell, respectively. TV Fanatic reviewed several of the episodes quotes; Steve Marsi rated Jim's quote, "You know what? I would save the receptionist. Just wanted to clear that up" a 3 out of 5. Marsi also rated Jim and Michael's conversation about Pam a 5 out of 5.
References
External links
"Booze Cruise" at NBC.com
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2006 American television episodes
Works set on ships
Television episodes written by Greg Daniels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booze%20Cruise%20%28The%20Office%29 |
In mathematical logic, indiscernibles are objects that cannot be distinguished by any property or relation defined by a formula. Usually only first-order formulas are considered.
Examples
If a, b, and c are distinct and {a, b, c} is a set of indiscernibles, then, for example, for each binary formula , we must have
Historically, the identity of indiscernibles was one of the laws of thought of Gottfried Leibniz.
Generalizations
In some contexts one considers the more general notion of order-indiscernibles, and the term sequence of indiscernibles often refers implicitly to this weaker notion. In our example of binary formulas, to say that the triple (a, b, c) of distinct elements is a sequence of indiscernibles implies
Applications
Order-indiscernibles feature prominently in the theory of Ramsey cardinals, ErdΕs cardinals, and zero sharp.
See also
Identity of indiscernibles
Rough set
References
Model theory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiscernibles |
In Greek mythology, Anapus () was god of the river Anapus in eastern Sicily. He was worshiped by the Syracusans, who depicted him as a young man. Anapus was husband to the naiad Cyane, who attempted to dissuade Hades from abducting Persephone, describing how she consented to Anapus' wooing out of love, rather than force.
References
Bibliography
Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Metamorphoses.
Claudius Aelianus (Aelian), Varia Historia (Historical Miscellany).
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1854).
Potamoi
Rape of Persephone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapus |
William or Bill Francis may refer to:
William Francis (chemist) (1817β1904), British chemist and publisher
William B. Francis (1860β1954), U.S. Representative from Ohio
William Douglas Francis (1889β1959), Australian botanist
William T. Francis (1869β1929), American lawyer, politician, and diplomat from Minnesota
Wil Francis (born 1982), member of the American post-hardcore band Aiden
Willie Francis (1929β1947), convicted murderer
Sir William Francis (civil engineer) (born 1926), British engineer
Sports
Willie Francis (swimmer) (1911β1997), Scottish backstroke swimmer
William Francis (baseball) (1879β1942), Negro leagues baseball player
William Francis (cricketer) (1856β1917), English cricketer
Bill Francis (rugby union) (1894β1981), New Zealand rugby union footballer
Bill Francis (rugby league) (born 1947), rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s for Wigan, Wales, and Great Britain
Bill Francis (broadcaster) (born 1947), New Zealand broadcaster, author and sports administrator
Bill Francis (wrestler), son of Ed Francis
See also
William Frank (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Francis |
The Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut is chosen by the jury members and a part of the annual Zee Cine Awards. They give awards to the new discoveries of Bollywood where they see some potential. The 1st Zee Cine Award was held on 14 March 1998 in Mumbai, India. Since then, the Award Ceremony is being held in different countries and continents.
The Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut was given in the 1st ZCA (1998). Mahima Chaudhary became the first recipient of the Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut (Jury/Critics). She received the award for Pardes (1997).
The most recent receipt is Rashmika Mandanna for Goodbye.
Winners
The winners are listed below:-
See also
Zee Cine Awards
Bollywood
Cinema of India
References
Zee Cine Awards
Film awards for debut actress | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee%20Cine%20Award%20for%20Best%20Female%20Debut |
SΕawomir Szwedowski (1928β2000) was a
Polish economist, professor at the
Institute of Economic Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
Until 1990, he was the financial director of the Institute (the head director was
Professor Jozef Pajestka and Professor Cezary Jozefiak). From 1994 to
1997, he was the science director (the head director at the time was
Professor (former Prime Minister) Marek Belka). In addition, he was a member of the Science Council of the Institute.
Selected scientific papers:
Methods of measuring the efficiency of scientific and technical progress, 1976
The politics and economics of scientific and technical progress, 1986
Problems in technical progress, 1976
The rationality and effectiveness of mechanisms of steering scientific and technical progress, 1991
He was published in the publications Gospodarka Polski [The Polish
Economy] and Studia Ekonomiczne [Economic Studies], among others.
See also
List of Poles
Szwedowski of Korwin coat of arms
1928 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Polish economists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awomir%20Szwedowski |
Christ College, formerly known as the Presbyterian Theological Centre, is the theological college of the Presbyterian Church of Australia in New South Wales. It provides theological education for ministry candidates and members of the laity. It is an approved teaching institution of the Australian College of Theology.
The other theological colleges of the Presbyterian Church of Australia are the Presbyterian Theological College in Melbourne, the Queensland Theological College (formerly the Consortium of Reformed Colleges) in Brisbane.
History
The Presbyterian Church of New South Wales established the theological hall in 1873, to train Presbyterian ministers in accordance with the Westminster Confession of Faith, including the Presbyterian Church of Australia's later Declaratory Statement of 1901. It was located in St Andrew's College at the University of Sydney, and from the early 1920s co-operated with the Methodist and Congregational colleges under the United Faculty of Theology. In 1987 the then Presbyterian Training Centre moved to Shaftesbury Road Burwood, was renamed as the Presbyterian Theological Centre, Burwood and expanded its scope to include training of the laity, as well as elders, missionaries, deaconesses, chaplains, church planters, and youth workers.
The dean of the college in the early years in Burwood was John Davies, who served as principal and lecturer in Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis. In 2010 Ian Smith took over from Davies as principal. The institution was renamed Christ College in 2014.
Degrees and programs
The College is accredited to offer the following degrees in various forms. The following are the flagship programs at the College.
Diploma of Theology (DipTh)/Diploma of Ministry (DipMin)
Bachelor of Theology (Th.B.)/Bachelor of Ministry (B.Min.)
Graduate Diploma of Theology (GradDipTh)/Graduate Diploma of Divinity (GradDipDiv)
Master of Divinity (M.Div.)
Master of Arts in Theology (MA)
Master of Theology (Th.M.)
Doctor of Ministry (D.Min.)
Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
For the training of candidates for ordination in the Presbyterian Church of Australia, the College offers a rich and robust 4-year 128 credit points training program that goes beyond the typical Master of Divinity program.
The College is also in partnership with a number of groups and organisations to offer ministry skill-specific training.
Redeemer City to City: Incubator Program for the training of church planters
Jericho Road: Chaplaincy Program for the training of chaplains working in hospitals, school, army, and the like
Ministry Training for Women
Guest lecturers
The college also hosts annual intensives taught by eminent pastor-theologians. Some of these include Chad Van Dixhoorn, Scott Rae, Michael Horton, D.A Carson, Timothy Witmer, Bryan Chappell, and Carl Trueman.
Facilities
The college building, completed in early 2014, consists of a large community area and an auditorium which can seat over 200. There are five purpose built class rooms and a library with over 45,000 volumes (and great views of the city of Sydney). The administration building is a restored heritage building and is connected to new building. Australian Presbyterian World Mission (APWM) also has offices in the building.
Students
The Presbyterian Theological Centre has more than 150 students, both male and female. The college also admits members of other denominations for theological training.
The Students' Representative Council represents the students of the college, with responsibility for fostering community spirit, service to each other, and improving student resources
References
Educational institutions established in 1873
1873 establishments in Australia
Education in Sydney
Australian College of Theology
Seminaries and theological colleges in New South Wales
Theological colleges of the Presbyterian Church of Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ%20College%20%28Sydney%29 |
is a Japanese voice actress. Her best-known roles are as title characters in Croket!, Noramimi, and as well the lead role of Ahiru Arima from Princess Tutu.
Filmography
Fancy Lala (1998), Boy (ep 19), Classmate (ep 7), Old Woman (ep 18), Student (ep 1), Student (2) (ep 10)
Eat-Man '98 (1998), Alex
Magic User's Club (1999), Madoka Masuko
EX-Driver (2000)
Inuyasha (2000), Child (Ep 162)
Shiawase Sou no Okojo-san (2001), Yuuta Kudoo
Kirby: Right Back at Ya! (2001), Tiff
Magical Play (2001), Mustard
Magical Play 3D (2001), Mustard
UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie (2002), Maid D
Shrine of the Morning Mist (2002), Chika Yurikasa
Princess Tutu (2002), Ahiru/Princess Tutu
PokΓ©mon Advance (2002), Pacchiru (ep 57)
Croquette! (2003), Croquette
Godannar (2003), Hayashi
The Galaxy Railways (2003), Sarai (ep 9)
Peacemaker (2003), Hana
Rockman.EXE Stream (2004), Hazuki Yui
Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple (2004), Annie
Kujibiki Unbalance (2004), Kenji Suzuki
Transformers: Cybertron (2005), Skids
Shakugan no Shana (2005), Domino
Animal Yokocho (2005), Macchi
Bakegyamon (2006), Mikiharu Kawaguchi, Theme Song Performance (ED2)
Kamichama Karin (2007), Shii-chan/Nike
Shakugan no Shana Second (2007), Domino
Tamagotchi! (2007), Kuromametchi
Shugo Chara! (2007), Miki
Inazuma Eleven (2008), Kakeru Megane
Noramimi (2008), Noramimi
Shugo Chara!! Dokiβ (2008), Miki
Hayate the Combat Butler!! (2009), Lost Children B
Yuri's World (2017), Bird
Trivia
Princess Tutu creator Ikuko Itoh had chosen KatΕ as the voice of Ahiru long before animation production had begun on the series.
References
External links
Nanae KatΕ at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos
Nanae KatΕ at GamePlaza-Haruka Voice Acting Database
Nanae KatΕ at Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database
1976 births
Voice actresses from Ibaraki Prefecture
Living people
Japanese voice actresses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanae%20Kat%C5%8D |
Osisko Lake (officially Lac Osisko) is a lake in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, Canada. It is 3Β km (2Β mi) long, and 3Β km wide. The downtown of Rouyn-Noranda is situated on its western shore. The lake is a recreational area, surrounded by trails and a bike path. The city hospital is also located on the lake's shore. The lake has been a polluted lake for decades since it has been contaminated by tailings from Noranda Mines.
Etymology
Osisko comes from Algonquin and means "muskrat".
References
Rouyn-Noranda
Lakes of Abitibi-TΓ©miscamingue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osisko%20Lake |
Peter La Farge (April 30, 1931 β October 27, 1965) was an American singer and songwriter.
Early life and education
Oliver Albee La Farge was born in 1931 to Oliver La Farge, a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist and anthropologist, and Wanden (Matthews) La Farge, a Rhode Island heiress. The family moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where his younger sister Povy was born in 1933. His parents divorced in 1937.
La Farge grew up partly in New Mexico and partly on the Kane Ranch in Colorado, although he did not get along well with his stepfather. He shared a love and respect with his father for the histories and cultures of Native Americans, with which his father was deeply involved in study. But he later became estranged from his father, changed his given name to Peter, and at times would even claim, falsely, that he was adopted.
Peter went to Fountain-Fort Carson High School but left before graduating. Around this time, he appeared in local theatrical amateur nights, and in 1946/47 he sang cowboy songs on Colorado Springs radio stations KVOR and KRDO. Throughout his childhood, Peter went to rodeos with his stepfather Andy Kane (who took part in roping events). As a teenager, Peter began to compete as a rodeo rider in both bareback and saddle bronc events.
Korean War and early career
La Farge joined the United States Navy in 1950 and served in the aircraft carrier USS Boxer throughout the Korean War. He also joined the Central Intelligence Division (CID) as an undercover agent involved in efforts to suppress narcotics smuggling. While in the Navy, he learned to box and took part in a few dozen prize fights, in the course of which his nose was broken twice. His ship was once hit by a plane that missed its landing, and he suffered burns in the ensuing fire. He was discharged in 1953 and awarded the China Service Medal, a U.N. Service Medal and Ribbon, and a Korean Service Medal and Ribbon (5 stars).
After the war, La Farge competed again as a rodeo cowboy, getting injured often and almost losing a leg in one accident with a Brahma bull. Following his recuperation, he studied acting at the Goodman Theater drama school in Chicago and took supporting roles in local plays, remaining in the city for two years. During this period, he married a fellow actor, Suzanne Becker.
New York years and later career
La Farge relocated to New York City, where he became interested in music. As a young musician, he worked with Big Bill Broonzy, Josh White, and Cisco Houston; Houston became La Farge's mentor in songwriting and in life. As a singer-songwriter, Peter La Farge became well known as a folk music singer in Greenwich Village. He was contracted briefly with Columbia Records.
At a September 1962 Carnegie Hall "hootenanny" hosted by Seeger to introduce new talent, Dylan performed a song that he never recorded, La Farge's "As Long as the Grass Shall Grow".
His performances in Greenwich Village gained him a recording contract with Moses Asch, founder of Folkways Records. La Farge's five Folkways albums (1962β1965) were dedicated to Native American themes, as well as blues, cowboy songs, and love songs. "The Ballad of Ira Hayes," his most famous song, is the story of Ira Hayes, a Pima Indian who became a hero as one of six United States Marines who raised the U.S. flag on Iwo Jima. Hayes suffered from prejudice and struggled with alcoholism on return to civilian life. The song was covered by Johnny Cash on his 1964 album Bitter Tears: Ballads of the American Indian, reaching Number 2 on the Billboard country music chart. Cash credited La Farge with inspiring the entire album, which included four La Farge songs in addition to "The Ballad of Ira Hayes."
By 1965, La Farge was also becoming known as an artist and painter. He lived with the Danish singer Inger Nielsen, and the pair had a daughter, Karen. They did not marry in part because La Farge was still married to Suzanne, who was then in a mental institution in Michigan.
La Farge was signed to MGM Records, where he planned a new album. However, in October 1965, Peter La Farge was found dead in his New York City apartment by Inger Nielsen. He was said to have died from a stroke, or more probably an overdose of Thorazine, an antipsychotic drug that Johnny Cash had allegedly introduced to him as a sleep aid. He was buried in Fountain, Colorado.
In 2010, a tribute album, Rare Breed, was recorded.
Selected discography
1962: Ira Hayes and Other Ballads
1962: Iron Mountain and Other Songs
1963: As Long as the Grass Shall Grow: Peter La Farge Sings of the Indians
1963: Peter La Farge Sings of the Cowboys: Cowboy, Ranch and Rodeo Songs, and Cattle Calls
1964: Peter La Farge Sings Women Blues: Peter La Farge Sings Love Songs
1965: Peter LaFarge on the Warpath
2010: Rare Breed: The Songs of Peter La Farge
References
Sources
Cash, Johnny. Cash: The Autobiography of Johnny Cash. Harper, 2000.
Schulman, Sandra Hale. The Ballad of Peter LaFarge, a 2010 documentary. UPC 8-85444-39205-4
Sounes, Howard. Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan. Doubleday, 2001.
External links
Peter La Farge biography
Illustrated Peter La Farge discography
at Smithsonian Folkways
Folk Music Worldwide includes two recorded interviews with Peter LaFarge from September and October 1963 on Alan Wasser's New York City radio show.
1931 births
1965 deaths
American male singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American people who self-identify as being of Native American descent
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Bareback bronc riders
Saddle bronc riders
People from Fountain, Colorado
Sportspeople from Colorado
20th-century American male singers
Folkways Records artists
La Farge family
Singer-songwriters from Colorado
Drug-related deaths in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20La%20Farge |
Jinchang () is a prefecture-level city in the centre of Gansu province, People's Republic of China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the north. As of the 2020 Chinese census, its population was 438,026 inhabitants, of which 260,385 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made up of the Jinchuan District.
Geography
Jinchang City is located in central Gansu province, west of the Yellow River, north of the Qilian Mountains, and south of the Alashan Plateau. The southwest of the city borders Qinghai Province and the northwest borders Inner Mongolia. The area is .
Transportation
Jinchang is served by the Lanzhou-Xinjiang Railway and the Jinchang Jinchuan Airport, opened in August 2011.
History
Jinchang has important archaeological sites from the Stone Age, a Western Han site, and sections of the Great Wall from the Han and Qing dynasties.
Administration
Jinchang has 1 district and 1 county with a total population of 464,050, half of which is urban.
Climate
Jinchang has a continental, semi-arid climate (KΓΆppen BSk), with plenty of sunshine and a prevailing northwesterly wind throughout much of the year. Both diurnal and seasonal temperature variations are rather large, and springtime winds are often strong.
Economy
The 2002 GDP was 4.5 billion RMB. The average urban income was 8,233 RMB while rural was 3,051 RMB. Agriculture and natural resource based industries are the key to Jinchang's economy. It is called China's 'Nickel Capital' () and has an abundance of other mineral resources including quartz, iron, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, gold, tungsten, limestone, etc. Here placed Jinchuan Group.
The installation of a solar farm in the western part of Jinchang with a rated capacity of 1 GW and of a solar production facility with 300 MW capacity has been announced in May 2012.
Vegetable oil is its primary agricultural product.
Tourism
Cultural sites such as the Han and Qing dynasty Great Walls are popular tourist sites. The relatively undeveloped natural environment is also a draw for tourists.
References
External links
Official site
Prefecture-level divisions of Gansu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinchang |
The Murmurs were an American alternative pop music duo composed of singer-songwriters Leisha Hailey and Heather Grody.
History
The Murmurs and Gush
Leisha Hailey and Heather Grody (Reid) began performing as The Murmurs in 1991 while the duo were both students of the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. They released Who Are We, produced and released by William Basinski's Arcadia Records, in 1991. The band became popular around the East Village in Manhattan. In 1994, The Murmurs signed with MCA Records. They released their self-titled major label debut album the same year. Their single "You Suck" got radio airplay and gained them national attention. While the song reached number 89 in the United States, it was a number-one hit in Norway, reaching Platinum status. The duo expanded into a four-woman group in 1997 with the addition of bassist Sheri Ozeki and drummer Sherri Solinger. They released Pristine Smut in 1997 and Blender one year later.
In 2001, Hailey and Grody reunited as a band named Gush which featured more of an indie rock sound. The band also included members Jon Skibic, Brad Caselden and Dave Doyle. They released one self-titled album that was sold exclusively at their live shows.
After the Murmurs
From 2004 to 2009, Hailey, who had previously acted on an episode of Boy Meets World in 1996 and in the 1997 movie All Over Me, starred as Alice Pieszecki, a journalist, television, and radio show host, on The L Word. Hailey has continued acting since and revived the Alice Pieszecki character on The L Word: Generation Q in 2019.
From 2007 to 2016, Hailey performed in the band Uh Huh Her with Camila Grey. The band recorded three albums and three EPs and had their music featured in the films The Kids Are All Right, Hotel for Dogs, and The Carmilla Movie.
In 2005, following the breakup of Gush, Heather Reid (formerly Grody) and Jon Skibic formed the band Redcar with Michael Sullivan and Ryan MacMillan. Their debut album was released in March 2007 and was produced by Grammy award winning producer Greg Collins (U2 and Gwen Stefani). Reid also started a record company, Phyllis Records. Reid wrote the music, book and lyrics to Dear Bernard a musical that played in Los Angeles at The Court and Zephyr theaters in 2013. The musical attracted the attention of Chrysalis Records who hired her as a songwriter for other artists. This resulted in a song she co-wrote with Hailey, "Don't Bother", being recorded by Shakira on the singer's 2005 album Oral Fixation, Vol. 2. Reid recorded a solo album, Cross Words, which was released in 2014.
In 2018, Reid was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. After several months of chemotherapy, radiation, and a bone marrow transplant, Heather considered herself healed. In 2020, Reid recorded the single βRight Here Right Nowβ, based on her cancer diagnosis and treatment.
In 2020, Reid stated that she and Hailey "are constantly talking about a reunion for the Murmurs."
Band members
Leisha Hailey β vocals and acoustic guitar
Heather Grody β vocals and acoustic guitar
Sheri Ozeki β bass
Sherri Solinger β drums
Discography
Albums
Who Are We (1991)
The Murmurs (1994)
Pristine Smut (1997)
Blender (1998)
Singles
References
Alternative pop music groups
MCA Records artists
Musical groups established in 1991
Alternative rock groups from New York (state)
1991 establishments in New York City | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Murmurs |
The Ford C3 transmission and its descendants are a family of light-duty longitudinal automatic transmissions built by the Ford Motor Company.
The Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant, in Blanquefort, France (in the Bordeaux metropolitan area) produces automatic transmissions for a variety of rear-wheel drive vehicles. The facility opened in 1973 and was shortly followed by an expansion, the Bordeaux Transaxle Plant, in 1976 to focus on automatic transmissions for front-wheel drive Fords. Bordeaux Automatic Transmission's first product was the C3 3-speed automatic transmission for the Ford Pinto. The C3 design was succeeded by the A4LD 4-speed automatic during the mid-1980s and was in turn succeeded by the 4R44 and 4R55 4-speed automatics during the mid-1990s. The Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant's current products are the 5R44 and 5R55 5-speed automatic transmissions.
In February 2009, Ford confirmed its intent to sell the Bordeaux Automatic Transmission Plant for an undisclosed sum to a French company, HZ Holding France SAS, which owns a steel forging operation near Metz. Though the sale will be completed as early as April 2009, the plant will continue to provide transmissions for Ford until 2011 and employment levels at the plant are expected to remain unchanged. Up to and after the production of automatic transmissions for Ford at the Bordeaux plant, HZ Holding expects to invest as much as 200 million Euros in the plant for new industrial projects, including producing components for wind turbines.
C3
The C3 was introduced as a lightweight 3-speed automatic for compact cars like the Ford Pinto. It was used with four cylinder and small V6 engines. The final appearance of this transmission was in the 1989 Merkur XR4Ti.
Applications (US)
1974β1980 Ford Pinto
1974β1977 Mercury Capri
1978β1983 Ford Fairmont
1970β1986 Ford Mustang
1981β1982 Ford Granada
1974β1980 Mercury Bobcat
1978β1983 Mercury Zephyr
1979β1986 Mercury Capri
1983β1986 Mercury Marquis/Ford LTD (when equipped with the 2.3 I4)
1985β1989 Merkur XR4Ti
1983-1989 Ford Thunderbird
Applications (EU)
1972β1985 Ford Granada
1972β1975 Ford Consul
1982β1987 Ford Sierra
1979β1987 Ford Capri
1974β1982 Ford Cortina
1976β1982 Ford Taunus
1970β1980 Ford Escort Mk1 and Mk2
A4LD
The C3 was modified into the A4LD four-speed by adding an overdrive gear, which the C3 lacked. This transmission was introduced in Europe on the 1985 Ford Scorpio and in North America with the 1985 Bronco II and Ranger, again with four- and six-cylinder engines only. It was replaced by the 4R44E and 4R55E in 1995.
This was the first Ford automatic to use an EEC-controlled torque converter lock-up clutch. Electronic shift control for the 3β4 shift was later added, another first, though other gears remained hydraulic.
Applications:
North America
1985β1990 Ford Bronco II
1987β1993 Ford Mustang (when equipped with the 2.3 I4)
1987β1988 Ford Thunderbird (when equipped with the 2.3 I4)
1985β1994 Ford Ranger
1986β1994 Ford Aerostar
1991β1994 Ford Explorer
1994β2002 North American Mazda B-Series
1991β1994 Mazda Navajo
Europe
1985β1994 Ford Scorpio/Granada III (incl. Merkur Scorpio)
1987β1992 Ford Sierra II
1986β2003 Ford Transit
4R44E/4R55E
The name 4R44E means 4 forward gears, rear-drive platform (or 4WD, with a different tailshaft housing), rated for 440Β ft-lb torque (after torque converter multiplication) and electronic shifting. 4R55E is the same but heavier duty and rated for 550Β ftΒ·lbs.
For the 1995 model year, the A4LD was upgraded to feature full electronic controls, resulting in a new transmission family. The two major versions of this new transmission were the 4R44E and 4R55E. In Europe, the 4R44E was known simply as the A4LDE (with the E referring to the electronic enhancements to the basic A4LD design) and was briefly used in the Ford Scorpio. The transmissions are fundamentally similar in design, varying only in the durability of key components based on the type of duty they were to be used for. The 4R44E was used in lighter-duty applications, namely with 4-cylinder or 3.0Β L V6 models of the Ford Ranger pickup, while the 4R55E was used in heavier-duty applications, specifically with the 4.0Β L Cologne V6 used in vehicles like the said Ford Ranger or Ford Explorer. The 4R55E was short-lived however as it was replaced in all instances where it was used with the newer 5R55E during the 1997 model year. The 4R44E continued on through the end of the 1990s before being replaced by the 5R55E's relative, the 5R44E.
Applications:
1995β2001 Ford Ranger
1995β1997 Ford Aerostar
1995β1998 Ford Scorpio
1995β1996 Ford Explorer
1995β2001 North American Mazda B-Series
5R44E/5R55E/N/S/W
The 5R55E, though mechanically similar to the 4-speed 4R55E, was a new breed of electronically controlled automatic transmission with an additional forward gear. It was the first 5-speed automatic transmission to be employed by an American automaker. The 5R55E featured more precise computer controls (necessary to accommodate the additional forward gear) and introduced with a sophisticated friction-to-friction shift ability. Like the 4R44E relative to the 4R55E, a version of the 5R55E was made for lighter duty applications: the 5R44E. An example of these transmissions used in a single vehicle line would be in versions of the Ford Ranger pickup where the lighter-duty 5R44E is mated to a 3.0L Vulcan OHV V6 while the heavier duty 5R55E is mated to the more powerful 4.0Β L Cologne SOHC V6.
Following the original "E" series of the transmission introduced in the 1998 model year, other variants of the 5R55 transmission appeared. All variants are fundamentally similar to each other in design but differ in things such as specialized controls, gear ratios, or other elements based on the needs of the specific application the transmission is intended for. The first of these variants, the 5R55N, appeared in the Jaguar S-Type and Lincoln LS luxury sedans, and later in the 2002 Ford Thunderbird. The 2003 Thunderbird switched to the 5R55S and featured the option of Ford's SelectShift, which allowed drivers to mimic shifting like a manual transmission without a clutch. The 5R55S, minus the SelectShift feature, was used in models of the Ford Mustang from 2005 until 2010. The 5R55W began use in November 2000 for the 3rd generation Ford Explorer and 2001 Ford Ranger. Mostly specific difference between 5R55W (wide shift) and 5R55S (synchronic shift) is a different overdrive planet gear ratio. Entry-level models of the 2008 Ford FG Falcon were the newest recipients of the 5R55 transmission.
Applications:
1997 Ford Aerostar (with 4.0 V6 engine)
1997-2011 Ford Ranger
1997β2010 North American Mazda B-Series
1997β2010 Ford Explorer
1998β2010 Mercury Mountaineer
2000β2003 Jaguar S-Type
2000β2006 Lincoln LS
2002β2005 Ford Thunderbird
2005β2010 Ford Mustang
2008-2010 Ford Falcon
2003β2005 Lincoln Aviator
See also
List of Ford transmissions
List of Ford bellhousing patterns
References
Bordeaux Transmissions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20C3%20transmission |
Relations between the European Union and the United States began in 1953, when US diplomats visited the European Coal and Steel Community (the EU precursor, created in 1951) in addition to the national governments of its six founding countries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany). The two parties share a good relationship which is strengthened by NATO (a military alliance), cooperation on trade, and shared values.
History
Establishing Diplomatic Relations
Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the European Community were initiated in 1953 when the first U.S. observers were sent to the European Coal and Steel Community. The U.S. Mission to the ECSC formally opened in Luxembourg in 1956. The Delegation of the European Commission to the United States in Washington, D.C. was established in 1954, and the United States Mission to the European Communities, now the United States Mission to the European Union, was established in 1961 in Brussels. In Brussels on November 25, 2003, and on May 6, 2004, in Washington, D.C., the U.S. and the EU celebrated 50 years of diplomatic ties.
Formalized Cooperation
In 1990, the relations of the U.S. with the European Community were formalized by the adoption of the Transatlantic Declaration. A regular political dialogue between the U.S. and the EC was thereby initiated at various levels, including regular summit meetings. The cooperation focused on the areas of economy, education, science and culture.
The New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA), which was launched at the Madrid summit in 1995, carried the cooperation forward. The NTA contains four broad objectives for U.S.-EU collaboration: promoting peace and stability, democracy and development around the world; responding to global challenges; contributing to the expansion of world trade and closer economic relations; and building bridges Across the Atlantic.
In connection with the adoption of the New Transatlantic Agenda a Joint EU-U.S. Action Plan was drawn up committing the EU and the U.S. to a large number of measures within the overall areas of cooperation. As an extension of the NTA efforts, agreement was reached at the 1998 London summit to intensify cooperation in the area of trade, which resulted in the Transatlantic Economic Partnership (TEP). The TEP covers both bilateral and multilateral trade. Bilaterally, TEP addresses various types of obstacles to trade and strives to establish agreements on mutual recognition in the areas of goods and services. Furthermore, there is cooperation in the areas of public procurement and intellectual property law. Multilaterally, focus is on further liberalization of trade within the World Trade Organization in order to strengthen world trade. The interests of the business sector, the environment and the consumers are to be integrated into this work.
In building bridges across the Atlantic, a number of people-to-people dialogues have been set up. The goal is to enable individual actors to give their opinion. In connection with each summit meeting time is set aside for meetings with representatives of one or more of these dialogues, which include the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (TABD); the Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD); the Transatlantic Policy Network (TPN), a non-governmental grouping of members of the U.S. Congress and the European Parliament, business leaders and think tanks; the Transatlantic Environmental Dialogue (TAED); and the Transatlantic Legislators Dialogue (TLD).
Together the US and EU dominate global trade, they play the leading roles in international diplomacy and military strength. What each one says matters a great deal to much of the rest of the world. Both the US and the majority of EU member states are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). And yet they have regularly disagreed with each other on a wide range of specific issues, as well as having often quite different political, economic, and social agendas. Since the EU does not have a fully integrated foreign policy, relations can be more complicated when the member states do not have a common agreed position, as EU foreign policy was divided during the Iraq War. Understanding the relationship today means reviewing developments that predate the creation of the European Economic Community (precursor to today's European Union).
The European experience with the Trump administration (2017β21) left uncertainty vis-Γ -vis a realistic prospect on long-term predictability of US foreign policy. The period saw a deepening of contradictions between both parties, including trade, climate action and adherence to international treaties.
On December 2, 2020, following the 2020 US presidential election, a joint communication published by the European Commission lined up a proposal for a new agenda of improvement of the EUβUS relations with the incoming Biden administration, seeking for partnership in four major policy areas: health response, climate change, trade and tech, and security.
On March 5, 2021, following a call between EU Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and US president Joe Biden, the EU and the US agreed to suspend all the retaliatory tariffs linked to the Airbus and Boeing disputes for a 4-month period.
On September 20, 2021, EU Commission President Ursula Von der Leyen called "not acceptable" the treatment of one of EU's member states (France) over the AUKUS submarine deal, when Australia, the United States and the UK negotiated a defence pact ditching a long-standing Australian agreement with France. Similarly, European Council president Charles Michel denounced a "lack of loyalty" on the part of the US.
The EUβUS Trade and Technology Council (TTC) met for the first time on September 29, 2021, in Pittsburgh.
Comparison
Trade
Euro-American relations are primarily concerned with trade policy. The EU is a near-fully unified trade bloc and this, together with competition policy, are the primary matters of substance currently between the EU and the US. The two together represent 60% of global GDP, 33% of world trade in goods and 42% of world trade in services. The growth of the EU's economic power has led to a number of trade conflicts between the two powers; although both are dependent upon the other's economic market and disputes affect only 2% of trade. See below for details of trade flows.
In 2007, a Transatlantic Economic Council was established to direct economic cooperation between the two. It is headed by the US. Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs and the EU's Commissioner for Trade. However, it is yet to produce solid results. A Transatlantic Free Trade Area had been proposed in the 1990s and later in 2006 by German Chancellor Angela Merkel in reaction to the collapse of the Doha round of trade talks. However, protectionism on both sides may be a barrier to any future agreement. Recent developments have seen the proposal of a new agreement called the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) between the US and the EU. This agreement has the aim of fostering economic growth through bilateral trade and investments. In August 2019, Trump announced an accord to increase beef exports to the European Union. The US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer signed agreement with Jani Raappana, representing EU Presidency, and Ambassador Stavros Lambrinidis of the EU delegation.
EU is one of the main trade partners of the US:
In 2016, European-Union (28) is 18.7% of US merchandise exports, and 18.9% of US merchandise imports.
In 2016, European-Union (28) is 30.9% of US commercial services exports, and 35.3% of US commercial services imports
The US is one of the main trade partner of the EU:
In 2016, the US is 20.1% of European-Union (28) merchandise exports, and 14.2% of European-Union (28) merchandise imports.
In 2016, the US is 27.2% of European-Union (28) commercial services exports, and 30.5% of European-Union (28) commercial services imports
In August 2020, the EU and US agreed, for the first time in two decades, to reduce certain tariffs (on a most favoured nation basis, meaning the tariffs are dropped for all trading partners).
Cooperation
Energy and sustainability
The US and EU cooperate on the topic of energy and sustainability. The general aim of both parties is to liberalize and enhance sustainability in the global energy markets. This cooperation officially started in 2009 when the EU-US Energy Council was founded. This institution regularly meets and addresses topics such as: energy security challenges, climate change, renewable energy, nuclear safety and research.
In February 2021, President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen stated that the European Union and United States should join forces in combatting climate change and agreeing on a new framework for the digital market to limit the power of large tech companies. Both the EU and US have set goals by 2050 to cut its net greenhouse gas emissions and to become a 'net zero economy' respectively.
Defense contracts
In March 2010 EADS and its US partner pulled out of a contract to build air refueling planes worth $35Β billion. They had previously won the bid but it was rerun and EADS claimed the new process was biased towards Boeing. The European Commission said it would be "highly regrettable" if the tendering process did prove to be biased. There was substantial opposition to EADS in Washington due to the ongoing Boeing-Airbus (owned by EADS) dispute.
Issues
EUβUS summits
Summits are held between United States and European Union policy makers. When these take place in Europe, they have historically taken place in the country that holds the rotating Presidency of the European Union.
The United Kingdom was a member of the EU at the time the summit took place.
Boeing and Airbus subsidies
The two companies are the major competing aircraft manufacturers, and both Boeing and Airbus are accused of receiving forms of subsidy from the United States and from some of the European Union member states respectively. Both sides have criticized each other for doing so.
In December 2020, the United States announced plans to impose additional tariffs on certain products from France and Germany, particularly aircraft parts and wines, in retaliation to tariffs imposed by the European Union.
Genetically modified food
Genetically modified food is another significant area of disagreement between the two. The EU has been under domestic pressure to restrict the growth and import of genetically modified foods until their safety is proven to the satisfaction of the populace.
Rendition
The Washington Post claimed on November 2, 2005, that the United States was maintaining several secret jails (or "black sites") in Eastern Europe. Poland and Romania, however, have denied these allegations. Also, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) planes carrying terror suspects would have made secret stopovers in several West European countries since 2001. Belgium, Iceland, Spain, and Sweden have launched investigations. The Guardian calculated on November 30 that CIA planes landed about 300 times on European air ports. Most planes would have landed in Germany and the United Kingdom as a transit point to East Europe, North Africa (possibly Morocco and Egypt), or the Middle East (possibly Syria and Jordan). In the meanwhile, the European Commission, on behalf of the European Union, asked the United States for a clarification. The US has refused to confirm or deny the reports.
Extraordinary rendition flights through Europe were investigated over a number of years by the European Parliament and it held a temporary committee on the matter. The EU has also opposed the use of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and offered to host some former inmates when its closure was announced by the administration of US President Barack Obama.
Capital punishment
In the United States, capital punishment is a legal form of punishment, whereas all European Union member states have fully abolished it and consider its use to be a violation of fundamental human rights. This occasionally causes problems with EU-US relations, because it is illegal in the European Union to allow the extradition of a citizen to a country where the death penalty is a legal punishment, unless a guarantee is given that such punishment will not be used.
International Criminal Court
Positions in the United States concerning the International Criminal Court vary widely. The Clinton Administration signed the Rome Statute in 2000, but did not submit it for Senate ratification. The Bush Administration, the US administration at the time of the ICC's founding, stated that it would not join the ICC. The Obama Administration has subsequently re-established a working relationship with the court.
Iraq War
The Iraq War divided opinions within European nations and within the United States, with some states supporting of military action, and some against. The European public opinion was staunchly opposed to the war. This caused a major transatlantic rift, especially between the states led by France and Germany on the one hand, who were against military action, and the United States with United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and Poland.
Kyoto Protocol
The European Union is one of the main backers of the Kyoto Protocol, which aims to combat global warming. The United States which initially signed the protocol at its creation during the Clinton Administration, never had the measure ratified by the United States Senate, an essential requirement to give the protocol the force of law in the United States. Later, in March 2001, under President George W. Bush, the United States removed its signature from the protocol, leading to much acrimony between the United States and European nations. In 2008, President Barack Obama said that he planned on setting annual targets to reduce emissions, although this doesn't include the Kyoto Protocolβlikely because developing nations are exempt.
Visa waiver reciprocity
The EU is requesting from the US reciprocity regarding the visa waiver program for all its members. The European Union has threatened with the possibility of imposing visas for American citizens that would extend to the entire EU, excluding France in respect of its Outermost Regions, and Ireland, which operate visa policies distinct from the Schengen acquis. In 2008, many of the EU's new Central European members were granted visa-free access to the US, and currently, three out of 27 EU members (Bulgaria, Cyprus, and Romania) lack such access.
Privacy
In the autumn of 2015, in the wake of the Snowden revelations in Europe (see details), the dissimilar interpretations of privacy prevailing in the United States and Europe came to the surface in an upset of the International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles by a court ruling of the European Court of Justice.
Nord Stream
In mid-June 2017, Germany and Austria issued a joint statement that said the proposed anti-Russian Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act bill heralded a "new and very negative quality in European-American relations" and that certain provisions affecting gas pipeline projects with Russia were an illegal threat to EU energy security.
On July 26, 2017, France's foreign ministry described the new U.S. sanctions as illegal under international law due to their extraterritorial reach.
At the end of July 2017, the proposed law's Russia sanctions caused harsh criticism and threats of retaliatory measures on the part of the European Union President Jean-Claude Juncker. Germany's minister for Economics and Energy Brigitte Zypries described the sanctions as illegal under international law and urged the European Union to take appropriate counter-measures.
Spying
Secret documents obtained by German news magazine Der Spiegel in 2013 state that European Union offices in the United States and United Nations headquarters have been targeted for spying by the National Security Agency (NSA), an intelligence office operated by the United States government. The reports revealed that the United States bugged offices, accessed internal computer networks, obtained documents and emails, and listened to phone calls. Subsequent reports from the media further state that domestic European Union offices in Brussels have also been targeted; along with EU offices, embassies of India, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and Turkey are also listed as targets in the documents. On June 30, 2013, the President of the European Parliament, Martin Schulz demanded for a full clarification from Washington and stated that if the allegations were true, EU and US relations would be severely impacted.
Fall of Afghanistan
The fall of Afghanistan in August 2021 had a negative impact on European UnionβUnited States relations.
Dispute with China
While most Americans see China as a rival (52%) or an enemy (38%), Europeans have more mixed attitudes toward China, according to a recent Pew Research Center study. On average, 43% of Europeans see China as "a necessary partner" compared to 24% who see the country as a rival or 11% as an enemy.
Resolved
Banana wars
The EU and the US have had a long-running dispute over the EU's banana imports. As part of their international aid, the EU offered tenders, on a first-come-first-served basis, for bananas from countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. The United States argued that it favored local producers in former colonies of EU member-states over US-owned corporations in Latin America. The Clinton administration responded by imposing heavy tariffs on luxury goods created in the EU. Such goods included cashmere from Scotland and French Cognac brandy, made in the original constituency of then Prime Minister of France Jean-Pierre Raffarin. The Clinton administration then took the banana wars to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1999, after Chiquita made a $500,000 donation to the Democratic Party. The two sides reached an agreement in 2001.
Delegations
Diplomatic relations are maintained between the US and the EU, as an independent body, as well as all EU member states.
The EU is represented in the US by the Delegation of the European Union to the United States in Washington, D.C. Opened in 1954, it was the first overseas delegation of the EU's forerunner, the European Coal and Steel CommunityΒ (ECSC). The current EU ambassador to the United States, since 2014, is David O'Sullivan. Additionally, all 27 EU member states have an embassy in Washington, D.C.
The United States' diplomatic mission to the EU is the United States Mission to the European Union in Brussels. The current US ambassador to the EU, since 2014, is Anthony Gardner. The United States established a diplomatic mission to the ECSC in 1956 in the city of Luxembourg and, in 1961, the United States Mission to the European Communities in Brussels. The US has embassies in all 27 EU member states.
The Transatlantic Economic Council is a bilateral forum for economic cooperation between the EU and US established during the 2007 US-EU Summit. It meets at least once per year and is jointly headed by the US Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economic Affairs and the EU's Commissioner for Trade.
Diplomacy
The US and the EU share two different approaches to diplomacy. The scholar Michael Smith defined the US as a "warrior state". This refers to its diplomatic approach based on sovereignty, state action and the use of military capabilities. On the other hand, the EU displays a diplomacy which is one of a "trading state". This means that EU diplomacy focuses on soft power, negotiation and trade. The EU diplomatic style reflects the fact that there is not a strong and cohesive foreign policy among its member states. The US and EU diplomatic features are also reflected in their relations with the United Nations. The EU relies more on the permission of the UN in order to use force abroad while the US adopts a position of opposition towards UN authorization for interference.
See also
Transatlantic relations
European UnionβNATO relations
Transatlantic Free Trade Area
ΓlysΓ©e Treaty
Strategic autonomy
NATO
Cold War
War on Terror
References
Further reading
Birchfield, Vicki L., and Alasdair R. Young, eds. Triangular Diplomacy among the United States, the European Union, and the Russian Federation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
Gardner, Anthony Luzzatto. Stars with stripes: The essential partnership between the European Union and the United States (Springer Nature, 2020).
Gasparini, Amedeo. "Challenges under the Biden administration in the US-EU transatlantic relations." Global Affairs 7.3 (2021): 411-417. online
GΓRGEN, Ahmet. "US-EU Relations in the Trump Era: Quest for Autonomy in Europe." Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences 25.4 (2021). online
JakΕ‘taitΔ-Confortola, Gerda. "US Foreign Policy during the Biden Presidency: A Reset in the US Approach towards the EU Strategic Autonomy?." European Strategic Autonomy and Small States' Security (Routledge, 2022) pp. 81-92. online
Larres, Klaus. Uncertain Allies: Nixon, Kissinger, and the Threat of a United Europe (Yale University Press, 2022).
Lundestad, Geir. The United States and Western Europe since 1945: from 'empire' by invitation to transatlantic drift (Oxford University Press, 2005).
Lundestad, Geir, ed. Just Another Major Crisis?: The United States and Europe Since 2000 (2008) online
McCormick, John. The European superpower (Macmillan Education UK, 2017). online
Smith, Michael. "The European Union and the United States: Competition, convergence and crisis in a strategic relationship." in The European Union's Strategic Partnerships: Global Diplomacy in a Contested World (2021) pp: 97-120. online
Topliceanu, Stefan Catalin. "The Economic Competition between United States, European Union and China." in Challenges of the Knowledge Society (2019): 1296β1302. online
Winand, Pascaline. Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the United States of Europe (St Martin's Press, 1993).
External links
Book β The Obama Moment: European and American Perspectives European Union Institute for Security Studies
Trade information between EU and US, Animated infographic, European Parliamentary Research Service
European Union Institute for Security Studies: Research on EU-US Relations
Delegation of the European Commission to the United States
European Commission: relations with the United States
FAES A case for an open Athlantic Prosperity Area
United States Mission to the European Union
Transatlantic Business Dialogue
The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership β Defensive Move or Constructive Engagement A Research Based Documentary placing the TTIP negotiations in a global context β Produced by the Institut d'Etudes EuropΓ©ennes of the UniversitΓ© Libre de Bruxelles
Third-country relations of the European Union | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Union%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations |
In computer science, the Actor model, first published in 1973 , is a mathematical model of concurrent computation. This article reports on the later history of the Actor model in which major themes were investigation of the basic power of the model, study of issues of compositionality, development of architectures, and application to Open systems. It is the follow on article to Actor model middle history which reports on the initial implementations, initial applications, and development of the first proof theory and denotational model.
Power of the Actor Model
Investigations began into the basic power of the Actor model. Carl Hewitt [1985] argued that because of the use of Arbiters that the Actor model was more powerful than logic programming (see indeterminacy in concurrent computation).
A family of Prolog-like concurrent message passing systems using unification of shared variables and data structure streams for messages were developed by Keith Clark, HervΓ© Gallaire, Steve Gregory, Vijay Saraswat, Udi Shapiro, Kazunori Ueda, etc. Some of these authors made claims that these systems were based on mathematical logic. However, like the Actor model, the Prolog-like concurrent systems were based on message passing and consequently were subject to indeterminacy in the ordering of messages in streams that was similar to the indeterminacy in arrival ordering of messages sent to Actors. Consequently Carl Hewitt and Gul Agha [1991] concluded that the Prolog-like concurrent systems were neither deductive nor logical. They were not deductive because computational steps did not follow deductively from their predecessors and they were not logical because no system of mathematical logic was capable of deriving the facts of subsequent computational situations from their predecessors
Compositionality
Compositionality concerns composing systems from subsystems. Issues of compositionality had proven to be serious limitations for previous theories of computation including the lambda calculus and Petri nets. E.g., two lambda expressions are not a lambda expression and two Petri nets are not a Petri net and cannot influence each other.
In his doctoral dissertation Gul Agha addressed issues of compositionality in the Actor model. Actor configurations have receptionists that can receive messages from outside and may have the addresses of the receptionists of other Actor configurations. In this way two Actor configurations can be composed into another configuration whose subconfigurations can communicate with each other. Actor configurations have the advantage that they can have multiple Actors (i.e. the receptionists) which receive messages from outside without the disadvantage of having to poll to get messages from multiple sources (see issues with getting messages from multiple channels).
Open Systems
Carl Hewitt [1985] pointed out that openness was becoming a fundamental challenge in software system development. Open distributed systems are required to meet the following challenges:
Monotonicity
Once something is published in an open distributed system, it cannot be taken back.
Pluralism
Different subsystems of an open distributed system include heterogeneous, overlapping and possibly conflicting information. There is no central arbiter of truth in open distributed systems.
Unbounded nondeterminism
Asynchronously, different subsystems can come up and go down and communication links can come in and go out between subsystems of an open distributed system. Therefore the time that it will take to complete an operation cannot be bounded in advance (see unbounded nondeterminism).
Inconsistency
Large distributed systems are inevitably inconsistent concerning their information about the information system interactions of their human users
Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman [1991] worked to develop semantics for Open Systems to address issues that had arisen in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning [1994] reported on the development of Participatory Semantics for Open Systems.
Computer Architectures
Researchers at Caltech under the leadership of Chuck Seitz developed the Cosmic Cube which was one of the first message-passing Actor architectures. Subsequently at MIT researchers under the leadership of Bill Dally developed the J Machine.
Attempts to relate Actor semantics to algebra and linear logic
Kohei Honda and Mario Tokoro 1991, JosΓ© Meseguer 1992, Ugo Montanari and Carolyn Talcott 1998, M. Gaspari and G. Zavattaro 1999 have attempted to relate Actor semantics to algebra. Also John Darlington and Y. K. Guo 1994 have attempted to relate linear logic to Actor semantics.
However, none of the above formalisms addresses the crucial property of guarantee of service (see unbounded nondeterminism).
Recent developments
Recent developments in the Actor model have come from several sources.
Hardware development is furthering both local and nonlocal massive concurrency. Local concurrency is being enabled by new hardware for 64-bit many-core microprocessors, multi-chip modules, and high performance interconnect. Nonlocal concurrency is being enabled by new hardware for wired and wireless broadband packet switched communications. Both local and nonlocal storage capacities are growing exponentially. These hardware developments pose enormous modelling challenges. Hewitt [Hewitt 2006a, 2006b] is attempting to use the Actor model to address these challenges.
References
Carl Hewitt. The Challenge of Open Systems Byte Magazine. April 1985. Reprinted in The foundation of artificial intelligence---a sourcebook Cambridge University Press. 1990.
Carl Manning. Traveler: the actor observatory ECOOP 1987. Also appears in Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 276.
William Athas and Charles Seitz Multicomputers: message-passing concurrent computers IEEE Computer August 1988.
William Dally and Wills, D. Universal mechanisms for concurrency PARLE 1989.
W. Horwat, A. Chien, and W. Dally. Experience with CST: Programming and Implementation PLDI. 1989.
Carl Hewitt. Towards Open Information Systems Semantics Proceedings of 10th International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence. October 23β27, 1990. Bandera, Texas.
Akinori Yonezawa, Ed. ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System MIT Press. 1990.
K. Kahn and Vijay A. Saraswat, "Actors as a special case of concurrent constraint (logic) programming", in SIGPLAN Notices, October 1990. Describes Janus.
Carl Hewitt. Open Information Systems Semantics Journal of Artificial Intelligence. January 1991.
Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman. DAI Betwixt and Between: From "Intelligent Agents" to Open Systems Science IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. November /December 1991.
Carl Hewitt and Gul Agha. Guarded Horn clause languages: are they deductive and Logical? International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems, Ohmsha 1988. Tokyo. Also in Artificial Intelligence at MIT, Vol. 2. MIT Press 1991.
Kohei Honda and Mario Tokoro. An Object Calculus for Asynchronous Communication ECOOP 91.
JosΓ© Meseguer. Conditional rewriting logic as a unified model of concurrency in Selected papers of the Second Workshop on Concurrency and compositionality. 1992.
William Dally, et al. The Message-Driven Processor: A Multicomputer Processing Node with Efficient Mechanisms IEEE Micro. April 1992.
S. Miriyala, G. Agha, and Y.Sami. Visulatizing actor programs using predicate transition nets Journal of Visual Programming. 1992.
Gul Agha, Ian Mason, Scott Smith, and Carolyn Talcott: A Foundation for Actor ComputationJournal of Functional Programming January 1993.
Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning. Negotiation Architecture for Large-Scale Crisis Management AAAI-94 Workshop on Models of Conflict Management in Cooperative Problem Solving. Seattle, WA. August 4, 1994.
John Darlington and Y. K. Guo: Formalizing Actors in Linear Logic International Conference on Object-Oriented Information Systems. Springer-Verlag. 1994.
Carl Hewitt and Carl Manning. Synthetic Infrastructures for Multi-Agency Systems Proceedings of ICMAS '96. Kyoto, Japan. December 8β13, 1996.
S. Frolund. Coordinating Distributed Objects: An Actor-Based Approach for Synchronization MIT Press. November 1996.
W. Kim. ThAL: An Actor System for Efficient and Scalable Concurrent Computing PhD thesis. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. 1997.
Mauro Gaspari and Gianluigi Zavattaro: An Algebra of Actors, Technical Report UBLCS-97-4, University of Bologna, May 1997
Ugo Montanari and Carolyn Talcott. Can Actors and Pi-Agents Live Together? Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science. 1998.
M. Gaspari and G. Zavattaro: An Algebra of Actors Formal Methods for Open Object Based Systems, 1999.
N. Jamali, P. Thati, and G. Agha. An actor based architecture for customizing and controlling agent ensembles IEEE Intelligent Systems. 14(2). 1999.
P. Thati, R. Ziaei, and G. Agha. A Theory of May Testing for Actors Formal Methods for Open Object-based Distributed Systems. March 2002.
P. Thati, R. Ziaei, and G. Agha. A theory of may testing for asynchronous calculi with locality and no name matching Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology. Springer Verlag. September 2002. LNCS 2422.
Gul Agha and Prasanna Thati. An Algebraic Theory of Actors and Its Application to a Simple Object-Based Language, From OO to FM (Dahl Festschrift) LNCS 2635. Springer-Verlag. 2004.
Carl Hewitt. The repeated demise of logic programming and why it will be reincarnated What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications. Technical Report SS-06-08. AAAI Press. March 2006b.
Carl Hewitt What is Commitment? Physical, Organizational, and Social COIN@AAMAS. 2006a.
Actor model (computer science)
History of computing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor%20model%20later%20history |
Highlighted names denote members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
The Hogs were a nickname given to the offensive line of the Washington Redskins (now known as the Washington Commanders) of the National Football League during the 1980s and early 1990s. Renowned for their ability to control the line of scrimmage, the Hogs helped the Redskins win three Super Bowl championships (XVII, XXII and XXVI) under head coach Joe Gibbs. The Washington Commanders pay homage to the Hogs with their mascot, Major Tuddy.
History
"The Hogs" was a term coined by offensive line coach Joe Bugel during training camp in 1982, when he told Russ Grimm and Jeff Bostic, "Okay, you hogs, let's get running down there." Center Jeff Bostic, left guard Russ Grimm, right guard Mark May, left tackle Joe Jacoby, right tackle George Starke, guard Fred Dean, along with tight ends Don Warren and Rick Walker comprised the original Hogs. While Starke retired in 1984 shortly after the team won their third NFL Championship and first Super Bowl in Super Bowl XVII, Bostic, Grimm, Jacoby, and Warren stayed together until the early 1990s and were on all three Redskins Super Bowl winning teams under Gibbs.
The line averaged 273 pounds in 1982 with Jacoby weighing in at around 300 pounds. Early on, the Hogs provided cover for running back John Riggins and quarterback Joe Theismann. Riggins was accepted as an "Honorary Hog." Quarterback Theismann threw a key block one day and begged to be named an "honorary piglet." Theismann never had to hit a blocking dummy every day, which is why he never made "piglet." Besides, Bugel said: "We don't want a quarterback in the gang." "No quarterbacks," Starke said at the time. Theismann has said in numerous occasions that after that block he did make it into "The Hogs" as a "Piglet."
Their successes inspired a group of male fans who came to be known as the "Hogettes", who attended games dressed in "old lady" drag (dresses, wide-brimmed hats) and wearing plastic pig snouts. The Hogettes cheered on the Redskins for 30 years before announcing their retirement in 2013.
Soon after losing Super Bowl XVIII 38β9 to the Los Angeles Raiders in 1984, Starke retired. Theismann's career ended in 1985, after he suffered an injury while being tackled by New York Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor. Riggins retired after the 1985 season. Shortly after, the Redskins were joined by a new class of Hogs, including 1985 draft pick Raleigh McKenzie, a left guard from the University of Tennessee, and 1989 draft pick Mark Schlereth, a right guard from the University of Idaho, along with Ray Brown, Ed Simmons, and Pro Bowl left tackle Jim Lachey, who was acquired in a trade with the Los Angeles Raiders. With their help, Washington won two more Super Bowls - XXII in 1988 and XXVI in 1992. Grimm was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010.
See also
List of NFL nicknames
References
External links
Nicknamed groups of American football players
Washington Commanders | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hogs%20%28American%20football%29 |
Uhuru (a Swahili word meaning freedom) may refer to:
People
Uhuru Hamiter (born 1973), American football player
Uhuru Kenyatta (born 1961), President of Kenya from 2013 to 2022
Places
Uhuru (Tanzanian ward), an administrative ward in the Dodoma Urban district of the Dodoma Region
Uhuru Monument, or Uhuru Torch Monument, a landmark monument in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Uhuru Park in Nairobi, Kenya
Uhuru Peak, the highest summit on the rim of Kibo volcanic cone at Mount Kilimanjaro
Music
Uhuru (band), a South African music group
Uhuru (album), a 1992 album by Osibisa
Uhuru record label set up in 1971 by Roy Cousins
"Uhuru", track on 2008 album Astrological Straits by Zach Hill
Black Uhuru, a 1980βs reggae group
Other uses
, a Lake Victoria ferry in East Africa
Uhuru (satellite), the first satellite launched specifically for the purpose of X-ray astronomy
Uhuru (novel), a 1962 novel by American author Robert Ruark
Uhuru Design, a Brooklyn-based design and build sustainable furniture company
Uhuru Mobile, a secure Android-based operating system
Uhuru Torch, a national symbol of Tanzania
Uhuru, a name given to one of the East African Railways EAR 60 class locomotives
Uhuru, a slogan used by the Proud Boys, a far-right neo-fascist group
See also
Uhura, a character in Star Trek
Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, a landform in Australia
Uhuru Afrika, a 1960 album by American jazz pianist Randy Weston
Uhuru Movement, a socialist movement led by the African People's Socialist Party
Harambee, another Swahili word which has seen considerable popular use | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru |
DuΕ‘nΓky () is a municipality and village in LitomΔΕice District in the ΓstΓ nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in LitomΔΕice District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1n%C3%ADky |
The International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU) was launched on 14 January 2006 as a co-operative network of 10 leading, international research-intensive universities who share similar visions for higher education, in particular the education of future leaders. The IARU Chair is elected from among the IARU Presidents for a period of 2 years. Past IARU Chairpersons: At the launch the presidents elected Professor Ian Chubb, 2005 - 2008 (Australian National University); Professor Tan Chorh Chuan, 2009 - 2012 (National University of Singapore); Professor Ralph Eichler, 2013 - 2014 (ETH Zurich); Professor Ralf Hemmingsen, 2015 - 2016 (University of Copenhagen); Professor Nicholas Dirks, 2017 (University of California, Berkeley); Chancellor Carol Christ, 2017 - 2018 (University of California, Berkeley); President Makoto Gonokami, 2018 - 2020 (University of Tokyo). The present Chair of IARU is the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge, Professor Stephen Toope.
In January 2016, the University of Cape Town joined as the 11th member.
Its Presidents meet annually at a host university venue to discuss joint initiatives under the following categories:
Global education initiatives, which includes the flagship Global Summer Program ;
Institutional joint networking;
Grand Challenge, and most notably its Campus Sustainability; and,
Research initiatives.
List of institutions
Australian National University
ETH Zurich
National University of Singapore
Peking University
University of California, Berkeley
University of Cambridge
University of Cape Town
University of Copenhagen
University of Oxford
University of Tokyo
Yale University
External links
IARU website
International college and university associations and consortia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Alliance%20of%20Research%20Universities |
Scott Miller may refer to:
Musicians
Scott Miller (pop musician) (1960β2013), rock guitarist, songwriter, author, founder of bands Game Theory and The Loud Family
Scott Miller (country musician) (born 1968), Southern rock singer with the Commonwealth, former member of the V-Roys
Sports
Scott Miller (1990s wide receiver) (born 1968), American former football wide receiver
Scotty Miller (born 1997), American football wide receiver
Scott Miller (soccer, born 1972), Australian soccer coach and former player
Scott Miller (soccer, born 1981), Australian soccer coach and former player
Scott Miller (swimmer) (born 1975), Australian Olympic silver medalist in swimming
Others
Scott Miller (activist) (born 1979), American LGBT rights activist, philanthrophist, and diplomat
Scott Miller (artist) (1955β2008), American painter from Cleveland, Ohio
Scott Miller (author) (born 1960), American journalist, author of The President and the Assassin
Scott Miller (entrepreneur) (born 1961), founder of Apogee Software, programmer and developer of games such as Duke Nukem
Scott Allen Miller (born 1970), American disc jockey, producer, and talk radio host
Scott Douglas Miller (born 1959), American university president
Scott D. Miller, chief executive officer of SSA & Company
Scott L. Miller (born 1966), American composer
See also
Austin Scott Miller (born 1961), United States Army general, appointed in 2018 as commander of NATO forces in Afghanistan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Miller |
David Carter Anderson (born August 1, 1960) is an American former professional baseball shortstop/third baseman, who played Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Los Angeles Dodgers (1983β89, 1992) and San Francisco Giants (1990β91).
Playing career
Anderson made his Major League debut on May 8, 1983, and played his final game on October 3, 1992. He was a member of the Dodgers team that won the 1988 World Series. In Game One of the series, he was on-deck as a decoy to pinch-hit for the pitcher before manager Tommy Lasorda brought in the injured Kirk Gibson, who went on to win the game with one of the most dramatic home runs in World Series history.
Managing and coaching career
Anderson was the manager for the 1994 Jamestown Jammers of the single A short season New YorkβPenn League. He led the team to a 42β32 record finishing in first place in the Stedler Division and losing in the playoff semi-final round to the New Jersey Cardinals. He managed throughout the Tigers chain until partially into the 2000 season, when he re-signed to coach at his alma mater, the University Of Memphis. In 2007, he led the Texas Rangers' AA affiliate, the Frisco RoughRiders of the Texas League, to an 85β55 record, ultimately bowing out in the first round of the playoffs.
On the big league level, Anderson was most recently the first base coach for the Texas Rangers, where he was relieved of his duties in October 2013. On September 5, 2010, Anderson was involved in a controversial play at Target Field. As the Rangers attempted a 2-out rally against the Minnesota Twins, Vladimir Guerrero hit a soft grounder up the middle. Anderson appeared to make incidental contact with Michael Young, who was attempting to retreat to the third base bag to beat a throw from Orlando Hudson. Third base umpire Alfonso MΓ‘rquez called Young out for coach's interference, ending the game in a 6β5 Rangers loss. Anderson and Young both claimed that they never touched each other, and argued to no avail. In April 2011, as the Rangers third-base coach, Anderson encouraged Josh Hamilton to tag up and score on a foul pop up in the first inning of a game against the Detroit Tigers, after noticing nobody was covering the plate. Tigers catcher Victor Martinez was able to return in time to apply a tag to a sliding Hamilton, resulting in a small fracture of Hamilton's humerus. After the game, Hamilton referred to the play as 'stupid' and 'dumb' before apologizing to Anderson days later.
Anderson returning to managing in 2015, serving as the manager of the Salt Lake Bees, the Triple-A affiliate of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. He spent the 2019 season as the Baltimore Orioles minor league infield coordinator. He was named the manager of the Delmarva Shorebirds prior to the 2020 season.
References
External links
Dave Anderson at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)
1960 births
Living people
Albuquerque Dukes players
Baseball coaches from Kentucky
Baseball players from Louisville, Kentucky
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Major League Baseball third basemen
Memphis Tigers baseball coaches
Memphis Tigers baseball players
San Antonio Dodgers players
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
Texas Rangers coaches
Toledo Mud Hens managers
Vero Beach Dodgers players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Anderson%20%28infielder%29 |
Big hair is a hairstyle that emphasizes large volume or largely styled hair, especially when those styles make the hair occupy a large amount of space above and around the head. The label "big hair" for such styles originated in the late 1970s, when these styles were beginning a period of popularity. Similar styles have become fashionable at various periods in history.
History
Actresses like Raquel Welch, Brigitte Bardot, Priscilla Presley and Jane Fonda became big-haired icons throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Women's hairstyles labelled as "big hair" became fashionable during this period, with the Farrah Fawcett red swimsuit poster an iconic example. The fashion persisted with certain regional subcultures in the southern United States, and the styles are sometimes also associated with female country music performers. It is also associated with the exaggerated stereotypical femininity associated with drag queens and similar gender performers.
For both genders, big hair became popular in the 1980s. The term is also used in the glam, hair metal, goth and alternative cultures and is particularly associated with fashion of the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, or inspired by the period. From these origins, big hair became a feature of a number of Japanese street and alternative fashions, including Harajuku and ganguro. In the early 1980s, Brooke Shields became a dominant force in the fashion trend after becoming a teen model in 1980. She has appeared in numerous magazine covers with different styles of long and big hair making her one of the most influential fashion icons of the early 1980s. In the mid-1980s, rising pop star Madonna sported big hair when photographed by Francesco Scavullo for Time. Soon, many women emulated her look, making her one of the most iconic celebrities in 1980s fashion.
Techniques
Depending on the specific style, hairstyles in the big hair categories may require a number of styling, cutting, or treatment techniques. Styling of punk and alternative big hair styles often requires backcombing (teasing) and the liberal application of styling aids such as hair spray, hair mousse, or hair gel, often in combination with the use of hair dryers. Crimping irons, perms, hair rollers, or other techniques may also be required.
Naturally voluminous hair
Many people of various ethnicities throughout the world have naturally voluminous hair. For these people, "big hair" is not a deliberate fashion statement requiring any particular technique to achieve, but rather the default state of their hair. Some 60 percent of the world's population has naturally curly hair, which tends to be more voluminous than straight hair.
Big hair is seen as artificial or trendy by some people. This has often led to misunderstandings and even discrimination based on hair texture. In 2013, for example, 12-year-old Vanessa VanDyke was threatened with expulsion for wearing her hair in its natural state. School officials claimed her voluminous hair was a "distraction". In some East or Southeast Asian communities where the majority of people have straight hair, voluminous curly or afro-textured hair may also be seen as an oddity.
Big Hair, Don't Care, a children's book by Crystal Swain-Bates and Megan Bair, was published by Goldest Karat Publishing in 2013. The book is designed to improve self-esteem and confidence among children with naturally voluminous hair.
See also
Afro
Beehive (hairstyle)
Natural hair movement
Frizz
List of hairstyles
References
External links
1960s bouffant hairstyles
1970s fashion
1980s fashion
1990s fashion
Gothic fashion
Hairstyles
Japanese fashion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big%20hair |
Bayfront Health St. Petersburg is a 480-bed tertiary care center equipped to provide comprehensive medical and surgical care. The hospital offers many areas of expertise, including surgery and trauma, neuroscience, cardiology, acute rehabilitation and obstetrics. The hospital has a 38-bed neurosciences unit with a dedicated neurology team consisting of board-certified neuroscience specialists and physicians with subspecialty expertise in stroke, epilepsy and Parkinson's disease, and includes a Level IV Epilepsy Center. Bayfront Health Baby Place offers full obstetrical services.
Bayfront Health St. Petersburg, formerly known as Bayfront Medical Center, is an Orlando Health wholly owned hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida. Bayfront Health-St. Petersburg is Pinellas County's only trauma center and St. Petersburg's longest-standing hospital.
Bayfront is a not-for-profit teaching hospital that provides comprehensive services in trauma and emergency care; orthopaedics; obstetrics and gynecology; cardiac medicine and surgery (specializing in valve surgery); neurosciences (with its own epilepsy center); sports medicine; surgery and rehabilitation. More than 550 physicians are on staff with specialties ranging from open-heart surgery to fertility treatment.
It is also home to Bayflite, an air medical helicopter transport program. Bayflite, the largest hospital-based flight program in the Southeastern United States, was started more than two decades ago and the first flight program in Florida that carried lifesaving blood on every flight.
Bayfront is nationally accredited by the Joint Commission and also maintains the following accreditations and certifications: Level II Trauma Center, Level III Regional Perinatal Intensive Care Center, Primary Stroke Center, Chest Pain Center and Hip & Knee Replacement.
Bayfront was originally organized as the St. Petersburg Sanitarium in 1906, and over the next six decades re-designated as the Good Samaritan Hospital, Augusta Memorial Hospital, City Hospital, Mound Park Hospital, Bayfront Medical Center, and finally in 2013, Bayfront Health St. Petersburg. It was the first hospital in the city to integrate. The first African-American patient, Altamese Chapman, was a longtime Bayfront volunteer.
Bayfront, in its Mound Park Hospital form, was mentioned in the Ian Fleming 007 novel "Live and Let Die".
In October 2012, plans were announced to merge Bayfront Medical Center with Health Management Associates and Shands HealthCare. The merger transformed Bayfront Medical Center into a for-profit facility and created a new integrated care delivery network with six other HMA hospitals, including Brooksville Regional Hospital, Spring Hill Regional Hospital, Venice Regional Medical Center, Charlotte Regional Medical Center, Peace River Regional Medical Center, and Pasco Regional Medical Center, with Bayfront being the flagship hospital. The deal closed in mid-2013, and Bayfront joined the HMA family of hospitals. Bayfront health was acquired by Community Health System in early 2014 along with other HMA facilities.
On October 1, 2020, Bayfront Health St. Petersburg was acquired by not-for-profit Orlando Health, after the St. Petersburg City Council approved the transaction in July 2020.
References
External links
Official website
Hospital buildings completed in 1906
Tuberculosis sanatoria in the United States
Teaching hospitals in Florida
Hospitals in Florida
Buildings and structures in St. Petersburg, Florida
Education in St. Petersburg, Florida
Community Health Systems
1906 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayfront%20Health%20St.%20Petersburg |
ABCL can refer to
Actor-Based Concurrent Language
American Birth Control League
Amitabh Bachchan Corporation
Armed Bear Common Lisp
Automatic Barrier Crossing Locally monitored, a type of level crossing in the United Kingdom
See also
ACBL (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCL |
Collectives of Young Communists β Communist Youth (ColΒ·lectius de Joves Comunistes - Joventut Comunista), more known simply as "CJC" or "Joventut Comunista", is the youth wing of the Party of the Communists of Catalonia (Partit dels i les Comunistes de Catalunya), the main communist party in Catalonia (Spain). It's the largest Catalan communist youth organization created as a result of the PCC foundation after the struggle within former PSUC in 1982. It continues the historical line of the Communist Youth of Catalonia (Joventut Comunista de Catalunya, JCC).
CJC-Joventut Comunista has its own publication, RevoluciΓ³, and holds a festival every year called Festa RevoluciΓ³.
It is divided in different sectors or federations, such as University, Young Woman, Youth and Work, and the territorial collectives. CJC-Joventut Comunista also has a federation for international brigadists, called Brigadists Movement (Moviment de Brigadistes), which organises travels of solidarity and cooperation in Cuba (brigade Dolores IbΓ‘rruri), Venezuela (brigade SimΓ³n BolΓvar), and in the Sahara (brigade Sahara Hora). It maintains international contact with main communist or left-wing youth organizations of the world, and is member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.
See also
Young Communists (Catalonia)
External links
www.joventutcomunista.org
www.movimentdebrigadistes.org
Youth wings of communist parties
Youth wings of political parties in Spain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectives%20of%20Young%20Communists%20%E2%80%93%20Communist%20Youth |
Super G may refer to:
Super Giant Slalom skiing, abbreviated to Super G
Commercial names:
Super G (wireless networking), Atheros' proprietary enhancements to IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN performance
Super G is also a brand formerly used by Giant Food of Landover, Maryland
Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation, a propeller driven airliner often referred to as the "Super G" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20G%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The Eastern University Sri Lanka (abbreviated as EUSL) is a public university in Vantharumoolai, Eastern Province, Sri Lanka. It was established on 1 October 1986. The university was preceded by the Batticaloa University College established on 1 August 1981 which was started in the buildings of the Vantharumoolai Madya Maha Vidyalayam.
At present, the Eastern University, Sri Lanka has a main campus at Vantharumoolai, Trincomalee Campus at Trincomalee, and the Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies (SVIAS) at Kalladi, with the facilities of Library Network, Centre for Information and Communication Technology and Sports.
Like all public universities in Sri Lanka, it receives the bulk of its funding from the University Grants Commission (UGC), which is a part of the Ministry of Higher Education in Colombo.
History
The idea of having a Tamil university on the lines of Hebrew University of Israel in the Eastern Province was mooted in 1960 by a group of professors who were teaching at the University of Ceylon. The project was started by purchasing land near Nilaveli, Trincomalee and was abandoned later due to lack of funds. The project was started again by K. W. Devanayakam, the former home minister of the UNP government with the collaboration of Kalpage, Minister of Higher Education during 1981.
The Eastern University, Sri Lanka, was established on 1 October 1986 by a University Order dated 26 September 1986 which was issued under Section 2 of the Universities Act No: 16 of 1978 by the Central Government. The university was preceded by the Batticaloa University College established on 1 August 1981. The Batticaloa University College was established to fill a long-felt need for the development of a higher education institution in the Eastern Province. Its establishment was recommended by a Committee appointed by the University Grants Commission headed by Professor V. Appapillai, retired professor of Physics and dean of Science, University of Peradeniya and included Professor R.S. Ramakrishna, Professor Y.D.A. Senanayake, Professor S.T. Fernando, S.H.M.Jameel and Dixon Nilaweera.
K. W. Devanayagam, who at the time was Member of Parliament for Kalkudah electorate and Minister of Justice, took a personal interest in the establishment of the Batticaloa University College. It was established in the premises of the Vantharumoolai Madhya Maha Vidyalayam, a school built by the V. Nalliah, Minister for Posts and Telecommunication, Member of Parliament for Kalkudah electorate and Member of the Senate Council for Batticaloa North. The buildings had been badly damaged by a cyclone of 1978 and were repaired and progressively restructured to suit the purposes of a new University College. In addition, over 100 acres of land were added to the original campus. Student hostels and staff quarters have been constructed on this land and many new buildings are planned.
The Batticaloa University College began with two faculties: the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Agriculture. These faculties were affiliated to the University of Peradeniya. S. Rajaratnam was appointed as the director of the college and he functioned in this capacity until February 1985. K. Rajendra functioned as the first secretary of the college. He was succeeded by P. Sangaravel in June 1983. K. D. Arulpragasam was appointed S. Rajaratnam as director in April 1985. He successfully negotiated upgrading of the university college to an independent university and was appointed the first vice-chancellor, when the university came into being in October 1986. S. H. M. Jameel was appointed as the first registrar.
Two new faculties β the Faculty of Commerce & Management with the Departments of Economics, Commerce & Management, and the Faculty of Cultural Studies with the Departments of Arabic, Islamic Studies, and Fine Arts β were established in 1988. The Faculty of Cultural Studies was expanded to include the departments of Languages, Geography and Social Science and renamed as Faculty of Arts & Culture in 1991.
The Trincomalee Campus was originally established as Trincomalee Affiliated University College (AUC) in April 1993 under ordinance No. 01 of 1993 by the Universities Act No.16 of 1978, section 24A. Then the Trincomalee Campus of the Eastern University was established from 15 June 2001 by a Gazette notification which was dated 6 June 2001.
The Swami Vipulananda College of Music and Dance (SVCMD) was established in 1981 by the Ministry of Regional Affairs and Hindu Culture. Subsequently, the SVCMD was ceremonially handed over to the Ministry of Higher Education by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs on 20 April 2001. It was affiliated with the Eastern University, Sri Lanka on 1 January 2002, and the University Grants Commission permitted EUSL to enroll diploma holders of the Swami Vipulananda College of Music and Dance for a degree programme in the Department of Fine Arts. Then the SVCMD was renamed as Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies and established by the Gazette Notification of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (No. 1392/22 of 3 June 2005) under the order made by the section 24 B of the University Act. No 16 of 1978.
The government of Sri Lanka has by Gazette notification dated 23 November 2005 established the Faculty of Health-Care Sciences of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka. The initial programme conducted by the university in Human Health Sciences before the establishment of this faculty was the post basic diploma in Nursing. After the establishment of the faculty at Batticaloa in the silver jubilee year (2006) of the university, the first batch of students for Medicine were enrolled. The course commenced in June 2006. The first batch of students for BSc. Nursing was enrolled and the course was commenced in 2008.
In January 2011, the Minister of Higher Education came to the conclusion that the affairs of the Eastern University had been seriously squandered due to mismanagement and appointed a Competent Authority replacing the Council of EUSL. The Competent Authority so appointed was Ranjith Arthenayake, who had been the vice-chancellor of the Open University of Sri Lanka from 1994 to 2000.
The applications for the post of vice-chancellor was called in late 2011, and the selection was made in February 2012. It was expected Somasuntharam Sutharsan, who is an Eastern University product, would have succeeded to the chair of the vice-chancellor. Sutharsan was considered to be the favorite candidate of the local politicians. However, in February 2012, Kiddnan Kobindarajah, who is an alumnus of the Eastern University, was appointed as vice-chancellor on 5th of March 2012. Kobindarajah obtained his Ph.D. in South Africa and then, due to political pressure arising from his personal beliefs/activities, he immigrated to Canada and eventually became a naturalized Canadian citizen. Kobindarajah completed his term in office as the vice-chancellor on 4th March 2015. Since the government of Sri Lanka had allocated a considerable amount of funding to develop the universities that were affected by the ethnic conflict in the North and Eastern provinces, there was a huge development of infrastructure facilities of the university during his period. T. Jeyasingam took over as the new Vice-Chancellor, after Kobindarajah and he operated somewhat ineffectively as the Vice Chancellor. His leadership has been criticized for actions of favoritism, nepotism and factionalism. It is noted that Jeyasingham's ardent use of official facilities and funds for personal purposes has been cited by many concerned well-wishers of the university.
In January 2019, F. C. Ragel (a physicist attached to the Faculty of Science) β officially took over as the new vice chancellor replacing the former incumbent Dr. Jeyasingham.
Former vice-chancellors of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka are:
Prof K D Arudpragasam (1986β1989)
Prof S Sandanam (1989β1995)
Prof G F Rajendram (1995β1998)
Dr. C Y Thangarajah, acting (1998β2000)
Prof M S Mookiah (2000β2004)
Prof (Dr.) S Raveendranath (2004β2006)
Dr. N Pathmanathan (2006β2010)
Dr K Premakumar, acting (2010 β March 2012 )
Dr. K Kobindarajah (March 2012 β March 2015 )
Prof (Dr.) T. Jayasingham (March 2015 β January 2019 )
Prof. (Dr.) F.C. Ragel (February β Up to date)
Location
The eastern region of Sri Lanka comprises the districts of Trincomalee, Batticaloa and Ampara, and covers an area of approximately 980,000Β ha, about 15% of the total land area of the island. The population of one million is largely rural, with around 75% being engaged in agriculture and 15% in fishing.
The main administrative block of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka (senate building) is in Vantharumoolai, Chenkalady, which is on the Batticaloa-Pollanaruwa main road, about 18Β km north of Batticaloa town and four faculties: Faculty of Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Commerce & Management and Faculty of Arts & Culture are housed here. Faculty of Health-Care Sciences situated 15Β km from Vantharumooali in Batticaloa which is offering MBBS and BSc Nursing degrees. Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies is 3Β km from the Faculty of Health Care Sciences in Kallady Uppodai which is offering BFA in Music, Dance, Drama & Theatre Arts and Visual & Technological Arts. Trincomalee Campus is 180Β km from the Vantharumoolai at Konesapuri in Trincomalee district having two faculties and one unit: Faculty of Communication and Business studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Siddha Medicine Unit.
Faculties and degree programmes
The following faculties are functioning and offering the relevant degrees:
Main campus
Faculty of Science β BSc (Special) & BSc (General)
Faculty of Agriculture β BSc in Agriculture
Faculty of Commerce and Management β B.BA, B.Com & B.Econ
Faculty of Arts and Culture β B.A (General) & B.A (Special)
Faculty of Health Care Sciences β M.B.B.S & BSc in Nursing
Trincomalee Campus
Faculty of Communication and Business Studies
B.A. (Communication)
B.A. (Languages)
BSc (Marketing Management)
BSc (Human Resource Management)
B.M.
Faculty of Applied Science
BSc (Applied Physics and Electronics)
BCS (Bachelor of Computer Science)
Siddha Medicine Unit
B.S.M.S.
Swami Vipulanantha Institute of Aesthetic Studies (SWIAS)
B.FA (Music)
B.FA (Dance)
B.FA (Visual & Technological Arts)
Administration and staff
The administration of the university is mainly managed by the University Council and the senate. The council members are of two types: Ex-Officio Members and Appointed Members by the UGC. Other than these main two bodies, there are Faculty Boards for each and every faculties under the control of faculty deans and the heads of the departments. Other important committees of the university are: Senior Management Committee, Leave and Awards Committee, Finance Committee and Audit Committee.
In the administration, the vice-chancellor is the chief executive officer and the academic and administrative head of all activities of the university, whereas the Registrar is the manager of all non-academic administration. The Administration Branch, Examination Branch, Establishment (Academic), Establishment (Non-Academic), Welfare Branch, Bursar the custodian of funds and overall in charge of financial activities of the university managing Supply Branch, Accounts Branch, Payments Branch. The current registrar of the EUSL is A. Pahirathan and Bursar is M.M Mureez Fareez
The number of teaching staff of the eastern university was 165 with 2 professors, 87 senior lectures and 76 lectors in 2011; the total number of non-teaching staff was 308.
University admission and budget allocation
The university had 3,416 undergraduate students in 2011 with 1040 new admissions and 490 graduate output. Swami Vipulanantha Institute of Aesthetic Studies (SWIAS) had 923 undergraduate students with 227 new admissions and 45 graduate output. The postgraduate student enrolment in 2011 was 219, with 18 PG diploma, 187 masters/mPhil, and 14 PhD The postgraduate student's output were 8 in 2011. The total number of students who were enrolled in the external degree programs in the Eastern University was 1207, with 11 graduated in 2011.
The university has a recurrent allocation of Rs. 475 million and a capital allocation of Rs. 477 million in the 2013 budget.
Faculties and departments
The Eastern University has seven faculties, a Campus and an institute.
Main campus
Faculty of Science
The Faculty of Science has run since the establishment of the Batticaloa University College on 1 August 1981. It consists of five departments: the Department of Botany, Department of Chemistry, Department of Mathematics, Department of Physics and Department of Zoology. The Departments of Botany and Zoology have a good collection of locally available and imported species in the herbarium and museum, to make the teaching more meaningful and fruitful. The Faculty offers the subjects Botany, Chemistry, Applied Mathematics, Pure Mathematics, Computer Science, Physics and Zoology.
The Faculty of Science was allocated a portion of the restructured Vantharumoolai Madya Maha Vidyalaya buildings. The building space is hardly enough to satisfy the needs of the growing faculty.
The proposed Science complex with five blocks for each department lies on the opposite site of the administration block. This complex would consist of all modern facilities of the departments. The Department of Chemistry is functioning in the Chemistry block. The Department of Mathematics is also functioning on the second floor of the Chemistry block.
The Zoology block of the Science complex is completed, and consists of modern lecture halls and laboratories to accommodate additional intake of students. The blocks for the Department of Physics, Botany, Mathematics and administration for the Faculty (Dean Office) will be constructed in the near future.
Faculty of Agriculture
The establishment of the Faculty of Agriculture in 1981 was a response to the long felt need for the sustained development of the region with respect to higher education. The Faculty was also expected to serve as a catalyst for the agricultural and socio-economic development of the region. The agriculture education offered and the agricultural research pursued by the Faculty cater to the special needs of the region as dictated by the specific agro-climatic zone of the country. Therefore, the Faculty of Agriculture has a vital role to play in the uplifting of the social and economic standards of a predominantly rural population, who depend largely on agriculture.
The Faculty of Agriculture consists of six departments: Agricultural Biology, Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Engineering, Animal Sciences and Crop Science. The faculty has established a Centre for Sustainable Agriculture and Resource Management (CENSARM). The faculty has well-established crop and livestock farms, about 15 acres in extent for teaching purposes and for the issue of seed and planting materials and breeding stock of farm animals to the public. Arrangements are being made to expand these activities in another 10-acre farm taken over from the Research Training and Farm Complex of the Department of Agriculture at Karadianaru. Equipment and laboratory facilities for teaching and research are available in each Department of study.
The present dean of the faculty is Prof. (Mrs.) P. Premanandarajah.
Faculty of Commerce and Management
The Faculty of Commerce and Management was established in 1988 and offers programs designed to provide students with a sound understanding of the functions of Business and their inter-relationships. The faculty strives to develop in its students an understanding of nature of modern business, including an awareness of emerging business opportunities and the constraints within those opportunities may be explored. It requires students to apply the analytical skills developed in the study of general education to the real business situation.
The Faculty comprises the Departments of Management, Commerce, and Economics and cross-discipline courses between faculties are also available subject to demand and availability of resources. The faculty offers programs leading to a four years undergraduate degree in Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Commerce (B. Com), and Bachelor of Economics (B. Econ). The faculty also offers four years External Degrees Programmes leading to a bachelor's degree in Business Administration (BBA) and Commerce (B. Com) and a two years Diploma program in Business Administration. It offers Postgraduate Diploma in Management leading to Master of Business Administration, which is designed specially to cater the people in service at CEO level and Master in Development Economics.
The present dean of the faculty is Prof. N. Rajeshwaran
Faculty of Arts and Culture
The Faculty of Arts and Culture with the Departments of Arabic, Islamic Studies, and Fine Arts was established in 1988. The Faculty of Cultural Studies was then expanded to include the Departments of Languages, Geography and Social Science in 1991 and renamed as Faculty of Arts & Culture.
At present, the Faculty of Arts & Culture consists of nine departments, namely, Department of Arabic, Fine Arts, Geography, Islamic Studies, Languages, Social Sciences, History, Comparative Religion & Social Harmony and Education & Childcare with additional three disciplines, namely, Economics, Christianity & Hindu Civilization. And also the faculty comprises Centre for Early Childhood Care & Development (CECCD) and Centre for Social Research & Development (CSRD).
The faculty offers programs of the undergraduate degree in Bachelor of Arts (BA) β general and special. The faculty also offers Bachelor of Education (BEd) special degree, Master of Arts (MA), Master of Education (MEd), Master of Philosophy (M.Phil), Doctor of Philosophy, diploma in Preschool Education and Certificate Course in Psychosocial Work.
The present dean is Dr.V. Gunapalasingam
Faculty of Health Care Sciences
The concept of establishing a Faculty of Health Sciences arose in the nineties. In its move, the late President R. Premadasa has taken steps to elevate the General Hospital Batticaloa as a Teaching Hospital in 1993. A committee comprising prominent intellectuals formed the Medical Faculty Committee which included Prof. T. Varagunam (former Chancellor, EUSL), Dr. J.T. Xavier, Prof. R. Maheswaran, Prof. G.F. Rajendram (then Vice-Chancellor) and Dr. K. Kunanandem to devise the curriculum for the MBBS course.
The government of Sri Lanka has by Gazette notification dated 23 November 2005 established the Faculty of Health Care Sciences of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka with six departments: Human Biology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Sciences, Primary Health Care, Medical Education & Research and Supplementary Health Sciences. Dr. K. Kunanandem, a London qualified neurosurgeon, was appointed as the first dean to pioneer the faculty. He was made a member of the University Grants Commission and was entrusted the duty of designing and developing the said faculty. Kunanandham died unexpectedly in London when he was with his family. Therefore, the first dean of the faculty was Dr.K. E. Karunakaran, an obstetrician, and gynecologist attached to the Teaching Hospital, Batticaloa.
The faculty offers mainly of two courses of studies: Medicine (MBBS) and Nursing (BSc). The first batch of students for MBBS programme was enrolled in 2006 in the Faculty of Health Care Sciences and the same has graduated with flying colours in 2013.
The present dean of the faculty is Dr. T. Sathananthan, consultant physician of Teaching Hospital Batticaloa.
Faculty of Graduate Studies
Trincomalee Campus
In its formative years the Trincomalee Campus functioned as an Affiliated University College (AUC) operating under the umbrella of affiliated colleges funded by the University Grants Commission in the early nineties to help those to whom the conventional universities closed their doors. The Trincomalee Affiliated University College, in its turn, conducted two diploma programmes viz. Diploma in English and Diploma in Accountancy and Finance, the former under the supervision of the University of Sri Jayawardenepura and the latter under the supervision of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka.
When the affiliated university college system was abolished, Trincomalee AUC found itself vested with the Eastern University and the two-degree programmes initially conducted here then under two different faculties of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka had as their fortunate forerunners the diploma holders of the AUC. Subsequently, this college was got its identity as Trincomalee Campus of the Eastern University, Sri Lanka through a gazette notification from mid 2001 with provision for two faculties, Faculty of Communication & Business Studies and Faculty of Applied Science. From the year 2008 onwards the discipline of siddha medicine is also introduced as a discipline under the direct purview of the Rector of the Campus.
The present rector of the campus is Prof (Mrs).Chandravathany G Devadason
Faculty of Applied Sciences
The Faculty of Applied Sciences of Trincomalee Campus consists of two departments, namely, Department of Computer Science and Department of Physical Science and offers degree of Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Bachelor of Science in Applied Physics and Electronics. The heads of these departments are Mr. S. Thadchanamoorthy and Mr. K. Balashangar respectively. The present dean of the faulty is Mr. S. Loheeswaran..
Faculty of Communication & Business Studies
Faculty of Communication and Business studies consists of two departments, Department of Languages and Communication Studies and Department of Business and Management Studies. At present the Faculty of Communication and Business Studies offers General and Special Degrees in Communication Studies (B.A. in Communication Studies), and three-year (General) degree in Languages (B.A. in Languages β English) and General and Special Degrees in Management (BSc Majoring / Special in Accountancy Management/ Marketing Management/ Human Resource Management / Information Management).
The present dean of the faculty is Mr. T. Basker.
Faculty of Siddha Medicine
The new discipline Bachelor of Siddha Medicine & Surgery (B.S.M.S.) Degree Course was introduced from 2008/2009 Academic year. The students are being selected by UGC. The allocation of students for 1st year is 20. Presently there are four batches of students are following this study this course comprises theory practical & clinical training. Duration of the course is five years. One year internship is compulsory after completion of degree course. It is a residential course. The lecture daily commence with the spiritual atmosphere of meditation.
The Unit of Siddha medicine was upgraded as a Faculty of Siddha Medicine with three departments in 2023.
Swami Vipulanantha Institute of Aesthetic Studies (SVIAS)
The Swami Vipulananda College of Music and Dance (SVCMD) was established in 1981 by the Ministry of Regional Affairs and Hindu Culture. Subsequently, the SVCMD was ceremonially handed over to the Ministry of Higher Education on 20 April 2001. It was affiliated to the Eastern University, Sri Lanka on 1 January 2002, and the University Grants Commission permitted the Eastern University, Sri Lanka to enroll Diploma Holders of the Swami Vipulananda College of Music and Dance for a degree programme in the Department of Fine Arts. Then the SVCMD was renamed as Swami Vipulanantha Institute of Aesthetic Studies (SVIAS) and established by the Gazette Notification of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (No. 1392/22 of 3 June 2005) under the order made by the section 24 B of the University Act. No 16 of 1978.
At present, the institute consist of three departments: Carnatic Music; Dance & Drama & Theatre Arts; and Visual & Technological Arts. It offers Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) in Music, Dance and Visual & Technological Arts.
The present director of this Institute is Dr.Mrs. F.B. Kennedy
References
External links
Eastern University, Sri Lanka, Official site
Universities and colleges established in 1981
Statutory boards of Sri Lanka
Universities in Sri Lanka
1981 establishments in Sri Lanka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20University%2C%20Sri%20Lanka |
Vincent Joseph Schaefer (July 4, 1906 β July 25, 1993) was an American chemist and meteorologist who developed cloud seeding. On November 13, 1946, while a researcher at the General Electric Research Laboratory, Schaefer modified clouds in the Berkshire Mountains by seeding them with dry ice. While he was self-taught and never completed high school, he was issued 14 patents.
Personal life
The Schaefer family lived in Schenectady, New York, and due to his mother's health, starting in 1921 the family made summer trips to the Adirondack Mountains. Vincent Schaefer had a lifelong association with the Adirondacks, as well as interests in hiking, natural history, and archeology. In his youth he was the founder of a local tribe of the Lone Scouts and with some of his tribe mates wrote and printed a tribe paper called "Archaeological Research." Schaefer credited this publication with his introduction to many prominent individuals in the Schenectady area, including Dr. Willis Rodney Whitney of the General Electric Research Laboratory.
During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Schaefer built up his personal library on natural history, science, and his other areas of interest and read a great deal. He also organized groups with those who shared his many interests β the Mohawk Valley Hiking Club in 1929, the Van Epps-Hartley Chapter of the New York Archaeological Association in 1931, and the Schenectady Wintersport Club (which established snow trains to ski slopes in the Adirondacks) in 1933β34. In 1931 Schaefer began work on creating the Long Path of New York (a hiking trail beginning near New York City and ending at Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondacks). During this period Schaefer also created adult education programs on natural history topics which gave him opportunities to speak in the community. Through these many activities Schaefer continued to expand his acquaintances, including John S. Apperson, an engineer at General Electric and a devout conservationist of the Adirondacks. Apperson introduced Schaefer to Irving Langmuir, a scientist at the GE Research Laboratory who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1932 for his work in surface chemistry. Among other things, Langmuir shared Schaefer's love of skiing and the outdoors.
During his retirement, Schaefer worked with photographer John Day on A Field Guide to the Atmosphere (1981), a publication in the Peterson Field Guide series. In addition to continuing his consulting work, Schaefer was in a position to devote much more of his time to some of his lifelong interests such as environmental issues, natural and local history. This included the writing of numerous articles and the delivering of many presentations concerning the natural environment of upstate New York and the human impact on it. He also devoted much of his time to the fight for the preservation of many wilderness areas and parks, such as the Mohonk Preserve, Vroman's Nose, and the Great Flats Aquifer. Schaefer's long-term interest in Dutch barns made it possible for him to assume the editorship of Dutch Barn Miscellany for a time and to build a scale model of a Dutch barn. He also did a lot of research on the original settler families of the Schenectady and Mohawk Valley areas. During his retirement, Schaefer reflected on his extraordinary life preparing timelines, an unpublished autobiography, and indexes to some of his research notebooks and film collections. Schaefer also attended to the disposition of his papers and library. He also worked on a project he entitled "Ancient Windows of the Earth." This involved the slicing of rocks thinly so as to create a translucent effect. When he mounted such pieces on lampshades or other objects, it created a stained-glass window effect from natural rock highlighting the rock's geologic history. As part of this project, Schaefer designed and built a 6' diameter window in memory of his parents for the Saint James Church in North Creek in the Adirondacks.
Schaefer married Lois Perret on July 27, 1935. Until their deaths they lived on Schermerhorn Road in Schenectady, in a house Schaefer built with his brothers, which they called Woestyne South. Woestyne North was the name the Schaefers gave to their camp in the Adirondacks. The Schaefers had three children, Susan, Katherine, and James.
Professional career
General Electric
In 1922, Schaefer's parents asked him to leave high school and go to work to supplement the family income. On the advice of his maternal uncles, Schaefer joined a four-year apprentice machinist course at General Electric. During the second year of his apprenticeship, Schaefer was granted a one-month leave to accompany Dr. Arthur C. Parker, New York State Archaeologist, on an expedition to central New York. As Schaefer was concluding the apprentice course in 1926 he was assigned to work at the machine shop at the General Electric Research Laboratory, where he worked for a year as a journeyman toolmaker.
Somewhat discouraged by the work of a toolmaker, Schaefer sought to satisfy a desire to work outdoors and to travel by joining, initially through a correspondence course, the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery in Kent, Ohio, in 1927. After a brief period working in Michigan, Schaefer asked to be transferred back to the Schenectady area and for a while worked as an independent landscape gardener. Upon the advice of Robert Palmer, Superintendent of the GE Research Laboratory, in 1929 Schaefer declined an opportunity to enter into a partnership for a plant nursery and instead rejoined the machine shop at the Research Laboratory, this time as a model maker.
At the Research Laboratory machine shop, Schaefer built equipment for Langmuir and his research associate, Katharine B. Blodgett. In 1932 Langmuir asked Schaefer to become his research assistant. Schaefer accepted and in 1933 began his research work with Langmuir, Blodgett, Whitney, and others at the Research Lab and throughout the General Electric organization. With Langmuir, Blodgett and others as well as by himself, Schaefer published many reports on the areas he studied, which included surface chemistry techniques, electron microscope techniques, polarization, the affinity of ice for various surfaces, protein and other monolayers, studies of protein films, television tube brightness, and submicroscopic particulates. An example of Scaefer's lasting contribution to surface science is the description in 1938 of a technique developed by him and Langmuir (later known as the LangmuirβSchaefer method) for the controlled transfer of a monolayer to a substrate, a modification of the LangmuirβBlodgett method.
After his promotion to research associate in 1938, Schaefer continued to work closely with Langmuir on the many projects Langmuir obtained through his involvement on national advisory committees, particularly related to military matters in the years immediately before and during the Second World War. This work included research on gas mask filtration of smokes, submarine detection with binaural sound, and the formation of artificial fogs using smoke generatorsβa project which reached fruition at Vrooman's Nose in the Schoharie Valley with a demonstration for military observers.
During his years as Langmuir's assistant, Langmuir allowed and encouraged Schaefer to carry on his own research projects. As an example of this, in 1940 Schaefer became known in his own right for the development of a method to make replicas of individual snowflakes using a thin plastic coating. This discovery brought him national publicity in popular magazines and an abundance of correspondence from individuals, including many students, seeking to replicate his procedure.
In 1943, the focus of Schaefer's and Langmuir's research shifted to precipitation static, aircraft icing, ice nuclei, and cloud physics, and many of their experiments were carried out at Mount Washington Observatory in New Hampshire. In the summer of 1946 Schaefer found his experimental "cold box" too warm for some laboratory tests he wanted to perform. Determined to get on with his work, he located some "dry ice" (solid CO2) and placed it into the bottom of the "cold box." Creating a cloud with his breath he observed a sudden and heretofore unseen bluish haze that suddenly turned into millions of microscopic ice crystals that dazzled him in the strobe lit chamber. He had stumbled onto the very principle that was hidden in all previous experimentsβthe stimulating effect of a sudden change in heat/cold, humidity, in supercooled water spontaneously producing billions of ice nuclei. Through scores of repeated experiments he quickly developed a method to "seed" supercooled clouds with dry ice.
In November 1946 Schaefer conducted a successful field test seeding a natural cloud by airplaneβwith dramatic ice and snow effect. The resulting publicity brought an abundance of new correspondence, this time from people and businesses making requests for snow and water as well as scientists around the world also working on weather modification to change local weather conditions for the better. Schaefer's discovery also led to debates over the appropriateness of tampering with nature through cloud seeding. In addition, the successful field test enabled Langmuir to obtain federal funding to support additional research in cloud seeding and weather modification by the GE Research Laboratory. Schaefer was coordinator of the laboratory portion of Project Cirrus while the Air Force and Navy supplied the aircraft and pilots to carry out field tests and to collect the data used at the Research Laboratory. Field tests were conducted in the Schenectady area as well as in Puerto Rico and New Mexico.
When the military pilots working on Project Cirrus were assigned to duties in connection with the Korean War, GE recommended that Project Cirrus be discontinued after comprehensive reports were prepared of the project and the discoveries made. The final Project Cirrus report was issued in March 1953.
Munitalp Foundation
While Project Cirrus was winding down, Schaefer was approached by Vernon Crudge on behalf of the trustees of the Munitalp Foundation to work on Munitalp's meteorological research program. For a time, Schaefer worked for both the Research Laboratory and Munitalp, and in 1954 he left the Research Laboratory to become the Director of Research of Munitalp. At Munitalp, Schaefer worked with the U.S. Forest Service at the Priest River Experimental Forest in northern Idaho with Harry T. Gisborne, noted fire researcher, on Project Skyfire, a program to determine the uses of cloud seeding to affect the patterns of lightning in thunderstorms (and the resulting forest fires started by lightning). Project Skyfire had its roots in an association between the Forest Service and Schaefer begun in the early days of Project Cirrus. While at Munitalp Schaefer also worked on developing a mobile atmospheric research laboratory and time-lapse films of clouds. Schaefer left Munitalp in 1958, turning down an offer to move with the Foundation to Kenya, but he remained an adviser to Munitalp for several years after that.
Scientific education
After leaving Munitalp, Schaefer's career turned towards scientific education, and let him put his belief in the power of experimentation and observation over book-learning into practice. He worked with the American Meteorological Society and Natural Science Foundation on an educational film program and to develop the Natural Sciences Institute summer programs which gave high school students the opportunity to work with scientists and on their own to do field research and experimentation. From 1959 to 1961 Schaefer was director of the Atmospheric Science Center at the Loomis School in Connecticut.
During the 1970s he organized and led annual winter expeditions for 8-10 research scientists to Yellowstone National Park where massive amounts of supercooled clouds were produced by the many geysers, including Old Faithful. There at negative 20-50 Fahrenheit conditions enabled the assembled researchers to perform numerous experiments using dry ice, silver iodide to convert the supercooled water to ice crystals at ground level. Temperature and ice crystal formations allowed first-hand observation of the full range of halo and corona optical effects.
Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany, State University of New York
From 1962 to 1968 the NSI program was continued with Schaefer's directorship under the auspices of the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC) at the State University of New York at Albany (as the University at Albany, State University of New York was then known). During this period Schaefer also continued his consulting work for many companies, government agencies, and universities. These consulting activities spanned most of Schaefer's career, and extended beyond his retirement from ASRC in 1976.
Schaefer helped found ASRC in 1960 and served as its Director of Research until 1966 when he became Director. Schaefer brought highly qualified atmospheric science researchers to ASRC, many of whom he had met through his work at GE and Munitalp. Bernard Vonnegut, Raymond Falconer and Duncan Blanchard were all veterans of Project Cirrus who joined Schaefer at ASRC. During his years at ASRC, in addition to the NSI summer programs, Schaefer led annual research expeditions to Yellowstone National Park for atmospheric scientists to work in the outdoor laboratory it provided each January. In the 1970s Schaefer's own research interests focused on solar energy, aerosols, gases, air quality, and pollution particles in the atmosphere. His work in some of these areas culminated in a three-part report on Air Quality on the Global Scale in 1978. In addition, during the 1970s Schaefer was an instructor in the American Association for the Advancement of Science Chautauqua short courses for science teachers.
Publications (selected)
The presence of ozone, nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia in the atmosphere, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, 1978.
The air quality patterns of aerosols on the global scale, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, 1976.
Hailstorms and hailstones of the western Great Plains, Smithsonian Institution, 1961.
The possibilities of modifying lightning storms in the northern Rockies, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1949.
Heat requirements for instruments and airfoils during icing storms on Mt. Washington, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946.
The Use of high speed model propellers for studying de-icing coatings at the Mt. Washington Observatory, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946.
The Liquid water content of summer clouds on the summit of Mt. Washington, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946.
The Preparation and use of water sensitive coatings for sampling cloud particles, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946.
A Heated, vaned pitot tube and a recorder for measuring air speed under severe icing conditions, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946.
Fossilizing snowflakes, 1941.
Serendipity in Science: Twenty Years at Langmuir University, An Autobiography by Vincent J Schaefer, ScD, Compiled and Edited by Don Rittner, Square Circle Press, Voorheesville, NY 2013
(405 pages, 15 Chapters, illustrations and B/W photographs)
Patents
Filed Apr 12, 1935-"Treatment of Materials"
Filed Dec 6, 1954-"Coating for Electric Devices"
Filed Apr 12, 1941-"Light-Dividing Element"
Filed Jun 27, 1941-"Method of Producing Solids of Desired Configuration"
Filed Jun 21, 1944-"Cathode Ray Tube"
Filed Mar 24, 1943-"Method and Apparatus for Producing Aerosols"(with Irving Langmuir)
Filed Sep 18, 1947-"Cloud Moisture Meter"
Filed Nov 5, 1947-"Method of Making Electrical Indicators of Mechanical Expansion"(with Katharine Blodgett)
Filed Jan 21, 1948-"Method of Crystal Formation and Precipitation"(with Bernard Vonnegut)
Filed Nov 18, 1947-"Electrical Moisture Meter"
Filed Jan 29, 1948-"Method of Crystal Formation and Precipitation"
Filed Nov 5, 1947-"Electrical Indicator of Mechanical Expansion"(with Katharine Blodgett)
Filed Mar 6, 1952-"Method and Apparatus for Detecting Minute Crystal Forming Particles"
Filed Dec 6, 1954-"Method of Depositing a Silver Film"
References
Biographical Sketch, Finding Aid for the Papers of Vincent J. Schaefer, M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany Libraries.
Our History, GE Global Research. Accessed February 14, 2006
Weather Services in the US: 1644-1970, National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office.
<Serendipity in Science: Twenty Years at Langmuir University, and autobiography (1993), Compiled and Edited by Don Rittner, Square Circle Press, Voorheesville, NY>
External links
Finding Aid for the Papers of Vincent J. Schaefer, M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany Libraries.
Weather Modification: The Physical basis for Cloud Seeding
Manipulating the weather, CBC.
1906 births
1993 deaths
American people of German descent
20th-century American chemists
American meteorologists
General Electric people
Scientists from Schenectady, New York
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
Weather modification
Weather modification in North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Schaefer |
Golden Dreams is a film about the history of California. It was a featured attraction at Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opening with the park on February 8, 2001. It starred Whoopi Goldberg as Calafia, the Queen of California. On September 7, 2008, the last showing of the film to the public was made. The theater was razed in July 2009 and was replaced by The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure. However, the exterior replica of the Bernard Maybeck's Palace of Fine Arts remained. The final showing took place as a private showing for cast members on March 26, 2009.
Synopsis
Guests entered the theater, a replica of the Bernard Maybeck façade of San Francisco's Palace of Fine Arts, a famed Bay Area landmark constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition.
As the show began, two tall art deco statues of a single goddess-like woman, one on either side of a film projection screen, were bathed in golden light. The statue on the right "comes to life," personified by Goldberg, through a video of her face, which was projected from the rear onto the translucent head of the figure. The statue introduced herself as "Calafia, the Queen of California." Calafia explained that she was the spirit within California, and an inspiration to many famous Californians. Goldberg appeared in some of the filmed sequences that followed as Calafiaβin disguiseβto comment or offer encouraging words to various characters who found themselves in challenging situations.
The 70-mm film highlighted admirable and regrettable eras and incidents in the history of California, including vivid illustrations of injustice. Scenes featuring Chumash Indians living a peaceful life on the shore, for example, were followed by the same Indians being held captive by Spanish missionaries and conquistadors.
After the establishment of California, events such as the troubles endured by Chinese laborers working on the railroad and miners during the Gold Rush of 1849 were presented. The immigration issue faced by Japanese women seeking to live in the United States, especially California, was also shown. Japanese and other Asians were denied entry, although wives of established immigrants were allowed to enter. Many women became "picture brides," agreeing to marriage on the basis of exchanged photographs in order to come to the United States. A powerful dramatization showed the crushed hopes of one young picture bride whose husband was far older than represented in the photo he provided. The film continued into the 20th century, with the stories of the famed and infamous water and civil engineer William Mulholland, the hardships of those seeking a new life during the Great Depression, film producers of the 1930s, and women taking over "men's jobs" to achieve victory in World War II. Still photos of the Japanese brides and of impoverished women in a migrant camp in the 1930s were the work of noted photographer, Dorothea Lange.
After the war, thousands of people moved to California to seek good living, sunny weather, and suburban life. The new luxuries of freeways, amusements (more specifically - Disneyland), and easy life were shown. After the 1950s, the turbulent counterculture of the 1960s was depicted. Finally, the technology boom of the latter part of the 20th century was featured, with the story of Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs and the creation of the personal computer.
The film, among the most sophisticated in any of the Disney parks, ended with a montage of notable events and Californians. The montage was reminiscent of a similar finale film to the attraction in The American Adventure Pavilion in Epcot's World Showcase, in which a cavalcade of fading images of noteworthy American historical events were set to an orchestral score. A concluding salute to discovery, fortitude and imagination was given by Calafia. Her eyes then closed as her face fell back into statuesque repose, the light within the statue faded, and the house lights came up, and then her face briefly reanimated to remind a woman that she forgot her bag as guests walked out of the theater.
The 22-minute film was directed by Polish director Agnieszka Holland. The song at the end, "Just One Dream", was written by Walter Afanasieff and performed by Heather Headley, an actress probably best known for originating the parts of Nala in the Broadway version of The Lion King and of the title character in Aida.
Trivia
As described by her in her 2022 autobiography, one of Jennette McCurdy's first acting roles was for this attraction, where she appears as a young girl in a car during the scene about the Great Depression.
References
External links
Article about Golden Dreams on Yesterland.com
Former Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions
Golden State (Disney's California Adventure)
Disney California Adventure
2001 establishments in California
2008 disestablishments in California
2000s English-language films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20Dreams |
Kruschwitz may refer to:
German name of Kruszwica, town in central Poland, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Treaty of Kruschwitz (German: Vertrag von Kruschwitz)
People with the surname
Dr. Peter Kruschwitz
Dr. Mitchel Linhart Kruschwitz
See also
Krauschwitz
Krauschwitz, Saxony-Anhalt | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruschwitz |
The Elm River is a tributary of the Little Wabash River in southeastern Illinois in the United States. Via the Little Wabash, Wabash and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The Elm flows for its entire length in Wayne County. It is formed by the confluence of Elm Creek and Raccoon Creek, which flow from Clay County, and thence flows generally southeastwardly to its confluence with the Little Wabash. Portions of the stream's lower course have been channelized and re-routed to drainage ditches.
The Raccoon Creek Power Plant, a combustion turbine generator (CTG)-type Ameren power plant, is located on Raccoon Creek in Clay County.
See also
List of Illinois rivers
References
DeLorme (2003). Illinois Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Rivers of Illinois
Rivers of Wayne County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm%20River%20%28Illinois%29 |
Antony Lee "Tony" Benshoof (born July 7, 1975) is an American luger from White Bear Lake, Minnesota who has been competing since 1990. He won three medals in the mixed team event at the FIL World Luge Championships with two silvers (2004, 2005) and one bronze (2001).
Benshoof was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. Competing in three Winter Olympics, Benshoof earned his best finish of fourth by .153 seconds in the men's singles event at Turin in 2006. He was the highest Olympic finisher for any USA Luge athlete in Men's Singles Luge prior to Chris Mazdzer's silver medal in the 2018 Pyeong Chang olympics. Benshoof also holds records for most international medals won (37) by any USA Men's Singles athlete and most US National titles won. Every medal Benshoof won was under head coach Wolfgang SchΓ€dler (1985β2010).
On October 16, 2001, Benshoof became the Guinness World Record holder for fastest speed on a luge sled at 86.6Β mph (139.4Β km/h) at the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track in Park City, Utah, used for the 2002 Winter Olympics.
His best Luge World Cup overall finish was third in men's singles in 2005-6.
References
FIL-Luge profile
Hickok sports information on World champions in luge and skeleton.
List of men's singles luge World Cup champions since 1978.
Official website
USA luge team profile
US Olympic team website
External links
1975 births
Living people
American male lugers
Olympic lugers for the United States
Lugers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Benshoof |
The Gatton Murders, also known as the Gatton Tragedy, the Gatton Mystery and the Murphy Murders, is the name given to an unsolved triple homicide that occurred from the town of Gatton, Queensland Colony, in present-day Australia. Michael Murphy, aged 29, and his younger sisters, Honora (Norah), aged 27, and Theresa (Ellen), aged 18, were murdered between 10pm and 4am on 26β27 December 1898, while returning home from a cancelled dance. All three siblings had been bludgeoned; in addition, Michael had been shot and Norah strangled.
Background
The Murphy family owned a farm at Blackfellow's Creek, some from the town of Gatton and west of Brisbane, capital of what was then the Colony of Queensland. The listed Gatton's population as 449 people. In the late 19th century the town was a major stopover point on the road between Brisbane and the Darling Downs, and with two major bridges and a railway line the town was a rapidly expanding service centre for the district
Michael Murphy and his brother, Daniel, had both left Gatton; Michael was working on a government farm near Westbrook while Daniel was a Brisbane police constable. Michael had returned home for the Christmas holidays and on 26 December 1898 (Boxing Day) had taken his sister Ellen to the Mount Sylvia Races in nearby Caffey. At 8pm, Michael, Ellen, and another sister, Norah, left home to attend a dance due to be held at the Gatton Hall. Arriving at 9pm, they found that the dance had been cancelled and began to journey back but failed to arrive. Early the following morning, Mrs. Murphy asked her son-in-law, William M'Neill, to look for the siblings in Gatton. Michael had borrowed M'Neill's sulky for the outing and, while on the Tent-Hill road to Gatton, M'Neill recognised his sulky's distinctive tracks (the result of a wobbling wheel) turning off the road through a sliprail. M'Neill followed the tracks along a rough winding trail through wattle scrub for around before finding his missing relatives.
The crime
The bodies of the siblings were discovered in a field from Gatton. Michael and Ellen were lying back-to-back, within of each other. Norah lay in the same eastβwest orientation, on a neatly spread rug, to the east. Both women had their hands tied behind their backs with handkerchiefs. Forming a triangle, the sulky faced south, from Michael and from Norah. M'Neill's horse had been shot in the head and still lay between the shafts. The victims' legs were arranged with the feet pointing west. This signature behaviour has never been repeated in Australian criminal history and, like the murders themselves, remains a mystery.
Before contacting police, M'Neill went to the Brian Boru Hotel (later the Imperial Hotel) in Gatton and informed the patrons of the murder; this resulted in a rush of up to forty people to the murder scene, possibly destroying evidence in the process. M'Neill then contacted Acting-Sergeant William Arrell, who was in charge of the Gatton police station, who later arranged for police from Brisbane to attend to the scene. This led to further delays, with the investigating officers not arriving until forty-eight hours after the discovery of the bodies.
Daniel Murphy, a brother of the victims who was a police officer at police headquarters, had received a telegram from a family friend on 27 December informing him of the murders. Murphy applied for three days leave, had it granted and failed to catch the 1pm train to Gatton. Returning to headquarters, he discovered that no action was being taken by detectives in the Criminal Investigation Branch (CIB), including Inspector Frederic Urquhart, due to rumors circulating that the murders were a hoax. At 4pm on 28 December, Urquhart was informed that the murders were not a hoax, but did not inform the Commissioner of Police for five hours because the information did not come through official channels. The Commissioner ordered Urquhart to immediately take two detectives to Gatton, but despite a train leaving Brisbane at midnight the team did not leave until 7:30am the following morning. A Royal Commission later found this sequence of events 'incomprehensible', indicative of 'the existence of a rotten system' of policing and 'a culpable indifference on the part of the Inspector [Urquhart] to his duty to the public.'
The bodies were moved to the hotel. At 4pm Dr. Von Lossberg, the Government Medical Officer at Ipswich, arrived and began an hour-long autopsy. Michael had been shot and struck with a blunt instrument on the right side of the head. Ellen had her skull fractured by two blows to the left side of her head. The wounds and position of the bodies when found indicated that Michael and Ellen were sitting upright and back-to-back when struck. Norah had also been struck on the left side of her head, pulverising her skull to the extent that her brain was protruding. In addition, Norah had a harness strap tied around her neck, tight enough to have caused death. Both girls had been raped, and semen was found on their clothes. It appeared that both women had been raped with the brass-mounted handle of a whip, but an extensive police search for the whip met with negative results.
Michael's purse
M'Neill later testified that, although Michael's hands were not tied when he first saw the body, it appeared that his hands had been tied behind his back at some point, with one holding an open purse. However all other witnesses stated that Michael's hands were not tied, but that a breeching strap lay nearby, and that an empty purse was lying a short distance from the body. When Michael's body was removed from the murder scene at about 1.30pm, he was now found to have the breeching strap between his untied hands, with the empty purse held in one. Known to have had fifteen shillings (2010: $100) in the purse the night before, it was speculated that someone may have untied Michael to access the purse: "Either Gilbert, one of the party, or M'Neill took the purse."
Exhumation and contradictions
From interviews with people who had seen the bodies, the Queensland Police Service (QPS) determined that Michael may have been shot in the head, but this was not found by Von Lossberg despite claims that he had been asked to look for a bullet. When all three bodies were ordered exhumed, it was found that the original autopsies were no more than superficial examinations. Although decomposition was advanced, it was now found that Michael had indeed been shot in the right side of his head then subsequently struck on the same spot with a blunt instrument, so that the later wound partially obscured the bullet hole. The bullet was recovered from the skull.
Mr. Wiggins, J.P. testified that he had ordered the burials of the Murphy siblings without formal permission because he believed the autopsies had been completed and assumed that Von Lossberg had not carried any orders with him; instead he assumed an order would be forwarded from Ipswich. Sub-Inspector Percy Galbraith of the QPS testified that Von Lossberg had told him that he had completed the autopsies, and that he had told him he had found what looked like a bullet hole with no exit wound but could not find a bullet in the skull. Von Lossberg testified that he had told Galbraith that he had not performed an autopsy at all because he was suffering from blood poisoning and advised that the bodies not be buried. Clerk George Baines testified that he was present at this conversation and that Von Lossberg had not mentioned not completing the autopsies, his blood poisoning, or the request for Galbraith not to bury the bodies. Von Lossberg replied that he had never seen Baines before in his life and that even if he had been present "what passed was said in a whisper."
Failure of the police investigation
M'Neill contacted Sergeant Arrell at 9.15am on 27 December. Both men rode to the murder scene, where they remained for thirty minutes before Arrell returned to Gatton to send a telegram to the Brisbane Commissioner of Police. Arrell took no notes at the site, did not interview anyone present and made no effort to protect the site from the large number of people who had congregated. In Gatton, Arrell requested that the telegram be marked "urgent", only to be told that the police had no authority to send urgent telegrams; this was incorrect, and Arrell was later criticized by the Royal Commission for not knowing he had that authority, and for waiting for the reply instead of returning immediately to the site with arrangements for a reply to be sent to him. The telegram was delivered to Brisbane police headquarters at 12.52pm, but because it was a holiday it was not opened until 9am the following day (28 December). In the interim, Arrell delegated Thomas Wilson, a magistrate, and William Devitt, a bootmaker, to look after the murder scene while he sent the telegrams to Brisbane; neither man discharged the duty entrusted to them by Arrell and allowed the site to be contaminated.
Suspects
Several people, including itinerant workers and family members, came under suspicion, after a five-month investigation no one was charged with the murders. The failure of the QPS to solve the crime led to accusations of cover-ups and rumours of incest within the Murphy family; these claims were also subsequently never resolved.
Theo Farmer
Theo Farmer, also known as Thomas Day and Thomas Furner, was the prime suspect for the Gatton murders. Farmer was employed as a butcher in Gatton and lived in a hut around from the murder scene. He had been seen by a number of people on earlier nights, walking along the road where the Murphy siblings had vanished. One witness claimed to have seen Farmer washing blood from a pullover a few days later. Moreover, a police constable gave evidence at the Royal Commission that he suspected Farmer to have been involved in the killing of Alfred Stephen Hill by Edward Litton Carus-Wilson in nearby Oxley just a few weeks previous to the Gatton murders, and that the same revolver had been used in both crimes. In 1906, a revolver with four spent chambers the same number as the shots spent in the Oxley and Gatton murders was found near the butchery where Day had been employed.
Farmer enlisted in the Australian Army shortly after being questioned in the murder, but he deserted in May 1899. The following year Farmer, under his 'Thomas Furner' alias, was admitted to the Sydney Hospital in New South Wales suffering from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head. Farmer died on 25 October 1900, knowledge of which the police and governments in Queensland and New South Wales withheld from the public until 1918.
Aftermath
The Gatton killings caused shock and outrage across the country, and the Queensland Police's mishandling of both this case and the Oxley murder became a subject of a Royal Commission in 1899. Among its findings, the Commission determined that the QPS suffered from a 'lack of cohesion and efficient organisation to enable them to cope with serious crimes in such a manner as the people of the colony are entitled to expect.' The Commission further recommended that Urquhart be transferred out of the CIB and a more competent person be appointed to the role as head of the investigative branch.
See also
List of unsolved murders
Notes
References
Further reading
1890s in Queensland
1898 murders in Australia
1898 in Australia
December 1898 events
Gatton, Queensland
Murder in Queensland
Unsolved murders in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatton%20murders |
Elm River refers to several places:
Rivers
Elm River (Illinois)
Elm River (Michigan)
Elm River (North DakotaβSouth Dakota), a river in North Dakota and South Dakota
Rivière à l'Orme (English: Elm River), a tributary of Lac des Deux Montagnes, in Montreal, Quebec]], Canada
Inhabited Places
Elm River Township, Michigan
See also
Elm River Township (disambiguation)
Elm Creek (disambiguation)
Elm (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm%20River |
Ronald David Turner (born December 5, 1953) is an American football coach and former player.
Turner was most recently an offensive consultant with the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL) in 2017. He was head coach of the Florida International University (FIU) Panthers football team from 2013 to 2016. Turner served as the head football coach at San Jose State University in 1992, and the University of Illinois at UrbanaβChampaign from 1997 to 2004. He also had two separate stints as the offensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL), the first from 1993 to 1996, and most recently from 2005 to 2009.
Playing career
Turner played college football as a wide receiver for Diablo Valley College from 1973 to 1974, and the University of the Pacific from 1975 to 1976. He was inducted into Pacific's Athletic Hall of Fame in 2009. He earned a scholarship to the University of the Pacific, where he led the Tigers in receiving in 1975 and 1976 and totaled 40 receptions for 666 yards with three touchdowns.
Coaching career
College coaching career
Turner began his coaching career as a graduate assistant at Pacific before earning his first full-time college job coaching running backs and receivers at University of Arizona (1978β1980). He moved on to be an assistant at Northwestern University (1981β1982), the University of Pittsburgh (1983β1984), the University of Southern California (1985β1987), Texas A&M University (1988), and Stanford University (1989β1991), before earning his first head coaching job at San Jose State University in 1992. Turner was the head coach at San Jose State for one season before being hired by Dave Wannstedt in the first of his two stints as the Bears offensive coordinator.
Between his two stints with the Bears, Turner spent eight years as head coach at the University of Illinois. His overall record at Illinois was 35 wins and 57 losses, for a winning percentage of .380. The highlight of his tenure came in 2001 when he guided the Illini to a 10β2 record, the Big Ten Conference title, and an appearance in the Sugar Bowl, which Illinois lost to LSU. That season, Turner was named the Big Ten Coach of the Year. His only other winning season was in 1999, when he led the Illini to the MicronPC Bowl, which the Illini won by a 63β21 scorelineβat the time the second-highest points ever scored by a team in a collegiate bowl game.
Turner followed up the successful 2001 campaign with three consecutive losing seasons and was fired. Two of his teams were winless in the Big Ten, going 0β8 in 1997 and again in 2003. Turner is the only coach in the more than 100-year history of Illinois football to lose 11 games in a season, which he also accomplished in those same two seasons. His 1997 team was only the third in school history not to win a single game, going 0β11. Turner presided over three of the top six offenses in Illini history in terms of total yards, while four of his eight Illinois squads currently rank in the school's top 11 for scoring, including the 2001 team that scored a school-record 390 points. Three of the top six all-time leading rushers at Illinois and three of the school's top ten all-time leading receivers played during the Turner era. There were over 20 former Illini who played under Turner on NFL rosters at the end of the 2007 season. One of Turner's former players at Illinois who also went on to the NFL, Josh Whitman, was named director of athletics at the university on February 26, 2016.
Chicago Bears
The Bears team completion percentages in 1994 (61.4%) and 1995 (60.2%) rank as the highest in team history. Chicago's net passing yard total of 3,743 in 1995 ranks second in team annals while the total of 3,185 in 1996 was pushed to sixth in team history by the team's totals from 2006 and 2007. With Erik Kramer at quarterback in 1995, the Bears set a team record for passing yards per game with 233.9 while compiling the fifth-most points in team history with 392. Kramer set club records with 29 touchdown passes and 10 interceptions (least among 16-game starters). The 1995 squad produced the third-most total net yards (5,673) and the second-most first downs (340) in team history. The offense also featured a 1,000-yard rusher and two 1,000-yard receivers in 1995, the only such season in team history. During his earlier four years with the Bears as offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach under head coach Dave Wannstedt, Turner guided some of the most prolific offenses in club history.
Turner was hired for his second stint with Chicago on January 9, 2005, replacing Terry Shea as Bears offensive coordinator. Coincidentally, Turner had also replaced Shea as head coach at San Jose State in 1992. In the 2005 season, Chicago started a rookie a quarterback, Kyle Orton, who was a fourth-round draft pick, and compiled a 10β5 record. Chicago featured the eighth-ranked running game in the NFL in 2005. The 2,099 rushing yards totaled by the Bears were the franchise's most in a season since 1990 when the team rushed for 2,436 yards. Chicago also tied for the NFL-lead with 19 runs of 20 or more yards in 2005 after recording just seven such rushing gains in 2004. On the season, the Bears rushed for over 100 yards in 13 of 16 regular season games featuring six individual 100-yard rushing performances.
Turner contributed to Chicago's appearance in Super Bowl XLI by coordinating an offense that ranked 15th in the NFL in total yards in 2006. He has coordinated the team's offense in each of its last six playoff games with Chicago owning a 3β3 record in those contests while averaging 25.7 points per game. Turner also holds the distinction of being the offensive coordinator for each of the top two quarterbacks in Bears history in single-season gross passing yardage. Erik Kramer set the franchise record with 3,838 passing yards under Turner in 1995 while Rex Grossman finished 2006 as the runner-up in that category with 3,193 yards. The Bears were the only NFL team with six players with five or more touchdowns in 2006. Chicago's 38 offensive touchdowns (24 passing, 14 rushing) in 2006 were the unit's highest single-season total since scoring 44 in 1995. In 2006, the Bears led the NFC while tying for second in the NFL with 427 points, the second-highest single-season scoring total in franchise history.
Chicago topped the 30-point plateau twice in 2008, four times in 2007 and accomplished the feat seven times during the 2006 season, the team's most 30-point games in one campaign since registering eight in 1956. The Bears scored 48 points against the Vikings on October 19, 2008, the most for the club since tallying 48 on December 7, 1986, versus Tampa Bay. The offense has compiled more than 300 total net yards in 25 of their last 48 games after doing so just three times in 2005; the third season of Turner's first stint with the team. The last time Chicago had six players combine for at least five touchdowns was 1948.
In 2008, the Bears passing offense continued to develop under Turner. Bears quarterbacks threw for over 3,000 net passing yards for the third straight season, a first for the franchise since the 1997β99 campaigns. Chicago has passed for over 3,000 net yards in six of the previous eight seasons under Turner's direction. In 2008, Turner helped oversee the development of rookie running back Matt Forte. Forte set Bears rookie records for rushing yards (1,238), yards from scrimmage (1,715) and receptions (63). The passing game was led by quarterback Kyle Orton in 2008. In 2008, Orton recorded the sixth-most passing yards in team history (2,972), fourth-most completions (272), the fifth-highest completion percentage (58.5) and 13th-highest passer rating (79.6) in 15 starts. Orton's nine starts without an interception in 2008 were tied for fourth-most in the NFL and most by a Bears quarterback since 1995. Orton also threw a team-record 205 consecutive pass attempts without an interception last season. Chicago scored 375 total points in 2008, tied for seventh-most in franchise history. In 2009, Bears acquired Pro Bowl quarterback Jay Cutler. After throwing 19 TD passes and 25 interceptions in the first 14 games, Cutler passed for eight TDs and one pick in season's last two games against the Vikings and Lions, giving him more TDs (27) than interceptions (26) this season. The Bears offense generated season-highs vs. Detroit with 418 total yards and 22 first downs, giving the unit 718 yards and 41 first downs in its final two games. On January 5, 2010, he and several of his assistants were fired. The Bears qualified for the postseason in three of Turner's eight seasons with the team.
Indianapolis Colts
After being fired by the Chicago Bears after the Bears poor 2009 season, Turner was hired as offensive coordinator by Stanford. However, four weeks later he became wide receivers coach for the Indianapolis Colts.
FIU
On January 3, 2013, Turner was hired as the head coach of FIU, becoming the young program's third coach and taking the reins as the program entered Conference USA. He led the team to a 1β11 record and a seventh-place finish in Conference USA's East Division. In his second season, Turner led the team to a 4β8 record.
On September 25, 2016, Turner was relieved of his duties as head coach.
Personal life
Turner is the brother of Norv Turner, former head coach of the San Diego Chargers. Ron and his wife, Wendy, have two sons, Morgan and Cameron, and two daughters, Cally and Madison. "Cam" played quarterback for The Citadel and is currently in his first season as QB coach of the Indianapolis Colts. He has also coached in offensive capacities for the Arizona Cardinals prior to his stop in Indianapolis. This is after serving as the quarterbacks and wide receivers coach at FIU and working for the Carolina Panthers. Before that, he served as an assistant to Leslie Frazier for the Minnesota Vikings. Morgan is currently the tight ends coach for the Arkansas Razorbacks.
Head coaching record
References
1953 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
Chicago Bears coaches
Diablo Valley Vikings football players
FIU Panthers football coaches
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Indianapolis Colts coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
Northwestern Wildcats football coaches
USC Trojans football coaches
Pacific Tigers football coaches
Pacific Tigers football players
Sportspeople from Martinez, California
Players of American football from Contra Costa County, California
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
San Jose State Spartans football coaches
Stanford Cardinal football coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Turner%20%28American%20football%29 |
The flowerpot technique is an animal testing technique used in sleep deprivation studies. It is designed to allow NREM sleep but prevent restful REM sleep. The test is usually performed with rodents.
Technique
During sleep deprivation studies, a laboratory rat is housed in a water filled enclosure with a single small, dry platform (traditionally, an upside down flowerpot in a bucket of water, from which the technique is named) just above the water line (>1Β cm). While in NREM sleep, the rat retains muscle tone and can sleep on top of the platform. When the rat enters the more meaningful REM sleep, it loses muscle tone and falls off the platform into the water, then climbs back up to avoid drowning, and reenters NREM sleep, or its nose becomes submerged, shocking the rat back into an awakened state. This allows the rat to physically rest to avoid fatigue, but deprives it of REM sleep needed for normal mental function. The rat can then be subjected to physical and mental tasks and its performance is compared with the performance of rested control rodents, or its tissue (particularly the brain) be analyzed.
See also
Disk-over-water method
References
Animal testing techniques
Ethically disputed research practices towards animals
Sleeplessness and sleep deprivation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowerpot%20technique |
The under secretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs is currently a top-ten ranking position in the U.S. Department of State that is intended to help ensure public diplomacy is practiced in combination with public affairs and traditional diplomacy to advance U.S. national interests. The under secretary oversees two bureaus at the State Department: Educational and Cultural Affairs and Global Public Affairs. Also reporting to the under secretary are the Global Engagement Center, the Office of Policy, Planning and Resources for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, and the Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy.
The position was created on October 1, 1999, during the Clinton administration after Title XIII, Section 1313 of the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (112 Stat. 2681-776). Section 2305 of the Act (112 Stat. 2681-825) increased the number of under secretaries of state from five to six. Subdivision A of the Act, also known as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998, abolished the United States Information Agency and the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
On April 4, 2022, Elizabeth M. Allen was named acting under secretary by designation and on June 13, 2023 she was confirmed by a vote of 66β33 in the United States Senate. She assumed office on June 15, 2023.
Full appointments to the position require confirmation by the Senate.
From October 1, 1999, through August 29, 2019, the under secretary has been without a confirmed appointment 35.8% of the days. The average time between confirmed appointments is 289 days (or over 9.5 months). Looking at the last three administrations, the office was without a confirmed under secretary for 37.2% of the Bush administration, 21.8% of the Obama administration, and 89.4% of the Trump administration (as of August 29, 2019).
List of under secretaries of state for public diplomacy and public affairs
References
External links
Website of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs
Publicdiplomacy.org
Margaret D. Tutweiler leaves the Department of State for the New York Stock Exchange
The Office of the Historian's list of former Under Secretaries
1999 introductions
Public relations in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under%20Secretary%20of%20State%20for%20Public%20Diplomacy%20and%20Public%20Affairs |
College football on television includes the broad- and cablecasting of college football games, as well as pre- and post-game reports, analysis, and human-interest stories. Within the United States, the college version of American football annually garners high television ratings.
College football games have been broadcast since 1939, beginning with the 1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game on September 30 in New York City. College football telecasts were historically very restricted due to there being only three major television networks and also because the NCAA controlled all television rights and limited the number of games that aired to protect attendance. A 1984 ruling declaring the NCAA's television restrictions illegal, along with the introduction of sports-specific television networks has increased the amount of air-time available for coverage. Today, dozens of games are available for viewing each week of the football season. Other coverage includes local broadcasts of weekly coach's programs. These programs have become an important sources of revenue for the universities and their athletics programs. Here is a list of the College Football Television and game results from this past season in 2020.
Coverage is dependent on negotiations between the broadcaster and the college football conference or team. The televised games may change from year-to-year depending on which teams are having a strong season, although some traditional rivalry games are broadcast each year. Some games are traditionally associated with a specific event or holiday, and viewing the game itself can become a holiday tradition for fans. Post-season bowl games, including the College Football Playoff, are presently all televised, most of them by the ESPN networks.
Universities found to have seriously violated NCAA rules have occasionally been penalized with a "television ban"; the effect can equal that of the "death penalty". The sanction is rarely applied except for the most egregious of circumstances, such as the Southern Methodist University football scandal.
History
Prior to television
College football games have been broadcast on radio since 1921, beginning with the 1921 West Virginia vs. Pittsburgh football game on October 8 in Pittsburgh.
Prior to that, various other means of communication were used. For example, in 1911, more than 1,000 people gathered in downtown Lawrence, Kansas, to watch a mechanical reproduction of the 1911 Kansas vs. Missouri football game while it was being played. A Western Union telegraph wire was set up direct from Columbia, Missouri, to relay the action.
Early televised broadcasts
The first televised college football game occurred during the "experimental" era of television's broadcasting history, when a game between Fordham University and Waynesburg College was broadcast on September 30, 1939. One month later, Kansas State's homecoming contest against the University of Nebraska was the second broadcast and first homecoming game to be broadcast on October 23, 1939. The following season, on October 5, 1940, what is described as the "first commercially televised game" between the University of Maryland and the University of Pennsylvania was broadcast by Philco. Fairly sporadic broadcasts continued throughout World War II.
By 1950, a small number of football schools, including Penn (ABC) and the University of Notre Dame (DuMont Television Network), had entered into individual contracts with networks to broadcast their games regionally. In fact, all of Penn's home games were broadcast on ABC during the 1950 season under a contract that paid Penn $150,000. However, prior to the 1951 season, the NCAAΒ β alarmed by reports that indicated television decreased attendance at gamesΒ β asserted control and prohibited live broadcasts of games. Although the NCAA successfully forced Penn and Notre Dame to break their contracts, the NCAA suffered withering attacks for its 1951 policy, faced threats of antitrust hearings, and eventually caved in and lifted blackouts of certain sold-out games. Nonetheless, the first national broadcast of a live college football game, which was also the first coast-to-coast live broadcast of any sports contest, was Duke at the University of Pittsburgh on September 29, 1951, on NBC. Bowl games were always outside the control of the NCAA, and the 1952 Rose Bowl at the end of that season was the first national telecast of a college bowl game, on NBC.
For the 1952 season, the NCAA relented somewhat, but limited telecasts to one nationally broadcast game each week. The NCAA sold the exclusive rights to broadcast the weekly game to NBC for $1,144,000. The first game shown under this contract was Texas Christian University against the University of Kansas, on September 20, 1952. In 1953, the NCAA allowed NBC to add what it called "panorama" coverage of multiple regional broadcasts for certain weeksΒ β shifting national viewers to the most interesting game during its telecast. NBC lost the college football contract beginning in 1954, prompting it to carry Canadian football instead. There were some attempts at workarounds during this time frame; ABC Sports ran some Notre Dame Fighting Irish football games, condensed to remove time between plays and featuring Harry Wismer at the microphone, in fall 1953. The Notre Dame games were filmed and broadcast the night after they were played; the service would not continue beyond that year.
The NCAA believed that broadcasting one game a week would prevent further controversy while limiting any decrease in attendance. However, the Big Ten Conference was unhappy with the arrangement, and it pressured the NCAA to allow regional telecasts as well. Finally, in 1955 the NCAA revised its plan, keeping eight national games while permitting true regional telecasts during five specified weeks of the season. This was essentially the television plan that stayed in place until the University of Oklahoma and the University of Georgia filed suit against the NCAA in 1981, alleging antitrust violations.
Bowl games were always exempt from the NCAA's television regulations, and the games' organizers were free to sign rights deals with any network. Mizlou Television Network, for instance, carried many of the bowl games (mostly lower-end bowls) despite not holding any regular season rights.
Decentralization
On June 27, 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma that the NCAA's television plan violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. As a result, individual schools and athletic conferences were freed to negotiate contracts on their own behalf. The year after the Supreme Court decision, nearly 200 games were televised, compared to the previous year's 89. College football's television ratings slumped due to market saturation, and the price of a 30-second advertisement plunged from $57,000 in 1983 to $15,000 in 1984, while the combined take from network television fell more than 60 percent. Despite the monetary suffering of the universities, the additional coverage had a positive impact for fans of college football. "Everyone talks about money, but no one seems to care about the football fan. He is the one who benefited from deregulation. And he isn't complaining", said Chuck Neinas, the former commissioner of the Big Eight Conference. Together with the growth of cable television, this ruling resulted in the explosion of broadcast options currently available.
However, in the immediate wake of the ruling, most schools still decided to jointly negotiate their television contracts through the now-defunct College Football Association. The Big Ten Conference and Pacific-10 Conference were not members of the CFA, opting to negotiate their own TV deals.
Effects of television exposure
Television exposure has been used as a selling point in recruiting high school athletes. "Weβre recruiting all over the country, and it's nice to be able to go in someone's home and say, βYou can turn on the TV and watch the Buckeyes six to eight times a year", said former Ohio State head coach John Cooper.
Television money and generous donors have allowed universities to provide modern facilities and luxurious amenities to college football teams. The Darrell K RoyalβTexas Memorial Stadium at the University of Texas offers fans the opportunity to lease suites for $88,000 a year. The suites include theater-style seats, televisions, kitchenettes, and bars. The athletes ride to practice in chartered buses and dress beneath a three-dimensional 20-foot lighted longhorn in a locker room that includes a nutrition center, playersβ lounge, and "state-of-the-art" ventilation system.
Nationally televised games also brought new notoriety, revenue, and growth for leagues that had rarely appeared on television. As the cable networks grew and expanded, they sought more games to fill time. Former Mid-American Conference (MAC) Commissioner Rick Chryst attributes his league's expansion to a deal that put several MAC games per year on ESPN.
In the 1950s, conventional wisdom suggested that television allowed football fans to watch their favorite teams for free from the comfort of their own homes, and this was to blame for falling attendance. A 1948 study conducted by the Crossley Corporation at the NCAA's request found that fans thought watching televised games was equal or superior to watching from the stands. In 1950, a study by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago said that attendance at college football games would have been 40 percent higher if no games had been televised. In the long term, the publicity provided by college football telecasts helped to give the sport exposure to potential ticket buyers, increasing ticket sales. The popularity of televised college football has been accompanied by a growth in game attendance. In 1949, when the U.S. population was around 150 million, 17.5 million spectators attended a college football game. By 2012, after the population had doubled, attendance had grown proportionally higher, at nearly 50 million people.
The modern era
When Notre Dame left the CFA to sign an exclusive deal with NBC in 1991, it shocked the college football world and marked the true beginning of the modern era. Then, in 1996, CBS, which had been shut out of the CFA broadcasts in the mid-1990s when ABC held the contract (and coincidentally was in desperate need of live sports after losing its major professional sports rights in 1994), successfully convinced the Southeastern Conference to break from the CFA, signing its own conference deal. The CFA disbanded in 1997.
One of the most significant side-effects of the changes in television policy since 1991 has been the sharp decrease in independent schools and realignment of athletic conferences, as schools sought to pool and increase their bargaining power; few schools had the clout or national following that could garner an exclusive contract the way Notre Dame did. Prominent independents Pitt and Penn State joined the old Big East in 1991 and the Big Ten in 1993, respectively. Television has also driven the trend of universities (generally mid-majors) playing football on weekdays rather than the traditional Saturdays, in order to have their games broadcast.
The pursuit of television money has provided financial independence to many big-time university athletic programs, since they can independently auction their "product" to the highest bidder. Some universities have limited authority over the athletic directors and coaches. In 2009, Florida President J. Bernard Machen said that due to the presence of ESPN money, the university no longer had control of its athletics department. Studies have also shown that success of big-time sports programs alters studentsβ academic behavior, reducing the amount of activity at the library and lowering men's grade point averages with each victory.
Television and cable networks control the schedule of football games. ESPN broadcasts nationally televised college football games on Thursday nights each week, making it the college equivalent of the NFL's Monday Night Football. The energy and excitement of such an atmosphere generally benefits the home teams, which have a winning record on Thursday nights. The midweek games are scheduled with no consideration of academics, rest, and recovery for athletes and university logistical issues such as competition for parking between faculty, students, and fans. For example, the logistical issues are such a problem for the University of Georgia that midweek home games are forbidden. However, most coaches are happy to tackle the logistical issues for the sake of TV scheduling and money.
In the 2010s, networks began experimenting with new technologies to expand beyond the standard two-dimensional television system. ESPN 3D carried a number of games in 3D television during its lifetime, beginning in 2011 and ending with the channel's shutdown in 2013; a lack of 3D television adoption was blamed for the program's failure. Fox began a series of virtual reality broadcasts in 2016, which were made available to dedicated VR headsets and smartphones with stereoscopes; these were discontinued by 2018.
Broadcast rights
U.S. Networks
ABC
ABC has been airing college football since 1950. Chris Schenkel and Bud Wilkinson were the number one broadcast team through 1973. Keith Jackson, its best-known college football play-by-play man, announced games from 1966 through 2005 on ABC (and for 14 years before that for various outlets), and was considered by many to be "the voice of college football." Jackson was ABC's lead play-by play man for 25 years, from 1974 through 1998. He originally was to retire after the 1999 Fiesta Bowl, but agreed to remain on a more restricted schedule (primarily broadcasting West Coast games) and remained with ABC through the 2006 Rose Bowl.
In 1954, 1960 and 1961, and then from 1966 through 1981, ABC was the exclusive network home for regular season NCAA football telecasts. In 1982 and 1983, ABC and CBS split the package. In 1984, after the NCAA television contract was invalidated by the U.S. Supreme Court, ABC began a three-year deal televising CFA games, featuring most major college teams except members of the Big Ten and Pacific-10, the Atlantic Coast Conference and the University of Miami, the games of which were televised by CBS. From 1987 to 1990, ABC televised Big Ten and Pacific-10 games. Since 1991, ABC has had contracts with most of the major BCS conferences, which leads it to broadcast many of its games regionally. ABC began airing a weekly Saturday night primetime football game in the fall of 2006, when the network's sports division converted to ESPN on ABC. Nearly all regional ABC games that air on a given Saturday (and a very large number of other, exclusive games) are also available as part of a pay-per-view package called ESPN GamePlan, and online via ESPN3.
NBC
NBC broadcast the Rose Bowl beginning in 1952 until the 1988 Rose Bowl when ABC took over. It had the Orange Bowl from 1965 through 1995. (The 1971 contest was the very last sporting event on US television to carry cigarette ads.) NBC also aired the Fiesta Bowl from 1978 through 1995, and the Cotton Bowl from 1993 to 1995. NBC also contracted with the NCAA to broadcast regular season games in 1952β1953, 1955β1959 and 1964β1965.
NBC has an exclusive contract with Notre Dame, which began in 1991. Since that time, NBC has carried nationally all of Notre Dame's home games, paying at least $9 million per season for broadcast rights. Recently, Notre Dame's ratings have been down significantly due to relatively poor play and because NBC does not telecast a game every week as CBS and ABC do (when Notre Dame plays away, NBC has no college football, and thus the network has no set regular schedule); Notre Dame games on NBC drew less than half the ratings that CBS and ABC averaged for their college football games in 2008. NBC was long the home of the annual "Bayou Classic" between Grambling State University and Southern University at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome, but NBC has since moved the game to its NBCSN cable network. The game is well known for its Battle of the Bands between the schools at halftime.
CBS
CBS contracted with the NCAA to broadcast regular season games in 1962 and 1963. CBS shared the NCAA package with ABC in 1982 and 1983 and was also required to locally broadcast four Division III contests each year as part of that contract. (For the 1982 season, these four contests were instead aired nationwide and produced using the staff of the NFL on CBS, which had been idled due to a players' strike that year.) From 1984 to 1986, CBS televised games involving the Big Ten, Pacific-10, and Atlantic Coast Conferences, plus the University of Miami. From 1987 to 1990, CBS televised CFA, ACC and Miami games. CBS broadcast several important games in the 1980s, such as the classic Boston CollegeβMiami game that ended with Doug Flutie's Hail Mary on November 23, 1984, and the "Catholics vs. Convicts" showdowns between Notre Dame and Miami from 1987 to 1990. CBS did not televise any regular season college football games from 1991 to 1995. The network aired Big East games from 1996 to 2000, and since 1996 has broadcast SEC games. CBS currently holds the right for the first pick for any game where an SEC team is at home, along with the rights to televise the SEC Championship game. The network also broadcasts the annual ArmyβNavy Game, the Air Force Academy's games vs. Army and Navy, and the Sun Bowl on New Year's Eve. CBS has broadcast the Sun Bowl (currently one of the few bowls not on an ESPN network) every year since 1968. From 1958 to 1992 and again from 1996 to 1998, CBS broadcast the Cotton Bowl annually. CBS aired the Fiesta Bowl from 1975 to 1977 and again after the 1995, 1996 and 1997 seasons, and also broadcast the Orange Bowl from 1996 to 1998.
Fox
Although its regional networks also aired games, until 2012, Fox did not air any regular season college football games. It did, however, air the Bowl Championship Series from 2006 to 2009 (excluding any event held at the Rose Bowl, whose rights were held by ABC) and aired the Cotton Bowl Classic from 1999 to 2015. In 2011, it began airing the Big Ten Football Championship Game (in conjunction with its operations of Big Ten Network), and the Pac-12 Championship Game (alternating with ESPN). In 2012, Fox began airing regular season college football games from the Pac-12 and Big 12 conferences. In 2016 and 2017, Fox acquired the Foster Farms Bowl and Holiday Bowl respectively.
On July 24, 2017, the Big Ten Conference announced that Fox had acquired the conference's Tier 1 football rights under a six-year deal beginning in the 2017 season, giving Fox first choice of Big Ten games over co-rightsholder ESPN.
The CW
In July 2023, Raycom Sports announced that it had sold a package of Atlantic Coast Conference broadcasts to The CW, consisting of 13 football games, 28 men's basketball games, and 9 women's basketball games per-season. The CW aired its first ACC broadcast on September 9, 2023, featuring Cincinnati at Pittsburgh.
PBS
PBS briefly carried the Ivy League in the 1980s, produced by WGBH-TV Boston, while many other state networks carried the games of their partner universities. Eventually, the airing of sports on public television became unworkable: most public television outlets operated under non-commercial educational licenses, which prohibited them from selling advertising or collecting retransmission consent fees. As the cost of rights began to skyrocket, these stations lacked the necessary revenue streams to keep up with the commercial networks; independent public stations could not afford rights, and state-owned networks got shut out when the state universities opted to make more money by selling the rights (usually in conjunction with their athletic conferences) to commercial networks.
Cable stations
TBS became the first cable station to nationally broadcast college football live when it began airing games during the 1982 season. The games were aired under a special "supplemental" television contract with the NCAA. ESPN followed later the same year, starting with a simulcast of the Independence Bowl match-up between Kansas State and the University of Wisconsin on December 11, 1982, which was the first college football game shown live on ESPN. (TBS subsequently left the field for several years, but again broadcast college football games from 2002 to 2006, showing Big 12 and Pac-10 matchups sublicensed from Fox Sports Net.)
In the wake of the 1984 Supreme Court ruling that broke the NCAA monopoly, ESPN immediately began airing regular season games live, starting with a contest between Pittsburgh and BYU on September 1, 1984. The network aired a 48-game package that year. ESPN2 began broadcasting live games in 1994, ESPNU began in 2005.
ABC gets first choice of games over the ESPN networks, especially from the American Athletic Conference, Big Ten, and ACC, because ABC and ESPN are owned by the same company. Many marquee games will still air on ESPN so they can air in prime-time, without being limited to regional viewers or GamePlan subscribers, but not giving non-cable owners a chance to see the games (unlike the NFL, games on ESPN are not required to be simulcast on over-the-air stations in local markets). This also occurs because CBS, not ABC, owns broadcast TV rights to the SEC, and thus only the ESPN networks can air the second and third-choice games (normally on Saturday nights); CBS having made the first pick. Likewise, FSN is the cable partner for Big 12 and Pac-12 games, and so only ABC can air games from those conference packages (it normally has the first pick), aside from a handful of games from each conference that ESPN purchases each year.
FSN sublicensed games to TBS from 2002 to 2006 from the Big 12 and Pac-10 Conferences and to Versus from 2007 to 2010. In 2011, FSN moved those games to FX. Joining the Big 12 and Pac-12 Conferences on FX will be Conference USA. Those games moved to Fox Sports 1 upon the channel's launch in 2013.
BET carried college football games from historically black colleges and universities under the Black College Football banner from 1981 through 2005 (in later years, the coverage was co-produced by CBS). This ended after the breakup of CBS and Viacom. Black college football games are now seen on the ESPN networks and on Aspire (Aspire also reruns select classic HBCU games from years past); Bounce TV had previously aired HBCU games in 2012 and 2013 before dropping them.
In the early 2000s, entire networks devoted to college sports, including college football, began to appear. Fox College Sports began in 2002. College Sports Television (now CBS Sports Network) debuted in 2002, becoming a CBS subsidiary in 2005. ESPNU began in March 2005. In the late 2000s, networks devoted to a single conference (e.g. Big Ten Network, MountainWest Sports Network) or team (Longhorn Network) began to appear.
Regional cable networks have long devoted coverage to one or two conferences. The Pac-12 and Big 12 have had deals with FSN since 1996, which airs games on its regional family of networks. As noted above, Fox Sports 1 and ESPN have also acquired the rights to certain games. The Mountain West Conference entered into an arrangement with CBS Sports Network and Comcast that developed the "MountainWest Sports Network" or "the mtn" that was devoted to broadcasting the league's games. The contract also placed eight MWC football games and five men's basketball games along with the MWC men's and women's basketball tournament championships on Versus (now NBC Sports Network). MountainWest Sports Network ceased operations on May 31, 2012. The Big Ten also has a similar regional network, with the Big Ten Network having made its debut in August 2007. The Texas Longhorns debuted the Longhorn Network in the fall of 2011, and the Pac-12 debuted the Pac-12 Network and Pac-12 Digital Network in fall of 2012. While it is not a national network, the Western Athletic Conference and Learfield Sports started the WAC Sports Network in 2010 to broadcast games to local affiliates.
Some Division III college football games are locally shown live or on tape on public-access television channels in the community in which the home team's campus is located.
Syndication
In addition, Raycom Sports, ESPN Plus and SPORTSfever syndicate games to broadcast stations and regional sports networks on a market-by-market basis. Many conferences also run their own syndicated network. Included in these are the Sun Belt Conference and the Western Athletic Conference who run the Sun Belt Network and the WAC Sports Network.
Sinclair Broadcast Group, in 2014, launched the American Sports Network, which includes broadcasts of Division I FBS and FCS games across its properties. Conference USA, the Colonial Athletic Association, the Big South Conference, the Southern Conference, Southland Conference and Patriot League are part of ASN's package; the league also carries Mid-American Conference games through a sub-licensing deal with ESPN that allows Sinclair's local stations to carry their hometown college teams (for example, Buffalo Bulls college football is on Sinclair's WNYO). ASN was integrated into the multiplatform network Stadium in the 2017 offseason.
Canada
Canadian university football has had some national coverage of regular season games by terrestrial networks over the last 30 years, but the vast majority of broadcasts are on community channels, community TV networks or sports specialty channels. This is in part due to the sport's structure in Canada, where it is divided strictly into regional conferences and inter-conference play is much rarer than in the United States, reducing the sport's national appeal.
Coverage of U.S. college football is available to an extent in Canada; individual U.S. stations are available over-the-air and on television providers, Big Ten Network and CBS Sports Network can be carried by Canadian television providers, while the networks of TSN often simulcast games aired by ESPN networks (ESPN owns a minority stake in TSN).
Two of the country's four conferences (OUA and Canada West) distribute telecasts via Internet television, although the quality of these broadcasts is often significantly below that of a professional telecast (typically involving airing the team's radio broadcast over a single-camera feed of the game).
Ontario
In the early years of TSN during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the network broadcast some regular season games along with the OUAA or OQIFC finals.
Hamilton-based CHCH carried Ontario (OUA) university football games (typically involving the hometown McMaster Marauders) through the 1990s until 2001. From 2003 to 2013, The Score had offered a Saturday game of the week and the Yates Cup under the brand OUA University Rush. After The Score was acquired by Sportsnet and became Sportsnet 360, the company canceled its OUA coverage due to low ratings, and no other broadcaster picked up the rights. In 2015, OUA reached an agreement with CHCH to carry the OUA playoffs in a multi-year deal, one that survived the station's bankruptcy later that year. CITY-TV, which like Sportsnet is owned by Rogers Communications, ran a four-game trial run of OUA regular season games (three of which involved the OUA) in 2016.
A series of community TV stations carry games throughout Ontario. Rogers outlets in Ottawa, Guelph, Kitchener-Waterloo and London broadcast games. TV Cogeco outlets in Windsor, Hamilton and Kingston also broadcast games. Kingston broadcasts of Queen's Gaels football are tape delayed for same day broadcast, while all other games are distributed live.
Quebec (and national Francophone)
RSEQ games are broadcast nationally in French on Radio Canada on a weekly basis, including the playoffs and the Dunsmore Cup in the 2011 and 2012 seasons. The contract is up for renewal in 2013.
Previously, RDS broadcast a game of the week package during the regular season. The rights for the Uteck Bowl, Mitchell Bowl and Vanier Cup belonged to RDS in 2011 and 2012. For 2013 onward, Radio Canada carried the national playoffs nationwide.
Atlantic Canada
In the AUS, Eastlink had a long-standing agreement to carry a game of the week up to and including the Loney Bowl which expired in 2014. The games have since been carried on Bell Alliant TV1.
Western Canada
In 2017, Canada West will broadcast a game of the week on SaskTel throughout Saskatchewan. Games produced by SaskTel will be shared by Telus in BC and Alberta and Bell-MTS in Manitoba to 1.5 million customers.
In the early years of TSN during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the network broadcast some regular season games along with the Canada West final.
Games in Canada West games were carried throughout the Shaw TV system to 2.7 million subscribers through most regions of Western Canada and parts of Northern Ontario. In southern and central Saskatchewan the broadcasts are shared with Access Communications customers. Krown Produce Canada West Football on Shaw was available from 2006 to 2016.
Since 2010, the games have been available to 790,000 Shaw Direct subscribers nationally on channels 299 and 499.
In 2012, Shaw simulcast the games in anamorphic HD for free access on HD 303 on their systems.
Shaw lost the rights to the Canada West Championship when the conference reached an agreement with MRX and Associates to broadcast the final on TSN in 2011 and 2012. Shaw regained the Hardy Trophy no later than the 2014 season, after TSN abandoned Canadian university football broadcasts.
Canada West renewed a three-year agreement with Shaw TV before the 2012 season. In 2015, Canada West expanded its coverage nationwide with an agreement with Global Television Network, a sister company to Shaw.
There were also local broadcasts produced for Manitoba Bisons home games by Shaw TV Winnipeg, and Regina Rams games by Access.
Shaw also produced a weekly, 30-minute CIS highlight and features show called the Krown Canadian University Countdown.
National (anglophone)
The Vanier Cup has had a wide and varied history on Canadian TV.
In the early 1970s, CBC Television broadcast the game, eventually returning decades later to carry the 55th Vanier Cup in 2019. CBC Sports also simulcast American college football broadcasts on a sporadic basis from 1966 to 2005. From the mid-1970s through to the mid-1980s the CTV Network broadcast the national final. TSN gained broadcast rights to the final in the late 1980s. On occasion, the network would broadcast a conference game nationally, but would mainly stick with conference finals, national semifinals (a.k.a. bowl games) and the national final.
TSN lost the rights to The Score in 2006 and 2007 for national bowl games and the Vanier Cup, but regained them between the 2008 and 2012 seasons. In the latter five seasons, TSN used its exclusive rights deal with the Canadian Football League to cross-promote the Vanier Cup as part of a broader championship weekend with the Grey Cup, the CFL championship; the cross-promotion was a success, with over 500,000 viewers watching the 2011 and 2012 Vanier Cups.
In May 2013, CIS, since renamed U Sports, signed a six-year agreement with Rogers Sportsnet to carry the Uteck Bowl, Mitchell Bowl and Vanier Cup. As a standalone event and the only substantial football on Sportsnet (rival TSN owns exclusive NFL and CFL rights in addition to its extensive U.S. college football slate), the Vanier Cup has fared far more poorly; the 2017 Vanier Cup only drew 168,000, down almost three-fourths from 2011, when 665,000 viewers saw the game. Non-Vanier Cup games fared even more poorly; the 2014 playoff games drew 80,000 and 120,000 viewers (compared to 200,000 for the Vanier Cup that year), while that year's regular season slate drew only 28,000 per game, a number so low that Sportsnet could not justify the cost (about $84,000 per game at the time) to produce the regular season contests. By 2018, the playoff numbers had fallen to 39,000 viewers for the Uteck Bowl and 66,000 for the Mitchell Bowl; the Uteck Bowl has been harmed by non-competitiveness, as Quebec has defeated Atlantic in 11 consecutive Uteck Bowls.
Conference affiliations by home team
All conferences, games and teams are Bowl Subdivision teams unless otherwise noted.
Broadcast network
ABC: ACC, American, Big 12, Pac-12, championship games (ACC, American, Big 12 and Pac-12 in odd-numbered years), Citrus Bowl, LA Bowl and Las Vegas Bowl
CBS: SEC, Big Ten, Mountain West, SEC Championship Game, Commander-in-Chief's Trophy games (include Army-Navy) and Sun Bowl
Fox: Big 12, Big Ten, Mountain West, Pac-12, championship games (Big Ten, Mountain West, and Pac-12 in even-numbered years) and Holiday Bowl
NBC: Big Ten, Notre Dame
The CW: ACC
Cable/regional/online
ACC Network: ACC
Big Ten Network: Big Ten
CBS Sports Network: Army, C-USA, MAC, Mountain West, Navy, UConn, C-USA Championship Game and Hula Bowl
ESPN networks (ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, ESPNews, ESPN3 and ESPN+): ACC, American, Big 12, Big Ten, C-USA, MAC, Pac-12, SEC, Sun Belt, UMass, championship games (MAC and Sun Belt) and most bowl games including the entirety of the College Football Playoff
Fox Sports 1: Big 12, Big Ten, Mountain West and Pac-12
Fox Sports 2: Mountain West
Longhorn Network: Texas
NFL Network: American, MAC, Sun Belt, EastβWest Shrine Bowl, NFLPA Collegiate Bowl and Senior Bowl
Pac-12 Network: Pac-12
Peacock: Big Ten, Notre Dame
SEC Network: SEC
Spectrum OC16: Hawaii
FCS and others
ABC: Celebration Bowl (FCS) and FCS Championship Game
Aspire: Select games from the SWAC (FCS) and CIAA (D-II, including league championship)
CBS Sports Network: NEC (FCS)
Cox Sports Television: Southland (FCS)
ESPN networks (ESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, ESPNews, ESPN3 and ESPN+): Big Sky (FCS), Big SouthβOVC (FCS), Ivy League (FCS, ESPN+ exclusive), MEAC (FCS), MVFC (FCS), NEC (FCS), SWAC (FCS), SoCon (FCS), Southland (FCS), UAC (FCS), Turkey Day Classic (FCS/D-II), SWAC Championship Game, FCS tournament, Gulf South (D-II), D-II Championship Game, Secretaries Cup (D-III), D-III Championship Game, KCAC (NAIA), NAIA Championship.
FloSports: CAA (FCS) and SIAC (D-II)
HBCU Go: SWAC (FCS)
Image Video: Mount Union (D-III)
NBC: Bayou Classic (FCS)
NEC Front Row: NEC (FCS)
NFL Network: HBCU Legacy Bowl (FCS)
SPORTSfever Television Network: Morgan State (FCS), PSAC (D-II), PennβMansfield sprint game (sui generis)
In contrast to the National Football League, which uses the visiting team's conference affiliation to determine who broadcasts afternoon games, college football telecasts are assigned based on the home team's conference affiliation.
Canada
There are four conferences in Canada, plus a national playoff.
Regional and national coverage in 2019:
SaskTel and Telus TV/Bell-MTS: Canada West (both regular season and Hardy Trophy)
TVA Sports: French: RSEQ, French-language coverage of the Vanier Cup
Bell Alliant TV1: AUS
CHCH TV: OUA (select regular season games and Yates Cup)
TSN: American college football broadcast simulcasts from the ESPN networks
CBS Sports Network is also available in Canada (the only cable sports service from the U.S. to be carried in the country), as are most U.S. broadcast networks.
National semifinals and final managed by U Sports
CBC: Vanier Cup
Televised games
Annual televised games
Some games are traditionally played on a specific date (often a holiday), and are nationally televised every single year. These include:
Auburn and AlabamaΒ β Known as "The Iron Bowl", has generally been the last game of the regular season. Since 2007, the game has been scheduled for either the Friday or Saturday after Thanksgiving.
Notre Dame and MichiganΒ β Played in September in all but six seasons since 1978. Every one of these games has been on national network television, except the 1980 game (won by Notre Dame, 29-27, on a game-ending 51-yard field goal by Harry Oliver). The 1982 showdown was the first night game in the history of Notre Dame Stadium, with the use of portable lights from Musco Lighting, and was televised in prime time on ABC. The 1988 and 1990 games at Notre Dame were prime time telecasts on CBS, with both won by Notre Dame. The 2011 game, the first night game ever at Michigan Stadium and won by Michigan, was televised nationally by ESPN. The 2014 game was the last of the annual series due to Notre Dame's current commitment to schedule five ACC schools each season, plus the Big Ten's move to a nine-game conference schedule starting in 2016. The teams played a one-off renewal, again in September, in 2018. As this game was at Notre Dame, it was televised nationally by NBC, which has had the contract to televise Notre Dame home games since 1991.
Ohio State and MichiganΒ β Also referred to as "The Game" is traditionally played the third Saturday of every November and broadcast on ABC through the 2016 season. With the Big Ten adding a bye week, the game was moved to the Saturday after Thanksgiving in 2010. Beginning with the 2017 season, Fox will broadcast the game on an (expected) annual basis.
West Virginia and Pittsburgh (Backyard Brawl)Β β Usually played towards the end of the football season and always on national television. In the past, the Backyard Brawl games were on ABC, CBS, ESPN and ESPN2. The rivalry ended for the time being with West Virginia's move to the Big 12 before the 2012 college football season.
Tennessee vs. AlabamaΒ βKnown as the "Third Saturday in October". This game has been played between the two schools on or around the same day of every year since 1901. Recently it has been either the third or fourth Saturday of October, depending on the calendar.
Texas and Oklahoma (Red River Shootout)Β β Played during the State Fair of Texas in Dallas on the second Saturday of October and broadcast on ABC. The 2009 game was moved back a week to the third Saturday in October, and the 2010 game was moved up to the first Saturday in October.
USC and Notre DameΒ β USCβND has had a national television audience every year since 1986, with the exception of 2002 when the game was a split-national telecast with FloridaβFlorida State. Notre Dame hosts the game in odd years in mid-October, and USC hosts the game in even years on the Saturday after Thanksgiving. In the former case, NBC airs the game, while in the latter case, it is carried on the ESPN family of networks (ABC was the longtime carrier of games from Los Angeles, but in 2008 it aired on ESPN while ABC aired Oklahoma-Oklahoma State).
Florida and Florida StateΒ β Usually played on the Saturday of Thanksgiving weekend except 2020, during odd years the game is played in Gainesville, and aired on CBS. In even years, the game is played in Tallahassee on and aired or ABC, ESPN, or ESPN2. In 2022, the game will air on Black Friday for the first time, in primetime.
Texas A&MβTexasΒ β Played on the day after Thanksgiving and televised annually on ABC through 2007. In 2008, Texas A&M vs. Texas was played on Thanksgiving night in Austin, and in 2009 was played on Thanksgiving night in College Station, with ESPN telecasting both games. The 2010 game in Austin was again played on Thanksgiving night. This annual game is no longer played following A&M's 2012 move to the Southeastern Conference.
LSU and ArkansasΒ β Known as "The Battle for the Golden Boot." Played on the day after Thanksgiving and broadcast on CBS from 1996 to 2008. The game was moved back a day to Saturday due to the Iron Bowl moving to the Friday slot for 2009 and 2010, but was broadcast by ESPN and CBS, respectively. CBS once again aired the game on the day after Thanksgiving in 2011, 2012 and 2013. LSU and Arkansas began playing earlier in November in 2014.
LSU-Texas A&MΒ - Now played on Thanksgiving weekend and televised by ESPN or ESPN2. The games in College Station in 2014 and 2016 were played on Thanksgiving night, owing to the Aggies' former tradition of playing Texas on Thanksgiving. LSU has refused to move the games in Baton Rouge to Thanksgiving (no game at Tiger Stadium has been played on a Thursday since 1973), keeping them on Saturday.
Arkansas-MissouriΒ - Known as the "Battle Line Rivalry", it has been played on the Friday after Thanksgiving since 2014 and televised by CBS.
ArmyβNavy GameΒ β generally played on the last weekend of the regular season and broadcast on CBS since 1996. Since 2009, the game has been played on the second Saturday in December, and is the only scheduled FBS game that weekend except 2020.
KentuckyβLouisville - Known as the "Governor's Cup", this game is played at the end of the season. The in-state-rivals formerly opened the season against each other, but since Louisville joined the ACC in 2014, the game has been held on the last week before the ACC and SEC championship games. This specific weekend features three other ACCβSEC in-state rivalries in ClemsonβSouth Carolina, FloridaβFlorida State, and GeorgiaβGeorgia Tech.
USC and UCLAΒ β played during the last week of the regular season (2004β2008), when the game was broadcast on ABC between the ACC Championship Game and the Big 12 Championship Game. (NOTE: For the 2009 season USC played their final game against Arizona, but USC-UCLA was again each team's final game in 2010.) The ESPN family of networks still airs the game on odd-numbered years, while the Fox family of networks airs the game when played in Pasadena during even-numbered years.
BYU and UtahΒ β Known as "The Holy War" and as the "Deseret First Duel." The game was typically played the week before Thanksgiving until the 2011 season, when Utah moved to the Pac-12 and BYU became a football independent. The game was broadcast by ABC, ESPN, ESPN2, or ESPN Plus before 2007 and was simulcast on Mtn. and CBS Sports Network from 2007 to 2010. The game returned to the ESPN family of networks beginning in 2011, and could be seen on one of the Fox family of networks in even-numbered years. For the 2011 and 2012 seasons the game took place during the third week of the season. From 2013 forward, the game takes place between September 29 and October 5, depending on what day the first Sunday in October falls on.
Grambling and SouthernΒ β Known as the Bayou Classic, the Grambling-Southern rivalry airs annually on NBCSN on the last Saturday afternoon in November (i.e., the Saturday following Thanksgiving). It is the only black college football classic, and until the game moved from NBC in 2015, was the only non-FBS college football game to air regularly on a nationwide broadcast television network.
Bowl games
Rose BowlΒ β Annually broadcast since the 1952 Rose Bowl. Traditionally held on New Year's Day along with the Rose Parade; however, after joining the Bowl Championship Series, the 2002 game was played January 3 and the 2006 game was played January 4 due to the Rose Bowl being the national championship game. NBC was the longtime home of the Rose Bowl until the late 1980s, when ABC took over. ABC's final Rose Bowl was the 2010 game, and the network aired the BCS Championship Game from the Rose Bowl on January 7, 2010. ESPN began televising the game in 2011.
Orange BowlΒ β Traditionally held on New Year's Day. It was a New Year's night staple for many years on NBC, with NBC's last telecast being the 1995 game. CBS aired the game for three years, followed by ABC for eight years, and Fox for four years, with 2010 being the last Orange Bowl to air on Fox. ESPN began televising the game in 2011.
Sugar BowlΒ β Traditionally held on New Year's Day. Its traditional time slot was early afternoon and was first telecast by the DuMont Network in 1953 and then by ABC from 1954 to 1958. From 1959 until 1969 NBC broadcast the game as a part of its New Year's Day trio of the Sugar, Rose and then Orange. ABC returned in 1970 and for 1972 convinced the Sugar Bowl committee to move the game to primetime on New Year's Eve where it remained through 1975. ABC aired the game up until 2006 when Fox purchased the rights for the BCS Bowl games through 2010. ESPN began televising the game in 2011.
Cotton Bowl ClassicΒ β Traditionally held on New Year's Day. CBS was the long-time home of the Cotton Bowl Classic, airing it up through 1992, and again from 1996 to 1998. NBC aired the game from 1993 to 1995, and Fox aired the game from 1999 to 2014. The game has been played on January 2 multiple times in recent years, as was the case in both 2009 and 2010. The 2011 game aired in primetime for the first time ever, on Friday, January 7. ESPN has aired the game since January 15 as part of the College Football Playoff package (the Cotton Bowl is a CFP semifinal once every three years and is an "access" bowl in the other two).
BCS games
The Bowl Championship Series, which operated from 1998 through the 2013 season, was driven from the start by television revenue. In 2007, the Fox Broadcasting Company started broadcasting all the BCS games with the exception of the Rose Bowl. ABC previously aired two full cycles of the BCS between 1998 and 2006. Before this, CBS aired the Bowl Coalition and the Bowl Alliance, with the exception of the Sugar Bowl from 1995 to 1997. The Rose Bowl aired on ABC from 1989 to 2010. All BCS games shifted to cable in 2010β11 as ESPN began a four-year deal.
College Football Playoff
The College Football Playoff replaced the BCS starting with the 2014 season. ESPN acquired rights to the entire CFP package, consisting of six bowl games and the College Football Playoff National Championship, through the 2025 season.
Announcers
By bowl
Rose Bowl
List of Rose Bowl Game broadcasters
Sugar Bowl
List of Sugar Bowl broadcasters
Orange Bowl
List of Orange Bowl broadcasters
Fiesta Bowl
List of Fiesta Bowl broadcasters
Cotton Bowl Classic
List of Cotton Bowl Classic broadcasters
Holiday Bowl
List of Holiday Bowl broadcasters
By broadcaster
Note: All ABC crews may appear on ESPN.
ESPN College Football on ABC & ESPN College Football (For 2023)
Chris Fowler or Rece Davis/Kirk Herbstreit/Holly Rowe (Saturday Night Football)
Sean McDonough or Bob Wischusen/Greg McElroy/Molly McGrath (ESPN College Football Saturday Primetime)
Joe Tessitore or Mike Monaco/Jesse Palmer or Jordan Rodgers/Katie George (ESPN College Football on ABC/ESPN)
Mark Jones/Louis Riddick or Rod Gilmore/Quint Kessenich (ESPN College Football on ABC/ESPN)
Dave Pasch/Dusty Dvoracek/Tom Luginbill (ESPN College Football on ABC/ESPN)
Bob Wischusen or Mike Monaco/Robert Griffin III/Kris Budden (ESPN College Football on ABC/ESPN)
Dave Flemming or Drew Carter /Brock Osweiler/Kayla Burton (ESPN College Football on ABC/ESPN)
Roy Philpott/Roddy Jones/Taylor McGregor (ESPN/ESPN2)
Beth Mowins or Lowell Galindo/Kirk Morrison/Stormy Buonantony (ESPN/ESPN2)
Brian Custer/Rod Gilmore/Lauren Sisler (ESPN/ESPN2)
Matt Barrie/Dan Mullen/Harry Lyles Jr. (ESPN College Football Thursday Primetime)
Anish Shroff/Andre Ware/Paul Carcaterra (ESPN College Football Friday Primetime)
John Schriffen/Rocky Boiman/Dawn Davenport (ESPN2/ESPNU)
Courtney Lyle/Hutson Mason (ESPN2/ESPNU)
Jay Alter or MIke Corey/Rene Ingoglia (ESPN2/ESPNU)
Clay Matvick/Aaron Murray (ESPN2/ESPNU)
Drew Carter/Dustin Fox (ESPN2/ESPNU)
Connor Onion/Craig Haubert (ESPN2/ESPNU)
NOTE: Former college referees Bill LeMonnier and Matt Austin provide rules analysis for many ESPN games.
Fox College Football (For 2023)
Gus Johnson/Joel Klatt/Jenny Taft (Fox Big Noon Saturday)Jason Benetti/Brock Huard/Allison Williams (Fox)Tim Brando/Spencer Tillman/Josh Sims (Fox)Jeff Levering/Mark Helfrich (FS1)Alex Faust/Petros Papadakis (FS1)Eric Collins/Devin Gardner (FS1)Mike Pereira or Dean Blandino provides Rules Analysis for Fox/FS1 games from Fox Sports Studio in Los Angeles, California.
CBS (For 2023)
Brad Nessler/Gary Danielson/Jenny Dell
Tom McCarthy/Jason McCourty and/or Ross Tucker/Tiffany Blackmon
Rich Waltz/Aaron Taylor/Amanda Guerra
Chris Lewis/Ross Tucker or Jason McCourty/Justin Walters
Note: Gene Steratore provides rules analysis for all SEC Football Games plus the Army-Navy Game from the CBS Broadcast Center in New York. Steratore joins Nessler and Danielson in the booth for the Sun Bowl.
NBC (For 2023)
Noah Eagle/Todd Blackledge/Kathryn Tappen/Terry McAulay (Big Ten Saturday Night on NBC)
Jac Collinsworth or Noah Eagle or Paul Burmeister/Jason Garrett/Zora Stephenson/Terry McAulay (Notre Dame Football on NBC and Select Big Ten Games on NBC)
Mike Tirico/Chris Simms/Lewis Johnson (Big Ten on NBC)
Additional Play-by-Play Announcers
- Brendan Burke, Paul Burmeister and Andrew Siciliano
Additional Analyst and Sideline Report
- Joshua Perry, Michael Robinson, Kyle Rudolph and Anthony Herron
Additional Sideline Reporter
- Caroline Pineda
Additional Rules Analyst
- Reggie Smith
CBS Sports Network (For 2023)
Rich Waltz/Aaron Taylor
John Sadak or Jordan Kent/Randy Cross/Sheehan Stanwick-Burch - Navy games
Chris Lewis or Dave Ryan/Ross Tucker or Adam Breneman/Tina Cervasio - Army games
Note: Gene Steratore provides rules analysis for all College Football Games on CBS Sports Network from the CBS Broadcast Center in New York.
Additional Play-by-Play Announcers
- Carter Blackburn, Ed Cohen, Chick Hernandez, Alex Del Barrio, Jason Knapp, and Michael Grady
Additional Analyst and Sideline Report
- Robert Turbin, Malik Zaire, Donte Whitner, Christian Fauria, Brock Vereen, and Taylor McHargue
Additional Sideline Reporters
- Tiffany Blackmon, Amanda Guerra, Justin Walters, Brandon Baylor, Emily Proud and Keiana Martin
BTN (For 2023)
play-by-play - Cory Provus, Mark Followill, Lisa Byington, Connor Onion, Jason Ross Jr., Joe Beninati
analysts - Jake Butt, Matt Millen, Anthony Herron, Brock Vereen
sidelines - Brooke Fletcher, Elise Menaker, Meghan McKeown, Justine Ward
Pac-12 Network (For 2023)
play-by-play - Ted Robinson, Roxy Bernstein, JB Long, Guy Haberman, Elise Woodward
analysts - Yogi Roth, Lincoln Kennedy, Max Browne, Shane Vereen, Nigel Burton, Ryan Leaf, Greg Camarillo, Gus Farwell, Michael Bumpus
SEC Network (For 2023)
Tom Hart/Jordan Rodgers or Cole Cubelic/Cole Cubelic or Alyssa Lang
Dave Neal/Derek Mason/Taylor Davis
Taylor Zarzour/Matt Stinchcomb/Alyssa Lang
Former SEC referee Matt Austin provides rules analysis from the SEC Network studio in Charlotte, North Carolina.
ACC Network (For 2023)
Wes Durham/Tim Hasselbeck/Taylor Tannenbaum
Chris Cotter/Mark Herzlich/Sherree Burruss
Jorge Sedano/Orlando Franklin/Marilyn Payne
The CW (For 2023)
Tom Werme/James Bates/Treavor Scales or Tabitha Turner
Root Sports Northwest
Tom Glasgow/Taylor Barton or Jason Stiles/Ty Gregorak or Jen Mueller (Big Sky)Next Level Sports
(Big Sky)
(Ivy League)
Eric Frede/Andy Gresh (UMass)
TV2 Sports (Lehigh Mountain Hawks)
Matt Kerr, Lance Haynes, Tom Fallon, and Matt Markus
NBC North Dakota
Brian Shawn/Lee Timmerman/Beth Hoole
WEIU
Mike Bradd/Jack Ashmore
ASPiRE
Stan Lewter
Midco
Alex Heinert/Ryan Kasowski/Kelly Howe (North Dakota)Jay Elsen/Andre Fields (South Dakota)Tom Niemann/Hank McCall (South Dakota State)Legacy Sports Network (Sam Houston State on ESPN3 & Houston Baptist on ROOT SW)
Tom Franklin/Jeff Power/Rotating sideline reporters
Announcers, Canada
Krown Produce Canada West Football on Shaw
Jim Mullin/Laurence Nixon or Jesse Lumsden or Daved Benefield
OUA University Rush on The Score
Simon Bennett/Donnovan Bennett
RSEQ football sur SRC
Jean St-Onge/Jacques Dussault
Subway AUS Football on Eastlink TV
Dan Robertson
CIS on TSN
Rod Black/Duane Forde
Rod Smith/Mike Morreale
SIC sur RDS
Pierre Vercheval
See also
Men's college basketball on television
References
Specific citations:
General references:
Bernstein, Mark F. (2001). Football: The Ivy League Origins of an American Obsession ()
Watterson, John Sayle (2000). College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy'' ()
In The Arena' from ncaa.org
Current major conference television contracts from kansascity.com
Selection of legendary games from usatoday.com
Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College%20football%20on%20television |
The AOD (automatic overdrive) is a four-speed automatic transmission, with the 4th gear as overdrive. Introduced in 1980, it was Ford's first four-speed automatic overdrive transmission. The gearset design is based on the Ford "X" automatic transmissions used during the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. The AOD replaced many of Ford's older transmissions, such as the C4, C5, and light duty applications of the FMX.
History
In 1962 Ford began working on a new type of automatic transmission that would emphasize fuel economy and driveability. The new transmission was built around the Ravigneaux planetary gearset of the "X" transmissions. Where many transmissions had a fourth gear added on as an afterthought, Ford's new transmission was designed with a fourth gear integrated into the gearset. Because it was based on the "X" transmissions, its gear ratios from 1-3 were the same, with the fourth being 0.67:1. The transmission featured a split-torque application for third gear as well as a lockup in the torque converter. The XT-LOD was initially abandoned in 1966, but the design began again in 1974 because of rising gas prices. The project was shelved with a design that lacked a damper in the torque converter but, after the project was revisited, a damper eventually made its way into the final design. The transmission was introduced when Ford started to downsize its full-size line in 1979. Initially called XT-LOD (Extension Lock-Up Overdrive), its name was changed when revisited in 1974 to FIOD (Ford Integrated Overdrive) and then to its final name in 1979, the Ford AOD transmission.
Applications:
1980β1986 Ford LTD
1980β1993 Ford Thunderbird
1980β1993 Mercury Cougar
1984β1993 Ford Mustang
1980β1986 Mercury Marquis
1983β1993 Ford Econoline
1983β1991 Ford LTD Crown Victoria
1983β1992 Mercury Grand Marquis
1982β1993 Ford Bronco
1981β1992 Lincoln Town Car
1980β1987 Lincoln Continental
1980β1983 Continental Mark VI
1984β1985 Continental Mark VII
1986β1992 Lincoln Mark VII
1992 Ford Crown Victoria
1980β1993 Ford F-Series
Gear ratios
First: 2.47:1
Second: 1.47:1
Third: 1.00:1
Overdrive: 0.67:1
Reverse: 2.00:1
AODE
The AOD was redesigned with electronic controls in 1992, becoming the AOD-E. It was primarily intended for the new Modular V8 at first, but it was also adapted to the old AOD bellhousing for vehicles still powered by pushrod engines. While the AOD and AOD-E are like each other (oil pans, casings, bellhousing, and internals), they are not interchangeable with each other, because the AOD-E's shift points are controlled electronically from a combination of solenoids and the Powertrain Control Module (PCM), while the AOD's shift points are hydraulically controlled by a throttle valve rod.
Applications:
1992β1994 Lincoln Town Car
1992 and up Ford F-Series trucks and E-Series vans
1993β1994 Ford Crown Victoria
1993β1994 Mercury Grand Marquis
1994β1995 Ford Mustang
4R70W
A revised version of the AOD-E Transmission was released in 1993 with the Lincoln Mark VIII. Unlike the AOD-E, Reverse, 1st, and 2nd gear ratios in the 4R70-W are numerically higher, giving the transmission a better mechanical advantage and, in turn, better take-off acceleration, better passing acceleration, slightly lower fuel consumption, and designed for better gearset strength; the 4th gear ratio in the 4R70-W is up 0.70:1 from 0.67:1. As a result, fuel economy is slightly increased and downshifting is slightly decreased for less wear. On vehicles powered by the 5.4L V8 engine, a stronger gearset is used than in normal duty 4R70Ws, and Torque Converter stall speeds are also slightly lower due to the 5.4L-engineβs increased low-end torque, as opposed to the 4.6L V8. In 1998, the intermediate one-way roller clutch was replaced with a mechanical diode due to durability concerns, thus providing extra holding capacity and longer service.
While there is some speculation that the 70 can be multiplied by ten to indicate the pound-feet of torque this transmission is capable of handling, including torque converter multiplication, (i.e. 700Β lb-ft of torque), there is no reliable source indicating this. In fact, a Ford document stated that the 2003 "Expedition's 4R70W transmission is rated to handle up to 506 pound-feet of torque, which provides a large performance cushion beyond the peak torque rating of Expedition's largest available engine." It is more plausible that the number indicates the torque handling capability in N-m, as 506Β lb-ft converts to 686 N-m which could be rounded to 700 N-m. The "70" may also refer to the transmission's torque capacity after torque converter multiplication which occurs at low RPM when the torque converter is more "elastic". 4R70W indicates 4 gears, Rear wheel drive and Wider gear ratio compared to the AODE.
The gear ratios are:
First: 2.84 :1
Second: 1.55 :1
Third: 1.00 :1
Overdrive: 0.70 :1
Reverse: 2.32 :1
Applications:
1993β1998 Lincoln Mark VIII
1993β2003 Ford F-Series
1994β1997 Ford Thunderbird
1995β2004 Ford Crown Victoria
1996β2001 Ford Explorer
1993β2004 Lincoln Town Car
1994β1997 Mercury Cougar
1995β2004 Mercury Grand Marquis
2003 Mercury Marauder
1997β2004 Ford Expedition
1997β2001 Mercury Mountaineer
1996β2004 Ford Mustang
2004β2005 Rover 75 V8
4R75W
In 2003, Ford revised the 4R70W transmission to include: A stronger ring gear that has 24 lugs (as opposed to 6) for the output shaft sensor (OSS) to read from, a revised torque converter, a revised front pump assembly, and a vehicle speed sensor (VSS) that complements the OSS to improve shift quality and efficiency. These improvements allowed the 4R75W to handle more power while being more efficient and economical. While not used on all 2003 model year vehicles, the 4R75W/E transmissions eventually replaced the 4R70W/E.
Newer transmissions that are referred to as 4R70E or 4R75E have modifications that complement Ford's switching to throttle-by-wire. The PCM was given a more powerful microprocessor and Ford added a turbine speed sensor to the transmission. This allows the PCM to know the speed of the input shaft after the torque converter, which is used in combination with crankshaft speed to detect the amount of slipping going on in the torque converter. This information provides PCM with the basis for fully electronic shift scheduling, which limits "hunting", fine-tunes shift speed, and feel. It lets the PCM know what the torque will be in the next gear so it can choose the shift points based on the vehicle's projected performance in the next gear. Coupled with the electronic throttle strategy, the transmission computes the output torque required to maintain the vehicle speed and chooses the correct gear and converter state accordingly.
Modification
The most practical modification for the 4R70W is the J-mod. It involves modifying the valve body separator plate and gaskets as well as changing or removing accumulator springs to alter the shift timing of the transmission. While these modifications can be done to the 4R75W transmission, the results are not as dramatic, as some of the details of the J-Mod (bigger holes in the separator plate and gasket) were done to the transmission in its design. These modifications are specified by one of the Ford engineers who designed the transmission. It offers faster engagement, quicker shifting, smoother operation, and increased service life. All parts can be bought at Ford dealers for less than $60, including the fluid.
A 20,000+ GVW cooler is highly recommended for all vehicles. Breakdown of the transmission fluid often results in "converter shudder" (it feels like driving over rumble strips) where converter tries to maintain a steady slip rate during lock-up, but alternates between slipping and grabbing. Frequent fluid changes, especially when used for towing, are the single best method to prevent shudder. A shudder occurs because the torque converter never fully enters "lock-up" and ends up bouncing in and out of lock-up to slip. This causes the engine to flare up and then down again as the clutch cannot hold back the power of the engine.
4R70W Usage
2002
4R70W used in all applications:
Ford F-Series
Ford Crown Victoria
Mercury Grand Marquis
Lincoln Town Car
Ford Mustang
Ford Expedition
Ford E-Series
2003
4R75W Used in:
Ford Mustang (GT and Mach 1)
4R70W usage in trucks:
5.4Β L V8 F-150, Ford E-Series, and Ford Expedition
4.6Β L V8 Ford E-Series Van, 4.2Β L and 4.6Β L F-150
4R70W usage in cars:
3.8Β L V6 Ford Mustang
Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, Mercury Marauder and Lincoln Town Car
2004
4R75E used in:
5.4Β L 3 Valve V8 F-150
4R70E used in:
4.6Β L V8 F-150(except F-150 Heritage)
4R75W used in:
Mercury Marauder
Ford Police Interceptor
Ford Mustang (GT and Mach 1)
5.4Β L 2 Valve V8 Trucks Ford E-Series Van, and Ford Expedition
Rover 75 V8
4R70W used in all other applications:
3.9Β L V6 Ford Mustang
4.6Β L V8 Ford E-Series
4.6Β L V8 Ford Expedition
Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car
4.2Β L V6 and 4.6Β L/5.4Β L V8 Ford F-150 Heritage
2005
4R75E used in 5.4Β L 2 Valve and 3 Valve Trucks:
F-150
Ford E-Series
Ford Expedition
4R70W used in:
F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)
4R70E used in:
4.6Β L V8 Ford E-Series
4.6Β L V8 Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car
4.6Β L V8 Ford F-150 except F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)
2006 to 2008
4R70W used in:
Ford F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)
4R75E used in all applications:
2006-2011 Ford Panther platform Cars: Ford Crown Victoria, Mercury Grand Marquis, and Lincoln Town Car.
2007-2008 4.2Β L V6, 4.6Β L V8, 2004-2008 5.4Β L 3 Valve V8 Ford F-Series except F-150 Heritage (sold only in Mexico)
2006 Ford Expedition
2006-2013 4.6Β L V8, 5.4Β L V8 Ford E-Series
See also
List of Ford transmissions
References
LINCOLNSONLINE.COM
AOD | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20AOD%20transmission |
Petra Meier ( Felke; born 30 July 1959) is a retired German track and field athlete who competed in the javelin throw. Representing East Germany, she became the Olympic Champion in 1988 and broke the world record four times between 1985 and 1988. She is the only woman to throw a javelin 80 metres or more, with her world record of 80.00 m (262Β ft 5β1β2 in). This throw was the world record from 1988 until 1999, when a new javelin design was implemented. She also won the javelin title at the 1989 IAAF World Cup and silver medals at the World Championships in 1987 and 1991.
Career
Born Petra Felke in Saalfeld, East Germany, she trained with Ruth Fuchs at SC Motor Jena. She won the silver medal in the javelin at the 1977 European Junior Championships, and went on to succeed Fuchs as her country's top javelin thrower. She finished third at the GDR Championships in 1978 and 1981, and second in 1982 and 1983, before winning the first of six consecutive titles in 1984. She finished ninth in the final at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki, but was prevented from competing at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics due to the Soviet-led boycott. 10 days after the 1984 Olympic javelin final, Felke won the Friendship Games title with a throw of 73.30 metres.
Her first world record came on 4 June 1985, when she broke the record twice on the same day, with throws of 75.26 and 75.40 metres. She ended the 1985 season throwing 66.22 metres to finish second behind Olga Gavrilova at the World Cup in Canberra. A year later at the 1986 European Championships, she threw 72.52 m to win the silver medal behind Great Britain's Fatima Whitbread. Her third world record came on 29 July 1987, when she threw 78.90 metres, but five weeks later at the World Championships in Rome, she again finished second to Whitbread, who won with 76.64 m to Felke's 71.76 m.
On 9 September 1988, Felke broke the world record for the fourth time and became the first woman to ever throw the javelin further than 80 metres. The world record throw was officially measured at 80.00 m, exactly. However, the rules in force at the time dictated that measurements had to be rounded down to the nearest 2Β cm, so the actual distance could have been up to 80.0199 metres. Two weeks later, she won the gold medal at the 1988 Seoul Olympics with a throw of 74.68 metres, with Whitbread winning the silver medal and compatriot Beate Koch winning the bronze. She went on to win the 1989 World Cup title in Barcelona, as well as a bronze medal at the 1990 European Championships.
In 1991, now competing for a unified Germany and as Petra Meier, she won silver at the World Championships in Tokyo with a 68.68 m throw. She concluded her international career at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, where she finished seventh with a disappointing 59.02 m. The javelin specifications were changed in 1999 and the records were restarted, thus Meier's record became eternal. As of 2023, Barbora Ε potΓ‘kovΓ‘ is the new world record holder with a throw of 72.28 m.
International competitions
All results regarding Javelin
External links
1959 births
Living people
People from Saalfeld
People from Bezirk Gera
East German female javelin throwers
German female javelin throwers
Athletes from Thuringia
Olympic athletes for East Germany
Olympic athletes for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for East Germany
World Athletics Championships athletes for Germany
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Olympic gold medalists for East Germany
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
FISU World University Games gold medalists for East Germany
Medalists at the 1981 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Friendship Games medalists in athletics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra%20Felke |
"Everybody in the Place" is the second official single released by the British electronic dance band the Prodigy from their debut album, Experience (1992). It was released on 23 December 1991 through XL Recordings in the UK.
The single features the "Fairground Remix" version of the song. The version on the album is the "155 & Rising Version", which is significantly longer and faster in beats per minute than the original mix featured on the What Evil Lurks EP.
The single peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, beaten to number one by the re-release of Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody" following the death of Freddie Mercury.
The original CD single was released with five tracks, which went against British chart regulations. The track "Rip Up the Sound System" was removed on the re-issue to comply with the chart regulations, but is still available on the 12" vinyl. The cover features a photograph of the now dismantled Corkscrew roller coaster at Alton Towers.
The song was released six months later on 18 June 1992 as a double A-side with first single "Charly" through Elektra Records in the United States. The single is featured on the band's greatest hits compilation Their Law: The Singles 1990β2005.
Music video
The accompanying music video was shot in September 1991 during a trip to New York, during which they also played at the Limelight Club. It features the band dancing in a fast-paced succession of short shots. The video ends with the band appearing to be pursued by the police but escaping.
Track listings
7-inch vinyl record
A. "Everybody in the Place" (Fairground Edit) (3:49)
B. "G-Force" (Energy Flow) (4:41)
12-inch vinyl record
A1. "Everybody in the Place" (Fairground Remix) (5:08)
A2. "Crazy Man" (Original Version) (4:01)
B1. "G-Force" (Energy Flow) (Original Version) (5:18)
B2. "Rip up the Sound System" (Original Version) (4:04)
CD1
"Everybody in the Place" (Fairground Edit) (3:51)
"G-Force" (Energy Flow) (5:18)
"Crazy Man" (4:01)
"Rip up the Sound System" (4:04)
"Everybody in the Place" (Fairground Remix) (5:08)
CD2
"Everybody in the Place" (Fairground Edit) (3:51)
"G-Force" (Energy Flow) (5:18)
"Crazy Man" (4:01)
"Everybody in the Place" (Fairground remix) (5:08)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Media references
The artist Jeremy Deller used the same title for a 2019 film about UK rave culture, even though the band does not appear in it.
References
The Prodigy songs
1991 singles
1991 songs
Music Week number-one dance singles
Songs written by Liam Howlett
XL Recordings singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody%20in%20the%20Place |
The Suwon Baseball Stadium (), also known as the Suwon kt wiz Park () due to sponsorship reasons, is a baseball stadium in Suwon, South Korea. Since 2015, it has been the home of KBO club KT Wiz. The stadium has a capacity of 20,000, and is part of the Suwon Sports Complex.
History
The stadium was the home of the Hyundai Unicorns from 1989 to 2007. In 2013, the stadium was renovated and expanded.
See also
Suwon Sports Complex
Suwon Gymnasium
External links
Suwon Sports Complex official website
Baseball venues in South Korea
Sports venues completed in 1989
Sports venues in Suwon
KT Wiz
1989 establishments in South Korea
20th-century architecture in South Korea
KBO League venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwon%20Baseball%20Stadium |
The Hogs may refer to:
The Arkansas Razorbacks, the mascot of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas
The Hogs (American football), the offensive line of the Washington Redskins of the National Football League during the 1980s and early 1990s
See also
Hog (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hogs |
Valere Ronald Fonteyne (born December 2, 1933) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1959 to 1972, serving the Detroit Red Wings (on two tours of duty), New York Rangers and Pittsburgh Penguins, and in the World Hockey Association (WHA) from 1972 to 1974 with the Alberta/Edmonton Oilers.
Playing career
While not an offensive star, Fonteyne was a hard-working and effective defensive forward. He is regarded as one of the cleanest players in National Hockey League history. In 820 NHL games spanning 13 seasons, he served a remarkable total of just 26 minutes in the penalty box. He went completely unpenalized in five different seasons, including three in a row from 1965β1968. In a further 149 World Hockey Association games he was assessed only two minor penalties. In his entire professional career, Fonteyne only received a single fighting penalty.
In his NHL career, Fonteyne scored 75 goals and 154 assists for 229 points in 820 games. He also played in 59 playoff games, scoring 3 goals and 10 assists. He made it to the Stanley Cup finals with the Detroit Red Wings in 1961, 1963 and 1966 but lost each time.
The Alberta native was the first player chosen by the then-Alberta Oilers in the 1972 WHA General Player Draft; he played two seasons in the WHA before ending his career. He was one of 130 former Oilers to appear in a post-game ceremony when the Edmonton Oilers played their final game at Rexall Place in April 2016 before moving to a new arena.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1933 births
Living people
Baltimore Clippers players
Detroit Red Wings players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
People from Wetaskiwin
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%20Fonteyne |
The Confederation of Trade Unions (KSSh) is a National federation of Trade unions in Albania. It is a successor organization to the Trade Unions of Albania.
It was led by Kastriot Muco until November 2004 and has an estimated membership of 100,000. Actual president Kol Nikolli took over the lead of the institution after a narrow victory in the CTUA Congress elections on 24 November 2004. This was in many ways the first time that in a political organisation a change happened through democratic elections, where trade union delegates could for the first time vote for an alternative, represented by the most reformist trade union leader in Albania. It was considered to be a victory not only for the Albanian Trade Union Confederation - KSSH, but for all the Albanian trade union movement. Moreover, it was considered to be a challenge for the political parties in Albania, who so far (2007) have been unable to undergo such a process.
References
External links
www.icftu.org entry in the ITUC address book.
National federations of trade unions
International Trade Union Confederation
Trade unions in Albania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation%20of%20Trade%20Unions%20%28Albania%29 |
Process Contention Scope is one of the two basic ways of scheduling threads. Both of them being: process
local scheduling (known as Process Contention Scope, or Unbound Threadsβthe
Many-to-Many model) and system global scheduling (known as System Contention Scope, or Bound Threadsβthe One-to-One model). These scheduling classes are
known as the scheduling contention scope, and are defined only in POSIX. Process
contention scope scheduling means that all of the scheduling mechanism for the
thread is local to the processβthe thread's library has full control over which
thread will be scheduled on an LWP. This also implies the use of either the Many-
to-One or Many-to-Many model.
Types of PCS scheduling
PCS scheduling is done by the threads library. The library chooses which unbound thread will be put on which LWP. The scheduling of the LWP is (of course) still global and independent of the local scheduling. While this does mean that unbound threads are subject to a sort of funny, two-tiered scheduling architecture, in practice, you can ignore the scheduling of the LWP and deal solely with the local scheduling algorithm.
There are four means of causing an active thread (say, T1) to context switch. Three of them require that the programmer has written code. These methods are largely identical across all of the libraries.
Synchronization. By far the most common means of being context switched (a wild generalization) is for T1 to request a mutex lock and not get it. If the lock is already being held by T2, then the T1 will be placed on the sleep queue, awaiting the lock, thus allowing a different thread to run.
Preemption. A running thread (T6) does something that causes a higher priority thread (T2) to become runnable. In that case, the lowest priority active thread (T1) will be preempted, and T2 will take its place on the LWP. The ways of causing this to happen include releasing a lock, changing the priority level of T2 upwards or of T1 downwards.
Yielding. If the programmer puts an explicit call to sched_yield() in the code that T1 is running, then the scheduler will look to see if there is another runnable thread (T2) of the same priority (there canβt be a higher priority runnable thread). If there is one, then that one will then be scheduled. If there isnβt one, then T1 will continue to run.
Time-Slicing. If the vendor's PCS allows time-slicing (like Digital UNIX, unlike Solaris), then T1 might simply have its time slice run out and T2 (at the same priority level) would then receive a time slice.
Implementation
The scheduler for PCS threads has a very simple algorithm for deciding which thread to run. Each thread has a priority number associated with it. The runnable threads with the highest priorities get to run. These priorities are not adjusted by the threads library. The only way they change is if the programmer writes an explicit call to thread_setschedparam(). This priority is an integer in C. We donβt give you any advice on how to choose the value, as we find that we donβt use it much ourselves. You probably wonβt, either.
The natural consequence of the above discussion on scheduling is the existence of
four scheduling states for threads.
A thread may be in one of the following states:
Active: Meaning that it is on an LWP 5 .
Runnable: Meaning that it is ready to run, but there just arenβt enough LWPs for it to get one. It will remain here until an active thread loses its LWP or until a new LWP is created.
Sleeping: Meaning that it is waiting for a synchronization variable.
Stopped (not in POSIX): Meaning that a call to the suspension function has been made. It will remain in this state until another thread calls the continue function on it.
Zombie: Meaning that it is a dead thread and is waiting for its resources to be collected. (This is not a recognizable state to the user, though it might appear in the debugger.)
See also
System Contention Scope
References
Processor scheduling algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20Contention%20Scope |
The 9th All-Africa Games took place between 11 and 23 July 2007 in Algiers, the capital city of Algeria. Algiers is the first city to hold All-Africa Games for a second time. The 1978 All-Africa Games were held there. Besides Algeria, only Nigeria has hosted the event twice, but with different host cities. 4793 athletes took part to these games.
Venues
Main stadium - Athletics
Stade SATO - Para athletics
Piscine du Complexe Olympique - Swimming
Hall OMS El Biar - Badminton
Salle OMS Hydra - Women's Basketball
Salle Staouali - Men's Basketball
Salle Harcha - Men's Basketball
Centre Equestre LIDO - Equestrian
Centre Equestre de Maramene - Equestrian (Endurance)
Stand de tir Chenoua - Shooting
Salle OMS de Bordj-El-Kiffan - Boxing
Coupole - Judo, Karate, Handball
Salle OMS de Bousmail - Weightlifting
Club Tennis OCO - Tennis
Salle OMS Boumerdes - Kickboxing, Taekwondo
Barrage de Boukerdane - Rowing
Salle OMS de Rouiba - Table tennis
Salle De Bab Ezzouar - Gymnastics
La Cité des sciences, ThéÒtre des verdures - Chess
Salles OMS Ain Benian - Handball
Salles OMS Ain Taya - Handball
Salles OMS Tipaza - Handball
Salle de Boufarik - Wheelchair basketball
Circuit route Tipaza - Cycling
Salle de Zeralda - Goalball
E.N.V Alger plage - Sailing
Competitions
The following 24 sports were competed:
Paralympic sports: Athletics, Basketball and Goalball
Three disciplines, Baseball, Softball and Field Hockey were dropped by the hosts, since these sports are hardly played in Algeria and consequently lack suitable facilities. The hockey competition would have doubled as qualifier for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, thus African Hockey Federation organised a separate olympic qualifying tournament in Nairobi, Kenya, held simultaneously with the All-Africa Games.
Water Polo was not competed due to lack of teams. It was supposed to be an Olympic qualifier.
Medals
References
External links
Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa (ANOCA)
Competition schedule (French)
General programme (French)
All-Africa Games
All-Africa Games
A
Multi-sport events in Algeria
21st century in Algiers
African Games
July 2007 sports events in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20All-Africa%20Games |
In computer science, The System Contention Scope is one of two thread-scheduling schemes used in operating systems. This scheme is used by the kernel to decide which kernel-level thread to schedule onto a CPU, wherein all threads (as opposed to only user-level threads, as in the Process Contention Scope scheme) in the system compete for the CPU. Operating systems that use only the one-to-one model, such as Windows, Linux, and Solaris, schedule threads using only System Contention Scope.
References
Operating system kernels
Processor scheduling algorithms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20Contention%20Scope |
The possession and acquisition licence (PAL; ) is the primary firearms licence under Canadian firearms laws. The PAL is the only licence issued to new adult firearms licence applicants in Canada; it is both required and the only permissible document for a person to acquire or permanently import a firearm. Applicants for a PAL must be 18 years of age or older.
There is no requirement of citizenship or residency (although different forms, and slightly different requirements apply). A non-resident firearms declaration form that has been confirmed by a Canada Border Services Agency officer serves as a temporary firearms licence for non-residents that are visiting Canada for fewer than 60 days. Unlike a PAL, however, the non-resident firearms declaration is only considered a valid temporary licence for the specific firearms declared and does not permit the holder to borrow any firearms.
There is a separate licensing system to transport restricted firearms (authorization to transport). In other words, while a PAL (with appropriate endorsements) may permit a person to purchase a restricted firearm, it does not in itself permit that person to transport it from the store to their home. (This particular case can become an endorsement on a PAL.) For non-restricted firearms, separate authorization to transport is not required.
Other firearms licences
Other firearm licences for individuals include:
Minors licence (under 18) permits borrowing a firearm. Usually applicant must be at least 12, although exceptions can be made if one can demonstrate "need". (Requirements, including courses, are substantially the same as PAL.)
Possession-only licence (POL), which no longer exist. All POLs were converted to PALs. The POL was a grandfathered class of licence that permitted possession of firearms and acquisition of ammunition, but not acquisition of firearms.
Non-resident temporary borrowing licence for non-restricted firearms
Non-resident temporary possession licence for minors
Executor of will. While not technically a licence, the executor of a will, in many cases, can temporarily have custody of firearms as part of an estate, without themselves having a firearms licence.
NOTE: While issued licences read either "Possession β’ Acquisition" or "Possession Only", the Firearms Act, 1995 and regulations refer to either "possession and acquisition licence" or "possession licence", without the word only.
Obtaining/applying
All licensing of firearms in Canada is managed by the Canadian Firearms Program of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. In the Canadian system, there are three classes of firearms and firearm licences: non-restricted, restricted and prohibited. See below for complete details on prohibited, restricted and non-restricted firearms.
A possession and acquisition licence is a licence that allows individuals in Canada to possess and acquire firearms as well as ammunition. Licences are typically valid for five years and must be renewed prior to expiry to maintain all classes. If an individual possessing a PAL is convicted of certain offences, a PAL can be revoked. If an individual does not renew their PAL prior to its expiration date or if they have their PAL revoked, they must legally dispose of any firearms in their possession. A licence for prohibited firearms can be issued to qualifying businesses, and very rarely to individuals (firearms they own, as the gun laws changed over time.) Previous convictions for serious violent, drug or weapons offences almost invariably result in the denial of the application.
A PAL is generally obtained in the following three steps:
Safety training All PAL applicants are required to successfully complete the Canadian Firearms Safety Course (CFSC) for a Non-restricted licence, and the Canadian Restricted Firearms Safety Course (CRFSC) for a restricted licence. The examinations contain both a written and practical component. Information on the locations and availability of these courses can be found at the RCMP website.
Formal application Submit completed application (with supporting documents)
Security screening Background checks and investigations are performed. All applicants are screened and a mandatory 28-day waiting period is imposed on first-time applicants.
Licences are typically valid for five years and must be renewed prior to expiry to maintain all classes. Once licensed, an individual can apply for a firearm transfer; and an authorization to transport (ATT) for restricted firearms.
Classification of firearms
Like licences, firearms are classified into prohibited, restricted and non-restricted categories.
History
PALs were introduced in Canada in 1995 as part of Bill C-68 as a replacement for the FAC (firearms acquisition certificate) system. Whereas the FAC was only required to acquire a firearm, a PAL is required to both acquire and possess firearms and to acquire ammunition. A PAL for non-restricted firearms allows its holders to acquire and possess any non-restricted firearm, while a PAL for restricted firearms (which also covers prohibited firearms to those eligible) allows the holder to acquire and possess restricted firearms.
When first implemented, the PAL also allowed the holder to acquire a cross-bow, although no licence was required to possess one. There is no longer a licensing requirement for purchasing cross-bows.
Transportation of firearms
The transportation regulations are broken down into two divisions: those for non-restricted firearms and those for restricted or prohibited firearms. These rules are laid out in the Storage, Display, Transportation and Handling of Firearms by Individuals Regulations.
A non restricted firearm may be transported so long as it is unloaded. Such a firearm does not need to be encased or trigger locked.
A restricted firearm must be disabled by use of a trigger, cable, or other locking device and locked in an opaque case.
An unattended non-restricted firearm left in a vehicle must be locked in the trunk or other compartment, if one is available. In order to transport restricted or prohibited firearms, an individual must obtain an authorization to transport. An ATT is generally approved only for individuals to transport a restricted or prohibited firearm to a shooting range for target practice, gun show for sale, to a gunsmith or gun shop or for a competition (e.g.: IPSC).
An authorization to carry (ATC) allows a person to carry a restricted firearm or prohibited handgun concealed (if specified as a condition of carry) and loaded. An ATC for open carry is usually only issued to employees of armoured car companies or for other limited employment reasons. In very rare situations, an ATC may be issued for protection of life, which would allow the holder to have a loaded handgun with them, or at home, without violating safe storage rules that usually require an unloaded firearm to be trigger locked and secured.
See also
Canadian Firearms Registry
Dominion of Canada Rifle Association
Firearms regulation in Canada
References
External links
Canadian Firearms Program Website
Canadian firearms law
1995 establishments in Canada
Licenses
Identity documents of Canada
Royal Canadian Mounted Police | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possession%20and%20acquisition%20licence |
The 10th All-Africa Games took place between September 3β18, 2011 in Maputo, Mozambique. Maputo's hosting marked the third time the Games was held in the southern part of the continent.
Host awarding
In April 2005, Lusaka, Zambia was named the host of the 10th Games by the Supreme Council for Sport in Africa at a meeting in Algeria. In 2004, Ghana had indicated an interest in hosting the Games, but reportedly withdrew its bid.
In December 2008, the Zambian government withdrew its offer to host the 2011 Games, due to a lack of funds.
In April 2009, Mozambique stepped in to take on hosting duties.
Participating nations
The following is a list of nations that participated in the 2011 All-Africa Games:
Libya
South Sudan
Sports
The Maputo 2011 All Africa Games featured 20 sports, 2 of which also featured disabled events (athletics and swimming). While most venues was located in and around Maputo, the Canoeing venue was in Chidenguella Lagoon, 275Β km north of the city.
Calendar
The schedule of the games was as follows. The calendar is to be completed with event finals information.
Medal table
The 2011 All-Africa Games, was a multi-sport event held in Maputo, Mozambique from 3 to 18 September 2011. The event saw 5,000 athletes from 53 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) competing in many events in 20 sports. This medal table ranks the participating NOCs by the number of gold medals won by their athletes.
Medal table
Below the final medal table after the end of the 2011 All-Africa Games.
Venues and infrastructure
When Mozambique initially announced its ability to host the 10th Games, there was a possibility of a paring down of the sports to be offered, due to time constraints and a potential lack of facilities for the Games (e.g. the country has no field hockey field capable of hosting a Games-level competition). However, the Games eventually featured 20 sports, down 4 from the 24 hosted at the 2007 All-Africa Games.
Listed below are the venues that hosted the 2011 All-African Games:
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane β Handball
EstΓ‘dio Nacional do Zimpeto β Athletics
Escola Josina Machel β Badminton
PavilhΓ£o do Zimpeto β Basketball
PavilhΓ£o do Estrela Vermelha β Boxing
Chidenguele β Canoeing
Via PΓΊblica β Cycling
EstΓ‘dio Nacional de Zimpeto, EstΓ‘dio do Costa do Sol, EstΓ‘dio do Maxaquene, EstΓ‘dio da Machava β Football
Escola Central da Frelimo β Judo
Universidade Eduardo Mondlane β Karate
Piscina Olimpica de Zimpeto β Swimming
IMAP β Netball
Arena do Costa do Sol β Beach volleyball
Escola Central da Frelimo β Taekwondo
Courts do Zimpeto β Tennis
Centro Mahometano β Table tennis
Bilene β Triathlon
BaΓa de Maputo β Sailing
PavilhΓ£o do Maxaquene β Volleyball
Banco de MoΓ§ambique Matola β Chess
References
External links
All Sports General Schedule
Event at Ultraviewdirectory
List of Mozambique athletes at the 2011 All-Africa Games
All-Africa Games
All-Africa Games
All-Africa Games
All-Africa Games 2011
Sport in Maputo
Multi-sport events in Mozambique
21st century in Maputo
African Games
September 2011 sports events in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20All-Africa%20Games |
Kia Tigers () are a South Korean professional baseball team founded in 1982 and based in the southwestern city of Gwangju. Until 2001, they were known as the Haitai Tigers. The Tigers are a members of the KBO League and are the most successful team in Korean baseball, having won the national Korean Series championship 11 times with a perfect 11β0 record. Their home stadium is Gwangju-Kia Champions Field in Gwangju.
After the success of the 1980s and 1990s, the fortunes of the team began to turn, resulting in them finishing bottom of the league for the first time in 2005, and again in 2007. In 2009, however, Kia Tigers won the 2009 KBO season and 2009 Korean Series.
History
Haitai Tigers was the third professional baseball team to be created in South Korea, after the OB Bears and MBC Chungyong. They were founded on January 30, 1982, with 14 players. Kim Dong-yeob, the first manager of the team, was fired after just one month, and Jo Chang-soo took over his position and led the team to a record of 38β42. Due to the lack of position players, many players in the league both pitched and batted. Kim Seong-han, for instance, had a record of ten wins and led the league in RBIs with 69 the first year.
In 1983, Haitai hired Kim Eung-ryong as manager, who had studied baseball in the United States (and had managed Haitai's amateur baseball team from 1964 to 1981). He eventually led the team to its first championship in 1983. The Tigers won the Korean Series 4β0β1 against MBC Chungyong. Although the team did not make it to the playoffs for the next two years, it set the foundation for the golden years to come by signing in future stars Lee Soon-cheol, Sun Dong-yeol, and Kim Seong-han.
Bang Soo-won pitched the first no-hitter in Korean baseball history in 1984 against the Sammi Superstars.
Under manager Kim Eung-ryong in the years 1983 to 1997, the Tigers won nine championships, never losing a Korean Series during that span. In 1986, the Tigers finished in second place in the pennant race with a team ERA of 2.86 and a batting average of .272, to go straight to the Korean Series against the Samsung Lions. They went on to win their second Korean Series 4β1.
Until 1989, the Haitai Tigers won once more against the Samsung Lions and twice against the Binggrae Eagles to complete four consecutive Korean Series wins. Kim Jung-soo, Kim Joon-hwan, Moon Hye-soo, and Park Chul-woo respectively were named MVPs of each series.
The Tigers lost in the playoffs to the Samsung Lions in 1990, but won the next Korean Series the following year. In 1991, the Tigers set a record when the team won six out of ten possible KBO League Golden Glove Awards.
1993 was the year of rookie shortstop Lee Jong-beom, closer Sun Dong-yeol, and starters Lee Dae-jin and Lee Kang-chul. The Tigers won 81 out of 126 games and also their seventh Korean Series, defeating the Samsung Lions.
In 1994, Lee Jong-beom batted an average of 0.393, the second-highest in Korean baseball history, but the team lost the semi-playoffs to the Hanhwa Eagles. The Tigers ended up in fourth the next year due to Lee Jong-beom and Lee Dae-jin leaving the team for military service, which is mandatory for all male South Korean citizens over 18.
Star closer Sun Dong-yeol was also transferred to the Chunichi Dragons in 1996, but Lim Chang-yong and Gang Tae-won filled in his position to lead the team to its eighth Korean Series win over the Hyundai Unicorns.
The next year, Lee Jong-beom and Lee Dae-jin returned from military service and with their help the Tigers again won the Korean Series, defeating the LG Twins, to bring the total to nine champion wins.
Due to the Asian financial crisis in 1998, Haitai was forced to sell the team to Kia in 2001. Until then the Tigers were also in financial difficulty, could not convince their major players to stay. Eventually, they lost Lee Jong-beom to the Chunichi Dragons, and closer Lim Chang-yong and manager Kim Eung-ryong to the Samsung Lions.
Lee Jong-beom returned from Japan, and rookies Hong Se-wan, catcher Kim Sang-hoon and pitcher Kim Jin-woo joined between 2001 and 2002 to lead the team to the playoffs for three straight years from 2002 to 2004. But each time they were beaten, by the LG Twins, the SK Wyverns, and the Doosan Bears respectively.
Kia Tigers lost 76 games to end up in eighth place in 2005. Manager Yoo Nam-ho was fired and Seo Jung-hwan took charge, but again ended up in last place in 2007 despite his effort and joining of former MLB player Hee-seop Choi.
Batting coach Jo Beom-hyun was promoted to the new manager position in June 2007. Former MLB pitcher Seo Jae-weong joined the team the next year in 2008, but because of a weak lineup, unstable defense and bullpen problems, the Tigers finished the pennant race in sixth place.
The 2009 season featured a rough start for the Tigers, and it looked as if the strong starting rotation of Rick Guttormson, Aquilino LΓ³pez, Yoon Suk-min, and Yang Hyeon-jong would get little support from the team's offense. But with Lee Jong-beom's leadership, Choi Hee-seop's revival from his three-year-long slump, and Kim Sang-hyeon's hitting, the Tigers won the pennant with the second-lowest team ERA in the league (3.92) and a win percentage of 0.609.
The Tigers won the 2009 KBO season and 2009 Korean Series, which was the first "double- victory" (having the best record in the regular season and then winning the Korea Series) by a team in the KBO since 1997. Twenty-four-year-old Outfielder Na Ji-Wan was named the series MVP after hitting a walk-off home run in the bottom of the ninth inning in Game Seven of the series.
On October 18, 2011, Sun Dong-yeol and Lee Soon-cheol returned to the Tigers. Sun Dong-yeol was named the new manager and Lee Sun-choel was named the new head coach of the KIA Tigers.
In Sun's first season, the Tigers finished a disappointing fifth place after making the playoffs in 2012. Struggling for most of the year, a late playoff surge saw the Tigers fall just short of their rivals, the Lotte Giants, who claimed the fourth and final postseason position. The final weeks, however, inspired a lot of confidence that 2013 would be a good year after starting pitchers Seo Jae-weong, Kim Jin-woo and Yoon Suk-min all posted complete-game wins.
Sun Dong-yeol was retained as manager of the Tigers and after a very promising pre-season, the Tigers were considered one of the favorites for the Korean Series. Their early season form was blistering and, by early May, they sat top of the table. The batters, especially Choi Hee-seop, came alive and left-handed pitcher Yang Hyeon-jong was enjoying his best run since notching up 16 wins in 2010.
But the Tigers made a disastrous trade when they off-loaded 2009 MVP Kim Sang-hyeon to the SK Wyverns for right-handed pitcher Song Eun-beom. Song had previously pitched in the Korean Series against the Samsung Lions but his form plummeted and KIA went on to rue the missing power from Kim once Choi, and others, faded horribly as the season progressed. They were effectively out of the playoff hunt with over a month to go, ending the 2013 season with just 51 wins from their 128 games in eighth place out of nine teams, ahead of the Hanwha Eagles.
In 2014, the Tigers moved to their new home, the 27,000 capacity Gwangju KIA Champions Field. Sun Dong-yeol was given his third season with the club, but Lee Sun-cheol moved on. Free agents Lee Yong-kyu (Hanwha Eagles) and Yoon Suk-min (Baltimore) left the club but the Tigers brought in LG Twins' center-fielder Lee Dae-hyung as a free agent. Lee, born in Gwangju, was joined at his home town club by Kim Byung-hyun, a two-time World Series champion. Their three foreign players were starting pitcher D.J. Houlton, closer Jairo Asencio and first baseman Brett Pill. Houlton was replaced midway through the season by Justin Thomas.
Despite posting some solid batting numbers, the Tigers finished eighth in the standings, one place above the Hanwha Eagles, with a .422 winning percentage from their 128 games (54 wins, 74 losses). The team had the second-worst ERA in the League (5.52), and the joint most number of blown saves (21). Yang Hyeon-jong finished 2014 with 16 wins, his best figures since 2010. First baseman Pill hit 19 home runs for the season, the same number as Na Ji-wan and Lee Beom-ho. Infielder An Chi-hong struck a career-best 18 home runs and a .339 batting average.
The Tigers controversially re-signed manager Sun to a new two-year deal with an annual salary of 380 million won (US$359,500) and a 300 million won signing bonus just days after the regular season ended. Irate fans swamped the club's website demanding the 51-year-old tear up his new contract. Six days later, on October 25, Sun announced that he was stepping down as Tigers manager.
On October 28, 2014, the club announced that Kim Ki-tae, born in Gwangju, would be their new manager, having signed a three-year deal. In 2013, Kim led the LG Twins to their first post-season in eleven years, but quit just a month into the new season. As a player, Kim led the League in home runs (1994) and won the batting title in 1997. After retiring, Kim was voted the league's best-ever designated hitter.
In 2017, the club, as the regular-season champions, automatically advanced to the 2017 Korean Series. They played the winner of the playoff series, the Doosan Bears, who defeated the NC Dinos in the playoff. Kia won the best-of-seven series, 4β1. Yang Hyeon-jong was named the series' most valuable player.
Shortly after the 2019 season, the Tigers named former San Francisco Giants star Matt Williams as their first American manager.
Season-by-season records
Team
Current lineup
Managers
Kim Dong-yeob (1982)
Cho Chang-soo (1982) (caretaker)
Kim Eung-ryong (1983β2000)
Kim Seong-han (2000β2004)
Yoo Nam-ho (2004β2005)
Seo Jeong-hwan (2005β2007)
Cho Beom-hyeon (2007β2011)
Sun Dong-yol (2011β2014)
Kim Ki-tai (2014β2019)
Park Heung-sik (2019) (caretaker)
Matt Williams (2020β2021)
Kim Jong-kook (2022βpresent)
Retired numbers
References
General
Specific
External links
Official website
KBO League teams
Sport in Gwangju
Tigers
Baseball teams established in 1982
1982 establishments in South Korea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Tigers |
Val-des-Monts is a municipality in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada, located about north of Ottawa, Ontario. It has a population of 13,328 residents in 2021. Formed in 1975 by the merger of the towns of Perkins, Saint-Pierre-de-Wakefield and Poltimore, it consists mainly of farms and mountainous forests. Many of its residents commute to Ottawa or Gatineau for work. Due to its numerous lakes, its population is boosted during summers by people living in cottages. Most of the people in Val-des-Monts live in the village of Perkins.
Toponymy
The name of Val-des-Monts is from the French words Val which means "small valley" and Monts which means "mounts". This name is a reference to the fact that the territory of the municipality includes several valleys and mountains.
Geography
The municipality of Val-des-Monts is located at approximately 10Β km north of Gatineau and 220Β km west of Montreal. It is part of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais Regional County Municipality within Outaouais region. It is also part of the National Capital Region which includes Ottawa and Gatineau as well as some adjacent municipalities.
The territory of Val-des-Monts is composed mainly of lakes, farming lands and forests. The largest lakes are McGregor, Grand, l'Γcluse and Newcombe.
The municipality of Val-des-Monts shares its borders with the municipalities of Denholm and Bowman to the north, Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette and L'Ange-Gardien to the east, La PΓͺche to the west, and Cantley and Gatineau to the south.
The two main highways crossing Val-des-Monts are provincial highways 307 and 366. The municipal road network includes more than 270Β km of roads.
History
The first settlers of the territory of Val-des-Monts arrived during the 19th century. From 1878 the region was booming economically, thanks to the discovery of phosphate. From 1892 the phosphate production began decreasing while the mica production began to develop. The Blackburn brothers' mine that was located to the northeast of Perkins was recognized as the biggest mica mine in Canada. At end of the 1910s the mica production was falling. At this time, after having exploited the mining and forestry resources, the inhabitants started to leave the region.
The municipality of Val-des-Monts was created in 1975 by the merging of the municipalities of Perkins, Saint-Pierre-de-Wakefield and Poltimore. Nowadays it is mainly the attraction of living around the lakes that is drawing a large part of the population.
On June 23, 2010, at 1:41Β p.m. ET, a magnitude 5.0 earthquake hit Val-des-Monts. The earthquake was felt as far away as Montreal, Boston and Cleveland.
Demographics
Languages
According to the 2021 Canadian Census by Statistics Canada, 62% of Val-des-Monts' population speak both official languages of Canada while 32% speak only French and 6% speak only English.
At home, 84% speak only French, 13% only English, and 2% both English and French. Beside the language spoken the most often at home, 6% also speak English and 3% also speak French.
Among the population who worked, 68.9% use French most often at work, 24.5% English, and 6.5% both English and French. Beside the language spoken the most often at work, 34.9% also use English and 15.6% also use French.
Local government
Val-des-Monts forms part of the federal electoral district of Pontiac and has been represented by Sophie Chatel of the Liberal Party since 2021. Provincially, Val-des-Monts is part of the Gatineau electoral district and is represented by Robert Bussière of the Coalition Avenir Québec since 2018.
Mayors
List of mayors of Val-des-Monts since 2005 and the year of their election:
Marc Carrière (2005)
Jean Lafrenière (2008 and 2009)
Jacques Laurin (2013 and 2017)
Tourism
Val-des-Monts is part of the Outaouais touristic region. The main touristic attractions are outdoors activities, campgrounds and snowmobile trails. The municipality is also known for fishing since it has 125 lakes suitable for fishing.
Every year since 2011, Val-des-Monts has hosted a country music festival.
Gallery
See also
List of municipalities in Quebec
References
External links
Municipality of Val-des-Monts Website
Affaires Municipales et Regions Quebec
Statistics Canada
Elections Canada Results - 39th General Election (2006)
Director General of Quebec Elections
Official Transport Quebec Road Map
Incorporated places in Outaouais
Municipalities in Quebec
National Capital Region (Canada) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-des-Monts |
In cryptography, the MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction or MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd hash function is a method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions from collision-resistant one-way compression functions. This construction was used in the design of many popular hash algorithms such as MD5, SHA-1 and SHA-2.
The MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction was described in Ralph Merkle's Ph.D. thesis in 1979. Ralph Merkle and Ivan DamgΓ₯rd independently proved that the structure is sound: that is, if an appropriate padding scheme is used and the compression function is collision-resistant, then the hash function will also be collision-resistant.
The MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd hash function first applies an MD-compliant padding function to create an input whose size is a multiple of a fixed number (e.g. 512 or 1024) β this is because compression functions cannot handle inputs of arbitrary size. The hash function then breaks the result into blocks of fixed size, and processes them one at a time with the compression function, each time combining a block of the input with the output of the previous round. In order to make the construction secure, Merkle and DamgΓ₯rd proposed that messages be padded with a padding that encodes the length of the original message. This is called length padding or MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd strengthening.
In the diagram, the one-way compression function is denoted by f, and transforms two fixed length inputs to an output of the same size as one of the inputs. The algorithm starts with an initial value, the initialization vector (IV). The IV is a fixed value (algorithm or implementation specific). For each message block, the compression (or compacting) function f takes the result so far, combines it with the message block, and produces an intermediate result. The last block is padded with zeros as needed and bits representing the length of the entire message are appended. (See below for a detailed length padding example.)
To harden the hash further, the last result is then sometimes fed through a finalisation function. The finalisation function can have several purposes such as compressing a bigger internal state (the last result) into a smaller output hash size or to guarantee a better mixing and avalanche effect on the bits in the hash sum. The finalisation function is often built by using the compression function. (Note that in some documents a different terminology is used: the act of length padding is called "finalisation".)
Security characteristics
The popularity of this construction is due to the fact, proven by Merkle and DamgΓ₯rd, that if the one-way compression function f is collision resistant, then so is the hash function constructed using it. Unfortunately, this construction also has several undesirable properties:
Second preimage attacks against long messages are always much more efficient than brute force.
Multicollisions (many messages with the same hash) can be found with only a little more work than collisions.
"Herding attacks", which combines the cascaded construction for multicollision finding (similar to the above) with collisions found for a given prefix (chosen-prefix collisions). This allows for constructing highly specific colliding documents, and it can be done for more work than finding a collision, but much less than would be expected to do this for a random oracle.
Length extension: Given the hash of an unknown input X, it is easy to find the value of , where pad is the padding function of the hash. That is, it is possible to find hashes of inputs related to X even though X remains unknown. Length extension attacks were actually used to attack a number of commercial web message authentication schemes such as one used by Flickr.
Wide pipe construction
Due to several structural weaknesses of MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction, especially the length extension problem and multicollision attacks, Stefan Lucks proposed the use of the wide-pipe hash instead of MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction. The wide-pipe hash is very similar to the MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction but has a larger internal state size, meaning that the bit-length that is internally used is larger than the output bit-length. If a hash of n bits is desired, the compression function f takes 2n bits of chaining value and m bits of the message and compresses this to an output of 2n bits.
Therefore, in a final step a second compression function compresses the last internal hash value (2n bit) to the final hash value (n bit). This can be done as simply as discarding half of the last 2n-bit-output. SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256 take this form since they are derived from a variant of SHA-512. SHA-384 and SHA-224 are similarly derived from SHA-512 and SHA-256, respectively, but the width of their pipe is much less than 2n.
Fast wide pipe construction
It has been demonstrated by Mridul Nandi and Souradyuti Paul that the Widepipe hash function can be made approximately twice as fast if the widepipe state can be divided in half in the following manner: one half is input to the succeeding compression function while the other half is combined with the output of that compression function.
The main idea of the hash construction is to forward half of the previous chaining value forward to XOR it to the output of the compression function. In so doing the construction takes in longer message blocks every iteration than the original widepipe. Using the same function f as before, it takes n bit chaining values and n+m bits of the message. However, the price to pay is the extra memory used in the construction for feed-forward.
MD-compliant padding
As mentioned in the introduction, the padding scheme used in the MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction must be chosen carefully to ensure the security of the scheme. Mihir Bellare gives sufficient conditions for a padding scheme to possess to ensure that the MD construction is secure: it suffices that the scheme be "MD-compliant" (the original length-padding scheme used by Merkle is an example of MD-compliant padding). Conditions:
is a prefix of
If then
If then the last block of is different from the last block of
Where denotes the length of . With these conditions in place, we find a collision in the MD hash function exactly when we find a collision in the underlying compression function. Therefore, the MerkleβDamgΓ₯rd construction is provably secure when the underlying compression function is secure.
Length padding example
To be able to feed the message to the compression function, the last block needs to be padded with constant data (generally with zeroes) to a full block. For example, suppose the message to be hashed is "HashInput" (9 octet string, 0x48617368496e707574 in ASCII) and the block size of the compression function is 8 bytes (64 bits). We get two blocks (the padding octets shown with lightblue background color):
This implies that other messages having the same content but ending with additional zeros at the end will result in the same hash value. In the above example, another almost identical message (0x48617368496e7075 74) will generate the same hash value as the original message "HashInput" above. In other words, any message having extra zeros at the end makes it indistinguishable from the one without them. To prevent this situation, the first bit of the first padding octet is changed to "1" (0x80), yielding:
To make it resistant against the length extension attack, the message length is added in an extra block at the end (shown with yellow background color):
However, most common implementations use a fixed bit-size (generally 64 or 128 bits in modern algorithms) at a fixed position at the end of the last block for inserting the message length value (see SHA-1 pseudocode). Further improvement can be made by inserting the length value in the last block if there is enough space. Doing so avoids having an extra block for the message length. If we assume the length value is encoded on 5 bytes (40 bits), the message becomes:
Note that storing the message length out-of-band in metadata, or otherwise embedded at the start of the message is an effective mitigation of the length extension attack, as long as invalidation of either the message length and checksum are both considered failure of integrity checking.
References
Handbook of Applied Cryptography by Menezes, van Oorschot and Vanstone (2001), chapter 9.
Introduction to Modern Cryptography, by Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, August 2007, page 134 (construction 4.13).
Cryptography Made Simple by Nigel Smart (2015), chapter 14.
Cryptographic hash functions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%E2%80%93Damg%C3%A5rd%20construction |
Steve Brown (born 1976 in Jacksonville, Florida) is a competitive yo-yo player, competition judge, yo-yo designer, and yoyo blogger currently based out of North Olmsted, Ohio. He is currently the editor for YoYoNews.com and a co-producer of the Triple Crown of YoYo events. In 2001, the National Yo-Yo League named him as one of eight National Yo-Yo masters. He has designed multiple yo-yos, including the "Cherry Bomb" for Team Losi. While employed by Duncan Toys Company as marketing and promotions coordinator, Brown invented and patented freehand yo-yo play where instead of being attached to the finger, the string is actually attached to a counterweight, and designed a line of yo-yos for the new style. He also authored a book called Duncan Yo-Yo Trick Book while employed by the company.
A regular competitor in the 1990s, he has moved out of competing in most venues and has shifted his focus to judging. His skill with yo-yos also landed him a job as a stuntman on the 2001 movie Zoolander, work as a consultant on "The Lone Ranger (2013 film)" where he developed and taught several of the actors the pocket watch trick that features prominently in the film, and led to an appearance on The Best Damn Sports Show Period.
Biography
Steve Brown was young when he first held a yo-yo, but as a child, took little interest in the few tricks he learned. It was not until his later years and after some instability in his life that he got serious about yo-yoing. Brown was looking for a job at the time when came back to the yo-yo trade. Finding himself in a job of assembling yo-yo's for Lofty Pursuits, he was thrown into retail one day, making a huge impression on his customers and his boss, Greg Cohen. He impressed everyone with not only his ability to yo-yo, but also to juggle, showing his multitude of talents.
After working the next two years with his independent cart, fine-tuning his yo-yo skills through hours of practice, Brown joined with Duncan Toys Company. Working as Duncan's marketing and promotions coordinator, Steve created a following with his creative designs and yo-yo tricks.
Brown worked for Duncan Toys for the start of his career. He worked for Duncan for seven years (1999-2006)[11]. Here is where his unique style and flare created a name for himself. Brown was, and is, known for his punk rocker sense of style that he has brought to the yo-yo world. With his tattoo covered arms and past Mohawk hairstyles, he's keeping the hobby of the yo-yo alive in the youth. At contests early in his career, his unique style and accompanying punk rock music helped him to stand out among the other competitors who were either significantly older or significantly younger.
After leaving Duncan Toys in 2006, and finding less time to spend yo-yoing with age and a newly established family, Brown kept himself active in the yo-yo community by creating his website 365yoyotricks.com, on which he recorded and posted one original yo-yo trick every day for an entire year in 2011. The following year, Steve outsourced some of the tricks from a few of his favorite yo-yoers, but continued to contribute tricks of his own alongside them. He continued this system in 2013 with a different group of players, but this is no longer an active sight, since Brown stopped posts to the site in 2013. Currently, he works as an editor on another website called yoyonews.com. Here he works to keep the yo-yo community alive, and persisting towards creativity. Alongside the creation of his websites, Brown was also sponsored by the Yo-Yo Factory, where they created four specific yo-yo models inspired by / for Brown.
Now, Brown resides in Cleveland, Ohio with his three kids. He currently works on Yoyonews, keeping up on current yo-yo trends and events all over. In addition to this, he works on the Triple Crown of Yo-yo event, which occurs every year, except in 2015, due to the birth of Brown's youngest child. He also works at the Caribou Lodge Yo-yo Works. There he serves as the team and marketing manager, creating yo-yo's with creative, abstract designs. He has obtained a patent for his yo-yo design involving counterweights. Since Steve himself started off using plain wood yo-yo's, he dedicates this site and company to creating a unique image for the yo-yo community while maintaining a signature old school style that Brown has been recognized for throughout his career. Along with hand crafted yo-yo's, they also produce a limited clothing line and offer video tutorials on their website.
Competitive Record
Steve Brown has won many awards throughout his career in competitive yo-yoing. He has participated in many different contests and championships, and currently holds various titles and placed in several yo-yo competitions. To current date, Steve Brown's competitive records include:
1996 World Yo-Yo Contest, 4th place
1997 World Yo-Yo Contest - Single A, 4th place
1997 World Yo-Yo Contest - Single A freestyle, 3rd place
1998 World Yo-Yo Contest - Single A freestyle, 4th place
The World Yo-Yo Contest is the most prestigious Yo-Yo competition in the world. The competition is run by the International Yo-Yo Federation or (IYYF) and the host nations Yo-Yo organization. As of 2015 there are 33 countries that participate in the competition. There are more than 1000 yo-yo players and fans that come together to battle for the title of champion. There are six different types of categories for the players to compete in to get the gold medal. The rules are that there is a 30-second wild card, then a one-minute preliminary, after that a 90-second semi-final, then finally a 3-minute final to decide the winner.
1999 Bay Area Classic Invitational - Freestyle, 1st place:
During the 1999 Bay Area Classic Invitational, not only did Steve Brown win first place, but also was the first person to use/create the Freehand yo-yo technique. This technique has since caught on as an exciting yo-yo trick that may be hard for some to master. The freehand technique is executed by putting a small weight on the end of the string, near the space where your hand is placed and there is no other physical change added to the yo-yo. Steve Brown, the creator of this technique, has created a now popular style of competitive yo-yoing that is exciting to watch and difficult to master. Freehand easily shows each person's style who executes this move.
2001 Bay Area Classic Invitational - Freestyle, 1st place
During the 2001 Bay Area Classic Invitational, Steve Brown took first place in the competition. What made this win special was that Brown competed in this competition while being blindfolded. After the Invitational was over, Brown was then asked to never enter or participate in this event again.
2001 National Yo-Yo Master Award Recipient.
This award is only given to a select few that have shown their dedication and contributions to the sport. It is not a yearly award and the recipients are chosen from the masters.
2004 Donald F. Duncan Family Award for Industry Excellence Recipient.
This award is given annually from the US National Yo-Yo Museum during the National Yo-Yo contest to an individual for quality of innovation, production or promotion that helps advance the sport.
2007 Yo-Yo Contest - Five A - 10th place
2011 Trick Innovator of the Year Award.
Given annually from the US National Yo-Yo Museum during the US National Yo-Yo contest to an individual that has developed or created influential new Yo-Yo tricks over the year.
Steve Brown has now retired from being a competitive yo-yo player, but has continued on to be a judge in numerous different competitions around the world.
References
External links
Steve Brown is my hero
Steve Brown 365 YOYO Tricks Website
1976 births
Living people
Yo-yo performers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Brown%20%28yo-yo%20player%29 |
USS Blessman (DE-69/APD-48), a of the United States Navy, was named in honor of Lieutenant Edward Martin Blessman (1907β1942), who was killed in action in the Pacific on 4 February 1942.
Namesake
Edward Martin Blessman was born on 29 December 1907 in Nott, North Dakota. He was appointed midshipman from the 9th District of Wisconsin on 21Β June 1927 and graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy on 4 June 1931. Service at sea on the battleship and the destroyer preceded flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, after which he served in VS-2B on the aircraft carrier and VP-17F, based on the seaplane tender . Following a two-year tour at the Naval Air Station Anacostia, Blessman β promoted to lieutenant in January 1939 β joined , then with the U.S. Asiatic Fleet, on 10 December 1939.
On 4 February 1942, Marblehead stood out of Surabaya, Java, as part of a mixed American-Dutch cruiser-destroyer force under Rear Admiral Karel W. F. M. Doorman, Royal Netherlands Navy. Japanese flying boats from the Toko KΕkΕ«tai (Toko Air Group), however, spotted the force as it attempted to transit the Madoera Strait to attack the Japanese invasion fleet bound for Borneo. Thus forewarned, Japanese naval land attack planes bombed the allied force. At 10:27, a stick of seven bombs from a Mitsubishi G4M1 "Betty" bomber of Toko KΕkΕ«tai straddled Marblehead. The first of the two bombs to hit the ship penetrated the main deck and exploded near βwardroom country", the blast ripping through the light sheet metal bulkheads that comprised the boundaries of the compartment. Blessman, who, as the ship's senior aviator had no air defense station and was in the wardroom at the time, was killed instantly by the concussion.
Construction and commissioning
The ship was built by the Bethlehem-Hingham Shipyard at Hingham, Massachusetts in 1943. After commissioning, Blessman escorted convoys in the North Atlantic before taking part in Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Northern France in June 1944. She was then converted to a High-speed transport, being fitted with accommodation and landing craft for carrying troops, while being capable of escorting amphibious groups and providing gunfire support to landing operations. After conversion, Blessman took part in the Allied invasion of the Philippines and the Battle of Iwo Jima, where she was damaged by a Japanese bomber.
After the war, Blessman went into reserve, before being transferred to Taiwan in 1967, serving in the Republic of China Navy as Chung Shan until 1995.
Construction and design
The was one of six classes of destroyer escorts built for the US Navy to meet the massive demand for escort vessels following America's entry into World War Two. While basically similar, the different classes were fitted with different propulsion gear and armament. The Buckleys had a turbo-electric drive, and a main gun armament of 3-inch guns.
The Buckley- (or TE) class ships were long overall and between perpendiculars, with a beam of and a mean draft of . Displacement was standard and full load. Two boilers fed steam to steam turbines which drove electrical generators, with in turn powered electric motors that propelled the ship. The machinery was rated at , giving a speed of . of oil was carried, giving a range of at .
The ship's main gun armament consisted of three 3-inch (76 mm) 50 caliber dual-purpose (i.e. anti-surface and anti-aircraft) guns, two forward and one aft, in open mounts. Close in armament consisted of a quadruple 1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, backed up by eight single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. A triple mount of 21-inch (533Β mm) torpedo tubes provided a capability against larger ships, while anti-submarine armament consisted of a Hedgehog forward-firing anti-submarine mortar and eight depth charge projectors and two depth charge rails. Crew was 186 officers and other ranks.
Blessman was laid down on 22 March 1943 at Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation's Hingham Shipyard, in Hingham, Massachusetts. The ship was launched on 19 June 1943, sponsored by Mrs. Helen Malloy Blessman, widow of Lieutenant Blessman, and commissioned on 19 September 1943.
Service history
Convoy escort, 1943β1944
After fitting out at the Boston Navy Yard and running her acceptance trials in Massachusetts Bay, Blessman departed Boston on 9 October 1943 for shakedown training. Operating out of Bermuda, the new destroyer escort completed her initial gunnery, anti-submarine, and engineering training early in November. She left Bermuda on the 5th, arrived in Boston on the 8th and began post-shakedown availability.
Leaving Boston again a week later, Blessman reached the New York Navy Yard on the 16th. Assigned to Escort Division (CortDiv) 19, the destroyer escort sailed with a fast troop convoy on 20 November, screening it safely across the Atlantic and into Derry, Northern Ireland, ten days later. Clearing the Irish Sea on 8 December, Blessman escorted a westward-bound convoy on the return leg of her maiden voyage and arrived at New York five days before Christmas of 1943. Over the next six months, Blessman made three more round-trip Atlantic crossings escorting convoys, returning from the last of these on 1 May.
Normandy invasion, 1944
Her fifth Atlantic passage proved the most eventful. Clearing New York on 12 May, she arrived at the other end of the "Milk Run" on the 23rd, at Derry. Instead of returning in the screen of a westbound convoy, however, she shifted to Belfast on the 27th in company with her sister ships and division mates , , and , and became part of the armada forming for the assault on Normandy. Blessman departed Belfast on 3 June and headed for Baie de la Seine, France, escorting the bombardment group of the assault force. Heavy weather compelled the postponement of the invasion of France, but it abated enough to permit the landings to commence on 6 June. Initially, Blessman drew duty screening the amphibious command ship . Then, as "Operation Overlord" actually unfolded, Blessman switched to screening to seaward of the invasion force to deal with possible E-boat attacks.
Mines, however, proved a much greater threat than any posed by enemy aircraft and ships. Attack transport struck one early on 7 June, while proceeding in what had been regarded as a swept channel. By 0805 the stricken auxiliary was taking water badly. Having lost all power, with her rudder stuck "hard left", Susan B. Anthony assumed an eight-degree list to starboard. Blessman gingerly came alongside the doomed, drifting, ship and removed six officers and 38 enlisted men before being ordered away because of the imminent danger of the transport's foundering. Less than an hour later, Blessman sped to the assistance of the mined . After embarking 26 seriously wounded men, the destroyer escort transported them to an LST designated to handle casualties.
Detached from "Overlord" on 12 June, after rounding out her duty screening the invasion force from air attacks and E-boat raids, Blessman reached New York on the 21st. She then escorted a troop convoy to Derry in early July and returned home as an escort for a convoy of transports bearing men wounded in the fighting at Normandy, and brought her sixth round-trip to a conclusion at the end of July.
Conversion to high speed transport, 1944
While en route home, Blessman had received word that she was to be converted to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport. Accordingly, she entered the Sullivan Drydock and Repair Corporation yard, Brooklyn, New York, on 28 July 1944. She emerged from this major overhaul and alteration period on 25 October 1944, reconfigured to handle four landing boats (LCPL) and troops. Redesignated APD-48, Blessman departed New York and headed for a brief shakedown in Chesapeake Bay before continuing on to the Pacific. The warship proceeded to her new theater of war, sailing via the Panama Canal, and, after touching at San Diego and San Francisco en route, reached Hawaii on 27 November. At Pearl Harbor, Blessman embarked Underwater Demolition Team (UDT) 15 and resumed her voyage westward on 11 December.
Pacific theater, 1945
She touched at Eniwetok, Saipan, Ulithi, and the Palaus, leaving Kossol Roads on New Year's Day 1945, bound for Luzon. Enemy air attacks began to materialize on 3 January, as the invasion forces neared their objective. American sailors again encountered kamikazes, suicide aircraft that they had first met only weeks before in the invasion of Leyte. The attacks continued over the following days, "off and on, day and night".
Invasion of Luzon
Blessmans primary mission off Luzon lay in sending UDT 15 to assault beaches Green No. 1 and Yellow No. 2, covering the swimmers with her guns while they reconnoitered surf conditions, located underwater obstacles, and determined beach gradients. At 1430 on 7 January 1945, Blessman stood in toward the Lingayen beaches and, by 1436, had all four of her LCPLs in the water. The boats shoved off 20 minutes later. Reaching her assigned position off the objective at 1510, Blessman soon commenced firing with her forward 5-inch gun. She maintained covering fire for her UDT until shortly before she recovered her four boats. All LCPLs were on board by 1650, and Blessman then headed to a rendezvous with to transfer UDT-15's commanding officer to that ship with the results of the day's covering the night retirement of TG 77.2.reconnaissance. The transfer went off by 1815, and Blessman took position in the screen.
As that task group returned to the gulf to carry out its assigned shore bombardment mission, Blessman returned with it, bringing the commander of UDT-15 back on board that morning at 0800 before the ship received orders to close and to lower a boat. She complied and soon embarked Capt. B. Hall Hanlon, Commander, UDT Pacific Fleet, and two members of his staff. Over the next two days, Blessman served as courier and delivered mail among the ships of TG 77.2, each night taking a station to seaward in the screen of the task force. On 10 January, Blessmans unit had a close encounter with a kamikaze when she and other vessels in the screen took an enemy aircraft under fire at 0711. "It finally dove", wrote Blessmans commanding officer, "after circling high above as though trying to make up its mind who to hit", and crashed close aboard a destroyer on the picket line to the east.
Later that afternoon, Blessman, in response to the orders from the task unit commander embarked in Humphreys, sent UDT-15 on a beach reconnaissance mission "from the east flank of Crimson Beach to a point east of that point." Still later, she received orders to report to the commander of Destroyer Division (DesDiv) 120 for escort duty. Accordingly, she moved out, recalling her boats as she did so. A heavy surf prevented the recovery of four of UDT-15's men who finally found temporary shelter on board LST-627 and LSM-11 and who Humphreys later returned to their own ship.
After Capt. Hanlon had returned from , and Blessman had recovered all of her LCPLs, the fast transport departed the area at flank speed and joined the designated task unit for the passage to Leyte, reporting "on station" at 2015. On 13 January, Blessman arrived at Leyte and reported for duty to the Commander, Philippine Sea Frontier. After escorting transports back to Ulithi, the warship rested, reprovisioned, and trained for her next operation that would take her one step nearer to Japan.
Invasion of Iwo Jima
Blessman reported for duty at Ulithi, and in company with other high-speed transports of TG 52.4, on 3 and 6 February 1945, conducted rehearsals for her forthcoming operation - the invasion of Iwo Jima. All units of the task force to which Blessman was attached, TF-52, sailed from Ulithi for Saipan on 10 February for further training and rehearsals that were carried out on 12 and 13 February. During these practice evolutions Blessman operated as a screening vessel. Her sonar gear failed on the 11th, but was left inoperative owing to the lack of time to repair the damage.
On 14 February, TF-52, with Blessman among its warships, sailed from Saipan at 0900. Her captain at this point was Lieutenant Philip LeBoutillier. On the 16th, after the Fire Support Units 1 and 4 had commenced the pre-landing bombardment of Iwo Jima, Blessman was detached from the screen and conducted a close reconnaissance of the beaches while circling the island counter-clockwise.
After screening the heavy ships that evening, Blessman rendezvoused with south of "Hot Rocks," the code name for Iwo Jima, shortly after 0941 on the 17th. She then lowered three of her four boats and sent in UDT-15 to reconnoiter beaches and observed small caliber shell splashes around her as she retired to seaward. Upon reaching a point some from the shore, Blessman stood off Beaches Blue 1 and Blue 2 for a little over an hour before standing in and recovering her boats. Despite the heavy opposition reported by UDT-15, only one man (Frank Sumpter) was hit by a bullet β he died of his head wound a few hours later; the covering LCI(G)'s, though, reported sustaining much damage and many casualties. That afternoon, Blessman carried out another beach reconnaissance, recovered all of her boats safely by 1751, and stood out to the command ship . The following day, 18 February, she headed for a screening station.
Damaged by bombs
While she was en route, however, an enemy bomber, identified as a "Betty", came in at 2121, very low over the port quarter, strafing, and scored a direct bomb hit in the high-speed transport's starboard mess hall, above her number one engine room. A second bomb hit her stack, glanced off, and splashed close aboard without exploding. Fire broke out immediately in the mess hall, galley, and troop quarters on the main deck; and the ship lost all power. Heavy smoke forced the abandonment of the number two fire and engine rooms, while a 500-gallon-per-minute portable pump was demolished and all other such pumps were rendered inoperable by the shock. This damage reduced Blessmans crew to bucket brigades and the use of helmets to try to keep the blaze from spreading. Her sailors jettisoned topside ammunition aft, and attempted to clear ammunition from clipping rooms and bedding from troop quarters to halt the fire's spread. At 2250, anti-aircraft and small arms ammunition began exploding, forcing the evacuation of wounded to stern.
In all, 40 men were killed, including 15 of the UDT.
The ship's radios were out of commission, but a radio was found in one of the boats and was used to send a message to . Gilmer came to help but at first kept a distance of 300 yards. It was unclear how much danger there was of TNT on the Blessman exploding. Draper Kauffman, head of the UDT teams, took a boat from the Gilmer to the Blessman to assess the situation. Gilmer came alongside around 2310, commenced pouring water on the blaze, and also sent across hoses. Gilmer evacuated the wounded in her boats and on a rubber raft. By 0300 on the 19th, the combined efforts of both ships' crewmen brought the fire under control, although some small arms ammunition continued to explode. After transferring all passengers and wounded to Gilmer, Blessman was taken in tow by and headed back to Iwo Jima. Towed around the northern end of Iwo Jima, Blessman buried her dead at sea and then - towed in turn by , LSM-70, and - reached Saipan at 1800 on 24 February and moored alongside . Her historian recorded that, on the voyage to Saipan Blessman'''s men "...lived more like soldiers than sailors," cooking their meals in a makeshift fireplace on the fantail.
As her chronicler also recorded it, "The repair officers at Saipan" he continued, "thought little of the practicability of restoring the ruined ship." But, as they made their estimates, "Blessmans crew was busy." The rapid strides her sailors made in carrying out repairs caused these experts to revise their estimates accordingly. Made seaworthy enough for the trans-Pacific voyage, Blessman arrived at the Mare Island Navy Yard on 23 April 1945 for permanent repairs. While this work proceeded, the ship was designated as flagship for Underwater Demolition Squadron (UDRon) 1. Clearing Mare Island for Oceanside, California, on 11 August, to embark Capt. Roy D. Williams, Commander, UDRon 1, the ship reached that port on the 14th and embarked UDT-17. The next day, Capt. Williams hoisted his command pennant on board Blessman.
Post-war activity and decommissioning, 1945β1946
On 16 August, two days after V-J Day, Blessman sailed for the western Pacific to take part in the occupation of Japan. After stops at Pearl Harbor, Eniwetok, Ulithi, Manila, Subic Bay, and Okinawa, the fast transport entered Wakanoura Wan, where UDT 17 charted the landing beaches soon to be used by the Army's I Corps to occupy the Kobe-Osaka area. Five days later, Blessman stood out of Wakanoura Wan and headed for the west coast of the United States. Following a pre-inactivation overhaul, Blessman was placed in reserve on 28 August 1946 in the San Diego group of the Reserve Fleet. She was decommissioned on 15 January 1947.
Transfer to Taiwan, 1967Blessman was transferred to Taiwan on 19 May 1967, and was struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1967. Renamed ROCS Chung Shan with the pennant number PF 43, the ship was rated as a frigate rather than an amphibious transport by the Republic of China Navy. Chung Shan was given the new pennant number 845 in 1976. By 1979 she had been fitted with a second 5-inch gun aft and by 1985 her Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar had been replaced by two triple Mark 32 torpedo tubes for 12.75-inch (324Β mm) anti-submarine torpedoes. In the early 1990s, Chung Shan, along with other surviving ex-destroyer escorts in Taiwanese service, was transferred to fisheries protection duties, and was disarmed, with only two 40Β mm Bofors guns remaining. Chang Shan was stricken from Taiwanese service in May 1995.
One of her propeller is on display at the New Taipei City Weapon Park (ζ°εεΈζ¦ε¨ε
¬ε).
AwardsBlessman'' received three battle stars for her World War II service.
References
External links
https://www.amazon.com/USS-Blessman-Memoir-Shipboard-During/dp/1425786111
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Hingham, Massachusetts
1943 ships
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports of the Republic of China Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Blessman |
Philip Giebler (born March 5, 1979 in Oxnard, California) is an American race car driver.
Giebler was considered a top American prospect with an opportunity to race in Formula One early in his career. Following years in various Formula Three ranks, Giebler ran in Formula 3000 in 2003 half the season putting up a number of good results. He returned stateside in 2004 running in the Infiniti Pro Series and Toyota Atlantic, capturing a win in his IPS debut at Homestead-Miami Speedway, before being named as one of A1 Grand Prix A1 Team USA's drivers. He competed in the 2005-2006 season, and the early part of the 2006-2007 season before being replaced by Jonathan Summerton.
Driving for Playa Del Racing, he qualified for the last starting position and was one of two rookie drivers (Milka Duno being the other) to race in the 2007 Indianapolis 500, but crashed and finished 29th. Despite this, he was the recipient of the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award for 2007. For 2008, he unsuccessfully attempted to qualify for the Indianapolis 500 with the same team, now known as American Dream Motorsports.
Racing record
Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)
American openβwheel racing results
(key)
Indy Lights
Atlantic Championship
IndyCar Series
1 Run on same day.
2 Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
Indianapolis 500
Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
Philip Giebler's Website
Profile at Racing Reference database
Articles, photos & video's at Motorsport.com
1979 births
A1 Team USA drivers
Atlantic Championship drivers
Formula Palmer Audi drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 Rookies of the Year
Indy Lights drivers
IndyCar Series drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Oxnard, California
Racing drivers from California
International Kart Federation drivers
Sportspeople from Ventura County, California
A1 Grand Prix drivers
Super Nova Racing drivers
Vision Racing drivers
AFS Racing drivers
La Filière drivers
David Price Racing drivers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Giebler |
Frank Weston Sandford (October 2, 1862 β March 4, 1948) was a charismatic Christian religious leader in the United States who attained notoriety as the founder and leader of an apocalyptic sect known as "The Kingdom".
Born in Bowdoinham, Maine, to a farming family, Sandford was exposed to concepts such as premillennialism, the Higher Life movement, the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit, and divine healing in his thirties. In August 1891, after performing an exorcism and claiming to hear the voice of God warn him of "Armageddon", he established a commune called the "Shiloh" in Durham, Maine. Commune members were forced to fast, pray for hours-on-end and obey Sandford's orders absolutely. After commune members disagreed about his biblical interpretations, he instituted a chain-of-command in which his orders were limited by only by those of God and Jesus Christ. Eventually he declared himself the incarnation of the prophet Elijah and King David, and established The Kingdom.
Considered by former members and many of his neighbors to be an autocrat who insisted on unquestioning loyalty, Sandford regularly starved his followers, which resulted in deadly outbreaks of smallpox, diphtheria, and other infectious diseases. The death of 14-year-old Leander Bartlett lead to his conviction for manslaughter and cruelty to children in 1904, though a 1905 ruling by the Maine Supreme Court reversed the convictions. Sandford then sailed to Jerusalem on multiple missionary voyages. In 1910, he traveled aboard the barquentine Kingdom to Africa with more than seventy men, women, and children. In March 1911, Kingdom went aground and was destroyed off the coast of French West Africa, an event that inspired Sandford to sail to Greenland in an attempt create a mission station there. Because he knowingly sailed with insufficient food and supplies, six crew members were stricken with scurvy and died on his return to Portland.
Sandford was detained by authorities and sentenced to seven years in the federal penitentiary in Atlanta. While there, he sent letters to his followers that were distributed among members of his commune. In 1918, Sandford was released on good behavior and returned to the "Shiloh", resuming his responsibilities after previously attempting to install his son, John, as leader. Nevertheless, two years later, the death of another commune member led his sect to be forcibly dispersed in "the Scattering". After the commune was evacuated by law, Sandford moved to New York's Catskill Mountains to be closer to God. On March 4, 1948, Sandford died and his body was secretly buried by his followers. All of his belongings burned in various house fires. Although his absence retarded the growth of the small sect, it survived, in attenuated form, into the 21st century with the creation of the Kingdom Christian Ministries in 1998.
Early life and education
Frank Sandford was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, the tenth child of a farming family. An early companion recalled young Sandford as a natural leader, stating that he was always the one who "drove the horse and steered the boat"; if they played ball, "he was always a captain." Sandford's father died when he was age 14, and by age 16 he was teaching school during an era in which physical prowess was often necessary to establish classroom discipline.
During his second year of teaching, Sandford reluctantly attended a revival meeting at his mother's Free Will Baptist church and was converted on February 29, 1880. He threw away his tobacco and announced his conversion publicly, not only at church but also at Nichols Latin School, where worldly cosmopolitanism was the preferred pose.
Entering Bates College on a general scholarship, Sandford was elected class president and served as both coach and catcher of the baseball team. He graduated in 1886 with honors and was chosen to give a commencement address. For one summer Sandford captained a semi-pro baseball team and was approached by professional scouts. After a teammate ridiculed him for attending church during Maine's Fast Day, he returned to Bates to attend Cobb Divinity School.
Frustrated by the seminary's mixture of formalism and religious modernism, Sandford later said that God had addressed him directly with words from the gospel of Matthew: "Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled." For the rest of his life he distrusted academic religion. Soon thereafter, at age 24, Sandford dropped out of seminary after he was called as pastor by the Free Will Baptist church in Topsham, Maine. He was frenetically energetic, and within three years his revivals resulted in three hundred conversions and more than a hundred baptisms. Besides serving as pastor, he became principal of the Topsham schools and organized sports programs for both local children and workers at a paper mill.
Early travels
Beginning in 1887, Sandford's religious views changed dramatically. In July, he attended Dwight L. Moodyβs "College of Colleges" at Northfield Mount Hermon School in Northfield, Massachusetts, the second annual meeting of the Student Volunteer Movement. The college men who attended represented a revival of interest in foreign missions among more privileged Americans. Moody himself provided Sandford with three key religious concepts: personal holiness, living by faith, and informal preaching. Shortly thereafter, Sandford read Hannah Whitall Smith's The Christian's Secret of a Happy Life (1875). Smith was an exponent of "higher life" Christianity; but what most attracted Sandford was her "emphasis on action, on a life that acts on faith, that obeys by doing."
Later that fall, Sandford was present for a religious conference that featured the Rev. A. B. Simpson, who had come to Maine specifically to organize the Christian and Missionary Alliance. Simpson's ministry emphasized not only missions and deeper life holiness but also faith healing. It was at this conference that Sandford met Helen Kinney, the daughter of a wealthy cotton broker, who had surrendered a career in art to become a foreign missionary. The following year, in the summer of 1888, Sandford attended the Niagara Bible Conference, which emphasized the imminent, premillennial return of Jesus Christ.
These diverse, yet related, strands of late 19th-century evangelicalism came together for Sandford after he accepted the pastorate of a more affluent Free Will Baptist church in Somersworth, New Hampshire. Following a period of emotional depressionβperhaps a nervous breakdownβhe was temporarily released by his church after the denomination invited him and another young minister to travel around the world. Sandford visited Japan, China, India, and the Ottoman Empire. In China he toured the China Inland Mission of Hudson Taylor, where he noted with admiration that "all depend upon God for support and divide their supplies equally"βa model for his own Shiloh. Visiting the Holy Land, he developed a lifelong passion for more knowledge about it, but he nearly died when his steamer sank off Jaffa.
Pre-Shiloh activities
After Sandford's return to the United States, the pastorate seemed tame, his congregation narrow-minded. In August 1891, Sandford had two strange experiences: he tentatively, but (at least according to his own testimony) successfully, cast demons out of a friend; and the following morning, he heard whispered in the trees the single word: "Armageddon." Shortly thereafter, Sandford convinced Kinney, whom he had met again as a missionary in Japan, to marry him. When he suggested leaving the pastorate and preaching the gospel without visible support, she replied, "I think it would be lovely."
On New Year's Day, 1893, Sandford told his church that God had told him, "Go." He resigned his pulpit and gave away his savings in the teeth of an economic panic and depression. Sandford and his wife then began holding meetings in rural Maineβat the beginning with virtually no congregations and no financial support. Eventually he achieved some success among people in Maine's coastal hill regions and contributions came in plentifully, although Sandford did not solicit money or even pass a collection plate.
By the fall of 1894, Sandford believed that he no longer bore responsibility for his actions, that he need only respond to the movings of the Holy Spirit. Thus abandoning the Free Will Baptists, he began to issue a monthly magazine, Tongues of Fire from the World's Evangelization Crusade on Apostolic Principles, in which he advertised for other workers to join him in his ministry. A year later, with a small but committed following of young people, Sandford announced the opening of a school, soon given the name "Holy Ghost and Us Bible School." The school charged no tuition, offered no courses, and had no teachers except Sandford himself and no textbooks except the Bible.
Shiloh
In 1896, Sandford became convinced that God had told him to build a home for the Bible school on a sandy hill near Durham, Maine. Despite having on three cents in his pocket, he kept faith that God would provide the means of putting up a building without his explicitly asking for money. Although Sandford eventually decided that publishing a list of needs in his Tongues of Fire would be acceptable, the manner in which the money and volunteer labor was provided by supporters was nearly miraculous in any case. Sandford had intended to name only the school's main building "Shiloh" (after a place in the Bible), but the name "Shiloh" was obviously more mellifluous than "The Holy Ghost and Us" and it became the informal name of his movement.
At its height, the Shiloh had more than six hundred residents who attempted to "live in the supernatural." None worked for pay, and all depended on God to supply their material needs. To live at Shiloh meant to "be in a constant state of readiness for the 'Holy Spirit's latest,' as Sandford put it. This meant no settling into ruts of any kind. It meant being ready to do any job, especially those you were least adept at....It meant being open to last-minute changes in schedule." What little schedule there was consisted of one or two hours of private devotions in the morning, breakfast and kitchen chores, prayer at 9:00am, classes until noon, and lunch before personal household or office duties. The schedule might be interrupted at any moment by some special request for prayer; "God's work could not be crammed into a human schedule, and fussy ideas about order were not appropriate."
Theological development
Except for celebrating Jewish Feasts and keeping the Sabbath on Saturday, Sandford's theology was, at this point, not far from mainstream evangelicalism. Nevertheless, because he believed that Thursday was the day on which Jesus was crucified, he and his followers prayed for six hours (from 9:00am to 3:00pm) on that day. In the summer of 1896, Sandford publicly discussed the two witnesses mentioned in the Book of Revelation who would appear before Christ's Second Coming, and he declared that his school would "stand by and if need be die" with them. When Sandford's son John was born shortly after the dedication of Shiloh, he said that (like John the Baptist), the boy had been "filled with the Holy Ghost even from his mother's womb."
British Israelism
By 1898, Sandford had found additional spiritual and material support among Higher Life Christians in Boston and London, and he concluded that God now wanted him to establish an outpost in Ottoman-controlled Palestine. Visiting Jerusalem for the first time, he dashed off a paper announcing that the Ten Lost Tribes were England and the U.S., blood descendants of the ancient Hebrews who had been carried into captivity by the Assyrians in 721 BC. British Israelism was a religious version of ideas about Anglo-Saxon supremacy that were common to the contemporary English-speaking world, and the doctrine made the Bible all the more relevant because its prophecies seemed to apply to the people of Shiloh and the nation of which it was a part.
Divine healing
By the early 20th century, the doctrine of divine healing had become an important part of Sandford's teaching. Initially skeptical, he resolved to βpreach that part of the Bibleβ after attending an 1887 meeting where A. B. Simpson had spoken on the subject. In 1897, Sandford had witnessed and praised the miracles of contemporary faith healer John Alexander Dowie. Soon Tongues of Fire reported healings of pneumonia, cancer, diphtheria, catarrh, "sick headache," sprained wrist, dropsy, typhoid, mental derangement, broken bones, and "utter exhaustion." A local three-year-old girl who had been pronounced permanently blind by medical authorities suddenly regained her sight after prayer was offered for her at Shiloh. But the most spectacular case was the "resurrection" of Olive Mills, who had been seriously ill, perhaps with spinal meningitis. Told Mills was dead, Sandford found her without breath or pulse. In desperation he shouted, "Olive Mills! Come back! In the name of Jesus of Nazareth, come back!" Almost immediately, Mills opened her eyes, and within a few hours she was out of bed and dressed.
Sandford believed the Epistle of James compelled Christians who were sick to call church elders for prayer and the laying on of hands, and he criticised Christians who sought treatment from physicians. He believed that illness might be the result of either discipline from God or an attack of Satan; but casting out demons required βprevailing prayer,β an exercise that included such protracted fervency and shouting that one skeptic became apprehensive as what sounded βlike a hundred people talking at onceβ concluded with a womanβs screams piercing the din. In 1899, Sandford received a divine message to complete a hospital in a hasty building driveβa technique frequently employed at Shilohβbut it was a hospital in which doctors were permitted only for diagnoses and consultations. No medicines of any kind were provided.
Among those influenced by these early developments at Shiloh were A. J. Tomlinson, founder of the Church of God; and Charles Fox Parham, one of the founders of the Pentecostal movement.
Acting for God
By end of the century, Sandford became convinced "that as the passive agent of God's will, he could require exact and total obedience." Furthermore, as Hiss has written, to skeptics "Sandford's language vibrated with blasphemy, for in describing his own prayers as God's actions, he seemed to regard himself as having divine powers."
Inevitably, Sandford encountered opposition. A brief follower published an exposΓ©, Sanfordism Exposed, and relatives of converts who wished to deed their property to Shiloh tried to have them declared insane. Although the town of Durham benefited from levying taxes on the residential portions of Shiloh, they also feared that block voting by Shiloh residents might dominate the town meeting, the school board, or the board of selectmen or that, in the event of bankruptcy, its members might become dependent on town charity.
More serious threats arose from among Sandford's own followers. The movement claimed to follow the leading of the Holy Spirit, but conflict developed when members disagreed about where the Holy Spirit was leading. In September 1900, Sandford announced that there would henceforth be an official chain of authority: God the Father, God the Son, the prophet whom God had chosen, ordained ministers subordinate to the prophet, everyone else subordinate to the ministers, with women and children also subordinate to their husbands and fathers. He then instituted an organized purge of members that "incorporated not just confession, but long day and night sessions of open and unrelenting criticism of each other. One's capacity to accept that scouring in a contrite and cooperative spirit, without resentment or defensiveness, was the first step in passing the grade." One by one, individuals were then brought before Sandford himself for final scrutiny by "the seven eyes of God."
Sandford also developed a three-tiered membership in his religious system: those willing to be "100-fold warriors" would be supported by 60- and 30-fold members who would live in their own homes and continue to work. In 1901, to make a clean break with the past, he instituted closed communion and rebaptized all local members of Shiloh in the nearby Androscoggin River.
Identification with Elijah and David
Shortly thereafter, Sandford announced that God had spoken three words to him "like a thunderbolt": "Elijah is Here!" And it was as Elijah that Sandford now called down God's judgment on "every lying pen," editors who had written critically "about this man of God." As usual, Sandford was also making an eschatological reference: he believed that, as Elijah, he would be one of the two witnesses of Revelation 11, who would be martyred and rise from the dead in Jerusalem before the coming of Christ's kingdom. The "Elijah" announcement was met with increased ridicule from the press and led to the breaking of all ties with followers of Moody and Simpson.
In 1902, after once again visiting Jerusalem, Sandford received a divine message that indicated that in some way, he was also the biblical David. He had a portrait of himself printed encircled by the words "David careth for the Sheep," and he immediately renamed his movement "The Kingdom."
Manslaughter trial
Sandford returned to Maine to find his community at what he considered a low spiritual ebb, with many members ill from diseases including smallpox. Peers were encouraged to closely examine each other's lives for sin, and parents regularly whipped children, a practice Sandford apparently condoned as the "schoolmaster to bring them to Christ." In January 1903, Sandford instituted a "Ninevah Fast", forbidding all food or liquid for thirty-six hours even for infants, animals, and the sick. During that period, fourteen-year-old Leander Bartlett, who had confessed to the most serious sin of planning to run away from Shiloh, died of diphtheria. When Sandford's own six-year-old son, John, disobeyed him, Sandford ordered him to fast without food or water until he declared himself glad to be whipped. A prominent defector from the sect, Nathan Harriman, publicized Johnβs treatment and declared Sandfordβs hold over the people of Shiloh a kind of hypnotism, in which God's requirements were "identical with those of Sandford.β
Many local residents took a dim view of Sandford, and newspapers engaged in "long-running campaigns against Shiloh." One editor denounced the commune as "a damnable institution, a hell upon earth and the worst blot that ever disgraced the fair pages of Maine's history." In January 1904, Sandford was indicted by Androscoggin County on charges of cruelty to children and manslaughterβcruelty in the case of his son and manslaughter for his role in Bartlett's death. A jury convicted Sandford on the cruelty charge but was hung on the charge of manslaughter. On appeal, the verdict in the cruelty case was upheld; and at retrial, Sandford was convicted of manslaughter.
In 1905, the Maine Supreme Court reversed the manslaughter conviction because the trial judge had required jurors to make a decision based on their own belief about the "efficacy of prayer as a means to cure the sick." Another jury trial resulted in another hung jury. Meanwhile, Sandford had his followers sign a ten-foot scroll called the "Pledge of Loyalty," which included among its articles of faith a statement that "F. W. Sandford of Shiloh, Maine, U.S.A." was Elijah and David, and that "I believe in and accept him as such."
Circumnavigation on the Coronet
While his manslaughter case was still in the courts, Sandford purchased the racing yacht Coronet, an extravagantly appointed schooner, for $10,000βraised in the usual Shiloh manner by prayer, "in this case, forty days and nights of it, with shifts for eating and sleeping." Sandford made two quick trips to Jerusalem in 1905-06, but when his legal difficulties had ended, he and his thirty selected crewmen and passengers (including his wife and five children) circumnavigated the globe on what he described as a missionary journey. It was an unconventional missionary enterprise. No one went ashore to preach the Gospel or even distribute religious literature. Sandford intended to "subdue the world for Christ" by intercessory prayer, claiming nations and isles for Christ by sounding brass instruments as they passed by. Oddly, Sandford added a taxidermist to a crew of reasonably experienced seamen, and he included on a ship already filled to capacity both "eyes for stuffed animals and birds" and a large harp on which he took lessons. There were moments of real peril, as when Coronet fought its way through the thundering seas around Cape Horn and then again after a powerful gale broke the main sheet and (indirectly) part of the mast almost immediately after Sandford had shot an albatross. During calmer periods, Sandford had leisure enough to hunt and receive an occasional vision.
Later sea voyages
Even before returning to Maine, Sandford heard that Florence Whittaker, a member of his outpost in Jerusalem, wanted to abandon the sect whether or not her minister husband (who had just accompanied Sandford on the multi-year circumnavigation) would leave with her. At this point, Sandford decided to bring back all his followers from Palestine, and Whittaker reluctantly agreed to accept passage to the U.S. on another Shiloh ship, the three-masted barquentine Kingdom. She was treated with utmost courtesy until they reached the Maine coast, at which point Sandford refused to let her land until she was "adjusted" to her husband. Eventually Whittaker was freed by court order and was then given custody of her children.
The story made sensational newspaper fare, especially when Whittaker sued Sandford for forcible detention. At the time Sandford was aboard Coronet, and authorities began watching ports to serve him the legal papers. He determined that they would not find him, and that a mission station should be opened immediately in Africa and perhaps another in Greenland. In December 1910, more than seventy men, women, and children headed off to Africa, divided between Kingdom and Coronet. In March 1911, Kingdom went aground and was destroyed off the coast of French West Africa. Sandford took everyone aboard Coronet, which now became fearfully overloaded with people and undersupplied with food and water.
Nevertheless, Sandford heard the supernatural direction, "Continue," which he interpreted to mean to sail on to Greenland. After recrossing the Atlantic to catch the northerly currents, Coronet passed up numerous opportunities to take on water and supplies, Sandford announcing that God had ordered him not to put into port in the U.S. or Canada. Finally, on September 6, 1911, there was a "quiet mutiny" of some sort off the Grand Banks, and Coronet was turned south. Unfortunately, the ship now made little headway, and the passengers and crew were saved from possible starvation only by the fortuitous appearance of the ocean liner S.S. Lapland, which provided some foodβbut ominously, no fruit or vegetables.
Almost before they knew what was happening, men began to fall victim to scurvy; and within a few days after Coronet reached Portland on October 21, 1911, scurvy had claimed the lives of six crew members. Sandford was first arrested on Whittaker's warrant and then, a few days later, for being responsible for the deathsβ"unlawfully, knowingly, and willingly" allowing a ship to "proceed on a voyage at sea without sufficient provisions."
Trial, conviction, and imprisonment
Sandford refused to employ legal counsel at the trial, although he did receive legal adviceβwhich he rejected. In court, he declared that the sickness and starvation aboard Coronet was punishment from God for refusing to obey his command to continue to Greenland. The jury brought in a guilty verdict within an hour. On December 17, 1911, Sanford was sentenced to serve not more than ten years at the federal penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia.
Although Sandford accepted imprisonment as the will of God, he initially had difficulty bending to prison regulations. But with sleep, proper nourishment, and enforced exercise, his health gradually improved. He even insisted that Shiloh residents drop whatever they were doing at 11:30 and 4:00 and exercise with him. Sandford was made a gatekeeper and given a pass that allowed him to spend some time out of doors. He also volunteered to teach a group of prisoners how to read and write, and especially enjoyed conducting a weekly Bible class that began with one student and grew to more than a hundred. Eventually Shiloh was allowed to send Sandford a harp, and he was not only able to practice but gave at least two concerts at the prison.
Sandford had appointed seven ministers to share responsibility for leading the group, but his letters were treated like "a purse of gold." Many of them, even private letters to his family, were printed and distributed. Because prisoners were only allowed to send two letters a month, a sect member moved to Atlanta and took dictation during weekly visits.
Religious downfall
During his imprisonment, Sandford tried to promote his teenaged son John as the new leader of The Kingdom, and he seems to have had some success at editing a new periodical, The Golden Trumpet. But when, in 1915, John was put in charge of an inquisitorial board called the "Eye-of-the-Needle," intended to probe the souls of Shiloh residents, Sandford himself brought the experiment to a halt when his son incurred resentment and, in any case, proved temperamentally unsuited to the task. Shortly thereafter, Marguerite, one of Sandford's daughters, ran away from the community, a serious blow to his authority because of his insistence that leaders be able to "handle their children."
Given three years off for good behavior, Sandford was released from prison in September 1918. When he reappeared at Shiloh, he was served a sumptuous meal, although many residents had recently suffered serious illness and almost all, hunger. Sandford's return sparked new contributions and new healings, even food enough for two meals a day. Nevertheless, three days after his arrival, another of Sandford's daughters ran away, and a few months later he left Maine for the sect's Boston headquarters. Furthermore, the sect had conducted virtually no evangelistic outreach since the beginning of Sandford's imprisonment in 1911.
The end of the Shiloh community came suddenly in 1920, after the death of Shiloh resident Elma Hastings and a suit brought by relatives for guardianship of her children on the grounds of non-support by their father. The Children's Protective Society of Maine, having investigated living conditions at Shiloh, urged that all minors be removed from the community.
In March 1920, Sandford sent the message, "Work." No one anticipated that this directive would effectively end the Shiloh community within days. Two months later the prayer vigils had stopped, the Bible school was closed, and Shiloh's population had dropped from 370 to a handful. As Nelson has written, once the men went off to the mills, everything changed. With "the assurance that they would never be hungry again," that their needs would be met in the same way everyone else's were met, "there was no reason to stay. They could be ordinary Christians anywhere."
Retirement
Before Shiloh was finally deserted in May, Sandford heard the heavenly direction to, "Retire." For the remainder of his life, he lived in seclusion near the village of Hobart, New York, in the Catskill Mountains. He prayed, farmed, raised sheep, studied astronomy, taught small groups, and gradually regathered his scattered followers into centers in different parts of the country. Messages were delivered to the faithful by a smaller inner circle.
Sandford continued to be supported by the tithes of his followers, and his retirement was "satisfying and serene," although his papers and books were twice destroyed in house fires. To some degree Sandford relaxed his earlier rhetoric. On New Year's Eve, 1941, he received a message from God to "remit the sins of each and every person that has been baptized since October 1, 1901." But he never renounced his claim to be Elijah; nor did he ever express remorse for those who had died on Coronet thirty years earlier.
Sandford's death on March 4, 1948, was quiet and peaceful. His funeral and interment, however, were hasty and secretive. The news of his death was not released to the press for six weeks. Sandford had, of course, not died as Elijah in Jerusalem, but as an unheralded inhabitant of a Catskill village.
Legacy
The Kingdom continued after Sandford's death under the informal leadership of Victor Abram, his personal secretary, although Sandford never had a true successor. At Abramβs death in 1977, his son-in-law, Joseph Wakeman, became leader but thought of himself "as more of a caretaker." The membership then gradually learned that Abram had had a series of extramarital affairs while leading an organization that emphasized moral purity.
A successor organization, Kingdom Christian Ministriesβreorganized in 1998 after a split occasioned by continued debate over Sandford's theologyβhas several hundred members at a few centers in the eastern United States. An independent evangelical Christian church, Shiloh Chapel, meets in a remaining portion of the original Shiloh building in Durham, Maine; it is no longer affiliated with Kingdom Christian Ministries. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its distinctive architecture and history.
See also
The Higher Life movement
List of theologians
List of Atlanta U.S. Penitentiary inmates
List of Bates College alumni
References
Bibliography
William C. Hiss, "Shiloh: Frank Sandford and the Kingdom, 1893-1948," PhD dissertation, Tufts University, 1978.
Shirley Nelson, Fair, Clear, and Terrible: The Story of Shiloh, Maine (Latham, New York: British American Publishing, 1989). Nelson was the daughter of former members.
Frank S. Murray, The Sublimity of Faith (Amherst, NH: The Kingdom Press, 1981).
Timothy F. Murray, The Coronet Story: Conquering and to Conquer (Highland Press, 1998).
Shawn Francis Peters, When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
External links
Website of Kingdom Christian Ministries, a successor organization.
fwselijah.com, a website dedicated to a critical examination of Sandford and his religious movement.
Guide to the Nelson collection of Shiloh materials, Bates College.
Guide to the William Hiss collection of Shiloh material, mostly newspaper clippings, Bates College.
Premillennialism
American faith healers
People from Bowdoinham, Maine
Bates College alumni
1862 births
1948 deaths
People from Durham, Maine
People from Hobart, New York
Founders of new religious movements
Baptists from New York (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Sandford |
Homeric scholarship is the study of any Homeric topic, especially the two large surviving epics, the Iliad and Odyssey. It is currently part of the academic discipline of classical studies. The subject is one of the oldest in education.
Ancient scholarship
Scholia
Scholia are ancient commentaries, initially written in the margins of manuscripts, not necessarily at the bottom, as are their modern equivalents, the notes. The term marginalia includes them. Some are interlinear, written in very small characters. Over time the scholia were copied along with the work. When the copyist ran out of free text space, he listed them on separate pages or in separate works. Today's equivalents are the chapter notes or the notes section at the end of the book. Notes are merely a continuation of the practice of creating or copying scholia in printed works, although the incunabula, the first printed works, duplicated some scholia. The works of Homer have been heavily annotated from their written beginnings.
The number of manuscripts of the Iliad is currently (2014) approximately 1800. The papyri of the Odyssey are less in number but are still in the order of dozens. The inventory is incomplete, and new finds continue to be made, but not all these texts contain scholia. No compendium has collated all of the Homeric scholia.
Following the Principle of Economy: the allocation of scarce publication space to overwhelming numbers of scholia, the compilers have had to make decisions about what is important enough to compile. Certain types, or lines, have been distinguished; scholia have lines of descent of their own. Eleanor Dickey summarizes the most important three, identified by letter as A, bT, and D.
A, "the Venetian scholia", are most of the scholia of Venetus A, a major manuscript of the Iliad, dated to the 10th century, and located in the Biblioteca Marciana (Library of St. Mark's) of Venice. The sources of the scholia are noted at the end of each book. There are basically four. The hypothetical original text of the scholia, a manuscript of the 4th century CE, is therefore called, in German, the ViermΓ€nnerkommentar (VMK), "four-man commentary", where the men are Aristonicus, Didymus, Herodian, and Nicanor. Their comments, and these scholia, are termed "critical". A-scholia are found in other manuscripts as well. Venetus A contains some bT scholia.
bT scholia came from two sources: the 11th century T, the "Townleian" scholia, so designated because the manuscript, Townleyanus, was once in the collection of Lord Townley, and a lost manuscript, b, of the 6th century, which has descendants, including Venetus B. The bT manuscripts descend from an earlier c. bT scholia are termed exegetical, as opposed to critical. They are from Porphyry and Heraclitus, with some from Didymus.
The D scholia, or scholia Didymi, named erroneously for Didymus, are the earliest and largest group. They occur primarily in the 9th century Z (Rome, Biblioteca Nazionale), and the 11th century Q, but also in some others, such as A and T. The D scholia were once thought to be the work of the 1st century BCE scholar Didymus; they are now known to go back to 5th and 4th century BC school manuscripts, pre-dating the Alexandrine tradition, and representing βthe oldest surviving stratum of Homeric scholarship.β Some are also called the scholia minora and the scholia vulgata, the former name referring to the short length of many. These are glossaries. Among the non-minor scholia are mythological (allegorical) aetia, plots, and paraphrases, explaining the meanings of obscure words.
The order of precedence and chronological order of these Iliad scholia is D, A, bT, and other. Material in them probably ranges from the 5th century BCE (the D scholia) to as late as the 7th or 8th century CE (the latest bT scholia). The same scheme applies to the Odyssey, except that A scholia, mainly of the Iliad, are in deficit. There are no printed works publishing all the scholia on the Iliad and Odyssey. Only partial publications according to various principles have been possible.
The first was that of Janus Lascaris in 1517, containing the D-scholia. Some subsequent works concentrate on manuscripts or parts of them, others on type of scholia, and still others on books of the Iliad, or source. Larger compendia are relatively recent. One that has already become a standard is the 7-volume compendium of A- and bT-scholia by Hartmut Erbse. Volumes 15 are reserved for a number of books of the Iliad each, amounting to some 3000 pages, approximately. The last two volumes are indices. And yet, Dickey says of it. βThe seven volumes of Erbseβs edition thus represent only a small fraction of all the preserved scholia β¦,β from which it can be seen that the opinions, elucidations and emendations to the Iliad and Odyssey in manuscript texts far outweigh those texts in numbers of pages.
Classical scholarship
By the Classical Period the Homeric Question had advanced to the point of trying to determine what works were attributable to Homer. The Iliad and the Odyssey were beyond question. They were considered to have been written by Homer. The D-scholia suggest that they were taught in the schools; however, the language was no longer self-evident. The extensive glossaries of the D-scholia were intended to bridge the gap between the spoken language and Homeric Greek.
The poems themselves contradicted the general belief in the existence and authorship of Homer. There were many variants, which there should not have been according to the single-author conviction. The simplest answer was to decide which of the variants was most likely to represent a presumed authentic original composition and to discount the others as spurious, devised by someone else.
Peisistratean edition
Strabo reports an account by Hereas accusing Peisistratos, tyrant of Athens, r. 561-527 BCE, or Solon (638-558 BCE), sometime eponymous archon and lawgiver, starting 594 BCE, of altering the Iliads Catalogue of Ships to place the 12 ships from Salamis in the Athenian camp, proving that Athens owned Salamis in the Trojan War. Others denied the theory, Strabo said. The story implies that Peisistratos or Solon had some authority over a presumed master text of the Iliad, and yet Athens at the time had little political power over the Aegean region. Strabo was not the only accuser. Plutarch also accuses him of moving a line from Hesiod to Ξ»630 (Odyssey Book 11).
Diogenes LaΓ«rtius relates that in the time of Solon the Iliad was being βrhapsodizedβ (rhapsodeisthai) in public recitations. One of Solon's laws mandates that, in such performances, one rhapsode was to pick up where the previous left off. The involvement of a state official in these rhapsodizations can be explained by their being performances at state-sponsored sacred festivals.
Cicero says that previously the books of Homer were βconfusedβ (confusos), but that Peisistratos βdisposedβ (disposuisse) them as they were then. A scholion on Iliad, Book K, in manuscript T, says that they were βarrangedβ (tetachthai) by Peisistratos into one poem. Apparently the impromptu composition of shorter poems on a known theme was forced into a continuous presentation by Solon, and edited by Peisistratos.
A number of other fragments testify to a written edition by Peisistratos, some credible, some not. A few mention the establishment of a Peisistratean school. In others, Hipparchus (son of Peisistratos) published the edition and passed a law that it must be read at the Panathenaic Games, which began in 566 BCE, before the tyranny of his father, from 561 BCE. Peisistratos was succeeded by his sons in 527 BCE.
Ionicization of the text
The linguist, August Fick, hypothesized a βmetamorphosis of the originally Achaean Iliad into its present Ionic form.β By Achaean he meant Aeolic Greek, and by Ionic form, Ionic Greek. He based his theory on the partial substitution of Ionic words for Aeolic ones; i.e., where the Ionic forms fit the meter, which was Dactylic hexameter, they replaced the Aeolic, but where they did not, the Aeolic was left intact. For example, AtreidΔs, βsons of Atreus,β the nominative case, is Ionic, but the genitive plural is AtreidaΕn, an Aeolic form, instead of the Ionic AtreideΕn, which does not fit the meter.
Fick uses the device to date the transformation. Old Ionic lΔos, βpeople,β is used in post-Homeric lyric poetry, but the Iliad uses lΔos, an Aeolic form. LΔos was displaced by Ionic leΕs after Hipponax, c. 540 BCE. LΔos and lΔos have the same meter, long and short (or two longs before a word beginning with a consonant), but leΕs is short, long. In Fick's view, lΔos was left to prevent change to leΕs. The opposition, therefore, dates to after 540 BCE, corresponding to the period of the Peisistratean edition. This coincidence suggests that the modern Iliad, which descends from a text the Alexandrian scholars called βthe Vulgate,β is linked to the Peisistratean edition. Proving it, however, is another issue.
Search for the classical vulgate
Between the hypothetical Peisistratean edition and the Vulgate recension of the Alexandrines is a historical gap. Fick's work indicates a connection, which also is suggested by the peripatetic associations of the Library of Alexandria (below). Moreover, some of the D-scholia redated to the 5th century BCE indicate that some sort of standard Iliad existed then, to be taught in the schools. These broad events are circumstantial evidence only. Nagy says, βAs of this writing, Homeric scholarship has not yet succeeded in achieving a definitive edition of either the Iliad or the Odyssey.β
He quotes the view given by Villoison, first publisher (1788) of the scholia on Venetus A, that Peisistratus, in the absence of a written copy, had given a reward for verses of Homer, inviting spurious verses. There had been, in other words, a master copy, but it had been lost. Not having a theory of oral transmission, Villoison regarded the poems as βextinct.β The problem then became to distinguish which of the purchased verses were spurious.
The opposite view, expressed by Friedrich August Wolf in ββProlegomena ad Homerumββ, 1795, is that Homer never wrote the Iliad. The variant manuscripts seen by the Alexandrines were not corruptions, but rhapsodic variants, as is attested by Flavius Josephus in Against Apion. He said that the poetry of Homer was βpreserved by memory β¦ and assembled β¦ later from the songs.β
The link missing from the evidence, apart from the circumstantial, is the connection between the texts produced by Peisistratus and the Alexandrine Vulgate. What is lacking is either an βAthenian prototype,β, or a conjectural βWolfian vulgate,β or multi-text assembled from oral variants wrongly marked as spurious by the Alexandrines.
The Homeric classicists of the 19th century believed they had inferred a Voralexandrinsche Vulgata, βPre-Alexandrine Vulgate,β to use the expression of Arthur Ludwich. This was a hypothetical 4th- and 5th-century BCE version of the Alexandrine Vulgate. The latter had to have had precedents. The problem was to prove it.
Ludwich assembled a list of all the lines put forward as quotations from Homer in pre-Alexandrine authors: some 29 authors plus some unknown fragments, amounting to about 480 verse, or βlines.β D.B. Monro used this database to compare the percentage of non-Vulgate lines in the quotes with a control group, the non-Vulgate lines in the fragments of the papyri known to him then. Judging from the fragments, 60 of the 480 lines ought to be missing from the Vulgate. The number is only 12, from which Monro concludes: βThe quotations, in short, prove that there was a pre-Alexandrian vulgate agreeing much more closely with the modern vulgate than with any text of which the papyrus fragments can be specimens.β
Academic connection
According to Monro, based on Ludwich, Plato is the most prolific quoter of Homer, with 209 lines. Next most is Aristotle, with 93 lines. Of the 209, only two differ from the Vulgate, in Iliad Book IV, which Ludwich termed Kontaminiert, βcorrupted.β Several were marked as spurious (Ludwich's aufser) by the Alexandrians. There was only one instance of four lines not in the Vulgate (Ludwich's Zusatzversen), From Iliad IV. Monro asserts ββ¦ whatever interpolated texts of Homer were then current, the copy from which Plato quoted was not one of them.β Aristotle's quotations do not have the same purity, which is surprising. For about 20 years they were at the same school, the Platonic Academy.
The Platonic view of Homer is exceptional for the times. Homer and Hesiod were considered to have written myths as allegory. According to J.A. Stewart, "β¦ Homer is an Inspired Teacher, and must not be banished from the curriculum. If we get beneath the literal meaning, we find him teaching the highest truth." In the Republic, however, Plato denies that children can distinguish literal and allegorical truth and advocates censoring the myth-makers, including Homer. The Republic expresses a concept of a society established according to the Platonic ideal, in which every aspect is monitored and controlled under the guidance of a philosopher-king drafted from ascetic poverty for the purpose. It was not a popular view.
Peripatetic connection
The archetype of Hellenistic libraries was that of the Lyceum in classical Athens. Its founder, Aristotle, had been a student, and then an associate, at Platoβs Academy. He was Platoβs star student, but as a metic, or resident foreigner (he was still Greek), he could not own property or sponsor the other metics. Consequently, after the death of Plato, not having been appointed director, he departed Athens for an educational opportunity in Mysia, which fell through when Mysia was captured by the Persians. He was subsequently hired by his boyhood companion, now Philip II of Macedon, to tutor the latterβs teen-age son, the future Alexander the Great, on whose behalf he built a school, the Nymphaeum, at Mieza.
Alexander became an enthusiastic member of Aristotleβs inner circle. Immediate association was terminated within a few years when Alexander assumed the duties of monarch after the assassination of his father in 336/335. His main duty was to lead a planned invasion of the east to settle the rivalry with Persia. During it he kept by his bedside a manuscript of Homer personally emended by Aristotle, a gift of the latter. He later placed it in an expensive casket captured from the Persian king, Darius, from which it was called "the Casket Homer". The anecdote, if true, reveals a belief by Aristotle's circle in an authentic text, as well as editorial activity to recapture it. Alexander was a Homer enthusiast.
Aristotle's approach to Homer and statesmanship was different from Plato's. Politics and Poetry were two of his research topics. His theoretical treatise, Politics is not a presentation, like Plato's, of an ideal state according to some philosophy, but is a presentation and classification of real states as they were then, discovered by research. Similarly, Homer does not play a role in any censorial evaluation of Aristotle as a critic, but appears in a professional study of poetry, the Poetics, with regard to the difficulty with some of his language. Aristotle's main study of Homer did not survive. It is listed in Diogenes LaΓ«rtius' Life of Aristotle as "Six books of Homeric problems".
Of the 93 quotations, Mitchell Carroll says: βAristotleβs hearty veneration for Homer is shown by the numerous citations of the Iliad and the Odyssey in his works, and by the frequent expressions of admiration occurring in the Poetics; β¦.β , Despite this enthusiasm, Monro notes that the βpoetical quotations are especially incorrect,β with regard to the errors and additional lines. This is not the expected result if Aristotle had received the pure edition from which Plato had quoted. Monro's solution is to adopt the view of Adolph RΓΆmer, that the errors can be attributed to Aristotle personally, and not to variant manuscripts. This was obviously not history's final verdict.
Hellenistic scholars and their aims
Many ancient Greek writers discussed topics and problems in the Homeric epics, but the development of scholarship per se revolved around three goals:
Analyzing internal inconsistencies within the epics;
Producing editions of the epics' authentic text, free of interpolations and errors;
Interpretation: both explaining archaic words, and exegetical interpretation of the epics as literature.
The first philosopher to focus intensively on the intellectual problems surrounding the Homeric epics was Zoilus of Amphipolis in the early 4th century BCE. His work Homeric Questions does not survive, but it seems that Zoilus enumerated and discussed inconsistencies of plot in Homer. Examples of this are numerous: for example, in Iliad 5.576-9 Menelaus kills a minor character, Pylaemenes, in combat; but later, at 13.758-9, he is still alive to witness the death of his son Harpalion. These have been humorously described as points where Homer "nodded off," from which comes the proverbial phrase "Homeric Nod." Aristotle's Homeric Problems, which does not survive, was probably a response to Zoilus.
Critical editions of Homer discuss three special steps in this process. First is the hypothetical "Peisistratean recension". There is a long-standing, but somewhat old-fashioned, tradition in modern scholarship which holds that in the mid-6th century BCE the Athenian tyrant Peisistratus had the Homeric epics compiled in a definitive edition. It is known that under Peisistratus, and later, rhapsodes competed in performing Homer at the Panathenaic festival; and a scholion on Iliad 10.1 accuses Peisistratus of inserting book 10 into the Iliad. But there is little evidence for a Peisistratean recension, and most present-day scholars doubt its existence; at the very least it is disputed what is to be understood by the term "recension". The second and third key moments are the critical editions made by the 3rd and 2nd century BCE Alexandrian scholars Zenodotus of Ephesus and Aristarchus respectively; both of these scholars also published numerous other works on Homer and other poets, none of which survive. Zenodotus' edition may well have been the first to divide the Iliad and Odyssey into 24 books.
Aristarchus' edition is probably the single most important moment in the whole history of Homeric scholarship. His text was more conservative than Zenodotus', but it became the standard edition of Homer for the ancient world, and almost everything in modern editions of Homer passed through Aristarchus' hands. Like Zenodotus, Aristarchus did not delete passages that he rejected, but (fortunately for us) preserved them with an annotation indicating his rejection. He developed Zenodotus' already sophisticated system of critical symbols to indicate specific kinds of issues with particular lines, and a significant proportion of the terminology is still in use today (obelus, athetising, etc.). From the scholia a great deal is known about his guiding principles, and those of other editors and commentators such as Zenodotus and Aristophanes of Byzantium. The chief preoccupations of the Alexandrian scholars may be summarised as follows:
Consistency of content: the reasoning is that internal inconsistencies imply that the text has been ineptly changed. This principle apparently pursues the work of Zoilus.
Consistency of style: anything that appears only once in Homer β an unusual poetic image, an unusual word (a hapax legomenon), or an unusual epithet (e.g. the epithet "Kyllenian Hermes" in Odyssey 24.1) β tends to be rejected.
No repetitions: if a line or passage is repeated word-for-word, one of the exemplars is often rejected. Zenodotus is known to have applied this principle rigidly, Aristarchus less so; it is in tension with the principle of "consistency of style" above.
Quality: Homer was regarded as the greatest of poets, so anything perceived to be poor poetry was rejected.
Logic: something that makes no sense (such as Achilleus nodding at his comrades as he goes running after Hektor) was not regarded as the product of the original artist.
Morality: Plato's insistence that a poet should be moral was taken to heart by Alexandrian scholars, and scholia accuse many passages and phrases of being "unsuitable" ( ou prepon); the real Homer, goes the reasoning, being a paragon of perfection, would never have written anything immoral himself.
Explaining Homer from Homer (): this motto is Aristarchus', and means simply that it is better to solve a problem in Homer using evidence from within Homer, rather than external evidence.
To a modern eye it is evident that these principles should be applied at most on an ad hoc basis. When they are applied across the board the results are frequently bizarre, especially as no account whatsoever is taken of poetic licence. However, it should be remembered that the reasoning seems persuasive when built up gradually, and then it is a very difficult mindset to escape: 19th century Analyst scholars (see below) adopted most of these criteria, and applied them even more stringently than the Alexandrians did.
It is also sometimes difficult to know what exactly the Alexandrians meant when they rejected a passage. The scholia on Odyssey 23.296 tell us that Aristarchus and Aristophanes regarded that line as the end of the epic (even though that is grammatically impossible); but we are also told that Aristarchus separately rejected several passages after that point.
Allegorical readings
Exegesis is also represented in the scholia. When the scholiasts turn to interpretation they tend to be most interested in explaining background material, e.g., reporting an obscure myth to which Homer alludes; but there was also a fashion for allegory, especially among the Stoics. The most notable passage is a scholion on Iliad 20.67, which gives an extended allegorical interpretation of the battle of the gods, explaining each god as symbolic of various elements and principles in conflict with one another, e.g., Apollo is opposed to Poseidon because fire is opposed to water.
Allegory is also represented in some surviving ancient monographs: the Homeric Allegories by an otherwise unknown 1st century BCE writer Heraclitus, the 2nd century CE Plutarch's On the Life and Poetry of Homer, and the works of the 3rd century CE Neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry, particularly his On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey and Homeric Questions. Many extracts from Porphyry are preserved in the scholia, especially the D scholia (although the current standard edition, that of Erbse, omits them).
Allegorical interpretation continued to be influential on Byzantine scholars such as Tzetzes and Eustathius. But allegorising non-allegorical literature has not been a fashionable activity since the Middle Ages; it is common to see modern scholars refer to such allegorising in the scholia as "inferior" or even "contemptible". As a result, these texts are now rarely read.
18th and 19th centuries
The 18th century saw major developments in Homeric scholarship, and also saw the opening phase of the discussion which was to dominate the 19th century (and, for some scholars, the 20th): the so-called "Homeric question". Homer was first seen as the product of his primitive time by the Scottish scholar Thomas Blackwell, in An Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer (1735).
Another major development was the enormous growth of linguistic study on Homer and the Homeric dialect. In 1732, Bentley published his discovery of the traces left in the text of Homer by the digamma, an archaic Greek consonant that was omitted in later, classical, Greek orthography. Bentley showed conclusively that the vast majority of metrical anomalies in Homeric verse could be attributed to the presence of digamma (though the idea was not well received at the time: Alexander Pope, for one, satirised Bentley). Important linguistic studies continued throughout the next two centuries alongside the endless arguments over the Homeric question, and the work by figures such as Buttmann and Monro is still worth reading today; and it was the linguistic work of Parry that set in motion a major paradigm shift in the mid-20th century. Another major 18th century development was Villoison's 1788 publication of the A and B scholia on the Iliad.
The Homeric question is essentially the question of the identity of the poet(s) of the Homeric epics, and the nature of the relationship between "Homer" and the epics. In the 19th century it came to be the fulcrum between two opposed schools of thought, the Analysts and the Unitarians. The issue came about in the context of 18th-century interest in popular lays and folktale, and the growing recognition that the Homeric epics must have been transmitted orally before being written down, possibly much later than "Homer" himself. The Italian philosopher Vico argued that the epics were the products not of an individual genius poet but rather the cultural products of an entire people; and Woodβs 1769 Essay on the Original Genius and Writings of Homer argued emphatically that Homer had been illiterate and the epics had been transmitted orally. (Less fortunately, Wood drew parallels between Homer and the poetry of the supposed Scottish oral poet Ossian, published by James Macpherson in 1765; Ossian turned out later to have been wholly invented by Macpherson.)
The scholar Friedrich August Wolf brought matters to a head. His review of Villoison's edition of the scholia acknowledged that they proved conclusively the oral transmission of the poems. In 1795, he published his Prolegomena ad Homerum, in which he argued that the poems were composed in the mid-10th century BCE; that they were transmitted orally; that they changed considerably after that time in the hands of bards performing them orally and editors adapting written versions to contemporary tastes; and that the poems' apparent artistic unity came about after their transcription. Wolf posed the perplexing question of what it would mean to restore the poems to their original, pristine, form.
In the wake of Wolf, two schools of thought coalesced to oppose one another: Analysts and Unitarians.
Analysts
19th-century Analysts argued that the epics were composed by many hands, a hodge-podge of interpolations and incompetent editing that concealed the original genius of Homer, or at the very least that the Iliad and Odyssey were composed by different poets. In this they followed in the steps of ancient scholars like Zoilus and the so-called "separatists" (ΟΟΟΞ―ΞΆΞΏΞ½ΟΞ΅Ο chΕrizontes, the best known of whom, Xenon and Hellanicus, are nonetheless very obscure figures).
Among Analysts, Hermann's 1832 De interpolationibus Homeri ("On interpolations in Homer") and 1840 De iteratis apud Homerum ("On repetitions in Homer") argued that the epics, as they now stood, were encrustations of second-rate later material around a pristine kernel: a hypothetical "Ur-Iliad". Conversely, Lachmann's 1847 Betrachtungen ΓΌber Homers Ilias ("Studies on Homer's Iliad") argued that the Iliad was a compilation of 18 independent folk-lays, rather as the Finnish Kalevala actually was, compiled in the 1820s and 1830s by LΓΆnnrot: so, he argued, Iliad book 1 consists of a lay on Achilleus' anger (lines 1-347), and two continuations, the return of Chryseis (430β492) and the scenes in Olympus (348-429, 493-611); book 2 is a separate lay, but containing several interpolations such as Odysseus' speech (278β332); and so on. (Lachmann also tried to apply Analyst principles to the mediaeval German Nibelungenlied.) Kirchhoff's 1859 edition of the Odyssey argued that the Ur-Odyssey had comprised just books 1, 5-9, and parts of 10-12, that a later phase had added most of books 13-23, and a third phase had added the bits about Telemachos, and book 24.
The climax of Analysis came with Wilamowitz, who published Homerische Untersuchungen ("Homeric studies") in 1884 and Die Heimkehr des Odysseus ("The homecoming of Odysseus") in 1927. The Odyssey, he argued, was compiled about 650 BCE or later from three separate poems by a Bearbeiter (editor). Subsequent Analysts often referred to the hypothesised Bearbeiter as the "B-poet" (and the original genius, Homer himself, was sometimes the "A-poet"). Wilamowitz' examination of the relationship between these three layers of the Odyssey, further complicated by later, minor, interpolations, is enormously detailed and complex. One of the three poems, the "old Odyssey" (most of books 5-14 and 17-19) had in turn been compiled by a Redaktor from three even earlier poems, two of which had originally been parts of longer poems. Like most other scholars caught up in the opposition between Analysis and Unitarianism, Wilamowitz equated poetry that he thought poor with late interpolations. But Wilamowitz set such a high standard in the sophistication of his analysis that 20th century Analysts seem to have found difficulty in moving forward from where Wilamowitz left off; and over the course of the following decades attention drifted away, particularly in the English-speaking world.
Unitarians
Nitzsch was the earliest scholar to oppose Wolf and argue that the two Homeric epics showed an artistic unity and intention that was the work of a single mind. Nitzsch's writings cover the years 1828 to 1862. In his Meletemata (1830) he took up the question of written versus unwritten literature, on which Wolf's whole argument had turned; and in his 1852 Die Sagenpoesie der Griechen ("The oral poetry of the Greeks") he investigated the structure of the Homeric poems and their relation to other, non-extant, epics which narrated the story of the Trojan War, the so-called Epic Cycle.
However, most Unitarian scholarship tended to be driven by literary interpretation and was therefore often more ephemeral. Even so, many scholars who examined the archaeology and social history of Homeric Greece did so from a Unitarian perspective, perhaps out of a wish to avoid the complexities of Analysis and Analysts' tendency to re-write each other's work indefinitely. Niese's 1873 Der homerische Schiffskatalog als historische Quelle betrachtet ("The Homeric catalogue of ships studied as a historical source") stands out. Schliemann, who began excavating Hisarlik in the 1870s, treated Homer as a historical source from an essentially Unitarian viewpoint.
Common ground between Analysts and Unitarians
Broadly speaking, Analysts tended to study the epics philologically, bringing to bear criteria, linguistic and otherwise, that were little different from those of the ancient Alexandrians. Unitarians tended to be literary critics who were more interested in appreciating the artistry of the poems than in analysing them.
But artistic merit was the unspoken motivation behind both schools of thought. Homer must at all costs be hallowed as the great, original, genius; everything good in the epics is to be attributed to him. So Analysts hunted for errors (as Zoilus had done), and blamed them on incompetent editors; Unitarians tried to explain errors away, sometimes even claiming they were really the best bits.
In both cases, therefore, there came to be a very strong tendency to equate good with authentic, and shoddy with interpolated. This, too, was a mindset inherited from the Alexandrians.
20th century
20th century Homeric scholarship had the shadow of Analysis and Unitarianism hanging over it, and much important work was done by old-style Analysts and Unitarians even up to the end of the century. Perhaps the most important Unitarian in the first half of the century was Samuel E. Bassett; and, as in the 19th century, some interpretive work argued for Unitarianism (e.g. George E. Dimock's 1989 The Unity of the Odyssey), while other literary criticism merely took a Unitarian perspective for granted. Some of the most important work on textual criticism and papyrology was done by Analyst scholars such as Reinhold Merkelbach and Denys L. Page (whose 1955 The Homeric Odyssey is a merciless but sometimes hilariously witty polemic against Unitarians). The biggest commentary on the Odyssey, published in the 1980s under the general editorship of Alfred Heubeck, is largely Analyst in tone, especially the commentary on books 21-22 by Manuel FernΓ‘ndez-Galiano. Some monographs from a strongly Analyst perspective continue to come out, primarily from the German-speaking world.
However, the most important new work on Homer done in the 20th century was dominated by two new schools of thought, most frequently referred to as "Oral Theory" (the term is resisted by some Oralists, especially Gregory Nagy); and "Neoanalysis". Unlike in the 19th century, however, these schools of thought are not opposed to one another; and in the last few decades they have been drawing on each other more and more in very constructive ways.
Oral Theory
Oral Theory, or Oralism, is a loosely used term for the study of the mechanisms of how the Homeric epics were orally transmitted, in terms of linguistics, cultural conditions, and literary genre. It therefore embraces philological analysis and literary criticism simultaneously. It has its origins in linguistics, but it was foreshadowed in some respects by Vico in the 18th century, and more immediately by Gilbert Murray. Murray was an Analyst, but his 1907 book The Rise of the Greek Epic contained some of the core ideas of Oralism: particularly the idea that the epics were the end result of a protracted process of evolution, and the idea that an individual poet named Homer had relatively little importance in their history.
The two figures at the head of Oralism are Milman Parry and his student Albert Lord, who continued his work after Parry's premature death. Parry was a structuralist linguist (he studied under Antoine Meillet, who in turn studied under Saussure) who set out to compare Homeric epic with a living oral tradition of epic poetry. In the 1930s and 1950s he and Lord recorded thousands of hours of oral performance of epic poetry in the former Yugoslavia, primarily in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lord's later work (his 1960 book The Singer of Tales is the most pertinent to Homer) kick-started oral poetics as an entire new sub-discipline in anthropology. For Homeric scholarship the most important results of their work, and that of later Oralists, have been to demonstrate that:
Homeric epic shares many stylistic characteristics with known oral traditions;
thanks to the sophistication and mnemonic power of the formulaic system in Homeric poetry, it is entirely possible for epics as large as the Iliad and Odyssey to have been created in an oral tradition;
many curious features that offended the ancient Alexandrians and the Analysts are most probably symptomatic of the poems' evolution through oral transmission and, within limits, poets re-inventing them in performance (some have compared this to improvisation, rather as jazz musicians improvise upon a theme).
The biggest complete commentary on the Iliad, 1993's six volume The Iliad: A Commentary as edited by G.S. Kirk, is Oralist in its approach and emphasizes issues related to live performance such as rhythm; and the pedagogical commentaries by Peter Jones are heavily Oralist.
Some Oralists do not go so far as to claim that the Homeric epics actually are products of an oral epic tradition: many limit themselves to claiming that the Homeric epics merely draw on earlier oral epic. For much of the mid-20th century much of the resistance to Oral Theory came from scholars who could not see how to preserve Homer as the great original poet: they could not see how there was any room for artistry and creativity in a formulaic system where set-piece episodes (Walter Arend's "type scenes") were as formulaic as Parry's metrical epithet-noun combinations. Some scholars divided Oralists into "hard Parryists", who believed that all aspects of Homeric epic were predetermined by formulaic systems, and "soft Parryists", who believed that Homer had the system at his command rather than the other way round. More recently, books such as Nagy's influential 1979 book about epic heroes, The Best of the Achaeans, and Egbert Bakker's 1997 linguistic study Poetry as Speech, work on the principle that the radical cross-fertilisation and resonances between different traditions, genres, plot lines, episodes, and type scenes, are actually the driving force behind much of the artistic innovation in Homeric epic.
Where the joke about 19th century Analysts had it that the epics "were not composed by Homer but by someone else of the same name", now the joke is that Oral Theorists claim the epics are poems without an author. Many Oralists would happily agree with this.
Neoanalysis
Neoanalysis is quite separate from 19th century Analysis. It is the study of the relationship between the two Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle: the extent to which Homer made use of earlier poetic material about the Trojan War, and the extent to which other epic poets made use of Homer. The main obstacle to this line of research β and, simultaneously, the main impetus for it β is the fact that the Cyclic epics do not survive except in summaries and isolated fragments. Ioannis Kakridis is usually regarded as the founding figure of this school of thought, with his 1949 book Homeric Researches, but Wolfgang Kullmann's 1960 Die Quellen der Ilias ("The sources of the Iliad") is even more influential. Neoanalytic topics have become much more prominent in English-language scholarship since 1990, notably in a series of articles by M. L. West in Classical Quarterly and in Jonathan Burgess' 2001 book The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle. The recent upsurge is due in no small part to the publication of three new editions of the fragmentary Greek epics, including a translation by West for the Loeb Classical Library series.
Probably the most frequently cited and characteristic topic raised in Neoanalysis is the so-called "Memnon theory" outlined by Wolfgang Schadewaldt in a 1951 paper. This is the hypothesis that one major plot-line in the Iliad is based on a similar one in one of the Cyclic epics, the Aithiopis of Arctinus. The parallels run as follows:
What is debated in the Memnon theory is the implications of these similarities. The most immediate implication is that the poet of the Iliad borrowed material from the Aethiopis. The debatable points are the poet's reasons for doing so; the status and condition of the Aethiopis story when this borrowing took place, that is to say whether it was Arctinus' epic that Homer borrowed from, or something less concrete, like a traditional legend; and the extent to which the Aethiopis and Iliad played off one another in their subsequent development.
A looser definition of Neoanlysis would include the reconstruction of earlier forms of the epics based exclusively on residue in the surviving versions of the Iliad and Odyssey, quite apart from any relationship to the material of the Epic Cycle. Steve Reece, for example, has proposed that anomalies of structure and detail in our surviving version of the Odyssey point to earlier versions of the tale in which Telemachus went in search of news of his father not to Menelaus in Sparta but to Idomeneus in Crete, in which Telemachus met up with his father in Crete and conspired with him to return to Ithaca disguised as the soothsayer Theoclymenus, and in which Penelope recognized Odysseus much earlier in the narrative and conspired with him in the destruction of the suitors. Similarly, Reece proposes, earlier versions of the Iliad can be detected in which Ajax played a more prominent role, in which the Achaean embassy to Achilles comprised different characters, and in which Patroclus was actually mistaken for Achilles by the Trojans. In this broader sense Neoanalysis can be defined as a form of Analysis informed by the principles of Oral Theory, recognizing as it does the existence and influence of previously existing tales and yet appreciating the technique of a single poet in adapting them to his Iliad and Odyssey.
Recent developments
The dating of the Homeric epics continues to be a controversial topic. The most influential work in this area in the last few decades is that of Richard Janko, whose 1982 study Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns uses statistics based on a range of dialectal pointers to argue that the text of both epics became fixed in the latter half of the 8th century BCE, though he has since argued for an even earlier date. There is no shortage of alternative datings, however, based on other kinds of evidence (literary, philological, archaeological, and artistic), ranging from the 9th century to as late as 550 BCE (Nagy suggests in a 1992 paper that the text's "formative" period lasted until 550). At present most Homeric scholars opt for the late 8th or early 7th century, and a date of 730 BCE is often quoted for the Iliad.
Since the 1970s, Homeric interpretation has been increasingly influenced by literary theory, especially in literary readings of the Odyssey. Post-structuralist semiotic approaches have been represented in the work of Pietro Pucci (Odysseus Polytropos, 1987) and Marylin Katz (Penelope's Renown, 1991), for example.
Perhaps the most significant developments have been in narratology, the study of how storytelling works, since this combines empirical linguistic study with literary criticism. Irene de Jong's 1987 Narrators and Focalizers: The Presentation of the Story in the Iliad draws on the work of the theorist Mieke Bal, and de Jong followed this up in 2001 with her Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey; Bakker has published several linguistic-narratological studies, especially his 1997 Poetry as Speech; and Elizabeth Minchin's 2001 Homer and the Resources of Memory draws on several forms of narratology and cognitive science, such as the script theory developed in the 1970s by Roger Schank and Robert Abelson.
See also
Epic Cycle
Homer
Homeric Question
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
References
Bibliography
General
This includes a discussion of the types of writing on papyrus Homeric documents.
Publications of scholia
"Classical" analysis
Neoanalysis
Homer and oral tradition
External links
Literary criticism
Language histories
Textual scholarship | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric%20scholarship |
The CD4E is a 4-speed automatic transaxle for front-wheel-drive cars from 1994 to 2007. It was manufactured at Ford's Batavia Transmission plant starting in 1994. The CD4E was called the LA4A-EL by Mazda and is also known as the 4F44E internally to Ford.
Applications:
1994β2002 Mazda 626 4-cylinder
1994β1997 Mazda MX-6 4-cylinder
1994β1997 Ford Probe 4-cylinder
1995β2000 Ford Contour
1995β2000 Mercury Mystique
1995β2007 Ford Mondeo (up to Mondeo III 4-cylinder model)
1999β2002 Mercury Cougar
2001β2008 Ford Escape
2001β2006 Mazda Tribute
2005β2008 Mercury Mariner
References
See also
List of Ford transmissions
CD4E
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20CD4E%20transmission |
Sundlaugin (, the swimming pool) is a recording studio located near Γlafoss in the town of MosfellsbΓ¦r in Iceland known for being the recording and rehearsal location of post-rock band Sigur RΓ³s. The location was originally a swimming pool built in the 1930s which had been abandoned when Sigur RΓ³s purchased it in 1999 and converted it and adjacent buildings into a studio.
The band originally intended to record their third album, titled ( ), in an abandoned NATO tracking base in the northernmost mountain in Iceland, but after inspection decided it was too impractical. Shortly after they found the abandoned pool lot in a rural neighborhood in Mosfellsbær. They bought the lot and transformed it into a studio. In order to fit the massive mixing console into the building, part of the roof was opened up and the console was lowered with a crane.
Much of the band's photography and artwork is taken from the surrounding landscape, such as the art found on the first album recorded in the studio, ( ).
The recording studio has also been used for recording, mixing and mastering (usually assisted by the studio's sound engineer Birgir JΓ³n "Biggi" Birgisson) by a wide group of mainly Icelandic artists and bands, including:
Agent Fresco
The Album Leaf
Alcest
amiina
Amusement Parks on Fire
Bubbi Morthens
Emmanuel De La Paix
Flying HΓ³rses
For a Minor Reflection
JakobΓnarΓna
Julianna Barwick
Langi Seli og Skuggarnir
MammΓΊt
Mugison
MΓΊm
ΓlΓΆf Arnalds
Retro Stefson
Seabear
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Sin Fang
Ske
Slowblow
SteindΓ³r Andersen
StΓ³rsveit Nix Noltes
As of 2020, Sundlaugin is owned by Sigur RΓ³s keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson.
References
Sigur RΓ³s
Recording studios in Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundlaugin |
Werner Teske (24 April 1942 β 26 June 1981) was an East German (Captain) of the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). Teske was a senior intelligence officer in the Stasi's economic espionage division when he was accused of plotting to defect to West Germany with sensitive information and embezzled money. In the one-day trial, Teske was found guilty of espionage and desertion. He was sentenced to death and subsequently executed in June 1981.
Teske's sentence was posthumously overturned after German reunification when it was deemed unlawful by standards of East German law, and two jurists from his trial were prosecuted. The execution was the last time a death sentence was carried out in East Germany, before its abolition in 1987, making Teske the last person executed in Germany.
Early life and career
Werner Teske was born on 24 April 1942 in Berlin, and went to school from 1948 to 1960 in Berlin-Lichtenberg, graduating with the . During this time, he also played handball for an East German junior team. He studied economics at Humboldt University of Berlin from 1960 to 1964 and graduated with a degree in financial economics. A staunch communist, he entered the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) in 1966 and became an unofficial collaborator (IM) of the Stasi in 1967. In 1969, he obtained his doctorate in economics, and started working full-time for the Hauptverwaltung AufklΓ€rung, the foreign intelligence arm of the Stasi.
Teske was part of the East German delegation that accompanied the East Germany national football team to the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which was held in West Germany. He was promoted to in 1975 and sent abroad again to the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.
Teske was married to Sabine Teske. They had one daughter.
Defection plans and trial
In the mid-1970s, Teske began to question the political system in East Germany, and planned to defect to West Germany, with the intention of using highly sensitive Stasi information and materials as an "entrance fee". He put aside money for this purpose, around 20,000 Deutsche mark and a similar amount of East German marks. However, in 1979 the Stasi tightened its internal security measures following the defection of , a Stasi Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) who fled to West Germany carrying sensitive information. In September 1980, Teske was arrested when irregularities in his work came to attention of the Stasi after he had failed to turn up to an appointment when he had been drunk at home. A cache of stolen documents was found in his work safe. Later, his previous embezzlement of operating money from his Stasi division was uncovered, and another cache of documents was found stashed in his apartment.
Teske was tried at the 1st Military Criminal Division of the Supreme Court of East Germany. He was accused of "planned treason", and was found guilty of charges of espionage, desertion, and an illegal border crossing. Despite the defence counsel's argument that the defection had never occurred and no information had reached the West, Teske received the maximum sentence and was sentenced to death after a one-day trial on 11 June 1981 before a three-judge panel of Stasi officers. The severity of Teske's sentence might have been a reaction to Werner Stiller's defection to the West two years earlier, and the attempted defections both of Teske and fellow Stasi officer , who was also executed, have been linked to Stiller's as copycat crimes. Stiller himself stated in 1992 that Teske would likely have received a life sentence instead of being executed had his own defection not occurred.
Death
On 26 June 1981, shortly after his trial, Teske was executed in a secret part of Leipzig Prison on Alfred-KΓ€stner-StraΓe, Leipzig, by executioner . Teske was shot in the back of the head using a semi-automatic pistol, after which his body was cremated and buried at the SΓΌdfriedhof. His death certificate stated that he died of "heart failure". Knowledge of Teske's trial, execution, and funeral were all kept secret by East German authorities, and this information was withheld even from Teske's closest relatives, including his wife who did not know she was a widow until after German reunification in 1990. Until then, she had assumed her husband was being held somewhere in custody.
Posthumous rehabilitation
After German reunification, the sentence against Teske was overturned in 1993. Subsequently, the judges and prosecutors who had taken part in Teske's trial were prosecuted themselves, and in 1998, judge Karl-Heinz Knoche and prosecutor Heinz Kadgien were sentenced to four years imprisonment for perverting the course of justice. These new rulings were justified by the fact that the original decision had been disproportionate according to East German law, as though Teske had planned to defect, he never actually committed the offenses he was sentenced for.
Teske was the last person to be executed in East Germany before the death penalty was abolished in 1987, effectively becoming the last person to be executed in Germany.
The story of the 2021 film by is based on aspects of the lives of Teske and the footballer Lutz Eigendorf.
Notes
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Werner Teske at the DDR-Lexikon
1942 births
1981 deaths
Executed East German people
Executed people from Berlin
Stasi officers convicted of crimes
People executed by East Germany by firearm
People executed for desertion
People executed for treason against East Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Teske |
Jangan may refer to:
Chang'an, China
Jan Gan (disambiguation), places in Iran | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangan |
Leland Jones Orser (born August 6, 1960) is an American actor, director, and writer. He has appeared in numerous film and television roles, notably as Lucien Dubenko in the television series ER (2004β2009) and Sam Gilroy in the Taken film series (2008β2014).
Career
Orser made his television debut in 1991 on the series Gabriel's Fire. His next roles were small roles on The Golden Girls, Cheers, L.A. Law, The X-Files, NYPD Blue, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.
In 1999, he played Dr. Arthur Zeller in The Outer Limits episode "Descent". He appeared in Seven (1995) as a man who was involuntarily recruited to kill a prostitute. He was credited as "Crazed Man in Massage Parlour". He played Larry Purvis in Alien Resurrection (1997).
He played the antagonist Richard Thompson in the Denzel Washington thriller The Bone Collector (1999). In 2001, he had a role in Pearl Harbor as an injured officer saved by Kate Beckinsale's character. In 2003, he appeared as Wesley in the comic-turned-film Daredevil.
Orser also appeared in various roles in the Star Trek franchise, among them playing a Changeling posing as the Romulan Colonel Lovok in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "The Die is Cast" and in the episode "Sanctuary" playing a bit part as a member of the Skrreean race. He also played a homicidal hologram in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Revulsion". In Star Trek: Enterprise, he played the character "Loomis" in the time-travel episode "Carpenter Street".
He played Ansel in the drama thriller film Faults. From 2004β09, he played Chief of Surgery Dr. Lucien Dubenko, a recurring character, on ER. Most recently he has appeared in all three of the Taken film series as "Sam".
In 2008, Orser began filming Morning (film), his debut feature as director and writer. Released in 2010, the film starred Orser; his wife, Jeanne Tripplehorn; Laura Linney; and Elliott Gould.
Personal life
Orser was born in San Francisco, California on August 6, 1960. He graduated from Connecticut College in 1982. He married Roma Downey in 1987; they divorced in 1989. In 2000, he married Jeanne Tripplehorn; they have one son. Orser studied Acting at Drama Studio London.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
1960 births
Male actors from San Francisco
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Connecticut College alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland%20Orser |
John Eyre (1771β ), a pardoned convict, was an early Australian painter and engraver.
Biography
Eyre was born in Coventry, Warwickshire in England. Aged 13 years in 1794, he was apprenticed to his father, a wool-comber and weaver, and became a Coventry freeman in August 1792. On 23 March 1799 he was sentenced to transportation for seven years for housebreaking, and reached Sydney in the transport Canada in December 1801.
Granted a conditional pardon on 4 June 1804, Eyre's early drawings are dated from around this time. He generally focused on urban landscapes, giving his creative output value as both works of art and historical records. Over the course of Eyre's artistic career, his work progressed from purely representative topographical depictions, to more artistic compositions with embellishments such as Aboriginal figures and ships at sea. This progression is typical of the developmental pattern of landscape depiction in the early colonial period.
He left the Colony as a free man in 1812; nothing is known of his later life.
See also
List of convicts transported to Australia
John Eyre (British artist) 1847-1927
References
1771 births
19th-century Australian artists
Australian engravers
Year of death missing
Convicts transported to Australia
Australian etchers
Australian landscape painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Eyre%20%28painter%29 |
Vernon Vivian "Jake, Jumpin' Jackie" Forbes (July 4, 1897 β December 30, 1985) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender who played thirteen seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto St. Patricks, Hamilton Tigers, New York Americans and Philadelphia Quakers. He also played several years in different minor leagues, retiring in 1936. He is notable for being the first NHL player to sit out a season over a contract dispute.
Playing career
Nicknamed "Jumpin' Jackie", Forbes was involved in the infamous 1925 Hamilton Tigers players' strike. Before becoming involved in the players strike, Forbes played for the Toronto St. Patricks and sat out the entire 1921β22 NHL season while holding out for a $2500 salary. In doing so, Forbes became the first NHL player to sit out an entire season due to a contract dispute. His contract was then sold to Hamilton after the season ended. He spent most of his career with the Hamilton Tigers/New York Americans franchise. After getting into two playoff games in 1921, his first full season, he never played another post-season game despite not retiring from the league for another twelve years. His only other opportunity at winning a Stanley Cup was foiled by the Hamilton players strike. In his NHL career, he finished with 84 wins, 114 losses and 11 ties, with a 2.76 goals against average (GAA).
He was the last surviving former player of the Hamilton Tigers.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1897 births
1985 deaths
Bronx Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Hamilton Tigers (ice hockey) players
London Tecumsehs players
New Haven Eagles players
New York Americans players
Niagara Falls Cataracts players
Philadelphia Quakers (NHL) players
Providence Reds players
Rochester Cardinals players
Springfield Indians players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Syracuse Stars (IHL) players
Toronto St. Pats players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake%20Forbes%20%28ice%20hockey%29 |
Burial Ground (original title: Le Notti del terrore, also known as Nights of Terror, Zombi Horror, The Zombie Dead) is an Italian grindhouse zombie movie directed by Andrea Bianchi. It is one of several films released under the alternative title of Zombie 3.
Plot
A scientist studying an ancient crypt near a grand mansion accidentally unleashes an evil curse. The curse reanimates the dead buried in the area, and the zombies devour the scientist. Three jet-set couples and the son of one of the women arrive at the mansion at the scientist's invitation. Rotting corpses quickly attack the guests as they begin rising from their graves. The group locks themselves in the mansion, and the zombies begin their siege past nightfall. The zombies then start to display unusually high levels of intelligence, using tools, axes to chop through doors, etc. One of the guests, George, tries shooting at them but quickly runs out of bullets.
Zombies then break into the mansion and attack the guests in the library. One of the guests, the young Michael, has become traumatized, and his mother, Evelyn, tries comforting him in another room. Michael, however, seems to be becoming sexually attracted to his mother and fondles her breasts while kissing her. Evelyn slaps him, and he runs off, screaming, "What's wrong?! I'm your son!" Michael then encounters the zombified Leslie, another guest, and stands still and stares at her while she shambles towards him, snarling and covered in blood. The group then decides to let the zombies inside the house, reasoning that they can distract them while they escape. Evelyn goes off to get Michael but finds Leslie has killed him, then has a nervous breakdown. The remaining survivors escape from the mansion and hide out until morning. They then find a monastery but discover that all the monks have become zombies. The zombie monks chase the rest of the survivors to a workshop in the middle of the forest, where they encounter the zombified Michael. Evelyn offers Michael to suckle at her breast, and he bites off her nipple. The last two survivors, Mark (Gianluigi Chirizzi) and Janet (Karin Well), are assaulted and killed by zombies in the workshop; as the scene fades, the zombies put their hands on Janet's head while she screams in terror. The misspelled "Profecy of the Black Spider" then appears on the screen ("The Earth shall tremble, graves shall open...they shall come among the living as messengers of death, and there shall be the nigths (sic) of terror") as the film ends.
Production
The film was shot in four weeks, at the Villa Parisi in Frascati, about 20 kilometres (12Β mi) from Rome. Large portion of the film's budget was used on the special effects by Gino De Rossi and Rosario Prestopino.
The 25-year-old Peter Bark was cast as the young boy Michael to circumvent Italian laws restricting the use of children in film scenes featuring sexual and violent content.
Release
Burial Ground: Nights of Terror was given a belated limited release theatrically in the United States by the Film Concept Group in 1985. The film grossed $542,501. It was subsequently released on VHS by Vestron Video under the alternative title of Burial Ground. In the UK the film was released on VHS, on the Apex label, in 1986 as Nights of Terror with over 13 minutes of BBFC and distributor cuts. The film was finally released uncut in the UK in 2002 by low budget distributor VIPCO under the title "The Zombie Dead", and given its first high definition release by 88 Films in 2016.
The film was released on DVD in the U.S in September 2006 by Shriek Show. It is available separately or in a triple feature package Zombie Pack, Vol. 2. The Zombie Pack, Vol. 2 includes Burial Ground: Nights of Terror, Flesheater, and Zombie Holocaust. In June 2011, Shriek Show released it on Blu-ray.
Reception
Peter Dendle called it "a high-impact, somber dirge that sustains tension mercilessly and wastes little time on plot and circumstance." Dendle states that though it is often dismissed as a cheap clone of Zombi 2, Burial Ground improves on that film's strong points. Marc Patterson of Brutal as Hell rated the film 2/5 stars and called it "uninteresting and dismissible." Sara Castillo of Fearnet stated that the film is "notable for its near total lack of plot and bloody zombie breast-feeding scene". Danny Shipka stated that the film was partially responsible for destroying the zombie film fad with its bad effects, acting, and writing. Peter Normanton rated the film 5/5 stars and called the pace "breathtaking". Normanton wrote that the film sacrifices plot for creative death scenes, but the low budget can cause the special effects to look "a tad farcical". Glenn Kay wrote that "there isn't one iota of suspense or terror" and that the film is dull and pedestrian.
References
External links
Burial Ground at Variety Distribution
1981 films
1981 horror films
1980s American films
1980s Italian films
1980s Italian-language films
Films directed by Andrea Bianchi
Films scored by Berto Pisano
Films set in country houses
Films shot in Italy
Incest in film
Italian exploitation films
Italian splatter films
Italian supernatural horror films
Italian zombie films
Living Dead films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial%20Ground%20%28film%29 |
Brigadier John Raymond Broadbent, (18 February 1893 β 28 February 1972) was a senior Australian Army officer in the Second World War.
Early life
Broadbent, Service Number: NX34728 (N8), was born in Ballarat, Victoria and enlisted in Sydney on 14 June 1940.
Service history
Broadbent held numerous posts during the Second World War, while also acting as a temporary brigadier and was Mentioned in Despatches in 1945. He held the following posts:
1940 β Commanding Officer 7th Light Horse
1940 β General Staff Officer 1 1st Australian Cavalry Division
1940β1941 β Assistant Adjutant & Quartermaster-General 8th Australian Infantry Division [Malaya]
1942 β Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster-General New Guinea Force
1942β1943 β Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster-General I Australian Corps [New Guinea]
1943β1944 β Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster-General II Australian Corps
1944β1945 β Deputy Adjutant & Quartermaster-General I Australian Corps
Honours and awards
Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Mention in Despatches
See also
List of Australian generals and brigadiers
External links
Bio at Steen Ammentorp's www.generals.dk
Service record at WWII Nominal Roll site
References
1893 births
1972 deaths
Australian brigadiers
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian Army personnel of World War II
People from Ballarat
Quartermasters
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Military personnel from Victoria (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Raymond%20Broadbent%20%28quartermaster-general%29 |
The FLC-"Fluid Link Converter"- ATX was a 3-speed hydraulic automatic transaxle produced by Ford Motor Company from 1981 through 1994, first appearing in the North American Ford Escort, then later the European Escort in 1983. It was Ford's first automatic transmission developed for front wheel drive and transverse engine location. Used in the company's four-cylinder-powered cars ranging from the Escort to the Taurus. The 3.0-powered Tempo/Topaz used a beefed up version of the FLC as well. The transaxle did not have a lockup torque converter, or overdrive. It was controlled by a throttle or "kickdown" Linkage, the speedometer drive used a mechanical cable, and had no computer controls.
With the four-cylinder Taurus excised from the lineup after 1991, and with the addition of the new computer-controlled, 4-speed F-4EAT from Mazda, for the Ford Escort/Mercury Tracer, the original FLC continued in production solely for the Tempo and Topaz until those cars were discontinued in 1994.
Applications:
1981-1987 Mercury Lynx
1981-1990 Ford Escort (North America)
1983-1990 Ford Escort (Europe) / Ford Orion
1982-1988 Ford EXP
1982-1983 Mercury LN7
1984-1994 Ford Tempo
1984-1994 Mercury Topaz
1986-1991 Ford Taurus
1990-1994 Ford Laser
?-1993 Ford Falcon
See also
List of Ford transmissions
ATX/FLC | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%20ATX%20transmission |
"Billy the Mountain" is a Frank Zappa song first made available on the album Just Another Band from L.A. in 1972. The original recording, which took more than a half-hour to perform, was from a live tour performance on August 7, 1971, in Los Angeles, performed by Zappa with his band the Mothers and prominently featured the musical duo Flo & Eddie. The album recording had to be edited in order to fit on one side of the record. An alternate version of the song was featured on the 1992 album Playground Psychotics, and a third version of the song was posthumously released in 2011 by the Zappa Family Trust on the album Carnegie Hall.
The song is an intricate and absurd story in a parody of the song/story style of works such as "Peter and the Wolf" about a talking mountain named Billy and his "lovely wife Ethel," "a tree growing off of his shoulder." The lyrics are a satirical myriad of monoculture imagery, the city of Los Angeles, the demise of urban America, and overall absurd juxtapositions of situations. While many of the details were improvised as the song was performed from town to town, the general structure of the song remained the same.
In 2009 Dweezil Zappa and his Zappa Plays Zappa ensemble performed "Billy the Mountain" as part of its "You Can't Fit on Stage Anymore" tour of small venues in the US.
Notes
External links
Billy the Mountain Lyrics
Changes and Improvisation in the Billy the Mountain Script between live performances
1972 songs
Frank Zappa songs
Songs about California
Songs about Los Angeles
Fictional mountains
Songs about mountains
Songs about fictional male characters
Satirical songs
Compositions with a narrator
Song recordings produced by Frank Zappa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20the%20Mountain |
Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod (; ) is a town in Jablonec nad Nisou District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,100 inhabitants. The TrΓ‘vnΓky district of the town has well preserved folk architecture and is protected as a village monument reservation.
Administrative parts
Villages of BzΓ, ChlΓstov, HorskΓ‘ Kamenice, HrubΓ‘ Horka, Jirkov, MalΓ‘ Horka, Pelechov, Splzov, StΕevelnΓ‘, TΔpeΕe and VeselΓ are administrative parts of Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod.
Geography
Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod is located about southeast of Jablonec nad Nisou. It lies in the Giant Mountains Foothills. The highest point is at above sea level. The Jizera River flows through the town, the Ε½ernovnΓk Stream flows into it through the northern part of the town.
History
Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod was founded in the 11th or 12th century as a settlement named as Brod ("ford") or Brodek ("little ford"). In the 13th century, King Ottokar II promoted the village to a town. In 1468, the town was burned down, however in 1501, King Vladislaus II restored the town's rights and gave the town its coat of arms. Most likely at the same time Ε½eleznΓ½ ("iron") was added to its name, alluding to the town's steelworks.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the glassmaking industry boomed with the development of glass production and grinding mills. In 1920, the first Czech professional glassmaking school was opened.
Demographics
Economy
The town's industry is represented by jewellers, as well as producers of blow-moulded glass, thermometers, and small glass commodities.
Transport
Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod lies on a railway line connecting Pardubice and Liberec.
Sights
The Neorenaissance town hall was built in 1890. The Town Theatre and the Town Gallery of Vlastimil Rada are both located within the town hall building. The town's coat-of-arms is displayed on the ground floor.
A timbered house called BΔliΕ‘tΔ is the location of the ethnographic exposition of the Town Museum, focusing on the history of Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod and its close surroundings.
Klemencovsko is a former burgher timbered house from 1792 located on the town square. Since 1936, the house served as a part of the savings bank building. Today the house serves as a part of the town museum and holds an exposition of the Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod glass-making, and the gallery of Stanislav LibenskΓ½ and Jaroslava BrychtovΓ‘.
The TrΓ‘vnΓky district is situated at the confluence of the Jizera and Ε½ernovka. It is remarkable for a set of folk architecture monuments, formed by old Neoclassical and timbered houses from the 18th and 19th centuries. Among the most valuable houses are the Empire houses called Grosovsko and Knopovsko. The Church of Saint James the Great in TrΓ‘vnΓky was built at the end of the 17th century, the wooden belfry next to the church dates from 1761. There is also the Mini-museum of glass nativity scenes.
The Church of the Holy Trinity in BzΓ is a Baroque rural church. It was built in 1692β1697 and replaced an older wooden building.
Notable people
Pravoslav Rada (1923β2011), artist
Jaroslava BrychtovΓ‘ (1924β2020), contemporary artist
Twin towns β sister cities
Ε½eleznΓ½ Brod is twinned with:
Lauscha, Germany
Olszyna, Poland
References
External links
Cities and towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Jablonec nad Nisou District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%BD%20Brod |
Kelli Christine O'Hara (born April 16, 1976) is an American actress and singer, most known for her work on the Broadway and opera stages.
A seven-time Tony Award nominee, O'Hara won the 2015 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance as Anna Leonowens in the Lincoln Center Theater revival of The King and I. She also received Tony nominations for her performances in The Light in the Piazza (2005), The Pajama Game (2006), South Pacific (2008), Nice Work If You Can Get It (2012), The Bridges of Madison County (2014), and Kiss Me, Kate (2019). O'Hara also received a 2019 Olivier Award nomination for her performance as Anna Leonowens in the West End revival of The King and I.
O'Hara made her debut at The Metropolitan Opera in a 2014 production of Franz LehΓ‘r's The Merry Widow. In 2018, she played the role of Despina in the Met Opera's production of Mozart's Cosi fan tutte. In 2022, she returned to the Met Opera, starring as Laura Brown in Kevin Puts' The Hours.
She has also played roles in television series, such as Masters of Sex and 13 Reasons Why, receiving a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her starring role in the 2017 web drama series The Accidental Wolf.
Early life
O'Hara was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and grew up in Elk City, Oklahoma in an Irish American family. She graduated from Deer Creek High School and also attended Oklahoma City University, graduating with a bachelor's degree in music in vocal performance/opera. O'Hara studied voice with Florence Birdwell, who also taught Kristin Chenoweth four years earlier. O'Hara and Chenoweth are both alumnae of the Gamma Phi Beta sorority.
Career
Early career
One of O'Hara's earliest professional roles was in a US national tour of the musical Jekyll & Hyde. She next played the role of Young Hattie in the 2001 Broadway revival of Follies, and then played the role of Young Phyllis. She next appeared in the 2002 Broadway production of Sweet Smell of Success as Susan. In 2003 she played Albertine in the Off-Broadway Playwrights Horizons production of the musical My Life With Albertine, and, in 2004, Lucy Westenra in the Broadway production of Dracula, the Musical.
She starred as Clara in the 2005 Broadway production of The Light in the Piazza at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theatre. She had appeared in a workshop of the musical at the Theatre Lab at Sundance, and in tryouts in Seattle and Chicago, as the character of Franca. She received a 2005 Tony Award nomination for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical. O'Hara has been nominated for, or won, a Tony Award for every subsequent role she has played on Broadway. In her next Broadway musical, she played Babe in the 2006 revival of The Pajama Game, for which she was nominated for Best Leading Actress in a Musical. For this performance, New York Times reviewer Ben Brantley wrote that O'Hara "rockets past the promising ingΓ©nue status she attained with Light in the Piazza".
In 2007, O'Hara played the role of Dot/Marie in the Los Angeles Reprise! concert staging of Sunday in the Park with George and Eliza Doolittle in the New York Philharmonic's semi-staged production of My Fair Lady at Avery Fisher Hall. She was the voice of producer Beth Totenbag on PBS's 2008 animated series Click and Clack's As the Wrench Turns. From 2008 to 2010, O'Hara starred as Nellie Forbush in the Broadway revival of South Pacific at Lincoln Center's Vivian Beaumont Theater, for which she was nominated for her third Tony Award. She took maternity leave in March 2009 and returned to the musical in October 2009.
O'Hara played the role of Ella Peterson in the 2010 New York City Center Encores! concert presentation of Bells Are Ringing. She played the role of Ellen in the film Sex and the City 2 (2010), and in 2011 she appeared in "Mercy", the first episode of the second season of the CBS show Blue Bloods. Also in 2011, she played the role of Amalia in a benefit concert of She Loves Me, presented by the Roundabout Theater Company, in honor of the company's 20th anniversary. Scott Ellis directed, and the musical director was Paul Gemignani. She had performed one of the best known songs from the show, "Will He Like Me?", the previous evening at Kennedy Center in honor of Barbara Cook.
She starred on Broadway as Billie Bendix in Nice Work If You Can Get It from April 2012 to March 2013 and received her fourth Tony Award nomination. In 2012, at the New Year's Eve concert, "Celebrating Marvin Hamlisch", at Lincoln Center, she sang "At the Ballet", from A Chorus Line, along with Audra McDonald and Megan Hilty. In 2013, she played the lead character of Julie in the staged concert of Carousel presented by the New York Philharmonic at Avery Fisher Hall. From January to May 2014, she starred as Francesca Johnson in the Broadway musical The Bridges of Madison County, for which she received her fifth Tony Award nomination. Elyse Sommer, the CurtainUp.com reviewer, noted O'Hara's "superb vocal chops" and her "exquisite" duets with co-star Steven Pasquale. She played Mrs. Darling in the 2014 NBC telecast Peter Pan Live!. She sang two concerts, titled Kelli and Matthew: Home for the Holidays, in December 2014 at Carnegie Hall with the New York Pops. On December 31, 2014, O'Hara made her operatic debut at The Metropolitan Opera as Valencienne in Franz LehΓ‘r's The Merry Widow, alongside Renee Fleming in the title role.
2015βpresent
O'Hara returned to Lincoln Center Theatre to star as Anna Leonowens in the Broadway revival of The King and I opposite Ken Watanabe as The King. The production began previews at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in March 2015 and opened in April 2015. This role won O'Hara her first Tony Award. O'Hara's final performance as Anna was in April 2016. She gave her debut solo concert at Carnegie Hall in October 2016 and guest-starred as the recurring character Dody on the fourth season of Masters of Sex. She played Fiona in the Encores! production of Brigadoon at New York City Center in November 2017. Jeremy Gerard of Deadline Hollywood called O'Hara's performance "luminous", writing: "OβHara is impossibly beautiful, vocally and in conveying Fionaβs romantic determination and heartbreak." In 2017, she starred as Kate Bonner in the first season of the web drama series The Accidental Wolf, earning a 2018 Primetime Emmy Award nomination.
O'Hara appeared in the 2018 season of 13 Reasons Why as Jackie, an anti-bullying advocate. The same year at the Metropolitan Opera, she sang the role of Despina in Così fan tutte. She reprised her role in The King and I at the London Palladium for a limited run from June to September 2018.
She returned to Broadway in February 2019 in a revival of Kiss Me, Kate at Studio 54, as Lilli Vanessi/Katharine. The production was directed by Scott Ellis and choreographed by Warren Carlyle. The revival was produced by the Roundabout Theatre Company, which had produced a benefit concert of the show with O'Hara, Ellis, and Carlyle in 2016. O'Hara received her seventh Tony Award nomination for the revival.
In a 2022 interview with Theatermania, she discussed working on three projects at once: HBO's costume drama The Gilded Age, from Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes; a new season of The Accidental Wolf, in a role that earned her a 2018 Emmy nomination, as a woman who becomes embroiled in a scandal after receiving a phone call from a stranger being murdered; and a role in the operatic adaptation of Michael Cunningham's novel The Hours. She said "I love the fact that you have these things at the same time, because I don't ever want to be put in one box. I couldn't be happier or more challenged to have these three things happening at once." In May 2023, O'Hara originated the role of Kirsten Arnesen in the musical adaptation of Days of Wine and Roses Off-Broadway at the Linda Gross Theater. In September 2023, it was announced that Days of Wine and Roses will transfer to Broadway's Studio 54 with O'Hara attached.
Personal life
O'Hara is married to Greg Naughton of The Sweet Remains, son of actor James Naughton. Their first child, Owen James, was born in 2009. Their daughter, Charlotte, was born in 2013.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
Stage roles
Broadway
Jekyll & Hyde (2000) as Kate (replacement) / Emma (understudy)
Follies (2001) as Young Hattie/Ensemble, then as Young Hattie
Sweet Smell of Success: The Musical (2002) as Susan
Dracula, the Musical (2004) as Lucy Westenra
The Light in the Piazza (2005) as Clara Johnson
The Pajama Game (2006) as Babe Williams
South Pacific (2008) as Nellie Forbush
Nice Work If You Can Get It (2012) as Billie Bendix
The Bridges of Madison County (2014) as Francesca Johnson
The King and I (2015) as Anna Leonowens
Kiss Me, Kate (2019) as Lilli Vanessi/Katharine
Days of Wine and Roses (2024) as Kirsten Arnesen
West End
The King and I (2018) as Anna Leonowens
Off-Broadway and regional theatre
Beauty by Tina Landau (2003) (La Jolla Playhouse)
My Life with Albertine (2003) as Albertine (Off-Broadway)
The Light in the Piazza (2004) as Franca (in Seattle and Chicago)
Far From Heaven (2012) as Cathy Whitaker (developmental premiere, Williamstown Theatre Festival)
The King and I (2019) as Anna Leonowens (Tokyu Orb Theatre)
Days of Wine and Roses (2023) as Kirsten Arnesen (world premiere, Atlantic Theater Company)
Operatic repertoire
The Merry Widow by Franz LehΓ‘r (2014) as Valencienne (Metropolitan Opera)
Dido and Aeneas by Henry Purcell (2016) as Dido (MasterVoices and the Orchestra of St. Luke's)
Così fan tutte by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (2018) as Despina (Metropolitan Opera)
The Hours by Kevin Puts (2022) as Laura Brown (Metropolitan Opera)
Discography
2008 Wonder in the World
2011 Always
Cast recordings
2002 Sweet Smell of Success
2003 My Life with Albertine
2005 The Light in the Piazza
2006 Harry on Broadway, Act Iβtwo-disc set: 1. Original Broadway cast recording The Pajama Game; 2. Songs from Thou Shalt Not, Harry Connick, Jr. featuring Kelli O'Hara
2008 South Pacific
2012 Nice Work If You Can Get It
2014 The Bridges of Madison County
2015 The King and I
2019 Kiss Me, Kate
2020 Christmas Day in the Morning
Soundtracks
2014 Peter Pan Live!
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Kelli O'Hara from The Pajama Game: Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
Kelli O'Hara Interview by Beth Stevens on Broadway.com
1976 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from Oklahoma
American musical theatre actresses
American people of Irish descent
American sopranos
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute alumni
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oklahoma City University alumni
Singers from Oklahoma
Tony Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli%20O%27Hara |
Γlafoss (; eel falls) is a waterfall on the river VarmΓ‘ in MosfellsbΓ¦r, Iceland.
In culture
A wool factory of the same name has adjoined the waterfall since 1896, when a local farmer imported machinery to process wool using the energy from the waterfall.
During World War II, barracks were constructed there for British soldiers. Γlafoss played a major role in the founding and growth of the town of MosfellsbΓ¦r.
The band Sigur RΓ³s has a studio named Sundlaugin at Γlafoss, and the otherwise untitled fifth track on the band's album ( ) is nicknamed after the area.
MosfellsbΓ¦r is also home to a football club named after the waterfall, Γlafoss Football Club.
External links
Γlafoss Official website of the Γlafoss Wool store and art gallery.
Sundlaugin Recording Studio
Waterfalls of Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lafoss |
Colonel Jackie Lynwood Ridley (June 16, 1915 β March 12, 1957) was an aeronautical engineer, USAF test pilot and chief of the U.S. Air Force's Flight Test Engineering Laboratory. He helped develop and test many Cold War era military aircraft. He worked on the Bell X-1, the first aircraft to achieve supersonic flight, and was highly respected among fellow test pilots, most notably Chuck Yeager, for his engineering skills.
Early life and military career
Jack Ridley was born on June 16, 1915, in Garvin, Oklahoma. Ridley graduated from a high school in Sulphur, Oklahoma in 1935. Following high school, he entered the ROTC program at the University of Oklahoma where he received his Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1939. In July 1941, the young engineer received a commission in the U.S. Army field artillery and began a military career, which would continue for the rest of his life. The science of flight soon attracted him, however, and it was not long before he transferred to the Army Air Forces. Lieutenant Ridley was sent to the Flying Training School at Kelly Army Air Base in Texas, where he earned his pilot wings in May 1942.
Wartime career as a test pilot
The Air Corps needed engineering-trained pilots and, instead of being sent into an operational combat unit, Ridley was ordered to the Consolidated Vultee plant in Fort Worth, Texas, where his initial assignment was to conduct acceptance tests on four-engine B-24 Liberator bombers. Soon thereafter, he was named as engineering liaison officer on both the B-24 and B-32 programs. Even at that early date, the Air Corps was developing the six-engine B-36 intercontinental bomber, later to become the mainstay of the postwar Strategic Air Command, and Ridley found himself assigned to that program as well.
In 1944, Ridley was sent off to further his education. After attending the Army Air Forces School of Engineering at Wright Field (later renamed the Air Force Institute of Technology), Ridley was sent to the California Institute of Technology where he received his Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering in July 1945.
Postwar career
Ridley was sent to Wright Field, Ohio, and assigned to the Air Materiel Command's Flight Test Division. Ridley went to the Air Materiel Command Flight Performance School from January through May 1946. In the spring of 1946, he graduated with Class 46A.
Even as Ridley was attending the Flight Performance School, the revolutionary X-1 rocket research airplane was making its initial unpowered check flights and, within a year, the USAAF (soon to achieve independence as the United States Air Force) would assume control of the supersonic research program. Colonel Albert Boyd, the chief of the Flight Test Division selected the project team that would attempt the world's first supersonic flight. In the spring of 1947, Boyd appraised his roster of 125 test pilots and finally selected three volunteers who were considered very junior in terms of their flight test experience: Captain Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager, 1st Lieutenant Robert A. "Bob" Hoover, and Ridley. He named Yeager and Hoover as primary and backup pilot respectively, and Ridley as project engineer.
The choice was a happy one. As Yeager later explained:
"Well, ... Hoover and I were definitely not flight test engineers! We could fly airplanes and we had an instinct for aerodynamicsΒ ... but Jack RidleyΒ ... was a brain! Jack Ridley knew everything there was to know about aerodynamics and he was practical. And, besides, he was a good pilotΒ ... and he fit right in with us. He spoke our language. Bob was a Tennessean and I was a West Virginian and, being an Okie, Jack spoke real good language for us."
"Even before we flew the X-1, I talked to him at great length about βwhat are we getting into? You know, what's it mean? We're going to be fooling around out of my realmβ¦and you may understand this stuff but I don't. What the hell are we getting into?' And Jack would patiently explain. And I had a great deal of confidence in him and, you know, if he said something, that, to me, was from the Bible. You could take it to the bank."
Ridley's task was to analyze all of the technical data that was generated during the X-1 flights as it proceeded toward the unexplored region of supersonic flight. Studying the phenomena that the research plane encountered as it passed through the transonic region, he translated all of the information into pilot terminology for Yeager so that the flight program could be carried forward expeditiously, yet with safety. As Yeager later explained:
"I trusted Jack with my life. He was the only person on earth who could have kept me from flying the X-1. As committed as I was to the program, and with all that was riding on these flights, if Jack had said, 'Chuck, if you fly in that thing, you're not gonna make it,' that would have been it for yours truly."
Ridley had to rise to meet unexpected problems and new aerodynamic principles. He faced the problem of a complete loss of elevator effectiveness which Yeager experienced during his eighth powered flight as his Mach meter indicated a speed of Mach 0.94 (his true airspeed was in the range of 0.96-0.99 Mach, just below the speed of sound). At that speed, the little research plane stopped responding to all elevator control inputs, leaving the pilot unable to change his pitch angle, or to raise or lower the plane's nose in flight. When speed decreased slightly, the problem abruptly disappeared. Analysis suggested that a shockwave was forming along the elevator's hinge line, leaving it ineffective. Ridley determined in that speed range, the elevator itself could safely be dispensed with and the X-1's entire horizontal stabilizer, which could be adjusted for trim changes, be used for pitch control. The idea worked, and Ridley's concept eventually came to be incorporated in all supersonic aircraftΒ β the "flying tail."
Ridley also improvised a vital piece of equipment at the last minute. Two days before taking the X-1 on its first supersonic flight, Yeager broke two ribs in a horseback riding accident. With the aid of an understanding civilian doctor, he was able to conceal his condition from everyone but Ridley. Without the full use of his right arm, however, it would be impossible to seal himself into the tiny X-1 cockpit. Ridley quietly provided a length of broom handle that Yeager was able to use to close the hatch without difficulty.
If Yeager was a superb "intuitive engineer," able to identify the cause of any unexpected event in the air, Ridley was equally gifted in his computational and reasoning abilities. Indeed, Yeager often called him "the brains behind the whole X-1 test program." All three team members meshed well together. All were pragmatic, hands-on types with an instinct to ferret out a straightforward, practical solution to each problem as soon as it arose. The result was an energetic team of young professionals who fulfilled Colonel Boyd's most exacting expectations and, on October 14, 1947, led the world into the supersonic age. The Air Force recognized his efforts three years later by awarding him the Commendation Ribbon for meritorious achievement.
Ridley worked on the X-1 project until May 1948, when he was sent to the state of Washington for temporary assignment to the XB-47 program. The swept-wing Stratojet, powered by six J-47 turbojet engines and capable of high subsonic speeds, was in its way as revolutionary as the X-1 had been. His expertise proved instrumental in bringing the revolutionary jet bomber to operational status with the Strategic Air Command. A year later, he was permanently assigned to Muroc Army Air Field (soon to be renamed Edwards Air Force Base) where he remained, with interruptions, until 1956.
Returning to Edwards Air Force Base, Ridley applied his reasoning skills to many of the new generation of jet and rocket aircraft then arriving on the ramp: the delta-winged XF-92A, the F-84F Thunderstreak, and the nation's new heavyweight bomber, the B-52. He worked on the entire family of Air Force research airplanes from the X-1 through the variable-sweep wing X-5. His responsibilities included planning flight test programs for various aircraft, identifying the stability characteristics and gathering the performance data which would later be used in writing Pilots Operating Handbooks and compiling standard aircraft characteristic charts.
Ridley corrected a problem with over-sensitive controls on the F-86E Sabre, which was still unsolved after several test flights. Waiting until night had fallen, Ridley led a team of engineers into a darkened hangar. There, he placed a flashlight on the horizontal tail and climbed into the cockpit. The flashlight beam, moving across the hangar door in response to his control inputs, easily revealed a lag problem, which could soon be corrected.
He never really turned off the computational portion of his mind, even when he was absorbed in other work. One evening found him deep in conversation at the officers club, planning the engineering aspects of an upcoming test series with the project pilot for the XF-91 rocket-assisted fighter program. Four master's degree hopefuls from MIT were seated at a nearby table, fretting at their inability to solve a complex problem which they had been assigned. Never breaking the thread of his own conversation, Ridley abruptly handed the students a notepad he had been scribbling on: "Would this help you any?" Cries of joy followed by hearty thumps on his back acknowledged his ingenious solution to their dilemma.
From project engineer, he was selected to be chief of the Test Engineering Branch. From this post he was subsequently promoted to Chief, Flight Test Engineering Laboratory. The responsibility of this division-level organization was to carry out the research and engineering phases of all of the experimental flight test programs assigned to the AFFTC, including overseeing such details as the human factors program and overseeing the weighing and balancing of aircraft. Ridley's new organization included separate branches for Data Reduction, Performance Engineering and Flight Research. It was in this post that he made his longest-lasting contributions to the science of flight testing.
Working with the Flight Test Center's Technical Director, Paul Bikle, he defined the basic flight test techniques that are still used by the Air Force Flight Test Center. Aiming to reduce the increasing length of time and costs required to determine the results of the center's flight tests, they standardized all of its data acquisition methods and set up a centralized Data Processing System. This made it possible for test teams to analyze their test data more rapidly, and to publish their Technical Reports more quickly. He also established training and indoctrination procedures for new military and civilian flight test engineers. Impressing his own long-thought-out ideals upon these changes and goals, Ridley is still credited for creating the Flight Test Center's basic philosophy in use today.
By this point in his career, his professional reputation had already spread far afield. Dr. Theodore von KΓ‘rmΓ‘n, Chairman of the Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD), nominated Ridley to represent the United States on its Flight Test Techniques Panel. This appointment was a signal honor. AGARD, a Standing Group of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization had been created to bring together the leading aeronautical experts from each of the member nations to find ways to use aviation research and development personnel and facilities for the common benefit of the member nations. Ridley served in this position from 1952 until 1956.
Ridley was promoted to full colonel in 1956 and became a member of the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group-Japan.
Death and legacy
Flying as co-pilot in a C-47 over Japan on March 12, 1957, Ridley died at age 41 when the transport crashed into a snow-covered Mt. Shirouma, northwest of Tokyo. In 1980, the Ridley Mission Control Center at Edwards Air Force Base was dedicated in Ridley's honor. In the 1983 film The Right Stuff, Ridley was portrayed, including beyond the time of his death, by Levon Helm. Scenes with the Bell X-1 occurred while Ridley was still alive. However, the scene in which Yeager crashes the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter in 1963 occurred after Ridley's death in the 1957 plane crash.
In 1996, Ridley was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor and was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio, in 2004. He was survived by his wife, Nell, and son Jack Ridley, Jr. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
References
1915 births
1957 deaths
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
American aerospace engineers
American mechanical engineers
American test pilots
Aviators from Oklahoma
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in Japan
California Institute of Technology alumni
People from Garvin, Oklahoma
People from Sulphur, Oklahoma
20th-century American engineers
United States Air Force colonels
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army officers
University of Oklahoma alumni
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Ridley%20%28pilot%29 |
Leonid Eduardovich Slutsky ( ; , also transliterated Slutskii or Slutskiy; born 4 January 1968) is a Russian politician, Member of the State Duma of Russia and the current leader of the right-wing populist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia party. In the 6th State Duma, he was the Chairman of the State Duma Committee on the Commonwealth of Independent States, Eurasian Integration and Relations with Compatriots. In the 7th State Duma, Slutsky is the Chairman of the Committee on International Affairs.
In 2018, Slutsky became the central figure of the first ever sexual scandal in the history of the Russian State Duma, widely covered in the Russian and international press and which led to a solidarity boycott of the media regarding the deputy.
In 2022, after the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Slutsky became a member of Russian delegation in the Russo-Ukrainian peace negotiations.
Biography
Slutsky has been a First Deputy Chairman of the State Duma's Committee on International Affairs, and became Chairman of the Committee on International Affairs in the 7th State Duma. He is dean of the international relations department at the Moscow State University of Economics, Information and Statistics. He has held senior banking positions and was an advisor to the mayor of Moscow. Slutsky also reported to a directorate of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. He holds an economics doctorate from the Moscow Economic-Statistical Institute.
On 17 March 2014, the day after the Crimean status referendum, Slutsky became one of the first seven persons who were sanctioned by President Obama under Executive order 13661. The sanctions freeze his assets in the US and ban him from entering the United States. Due to the Crimean crisis, he was put also on the Canadian and the EU sanction lists.
On 1 February 2017, Slutsky signaled a closer relationship between Russia and Syria, stating that the International Affairs Committee was planning a joint session of the State Duma and the People's Council of Syria.
In 2017, Slutsky called the Catalan independence referendum a "litmus test" for the European Union, asking "Will Brussels agree with the right of nations to self-determination, as was convenient with Kosovo, or will it continue to insist on the principle of territorial integrity" as it did with Crimea.
In October 2018, Slutsky expressed concern that United States plans to withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty would result in a new Cold War and potentially an armed confrontation.
Allegations of sexual harassment
In February 2018, BBC Russian Service reporter , magicianβs assistant Debbie McGee, TV Dozhd producer Daria Zhuk, former Kommersant reporter Anastasia Karimova and RTVi journalist Ekaterina Kotrikadze accused Slutsky of sexual harassment through Dozhd and BBC. The accusations were discussed in Russian media all over spring 2018. In response Slutsky compared himself to Harvey Weinstein, claimed to be the target for defamation and provocation and threatened TV Dozhd with legal actions.
A number of parliamentarians spoke in defense of Slutsky including so-called State Duma βfemale clubβ (co-chairmen of different political factions: Yelena Serova, Olga Yepifanova, Tamara Pletnyova, Elena Strokova) and the Duma chairman Vyacheslav Volodin who linked the accusations to political motives. The United Russia deputy Oksana Pushkina supported the female journalists and stated in a television interview with RBC that, according to her observations and experiences, sexual harassment in the State Duma had occurred in the past but it never went public.
On 8 March 2018 Slutsky congratulated women on International Women's Day in a Facebook post and apologized to "those of them to whom he voluntarily or involuntarily caused any emotional stress". RBC associated that apology with the sexual scandal in the State Duma. The same day the director of the Information and Press Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Maria Zakharova, also recalled the ambiguous behavior of Slutsky towards her.
At the end of February, the journalists from State Duma press pool approached legislatureβs leaders with request to discuss the behavior of Leonid Slutsky. On 21 March 2018 the State Duma Commission on Ethics, headed by Otari Arshba, reviewed testimonies and evidence provided by Rustamova, Zhuk, Karimova, Kotrikadze and Slutsky and came to the conclusion that there were no "violations of behavioral norms" in Slutsky's actions, thus exonerating Slutsky of the allegations. According to Arshba, that was the first time the Commission had to review such a case and that the reasoning was limited to one person's word against another's. He also pointed out that the journalists were in the right to address the law enforcement authorities with the arguments and materials provided to the commission.
In response to the commission's decision, more than a dozen Russian news outlets announced a boycott either to Slutsky and Commission members in person or the State Duma in whole. Some newspapers like Meduza and Vedomosti in their editorial commentaries associated the decision with impunity of the authorities and noted that Slutsky should resign.
Controversy
Property and income
According to official data, Slutsky's income in 2011 was 1.9 million rubles (64.6 thousand US dollars), in 2016 - 4.9 million (73.3 thousand US dollars). Together with his wife, Slutsky owns 1.2 thousand square meters of land, a house, three apartments, non-residential premises, and several cars, including a Bentley Continental Flying Spur, a Bentley Bentayga and a Mercedes-Maybach S500.
On 8 March 2018 Alexei Navalny and his Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) published an investigation about the property of Leonid Slutsky and accused the deputy of illegal wealth accumulation, as his family does not have an official business, and its total income is unlikely to afford the cars, with the two Bentleys costing about 30 million rubles).
In the same investigation, it is pointed out that Slutsky has been renting an area of one hectare next to the dacha in Rublevka, and has never declared it. FBK sent a request to the State Duma's profile committee and asked to renounce the deputy power of Slutsky after the investigation.
Traffic code violations
The investigation of Alexei Navalny and his the FBK states that in the period from June 2017 and March 2018, a Mercedes-Maybach S500 owned by Slutsky violated traffic rules 825 times (including driving on the oncoming lane). The fines amounted to 1.4 million rubles, which makes about 40% of his official income.
Previously, Novaya Gazeta newspaper reported that on 1 June 2013, officers of the Chief Directorate of Internal Security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs detained two inspectors of the GIBDD (General Administration for Traffic Safety), who were taking Leonid Slutsky to the airport in a car with the siren light on. Slutsky refused to explain why he was in the car of the traffic police. According to the publication, the deputy was going to fly from the government airport "Vnukovo-3" to Athos together with Patriarch Kirill.
Accusations of bribery
In January 2017, developer Sergei Polonsky appealed to Prosecutor General of Russia Yury Chaika with a demand to file criminal charges against State Duma deputies Vladimir Resin and Leonid Slutsky. According to him, two deputies extorted a bribe from him and "got 990 mΒ² in the penthouse of the "Kutuzovskaya Riviera" for the contract registration".
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
In 2022, Slutsky became a member of the Russian negotiating team following the invasion of Ukraine. His role included peace talks and negotiations on the wounded Ukrainian soldiers in the Azovstal steelworks following the end of the Siege of Mariupol. He stated that members of the Azov regiment among the captured soldiers should be executed, and that they do not deserve to live. This would involve a change in Russian law, which has had a moratorium on the death penalty since 1996, and would potentially break the Geneva Convention.
Personal life
Slutsky is married and has an adult daughter from his first marriage.
In March 2018, journalist Anna Mongait reported that singer Zara advanced her political career and received the title of "Honored Artist of the Russian Federation" because of her relationship with Slutsky.
Connections with the Russian Orthodox Church
Slutsky has close relations with the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church. On 11 June 2011, the day of Orthodox holiday of Pentecost, Slutsky landed on the territory of Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius on a helicopter, without having warned anyone in advance. It "caused a great deal of surprise which turned into indignation among parishioners and workers of the church". According to the deputy, he hurried to meet with Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, but because of traffic jams on the Yaroslavl highway he had to use the services of a helicopter company.
The investigation of Dozhd TV channel indicates that Slutsky is the chairman of the board of the charity foundation "Kronstadt Naval Cathedral", which contributed 1.3 billion rubles to restore the Naval cathedral of Saint Nicholas in the town of Kronstadt, which is a hometown of Svetlana Medvedeva. One of its board members is Vladimir Resin, who is involved in construction works for the Russian Orthodox Church. In 2013 alone, more than one billion rubles of donations were spent on building churches through the fund's accounts.
Andrei Kononov, the general director of the fund, is an assistant to Slutsky on a voluntary basis. The investigation assumes that the fund financed the rebels of the Donetsk People's Republic. Kononov also met with the leadership of the unrecognized republic, bringing priests and icons with him.
Another non-transparent fund of Slutsky's, the "Russian Peace Foundation", is mentioned in the investigation. Its Saratov department was involved in fraud with land and, among other things, it got a lease on a pond, where, according to the documents, it planned to build a children's car-racing track.
References
1968 births
Living people
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia politicians
Academic staff of Moscow State University
People of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
21st-century Russian politicians
Politicians from Moscow
Moscow State University of Economics, Statistics, and Informatics alumni
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Fourth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Fifth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Sixth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Seventh convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Eighth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Russian individuals subject to European Union sanctions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid%20Slutsky%20%28politician%29 |
Since 1840, the United States has had diplomatic representation in the Italian Republic and its predecessor nation, the Kingdom of Italy, with a break in relations from 1941 to 1944 while Italy and the U.S. were at war during World War II. The U.S. Mission to Italy is headed by the Embassy of the United States in Rome, and also includes six consular offices.
Beginning in 2006, the U.S. Ambassador to Italy is concurrently accredited as the U.S. Ambassador to San Marino.
List of U.S. ambassadors to Italy
Listed below are the head U.S. diplomatic agents in Italy, their diplomatic rank, and the effective start and end of their service in Italy.
The Embassy at Naples closed November 6, 1860.
Diplomatic relations were severed and the U.S. Embassy in Rome was closed on December 11, 1941, after Italy declared war on the United States. Diplomatic relations were reestablished on October 16, 1944. Ambassador Alexander C. Kirk reopened the U.S. Embassy in Rome when he presented his credentials on January 8, 1945.
See also
Italian Embassy, Washington, D.C.
Embassy of the United States, Rome
Italy β United States relations
Foreign relations of Italy
Ambassadors of the United States
List of ambassadors of Italy to the United States
References
United States Department of State: Background notes on Italy
External links
United States Department of State: Chiefs of Mission for Italy
United States Department of State: Italy
United States Embassy in Rome
Italy
United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ambassadors%20of%20the%20United%20States%20to%20Italy |
"The Burrow" (German: "Der Bau") is an unfinished short story by Franz Kafka written six months before his death. In the story a badger-like creature struggles to secure the labyrinthine burrow he has excavated as a home. The story was published posthumously in Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer (Berlin, 1931) by Max Brod, Kafka's friend and literary executor. The first English translation, by Willa and Edwin Muir, was published by Martin Secker in London in 1933. It appeared in The Great Wall of China. Stories and Reflections (New York City: Schocken Books, 1946).
Kafka is alleged to have written an ending to the story detailing a struggle with an invading beast, but this completed version was among the works destroyed by lover Dora Diamant following Kafka's death. Like "The Metamorphosis", "A Report to an Academy", "Investigations of a Dog" and "Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk", "The Burrow" presents an anthropomorphic animal. Kafka worked frequently in this genre.
Contents
The first-person narrator is an ambiguous burrowing animal. The only direct references to his anatomy are to a "forehead", which he uses to compact the loose earth around the section of his burrow referred to as the "Castle Keepβ, βpawsβ and βclawsβ.
The creature lives in constant fear of attack from enemies. This leads to compulsive attempts to make the burrow perfectly secure. Along with the Castle Keep, the entrance to the burrow is a source of constant anxiety. Later in the story the creature becomes obsessed by a persistent noise and resolves to dedicate his energy to the identification and elimination of its source.
The last sentence of the story reads "But all remained unchanged, theβ". This sentence is at the end of a page, implying that Kafka had written more and perhaps fashioned an ending. In order to publish the story with the semblance of a conclusion, Max Brod edited the last sentence to "But all remained the same."
Themes
Kafka's hyper-rational creature functions as a phenomenological parody of human reason.
Quotes
"I have completed the construction of my burrow and it seems to be successful."
"...[T]he most beautiful thing about my burrow is the stillness. Of course, that is deceptive. At any moment it may be shattered and then all will be over. For the time being, however, the silence is with me."
"You live in peace, warm, well-nourished, master, sole master of all your manifold passages and rooms, and all this you are preparedβnot to give up, of courseβbut to risk it, so to speak; you nurse the confident hope, certainly, that you will regain it; yet is it not a dangerous, far too dangerous stake that you are playing for? Can there be any reasonable grounds for such a step? No, for such acts as these there can be no reasonable grounds."
"I almost screw myself to the point of deciding to emigrate to distant parts and take up my old comfortless life again, which had no security whatever, but was one indiscriminate succession of perils, yet in consequence prevented one from perceiving and fearing particular perils, as I am constantly reminded by comparing my secure burrow with ordinary life."
References in other media
A parody of the story appears as part of the short story "The Notebooks of Bob K." by Jonathan Lethem, which is collected in Kafka Americana. In the story Batman's Batcave is presented as a version of the burrow.
Ian McEwan quotes "The Burrow" in one of two epigraphs to his novel The Innocent.
Sources
Short stories by Franz Kafka
Unfinished books
Short stories published posthumously | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Burrow%20%28short%20story%29 |
A deep sand bed is a filtration method used in some saltwater aquariums and some freshwater aquariums. A deep sand bed, similar to the Berlin Method, is designed to cultivate anaerobic bacteria in the bottom layers of sand, converting nitrate to nitrogen gas to remove toxic nitrates.
Operation
A deep sand bed is commonly defined as a bed of fine sand with a minimum depth of four to six inches which ensures that a portion of the sand at the bottom will not be exposed to significant circulation of water. An established deep sand bed consists of sand populated with bacteria, algae and other marine organisms such as worms, crabs, snails and stars. The creatures burrow and overturn the top two to three inches of sand in search of food, which causes water to circulate deeper in the sand than it would if the creatures were not present.
Deep sand beds may be made of a variety of materials, but typically fine or "superfine" sand is used, with a grain size between 1Β mm and 0.05Β mm. A larger particle size increases circulation, which in turn requires greater depth to establish anaerobic areas. Larger particles can also inhibit the burrowing of small animals, which would limit circulation into the bed. Additionally, larger particles (2Β mm or larger) are prone to detritus accumulation, which necessitates periodic siphon cleaning.
See also
Coral sand
Filter (aquarium)
Live rock
Live sand
Reef aquarium
References
Fishkeeping
Aquariums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20sand%20bed |
Skillet Fork is a river in southern Illinois in the United States. It is a tributary of the Little Wabash River; via the Little Wabash, Wabash and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The Skillet Fork rises in northeastern Marion County and flows generally southeastwardly through Clay, Wayne, Hamilton and White counties. In its lower course, parts of the river have been straightened and channelized. It joins the Little Wabash River upstream of Carmi.
See also
List of Illinois rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2003). Illinois Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Surfing Skillet Fork with USEPA
Rivers of Illinois
Rivers of Clay County, Illinois
Rivers of Hamilton County, Illinois
Rivers of Marion County, Illinois
Rivers of Wayne County, Illinois
Rivers of White County, Illinois | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skillet%20Fork |
Pierre de Jarric (1566 β 2 March 1617), also known as Pierre du Jarric, was a French Catholic missionary writer from Toulouse.
Jarric entered the Society of Jesus on 8 December 1582 and taught philosophy and moral theology at Bordeaux for many years. Although he desired to join the missionaries of his order, his wish was not fulfilled. Instead, he dedicated himself to writing on their behalf. The result was Histoire des choses plus memorables advenues tant ez Indes orientales, que autres paΓ―s de la descouverte des Portugois, which appeared in three parts: the second of which appeared in 1610 and the third in 1614.
Jarric's work gives a comprehensive picture of the missionary enterprises of the Jesuits up to 1610, chiefly within the sphere of Portuguese interests. It contains much valuable data on colonial history, geography, and ethnography, taken from Spanish and Portuguese reports, and from the works of Father Luis de Guzman (Hist. de las Missiones que han hecho los religiosos de la Compañia de Jesús), and of Father Ferdinand Guerreiro (Relação Annal das cousas que fizeram os Padres da companhia de Jesus na India e Japão, Brazil, Angola, Cabo Verde, Guiné). By dedicating the second part to King Louis XIII, Jarric hoped to encourage the French king to imitate Spain and Portugal in their colonization efforts. His work was frequently reprinted and widely circulated, particularly after it was translated into Latin by Martino Martinez III around 1615. Jarric died in Saintes two years later.
References
1566 births
1617 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Bordeaux
16th-century French Jesuits
17th-century French Jesuits
Renaissance writers
Roman Catholic writers
17th-century French writers
17th-century French male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20de%20Jarric |
Tolia "Tony" Solaita (January 15, 1947 β February 10, 1990) was an American first baseman in Major League Baseball. He played for the New York Yankees, Kansas City Royals, California Angels, Toronto Blue Jays and Montreal Expos between 1968 and 1979. He also played four seasons in Japan for the Nippon-Ham Fighters from 1980 to 1983.
As of 2019, Solaita is still the only Major League Baseball player to have hailed from American Samoa. Mike Fetters, Benny Agbayani, Chris Aguila, Matt Tuiasosopo, Wes Littleton, and Sean Manaea are American-born major-leaguers of partial Samoan descent.
Solaita was a prolific home run hitter in the minor leagues, hitting 49 regular-season home runs in 1968 for High Point-Thomasville, but was mostly relegated to a backup or platoon position during his Major League playing days. He was selected by the Royals from the Charleston Charlies in the Rule 5 draft on December 3, 1973. In 1975, while playing for the Royals, he hit 16 home runs in 231 at-bats, second to only Dave Kingman in home run to at-bat ratio.
After becoming a free agent following the 1979 season, Solaita opted for a four-year contract in the Japanese League, where he was designated hitter for the Nippon-Ham Fighters and averaged nearly 40 home runs a year. Solaita retired after the 1983 season. As of 2023, Solaita holds the Fighters' franchise single season home run record, hitting 45 in his first season with the club, 1980.
In 525 games over seven seasons, Solaita posted a .255 batting average (336-for-1316) with 164 runs, 50 home runs, 203 RBI and 214 bases on balls. Defensively, he recorded a .993 fielding percentage as a first baseman.
He was murdered in Tafuna, American Samoa on February 10, 1990. He was shot in a dispute over a land transaction.
References
External links
Tony Solaita at The Deadball Era
1947 births
1990 deaths
Expatriate baseball players in Canada
Expatriate baseball players in Japan
American Samoan murder victims
Binghamton Triplets players
California Angels players
Charleston Charlies players
Columbus White Sox players
Deaths by firearm in American Samoa
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Greensboro Yankees players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
High Point-Thomasville Hi-Toms players
Kansas City Royals players
Major League Baseball designated hitters
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball players from American Samoa
Male murder victims
Montreal Expos players
New York Yankees players
Nippon Ham Fighters players
Nippon Professional Baseball designated hitters
People murdered in American Samoa
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Tucson Toros players
West Haven Yankees players
People from Nu'uuli
Baseball players of insular areas of the United States
American Samoan sportsmen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Solaita |
Belmont High School may refer to
United States:
Belmont High School (Los Angeles, California)
Belmont High School (Massachusetts)
Belmont High School (New Hampshire)
Belmont High School (Ohio)
Belmont High School (Wisconsin)
Belmont Preparatory High School, The Bronx, New York City
South Point High School (North Carolina) (formerly Belmont High School), Belmont, North Carolina
Australia:
Belmont High School (Victoria)
Belmont City College, Belmont, Western Australia (formerly Belmont Senior High School)
Canada:
Belmont Secondary School (formerly Belmont High School), Langford, British Columbia
See also
Belmont School (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont%20High%20School |
Peak to Peak Charter School is a K-12 public charter school offering a liberal arts, college-preparatory curriculum. Peak to Peak is located in the Boulder Valley School District (BVSD) in Lafayette, Colorado, United States.
Academics
U.S. News & World Report Best High Schools ranked Peak to Peak 210th nationally and 6th in Colorado in 2022.
Accreditation
Peak to Peak is accredited through the Colorado Department of Education (2003-present). It also received a College Preparatory Accreditation from the North Central Association (2004-2012) and subsequently from its successor AdvancED (2012-2020). It was also listed as a John Irwin School of Excellence (2003-2013).
Stamping controversy
Cafeteria staff had been in the practice of stamping the hands of students to indicate their lunch accounts were low or empty. The school stated that a change in payment program software did not allow cafeteria staff members to identify students who qualified for the free and reduced lunch program, he wrote, and some of those students mistakenly had their hands stamped. Upon discovery of the practice, Principal Noelle Roni ordered the cafeteria staff to discontinue stamping students' hands. The school board dismissed Roni in January 2014. Roni has said that she believes she was fired because of her opposition to the policy, which she has described as disrespectful towards students. In response, the school stated that βThis was a grievous mistake, and when it came to light, the food services staff and the software company worked quickly to resolve the issue, The school immediately stopped the past practice of hand stamping, and the software issue was fixed.
References
External links
Peak to Peak Charter School
Public elementary schools in Colorado
Public high schools in Colorado
Public middle schools in Colorado
Charter schools in Colorado
Schools in Boulder County, Colorado
Educational institutions established in 1999
Lafayette, Colorado
1999 establishments in Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak%20to%20Peak%20Charter%20School |
Halaka may refer to:
Halakha, the collective body of Jewish law
Halaka (one of the old Persian appellations of the sun). In the "Bundehasb", the sun is spoken of as Halaka, the cock, the enemy of darkness and evil, which flee before his crowing. See also: Alectryon
Halaka (band), American noise rock band
See also
Halaqa, an open Islamic discussion forum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halaka |
Champions
Major League Baseball
World Series: New York Yankees over St. Louis Cardinals (4-1)
All-Star Game, July 13 at Shibe Park: American League, 5-3
Other champions
Amateur World Series: Cuba
Negro League World Series: Homestead Grays over Birmingham Black Barons (4-3)
Negro League Baseball All-Star Game: West, 2-1
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League: Racine Belles over Kenosha Comets
Awards and honors
Most Valuable Player
Spud Chandler (AL) β P, New York Yankees
Stan Musial (NL) β 1B, St. Louis Cardinals
The Sporting News Player of the Year Award
Spud Chandler β P, New York Yankees
The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award
Spud Chandler (AL) β P, New York Yankees
Stan Musial (NL) β 1B, St. Louis Cardinals
The Sporting News Manager of the Year Award
Joe McCarthy (AL) β New York Yankees
Statistical leaders
Major league baseball final standings
American League final standings
National League final standings
Negro league baseball final standings
Negro American League final standings
This was the seventh season of the Negro American League. Birmingham and Chicago each won a half of the season, which therefore matched them up in a matchup to determine the champion for the NAL pennant to determine who would make the 1943 Negro World Series. Birmingham prevailed in five games to win their first ever pennant.
Negro National League final standings
This was the eleventh season of the second Negro National League (1933β1948). For the sixth time in seven seasons, the Homestead Grays won the pennant, this time under manager Candy Jim Taylor.
Negro league playoffs
Negro American League Championship Series: Birmingham Black Barons over Chicago American Giants 3β2.
1943 Negro World Series: Homestead Grays over Birmingham Black Barons 4β3 (one tie).
Events
May 30 β The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League begins its first 108-game season with teams in Rockford, Kenosha, Racine, and South Bend. In the Opening Game, South Bend win Rockford in 14 innings by a 4β3 score. The league's total attendance for the year will be 176,612.
July 1 β The first AAGPBL All-Star Game is played, which coincidentally became the first night game ever played at Wrigley Field. The contest was realized under temporary lights between two teams composed of Kenosha Comets and Racine Belles players against Rockford Peaches and South Bend Blue Sox players.
July 13 β At Shibe Park, home of the Philadelphia Athletics, the American League defeats the National League, 5-3, in the All-Star Game. This is the first All-Star Game held at night.
October 11 β The New York Yankees defeat the St. Louis Cardinals, 2-0, in Game 5 of the World Series to win their tenth World Championship, four games to one. This would be Yankees' manager Joe McCarthy's final Series win.
November 23 β Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis rules that Philadelphia Phillies owner William D. Cox is permanently ineligible to hold office or be employed for having bet on his own team. The Carpenter family of Delaware will buy the Philadelphia club and Bob Carpenter, at age 28, will become president. The Phillies, in an effort to change their image, will conduct a contest for a new name. The winning entry, the Philadelphia Blue Jays, submitted by a Mrs. John Crooks, will be the unofficial team name for 1944-45 until abandoned in 1946.
December 2 β With only nine leagues operating during the season, the minor league convention in New York has an incipient revolt to oust longtime head William G. Bramham in favor of Frank Shaughnessy, president of the International League, who had five pledges. But Bramham rules that 15 non operating circuits which had paid dues are eligible to vote. Five of the leagues had given proxies. A later appeal to Commissioner Landis fails.
December 4 β After one disappointing season for the Washington Senators, veteran slugger Indian Bob Johnson is sold to the Boston Red Sox. Senators owner Clark Griffith will later call it the worst trade he ever made. Johnson will have two solid years in Fenway Park before retiring.
Births
January
January 1 β Bud Hollowell, American baseball player and manager (d. 2014)
January 3 β Adrian Garrett
January 3 β Bob Gebhard
January 4 β Larry Yellen
January 7 β Dave Gray
January 10 β Jim Campbell
January 14 β Ron Clark
January 14 β Dave Marshall
January 15 β Mike Marshall
January 25 β Brian McCall
January 26 β CΓ©sar GutiΓ©rrez
January 27 β Doug Adams
January 30 β Davey Johnson
February
February 1 β Ron Woods
February 8 β Bob Oliver
February 12 β Paul Edmondson
February 14 β Darrell Osteen
February 15 β Don Arlich
February 15 β Joe Moeller
February 16 β Bobby Darwin
February 19 β Jim Cosman
February 19 β Gail Hopkins
February 21 β Jack Billingham
February 21 β Joe Foy
March
March 3 β Jack DiLauro
March 3 β Paul Schaal
March 3 β Ed Sukla
March 16 β Rick Reichardt
March 20 β Steve Dillon
March 23 β Bruce Howard
March 23 β Lee May
April
April 1 β Mike DeGerick
April 3 β Barry Moore
April 4 β Mike Epstein
April 6 β Marty Pattin
April 8 β John Hiller
April 9 β Roy Gleason
April 12 β Vicente Romo
April 12 β Ken Suarez
April 16 β Frank FernΓ‘ndez
April 24 β Ivan Murrell
April 24 β Joe Verbanic
April 25 β Bob Johnson
April 25 β Lew Krausse Jr.
May
May 4 β Dick Nold
May 5 β John Donaldson
May 7 β Steve Whitaker
May 20 β Dave McDonald
May 22 β Walt Hriniak
May 22 β Tommy John
May 31 β Jackie Brown
June
June 3 β Ron Keller
June 6 β Merv Rettenmund
June 9 β Bruce Look
June 12 β Sam Parrilla
June 13 β Masaaki Kitaru
June 15 β Al Closter
June 20 β Andy Etchebarren
June 25 β John Gelnar
June 26 β Bill Robinson
June 27 β Rico Petrocelli
July
July 5 β Curt Blefary
July 8 β George Culver
July 9 β Mike Andrews
July 12 β Ron Willis
July 15 β Dave Adlesh
July 21 β Jim Manning
July 28 β Dick Simpson
July 28 β Ron Theobald
July 29 β Bill Whitby
July 31 β Billy Wynne
August
August 1 β Jackie Warner
August 2 β Tom Burgmeier
August 5 β Nelson Briles
August 6 β Jim Hardin
August 8 β Jim Miles
August 11 β Leroy Reams
August 17 β Ken Turner
August 20 β Hal Kurtz
August 21 β FΓ©lix MillΓ‘n
August 22 β JosΓ© Arcia
August 23 β Ed Barnowski
August 23 β Al Montreuil
August 28 β Lou Piniella
August 29 β Randy Brown
September
September 1 β Fred Rath Sr.
September 2 β Luke Walker
September 4 β Bobby Guindon
September 6 β Jim Quick
September 7 β Tommy Matchick
September 12 β Floyd Wicker
September 19 β Mike Derrick
September 19 β Joe Morgan
September 20 β Rich Morales
September 23 β Winston Llenas
September 23 β Marcelino LΓ³pez
October
October 2 β Paul Dicken
October 4 β Jimy Williams
October 6 β Jim McGlothlin
October 6 β Jerry Stephenson
October 7 β JosΓ© Cardenal
October 8 β Don Pepper
October 13 β Jerry Robertson
October 19 β Sandy Alomar Sr.
October 19 β Brock Davis
October 20 β Bobby Floyd
October 22 β Bobby Mitchell
October 31 β John Hoffman
October 31 β Fred Klages
October 31 β Bill Voss
November
November 4 β Dick Selma
November 9 β Jerry Weinstein
November 12 β Al Schmelz
November 13 β Bobby Pfeil
November 14 β Danny Lazar
November 16 β Greg Bollo
November 17 β Bruce Von Hoff
November 18 β Dick Joyce
November 18 β Jim Shellenback
November 19 β Aurelio Monteagudo
November 21 β Daryl Patterson
November 22 β Wade Blasingame
November 24 β Billy Harris
November 29 β Dan McGinn
December
December 3 β Jerry Johnson
December 9 β Jim Merritt
December 10 β Dalton Jones
December 12 β Derrell Griffith
December 13 β Tony Torchia
December 14 β Jerry May
December 19 β Walt Williams
December 20 β John Noriega
December 23 β Ron Allen
December 23 β Dave May
December 24 β Al Stanek
December 25 β Dennis Musgraves
December 27 β Roy White
Deaths
January
January Β 3 β Bid McPhee, 83, Hall of Fame second baseman who played his entire 18-year career with the Cincinnati Reds, beginning in 1882 when the organization was a part of the American Association and called the Red Stockings. Widely regarded as one of the best defensive second basemen in the 19th century, even though he took the field without benefit of a glove, McPhee retired in 1899 with a career .272 batting average, 2,258 hits, 1,684 runs, 189 triples, 568 stolen bases and a .944 fielding average, while also managing the Reds in 1901 and 1902.
January Β 3 β Jack Rafter, 67, catcher who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in its 1904 season.
January Β 7 β Ted Welch, 50, who appeared in three games as a relief pitcher for the St. Louis Terriers of the Federal League in 1914.
January Β 8 β John Titus, 66, outfielder who played from 1903 through 1912 with the Philadelphia Phillies and the Boston Braves.
January 12 β Bill Webb, 47, whose professional career lasted for 14 seasons, beginning as a second baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1916 and ending in 1930, becoming a manager in the minor leagues after that, and later serving the Chicago White Sox as a coach and farm system director from 1935 until his death.
January 23 β Farmer Weaver, 77, outfielder who played from 1888 to 1894 for the Louisville Colonels and Pittsburgh Pirates.
January 24 β Pat O'Connell, 81, center fielder who played for the Baltimore Orioles of the American Association during the 1886 season.
February
February 3 β Jake Virtue, 77, first baseman who played from 1890 through 1894 for the Cleveland Spiders.
February 4 β Frank Dwyer, 74, pitcher for five teams in a span of twelve years from 1888 to 1899, who posted a 176β152 record and a 3.85 ERA in 365 pitching appearances, including two 20-win season, 12 shutouts and 270 complete games.
February 7 β Floyd Ritter, 72, backup catcher for the 1890 Toledo Maumees of the American Association.
February 8 β Dan Casey, 80, pitcher who posted a 96-90 record with a 2.18 earned run average for four teams in seven seasons from 1884 to 1890, twice winning more than 20 games for the Philadelphia Quakers, while leading the National League in 1887 in both ERA (2.86) and shutouts (4), and ending third in WβL% (6.83) and fourth in wins (28).
February 11 β Ralph McLaurin, 57, fourth outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1908 season.
February 12 β Bart Cantz, 83, catcher who played from 1888 through 1890 with the Baltimore Orioles and the Philadelphia Athletics of the American Association.
February 15 β John Deering, pitcher who played in 1903 with the Detroit Tigers and the New York Highlanders of the American League.
February 17 β Hippo Galloway, 60, turn-of-the-century player for the Cuban X-Giants, considered the first black Canadian to play organized baseball.
March
March 2 β Earle Gardner, 59, backup infielder who played from 1908 through 1912 for the New York Highlanders of the American League.
March 3 β Bill Whaley, 44, outfielder for the 1923 St. Louis Browns of the American League.
March 6 β Jimmy Collins, 73, Hall of Fame third baseman and manager who spent the majority of his fourteen-year Major League career in Boston with either the Beaneaters and the Americans; a fine hitter but best remembered for his defensive play at third base, whether it setting up defensively away from the bag or mastering the art of defense against the bunt; a .300 hitter five times, with a high of .346 in 1897, he won the National League home run crown with 15 in 1898, driving in well over 100 runs in both seasons and scoring more than 100 runs four times; specifically credited with having developed the barehanded pickup and off-balance throw to first base in defending bunts, his 601 total chances accepted at third base in 1899 remain a National League record, additionally leading his league's third basemen in putouts five times, assists four times, double plays twice, he still stands second all-time in career putouts at third base, and also managed the Americans to two American League pennants and a triumph over the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first modern World Series in 1903.
March 13 β Earl Smith, 52, corner outfielder and third baseman for the Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Browns and Washington Senators in seven seasons from 1916 through 1923.
March 20 β Heinie Wagner, 62, shortstop who played for the New York Giants and the Boston Red Sox in a span of 14 seasons from 1902 to 1918, and later managed the Red Sox in 1930.
March 21 β Joe Daly, 74, outfielder and catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics, Cleveland Spiders and Boston Beaneaters during three seasons from 1890 to 1892.
March 30 β Tex McDonald, 52, right fielder who played from 1912 to 1913 with the Cincinnati Reds and Boston Braves of the National League, and for the Pittsburgh Rebels and Buffalo Buffeds/Blues of the Federal League from 1914 to 1915.
April
April 1 β Pat Deasley, 85, Irish bare-handed catcher who played from 1881 through 1888 for the Boston Red Caps, St. Louis Browns, New York Giants and Washington Nationals.
April 11 β Tom Knowlson, 47, pitcher for the 1915 Philadelphia Athletics.
April 22 β Kirby White, 59, pitcher for the Boston Doves and the Pittsburgh Pirates in three seasons from 1909 to 1911.
April 23 β Cliff Curtis, 61, pitcher who played for the Boston Doves/Rustlers, Chicago Cubs, Philadelphia Phillies and Brooklyn Dodgers during five seasons from 1909 to 1913.
April 26 β Bob Emslie, 84, Canadian umpire who set records with 35 seasons (34 of them, 1891 to 1924, in the National League) of officiating and over 1,000 games worked single-handedly; previously, as a pitcher, won 32 games for the 1884 Baltimore Orioles of the American Association.
April 26 β Gene McCann, 66, pitcher for the Brooklyn Superbas in the 1901 and 1902 seasons.
April 28 β Dennis Berran, 55, outfielder for the 1912 Chicago White Sox.
April 29 β Elijah Jones, 61, pitcher who played for the Detroit Tigers in 1907 and 1909.
May
May 6 β William J. Slocum, 59, sportswriter and editor for several New York newspapers since 1910.
May 7 β Bill Coughlin, 64, infielder who played for the Washington Senators and Detroit Tigers in a span of nine seasons from 1899 to 1908, as well as the only player to play for the Senators' National League club in its final season of 1899, and join the newly formed Senators for their 1901 inaugural season in the American League.
May 10 β Ginger Clark, 64, pitcher who played for the 1902 Cleveland Bronchos of the American League.
May 10 β Joe Werrick, 81, third baseman who played with the St. Paul Saints of the Union Association in 1884, and for the Louisville Colonels of the American Association from 1886 to 1888.
May 13 β Jack Hendricks, 68, outfielder who played from 1902 to 1903 for the New York Giants, Chicago Orphans and Washington Senators, and later managed the St. Louis Cardinals in 1918 and the Cincinnati Reds from 1924 to 1929.
May 13 β Pat Malone, 40, pitcher who posted a 115β79 record for the 1928β1934 Chicago Cubs, then a 19β13 mark for the 1935β1937 New York Yankees; led National League in wins with 22 in 1929 and 20 in 1930; NL strikeout leader (with 166) in 1930; member of 1936 and 1937 World Series champions.
May 14 β Bob Allen, 75, shortstop for the Philadelphia Phillies, Boston Beaneaters and Cincinnati Reds in five seasons spanning 1890β1897, as well as a manager for two brief stints with the Phillies in 1890 and Cincinnati in 1900.
May 22 β Red Bowser, 61, backup outfielder for the 1910 Chicago White Sox.
May 22 β Bob Wood, 77, backup catcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Blues, Cleveland Bronchos and Detroit Tigers, in a span of seven seasons from 1898 to 1905.
May 28 β Henri Rondeau, 56, outfielder and catcher in a 17-year career from 1909 to 1925, including parts of three seasons in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers in 1913 and the Washington Senators from 1915 to 1916, while playing in all or parts of 12 seasons with the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association.
May 29 β Pat Wright, 74, second baseman who played in one game He played in one game for the Chicago Colts of the National League in 1890.
June
June 14 β Fred Kommers, 57, outfielder who spent the 1913 season with the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League, before moving to the outlaw Federal League to play for the St. Louis Terriers and Baltimore Terrapins in 1914.
June 19 β Art Goodwin, 67, pitcher who made one appearance with the New York Highlanders in 1905.
June 21 β Chet Chadbourne, 58, outfielder for the Boston Red Sox, Kansas City Packers and Boston Braves, who became a Minor League institution after collecting 3,216 hits over 21 seasons, as well as managing and umpiring at the same level.
June 30 β Mike McDermott, 80, pitcher who played from 1895 through 1897 for the Louisville Colonels, Cleveland Spiders and St. Louis Browns of the National League.
July
July 14 β George Pechiney, 81, pitcher who played from 1885 to 1897 for the Cleveland Blues and Cincinnati Red Stockings of the American Association.
July 26 β Tom Gettinger, 74, outfielder who played from 1889 to 1890 with the St. Louis Brown Stockings, and then for the Louisville Colonels in 1895.
July 30 β Charlie Fritz, 61, pitcher who played for the Philadelphia Athletics during the 1907 season.
August
August 11 β Fred Woodcock, 75, pitcher for the 1892 Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League.
August 16 β Beals Becker, 57, outfielder for five teams during eight seasons spanning 1908β1915, who made a name for himself in the Major Leagues as a dangerous slugger, ranking four times among the top-ten in home runs in the National League, while becoming the first player to hit two pinch-hit home runs in a single season, and the first to hit two inside-the-park homers in the same game.
August 14 β Joe Kelley, 71, Hall of Fame outfielder who along with John McGraw, Willie Keeler and Hughie Jennings made up the Big Four of the great Baltimore Orioles teams of the middle 1890s, playing on six pennant-winning teams during his 17-year stint in the Major Leagues and finishing with a .317 career batting average, 443 stolen bases, .402 on-base percentage and 194 triples, also driving in 100 or more runs in five straight seasons and scoring over 100 runs six times, while posting a lifetime .955 fielding percentage in the outfield to go along with 212 assists.
August 15 β Art Whitney, 85, third baseman and shortstop who played for eight teams during eleven seasons from 1880 to 1891, also a member of the New York Giants clubs that won the World Series in 1888 and 1889.
August 27 β Frank Truesdale, 59, second baseman who played from 1910 to 1918 for the St. Louis Browns, New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox.
September
September Β 1 β Joe Connolly, 59, left fielder for the Boston Braves from 1913 through 1916, who was the offensive star of the 1914 Miracle Braves World Champions.
September Β 1 β Eddie Matteson, 58, pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies in 1914 and the Washington Senators in 1918.
September Β 4 β Harry Hardy, 67, pitcher for the Washington Senators in the 1905 and 1906 seasons.
September Β 5 β Cecil Ferguson, 60, pitcher for the New York Giants and the Boston Doves/Rustlers in six seasons from 1906 to 1911, who led the National League in saves in 1906.
September 11 β Blaine Durbin, 57, pitcher who played from 1907 to 1909 with the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates.
September 14 β Bill Murray, 50, second baseman for the 1917 Washington Senators.
September 22 β Larry Hesterfer, 65, pitcher for the New York Giants during the 1901 season, who is best known as the only player to have hit into a triple play in his first at bat in Major League history.
October
October 15 β Joe Rickert, 66, outfielder who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1898 season and the Boston Beaneaters in 1901.
October 23 β Heinie Peitz, 72, catcher for four teams in a span of 16 seasons from 1892 to 1913, who formed part of the famed Pretzel Battery along with pitcher Ted Breitenstein while playing for the St. Louis Browns and the Cincinnati Reds in the 1890s.
October 30 β Frank Whitney, 87, outfielder who played for the Boston Red Caps in the 1876 season.
November
November Β 7 β Bill Wolff, 67, pitcher for the 1902 Philadelphia Phillies.
November 10 β Charlie Bastian, 71, shortstop who played for seven teams in four different Major Leagues during eight seasons spanning 1884β1891.
November 16 β Frank McPartlin, 71, pitcher for the New York Giants in the 1899 season.
December
December Β 3 β Mike Grady, 73, catcher who played for the Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Browns, New York Giants, Washington Senators and St. Louis Cardinals, during eleven seasons between 1894 and 1906.
December Β 6 β Charley Hall, 59, who pitched for the Cincinnati Reds, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Cardinals and Detroit Tigers in nine seasons between 1906 and 1918, and also was a member of the 1912 World Champion Red Sox.
December Β 6 β George Magoon, 68, middle infielder who played in the National League with the Brooklyn Bridegrooms, Baltimore Orioles, Chicago Orphans and Cincinnati Reds, and for the American League's Chicago White Sox in a span of six seasons from 1898 to 1903.
December 18 β Bill Conway, 82, catcher who entered the National League in 1884 with the Philadelphia Quakers, appearing in one game for them before playing seven games with the Baltimore Orioles in 1886.
December 19 β Bill Bergen, 65, fine defensive catcher who played from 1901 through 1911 with the Cincinnati Reds, and for the Brooklyn's Superbas and Dodgers clubs from 1904 to 1911.
December 21 β Jim Cudworth, 85, outfielder and first baseman who played for the Kansas City Cowboys of the Union Association in 1884.
December 21 β Jack Warner, 71, catcher who played for the Boston Beaneaters, Louisville Colonels, New York Giants, Boston Americans, St. Louis Cardinals, Detroit Tigers and Washington Senators in 14 seasons from 1895 through 1908, and was also a member of the 1904 World Champion Giants.
December 28 β Steve Evans, 58, outfielder who played in the National League with the New York Giants in 1908 and the St. Louis Cardinals from 1910 through 1913, and for the Brooklyn Tip-Tops and Baltimore Terrapins of the Federal League from 1914 to 1915.
Sources
External links
Baseball Reference β 1943 MLB Season Summary
Baseball Reference β MLB Players born in 1943
Baseball Reference β MLB Players died in 1943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943%20in%20baseball |
The Northern New Jersey Interscholastic League, abbreviated NNJIL, was a former athletic conference located in Bergen County, Passaic County and Essex County, New Jersey. The NNJIL was separated into three divisions, according to the classification they were given from the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association.
Former Membership
Division A
Division B
Division C
League sports
The Northern New Jersey Interscholastic League allowed member schools to compete in many sports spread out among three seasons. Although the league does not have a cheerleading division, many member schools have their own cheerleading teams. Other sports, such as fencing, are offered by some schools, but like cheerleading, were not part of the NNJIL.
The following is a list of the sports that the NNJIL offered. Each bullet was an individual team (as in one team for girls and one team for boys βnot a combined unisex team), but in sports marked with an asterisk (*), these two teams usually practice together (depending on the school) and have almost every if not all of their meets, games, matches, competitions, or other events together. (For example, although the boys and girls track teams from a single school usually practice together and have meets at the same time, there are separate events at their meets for boys and for girls, and therefore, the teams are scored and compete separately.)
Fall Sports
Cross Country
Field Hockey
Football
Gymnastics
Soccer
Tennis (Girls)
Volleyball (Girls)
Winter sports
Basketball (Boys)
Basketball (Girls)
Bowling
Swimming
Winter Track
Wrestling
Spring sports
Baseball
Golf
Lacrosse
Softball
Tennis (Boys)
Track & Field
Dissolution of the Conference
In 2008, the NJSIAA presented a proposal to realign the major athletic conferences throughout New Jersey. As part of the realignment movement, the NNJIL was disbanded before the 2008-2009 season, and member schools joined three larger conferences, based largely on county affiliations.
Essex County schools Bloomfield, Belleville, Nutley, Montclair and Barringer High Schools joined the new Super Essex Conference, where they remain to this day.
Clifton, Passaic, Paterson Eastside and Paterson Kennedy (representatives from Passaic County), along with Paramus, Hackensack, Teaneck and Ridgewood (Bergen County public schools) and Bergen Catholic, Don Bosco Prep, Immaculate Heart Academy, Academy of the Holy Angels and Saint Joseph Regional (Bergen County Non-Public schools) joined the newly formed North Jersey Tri-County Conference. This new conference comprised schools from Passaic, Bergen and Hudson County.
Paramus Catholic, the last remaining school of the old NNJIL, joined the North Bergen Interscholastic Athletic League (NBIL).
For the 2010 season, the Bergen and Passaic County schools of the North Jersey Tri-County Conference joined with the schools of the former NBIL and Northern Hills Conferences to form the Big North Conference. All Hudson County schools of the North Jersey Tri-County Conference returned to the Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association.
Impact of the NNJIL
Many of the high schools that were members of the NNJIL were seen as athletic powerhouses, and numerous state and sectional championships were won by member schools. Fierce rivalries developed in the league, especially in football, where neighboring towns hold decades-long traditional matchups, or where Non-Public schools such as Bergen Catholic and Don Bosco have battled for state championships over the past two decades.
Many of the schools in the NNJIL have been included in the most recent realignment conducted by the NJSIAA as part of the 40-member Big North Conference.
League Code of Conduct
The NNJIL encourages parents and spectators to support good sportsmanship and to be positive role models to student athletes. Smoking is not allowed (per NNJIL rules, some local laws, and state legislation) at NNJIL events. Spectators are asked to "enthusiastically encourage" their own teams, to refrain from booing and using negative remarks, and to applaud "outstanding play" by any team. State and NNJIL regulations prohibit noisemakers, signs, and banners at competitions.
External links
Northern New Jersey Interscholastic League
Education in Bergen County, New Jersey
Education in Essex County, New Jersey
New Jersey high school athletic conferences
Education in Passaic County, New Jersey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20New%20Jersey%20Interscholastic%20League |
Kenneth S. "The Rat" Linseman (born August 11, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Philadelphia Flyers, Edmonton Oilers, Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs. He also played one season in the World Hockey Association for the Birmingham Bulls. He featured in four Stanley Cup Finals, notably winning the 1984 Stanley Cup with the Oilers.
Playing career
Linseman spent his entire junior career with the Kingston Canadians of the Ontario Major Junior Hockey League from 1974β77. He played in 187 games, scoring 286 points (133 goals-153 assists). He also added 33 points (16G-17A) in 25 playoff games.
Prior to the 1977 WHA draft, Linseman and his agent Art Kaminsky sued the WHA in United States District Court for a league rule preventing teenage players from playing in the league, which the court ruled violated anti-trust laws. Linseman was drafted by the WHA's Birmingham Bulls in the 1977 WHA Amateur Draft, and spent the 1977β78 with the Bulls, getting 76 points (38G-38A) in 71 games, and adding 4 points (2G-2A) in five playoff games. He was then drafted by the Flyers as their first-round, 7th overall pick in the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft.
Linseman began the 1978β79 season with the Maine Mariners of the American Hockey League, getting 39 points (17G-22A) in 38 games before getting called up by the Flyers. He finished the season in Philadelphia, earning 25 points (5G-20A) in 30 games, then added 8 points (2G-6A) in 8 post-season games. Linseman spent the entire 1979β80 season with the Flyers, getting 79 points (22G-57A) in 80 games, then added 22 points (4G-18A) in 17 playoff games. An injury limited Linseman to 51 games in 1980β81, getting 47 points (17G-30A), and had 20 points (4G-16A) in 12 playoff games. 1981β82 was the best season of Linseman's career, as he scored a career high 92 points (24G-68A) in 79 games, and had 275 PIM, which was 7th highest in the NHL. In 4 playoff games, Linseman registered 3 points (1G-2A). On August 19, 1982, the Flyers traded Linseman, along with Greg Adams and Philadelphia's first and third round picks in 1983 to the Hartford Whalers in exchange for Mark Howe and Hartford's third-round pick in 1983. The Whalers then swapped Linseman to the Edmonton Oilers with Don Nachbaur for Risto Siltanen and Brent Loney.
Linseman picked up the nickname "The Rat" both by his appearance and the way he played. He had a great talent for agitating the opposing team to a high level of frustration, leading them to take penalties. During his junior career, he was once charged for kicking a player in the head with his skates.
With the Oilers in 1982β83, Linseman had 75 points (33G-42A) in 72 games, and helped the Oilers to the Stanley Cup finals with 14 points (6G-8A) in 16 post-season games. In 1983β84, Linseman had 67 points (18G-49A) in 75 games, and helped the Oilers win the Stanley Cup with 14 points (10G-4A) in 19 games. He scored an NHL record 3 series clinching goals, since tied by Martin GΓ©linas of the Calgary Flames in 2004. After winning the Stanley Cup, Linseman found himself on the move as the Oilers dealt him to the Boston Bruins for Mike Krushelnyski on June 21, 1984.
Linseman had a solid 1984β85 season, with 74 points (25G-49A) in 74 games, and added 10 points (4G-6A) in five playoff games. Injuries held Linseman to 64 games in 1985β86, but he scored 81 points (23G-58A), and in 3 playoff games, had 1 assist. His production fell in 1986β87, as he was held again to 64 games, getting 49 points (15G-34A), and in 4 playoff games, had 2 points (1G-1A). In 1987β88, Linseman was healthy again, and saw his point total increase, getting 74 points (29G-45A) in 77 games, and helped the Bruins to the Stanley Cup Finals, earning 25 points (11G-14A) in 23 playoff games. Linseman had a productive 1988β89 season, as he got 72 points (27G-45A) in 78 games, however a late season injury prevented him from playing in any playoff games. In 1989β90, Linseman began the season with Boston, playing in 32 games and getting 22 points (6G-16A). He was traded to the Flyers on January 16, 1990 in exchange for Dave Poulin. Linseman then played 29 games with the Flyers, getting 14 points (5G-9A) as the team failed to make the playoffs.
On August 31, 1990, Linseman signed as a free agent with the Oilers and spent the 1990β91 season with the team, getting 36 points (7G-29A) in 56 games, and had an assist in two playoff games. On October 7, 1991, the Oilers traded Linseman to the Maple Leafs for cash; however Linseman spent only two games with Toronto, getting no points. He was released by the Leafs, and ended up playing 5 games in an Italian Hockey League with HC Asiago, getting 6 points (3G-3A) in 5 games, and then 7 points (3G-4A) in 6 playoff games. After the 1991β92 season, Linseman hung his skates up and retired.
Awards and achievements
Stanley Cup champion β 1984
OMJHL Second Team All-Star β 1977
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Asiago Hockey 1935 players
Birmingham Bulls draft picks
Birmingham Bulls players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Edmonton Oilers players
Kingston Canadians players
Maine Mariners (AHL) players
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers draft picks
Philadelphia Flyers players
Ice hockey people from Kingston, Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Linseman |
Charles Wellington Fisher (August 4, 1866 β May 5, 1919) was a Canadian politician who served as the first Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
Biography
Born in Hyde Park, Canada West, now part of London, Ontario. Fisher came to Cochrane from Ontario in 1899, and became the town's leading merchant. In 1907 he married a niece of the Carling family (of Carling Brewery fame), and promised her that they would live in a castle. By way of fulfilling that promise, he built a mansion in Cochrane in 1908 (which became the Just Home Guest Ranch in 1931 and was donated to a Franciscan order in 1948).
In January 1903, Arthur Sifton, the Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories for Banff resigned to become territorial chief justice. In the ensuing by-election, held February 4, Fisher defeated H. J. Richardson to replace him. He served until the district left the Northwest Territories to become part of the new province of Alberta in 1905.
He ran in Banff in Alberta's inaugural election. Politics in the North-West Territories had been conducted on a non-partisan basis but that was not the case in Alberta after provincehood. Fisher aligned himself with the Liberals. In the election, he faced Conservative Robert Brett, who had been Banff's NWT territorial Assemblyman from 1891 to 1899. He more than doubled Brett's vote count on his way to an easy victory.
Fisher was part of a Liberal majority of 23 seats in the 25 seat Legislative Assembly of Alberta, and was one of only seven members with previous legislative experience. In deference to this experience, and as a reward for having beaten Brett, considered a strong opponent, he was elected the first Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta on March 15, 1906.
He was re-elected in the next three elections, in the new riding of Cochrane, and was re-elected Speaker after each of them. As Speaker, he presided over the tumultuous Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal, when he ruled future premier Charles Stewart out of order in his attempt to report a scandalous rumour about fellow Liberal John R. Boyle in the legislature.
Fisher died May 5, 1919, a victim of the 1918 flu pandemic. His death left his Cochrane seat vacant, and in the ensuing by-election the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) ran a candidate, Alexander Moore, for the first time in their history. He won, and two years later the UFA won a majority government.
Charles Fisher is buried in Calgary's Union Cemetery.
Electoral record
References
Notes
External links
1866 births
1919 deaths
Alberta Liberal Party MLAs
British emigrants to Canada
Canadian businesspeople
Deaths from Spanish flu
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
People from Cochrane, Alberta
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20W.%20Fisher%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 |
Norah Simpson (5 July 1895Β β 19 February 1974) was an Australian modernist painter. She grew up in Sydney and is described as "giving impetus to modernism" in Australia: when returning from France in 1913, she brought back a series of reproductions of then-current works which were influential to her fellow art students. Sydney-based modernists inspired by those works and Simpson's descriptions of techniques include Grace Cossington Smith, Roy de Maistre and Roland Wakelin.
Biography
Norah Simpson was born on 5 July 1895 and grew up in Sydney. In 1911 Simpson was a student of Antonio Dattilo Rubbo, an Italian-born artist who taught in Australia from 1897, fellow students were Tempe Manning and Grace Cossington Smith. Late in 1911 Simpson travelled to London, and lived in Chelsea. Next year she enrolled in the Westminster School of Art and was taught by Walter Sickert, then she travelled to France to see the work of CΓ©zanne, van Gogh, Matisse and Picasso. In 1913 she brought back to Australia a suitcase-ful of art books and reproductions of their works, thereby "giving impetus to modernism" in Australia. The works contributed to "the debate and practice of new techniques and new subjects" by Simpson, Smith and Manning. Other Sydney artists influenced by Simpson include Roy de Maistre and Roland Wakelin. By 1915 Simpson had returned to London, then moved to Glasgow in 1919 and on to France in 1920. In 1920 she married Edward Richardson Brown and they had a son, Donald, and by 1921 Simpson was no longer painting. In 1950 she married William Henry Cockren, and she died in 1974 at Crossways, Instow, North Devon.
External links
'Studio portrait, Chelsea', a 1911 self-portrait (1915) kept at Art Gallery NSW.
References
1895 births
1974 deaths
Artists from Sydney
Australian women painters
Modern painters
20th-century Australian women artists
Visual artists in early 20th-century Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah%20Simpson |
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