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People
Lechner is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alfred James Lechner Jr. (born 1955), American judge
Anton Lechner (1907–1975), German SS officer
Auguste Lechner (1905–2000), Austrian writer
Bernard J. Lechner (1932–2014), American electronics engineer
Corinna Lechner (born 1994), German cyclist
Cornelia Lechner (born 1966), German tennis player
Ed Lechner (1919–2015), American football player
Elisabeth Adele Allram-Lechner (1824–1861), Czech stage actress
Emilio Lechner (born 1940), Italian luger
Erika Lechner (born 1947), Italian luger
Eva Lechner (born 1985), Italian cyclist
Florian Lechner (born 1981), German footballer
Franco Lechner, known as Bombolo (1931 - 1987), Italian comedian
Gustav Lechner (1913–1987), Croatian footballer
Harald Lechner (born 1982), Austrian football referee
Heinz Lechner (1928–2020), Austrian fencer
Johnny Lechner, American actor
Kerim Lechner (born 1989), Austrian musician
Kurt Lechner (born 1942), German CDU politician
Leonhard Lechner (1553–1606), German composer
Matthias Lechner (born 1970), German set designer
Maximilian Lechner (born 1990), Austrian pool player
Natalie Bauer-Lechner (1858–1921), Austrian violist
Patrick Lechner (born 1988), German cyclist
Peter Lechner (born 1966), Austrian luger
Ödön Lechner (1845–1914), Hungarian architect
Otto Lechner (born 1964), Austrian accordionist
Robert Lechner (born 1967), German cyclist
Walter Lechner (1949–2020), Austrian racing driver
Other
Mount Lechner, Antarctica
Lechner (windsurf board)
German-language surnames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechner |
Hendrik Jules Joseph "Rik" Daems (born 18 August 1959) is a Belgian painter, wine trader and politician who served as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 2020 to 2022, a 70-year-old body bringing together parliamentarians from 47 nations of the Council of Europe. He is a former member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives for the Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD) and member of the city council of Leuven.
Early life and education
Rik Daems' father, , was a senator and Secretary of State for the Party for Freedom and Progress (PVV). Rik Daems studied Latin and mathematics at the Keerbergen high school (1977). Afterwards he studied at the Solvay Business School of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.
Political career
In addition to his role in national politics, Daems has been a member of the Belgian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2007, and led the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe – the third largest of the assembly's five political groups –- from 2017 until his election as president. In 2019, he was the assembly's rapporteur on the activities of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) as well as on minimum standards for electoral systems.
Recognition
2014 : Knight Grand Cross in the Order of Leopold II.
References
External links
"PROFILE: Rik Dames" at European Voice
Profile on the website of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
1959 births
Living people
People from Aarschot
Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats politicians
Members of the Belgian Federal Parliament
Vrije Universiteit Brussel alumni
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
21st-century Belgian politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rik%20Daems |
Nadi Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in the western part of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
Note: On 8 February 2002 the High Court ruled that more than a thousand votes, most of them for Prasad, had been wrongly invalidated, and awarded the seat to Prasad.
2006
Sources
Psephos – Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadi%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
FACTS or F.A.C.T.S. (Fantasy Animation Comics Toys Sciencefiction) is a Belgian speculative fiction convention.
Launched in 1993 in Ghent, it has grown over the years and now welcomes over 30,000 visitors at each edition. From 1998 until 2008 the F.A.C.T.S. convention was held in the I.C.C. in Ghent, Belgium. The 2009 edition took place in Flanders Expo for the first time and has been expending there ever since. The convention currently covers more than 24,000 sq. m.. FACTS has been created by Emmanuel Van Melkebeke and 3 of his friends.
References
External links
Official FACTS website
Review of FACTS 2004 @ Rebelscum
Comics conventions
Multigenre conventions
Recurring events established in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy%20Anime%20Comics%20Toys%20Space |
Leonid Nikolaevich Gobyato (; 6 February 1875 – 21 May 1915) was a lieutenant-general (awarded posthumously in 1915) in the Imperial Russian Army and designer of the modern, man-portable mortar.
Life and career
Gobyato was born in the city of Taganrog into the noble family of Gobyato. His father, Nikolai Konstantinovich Gobyato, was a gentleman by birth, member of the Taganrog County Court and alderman at the Taganrog City Council (Duma). Gobyato graduated from the Chekhov Gymnasium in Taganrog, afterwards studying at the Cadets Corps in Moscow and in 1893, was recommended as one of the best student to the Mikhailovskoe Artillery School from which he graduated in 1896. He then attended the Mikhailovskoe Artillery Academy, from which he graduated in 1902.
In May 1902, Gobyato returned to the home city of Taganrog, where in 1903 he submitted his first work Instructions on Use of Deflection in Batteries Equipped with 3-inch Rapid-Firing Guns of 1902, written in cooperation with Colonel Demidov.
After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, both Leonid and his brother Nikolai were participating in the events. Nikolai served on the Russian Navy's cruiser Gromoboi based with the Russian Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok, while Leonid, with the rank of captain, was a battery commander in the 4th East Siberian Rifle Artillery Brigade based at Port Arthur. At the Battle of Jinzhou, Leonid Gobyato, together with General Roman Kondratenko, for the first time applied indirect fire from closed firing positions in the field using a protractor. In July 1904, he was seriously wounded in the thigh in combat, and was assigned to be assistant chief of artillery of the Port Arthur fortress. During the Siege of Port Arthur, the fighting revealed the need for a weapon to attack the Japanese in closely spaced trenches, gullies and ravines. Together with Russian navy midshipman S. Vlasov, he modified small naval mines with stabilizers be fired from a wheeled 47-mm naval mortar. For services in the defense of Port Arthur was awarded five medals (among them the Order of St. George (4th degree) and the Golden Sword "for courage". After the surrender of the garrison of Port Arthur on January 2, 1905, Gobyato was made a prisoner of war.
After his return from captivity in May 1906, Gobyato was promoted and published an article on his first mortar ("Fighting the principles and rules of Field Artillery"). In early 1908, he graduated from Officer's Artillery School and in September of the same year was assigned to command the 3rd Battery of the 3rd Artillery Brigade. He also served as a lecturer on artillery science at the General Staff Academy from 1908 to 1914.
After the outbreak of World War I, Gobyato was made commander of 32nd Artillery Brigade, followed by the 35th Artillery Brigade. He was promoted to major general on August 14, 1914. However, while leading an infantry counter-attack at the Siege of Przemyśl in what is now part of Poland, he was killed in combat on May 21, 1915. His grave is at the Gobyato family estate outside of Ryazan.
See also
List of Russian inventors
References
1875 births
1915 deaths
Military personnel from Taganrog
People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate
Inventors from the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Army generals
Untitled nobility from the Russian Empire
Military engineers of the Russian Empire
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Russian military personnel killed in World War I | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid%20Gobyato |
Ballarat East (initially spelt Ballaarat East) was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria. Prior to its abolition, it was a 3,323 km² part-urban and part-rural electorate covering areas to the east of the regional centre of Ballarat. It included the Ballarat suburbs of Ballarat East, Bakery Hill, Golden Point, Eureka, Canadian, Mount Pleasant, Mount Clear, Mount Helen and Warrenheip, and the rural towns of Ballan, Buninyong, Bungaree, Creswick, Daylesford, Dunnstown, Hepburn Springs, Kyneton, Lal Lal, Malmsbury, Meredith and Steiglitz. The electorate had a population of 54,127 as of the 2006 census, with 40,578 enrolled electors at the 2010 state election.
Ballarat East was one of the earliest districts of the Legislative Assembly, having been created for the second Assembly election in 1859. It was initially a two-member seat, and as with the rest of the Assembly, was largely non-partisan until 1889, when it became a one-member electorate and began to be held by more partisan figures. It was held by successive early liberal parties until they merged into the Nationalist Party of Australia in the late 1910s, but fell to the Labor Party in 1924, one term before being abolished in 1927. It was recreated as a marginal seat in 1992, when it was won by Liberal Barry Traynor, but was regained for Labor by Geoff Howard when the party won office at the 1999 election. Howard was re-elected at the 2002 election, 2006 election and 2010 election.
Ballarat East was abolished in 2014 after a redistribution of Victoria's electoral boundaries, with much of its territory going to the new district of Buninyong.
Members for Ballarat East
McAdam went on to represent the new Electoral district of Ballarat from 1927.
Election results
References
District profile from the Victorian Electoral Commission
District map from the Victorian Electoral Commission (PDF)
Ballarat
Former electoral districts of Victoria (state)
1859 establishments in Australia
1927 disestablishments in Australia
1992 establishments in Australia
2014 disestablishments in Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20district%20of%20Ballarat%20East |
Liberation before education was a slogan of some activists in South Africa from 1976 in rejecting the education offered to black children in Apartheid-era South Africa.
References
External links
From apartheid in education to no education without liberation
Spotlight on missing link in apartheid writing
Apartheid in South Africa
South African political slogans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation%20before%20education |
The 1991 Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba from August 2 to August 18, 1991. There were 4,519 athletes from 39 countries of the PASO community, with events in 33 different sports. The main stadium was the Estadio Panamericano, a multi-use stadium in Havana that holds 50,000 people.
Host city election
Havana was the only non-withdrawn bid to host the 1991 Pan American Games. At the Pan American Games (ODEPA) Assembly, from November 12 to 14, 1986, in Bridgetown, Barbados, Mar del Plata withdrew its bid, leaving Havana as the winner to host the Games. London, Ontario, Canada also submitted a bid, but withdrew from the bid process due to the federal government prohibiting all funding from any international multi-sport events (aside from the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics).
Participating nations
Sports
Bowling made its debut at the Pan American Games
Racquetball ()
Roller skating ()
Medal table
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title.
R
Mascot
The 1991 Games' mascot named Tocopan, was a combination of the country's national bird "Tocororo" and the first three letters of Panamerican.
References
guajiroarrepentio
quadrodemedalhas
esportes.terra.com
External links
Havana 1991 - XI Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Multi-sport events in Cuba
Sports competitions in Havana
Pan American Games
20th century in Havana
August 1991 sports events in North America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20Pan%20American%20Games |
The Race to the North was the name given by the press to occasions in two summers of the late 19th century when British passenger trains belonging to different companies would literally race each other from London to Edinburgh over the two principal rail trunk routes connecting the English capital city to Scotland – the West Coast Main Line which runs from London Euston via Crewe and Carlisle and the East Coast Main Line route from London King's Cross via York and Newcastle. The "races" were never official and publicly the companies denied that what happened was racing at all. Results were not announced officially and the outcomes have since been hotly debated. In the 20th century there were also occasions of competition for speed on the two routes.
Background
The late nineteenth century was a boom time for the railways in Britain with many independent companies operating but with poor coordination between the companies' lines. Gradually merger and other formal agreements were made so that travel across the country became feasible. For the first time long-distance rail travel could be afforded by the general public. By the 1880s two consortia in particular provided services between London and Edinburgh using separate routes on the east and west coasts of Britain terminating in London at King's Cross and stations, and in Edinburgh at Waverley and Princes Street stations. Great Northern Railway (GNR) and North Eastern Railway (NER) ran the East Coast service with London & North Western Railway (LNWR) and Caledonian Railway (CR) on the West Coast. The companies each had territories where they owned the track or had legally enforcible running rights on some other tracks. At the "borders" between these companies' territories – York and Carlisle – locomotives were always changed (and they were generally changed at intermediate points also) but passengers did not necessarily have to change carriage.
In 1888, driven by commercial rivalry, the East Coast and West Coast consortia started competing fiercely over the speed of their express services over these two routes.
By the 1890s, an east coast route had been established further north through Scotland over the Forth and Tay bridges allowing the North British Railway (NBR) to provide a reasonably direct Edinburgh to Aberdeen service so as to extend the East Coast consortium's King's Cross to Scotland route. Although NBR owned the track from further south at Berwick-on-Tweed, NER had running rights to Edinburgh. Caledonian already had a route connecting Carlisle and Aberdeen via Stirling and Perth. In 1895 a second "race" broke out but this time with the added excitement of arriving at the same station in Aberdeen. Indeed, after some 500 miles from London, the two routes converged to being in sight of each other just before Kinnaber Junction from where there was a single track to Aberdeen.
In 1901, the Midland Railway and North British Railway ran an accelerated London St Pancras to Edinburgh Waverley express. East Coast responded by speeding up and West Coast briefly joined in. Although the press hoped for a new "Race", nothing came of it.
London to Edinburgh, 1888
From 1885 the main London to Edinburgh services were as follows.
In 1885, the east coast express service comprised GNR from King's Cross stopping at and and then NER stopping at , Berwick and Edinburgh Waverley – a distance of . On the west coast, LNWR from Euston stopped at , , , and followed by Caledonian stopping at two stations in Scotland before Edinburgh Princes Street – . Even the fastest run (Grantham to York) was slower than .
The East Coast had a very strong hold on the traffic and this was consolidated further in November 1887, when the railways announced that the Special Scotch Express would also take 3rd class passengers. West Coast, faced with dwindling traffic, took a decisive step. Delaying their announcement to the last minute, they stated in June 1888 that the Day Scotch Express would now arrive in Edinburgh an hour earlier, at 19:00. On 1 July the East Coast arrival time became 18:30, with the lunch stop at York being reduced from 30 to 20 minutes – on 1 August West Coast matched this time, cutting out stops between Carlisle and Edinburgh, but East Coast, seemingly in anticipation, started arriving at 18:00 on the same day. West Coast were determined to match this time and decided to run two separate trains with fewer carriages – the racing train travelled non-stop from Euston to Crewe.
This schedule started on 6 August, Bank Holiday, with the press now taking full notice, crowds turning out at Euston and bookmakers taking bets on the results. To the surprise of the experts on that first day the LNWR locomotive to Crewe was the 25-year-old Problem class Waverley 2-2-2 single. Another surprise was that Caledonian ran its brand new and unique No. 123 4-2-2 single and this locomotive was used every day of the series. In fact, both trains used to arrive in Edinburgh earlier than scheduled and reporters would guess which train would arrive first and then would race the mile length of Princes Street in hansom cabs in the hope of seeing the other train arrive. The results were cabled to the New York Herald for reporting the next day. By 13 August East Coast booked an arrival time of 17:45, omitting the stop at Berwick and averaging between Newcastle and Edinburgh. On the same day West Coast abandoned any timetable at intermediate stations and the train left as soon as it was able. In this way they beat the East Coast "record" even before it had been made. Worse, East Coast arrived later than scheduled although they made amends on 31 August, arriving at 17:27. On both lines the overall speed had been over . However, on 14 August the companies held a conference in London and it was agreed that minimum journey times of 7¾ hours (East Coast) and 8 hours (West Coast) would be adhered to during the rest of that month and then times would be increased by 30 minutes.
Throughout the period, the Midland Railway, who had recently completed the Settle and Carlisle Line, and the North British Railway (NBR) on the Waverley Line were faced with a longer route – from London St Pancras via Manchester and Carlisle to Edinburgh Waverley – with many curves and gradients and so they were unable to be competitive on speed.
Thus the racing came to an end after August and the end of the holidays, although there were now 29 express trains a day between London and Scotland (in both directions) compared to 16 in 1885. A new prospect was appearing however, and the Pall Mall Gazette wrote: "The main cause confronts us when we see those three stupendous towers of steel which loom above the horizon of Edinburgh. When the Forth Bridge is finished the North Western and Caledonian will have to struggle hard if they wish to retain much of the traffic to Dundee or Aberdeen".
The companies' locomotives and trains in the 1880s
Innovations in steam locomotive design included the introduction of compound locomotives and bogies rather than axle leading wheels. The railway companies had their own individual locomotive works and locomotive designers.
On the East Coast route, GNR locomotives ran on what was then the fastest line in the world, but the "Flying Scotsman" service was not their fastest train – it was compared to on routes with more competition. A wide variety of locomotives were in use – the Patrick Stirling 4-2-2 "8-foot" singles, complemented with his 2-2-2 "7-foot 6" singles, were outstanding for speed and reliability, being capable of on flat terrain. The latest express NER engines were Tennant 2-4-0s and the T. W. Worsdell–von Borries compound Worsdell 'F' 4-4-0s which were powerful, although not so fast.
Having compound engines required the development of stronger steel coupling rods for fast running, and the 4-4-0s developed from 2-4-0s when it was found that a front bogie gave greater high speed stability. The East Coast route had no severe gradients and was slightly shorter than the west.
Up to the 1880s, the LNWR's rail services were relatively slow and local, and their express locomotives had been designed for economy rather than speed. As somewhat of an exception, John Ramsbottom's "Lady of the Lake" 2-2-2 single hauled the Irish Mail for which the contract stipulated a minimum average speed of and even this could be a problem – the load on the train was important and third class passengers were excluded to keep the load down and the speed up. The Precedent Class 2-4-0s were exceptional for the time, and would eventually turn out to have a good turn of speed. Francis Webb compound steam engines were starting to be introduced but were not yet notably powerful or economic. Regarding the principal express Caledonian locomotives, Dugald Drummond 4-4-0s were good for ascending hills but were untested for speed. Their earlier locomotives needed to be run double-headed on larger trains. A new locomotive, the Single No. 123 4-2-2, was introduced but still untested. For the West Coast line, the climbs to top of Shap and Beattock were the steepest gradients.
For the 1888 accelerations, the West Coast companies willingly double-headed their express trains and so had power in hand. On the GNR, the Stirling Single engines did not allow double-heading and the new third class passengers were creating a greater load. The Caledonian Railway now ran two separate trains north from Carlisle, to Glasgow and Edinburgh, though these were single-headed. However, the journey time improvements came from cutting waiting times and delays as much as by raising running speed. The NER was an exception by being able to raise their average speed from about , and it was later by double-heading their trains that East Coast gained a decisive advantage. Trains ran lightly loaded, typically with only four or five carriages.
London to Aberdeen, 1895
The railways arrived in Aberdeen in 1850 and an east coast through service was instituted in 1855, taking 17½ hours from London, reduced by 1889 to nearly 13 hours. With the opening of the Forth Bridge in 1890, the distances from London to Aberdeen were and on east and west coast routes. The timetables for the main expresses were as follows.
At the beginning of 1893, the West Coast accelerated the Day Scotch Express to arrive at 22:25 and devised a scheme for delaying its rivals at Kinnaber Junction, where Caledonian operated the signal box. The booked time at Dubton, the Caledonian line signalbox before Kinnaber, was six minutes before the time booked for Kinnaber although the journey only took two minutes. The Dubton signalman would offer the train to Kinnaber at its booked Dubton time at the latest – which might be earlier than its actual time. The Kinnaber signalman would accept the train thus keeping the signals against North British. The North British train was only given clearance if it actually passed the North British Montrose signal box before the Dubton booking time. By this means until the NBR realised what was happening and complained, the Caledonian could take priority even with its rival already waiting at Kinnaber.
In the event, competition focussed on the overnight expresses. East Coast soon changed its timetable to arrive at Aberdeen at 08:15 and West Coast followed suit with 08:05. However, whereas West Coast ran a reliable service, North British were often late because of slow changes of engine at Waverley station, and a tortuous and undulating run from there northwards on a line that was partially single track. By June 1893, East Coast had a booked arrival time of 07:35 and West Coast 07:50. However, if the North British train was slightly late it would be beaten to Kinnaber Junction and not be able to pass the Caledonian train. Caledonian owned the line from Kinnaber to Aberdeen but NBR held running rights (Caledonian required running rights over a very short section of NBR line at Monklands, Lanarkshire).
By 1 July 1895, these times had been brought forward to 07:20 (East) and 07:40 (West). This involved NER reaching Edinburgh in 8 hours 13 minutes, in breach of the 1888 agreement not to take less than 8½ hours. In practice West Coast, stopping at seven intermediate stations on its route and pulling trains of 15 to 17 carriages, was frequently arriving later than 08:00. Without prior warning, on 15 July, West Coast widely advertised a new arrival time of 07:00, reducing the intermediate stops to five, and next morning the train actually arrived at 06:47 and on the next run 06:21 was achieved. Inevitably, the East Coast announced a new arrival time of 06:45, which although earlier than the West Coast booked time, was nevertheless beaten by the actual West Coast arrivals. There were urgent communications within the East Coast consortium about whether to try and negotiate their way out of the developing race until on 25 July the Marquis of Tweedale, NBR chairman, wired John Conacher, NBR general manager "My opinion is our best policy is to beat them at any cost...". The NBR train arrived at 06:23, two minutes ahead of the new booked time, only to find the rival train had arrived 06:06.
From the beginning of August, the newspapers were reporting on what they called the "Race to the North" and Kinnaber Junction, until that time an unknown outpost, was analysed in detail. Crowds gathered at the various stations. Even in the early hours of the morning men, women and children gathered at Carlisle Citadel station to join the excitement. For the newspapers sensation required not just speed but also potential disaster and the dangers were debated. At Cupar in Fife the permanent-way gang was called out each night to correct the rails after the express had passed round the curve at speed – the displacement was about three inches.
19/20 August 1895
Unusually, on 18 August East Coast arrived at Aberdeen first. This was achieved by reducing the number of carriages to seven at most, by not allowing passengers to get on or off the train at intermediate stations south of Dundee, and by making greater time allowances for keeping the line clear of other traffic. The companies' internal telegrams make no bones about calling it a "race". The next night, sworn to secrecy, three elite railway journalists were invited to travel. After measuring a speed of approaching the S curves at Portobello (where the speed limit was 15 mph) they were flung to the floor and the train was still going entering Waverley station. The engines were changed in two minutes but a station official kept the train waiting another 8½ minutes. Time was more than made up by Dundee and there was no problem at Kinnaber so the train arrived at Aberdeen at 05:30. The Caledonian train had got in 16 minutes earlier – with only four carriages.
20–23 August 1895
On the night of 20/21 August, both trains made exceptionally good time. NBR had decided to split their train at Waverley with the slower part not due to reach Aberdeen until 06:25. A "considerable number of people" at Dundee station were there to cheer, even at 03:42. Approaching Kinnaber Junction just before dawn at four in the morning, the trains could be seen from each other across the Montrose Basin. North British passed Montrose signal box at 04:22 but Caledonian had reached Dubton at 04:21 and so, receiving a clear line, made its Aberdeen arrival at 04:58 with an average speed from start to finish of over .
By this time, the leading newspapers had reporters at all the stations to telegraph in their accounts of the night. Crowds thronged the platforms. On 21/22 August, NER put in a particularly strong performance averaging between Newcastle and Edinburgh, a distance of . NBR were quickly out of Waverley and beat Caledonian to Kinnaber by 15 minutes, arriving in Aberdeen at 04:40. A "leading official" of LNWR stated "We don't admit that we're racing at all. We only claim that it's possible for us to arrive in Aberdeen at the same time as the trains of the East Coast Railway...". Both trains had averaged over 60 mph London to Aberdeen. NBR general manager John Conacher telegraphed his GNR counterpart Sir Henry Oakley "After this morning's achievement I think we ought to revert to advertised time ... There is a feeling here that rivalry has gone far enough already...". That afternoon the press were told that East Coast would in future arrive at 06:20 – the competitive racing was over.
That evening (22 August) at Euston station there was the usual excitement. West Coast wanted to regain the advantage and next morning the Yorkshire Post were able to report "A Sensational Achievement by the West Coast Express". Pulling only three carriages and leaving out the stop at Stirling, Aberdeen was reached at 04:32. A Caledonian Railway publicity postcard of the time shows the figure of their engine driver John Souter standing alone by his locomotive at Aberdeen station. This picture is belied by the report in the Daily Sketch – "Driver Souter, who has all along been in charge of this engine, is the railway hero of the moment ... There was much excitement at Aberdeen on the great day, the train being waited for by a crowd of spectators. Souter and his stoker were borne shoulder-high...".
In his 1958 book about the series of races, Oswald Nock wrote of the 22/23 August journey, "And at that astonishing average speed of 63.3 mph made sixty-three years ago the London–Aberdeen record still stands today".
The companies' locomotives and trains in the 1890s
Between 1888 and 1895, better-built bogie carriages were becoming available. LNWR had started introducing improved rails and were still the only company with water troughs. There had also been some important development in express locomotive design.
The GNR had the same locomotives as before, but thr NER had made considerable changes. Improved piston valves were introduced generally. The large and heavy Worsdell M 4-4-0 was introduced, designed specifically towards speed – apart from the early models, these had compound cylinders. These achieved the highest average speeds of all, including over a stretch. The Worsdell J class 4-2-2 was converted from compound to simple expansion working. The NBR had four classes of 4-4-0, the earliest by Drummond and the rest by Matthew Holmes..
For the LNWR, Webb compound engines were dominant and were being developed further for the fast three cylinder Teutonic 2-2-2-0 capable of well over . It retained uncoupled driving wheels but had a larger boiler and good steam flow design. The Improved Precedent ("Jumbo") 2-4-0 was as fast but could not take such a heavy load. The Caledonian Railway was still running the Drummond 4-4-0s but now complemented by the Lambie version with increased boiler pressure and estimated by Nock to have averaged over an stretch.
In August up until the time of the serious racing, the express trains ran 8 to 15 carriages ("comparatively light", up to ) with the LNER and Caledonian double-heading when there were more than about 12 carriages. GNR never ran double-headed, pulling up to . Then during the crucial period, the East Coast ran six carriages (one bogie sleeping carriage, three six-wheeler carriages, two brake vans) and the West Coast, single-heading, ran four passenger bogie carriages, about . North of Edinburgh and Perth both trains were reduced by one carriage. Thus passenger accommodation was very comparable. Changing of engines could be done in as little as 90 seconds.
Fastest runs
Oswald Nock summarised the four fastest runs in the following table. He chose stretches of line roughly equal in length and level in aggregate. Each contained one "severe slack" that required slow running. He notes that on Hardwicke's run the train also had the same average speed over a more difficult section of over Shap summit.
Nock picks out another exceptional run of a rather different nature. In the early hours of 22 August, the NBR Holmes No. 293 4-4-0 left Waverley for Dundee with a load of 86 tons. The run, starting and finishing from at rest unlike the runs tabulated above and involving severe curves and other speed restrictions, took 59 minutes for the , a speed of . Nock, writing towards the end of the steam era in 1958, says that since World War I no train had done the run in less than 80 minutes.
Aftermath of the 1895 races
North British considered restarting the competition with Conacher writing to Oakley "Although I share to the full your opinion regarding the childishness of the whole business ... I am quite prepared to run another train as much like theirs as possible, when I have no doubt we could again shew our superiority". To achieve the high speeds very few carriages could be pulled and so a second, longer, slower train had to follow on behind. There was no benefit to the public in arriving so very early and, apart from the publicity, it made no financial sense. For all these reasons the racing was not resumed. In a leading article The Engineer magazine concluded "One gratifying result of the race will be perhaps to silence the boasting of the American press. The far-famed Empire State Express has been thoroughly beaten...".
In July 1896, a West Coast overnight express took the curve at excessively fast and derailed. One person was killed and the train was wrecked. Two "Jumbos" had been double-heading the train and the enquiry found that the only experience either driver had on the line had always involved stopping at Preston. To reassure the public, agreement was reached to slow the runs from London to Edinburgh and Glasgow to take a minimum time of eight hours. This agreement, which gave much the same journey time as in 1889, lasted into the early 1930s, removing any impetus towards improving express train performance or scheduling.
Later rivalry
With the end of specially staged train races, later rivalries between the West Coast and East Coast routes centred on timetabled services based largely on improvements in traction technologies.
London to Edinburgh, 1901
For its summer 1901 service, the Midland Railway and NBR consortium announced the 09:30 London St Pancras express – on the Settle & Carlisle and Waverley lines – would arrive in Edinburgh at 18:05, ten minutes before the GNR/NER Flying Scotsman. Concerned that a possibly delayed Midland train could lead to Portobello East junction becoming like Kinnaber, NER rescheduled their train for 18:02 and then earlier, ignoring the 1896 agreement. The press were anxious to promote this as another "Race to the North" and started publicising Caledonian arrival times as well. Indeed, Caledonian and then NER put on fast runs for a few days but NBR backed down, and the sparring came to an end.
LNER and LMS
In 1923, under the Railways Act 1921 which grouped multiple railway companies together into four large ones, the ECML came under control of the amalgamated London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) whilst the WCML came under the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS).
In 1927, the LNER started the famous non-stop Flying Scotsman express train from London King's Cross to Edinburgh. Speeds respected the old agreement and so were low, but time was gained through making the run non-stop over the whole distance of . This was done by means of a special corridor tender which allowed engine crew changes at speed. However to show that the old rivalry was not dead, just prior to the inaugural date of the LNER train, the LMS thwarted them by running separate "non-stop" trains from London Euston to Glasgow () and London to Edinburgh (). These were operated respectively by one of the new Royal Scot locomotives and by a standard LMS Compound 4-4-0 locomotive both with volunteer crews.
Following the successful launching of the German Flying Hamburger high-speed diesel railcar set in 1933 and the Bugatti cars in France, the LNER began to examine the possibilities of introducing similar trains for key services. On examining German specifications, management concluded that better speed and accommodation should be possible using steam locomotive powered trains. To test the feasibility of this a high-speed trial was run in 1934 between London and Leeds using locomotive 4472 Flying Scotsman, then in modified A1 condition. During this run, the first fully authenticated speed of was reached. On a similar test run from London to Newcastle and back, A3 No, 2750 Papyrus reached , a world record for a non-streamlined steam locomotive. When the streamlined London-Newcastle and Silver Jubilee service was inaugurated, the specially-built A4 Pacifics exceeded all records, starting with a top speed of on the inaugural run. The high-speed service was extended to Edinburgh in 1937 with the introduction of The Coronation.
The LMS again countered in 1937 with the London-Glasgow Coronation Scot streamlined train for which an updated Pacific locomotive type, the Princess Coronation Class, was also specially developed. These locomotives proved fully equal to the A4 and on a press run between Euston and Crewe, 6220 Coronation briefly snatched away the world speed record with a top speed of . The speed record however caused a scare; it was reached just south of Crewe railway station, and the train was unable to slow down sufficiently for the series of crossover points at the approach to the station, which it entered at , well above the speed limit of . The train stayed on the tracks, but nearly derailed, this caused enough alarm for the LMS not to make another attempt at a speed record.
The following year on 3 July 1938, the LNER reclaimed the speed record, when 4468 Mallard set a new record of on Stoke Bank. A record which still stands to this day. The outbreak of World War II from 1939, and subsequent postwar nationalisation to form British Railways in 1948, curtailed further rivalry between the east and west coast routes.
British Rail
In 1979, British Rail set a new record of 3 hours 52 minutes on the length of the WCML between Euston and Glasgow with its experimental Advanced Passenger Train (APT). This record for the northbound run still stands, although the southbound record was broken in 2006 by the APT's spiritual successor, the Class 390 Pendolino with a time of 3 hours 55 minutes, and an average speed of . However, these times cannot be regularly achieved on the WCML under normal operating conditions as it requires other services on the line to be specially re-timed to give the train a non-stop express from Glasgow to London.
In contrast, the modern Flying Scotsman operated by London North Eastern Railway on the East Coast route, can achieve this within 3 hours 59 minutes on a normal service pattern, and with a stop at Newcastle – however, still making for an average speed of .
The two routes today
When Britain's railways were privatised in the mid-1990s, the East Coast and West Coast routes were now once again operated by two different companies – GNER and Virgin Trains West Coast. Between 2015 and 2018, both routes operated under the Virgin Trains brand, albeit with Virgin Trains East Coast being mostly a Stagecoach Group operation. This ended in June 2018 when the East Coast franchise returned to public ownership, under the revived LNER name.
See also
Top Gear's Race to the North, a 21st-century interpretation by Top Gear pitting a car, bike and steam locomotive in a race from London to Edinburgh.
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
Further reading
A comprehensive review of the participants in the 1895 Railway Races to the North
External links
National Railway Museum – Locomotives – Stirling Single
History of rail transport in the United Kingdom
1895 in rail transport
1888 in rail transport
1901 in rail transport
1895 in the United Kingdom
1888 in the United Kingdom
1901 in the United Kingdom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race%20to%20the%20North |
Edvin Laine (13 July 1905 – 18 November 1989) was a Finnish film director and actor. Laine was born Bovellán.
Laine directed a comedy Aaltoska orkaniseeraa and family film Sleeping Beauty, both in 1949.
The Unknown Soldier, a film Laine directed in 1955 based on Väinö Linna's novel, was a big sensation in Finland. There have later been two other film adaptations of the same novel but Laine's version remains the best known. Laine also directed another film based on Väinö Linna's book, Here, Beneath the North Star (1968), which also was a successful movie in Finland.
His 1958 film Sven Tuuva the Hero was entered into the 9th Berlin International Film Festival. Three years later, his film Skandaali tyttökoulussa was entered into the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Here, Beneath the North Star was entered into the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. His 1970 film Aksel and Elina was entered into the 7th Moscow International Film Festival.
Laine was married to the actress Mirjam Novero. He is buried in the Hietaniemi Cemetery in Helsinki.
References
1905 births
1989 deaths
People from Iisalmi
People from Kuopio Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Finnish film directors
Finnish male actors
Burials at Hietaniemi Cemetery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvin%20Laine |
There are currently eighteen episodes of Pure Pwnage the web series and eight episodes of a TV series commissioned by Showcase. All the episodes from the original web series are available for streaming on the official Pure Pwnage website. User-contributed subtitles are available in over 30 languages and counting.
Series overview
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
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! style="padding: 0px 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
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|[[List of Pure Pwnage episodes#Season 1 (2004–06)|1]]
|12
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|May 23, 2007
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|[[List of Pure Pwnage episodes#Season 2 (2007–08)|2]]
|6
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! colspan="6"| Television series
|-
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|[[List of Pure Pwnage episodes#Season 1 (2010)|1]]
|8
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|March 3, 2011 (Region 4)April 16, 2011 (Worldwide)
|}
Web series
Season 1 (2004–06)
The first season was released between 2004 and 2006. Twelve episodes were released at irregular intervals online, and are still available for streaming on the official website. The later episodes had premiere screenings. The first season is available on a 4 disc DVD box set, which includes all 12 episodes in DVD quality, commentary tracks, subtitles in 12 languages, cast interviews, bloopers, outtakes, extra scenes, E3 Special and more.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%" style="margin-right: 0;"
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! style="background-color: #B60000; color: #ffffff;"| Title
! style="background-color: #B60000; color: #ffffff;"| Directed by
! style="background-color: #B60000; color: #ffffff;"| Written by
! style="background-color: #B60000; color: #ffffff;"| Original release date
! style="background-color: #B60000; color: #ffffff;"| Running time
|-
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|EpisodeNumber2 = 11
|Title = i <3 u in rl
|DirectedBy = Geoff Lapaire
|WrittenBy = Geoff Lapaire & Jarett Cale
|OriginalAirDate = (Live Screening) (Online)
|Aux4 = 21:36
|ShortSummary = After reconciling, Jeremy and Anastasia spend most of their time together playing separate games in Jeremy's apartment. Later, en route to meeting Doug, Jeremy must flee from a group of enthusiastic Pure Pwnage fans. Doug reveals that he is carrying his Sega Master Light Phaser, and displays that it is functional in RL. Suddenly, Teh_Masterer calls Jeremy from a nearby pay phone, telling him to go to the Netherlands.
Immediately, the scene switches to a council of mysterious people who discuss Teh_Masterer's training scheme.
Jeremy and Kyle visit the Netherlands using the money from the eBay auction of Jeremy's hair, where Jeremy engages in more micro training. This dangerous trip infuriates Jeremy, but pleases Teh_Masterer. An unrelated footage follows the episode where Jeremy makes fun of sheep by imitating "lol" (pronounced "lawl") like a sheep at forum user Skrie'''s farm.
|LineColor = B60000
}}
|}
Season 2 (2007–08)
The second season was released between 2007 and 2008, with 6 episodes currently released. The second season was put on hold due to the death of cast member Troy Dixon (T-Bag). In January 2011, a forum post by Jarett Cale explained, "After struggling to continue the web series myself, I've now placed it on indefinite hold. While this doesn't mean it's officially 'dead', that is unfortunately the most likely outcome."
Featurettes
Various Pure Pwnage shorts/featurettes can be found on the official website by clicking the "Shorts" menu tab.
Television series
Season 1 (2010)
On August 6, 2009 it was announced that a Pure Pwnage'' TV series had been commissioned by Showcase. All cast members from the web series return for the TV series with the exceptions of Dave Lee (Dave) and Miranda Plant (Anastasia). The TV series sees the addition of new cast member Melanie Scrofano, who plays October. Ten production blog web shorts were released online prior to the show's premiere on television. The show airs on Friday at 10:30 pm ET/PT (previously 10:00 pm) on Showcase. It has now been distributed internationally in countries such as the United States and Australia.
See also
List of Pure Pwnage characters
Web series
Notes
References
External links
Pure Pwnage web episodes
Pure Pwnage episodes at Showcase.ca
Pure Pwnage | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Pure%20Pwnage%20episodes |
Michael James Grant Ireland (born 3 January 1974 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian long track speed skater.
Ireland specialises in the sprint distances (the 500 m and the 1000 m). He participated in the 500 m at the 1994 Winter Olympics (finishing 26th), the 500 m (6th) and 1000 m (14th) at the 2002 Winter Olympics and the 500 m (7th) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Ireland was the 2001 World Sprint Champion, while winning several more medals at several World Championships (see the next section), and he also set a world record on the 1000 m (only to be broken 8 days later by compatriot Jeremy Wotherspoon).
In November 2008 Ireland suffered a severe injury in a World Cup event in Berlin. Later in the same meet teammate Wotherspoon broke his arm in seven places. In a span of two days Canada's two strongest sprinters were placed in serious jeopardy of not skating in the 2010 Olympics in their home country. Both skaters started the long road to recovery and in the 2010 Canadian Olympic trials both succeeded in their comebacks.
Ireland qualified in the 500 and is a member of the Canadian 2010 Olympic speed skating team. He skated the fastest time of the trials 34.46 and set a personal best. Often skating in the shadow of his teammate Jeremy Wotherspoon, Ireland is the second most decorated Canadian in speed World Cup sprints.
Ireland was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.
Medals
An overview of medals won by Ireland at important championships he participated in, listing the years in which he won each:
World records
Over the course of his career, Ireland skated one world record:
Source: SpeedSkatingStats.com
References
External links
Mike Ireland at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Mike Ireland at SpeedskatingResults.com
1974 births
Living people
Canadian male speed skaters
Speed skaters from Winnipeg
Olympic speed skaters for Canada
Speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
World record setters in speed skating
21st-century Canadian people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Ireland |
Kandel is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Kandel may also refer to:
Kandel (Verbandsgemeinde), a municipality in Germany
Kandel (mountain), a mountain in the Black Forest, Germany
Kandel (surname), including a list of persons with the name
Kandel, Iran, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
See also
Kandle (disambiguation)
Candel (disambiguation)
Candle (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandel%20%28disambiguation%29 |
The optical transfer function (OTF) of an optical system such as a camera, microscope, human eye, or projector specifies how different spatial frequencies are captured or transmitted. It is used by optical engineers to describe how the optics project light from the object or scene onto a photographic film, detector array, retina, screen, or simply the next item in the optical transmission chain. A variant, the modulation transfer function (MTF), neglects phase effects, but is equivalent to the OTF in many situations.
Either transfer function specifies the response to a periodic sine-wave pattern passing through the lens system, as a function of its spatial frequency or period, and its orientation. Formally, the OTF is defined as the Fourier transform of the point spread function (PSF, that is, the impulse response of the optics, the image of a point source). As a Fourier transform, the OTF is complex-valued; but it will be real-valued in the common case of a PSF that is symmetric about its center. The MTF is formally defined as the magnitude (absolute value) of the complex OTF.
The image on the right shows the optical transfer functions for two different optical systems in panels (a) and (d). The former corresponds to the ideal, diffraction-limited, imaging system with a circular pupil. Its transfer function decreases approximately gradually with spatial frequency until it reaches the diffraction-limit, in this case at 500 cycles per millimeter or a period of 2 μm. Since periodic features as small as this period are captured by this imaging system, it could be said that its resolution is 2 μm. Panel (d) shows an optical system that is out of focus. This leads to a sharp reduction in contrast compared to the diffraction-limited imaging system. It can be seen that the contrast is zero around 250 cycles/mm, or periods of 4 μm. This explains why the images for the out-of-focus system (e,f) are more blurry than those of the diffraction-limited system (b,c). Note that although the out-of-focus system has very low contrast at spatial frequencies around 250 cycles/mm, the contrast at spatial frequencies near the diffraction limit of 500 cycles/mm is diffraction-limited. Close observation of the image in panel (f) shows that the image of the large spoke densities near the center of the spoke target is relatively sharp.
Definition and related concepts
Since the optical transfer function (OTF) is defined as the Fourier transform of the point-spread function (PSF), it is generally speaking a complex-valued function of spatial frequency. The projection of a specific periodic pattern is represented by a complex number with absolute value and complex argument proportional to the relative contrast and translation of the projected projection, respectively.
Often the contrast reduction is of most interest and the translation of the pattern can be ignored. The relative contrast is given by the absolute value of the optical transfer function, a function commonly referred to as the modulation transfer function (MTF). Its values indicate how much of the object's contrast is captured in the image as a function of spatial frequency. The MTF tends to decrease with increasing spatial frequency from 1 to 0 (at the diffraction limit); however, the function is often not monotonic. On the other hand, when also the pattern translation is important, the complex argument of the optical transfer function can be depicted as a second real-valued function, commonly referred to as the phase transfer function (PhTF). The complex-valued optical transfer function can be seen as a combination of these two real-valued functions:
where
and represents the complex argument function, while is the spatial frequency of the periodic pattern. In general is a vector with a spatial frequency for each dimension, i.e. it indicates also the direction of the periodic pattern.
The impulse response of a well-focused optical system is a three-dimensional intensity distribution with a maximum at the focal plane, and could thus be measured by recording a stack of images while displacing the detector axially. By consequence, the three-dimensional optical transfer function can be defined as the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the impulse response. Although typically only a one-dimensional, or sometimes a two-dimensional section is used, the three-dimensional optical transfer function can improve the understanding of microscopes such as the structured illumination microscope.
True to the definition of transfer function, should indicate the fraction of light that was detected from the point source object. However, typically the contrast relative to the total amount of detected light is most important. It is thus common practice to normalize the optical transfer function to the detected intensity, hence .
Generally, the optical transfer function depends on factors such as the spectrum and polarization of the emitted light and the position of the point source. E.g. the image contrast and resolution are typically optimal at the center of the image, and deteriorate toward the edges of the field-of-view. When significant variation occurs, the optical transfer function may be calculated for a set of representative positions or colors.
Sometimes it is more practical to define the transfer functions based on a binary black-white stripe pattern. The transfer function for an equal-width black-white periodic pattern is referred to as the contrast transfer function (CTF).
Examples
The OTF of an ideal lens system
A perfect lens system will provide a high contrast projection without shifting the periodic pattern, hence the optical transfer function is identical to the modulation transfer function. Typically the contrast will reduce gradually towards zero at a point defined by the resolution of the optics. For example, a perfect, non-aberrated, f/4 optical imaging system used, at the visible wavelength of 500 nm, would have the optical transfer function depicted in the right hand figure.
It can be read from the plot that the contrast gradually reduces and reaches zero at the spatial frequency of 500 cycles per millimeter, in other words the optical resolution of the image projection is 1/500 of a millimeter, or 2 micrometer. Correspondingly, for this particular imaging device, the spokes become more and more blurred towards the center until they merge into a gray, unresolved, disc. Note that sometimes the optical transfer function is given in units of the object or sample space, observation angle, film width, or normalized to the theoretical maximum. Conversion between the two is typically a matter of a multiplication or division. E.g. a microscope typically magnifies everything 10 to 100-fold, and a reflex camera will generally demagnify objects at a distance of 5 meter by a factor of 100 to 200.
The resolution of a digital imaging device is not only limited by the optics, but also by the number of pixels, more in particular by their separation distance. As explained by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, to match the optical resolution of the given example, the pixels of each color channel should be separated by 1 micrometer, half the period of 500 cycles per millimeter. A higher number of pixels on the same sensor size will not allow the resolution of finer detail. On the other hand, when the pixel spacing is larger than 1 micrometer, the resolution will be limited by the separation between pixels; moreover, aliasing may lead to a further reduction of the image fidelity.
OTF of an imperfect lens system
An imperfect, aberrated imaging system could possess the optical transfer function depicted in the following figure.
As the ideal lens system, the contrast reaches zero at the spatial frequency of 500 cycles per millimeter. However, at lower spatial frequencies the contrast is considerably lower than that of the perfect system in the previous example. In fact, the contrast becomes zero on several occasions even for spatial frequencies lower than 500 cycles per millimeter. This explains the gray circular bands in the spoke image shown in the above figure. In between the gray bands, the spokes appear to invert from black to white and vice versa, this is referred to as contrast inversion, directly related to the sign reversal in the real part of the optical transfer function, and represents itself as a shift by half a period for some periodic patterns.
While it could be argued that the resolution of both the ideal and the imperfect system is 2 μm, or 500 LP/mm, it is clear that the images of the latter example are less sharp. A definition of resolution that is more in line with the perceived quality would instead use the spatial frequency at which the first zero occurs, 10 μm, or 100 LP/mm. Definitions of resolution, even for perfect imaging systems, vary widely. A more complete, unambiguous picture is provided by the optical transfer function.
The OTF of an optical system with a non-rotational symmetric aberration
Optical systems, and in particular optical aberrations are not always rotationally symmetric. Periodic patterns that have a different orientation can thus be imaged with different contrast even if their periodicity is the same. Optical transfer function or modulation transfer functions are thus generally two-dimensional functions. The following figures shows the two-dimensional equivalent of the ideal and the imperfect system discussed earlier, for an optical system with trefoil, a non-rotational-symmetric aberration.
Optical transfer functions are not always real-valued. Period patterns can be shifted by any amount, depending on the aberration in the system. This is generally the case with non-rotational-symmetric aberrations. The hue of the colors of the surface plots in the above figure indicate phase. It can be seen that, while for the rotational symmetric aberrations the phase is either 0 or π and thus the transfer function is real valued, for the non-rotational symmetric aberration the transfer function has an imaginary component and the phase varies continuously.
Practical example – high-definition video system
While optical resolution, as commonly used with reference to camera systems, describes only the number of pixels in an image, and hence the potential to show fine detail, the transfer function describes the ability of adjacent pixels to change from black to white in response to patterns of varying spatial frequency, and hence the actual capability to show fine detail, whether with full or reduced contrast. An image reproduced with an optical transfer function that 'rolls off' at high spatial frequencies will appear 'blurred' in everyday language.
Taking the example of a current high definition (HD) video system, with 1920 by 1080 pixels, the Nyquist theorem states that it should be possible, in a perfect system, to resolve fully (with true black to white transitions) a total of 1920 black and white alternating lines combined, otherwise referred to as a spatial frequency of 1920/2=960 line pairs per picture width, or 960 cycles per picture width, (definitions in terms of cycles per unit angle or per mm are also possible but generally less clear when dealing with cameras and more appropriate to telescopes etc.). In practice, this is far from the case, and spatial frequencies that approach the Nyquist rate will generally be reproduced with decreasing amplitude, so that fine detail, though it can be seen, is greatly reduced in contrast. This gives rise to the interesting observation that, for example, a standard definition television picture derived from a film scanner that uses oversampling, as described later, may appear sharper than a high definition picture shot on a camera with a poor modulation transfer function. The two pictures show an interesting difference that is often missed, the former having full contrast on detail up to a certain point but then no really fine detail, while the latter does contain finer detail, but with such reduced contrast as to appear inferior overall.
The three-dimensional optical transfer function
Although one typically thinks of an image as planar, or two-dimensional, the imaging system will produce a three-dimensional intensity distribution in image space that in principle can be measured. e.g. a two-dimensional sensor could be translated to capture a three-dimensional intensity distribution. The image of a point source is also a three dimensional (3D) intensity distribution which can be represented by a 3D point-spread function. As an example, the figure on the right shows the 3D point-spread function in object space of a wide-field microscope (a) alongside that of a confocal microscope (c). Although the same microscope objective with a numerical aperture of 1.49 is used, it is clear that the confocal point spread function is more compact both in the lateral dimensions (x,y) and the axial dimension (z). One could rightly conclude that the resolution of a confocal microscope is superior to that of a wide-field microscope in all three dimensions.
A three-dimensional optical transfer function can be calculated as the three-dimensional Fourier transform of the 3D point-spread function. Its color-coded magnitude is plotted in panels (b) and (d), corresponding to the point-spread functions shown in panels (a) and (c), respectively. The transfer function of the wide-field microscope has a support that is half of that of the confocal microscope in all three-dimensions, confirming the previously noted lower resolution of the wide-field microscope. Note that along the z-axis, for x = y = 0, the transfer function is zero everywhere except at the origin. This missing cone is a well-known problem that prevents optical sectioning using a wide-field microscope.
The two-dimensional optical transfer function at the focal plane can be calculated by integration of the 3D optical transfer function along the z-axis. Although the 3D transfer function of the wide-field microscope (b) is zero on the z-axis for z ≠ 0; its integral, the 2D optical transfer, reaching a maximum at x = y = 0. This is only possible because the 3D optical transfer function diverges at the origin x = y = z = 0. The function values along the z-axis of the 3D optical transfer function correspond to the Dirac delta function.
Calculation
Most optical design software has functionality to compute the optical or modulation transfer function of a lens design. Ideal systems such as in the examples here are readily calculated numerically using software such as Julia, GNU Octave or Matlab, and in some specific cases even analytically. The optical transfer function can be calculated following two approaches:
as the Fourier transform of the incoherent point spread function, or
as the auto-correlation of the pupil function of the optical system
Mathematically both approaches are equivalent. Numeric calculations are typically most efficiently done via the Fourier transform; however, analytic calculation may be more tractable using the auto-correlation approach.
Example
Ideal lens system with circular aperture
Auto-correlation of the pupil function
Since the optical transfer function is the Fourier transform of the point spread function, and the point spread function is the square absolute of the inverse Fourier transformed pupil function, the optical transfer function can also be calculated directly from the pupil function. From the convolution theorem it can be seen that the optical transfer function is in fact the autocorrelation of the pupil function.
The pupil function of an ideal optical system with a circular aperture is a disk of unit radius. The optical transfer function of such a system can thus be calculated geometrically from the intersecting area between two identical disks at a distance of , where is the spatial frequency normalized to the highest transmitted frequency. In general the optical transfer function is normalized to a maximum value of one for , so the resulting area should be divided by .
The intersecting area can be calculated as the sum of the areas of two identical circular segments: , where is the circle segment angle. By substituting , and using the equalities and , the equation for the area can be rewritten as . Hence the normalized optical transfer function is given by:
A more detailed discussion can be found in and.
Numerical evaluation
The one-dimensional optical transfer function can be calculated as the discrete Fourier transform of the line spread function. This data is graphed against the spatial frequency data. In this case, a sixth order polynomial is fitted to the MTF vs. spatial frequency curve to show the trend. The 50% cutoff frequency is determined to yield the corresponding spatial frequency. Thus, the approximate position of best focus of the unit under test is determined from this data.
The Fourier transform of the line spread function (LSF) can not be determined analytically by the following equations:
Therefore, the Fourier Transform is numerically approximated using the discrete Fourier transform .<ref>Chapra, S.C.; Canale, R.P. (2006). Numerical Methods for Engineers (5th ed.). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill</ref>
where
= the value of the MTF
= number of data points
= index
= term of the LSF data
= pixel position
The MTF is then plotted against spatial frequency and all relevant data concerning this test can be determined from that graph.
The vectorial transfer function
At high numerical apertures such as those found in microscopy, it is important to consider the vectorial nature of the fields that carry light. By decomposing the waves in three independent components corresponding to the Cartesian axes, a point spread function can be calculated for each component and combined into a vectorial point spread function. Similarly, a vectorial optical transfer function can be determined as shown in () and ().
Measurement
The optical transfer function is not only useful for the design of optical system, it is also valuable to characterize manufactured systems.
Starting from the point spread function
The optical transfer function is defined as the Fourier transform of the impulse response of the optical system, also called the point spread function. The optical transfer function is thus readily obtained by first acquiring the image of a point source, and applying the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform to the sampled image. Such a point-source can, for example, be a bright light behind a screen with a pin hole, a fluorescent or metallic microsphere, or simply a dot painted on a screen. Calculation of the optical transfer function via the point spread function is versatile as it can fully characterize optics with spatial varying and chromatic aberrations by repeating the procedure for various positions and wavelength spectra of the point source.
Using extended test objects for spatially invariant optics
When the aberrations can be assumed to be spatially invariant, alternative patterns can be used to determine the optical transfer function such as lines and edges. The corresponding transfer functions are referred to as the line-spread function and the edge-spread function, respectively. Such extended objects illuminate more pixels in the image, and can improve the measurement accuracy due to the larger signal-to-noise ratio. The optical transfer function is in this case calculated as the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform of the image and divided by that of the extended object. Typically either a line or a black-white edge is used.
The line-spread function
The two-dimensional Fourier transform of a line through the origin, is a line orthogonal to it and through the origin. The divisor is thus zero for all but a single dimension, by consequence, the optical transfer function can only be determined for a single dimension using a single line-spread function (LSF). If necessary, the two-dimensional optical transfer function can be determined by repeating the measurement with lines at various angles.
The line spread function can be found using two different methods. It can be found directly from an ideal line approximation provided by a slit test target or it can be derived from the edge spread function, discussed in the next sub section.
Edge-spread function
The two-dimensional Fourier transform of an edge is also only non-zero on a single line, orthogonal to the edge. This function is sometimes referred to as the edge spread function (ESF). However, the values on this line are inversely proportional to the distance from the origin. Although the measurement images obtained with this technique illuminate a large area of the camera, this mainly benefits the accuracy at low spatial frequencies. As with the line spread function, each measurement only determines a single axes of the optical transfer function, repeated measurements are thus necessary if the optical system cannot be assumed to be rotational symmetric.
As shown in the right hand figure, an operator defines a box area encompassing the edge of a knife-edge test target image back-illuminated by a black body. The box area is defined to be approximately 10% of the total frame area. The image pixel data is translated into a two-dimensional array (pixel intensity and pixel position). The amplitude (pixel intensity) of each line within the array is normalized and averaged. This yields the edge spread function.
where
ESF = the output array of normalized pixel intensity data
= the input array of pixel intensity data
= the ith element of
= the average value of the pixel intensity data
= the standard deviation of the pixel intensity data
= number of pixels used in average
The line spread function is identical to the first derivative of the edge spread function, which is differentiated using numerical methods. In case it is more practical to measure the edge spread function, one can determine the line spread function as follows:
Typically the ESF is only known at discrete points, so the LSF is numerically approximated using the finite difference:
where:
= the index
= position of the pixel
= ESF of the pixel
Using a grid of black and white lines
Although 'sharpness' is often judged on grid patterns of alternate black and white lines, it should strictly be measured using a sine-wave variation from black to white (a blurred version of the usual pattern). Where a square wave pattern is used (simple black and white lines) not only is there more risk of aliasing, but account must be taken of the fact that the fundamental component of a square wave is higher than the amplitude of the square wave itself (the harmonic components reduce the peak amplitude). A square wave test chart will therefore show optimistic results (better resolution of high spatial frequencies than is actually achieved). The square wave result is sometimes referred to as the 'contrast transfer function' (CTF).
Factors affecting MTF in typical camera systems
In practice, many factors result in considerable blurring of a reproduced image, such that patterns with spatial frequency just below the Nyquist rate may not even be visible, and the finest patterns that can appear 'washed out' as shades of grey, not black and white. A major factor is usually the impossibility of making the perfect 'brick wall' optical filter (often realized as a 'phase plate' or a lens with specific blurring properties in digital cameras and video camcorders). Such a filter is necessary to reduce aliasing by eliminating spatial frequencies above the Nyquist rate of the display.
Oversampling and downconversion to maintain the optical transfer function
The only way in practice to approach the theoretical sharpness possible in a digital imaging system such as a camera is to use more pixels in the camera sensor than samples in the final image, and 'downconvert' or 'interpolate' using special digital processing which cuts off high frequencies above the Nyquist rate to avoid aliasing whilst maintaining a reasonably flat MTF up to that frequency. This approach was first taken in the 1970s when flying spot scanners, and later CCD line scanners were developed, which sampled more pixels than were needed and then downconverted, which is why movies have always looked sharper on television than other material shot with a video camera. The only theoretically correct way to interpolate or downconvert is by use of a steep low-pass spatial filter, realized by convolution with a two-dimensional sin(x)/x'' weighting function which requires powerful processing. In practice, various mathematical approximations to this are used to reduce the processing requirement. These approximations are now implemented widely in video editing systems and in image processing programs such as Photoshop.
Just as standard definition video with a high contrast MTF is only possible with oversampling, so HD television with full theoretical sharpness is only possible by starting with a camera that has a significantly higher resolution, followed by digitally filtering. With movies now being shot in 4k and even 8k video for the cinema, we can expect to see the best pictures on HDTV only from movies or material shot at the higher standard. However much we raise the number of pixels used in cameras, this will always remain true in absence of a perfect optical spatial filter. Similarly, a 5-megapixel image obtained from a 5-megapixel still camera can never be sharper than a 5-megapixel image obtained after down-conversion from an equal quality 10-megapixel still camera. Because of the problem of maintaining a high contrast MTF, broadcasters like the BBC did for a long time consider maintaining standard definition television, but improving its quality by shooting and viewing with many more pixels (though as previously mentioned, such a system, though impressive, does ultimately lack the very fine detail which, though attenuated, enhances the effect of true HD viewing).
Another factor in digital cameras and camcorders is lens resolution. A lens may be said to 'resolve' 1920 horizontal lines, but this does not mean that it does so with full modulation from black to white. The 'modulation transfer function' (just a term for the magnitude of the optical transfer function with phase ignored) gives the true measure of lens performance, and is represented by a graph of amplitude against spatial frequency.
Lens aperture diffraction also limits MTF. Whilst reducing the aperture of a lens usually reduces aberrations and hence improves the flatness of the MTF, there is an optimum aperture for any lens and image sensor size beyond which smaller apertures reduce resolution because of diffraction, which spreads light across the image sensor. This was hardly a problem in the days of plate cameras and even 35 mm film, but has become an insurmountable limitation with the very small format sensors used in some digital cameras and especially video cameras. First generation HD consumer camcorders used 1/4-inch sensors, for which apertures smaller than about f4 begin to limit resolution. Even professional video cameras mostly use 2/3 inch sensors, prohibiting the use of apertures around f16 that would have been considered normal for film formats. Certain cameras (such as the Pentax K10D) feature an "MTF autoexposure" mode, where the choice of aperture is optimized for maximum sharpness. Typically this means somewhere in the middle of the aperture range.
Trend to large-format DSLRs and improved MTF potential
There has recently been a shift towards the use of large image format digital single-lens reflex cameras driven by the need for low-light sensitivity and narrow depth of field effects. This has led to such cameras becoming preferred by some film and television program makers over even professional HD video cameras, because of their 'filmic' potential. In theory, the use of cameras with 16- and 21-megapixel sensors offers the possibility of almost perfect sharpness by downconversion within the camera, with digital filtering to eliminate aliasing. Such cameras produce very impressive results, and appear to be leading the way in video production towards large-format downconversion with digital filtering becoming the standard approach to the realization of a flat MTF with true freedom from aliasing.
Digital inversion of the optical transfer function
Due to optical effects the contrast may be sub-optimal and approaches zero before the Nyquist frequency of the display is reached. The optical contrast reduction can be partially reversed by digitally amplifying spatial frequencies selectively before display or further processing. Although more advanced digital image restoration procedures exist, the Wiener deconvolution algorithm is often used for its simplicity and efficiency. Since this technique multiplies the spatial spectral components of the image, it also amplifies noise and errors due to e.g. aliasing. It is therefore only effective on good quality recordings with a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio.
Limitations
In general, the point spread function, the image of a point source also depends on factors such as the wavelength (color), and field angle (lateral point source position). When such variation is sufficiently gradual, the optical system could be characterized by a set of optical transfer functions. However, when the image of the point source changes abruptly upon lateral translation, the optical transfer function does not describe the optical system accurately.
See also
Bokeh
Gamma correction
Minimum resolvable contrast
Minimum resolvable temperature difference
Optical resolution
Signal-to-noise ratio
Signal transfer function
Strehl ratio
Transfer function
Wavefront coding
References
External links
"Modulation transfer function", by Glenn D. Boreman on SPIE Optipedia.
"How to Measure MTF and other Properties of Lenses", by Optikos Corporation.
Transfer function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20transfer%20function |
Take a Look Inside is an album by Melbourne-based punk rock outfit, Bodyjar. The line-up were Cameron Baines on guitar, Ben Petterson on vocals and guitar, Grant Relf on bass guitar and backing vocals, and Charles Zerafa on drums. Recorded in 1994 at Sing Sing Studios in Richmond, it was produced and engineered by two members of United States punk band, Descendents: Bill Stevenson and Stephen Egerton. The lead single, "Time to Grow Up", received moderate radio airplay on Melbourne based RRR FM, and on Australian national youth radio station Triple J.
Track listing
"Do Not Do"
"Time to Grow Up"
"Gee and Al"
"So Easy"
"Nothing's Clear"
"Joker"
"2 Many Times"
"Double Standard"
"Punk Ass"
"Hardway"
"Parking Space"
"Take A Look Inside"
References
Bodyjar albums
Shock Records albums
1994 albums
Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20a%20Look%20Inside%20%28Bodyjar%20album%29 |
Bitch Magnet was an American post-hardcore band who formed in 1986 at Oberlin College in Ohio and later moved to North Carolina, United States. They released their first record in 1988. All of the band's albums were released on Communion Records in the US; they were also signed to the European labels Shigaku/What Goes On and Glitterhouse. The band disbanded in 1991.
On March 31, 2011, Bitch Magnet announced that the line-up of Fine, Morfin and Park - the band's original recorded line-up - would reunite to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival "Nightmare Before Christmas," held in the UK in December 2011. In addition to performing at ATP, the band also played shows in London, Brussels, Cologne and in the Netherlands at Groningen's Vera club. The band played its first reunion shows in Asia in November 2011, in Seoul and Tokyo. In the spring of 2012 Bitch Magnet played additional shows in Tokyo, Singapore, Hong Kong, and Manila. It concluded its reunion with a tour of America in autumn, 2012, performing in Seattle, San Francisco, two shows in New York, and its final show in Chicago, at the Empty Bottle.
Bitch Magnet's three albums were reissued on December 6, 2011 by Temporary Residence Limited, as a deluxe limited-edition triple-LP set and as a triple CD. The reissues include non-LP tracks and previously unreleased recordings that were remixed with John Congleton in late 2010.
Members
Final line-up
Sooyoung Park – lead vocals, bass guitar (1986–1990, 2011–2012)
Jon Fine – guitar (1986–1990, 2011–2012)
Orestes Morfín (aka Orestes Delatorre) – drums (1987–1990, 2011–2012)
Former members
Jay Oelbaum – drums (1986)
David Grubbs – guitar (1989)
David Galt – guitar (1989)
Pete Pollack – drums (1990)
Discography
Albums
Umber (1989)
Ben Hur (1990)
EPs and singles
Star Booty (1988)
"Valmead" b/w "Pea" - split with Codeine (1990, Glitterhouse also released as 12" with live versions of "Big Pining" and "Navajo Ace")
"Mesentery" & "Motor" b/w "Big Pining (alternate version)" (1990, Waterfront)
"Sadie" b/w "Where Eagles Fly" (cover of Misfits song "Where Eagles Dare") included in limited release of Ben Hur LP (1990)
"Sadie" b/w "Ducks and Drakes (live)" (1991, Caff Records)
Compilations
Endangered Species, a 6 record box set compilation of 7" singles, released by Glitterhouse,1991, contains one track by Bitch Magnet: "White Piece of Bread" (alternate side with Bullet LaVolta's "Hello There")
Bitch Magnet, a triple-CD set containing Ben Hur with "White Piece of Bread" and "Sadie", Umber with "Motor (alternate mix)", and Star Booty with alternate versions of "Sadie" and four other Umber songs. Also released as a triple-LP set. (Temporary Residence Limited, 2011)
Music videos
"Mesentery" (1990)
References
External links
[ Online history of BM]
Musical groups from Ohio
Musical groups from North Carolina
American post-hardcore musical groups
American noise rock music groups
American musical trios
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups disestablished in 1990
Musical groups reestablished in 2011
Glitterhouse Records artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitch%20Magnet |
State Route 167 (SR 167) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California in Mono County. From U.S. Route 395, SR 167 runs along Pole Line Road north of Mono Lake eastward to the Nevada state line where it meets Nevada State Route 359. This road runs almost completely straight, and can be seen almost into the distance as a straight line.
Route description
SR 167 begins with an at-grade intersection with U.S. Route 395. The road then heads northeastward in a straight line, moving slightly north of the north shore of Mono Lake. The route continues in a straight line through a barren landscape in Mono County where it intersects Dobie Meadows Road. SR 167 meets its eastern terminus at the Nevada state line. The road continues as Nevada State Route 359 through Mineral County.
SR 167 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, but is not part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. SR 167 is eligible to be included in the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
California Highways: Route 167
California @ AARoads.com - State Route 167
167
State Route 167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20State%20Route%20167 |
Albert Wessels (1 October 1908 - 22 July 1991) was a South African industrialist and the founder of Toyota South Africa.
Toyota South Africa can trace its roots back to 1961, when Wessels obtained a permit to import ten Toyopet Stout pickup trucks (popularly known as bakkies in South Africa) from Japan. Toyota products proved to be very popular in South Africa and by 1968 Toyota had become the largest producer of commercial vehicles in the country; in the same year it was also chosen as "company of the year" by the South African financial press.
Albert Wessels was succeeded as chief executive officer of Toyota South Africa by his son, Bert Wessels, in 1988; Bert also became the company's executive chairman on his father's death.
He married the South African poet Elisabeth Eybers in 1937, but the couple - who had three daughters and a son - divorced in 1961. However, the Albert Wessels Trust continued to fund the Elisabeth Eybers Prize.
Wessels published an autobiography, Farmboy and Industrialist, in 1987.
References
1908 births
1991 deaths
20th-century South African businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Wessels |
Nadroga Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in the southern part of the main island of Viti Levu.
The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate.
Election results
In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off voting).
1999
2001
2006
Sources
Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
Fiji Facts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadroga%20%28Open%20Constituency%2C%20Fiji%29 |
Metatorbernite (or meta-torbernite) is a radioactive phosphate mineral, and is a dehydration pseudomorph of torbernite. Chemically, it is a copper uranyl phosphate and usually occurs in the form of green platy deposits. It can form by direct deposition from a supersaturated solution, which produces true crystalline metatorbernite, with a dark green colour, translucent diaphaneity, and vitreous lustre. However, more commonly, it is formed by the dehydration of torbernite, which causes internal stress and breakage within the crystal lattice, resulting in crystals composed of microscopic powder held together using electrostatic force, and having a lighter green colour, opaque diaphaneity, and a relatively dull lustre. As with torbernite, it is named after the Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman. It is especially closely associated with torbernite, but is also found amongside autunite, meta-autunite and uraninite.
References
Uranium minerals
Uranyl compounds
Copper(II) minerals
Phosphate minerals
Radioactive minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 85
Uranium(VI) minerals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatorbernite |
Boban and Molly (Malayalam: ബോബനും മോളിയും) are the characters of a political satiric Indian weekly comic series created by VT Thomas (known by the pen name Toms) and is one of the longest uninterruptedly running comic series of the world. It was first published in 1962 and has been in print ever since. Boban and Molly, twin brother and sister from the rural environs of central Travancore became popular in Kerala through the Malayala Manorama weekly, which published the strip for almost four decades. After a controversial legal battle between Malayala Manorama and Thomas, Boban and Molly began to appear as a comic magazine called "Tom's Magazine".
Toms achieved enormous success and fame through Boban and Molly, and became one of the most influential comic artists in Kerala. According to Toms, the prototypes of Boban and Molly were two naughty kids who stayed next door to his ancestral home in Kuttanad. The themes appear in the comics varies from childish adventures and pranks to contemporary social and political satires. The political and social issues are predominantly discussed in the series produced in the later period.
Characters
The setting the series is at the fictional Kizhukkamthookku village in Central Travancore.
Boban and Molly
The main characters of the series, two 12-year-old twins. They hail from a middle class Christian family in central Travancore. It is known that Toms named Boban and Molly after two children in his neighbourhood who one day came to him and asked him to draw their picture. Toms said: "This took place after these two naughty children thwarted every attempt of mine to prevent them from jumping the fence around my house and walking through the kitchen, on their way to school."
Dog of Boban and Molly
A little dog owned by the Pothan family, named as Chungan The dog can be seen with the kids in almost every panel.
Lawyer Pothan and Marykutty
Boban and Molly's parents.
Ittunnan Chettan
The foolish president of the Kizhukkamthookku gram panchayat.
Mariyamma
Wife of Ittunnan Chettan, known as "Chettathi".
Ashan
The author often uses Ashan to introduce and explain contemporary events and political changes in the society.
Unnikkuttan
The character is famous for his impish pranks and innocent retorts. The strips generally narrates the mischievous antics of the six-year-old, who constantly puts his parents and teachers in a spot of trouble. "Unnikkuttan is my best-loved character. Though, over the years, I have created many characters, he has remained the most endearing of them all," says Toms, revealing that idea for the character came from his elder daughter Molly’s son whose nickname is Unnikkuttan. "My grandson was a prankster, who used to threaten his mother that he would divorce her if she scolded him," recollects artist Toms.
Appi the Hippie
A hippie in the village ... the romantic guy with a guitar trying to get girls ..
Legal battle with Malayala Manorama
It was only after an infamous legal battle with Malayala Manorama, the "Toms Magazine" came into stands. The controversy became a debating point in the local media and later attracted the attention of the national media.
Toms joined Malayala Manorama, the most popular daily in Kerala, as a cartoonist in 1961, and worked there till retiring as an assistant editor in June 1987. After leaving the Malayala Manorama, he started publishing the strip in the magazine Kalakaumudi, against which the Manorama went to court. A local court temporarily restrained Toms and permitted Manorama to continue publication of the Boban and Molly. However, on an appeal, the High Court of Kerala ruled that pursuant to the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, while the ownership of the strips drawn during Toms’ employment with Manorama would continue to be with the publication, Toms was free to own the characters Boban and Molly and could continue to create cartoon strips featuring them and publish them at his will.
Cultural impact
It is said that Toms even influenced the way a Malayali read a magazine — from back to front— thanks to his strip which appeared in the back pages of the Malayala Manorama weekly.
In other media
Bobanum Moliyum, 1971 film adaptation of the comic directed by Sasikumar
Boban and Molly, a 2006 animated Malayalam film directed by A. K. Saiber.
References
External links
Official Website
Indian comics
Malayalam comics
1962 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1962
Humor comics
Satirical comics
Fictional Indian people
Twin characters in comics
Fictional tricksters
Comics set in India
Comic strip duos
Child characters in comics
Male characters in comics
Female characters in comics
Comics adapted into films
1962 establishments in Kerala | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boban%20and%20Molly |
Rauni Mollberg (April 15, 1929 – October 11, 2007) was a Finnish film director who directed movies and TV movies.
In 1963 Mollberg directed movies for YLE. He directed a version of The Unknown Soldier in 1985, 30 years after Edvin Laine directed the original version of it. Mollberg's movie's plot was same as Laine's movie. But Mollberg used unknown actors and the movie was colourised and shot by a handhold camera.
Mollberg did not begin directing films for the cinema until he was well into his forties. He made a notable splash on the international festival circuit in 1974 with The Earth Is A Sinful Song (1973), his debut feature, an earthy, erotically-charged, blood-soaked tale of a young village girl's ill-fated affair with a Lapp reindeer herdsman. Based on a novel by the late Timo K. Mukka, one of Finland's most controversial young writers, the film "stunned Scandinavian critics and audiences alike with its simple, terrible power and its authentic sensuality" (Peter Cowie), and went on to become one of the biggest box-office successes in the Finnish cinema's history. It also introduced Mollberg's trademark style: "a realistic naturalism full of expressive force with which he merges the people with the scenery, stripping them bare of life's illusions and the polished veneer of culture" (Sakari Toiviainen). Despite Peter Cowie's efforts, and the acclaim of many other critics and "independent" festivals, The Finnish National Film board has stubbornly sequestered this masterpiece, only releasing it in a DVD format incompatible with international viewing, and lacking English subtitles.
During his career he was used to get wide audiences in Finland. His film The Earth is a Sinful Song (1973) sold 709,664 tickets and it is 11th on the list of most admissions to a Finnish film. 590,271 tickets were sold for the screenings of The Unknown Soldier (1985) making it the 17th highest-grossing movie in the history of Finland.
Awards and nominations
Berlin International Film Festival: Nominated for Golden Bear (1974 and 1981 for films The Earth is a Sinful Song and Milka).
Locarno International Film Festival: Won Special prize for The Earth is a Sinful Song (1974).
Napoli Film Festival: Won Best Director award for Pretty Good for a Human (1978).
Jussi Awards: Best Director award for Sotaerakko (1973), The Earth is a Sinful Song (1974), Pretty Good for a Human (1978), The Unknown Soldier (1986), Best Producer award for Milka (1981).
Filmography
"Lapsuuteni", 1967
Tehtaan varjossa, 1969
Sotaerakko, 1972
Maa on syntinen laulu, 1973
Aika hyvä ihmiseksi, 1977
Milka – elokuva tabuista, 1980
Tuntematon sotilas, 1985
Ystävät, toverit, 1990
Paratiisin lapset, 1994
Taustan Mikon kotiinpaluu, 1999
Ison miehen vierailu, 1999
Puu kulkee, 2000
Heikuraisen Nauru, 2001
Korpisen veljekset, 2002
Reissu, 2004
References
External links
List of highest grossing Finnish movies(in Finnish)
1929 births
2007 deaths
People from Hämeenlinna
Finnish film directors
Deaths from leukemia
Deaths from cancer in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauni%20Mollberg |
Metal Fırtına () is a 2004 novel by Turkish writers Orkun Uçar and Burak Turna. It became an immediate bestseller in Turkey, with several hundred thousand copies sold as of 2006.
The book gained international attention mainly because of its plot about a war between Turkey and the United States (who are NATO allies) and because of its enthusiastic reception in Turkey. According to the Turkish newspaper Radikal, "the Foreign Ministry and General Staff are reading it keenly" and "all cabinet members also have it".
The book's plot and reception is thought by most observers to reflect an increasing level of Anti-Americanism in the wake of the War on Terror, the Iraq War and especially the "2003 Hood Event" that was perceived as a national humiliation in Turkey.
The U.S. government in the novel is led by a nameless president reminiscent of George W. Bush and portrayed as an Evangelical zealot. It also includes real-life U.S. Cabinet members Condoleezza Rice and Donald Rumsfeld. The novel also features then-current real-life political leaders at the helm of their respective nations.
Plot
In 2007, the United States invades Turkey to gain control of its deposits of an important strategic resource, borax. After securing the principal cities in Turkey, the United States attempts to re-enact the Treaty of Sèvres by dividing Turkey up between its historic rivals Greece and Armenia. Turkey responds by forming a military alliance with China, Russia and Germany. A Turkish agent then steals an American nuclear bomb and detonates it in Washington, D.C., killing millions of people. This however, backfires and U.S. troops increase their abuse of occupied Turkish citizens and the invasion picks up in pace. When American troops reach Istanbul, the conflict degrades to urban combat between U.S. forces, Turkish armed citizenry, Turkish Army remnants and police forces. The climax turns out to be anticlimactic; the occupation of Istanbul agitates Russia, the European Union and China to sign a military alliance and threaten the United States with nuclear warfare in order to stop the invasion. The war comes to a close; U.S. forces retreat, and Turkey is saved. The agent, a member of a secret Turkish intelligence agency named "The Grey Team", trained from birth as obedient and amoral orphans, kidnaps the mastermind behind the invasion, the CEO of a corporation funding the U.S. president, and the book ends with a Central Asian torture scene with said CEO.
See also
Turkey-United States relations
Valley of the Wolves Iraq, a 2006 Turkish film also featuring a Turkish-U.S. conflict
References
2004 novels
Fiction set in 2007
Anti-Americanism
Dystopian novels
Novels set in Turkey
Political novels
Turkey–United States relations
Turkish novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20F%C4%B1rt%C4%B1na |
Etienne de Rocher is a Berkeley, California-based singer songwriter who plays a unique style of indie rock. His eponymous album was released in 2006.
As of 2021, de Rocher is part of Athens, Georgia-based Haunted Shed.
Studio albums
Etienne de Rocher (2006)
Lazybones (unknown)
References
External links
Musicians from Berkeley, California
American male singer-songwriters
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne%20de%20Rocher |
Michel Mathieu may refer to:
Michel Mathieu (French politician) (1944–2010), High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia
Michel Mathieu (Canadian politician) (1838–1916), lawyer, judge and member of the Canadian House of Commons
See also
Michael Mathieu (born 1984), Bahamian sprinter | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Mathieu |
David Moore Anderson MHK (born 6 February 1954) is a former Member of the House of Keys for Glenfaba. He also served in a number of ministerial posts on the Isle of Man and is therefore a former member of the Council of Ministers.
Political career
Anderson was elected as a Member of the House of Keys in 2001 for Glenfaba. He was re-elected in 2006 and 2011. He had previously served as a Commissioner for the parish of Patrick from 1992 until his election to the House of Keys.
He was elected to the Legislative Council in 2015, for what was intended to be a five-year term, but he announced his early retirement in 2018.
He was called to resign by protesters following his support of legislation which would have prohibited the advocacy of homosexuality in schools.
Ministerial positions
Anderson served in several ministerial posts while a member of the House of Keys:
Minister for Education, 2004–06
Minister for Transport, 2006–10
Minister for Health, 2010–14
Personal life
Anderson is the son of former President of the Legislative Council Ian Anderson.
He received his secondary education at the Douglas High School for Boys. He later moved to Cumbria, where he studied at Newton Rigg Agricultural College.
He has been married to Jane (née Williams) since 1982; they have 2 grown up children together. He also has worked as a dairy and mixed farmer.
He also served as the Vice-President of the Manx Farmers Union from 1999 until 2001.
He is a keen athlete, having competed in the Commonwealth Games in 1978. He was recently World Champion for Under 50s at 400m hurdles, and continues to race.
References
Living people
1954 births
Athletes (track and field) at the 1978 Commonwealth Games
Members of the House of Keys 2001–2006
Members of the House of Keys 2006–2011
Members of the House of Keys 2011–2016
Manx people of Irish descent
British sportsperson-politicians
Commonwealth Games competitors for the Isle of Man | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Anderson%20%28Manx%20politician%29 |
The 1995 Pan American Games were held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, from March 12 to March 26, 1995. After 44 years, this was the Pan American Games' first return to the country that hosted the first Games, in 1951.
Overview
The seaside resort city of Mar del Plata hosted the XII Pan American Games. The city of 600,000 is located 400 km south of Buenos Aires. Welcoming 5,144 athletes from 42 countries of PASO community, events were held in 34 different sports. The Games were held early by Northern Hemisphere standards, but at the end of summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Organizers spread the 1995 games throughout Argentina, including Buenos Aires, Parana, and Mar del Plata.
Bidding process
Only Mar del Plata submitted a bid to host the 1995 Pan American Games that was recognized by the Pan American Sports Organization (OPEPA). Honoring an agreement that was made after Mar del Plata withdrew their bid for the 1991 Pan American Games, ODEPA selected Mar del Plata as the host city for the 1995 games at their General Assembly in Havana, Cuba in October 1989.
Venues
Mar del Plata
Estadio José María Minella: Opening and Closing ceremonies, Football
Justo Román Athletic stadium: Athletics
Polideportivo Islas Malvinas: Basketball, Volleyball
Municipal Velodrome: Cycling
Pan American Field Hockey Stadium: Field Hockey
Alberto Zorrilla Natatorium: Swimming
Patinódromo Municipal: Roller sports (skating)
Laguna de los Padres: Rowing, Canoeing
Mascot and logo
The mascot, Lobi, is a sea lion, an animal commonly found in the waters of Mar de Plata. He stands for the host city and is displayed with welcoming open arms. The words in the poster are constructed to imply a launching point or podium.
Medal count
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title.
Note
The medal count for the United States is disputed.
Sports
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Basque pelota
Bowling
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
Field Hockey
Football
Gymnastics (artistic)
Gymnastics (rhythmic)
Handball
Judo
Karate
Racquetball
Roller sports (skating)
Roller sports (hockey)
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Softball
Squash
Swimming
Synchronized swimming
Table tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Water polo
Water skiing
Weightlifting
Wrestling
The sports of basque pelota, karate, racquetball, squash, triathlon and water skiing appeared on the schedule for the first time.
References
External links
Mar del Plata 1995 - XII Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org
P
P
Sport in Mar del Plata
Multi-sport events in Argentina
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
March 1995 sports events in South America | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Pan%20American%20Games |
The 37 mm gun M3 is the first dedicated anti-tank gun fielded by United States forces in numbers. Introduced in 1940, it became the standard anti-tank gun of the U.S. infantry with its size enabling it to be pulled by a jeep. However, the continuing improvement of German tanks quickly rendered the 37 mm ineffective and, by 1943, it was being gradually replaced in the European and Mediterranean theaters by the more powerful British-developed 57 mm gun M1. In the Pacific, where the Japanese tank threat was less significant, the M3 remained in service until the end of the war, but some 57mm guns were issued.
Like many other light anti-tank guns, the M3 was widely used in the infantry support role and as an anti-personnel weapon, firing high-explosive and canister rounds.
The M5 and M6 tank mounted variants were used in several models of armored vehicles most notably in the Stuart Light Tank M3/M5, the Lee Medium Tank M3, and Greyhound Light Armored Car M8. In addition, the M3 in its original version was mated to a number of other self-propelled carriages.
The inability of the 37mm round to penetrate the frontal armor of mid-war tanks severely restricted the anti-armor capabilities of units armed with them.
Development history
In the mid-1930s, the United States Army had yet to field a dedicated anti-tank artillery piece; anti-tank companies of infantry regiments were armed with machine guns. Although some consideration had been given to replacing the machine guns with a more powerful anti-tank gun, the situation began to change only after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Combat experience from Spain suggested that a light anti-tank gun, such as the German 37 mm PaK 35/36, was capable of neutralizing the growing threat posed by tanks.
In January 1937, the Ordnance Committee recommended development of such a weapon; two PaK 36 guns were acquired for study. As the projected main user of the weapon, the Infantry Branch was chosen to oversee the work. They wanted a lightweight gun that could be moved around by the crew, so any ideas of using a larger caliber than that of the German gun were discarded. The 37 mm was a popular caliber of anti-tank guns in the 1930s; other anti-tank guns of the same caliber included Swedish Bofors gun, Czechoslovakian vz. 34 and vz. 37, Japanese Type 94 and Type 1.
Development and testing continued until late 1938. Several variants of gun and carriage were proposed until on 15 December a combination of the T10 gun and T5 carriage was officially adopted as the 37 mm gun M3 and carriage M4. Although the weapon followed the concept of the PaK 36 and was often referred to as a copy of it, the M3 differed significantly from the German design and used different ammunition.
The gun was manufactured by Watervliet Arsenal and the carriage by Rock Island Arsenal. The first production examples of the M3 were delivered in July 1940. It took until August 1941 for production to accelerate, and some infantry antitank units were forced to use wooden mock-ups of the new gun or their original weapons (37 mm gun M1916) during the Louisiana Maneuvers and Carolina Maneuvers, and did not get their first weapons until late 1941. Production continued until October 1943.
Minor changes in the gun construction were introduced during production. The carriage received a modified shoulder guard and traverse controls (carriage M4A1, standardized on 29 January 1942). Although ordnance requested an upgrade of all M4 carriages to M4A1, this process was not completed. Another change was a threaded barrel end to accept a big five-port muzzle brake (gun M3A1, adopted on 5 March 1942). According to some sources, the latter was intended to avoid kicking too much dust in front of the gun, which hindered aiming; however, the brake turned out to be a safety problem when firing canister ammunition and consequently the M3A1 went into combat without the muzzle brake. Other sources state that the muzzle brake was intended to soften the recoil, and that it was dropped simply because additional recoil control measures were not really needed.
In an attempt to increase the armor penetration of the M3, several squeeze bore adapters (including the British Littlejohn adaptor) were tested; none was adopted. Experiments with rocket launchers on the M4 carriage (e.g. rocket projector T3) did not produce anything practical either.
Description
The barrel was of one-piece forged construction, with uniform rifling (12 grooves, right-hand twist, one turn in 25 calibers). The breech end of the barrel was screwed into a breech ring. The breech mechanism was of standard vertical sliding-block type, but unlike the overwhelming majority of the anti-tank guns of the era, it was not semi-automatic, meaning that a crew member had to manually open and close the breech at each shot. The barrel was fitted with a hydrospring recoil system.
The carriage was of split trail type, with pneumatic tires but without any spring suspension whatsoever. Mounted on the axle next to the wheels were the "wheel segments"; these were segment-shaped supports that could be lowered to provide more stability in the firing position or raised so that they would not impede movement of the gun.
The telescopic sight on the M6 and both elevation and traverse controls were located on the left side, so one gunner was able to aim the gun. The traverse gear had a release mechanism which allowed free movement of the barrel in case a quick traverse was needed.
Organization
US Army
Under the April 1942 organization, each infantry battalion had an anti-tank platoon with four 37 mm guns (1/4 ton trucks, better known as jeeps, were authorized as prime movers) and each regiment an anti-tank company with twelve (towed by 3/4 ton trucks). Each of the four divisional artillery battalions possessed six anti-tank guns, the combat engineering battalion had nine pieces (towed by M2 halftracks); in addition, the division's headquarters company had four (towed by 3/4 ton trucks) and the divisional maintenance company two.
In 1941, provisional antitank battalions had been formed from divisional or brigade anti-tank weapons (producing companies armed with 37 mm guns and 75 mm guns), in December 1941, these battalions became permanent and were reorganized as independent tank destroyer battalions. The towed guns of many battalions were replaced with self-propelled ones as soon as the latter became available.
In 1942, the first airborne divisions were formed. According to their October 1942 organizational structure, an airborne division had 44 37 mm anti-tank guns: four in divisional artillery (AA/AT battery of parachute field artillery battalion), 24 in the AA/AT battalion, and eight in each of two glider infantry regiments; parachute infantry regiments did not have anti-tank guns. In practice, airborne divisions often had only one glider infantry regiment and therefore 36 guns.
37 mm guns were also issued to the infantry regiments of the only mountain division formed in the U.S.: the 10th Mountain Division.
Finally, U.S. armored divisions under the March 1942 organization possessed 68 37 mm anti-tank guns. Of these, 37 belonged to the armored infantry regiment (four in each company and one in regiment HQ); 27 to the armored engineer battalion; three to the divisional train and one to division HQ.
US Marine Corps
Under the D-series Tables of Organization (TO) from 1 July 1942, the role of AT weapons in Marine Corps service was officially entrusted to 20 mm automatic guns, which were in the regimental weapon company (three platoons) and the battalion weapon company (one platoon). In practice, units used the World War I-era 37 mm M1916 for training. They were equipped with the M3 (four in each platoon) before being sent to the frontline. Additionally, a divisional special weapons battalion was equipped with self-propelled 37 mm GMC M6.
Under the E-series TO from 15 April 1943, self-propelled guns in the divisional special weapons battalion were replaced with eighteen 37 mm towed guns in three batteries of six; an infantry regiment had a weapons company with 12, in three platoons of four. The battalion-level AT guns were removed. In total, a division possessed 54 pieces. The F-series TO from 5 May 1944 removed the special weapons battalion from the divisional organization, resulting in a total of 36 guns per division. The subsequent G-series TO reduced regimental weapon companies to two platoons, meaning 24 pieces per division. Although the G-series TO was only adopted on 4 September 1945, in practice in some divisions this change was introduced early in 1945.
Other operators
The only major lend lease recipient of the M3 was the Chinese National Revolutionary Army (1,669 pieces). The gun was also supplied to Bolivia (4), Canada (3), Chile (198), Colombia (4), Cuba (1), El Salvador (9), France (130), Paraguay (12), United Kingdom (78), Soviet Union (63), Nicaragua (9), and other countries. Some nations still had it in service in the early 1970s.
Combat service
As an infantry anti-tank gun
The M3 saw action for the first time during the defense of the Philippines in December 1941. It went on to become a factor in the Guadalcanal Campaign, where it was successfully employed against both Japanese armor and infantry. Throughout the war it remained effective against Japanese vehicles, which were thinly armored and were rarely committed in large groups. The light weight of the gun made it easy to move through difficult terrain; for example, when attacked by Japanese tanks on Betio during the Battle of Tarawa, Marines were able to heave the M3 over the -high seawall. While high-explosive and canister ammunition proved useful in stopping Japanese infantry attacks, against enemy fortifications the M3 was only somewhat effective because of its small high-explosive projectile. Its overall effectiveness and ease of use meant the gun remained in service with the Marine Corps and with some army units in the Pacific until the end of the war. Unhappy with the unusually low shield of the M3, some Marine Corps units extended it to provide better protection. These extensions sometimes had a scalloped top edge, intended to improve camouflage. A standard kit was tested in 1945, but was never issued.
The experience of the M3 in the North African Campaign was completely different. The gun was not powerful enough to deal with late production German Panzer III and IV tanks. After the nearly disastrous Battle of Kasserine Pass in February 1943, reports from some of the involved units mentioned 37 mm projectiles "bouncing off like marbles" from the turret and front armor of German medium tanks and proclaimed the gun "useless unless you have gun crews with the guts to stand and shoot from 100 yards". The Army was initially uncertain if these reports reflected the obsolescence of the weapon, or whether unrefined tactics and lack of experience were to blame. Yet, on 26 May 1943, a new organization had the M3 replaced by the 57 mm Gun M1 (the U.S.-produced version of the British 6-pounder gun), with Dodge 1½ ton trucks as prime movers. Only by spring 1944 did the 57 mm gun reach the battlefield in large numbers.
Meanwhile, the Italian campaign was launched, and M3 guns saw action from the day of the Sicily landing on 10 July 1943. That day the 37 mm guns demonstrated once again both their effectiveness against pre-war tanks—when they helped to repel an attack by Italian Renault R 35s—and inability to cope with modern threats in a subsequent encounter with Tiger Is from the Hermann Göring division. The Italian theater had a lower priority for reequipment than Northwest Europe, and some M3s were still in use in Italy in late 1944.
By mid-1944, the M3 had fallen out of favor even with airborne troops, despite their strong preference for compact and lightweight weapon systems. The Airborne Command had rejected the 57 mm M1 in the summer of 1943 claiming its unfitness for airlifting and the Table of Organisation and Equipment (TO&E) of February 1944 still had airborne divisions keeping their 37 mm guns. Nevertheless, the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were reequipped with British-manufactured 6-pounder gun (57 mm) on carriage Mk III (designed to fit into the British Horsa glider) for the Normandy airdrops. This change was officially introduced in the TO&E of December 1944.
As a tank gun
The 37mm gun was used as the primary armament for M3/M5 Stuart light tanks and M8 Greyhound armored cars. AP rounds from these guns could defeat light enemy armor, including all Japanese and Italian armor, German half-tracks and armored cars, and most surfaces of tanks and early self-propelled guns based on the German Panzer II, Panzer III, and early Panzer IV chassis, but were useless against later Panzer IV, Panzer VI (Tiger) tanks and the frontal armor of Panzer V (Panther) tanks. It was also similarly useless against later, more heavily armored self-propelled guns and Jagdpanzer tank destroyers. The HE rounds were not powerful enough for effective infantry support in most situations. The rounds were enough, however, to attack enemy light reconnaissance units, and both the M3/M5 Stuart and M8 Greyhound were restricted to reconnaissance for the majority of the war in Europe. Canister rounds were often used to good effect against Japanese infantry in many battles, such as Bloody Ridge.
There were also serious issues with the gun's ability to function effectively in the infantry support role. The 37mm HE round had 39 grams (0.085 lb) of TNT, producing an explosive power of 161 Kilojoules. By way of contrast, the HE round from a Sherman 75mm gun had 667 grams (1.47 lb) of TNT, producing 2790 Kilojoules, while the modern 40mm shell from M203 grenade launchers has 32 grams (0.07 lb) of Comp B, producing an explosive power of 134 Kilojoules.
The M3 was phased out of U.S. service soon after the end of the war.
Variants
Test variants:
T3 – the first prototype.
T7 – a prototype with semi-automatic horizontal sliding-block breech.
T8 – a prototype with Nordenfelt eccentric screw breech.
T10 – standardized as M3 (1938) – an adopted version, with manual vertical block breech.
Model variants
M3 towed version, manual breech.
M3A1 (1942) – version with threaded barrel end to accept a muzzle brake, which was never issued.
M5 (1939) – tank mounted variant with shorter barrel.
M6 (1940) – tank mounted variant with barrel of the original length and with semi-automatic breech.
Carriage variants:
T1, T1E1 – prototypes.
T5, standardized as M4 – first adopted version.
M4A1 (1942) – carriage with improved traverse controls.
In 1942, the Airborne Command requested a version with removable trails. A prototype was tested, but in 1943 the project was dropped as unnecessary.
At least in one case, Fifth Army Ordnance in Italy fitted the gun experimentally with fifteen aircraft rockets, in five clusters of three, mounted above the shield.
Variants of the M3 should not be confused with other 37 mm guns in the U.S. service. Those other pieces included the M1916 infantry gun of French design (these were later used extensively as subcaliber devices for heavy artillery.), M1 antiaircraft autocannon, M4/M9/M10 aircraft-mounted autocannons, M12/M13/M14/M15 subcaliber guns.
Self-propelled mounts
Two tank gun variants were developed based on the barrel of the M3. The first, initially designated M3A1 but renamed M5 on 13 October 1939, was shortened by to avoid damage to the tube in wooded areas. Later, a variant with a semi-automatic breech (with empty cartridge ejection) was developed. This variant—initially designated M5E1, adopted as M6 on 14 November 1940—received a full length barrel. The tubes were interchangeable, but replacing M5 with M6 and vice versa would result in an unbalanced mount and was therefore prohibited. These guns were mounted on several models of tanks and other armored vehicles:
Light Tank M2A4: M5 in mount M20. The recoil mechanism, protruding beyond the gun mask, had to be protected by an armored casing.
Light Tank M3: M5 in mount M22, in late production vehicles M6 in mount M23. These mounts were fitted with more compact recoil mechanism, eliminating the need for the protective casing.
Light Tank M3A1, M5: M6 in mount M23.
Light Tank M3A3, M5A1: M6 in mount M44.
Light Tank (Airborne) M22: M6 in mount M53.
M3 series medium tanks (as a secondary weapon): M5 or M6 in mount M24.
Heavy Tank M6 (as a secondary weapon): M6 in mount T49.
LVT(A)-1 : M6 in mount M44.
37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T22 – eventually Light Armored Car M8: M6 in mount M23A1; the competing designs 37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T43 / Light Armored Car T21 and 37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T23 / Light Armored Car T23 mounted the same weapon.
Armored Car T13.
Armored Car T17: M6 in mount M24.
Armored Car T17E1 in the "Staghound Mk I" configuration: M6 in mount M24A1.
The first pilot of the Armored Car T18: M6. The production variant T18E2 received the 57mm M1.
Armored Car T19: M6 in mount M23A1.
Armored Car T27: M6 in mount M23A1 modified.
Armored Car T28 / M38: M6 in mount M23A2.
British Humber Armoured Car Mk IV: M6.
Versions of the gun in turret mounts were also used in the Medium Tank T5 Phase III (T3 barrel, mount T1), in the Medium Tank M2 / M2A1 (M3 barrel, M2A1: mount M19), and in the 37mm Gun Motor Carriage T42 (mount M22).
In addition, the M3 on different pedestal mounts was mated to a number of other vehicles, resulting in an assortment of 37 mm gun motor carriages. Only the M6 reached mass production.
37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T2 (Bantam jeep).
37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T8 (Ford 4x4 "Swamp Buggy").
37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T13, T14 (Willys 6x6 "Super Jeep").
37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T21 / M4 / M6 (Fargo 3/4 ton 4x4 truck).
37 mm Gun Motor Carriage T33 (Ford 3/4 ton 4x4 cargo carrier).
M3A1E3 Scout Car.
The gun was sometimes mounted on M2 Halftrack, M29 Weasel and on the 1/4 ton Willys MB / Ford GPW jeep (see photo on the right).
On several occasions, the M3 was mounted on PT boats to increase their firepower. One of these boats was John F. Kennedy's PT-109. The gun with its wheels removed was mounted on wooden planks nailed to the deck.
Ammunition
The M3 utilized fixed ammunition. Projectiles were fitted with a 37x223R cartridge case, designated Cartridge Case M16. Available projectiles included armor-piercing, high-explosive and canister. 1943 Soviet analysis described armor-piercing shots as modern, but criticized the M63 HE shell, claiming its M58 base fuze didn't work properly in tests.
Armor penetration of the M5 was about 3 mm less at all ranges.
Gallery
Notes
Notes
Citations
References
Moschanskiy, I. (1999). Armored vehicles of the Great Britain 1939–1945 part 2, Modelist-Konstruktor, Bronekollektsiya 1999–02 ().
External links
Photo gallery at Fightingiron.com
Photo gallery at SVSM.org .
Popular Science, April 1940, "Tanks Can Be Destroyed"—article on early US Army concepts for tank destroyers using Gun M3 on various vehicles
"Little Poison", August 1942, Popular Science—excellent detailed article on the M3 antitank cannon
37 mm artillery
Anti-tank guns of the United States
Tank guns of the United States
World War II anti-tank guns
World War II weapons of China
World War II tank guns
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37%20mm%20gun%20M3 |
David Clifford Cretney (born 15 January 1954) is a former Manx politician. He was, until March 2014, Minister of Infrastructure in the Isle of Man Government, and had formerly headed the Departments of Community, Culture & Leisure, Trade & Industry, and Tourism & Leisure. He was a Member of the House of Keys for the Manx Labour Party, representing Douglas South from 1985. He has been a member of the upper house, the Legislative Council since 2015.
Before going into politics, Cretney was a shop manager (1977–85) and he was also a businessman in the period 1985–2012.
In December 2012 and early January 2013 he closed down his two bargain-basement retail outlets having chosen not to renew the leases on either of his premises.
Governmental positions
Chairman of the Post Office Authority, 1992–96
Minister of Tourism and Leisure, 1996–2006
Minister of Trade and Industry, 2006–10
Minister of Community, Culture and Leisure, 2010–11
Minister of Infrastructure, 2011–14
References
1954 births
Living people
Manx businesspeople
Members of the House of Keys 1981–1986
Members of the House of Keys 1986–1991
Members of the House of Keys 1991–1996
Members of the House of Keys 1996–2001
Members of the House of Keys 2001–2006
Members of the House of Keys 2006–2011
Members of the House of Keys 2011–2016
Manx Labour Party politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Cretney |
This is a list of edible flowers.
See also
List of culinary herbs and spices
List of edible nuts
Flower
Edible flowers
List of useful plants
References
flowers, edible
flowers, edible
'
flowers, edible
flowers, edible
'flowers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20edible%20flowers |
Illis quorum (Illis quorum meruere labores) (English: "For Those Whose Labors Have Deserved It") is a gold medal awarded for outstanding contributions to Swedish culture, science or society.
The award was introduced in 1784 by King Gustav III, and was first awarded in 1785. Prior to 1975, the medal was awarded by the King of Sweden. Illis quorum is now awarded by the Government of Sweden, and it is currently the highest award that can be conferred upon an individual Swedish citizen by the Government. It is awarded, on average, to seven people per year.
Selected recipients
1848 – Rafael Ginard i Sabater
1873 – Sophia Wilkens
1883 – Lea Ahlborn
1890 – Karin Åhlin
1895 – Sophie Adlersparre, Emmy Rappe
1896 – Hilda Caselli
1899 – Ellen Bergman
1904 – Anna Sandström
1907 – Gertrud Adelborg, Anna Hierta-Retzius
1910 – Agda Montelius
1913 – Anna Rönström
1918 – Kerstin Hesselgren, Emilie Rathou
1920 – Elsa Brändström
1921 – Frigga Carlberg
1923 – Matilda Widegren
1924 – Magna Sunnerdahl
1925 – Ann-Margret Holmgren
1927 – Selma Lagerlöf, Aurore Grandien, Jacob Hägg
1932 – Valfrid Palmgren
1936 – Hanna Rydh
1942 – Eva Ramstedt
1945 – Anna Johansson-Visborg, Olivia Nordgren
1946 – Naima Sahlbom
1952 – Raoul Wallenberg
1978 – Astrid Lindgren
1981 – Birgit Nilsson
1983 - Bengt Idestam-Almquist
1985 – Astrid Lindgren, Sune Bergström
1993 – Lars Lönndahl
1994 – Putte Wickman
1998 – Thage G. Peterson
1999 – Arne Isacsson
2002 – Per Anger, Dina Schneidermann
2003 – Birgitta Dahl
2005 – Lennart Johansson, Janne Schaffer
2006 – Peter Dahl
2010 – Hans Rosling
2012 – Gunilla Bergström
2014 – Martin Widmark
2023 – Lena Anderson
2023 – Christofer Murray
2023 – Carola Häggkvist
See also
Orders, decorations, and medals of Sweden
References
Orders, decorations, and medals of Sweden
1784 establishments in Sweden
Awards established in 1784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illis%20quorum |
Chaldean people may refer to:
Ancient Chaldean people, ancient Semitic people in southern Mesopotamia
Modern Chaldean people, modern self-identification of Chaldean Catholics
See also
Chaldean (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean%20people |
Longzhou County Zhuang: Lungzcouh Yen) is a county of southwestern Guangxi, China, bordering Cao Bằng province, Vietnam. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Chongzuo.
Longzhou lies in a circular valley at the junction of the Xun and Gui rivers.
Geography and climate
Longzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with short, mild winters, and long, very hot and humid summers. Winter begins dry but becomes progressively wetter and cloudier. Spring is generally overcast and often rainy, while summer continues to be rainy though is the sunniest time of year. Autumn is sunny and dry. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, and the annual mean is . The annual rainfall is just above , a majority of which is delivered from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 16% in February and March to 50% in September, the county receives 1,583 hours of bright sunshine annually.
Divisions
Towns
Longzhou (龙州镇)
Xiadong (下冻镇)
Shuikou (水口镇)
Jinlong(金龙镇)
Xiangshui(响水镇)
Townships
Bajiao(八角乡)
Shangjiang(上降乡)
Binqiao(彬桥乡)
Shanglong(上龙乡)
Wude(武德乡)
Zhubu(逐卜乡)
Shangjin(上金乡)
References
Counties of Guangxi
Chongzuo
China–Vietnam border crossings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longzhou%20County |
Dominic Chan Chi-ming (; born 1952) is the former vicar general of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong. He also serves as parish priest of the city's Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.
Early life
Chan was born in Yim Tin Tsai, Sai Kung District, New Territories, Hong Kong in 1952. Chan is of A Hakka ancestry. He was ordained priest by Cardinal John Baptist Wu in 1979.
Chan later led funds to restore a chapel on Yim Tin Tsai Island in compliance with a UNESCO restoration project in 2016.
Vicar General
Chan served as vicar general of the Diocese of Hong Kong from December 1992 until January 2019. He was chosen together with John Tong Hon, and served with him until the latter's appointment as coadjutor bishop of Hong Kong in 2008. Chan has also served as vicar general alongside Michael Yeung (from 2009 until 2016, when Yeung was appointed coadjutor bishop), Pierre Lam (2009–2014), Joseph Ha (2014–2019), Peter Choy, and Benedict Lam (both 2017–2019). The office of vicar general became vacant upon the death of Michael Yeung on 3 January 2019.
In this office, Chan serves as Chairperson of the Diocesan Pastoral Commission for Marriage and the Family, the Diocesan Commission for Laity Formation, the Committee for Promoting the Cardinal's Pastoral Exhortation, the Diocesan Board of Catholic Cemeteries and the Diocesan Committee for the Permanent Diaconate. He is also an Ex-officio Member of the Council of Priests, the Diocesan Personnel Commission, the Hong Kong Catholic Board of Education, the Hong Kong Catholic Education Development Committee, the Central Management Committee for Diocesan Schools and the Diocesan Building and Development Commission. While Chan has been the Vicar General, Hong Kong has recruited more married men to become deacons (Hong Kong was the first Catholic diocese in Asia to ordain married men as deacons). Chan visited former Hong Kong leader Donald Tsang while Tsang's trials were ongoing.
In 2017, Chan presided over the ceremonies in which the Our Lady of Fatima Statue passed through the territory on its first stop en route to Portugal to celebrate the centennial of the Marian apparition.
Parish priest
Chan has been the Parish Priest of the Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception since 2000.
View on the elevation of Bishop Zen
On 13 February 2006, Chan expressed his view on the then possibility of the elevation of Joseph Zen, the Bishop of Hong Kong, to Cardinal. He said although he was still waiting for a formal announcement, he expected Zen to be elevated to cardinal in the next consistory. He believed that his elevation will show how important the Holy See values the church in China, and that it would be an honour to have a cardinal once again to head the diocese. Zen eventually became a Cardinal.
See also
Catholic Diocese of Hong Kong
References
External links
Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
1952 births
20th-century Chinese Roman Catholic priests
21st-century Chinese Roman Catholic priests
Hong Kong Roman Catholic priests
Hong Kong people of Hakka descent
Indigenous inhabitants of the New Territories in Hong Kong
Chan, Dominic Chi Ming
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Pontifical Urban University alumni | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Chan |
Jam roly-poly, shirt-sleeve pudding, dead man's arm or dead man's leg is a traditional British pudding probably first created in the early 19th century. It is a flat-rolled suet pudding, which is spread with jam and rolled up, similar to a Swiss roll, then steamed or baked and traditionally served with custard. In days past, jam roly-poly was also known as shirt-sleeve pudding, because it was often steamed and served in an old shirt-sleeve, leading to the nicknames of dead-man's arm and dead man's leg. In the past it was known as roly poly pudding.
Description
Jam roly-poly features in Mrs Beeton's cookery book, as roly-poly jam pudding. It is one of a range of puddings that are now considered part of the classic desserts of the mid 20th century British school dinners. Jam roly-poly is considered a modern British classic, alongside sticky toffee pudding and spotted dick. In Beatrix Potter's 1908 book The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or, The Roly-Poly Pudding, the character Tom Kitten is rolled into a pudding by the invading rats.
See also
List of steamed foods
Comfort food
References
External links
British puddings
English cuisine
Steamed foods
Foods with jam | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%20roly-poly |
Graeme Paul Knowles (born 25 September 1951) is a retired Anglican bishop. He served latterly as the Acting Dean of St Edmundsbury, having previously served as Bishop of Sodor and Man and as Dean of St Paul's.
Biography
Knowles was educated at Dunstable Grammar School and King's College London, spending his final year of theological studies at St Augustine's College, Canterbury.
Knowles served a curacy at St Peter-in-Thanet in Broadstairs, Kent from 1974 to 1979. From 1979 he was precentor and senior curate of Leeds Parish Church before moving to become precentor and a canon residentiary at Portsmouth Cathedral in 1981. He was also a chaplain during his time at the cathedral and held the post of chapter clerk from 1985 to 1987. He became the vicar of Leigh Park in 1987, additionally taking on the role of Rural Dean of Havant from 1990. He was appointed Archdeacon of Portsmouth in 1993 and held the post until 1999.
Knowles was Dean of Carlisle from 1999 until he moved to the Isle of Man as Bishop of Sodor and Man in 2003, replacing Noël Jones. He was consecrated a bishop by David Hope, Archbishop of York at York Minster on 4 December 2003 and installed at Peel Cathedral on 17 January 2004. He became Dean of St Paul's in 2007 in succession to John Moses who retired in 2006.
Knowles was installed as Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, London on 1 October 2007 after Letters Patent were issued on 20 September 2007. He resigned from St Paul's on 1 November 2011 as a result of the reactions to the Chapter's resolution to evict the Occupy London protesters from cathedral land.
Knowles is also an honorary chaplain in the Royal Naval Reserve and a patron of the Burgon Society.
After leaving St Paul's, Knowles retired to Bury St Edmunds, where he was licensed as an honorary assistant bishop and appointed as registrar of Sons of the Clergy, a charity supporting the families of Anglican clergy.
On 11 January 2023, Knowles was installed as Acting Dean of Chichester following the departure of Stephen Waine. The Diocese of Chichester had earlier announced that Knowles would take up the role until April 2023.
Styles
The Reverend Graeme Knowles (1974–1981)
The Venerable Graeme Knowles (1993–1999)
The Very Reverend Graeme Knowles (1999–2003)
The Right Reverend Graeme Knowles (2003–2012)
The Right Reverend Graeme Knowles (2012–present)
References
1951 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Bishops of Sodor and Man
Deans of St Paul's
Deans of Carlisle
Archdeacons of Portsmouth
Associates of King's College London
Fellows of King's College London
21st-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of St Augustine's College, Canterbury
People educated at Dunstable Grammar School
Deans of Peel
People from Woburn, Bedfordshire
Provosts and Deans of St Edmundsbury
Royal Naval Reserve personnel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Knowles |
The following are the association football events of the year 2001 throughout the world.
Events
UEFA Champions League: Bayern Munich won 5–4 on penalties in the final against Valencia after a 1–1 draw at the end of the match. This was Bayern Munich's 4th European Cup title.
Copa Libertadores 2001: Won by Boca Juniors after defeating Cruz Azul 3–1 on a penalty shootout after a final aggregate score of 1–1.
UEFA Cup: Liverpool won 5–4 after extra-time in the final against Alavés with an unfortunate own goal/golden goal by Delfi Gelí. This was Liverpool's third UEFA Cup title.
European Super Cup: Liverpool beat Bayern Munich 3–2, winning the cup for the second time.
England – FA Cup: Liverpool won 2–1 over Arsenal
Asian Champions Cup – Korean side Suwon Samsung Bluewings won their first Asian Champions Cup crown defeating Jubilo Iwata 1–0. They also lifted the 2001 Asian Super Cup.
July 9 – Real Madrid signed playmaker Zinedine Zidane of Juventus in a world record transfer of 72 million euros.
FIFA Confederations Cup: France is the winner.
February 16 – Dutch club Sparta Rotterdam fires manager Dolf Roks, who is replaced by former international Willem van Hanegem.
April 11 – Australia broke the record for the largest win in an international match with a 31–0 win over American Samoa in the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification match. Australian Archie Thompson also broke the record for most goals scored in an international match by scoring 13 goals in the match.
June 24 – The Czech Republic's Moravia wins the second UEFA Regions' Cup, beating Portugal's Braga 4–2 on penalties, after drawing 2–2 after extra time, in Zlín.
September 19 – Manager Jan van Dijk is fired by Dutch club Roda JC and replaced by Belgium's Georges Leekens.
November 27 – Bayern Munich wins the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo, Japan for the second time, by defeating titleholder Boca Juniors from Argentina: 1–0. The only goal for the Germans is scored by Ghanaian defender Sammy Kuffour.
December 3 – Manager Ronald Koeman switches from Dutch club Vitesse Arnhem to Ajax. He is replaced by former player Edward Sturing.
December 14 – Willem II fires manager Hans Verèl.
Winners national club championship
Asia
Iran
Azadegan League – Esteghal
2nd Division – Aboomoslem
Hazfi Cup – Fajr Sepasi
Japan – Kashima Antlers
Qatar – Al-Wakrah
Singapore – Geylang United
South Korea – Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
Europe
– Hajduk Split
England – Manchester United
France – Nantes
Germany – Bayern Munich
– Roma
Eredivisie – PSV
Eerste Divisie – Den Bosch
– Boavista
– Real Madrid
– Fenerbahçe
FR Yugoslavia – Red Star Belgrade
North America
– St. Catharines Wolves (CPSL)
Verano – Santos
Invierno – Pachuca
– San Jose Earthquakes (MLS)
South America
Clausura – San Lorenzo
Apertura – Racing Club
– Oriente Petrolero
– Atlético Paranaense
– Emelec
Paraguay – Cerro Porteño
-Club Alianza Lima
International tournaments
UNCAF Nations Cup in Honduras (May 23 – June 3, 2001)
Baltic Cup in Riga, Latvia (July 3 – 5 2001)
Copa América in Colombia (July 11–29, 2001)
FIFA U-20 World Cup in Argentina (June 17 – July 8, 2001)
FIFA U-17 World Championship in Trinidad and Tobago (September 13–30, 2001)
National team results
Europe
South America
Movies
Shaolin Soccer (Hong Kong)
Births
4 January – Odilon Kossounou, Ivorian footballer
5 January – Mykhailo Mudryk, Ukrainian footballer
8 January – Ahmedine Daoudi, French-Algerian footballer
9 January
Eric García, Spanish international
Rodrygo Goes, Brazilian international
14 January – Myron Boadu, Dutch international
16 January – Agustín Sández, Argentine club footballer
17 January – Enzo Fernández, Argentine international
10 February – Rao Chen, Chinese footballer
11 February – Bryan Gil, Spanish international
12 February – Khvicha Kvaratskhelia, Georgian international
19 February – Lee Kang-in, South Korean international
17 March – Pietro Pellegri, Italian under-19 international
9 April – Sinaly Diomandé, Ivorian footballer
11 April – Manuel Ugarte, Uruguayan international footballer
18 April – Santiago Giménez, Mexican international
19 April – Micky van de Ven, Dutch youth international
26 April – Thiago Almada, Argentine footballer
8 May – Jordyn Huitema, Canadian women's international
9 May – Matko Miljevic, US youth international
30 May – Patrick Wimmer, Austrian international
17 June – Jurriën Timber, Dutch international
18 June – Gabriel Martinelli, Brazilian international
20 June – Gonçalo Ramos, Portuguese footballer
29 June – Allahyar Sayyadmanesh, Iranian footballer
5 August – Ethan Laird, English youth international
20 September – Johnny Cardoso, US international
1 October – Mason Greenwood, English under-21 international
3 October – Liel Abada, Israeli international
8 October – Witan Sulaeman, Indonesian footballer
29 October – Beckham Putra, Indonesian youth international
2 November – Moisés Caicedo, Ecuadorian footballer
30 November – Jordan Carrillo, Mexican footballer
17 December – Abde Ezzalzouli, Moroccan footballer
20 December – Facundo Pellistri, Uruguayan footballer
Deaths
February
14 February – Domènec Balmanya (86), Spanish footballer and manager
April
5 April – Aldo Olivieri, Italian goalkeeper, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (90)
May
8 May – Luis Rijo, Uruguayan striker, winner of the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (73)
12 May – Didì, Brazilian forward, winner of the 1958 FIFA World Cup and 1962 FIFA World Cup . (72)
31 May – Otto Hemele (75), Czech footballer
July
6 July – Enrique Mateos (69), Spanish footballer
17 July – Wilhelm Simetsreiter (86), German footballer
August
3 August – Mario Perazzolo, Italian defender, winner of the 1938 FIFA World Cup. (90)
November
1 November – Serge Mésones (53), French footballer
December
12 December – Josef Bican (88), Austrian and Czechoslovak footballer and manager
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20in%20association%20football |
is an animated Japanese propaganda film produced in 1942 by Geijutsu Eigasha and released March 25, 1943. Running at 37 minutes, it was close to being feature-length, but it was not the first animated feature film in Asia; that honor goes to China's 1941 Princess Iron Fan, which was 73 minutes long. A DVD version without English subtitles was released in Japan by Kinokuniya Shoten in 2004; one with subtitles was released in the United States by Zakka Films in 2009.
Although recorded as being produced with the cooperation of the Japanese Naval Ministry, there was in fact no cooperation in order to protect military secrets, although the Japanese Imperial Navy endorsed the film.
Featuring the "Peach Boy" character of Japanese folklore, this film was aimed at children, telling the story of a naval unit consisting of the human Momotarō and several animal species representing the Far Eastern races fighting together for a common goal. In a dramatization of the attack on Pearl Harbor, this force attacks the demons at the island of Onigashima (representing the Americans and British demonized in Japanese propaganda), and the film also utilizes actual footage of the Pearl Harbor attack.
A sequel, Momotaro: Sacred Sailors, was released in 1945, becoming the first full-length Japanese animated film.
Plot summary
The film opens aboard an aircraft carrier on tumultuous waters, with squadrons of monkeys, pheasants, and dogs prepping their planes for war. These animals are not the perfect soldiers; they act silly, giving them a very human feel. At the center stands Momotaro, stoic and heroic, giving orders. The animals board their planes and take into the sky. The flight to Hawaii is uninterrupted save for a monkey helping a lost baby bird find its parent.
The animals arrive and the attack begins. The soldiers aboard the ships docked in Pearl Harbor panic and scramble, trying to flee; evidenced by a copious amount of bottles lying around, some are too drunk to move or think properly. The main soldier shown is dumb, fat, and cowardly.
The attack continues, some monkeys go on land to destroy American planes. The main American soldier literally shakes the red and blue off the American flag to wave it as a white flag of surrender. Pearl Harbor is left in smoking ruins as the animals return to the aircraft carrier to celebrate.
Momotaro's Sea Eagles as World War II Propaganda
The Japanese government used Momotaro as the hero because that story was and continues to be as well-known to Japanese citizens as "The Three Little Pigs" is to Americans. In the film, Momotaro and the animals were cute and already known as heroic characters, and the "pretty characters and comical battle scenes enabled Japanese citizens to watch a war movie without hesitation". In other words, the film was entertaining to the masses. In addition, the original story has Momotaro and his companions travelling to a demon-inhabited island, which this film replaced with the American-infested Hawaii, creating an easy link between foreigners and evil creatures.
Between 1942 and 1945, "national policy films" (AKA propaganda films) took up a large percentage of the Japanese cinema. Momotaro's Sea Eagles was an extremely successful example of this; it was especially popular among young children. The 37-minute film was so popular, in fact, that Seo made a 74-minute sequel, Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors, which debuted in 1945. The cute and entertaining movie in which there are no shown fatalities gave the war a soft, righteous cause feel to the citizens in the audience.
National stereotypes portrayed in the film
Bluto, from the Popeye cartoons being produced in America at the time, makes an appearance in this film as a stereotypical drunk. This is one of few examples of the Axis nations using American cartoon characters to portray the United States in animated films, just as the Allied forces used Hitler, Mussolini, and Hirohito, as well as Nazis and Japanese soldiers in their propaganda films.
References
External links
Stills from the movie
Historical anime and manga
1943 anime films
Fantasy anime and manga
Japanese World War II propaganda films
1940s animated short films
Anime short films
Films directed by Mitsuyo Seo
Japanese black-and-white films
Animated films set in the 1940s
Animated films set in Hawaii
Pearl Harbor films
Animated World War II films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momotar%C5%8D%20no%20Umiwashi |
Melincué is a town (comuna) in the south of the , 287 km from the provincial capital. It has about 2,200 inhabitants as per the and it is the head town of the General López Department. It was founded in 1872 and recognized officially as a town on 3 September 1986.
Melincué is located immediately north of an endorheic lake (Laguna Melincué) and an associated wetland area that is included in a nature reserve. The fluctuating level of the Melincué Lake and the lack of hydrical infrastructure have often caused the town to suffer floods.
References
Populated places in Santa Fe Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melincu%C3%A9 |
Margaret Ladd (born November 8, 1942) is an American actress, best known for her role as Emma Channing in the CBS primetime soap opera, Falcon Crest (1981–90).
Life and career
Ladd was born in Providence, Rhode Island. She began acting on the 1960s soap opera A Flame in the Wind as Jane Skerba from 1964 to 1965. She later starred in films include The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973) and A Wedding (1978), and appeared on number of television shows. like Taxi and Quincy, M.E.. Ladd also co-starred in a number of made-for-television movies, and had supporting roles in films I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can, The Escape Artist, and The Whales of August. She also appeared in Broadway shows, like My Sweet Charlie and Sheep on the Runway.
Ladd is best known for playing Emma Channing in the 1980s CBS primetime soap opera, Falcon Crest throughout its nine-year run from 1981 to 1990. She had a small part in the film What's up, Scarlet? (2005); her first appearance after a hiatus of 14 years. In 2014, she appeared in two episodes of Amazon comedy-drama, Mozart in the Jungle. In 2016, Ladd was cast in the Woody Allen miniseries Crisis in Six Scenes for Amazon Studios.
Ladd is married to playwright Lyle Kessler. They have twins Katherine and Michael.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
1942 births
Living people
American television actresses
American soap opera actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Providence, Rhode Island | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Ladd |
Leninsky Komsomol can refer to the following vessels:
, lead ship of her class of merchant vessels
- the name of a series of 25 dry cargo merchant tweendeckers with turbine main engines that were built in the USSR. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ships%20named%20Leninsky%20Komsomol |
John Rimington MHK was the Minister of Local Government and the Environment of the Isle of Man Government from 2004 to 2006. He was also Member of the House of Keys between 2000 and 2006 for Rushen, but he was comprehensively defeated in the 2006 general election when he came fifth out of seven candidates in a three-seat constituency. Prior to being a politician he was a teacher, landscape gardener and computer programmer. He has since taken up a position as a mathematics teacher at Castle Rushen High School in Castletown.
Governmental positions
Minister of Local Government and the Environment, 2004-2006
Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 2002-2004
References
Members of the House of Keys 1996–2001
Members of the House of Keys 2001–2006
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rimington |
Richard Henry Wilde Dillard (October 11, 1937 – April 4, 2023) was an American poet, author, critic, and translator.
Life and career
Richard Henry Wilde Dillard was born in Roanoke, Virginia, Dillard was best known as a poet. He is also highly regarded as a writer of fiction and critical essays, as well as one of the screenwriters for the cult classic Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Roanoke College and went on to receive of a Master of Arts (1959) and the Ph. D. (1965) from the University of Virginia. While at the University of Virginia he was both a Woodrow Wilson and a DuPont Fellow. He is considered something of an institution at Hollins University where he has been teaching creative writing, literature, and film studies since 1964. Dillard has been the editor of the Hollins Critic since 1996. He also served as the vice president of the Film Journal from 1973 to 1980.
Dillard was the winner of numerous awards for his writing including the Academy of American Poets Prize, the O. B. Hardison, Jr. Poetry Prize, and the Hanes Award for Poetry. In 2007, he was awarded the George Garrett Award for Service to Contemporary Literature by the Association of Writers & Writing Programs. Dillard influenced many contemporary writers including both his ex-wives Annie Dillard and Cathryn Hankla. Others include Henry S. Taylor, Lee Smith, Lucinda MacKethan, Anne Jones, Rosanne Coggeshall, Wyn Cooper, Jill McCorkle, Madison Smartt Bell, and Julia Johnson.
Dillard died in Roanoke, Virginia on April 4, 2023, at the age of 85.
Bibliography
1966 The Day I Stopped Dreaming About Barbara Steele
1971 News of the Nile
1972 After Borges
1974 The Book of Changes
1976 Horror Films
1981 The Greeting: New & Selected Poems
1983 The First Man on the Sun
1988 Understanding George Garrett
1994 Just Here, Just Now
1995 Omniphobia
1995 Plautus's The Little Box
1999 Aristophanes's The Sexual Congress
2001 Sallies
2011 What Is Owed the Dead
2014 Not Ideas
References
1937 births
2023 deaths
Writers from Roanoke, Virginia
American humanities academics
American literary critics
American translators
Hollins University faculty
Latin–English translators
Roanoke College alumni
University of Virginia alumni
American male poets
Journalists from Virginia
American male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20H.%20W.%20Dillard |
Film censorship is carried out by various countries to differing degrees, sometimes as a result of powerful or relentless lobbying by organizations or individuals. Films that are banned in a particular country change over time.
Rating systems
A motion picture rating system is designated to classify films with regard to suitability for audiences in terms of issues such as sex, violence, substance abuse, profanity, impudence or other types of obscene content. A particular issued rating can be called a certification, classification, certificate.
By country
Australia
Australia's Australian Classification Board (ACB), formerly known as the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC), uses the Commonwealth Classification Act 1995 as a guide for the majority of the censorship within the country; however, each state and territory is free to make additional legislation (see Censorship in Australia). Australia is regarded by many to be the most restrictive on film ratings of all Western democratic countries, considering its history and prolific "refusal of classification" (tantamount to banning in other countries) to certain films, although restrictions have eased over the years.
In practice, films still get a short cinematic run before they are reviewed and prevented from being shown at cinemas or released on DVD. This is not a comprehensive list; many films that have been previously banned are not mentioned here (however, some have since been released uncut on DVD). Also not included are the numerous pornographic films deemed too excessive to release under an X18+ category, which are refused classification by the ACB.
Brazil
During dictatorship (1964–1988)
During the dictatorship in Brazil, that last from 1964 to 1988, several films were banned under the Federal Law from Brazil 5536 from 1968.
During several years a project was being developed to find and publish every document on censorship in films during the dictatorship.
The project "Memory of Censorship in Brazilian Cinema" released in 2005 six thousand documents about 175 banned films during the dictatorship. And, finally, in 2007 they released documents for the last 269 films banned at that time.
After democratization (1988–)
1993: Beyond Citizen Kane:
"On August 20, 2009, the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo reported that Rede Record bought the broadcasting rights of the documentary from Ellis for less than US$ 20,000."
"On February 14, 2011, the newspaper Jornal do Brasil (quoting the network's spokesperson) reported that Rede Record would be broadcasting the documentary in 2011, on a date yet to be specified."
1976: Di Cavalcanti:
This film (short) about Di Cavalcanti was banned due a lawsuit open by Di Cavalcanti daughter, Elizabeth, in 1979. The film documented the wake and funeral of the Brazilian painter Di Cavalcanti. Since 1979 it can not be shown, at the request of his daughter Elizabeth through preliminary injunction granted by Justice, confirmed in 1983, for sentimental reasons tied with religious ideas. In 1985, the lawyer Felipe Falcon moved an action to reform the judgment, by proposing the dispossession of the film by the state on cultural grounds, to the detriment of the heirs of Di and Glauber. Yet with no solution in sight, Di Glauber must stay contained in a sealed box. 2004: In spite of everything, João Rocha ( director of Thuth Profane), nephew of the Glauber Rocha, has placed a copy on video on providers outside of Brazil: the internet users can make free downloads of the movie, proving that censor the cinema in digital age is useless.
2011: A Serbian Film:
A Serbian Film had its release in Brazil liberated on August 5, 2011. The exception is Rio de Janeiro estate, where the film was forbidden due a lawsuit filed by the Democrats political party, who claim that the pedophilia scenes infringe the part of the Brazilian Constitution that protects children (Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente). The case was overturned in 2012.
Canada
At present, only films containing prohibited material (such as child pornography) or under court order (such as libel or copyright infringement) are banned in Canadian provinces.
Chile
In 1974, during General Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship (1973–1990), a film censorship decree allowed the banning of films. During the years when film censorship existed in Chile, 1,092 films were banned in the country. The Chilean film censorship system has not changed significantly until November 1996 when after United International Pictures requested that The Last Temptation of Christ be rated, the film was allowed for audiences over 18. However, an ultra-conservative religious group filed an injunction to reverse the decision and in June 1997 the Supreme Court banned the film. In September 1997 a civil liberties group took the case to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. In February 2001 the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that Chile was in violation of the American Convention on Human Rights and that it should lift the ban on the film and modify its legislation to comply with the convention. In August 2001 a constitutional reform eliminated film censorship and the film appeared on video stores. In January 2003 a new film rating law was published and the film was given an "over 18" rating. The film premiered on 13 March 2003 at a theater in Santiago.
China
In Mainland China, film censorship, often on political grounds, is rampant. Films in Mainland China are used to be reviewed by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television (SAPPRFT) (Chinese: 国家新闻出版广电总局) which dictated whether, when, and how a movie gets released. In 2018, the SAPPRFT was replaced by the National Film Administration (NFA) under the Publicity Department (). The NFA is separate from the NRTA under the State Council ().
Germany
Main article: Censorship in the Federal Republic of Germany
Pre war and during the First World War
In 1906, the first legislation arose discussing the censorship of film and media. This was met with pushback, due to preexisting legislation regarding censorship of the media. The higher courts deemed the film censorship was indeed legal, however provided no guidance towards individual parts of Germany, creating discrepancies province to province.
Post WW1
In Germany, film censorship was abolished in 1918, however the Motion Picture Law (Lichtspielgesetz) in 1920 created film review boards which were used to screen films that may perpetrate a negative image of Germany to the rest of the world.
India
In India, films are censored by the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC), a statutory censorship and classification body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Films should be certified by the board to publicly exhibit it in India, including films shown in television. CBFC is considered to be one of the most powerful censor boards in the world due to its strict ways of functioning.
Iran
All films depicting anything deemed contrary to Islamic morals are banned outright in Iran.
Ireland
Due to the small size of Ireland, films banned by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) were rarely even submitted for release in Ireland, due to the high costs of promotion and distribution for such a small audience. Similarly, BBFC cuts are often left in DVD releases, due to the difficulties in separating the two film supplies.
This changed in 2000; many of these films have since been unbanned and rated anywhere from PG to 18. During the review process it was decided that no more films would be banned for either theatre or video release, but some bans are still in place.
Banned films can still be viewed at private members' clubs with 18+ age limits.
Israel
All German films were banned from 1956 until 1967.
Japan
See Cinema of Japan and Censorship in Japan
Kuwait
In Kuwait, the Ministry of Information is responsible for censoring movies. The ministry can cut scenes they consider inappropriate. Any film connected to politics, sexuality, religion or extreme violence can be censored.
Malaysia
New Zealand
Pakistan
After the promulgation of 18th Constitutional amendment by the constituent Assembly of Pakistan, Sindh and Punjab Province has established their own film censor boards namely Punjab Board of Film Censors and Sindh Board of Film Censors, Mr khalid bin Shaheen is the current Chairman SBFC and Mr. Adil Ahmed is the Secretary Sindh board of film censors.
South Africa
During the Apartheid regime, films depicting interracial couples were banned and/or censored for content - the James Bond films Live and Let Die and A View To A Kill had love scenes which were censored by the South African government.
In 1996 The Film and Publication Board, or FPB, was established under the Film and Publications Act. This board was created as a content-classification and regulation authority, operating under the Minister of Communications. The FPB's purpose was ostensibly to tackle issues of child pornography and child abuse, as well as to provide ratings to publicly consumed media such as movies, music and television programs. Under these directives, its mandate could be considered one of state censorship.
South Korea
According to the Internet Movie Database, there are no currently-banned films in South Korea.
In recent years, sexual scenes have been a major issue that pits filmmakers against the Media Rating Board. Pubic hair and male or female genitalia are disallowed on the screen, unless they are digitally blurred. In rare cases extreme violence, obscene language, or certain portrayals of drug use may also be an issue. Korea has a five level rating systems; ALL, 12, 15, 18 and Restricted.
United Kingdom
The infamous video nasty list was created in 1982 to protect against obscenity. Films on this list were banned and distributors of said films were liable to be prosecuted (some of the films were banned before the list was made). This list banned 74 films at one point in the mid-1980s; the list was eventually trimmed down, and only 39 films were successfully prosecuted. Most of the films (even of the 39 successfully prosecuted) have now been approved by the BBFC, cut or uncut (see Video Recordings Act 1984).
United States
The United States has no federal agency charged with either permitting or restricting the exhibition of motion pictures. Most instances of films being banned are via ordinances or proclamations by city or state governments. Some are instances of films being judicially found to be of an obscene nature and subject to specific laws against such material (i.e., child pornography). Such findings are usually only legally binding in the jurisdiction of the court making such a ruling.
The established film industry in the United States began a form of self-censorship in the late 1920s called the Motion Picture Production Code to forestall any possible formation of a federal censoring agency. In 1968, the Production Code was superseded by the MPAA film rating system. The rating system is broken down into five categories and each have a respective definition. They are G (General Audiences; All ages admitted), PG (Parental Guidance Suggested; Some material may not be suitable for children), PG-13 (Parents Strongly Cautioned; Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13), R (Restricted; Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian), and NC-17 (No one under 17 admitted). It was created by Jack Valenti in 1968. In addition to providing film ratings, the MPAA also lobbies Congress, helps in international promotion of the U.S. film industry, and piracy protection.
Poland
Ukraine
Turkmenistan
Eritrea
Brief history
Film censorship, the control of the content and presentation of a film, has been a part of the film industry almost as long as it has been around. The activists of current society continue to broaden the First Amendment rights for the film industry allowing the art to be restricted to a certain limit. In fact, Britain established film censorship in 1912 and the United States followed a decade later. Other early efforts of censoring the film industry include the Hays Code of 1922 and the Motion Picture Production Code of 1930.
See also
Deleted scene
Re-edited film
Filming permit
List of banned video games
Self-censorship
References
Further reading
Forbidden Films: Censorship Histories of 125 Motion Pictures by Dawn Sova
Behind The Mask of Innocence: Sex, Violence, Crime: Films of Social Conscience in the Silent Era by Kevin Brownlow, 2nd ed. (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1992). Contains considerable information about film censorship in pre-1930 America, and discusses banned silent films in great detail.
"Better Left Unsaid: Victorian Novels, Hays Code Films, and the Benefits of Censorship" by Nora Gilbert. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013)
Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to Movie Censorship by Laura Wittern-Keller (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008).
Silencing Cinema: Film Censorship Around the World edited by Daniel Biltereyst and Roel Vande Winkel, Palgrave/Macmillan, 2013.
Vicente, A. (2018, diciembre 16). 50 años de cine X y de lucha contra la censura [50 years of X movies and fight against censorship]. El País, p. 30, Cultura (Retrieved December 16, 2018)
External links
Australian Classification System: Why many Banned Films do not Show up in Figures on Banned Films
COLLATE - Portal for Film Censorship Documents
Modesty | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20censorship |
Laura Johnson is an American actress. She is best known for playing Terry Hartford in the CBS primetime soap opera Falcon Crest from 1983 to 1986.
Career
Johnson made her film debut in the 1977 drama film Opening Night directed by John Cassavetes and starring Gena Rowlands. From 1979 to 1980, she had a recurring role as Betty Lou Barker in the CBS prime time soap opera Dallas. In 1983, she was cast as Terry Hartford in another CBS prime time soap opera, Falcon Crest playing this role to 1986. In 1986, she received a Soap Opera Digest Award nomination for Outstanding Villainess on a Prime Time Serial.
Johnson appeared in a number of movies, include Beyond Reason (1985), Wes Craven's Chiller (1985), Fatal Instinct (1992), Trauma (1993), Deadly Exposure (1993), Four Christmases (2008) and Fame (2009). From 1988 to 1989, she played one of leads in the ABC medical drama series Heartbeat produced by Aaron Spelling. From 1998 to 1999, she played a leading role in the syndicated television family drama Born Free. Johnson also guest starred in a number of shows, include Hotel, L.A. Law, In the Heat of the Night, Nash Bridges, Strong Medicine and Monk.
Personal life
Johnson was born in Burbank, California. She was first married to producer David Solomon, and then to actor Harry Hamlin from 1985 to 1990.
Filmography
Opening Night (1977) as Nancy Stein
Beyond Reason (1977) as Leslie Valentine
Dallas as Betty Lou (3 episodes, 1979-1980)
Fly Away Home (1981) as Chickie
Hotel as Natasha Cellini (1 episode, 1985)
Wes Craven's Chiller (1985) as Leigh Kenyon (TV movie)
Falcon Crest as Terry Hartford Ranson Channing (80 episodes, 1983–1986)
L.A. Law as Nina Hollender (2 episodes, 1987)
Red River (1988) as Kate
Heartbeat as Dr. Eve Autrey (18 episodes, 1988–1989)
Nick Knight (1989) as Dr. Alyce Hunter
Jake and the Fatman as Ms. Amelie Saint-John (episode "More than you know", 1990)
Murderous Vision (1991) as Elizabeth
Red Shoe Diaries (1992) episode "Double Dare"
Fatal Instinct (1992) as Catherine Merrims
Trauma (1993) as Grace Harrington
Paper Hearts (1993) as Patsy
Deadly Exposure (1993) as Rita Sullivan
(1993) as Wendy Hill
Marked for Murder (1993) as Dr. Jean Horton
Awake to Danger (1995) as Renee McAdams
Judge and Jury (1996) as Grace Silvano
Mr. Atlas (1997) as Teddie Nielsen
Born Free as Kate McQueen (25 episodes, 1998–1999)
And the Beat Goes On (1999) as Georgia LaPierre
California Myth (1999) as Angie
Nash Bridges as Simon/Darlene Peck (1 episode, 2000)
Hope Ranch (2002) as Sam Brooks
Strong Medicine as Claudia Chase (1 episode, 2002)
JAG as Mrs. Kubin (1 episode, 2003)
The Long Shot (2004) as Bonnie McCloud
The Hollywood Mom's Mystery (2004) as Francine Palumbo
Red Eye (2005) as Blonde Woman
Cold Case as Rita Hart (1 episode, 2006)
Without a Trace as Kim Wolfe (1 episode, 2006)
Four Christmases (2008) as Cheryl
Fame (2009) as Mrs. Ellerton
The Storm as Anne Cambridge (1 episode, 2009)
Monk as Carolyn Buxton (1 episode, 2009)
Mental as Georgia Riede (1 episode, 2009)
References
External links
Actresses from Burbank, California
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
American film actresses
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Johnson |
The following are the association football events of the year 2007 throughout the world.
News
January
1 – The 74th traditional new year match between the Koninklijke HFC and the former Dutch international players ends in a 3–1 win for Oranje that won the confrontation for the fourth consecutive time. The Oranje goals were scored by Aron Winter, Rob Witschge and Orlando Trustfull.
11 – David Beckham signs a 5-year deal with MLS team Los Angeles Galaxy.
20 – The first Argentine major rivalry of the year was played between River Plate and Boca Juniors in Mar del Plata. The match ended in a 2–0 score in favor of River Plate.
February
18 – Season premiers Melbourne Victory win the second A-League football (soccer) grand final at Telstra Dome in Melbourne, Australia beating Adelaide United 6–0, with Victory striker Archie Thompson scoring 5 goals.
19 – Reigning League of Ireland champions Shelbourne relegated by the Football Association of Ireland before the start of the new 2007 season.
25- Chelsea won the Football League Cup previously known as League Cup after beating Arsenal 2–1 at the Millennium Stadium
March
18 – Hibernian win the Scottish League Cup (Scottish League Cup) final.
April
21 – Lyon become the first club in the "top five" European leagues to win six consecutive Championships after securing the Ligue 1 title with six games to play.
22 – Internazionale secure their fifteenth Serie A title after defeating Siena whilst championship rivals Roma lose to Atalanta.
22 – Celtic defeat Kilmarnock to retain their Scottish Premier League title.
29 – PSV claim the Eredivisie title, their third in a row after the three teams: AZ, Ajax, and PSV had 72 points each. PSV pipped to the title Ajax on goal difference.
May
6 – Defending champions Chelsea lose the English Premiership title to Manchester United after a draw with Arsenal at Emirates Stadium.
16 – Sevilla become the first team since 1986 to win two consecutive UEFA Cups after beating Espanyol at Hampden Park, Scotland.
17 – Roma win its eighth Coppa Italia, winning the two final matches with an aggregate result of 7–3 against Internazionale. (6–2 in the first leg played in Rome, 2–1 in the second one in Milan)
19 – Chelsea beat Manchester United in the FA Cup Final 2007. Didier Drogba scored an extra time goal to secure a 1–0 victory and a domestic Cup Double for Chelsea.
19 – Stuttgart win the 2007 Bundesliga in Germany.
23 – Milan win their seventh UEFA Champions League title after beating Liverpool 2-1
June
10 – San Lorenzo de Almagro won their 13th Argentine Primera title beating Arsenal de Sarandí 4–2 at the Nuevo Gasómetro
17 – Real Madrid won their 30th Spanish Primera Liga title after defeating Mallorca 3–1 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.
20 – Boca Juniors won their sixth Copa Libertadores title after defeating Grêmio. They beat the Brazilian side by 3–0 at home and 2–0 at the Estádio Olímpico.
24 – USA won their 4th title of CONCACAF Gold Cup beating Mexico 2–1.
26 – Poland's Lower Silesia wins the fifth UEFA Regions' Cup, beating Bulgaria's South-East Region 2–1, after extra time, in Sliven.
July
29 – Iraq produced one of football's greatest fairytale victories as the fractured, war-torn nation were crowned champions of the AFC Asian Cup for the first time.
August
5 – Manchester United won the Community Shield for their 16th time (shared 4 times), beating Chelsea 3–0 on penalties after a 1–1 draw.
31 – Milan win the 2007 UEFA Super Cup beating Sevilla to claim their 17th international title.
December
2 – Club Atlético Lanús won their first Argentine Primera by obtaining a 1–1 draw against Boca Juniors in the Bombonera.
5 – Argentine club Arsenal de Sarandí won the first major title in their history beating Club América of Mexico in the final of Copa Sudamericana 2007.
5 – Honduran club Motagua obtained its first international cup in their history beating Saprissa of Costa Rica in the final of Copa Interclubes UNCAF 2007.
16 – Milan beat Boca Juniors 4–2 in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup final to overhaul Boca's world record 17 international titles.
International tournaments
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup in the (June 6 – 24 2007)
:
:
: and
2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship IN (June 10 – 23 2007)
:
:
: and
Copa America 2007 in (June 26 – July 15, 2007)
:
:
:
4th:
2007 AFF Championship in and (January 12 – February 4, 2007)
:
:
2007 AFC Asian Cup in , , , and (July 7 – 29 2007)
:
:
:
4th:
2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in (June 30 – July 22, 2007)
:
:
:
4th:
2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup in (August 18 – September 9, 2007)
:
:
:
4th:
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in (September 10 – September 30, 2007)
:
:
:
4th:
National champions
UEFA nations
: KF Tirana
: FC Rànger's
: FC Pyunik
: Red Bull Salzburg
: Khazar Lenkoran
: BATE Borisov
: Anderlecht
: FK Sarajevo
: Levski Sofia
: Dinamo Zagreb
: APOEL
: Sparta Prague
: Copenhagen
: Manchester United
: Levadia Tallinn
: NSÍ
: Tampere United
: Lyon
: Olimpi Rustavi
: Stuttgart
: Olympiacos
: Debreceni VSC
: Valur
: Drogheda United
: Beitar Jerusalem
: Inter Milan
: FC Aktobe
: FK Ventspils
: FBK Kaunas
: F91 Dudelange
: Pobeda
: Marsaxlokk
: Sheriff Tiraspol
: FK Zeta (first First League champions)
: PSV
: Linfield
: SK Brann
: Zagłębie Lubin
: Porto
: Dinamo București
: Zenit St. Petersburg
: S.S. Murata
: Celtic
: Red Star Belgrade
: MŠK Žilina
: Domžale
: Real Madrid
: IFK Göteborg
: FC Zürich
: Fenerbahçe
: Dynamo Kyiv
: The New Saints
CONMEBOL nations
A = Apertura, C = Clausura
: San Lorenzo (C), Lanús (A)
: Real Potosí (A), San José (C)
: São Paulo
: Colo-Colo (A & C)
: Atlético Nacional (A & C)
: LDU Quito
: Club Libertad
: Universidad San Martín
: Danubio
: Caracas FC
CONCACAF nations
A = Apertura, C = Clausura
: Kicks United
: Bassa
: Deportivo Nacional
:
: Barbados Defence Force
: FC Belize
: Devonshire Cougars
:
: Toronto Croatia 1
: Scholars International
: N/A 2
: Deportivo Saprissa (C)
: Sagicor South East United
:
: A.D. Isidro Metapán (C), Firpo (A)
Grenada: ASOMS Paradise
: Xelajú MC (C), Deportivo Jalapa (A)
:
:
: Real España (C), Marathón (A)
: Harbour View
: Pachuca (C), Atlante (A)
:
Netherlands Antilles: SV Centro SD Barber
: Real Estelí
: Tauro (A), San Francisco (C)
: Fraigcomar
: Newtown United
: Anse Chastanet GYSO
: Under-20
: Inter Moengotapoe
: San Juan Jabloteh
: Beaches
: Houston Dynamo (MLS)
: Helenites
1 Excludes Canadian clubs playing in the MLS.
2 There was no national champion in Cuba during 2007 as the Campeonato Nacional is in the process of changing from being a summer league to a winter league; the 2006 champion will be followed by a 2007–08 champion.
CAF nations
Algeria: ES Sétif
Angola: Inter Luanda
Benin: Tonnerre d'Abomey
Botswana: ECCO City Green
Burkina Faso: Commune
Burundi: Vital'O
Cameroon: Cotonsport Garoua
Cape Verde: Sporting Praia
Central African Republic:
Chad:
Comoros: Coin Nord
Congo: Diables Noirs
Côte d'Ivoire: Africa Sports
DR Congo: TP Mazembe
Djibouti: AS Compagnie Djibouti-Ethiopie
Egypt: Al-Ahly
Equatorial Guinea: Renacimiento
Eritrea:
Ethiopia: Awassa City
Gabon: FC 105 Libreville
Gambia: Real de Banjul
Ghana: Hearts of Oak
Guinea: Kaloum Star
Guinea-Bissau: Sporting de Bissau
Kenya: Tusker
Lesotho: Lesotho Correctional Services
Liberia: Invincible Eleven
Libya: Al-Ittihad
Madagascar: Ajesaia
Malawi:
Mali: Stade Malien
Mauritania: ASC Nasr de Sebkha
Mauritius: Curepipe Starlight
Morocco: Olympique Khouribga
Mozambique: Costa do Sol
Namibia: Civics Windhoek
Niger: Sahel SC
Nigeria: Enyimba
Rwanda: APR
São Tomé and Príncipe:
Senegal: AS Douanes
Seychelles: Saint-Michel United
Sierra Leone: N/A 1
Somalia: Elman FC
South Africa: Mamelodi Sundowns
Sudan: Al-Hilal Omdurman
Swaziland: Royal Leopards
Tanzania: Simba SC
Togo: ASKO Kara
Tunisia: Étoile Sahel
Uganda: Uganda Revenue Authority SC
Zambia: ZESCO United
Zimbabwe: Dynamos
1 There was no national champion in Sierra Leone during 2007 as the Sierra Leone National Premier League is in the process of changing from being a summer league to a winter league; the 2006 champion will be followed by a 2007–08 champion.
AFC nations
Australia: Melbourne Victory
Bahrain: Muharraq
Bangladesh: Abahani
Bhutan: Transport United
Cambodia:
Brunei: No championship held
Burma: Kanbawza
China: Changchun Yatai
East Timor:
Guam: Quality Distributors
Hong Kong: South China
India: Dempo SC
Indonesia:
Iran: Saipa
Iraq: Arbil
Japan: Kashima Antlers
Jordan: Al-Wihdat
Kuwait: Al Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan: Dordoi-Dynamo Naryn
Laos: Lao-American College
Lebanon: Al-Ansar
Macao: GD Lam Pak
Malaysia: Kedah FA
Maldives: New Radiant
Mongolia: Erchim
Nepal: Mahendra Police Club
North Korea:
Oman: Al-Nahda
Pakistan: Pakistan Army
Philippines: National Capital Region
Qatar: Al-Sadd
Saudi Arabia: Al-Hilal
Singapore: SAFFC
South Korea: Pohang Steelers
Sri Lanka: Ratnam SC
Syria: Al-Karamah
Taiwan: Taiwan Power Company
Tajikistan: Regar-TadAZ Tursunzoda
Thailand: Chonburi
Turkmenistan: FC Aşgabat
United Arab Emirates: Al Wasl
Uzbekistan: Pakhtakor Tashkent
Vietnam: Bình Dương
Yemen: Al-Ahli
OFC nations
American Samoa: Konica
Cook Islands:
Fiji: Ba
New Caledonia: JS Baco
New Zealand: Auckland City
Niue:
Northern Mariana Islands: Fiesta Inter Saipan
Palau: Team Bangladesh
Papua New Guinea: Cancelled
Samoa:
Solomon Islands: Kossa
Tahiti: AS Manu-Ura
Tonga:
Tuvalu:
Vanuatu: Tafea
Notable managerial changes
January 2 – Omiya Ardija appoints Robert Verbeek as their new manager to replace Toshiya Miura.
February 2 – Huub Stevens leaves Dutch club Roda JC to coach Hamburg. He is replaced in Kerkrade by his assistant Raymond Atteveld.
February 8 – Sparta Rotterdam names Danny Blind as their new technical director for the new season. Gert Aandewiel comes over from HFC Haarlem to replace Wiljan Vloet as the new manager of the Dutch club.
February 15 – Dutch club FC Emmen sacks manager Jan van Dijk.
February 17 – Manager and former international Gerald Vanenburg is sacked by Helmond Sport due to a lack of confidence, the club reports on its website.
April 10 – Fulham FC sack Chris Coleman to be replaced by Northern Ireland international manager Laurie Sanchez
April 29 – Sam Allardyce resigns as manager of Bolton Wanderers after eight years at the club. He then takes over at Newcastle United F.C and his previous job is taken by Sammy Lee.
May 14 – Paul Jewell resigns as Wigan Athletic manager.
May 14 – Stuart Pearce gets sacked by Manchester City
May 16 – Neil Warnock resigns Sheffield United job and get replaced by Bryan Robson
June 4 – Claudio Ranieri signs as Juventus manager.
September 20 – José Mourinho sacked as Chelsea manager
October 22 – Greg Ryan sacked as head coach of the USA women's national team, despite 45 wins and only one loss out of 55 matches in charge. The loss, however, was a 4–0 humiliation by Brazil in the semifinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, the worst loss in USA women's history. Ryan was also embroiled in controversy regarding his decision to bench goalkeeper Hope Solo, who had not allowed a goal in the previous three games, in favour of veteran Briana Scurry.
October 23 – Steve Staunton sacked as Republic of Ireland head coach.
November 8 – Ruud Gullit is signed to a three-year deal with Los Angeles Galaxy.
November 22 – Steve McLaren sacked as England head coach.
Births
September 27 – Gabriano Shelton, international footballer
Deaths
January
January 1 – Thierry Bacconnier (43), French footballer
January 1 – Jørgen Hammeken (88), Danish footballer
January 3 – Roland Ehrhardt (65), French footballer
January 4 – Sandro Salvadore (67), Italian footballer
January 6 – Juan Manuel Alejandrez (62), Mexican footballer
January 12 – Georg Dahlfelt (87), Danish footballer
January 12 – Roberto Mazzanti (64), Italian footballer
January 15 – David Vanole (43), American footballer
January 22 – Ramón Marsal (72), Spanish footballer
January 30 – Sixto Rojas (26), Paraguayan footballer
January 30 – Sigifredo Mercado (73), Mexican footballer
January 31 – Arben Minga (47), Albanian footballer
February
February 4 – José Carlos Bauer, Brazilian defender, runner-up at the 1950 FIFA World Cup. (81)
February 12 – Georg Buschner, German football player and manager. (81)
March
March 1 – Fernando Veneranda, Italian footballer and coach
March 19 – Menotti Avanzolini, Italian footballer
April
April 7 – Marià Gonzalvo (85), Spanish footballer
April 25 – Alan Ball (61), English footballer
May
May 2 – Juan Valdivieso (96), Peruvian footballer
May 4 – José Antonio Roca (78), Mexican footballer and coach
May 12 – Edy Vasquez (23), Honduran footballer
May 13 – Kai Johansen (66), Danish footballer
May 26 – Marek Krejčí (26), Slovak footballer
June
June 13 – Néstor Rossi (82), Argentine footballer and coach
June 13 – Hussein Dokmak (28) and Hussein Naeem (20), two Lebanese footballers who played for Nejmeh SC died in a car bomb in Beirut
June 24 – Derek Dougan (69), Northern Irish footballer
June 26 – Jupp Derwall (80), German footballer and coach
July
July 2 – Luigi Scarabello (91), Italian footballer and coach
July 9 – Esteban Areta (75), Spanish footballer and coach
July 24 – Raimundo Pérez Lezama (84), Spanish footballer
July 25 – Bernd Jakubowski (54), German footballer
July 27 – Giuseppe Baldo (93), Italian footballer
August
August 20 – Anton Reid (16), English footballer
August 25 – Ray Jones (18), English footballer
August 28 – Antonio Puerta (22), Spanish footballer
August 29 – Chaswe Nsofwa (28), Zambian footballer
September
September 3 – Gustavo Eberto (24), Argentine footballer
September 9 – Helmut Senekowitsch (73), Austrian footballer and coach
September 11 – Ian Porterfield (61), Scottish footballer
September 14 – Ambrogio Valadè (70), Italian footballer
September 22 – Nílton Coelho da Costa, Brazilian striker, winner of the Panamerican Championship 1956. (79)
September 27 – Bill Perry (77), South African footballer
September 27 – Horst Podlasly (71), German footballer
October
October 8 – Fulvio Zuccheri (48), Italian footballer
October 26 – Nicolae Dobrin (60), Romanian footballer
November
November 5 – Nils Liedholm (85), Swedish footballer and coach
November 13 – John Doherty (footballer) (72), English footballer
November 23 – Óscar Carmelo Sánchez (36), Bolivian footballer
November 26 – Manuel Badenes (78), Spanish footballer
December
December 29 – Phil O'Donnell (35), Scottish footballer
References
Association football by year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20in%20association%20football |
Jamie is a unisex name. Traditionally a masculine name, it can be diminutive form of James or, more rarely, other names and is of Scottish Gaelic origin. It is also given as a name in its own right. Since the late 20th century it has been used as an occasional feminine name particularly in the United States.
People
Female
Jamie Anne Allman (born 1977), American actress
Jamie Babbit (born 1970), American film and television director
Jamie Belsito (born 1973), American politician
Jamie Bernadette, American actress and occasional producer
Jamie Bochert (born 1978), American fashion model and musician
Jamie Brewer, American actress and model
Jamie Broumas (born 1959), American jazz singer
Jamie Chadwick (born 1998), British racing driver
Jamie Chung (born 1983), American actress
Jamie Clayton (born 1978), American actress and model
Jamie Lee Curtis (born 1958), American actress and author
Jamie Dantzscher (born 1982), American artistic gymnast
Jamie Finn (born 1998), Irish footballer
Jamie Gauthier, American Democratic politician
Jamie Ginn (born 1982), American beauty queen
Jamie Gorelick (born 1950), American lawyer
Jamie Grace (born 1991), American rapper, singer, and songwriter
Jamie Greubel (born 1983), American bobsledder
Jamie Hampton (born 1990), American tennis player
Jamie Hayter (born 1995), English professional wrestler
Jamie Herrell (born 1994), American-born Filipino beauty queen
Jamie Hooyman (born 1963), American academic
Jamie Howe (born 1984), American auto racing reporter
Jamie Gray Hyder (born 1985), American actress and model
Jamie-Lee Kriewitz (born 1998), German singer
Jamie Kern Lima (born 1977), American entrepreneur
Jamie Loeb (born 1995), American tennis player
Jamie Luner (born 1971), American actress
Jamie Marchi (born 1977), American voice actress
Jamie Margolin (born 2001), American climate change activist
Jamie McCourt (born 1953), American ambassador and attorney
Jamie McDell (born 1992), New Zealand singer and songwriter
Jamie McLeod-Skinner (born 1967), American attorney, engineer, and politician
Jamie Ray Newman (born 1978), American actress
Jamie O'Neal (born 1968), Australian country singer
Jamie Rivera (born 1966), Filipino singer
Jamie Rose (born 1959), American actress
Jamie Pineda (born 1988), American model, singer, and songwriter
Jamie Salé (born 1977), Canadian figure skater
Jamie-Lynn Sigler (born 1981), American actress
Jamie Silverstein (born 1983), American figure skater and ice dancer
Jamie Sinclair (born 1992), American-born Canadian curler
Jamie Renée Smith (born 1987), American actress
Jamie Lynn Spears (born 1991), American actress and singer
Jamie Tisch (born 1968), American businesswoman and philanthropist
Jamie Yeung (born 1997), Hong Kong competitive swimmer
Male
A–E
Jamie Adams (born 1987), Scottish footballer
Jamie Allen (disambiguation)
Jamie Anderson (disambiguation)
Jamie Arnold (baseball) (born 1974), American baseball pitcher
Jamie Arnold (basketball) (born 1975), American-Israeli basketball player
Jamie Baillie (born 1966), Canadian politician and CEO of Credit Union Atlantic
Jamie Bamber (born 1973), English actor
Jamie Bartlett (1966–2022), English-born South African actor
Jamie Bates (born 1989), English welterweight kickboxer
Jamie Bates (footballer) (born 1968), English footballer
Jamie Baulch (born 1973), British sprinter and television presenter
Jamie Bell (born 1986), English actor
Jamie Benn (born 1989), Canadian ice hockey player
Jamie Bennett (disambiguation)
Jamie Bond, Australian rules footballer
Jamie Boreham (born 1978), Canadian football player
Jamie Brennan (born 1996/7), Irish footballer
Jamie Briggs (born 1977), Australian politician
Jamie Brooks (born 1983), English football player
Jamie Brown (disambiguation)
Jamie Buhrer (born 1989), Australian rugby player
Jamie Carragher (born 1978), English footballer
Jamie Coleman (born 1975), American football player
Jamie Cook (born 1985), guitarist for British band Arctic Monkeys
Jamie Cope (born 1985), English snooker player
Jamie Crombie (born 1965), American-Canadian squash player
Jamie Cullum (born 1979), English pianist, singer, and songwriter
Jamie DeWolf (born 1977), American slam poet
Jamie Dimon (born 1956), CEO and chairman of J.P. Morgan Chase and Co.
Jamie Dornan (born 1982), Northern Irish model, actor and musician
Jamie Draven (born 1979), English actor
Jamie Drysdale (born 2002), Canadian ice hockey player
Jamie Durie (born 1970), Australian landscaper and television personality
F–N
Jamie Farr (born 1934), American actor
Jamie Foreman (born 1958), British actor
Jamie Foxx (born 1967), American actor and musician
Jamie Gillan (born 1997), American football player
Jamie Gillis (1943–2010), American porn star
Jamie Gold (born 1969), American television producer and poker player
Jamie Gonoud (born 1992/1993), Westmeath Gaelic footballer
Jaymie Graham (born 1983), Australian rules footballer
Jamie Harris (actor) (born 1963), British actor
Jamie Harris (footballer) (born 1979), Welsh footballer
Jamie Hendry (born 1985), British theatre producer
Jamie Hewlett (born 1968), comic book artist and co-creator of the band Gorillaz
Jamie Hyneman (born 1956), American television host
Jamie Iannone, American businessman, CEO of eBay
Jamie Johnston (born 1989), Canadian actor
Jamie Kennedy (born 1970), American comedian and actor
Jamie Kennedy (chef), Canadian chef
Jamie King (born 1972), British television actor
Jamie Korab (born 1979), Canadian curler
Jamie Langenbrunner (born 1975), American hockey player
Jamie Lee (disambiguation)
Jamie Lewis (born 1991), Welsh darts player
Jamie Lidell (born 1973), English musician
Jamie Lyon (born 1982), Australian rugby player
Jamie Malonzo (born 1996), Filipino-American basketball player
Jamie Masters (born 1955), Canadian ice hockey player
Jamie McGonnigal (born 1975), American voice actor
Jamie McMurray (born 1976), American NASCAR driver
Jamie McNeair (born 1969), American heptathlete
Jamie Meder (born 1991), American football player
Jamie Moore (boxer) (born 1978), English boxer
Jamie Moore (jockey) (born 1985), English jockey
Jamie Moyer (born 1962), baseball player
Jamie Murray (born 1986), Scottish tennis player
Jamie Muscato (born 1990), English actor and singer
Jamie Newman (born 1997), American football player
O–Z
Jamie O'Hara (disambiguation)
Jamie O'Neill (born 1962), Irish novelist
Jamie Oldaker (1951–2020), American drummer
Jamie Oliver (born 1975), TV chef
Jamie Oliver (musician) (born 1975), member of lostprophets
Jamie Parker (born 1979), English actor
Jamie Raines (born 1994), English transgender YouTuber and LGBT advocate
Jamie Redknapp (born 1973), English footballer
Jamie Reid (born 1947), English anarchist artist
Jamie Roberts (born 1986), Welsh rugby player
Jamie Scott (born 1984), English singer-songwriter and producer
Jamie Smith (disambiguation)
Jamie Soward (born 1984), Australian rugby player
Jamie Spencer (born 1980), Irish jockey
Jamie T (born 1986), stage name of English musician Jamie Treays
Jamie Theakston (born 1970), English television and radio presenter
Jamie Thomas (born 1974), American skateboarder
Jamie Travis (born 1979), Canadian filmmaker
Jamie Vardy (born 1987), English footballer
Jamie Waite (born 1986), Thai footballer
Jamie Walker (disambiguation)
Jamie Walsh, English rugby player
Jamie Wessels, Gympie Golfer
Jamie Whincup (born 1983), Australian racing driver
Jamie Wilkinson, founder of Know Your Meme
Jamie Wong, Hong Kong cyclist
Fictional characters
Jamie, a character in the soap opera Hollyoaks
Jamie, a character in the TV series Malcolm in the Middle
Jamie, a character in the Spanish-Franco-German 2008 movie The Anarchist's Wife
Jamie, a NPC (Non Player Character) in Hypixel's MMORPG gamemode, Skyblock
Jamie, the title character of Jamie (TV series), a 1953/1954 American sitcom
Jamie Clapton, in the soap opera Doctors
Jamie Dutton, a main character in the Paramount Network original television series Yellowstone.
Jamie Fraser, a main character from the TV series Outlander
Jamie Grimm, a main character in the book series I Funny
Jamie Jolina, a The Sims 3 character
Jamie Kane, a UK pop star of an alternate reality game of the same name
Ja'mie King, an Australian schoolgirl played by Chris Lilley in various Australian TV series
Jamie Lawson, character in Small Wonder, played by Jerry Supiran
Jamie Lloyd, in the Halloween film series
Jamie Madrox, a Marvel superhero, also known as Multiple Man
Jamie McCrimmon, in Doctor Who, played by Frazer Hines
Jamie Powell, a character in the American sitcom television series Charles in Charge played by Nicole Eggert
Jamie Sullivan, a character in the 2002 American coming-of-age romantic drama movie A Walk to Remember
Jamie Tartt, a character in Ted Lasso, played by Phil Dunster
Jamie Taylor, a main character in the drama-gothic romance series The Haunting of Bly Manor played by Amelia Eve
Jamie Tyler, an American boy with mind control powers from Anthony Horowitz' Power of Five series
See also
Jaime, Spanish/Portuguese variant
Jaimie (disambiguation)
Jamy (disambiguation)
Jay (given name)
Jayme, a given name and a surname
Jaymee Joaquin (born 1984), Filipina actress
References
English-language unisex given names
English unisex given names
Unisex given names
English-language masculine given names
English-language feminine given names
English masculine given names
English feminine given names
Masculine given names
Feminine given names
French unisex given names
Hypocorisms | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie |
Minefields in Croatia cover of territory. As of 2020, the minefields (usually known as "mine suspected areas") are located in 45 cities and municipalities within 8 counties. These areas are thought to contain approximately 17,285 land mines, in addition to unexploded ordnance left over from the Croatian War of Independence. Land mines were used extensively during the war by all sides in the conflict; about 1.5 million were deployed. They were intended to strengthen defensive positions lacking sufficient weapons or manpower, but played a limited role in the fighting.
After the war of territory was initially suspected to contain mines, but this estimate was later reduced to after physical inspection. demining programs were coordinated through governmental bodies such as the Croatian Mine Action Centre, which was hiring private demining companies employing 632 deminers. The areas are marked with 11,454 warning signs.
, 509 people had been killed and 1,466 injured by land mines in Croatia since the war; with these figures including 60 deminers and seven Croatian Army engineers killed during demining operations. In the immediate aftermath of the war, there were about 100 civilian mine casualties per year, but this decreased to below ten per year by 2010 through demining, mine-awareness, and education programs. Croatia has spent approximately €450 million on demining since 1998, when the process was taken over by private contractors coordinated by the Croatian Mine Action Centre. The cost to complete the demining is estimated at €500 million or more. Economic loss to Croatia (due to loss of land use within suspected minefields) is estimated at €47.3 million per year.
Background
In 1990, following the electoral defeat of the Communist regime in Croatia by the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), ethnic tensions between Croats and Serbs worsened. After the elections, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) confiscated Croatia's Territorial Defence weapons to minimize potential resistance. On 17 August, tensions escalated to an open revolt by the Croatian Serbs. The JNA stepped in, preventing Croatian police from intervening. The revolt centred on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of the Dalmatian hinterland around the city of Knin, parts of the Lika, Kordun and Banovina regions and eastern Croatian settlements with a significant Serb population. This incontiguous area was subsequently named the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). The RSK declared its intention to join Serbia, and as a result came to be viewed by the Government of Croatia as a breakaway region. By March 1991, the conflict had escalated into what became known as the Croatian War of Independence. In June, Croatia declared its independence as Yugoslavia disintegrated. By January 1992, the RSK held of territory within borders claimed by Croatia. This territory ranged from in depth, and had a front line along Croatian-controlled territory.
Wartime use
Land mines were first used by the JNA in early 1991, before its withdrawal from Croatia, to protect military barracks and other facilities. Even JNA facilities located in urban centers were secured in this way, using mines such as the PROM-1 bounding mine and MRUD directional anti-personnel mine. The Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian police began laying land mines in late 1991, relying heavily on them to stop advances by the JNA and the Army of the RSK (ARSK) until early 1992. These early minefields were laid with little documentation. In 1992 the ARSK increased its use of mines to secure the front line, largely due to its limited number of troops. Consequently, the ARSK constructed static defensive lines (consisting of trenches, bunkers and large numbers of mines designed to protect thinly-manned defences) to delay HV offensives. This approach was necessitated by the limited depth of RSK territory and the lack of reserves available with which to counterattack (or block) breaches of its defensive line, which meant that the ARSK was unable to employ defence in depth tactics. The combination of poor documentation of minefield locations and the lack of markings (or fencing) led to frequent injuries to military personnel caused by mines laid by friendly forces. It is estimated that a total of 1.5 million land mines were laid during the war.
The HV successfully used anti-tank mines as obstacles in combination with infantry anti-tank weapons, destroying or disabling more than 300 JNA tanks (particularly during defensive operations in Slavonia). Conversely, anti-personnel mines deployed by the ARSK proved less effective against the HV during operations Flash and Storm in 1995. During these operations, the HV crossed (or bypassed) many ARSK minefields based on information from land-based and unmanned aerial vehicle reconnaissance of the movement of ARSK patrols, civilian populations, and the activation of mines by wildlife. Out of the 224 HV personnel killed in operations Flash and Storm, only 15 fatalities were caused by land mines. Similarly, out of 966 wounded in the two offensives only 92 were injured by land mines.
Casualties
a total of 509 people had been killed and 1,466 injured by land mines in 1,352 incidents in Croatia. There were 557 civilian casualties from land mines between 1991 and 1995, during the war and in its immediate aftermath. Between 1996 and 1998 there were approximately 100 civilian casualties from land mines per year in Croatia, but the number gradually decreased to less than ten per year by 2010. During the war, 57 HV troops were killed or injured by mines in 1992. In 1995, 169 were killed or injured (most during operations Flash and Storm) out of 130,000 HV troops involved. Seven HV engineers were killed and 18 injured by land mines during HV mine clearance operations between 1996 and 1998. Civilian casualties include 60 deminers killed since 1998.
Croatia has established an extensive framework to assist those injured by mines and the families of mine victims. This assistance includes emergency and ongoing medical care, physical rehabilitation, psychological and social support, employment and social-integration assistance, public awareness, and access to public services. Institutions and organizations supporting mine victims include a wide range of governmental bodies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
Existing minefields
, minefields in Croatia cover of territory. The minefields (usually known as "mine suspected areas" or MSA) are located in 6 counties and 28 cities and municipalities. These areas are thought to contain approximately c.11,732 land mines, in addition to unexploded ordnance left over from the Croatian War of Independence.
The area suspected of containing land mines is marked using more than 6,255 warning signs. Based on the analysis of the area structure in MSAs, at the end of 2022, after the demining, technical survey and general and supplementary general survey, it was determined that 98.7% of MSAs are forests and forest areas, while 1.2% MSAs of the Republic of Croatia are agricultural land, and 0.1% of MSAs are categorized as "other areas" (water, wetlands, rocks, landslides, rocks, shores, etc.).
In 2023, areas thought to contain unexploded ordnance (but no land mines) had been marked with 6,255 warning signs.
Social and economic impacts
Land mines are a safety issue for populations living near minefields. In 2008, an estimated 920,000 people in Croatia were endangered by their proximity to mined areas (20.8 percent of the population). Land mines are also a significant problem for development, because a substantial portion of the minefields in Croatia are on agricultural land and in forests. Some drainage channels are consequently inaccessible for maintenance, resulting in intermittent flooding; this is particularly severe in areas bordering Hungary. Similar problems are caused by mines laid on the banks of the Drava, Kupa, and Sava rivers. The presence of land mines adversely affected post-war recovery in rural areas, reducing the amount of available agricultural land, impeding development, and affecting the quality of life for people in mined areas. In addition to agriculture, the most significant economic problem caused by mines in Croatia is their impact on tourism (especially on forested areas and hunting in areas inland from the Adriatic Sea coast). In 2012, it was estimated that the economy of Croatia lost 355 million kuna ( 47.3 million euros) a year from the effects of mine-suspected areas on the economy.
Because of the importance of tourism to the Croatian economy, areas frequented by tourists (or near major tourist routes) have been given priority for demining. Other safety-related areas receiving demining priority are settlements, commercial and industrial facilities and all documented minefields. Agricultural land, infrastructure, and forests are grouped in three priority categories depending on their economic significance. National parks in Croatia were also demined as top-priority areas, along with areas significant for fire protection. Theft of minefield signs is a significant problem, and is particularly pronounced in areas with concerns among the local population that the signs harm tourism. The signs are regularly replaced, sometimes with concrete or masonry structures to display them instead of metal poles. Since the 1990s, only one tourist has been injured by a land mine in Croatia.
The Government of Croatia established several bodies to address the problem of land mines in Croatia; foremost among them are the Office for Mine Action and the Croatian Mine Action Centre. The Office for Mine Action is a government agency tasked with providing expert analysis and advice on demining. The Croatian Mine Action Centre is a public-sector body tasked with planning and conducting demining surveys, accepting cleared areas, marking mine-suspected areas, quality assurance, demining research and development, and victim assistance. The work of the Croatian Mine Action Centre is supervised by the Office for Mine Action.
As refugees flee to Europe, from Syria and other Middle Eastern nations, some are migrating through Croatia due to Hungary's recent closing of its borders. These immigrants trying to cross to Europe are seeking Croatia's help in finding safe routes of passage.
Mine awareness and education
Croatia has implemented a mine-awareness educational program aimed at reducing the frequency of mine-related accidents through an ongoing information campaign. The program is conducted by the Croatian Red Cross, the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports and several NGOs in cooperation with the Croatian Mine Action Centre. The Croatian Mine Action Centre actively supports NGOs to develop as many programs as possible and attract new NGOs to mine-awareness and educational activities. It maintains an accessible online database with cartographic information on the location of mine-suspected areas in Croatia.
One mine-awareness campaign involving billboard advertising attracted criticism from the Ministry of Tourism and the Croatian National Tourist Board (CNTB) because the signs were placed in tourist areas, far from any mine-suspected areas. The Ministry of Tourism and the CNTB welcomed the effort's humanitarian aspect, but considered the signs a potential source of unwarranted negative reaction from tourists. Tourist guidebooks of Croatia include warnings about the danger posed by mines in the country, and provide general information about their location.
Demining
At the end of the Croatian War of Independence, approximately of the country was suspected of containing land mines. During the war and in its immediate aftermath, demining was performed by HV engineers supported by police and civil defence personnel. Wartime demining was focused on clearance tasks in support of military operations and the safety of the civilian population. In 1996 the Parliament of Croatia enacted the Demining Act, tasking police with its organization and the government-owned AKD Mungos company with the demining itself. By April 1998 approximately had been cleared of mines, and the initial estimate of minefield areas was reduced after inspection. By 2003 the entire territory of Croatia was reviewed, and the minefield area was reduced to .
Since May 1998 the Croatian Mine Action Centre has been tasked with the development of demining plans, projects, technical inspections, cleared-area handover, demining quality assurance, expert assistance and the coordination of mine-clearance activities. The demining is performed by 35 licensed companies, employing 632 demining professionals and 58 auxiliary personnel. The companies do their work with 681 metal detectors, 55 mine rollers and mine flails, and 15 mine-detection dogs. Mine-clearing machines include locally designed models produced by DOK-ING. Deminers typically earn €.50–1.20 for each cleared, or €800–900 a month.
Since 1998, demining has been funded through the government and by donations. From 1998 to 2011, donations amounted to €75.5 million (17 percent of the total of €450 million spent on demining during that period). Most donations were from foreign contributors, including NGOs and foreign governments (among them Japan, Germany, Monaco, Luxembourg and the United States). The European Union was also a significant contributor during that period, providing €20.7 million. , the Croatian Mine Action Centre has been allocated approximately 400 million kuna ( 53 million euros) a year for demining. In 2011, an estimated further €500 million (or more) was needed to remove all remaining land mines from Croatia by 2019, the deadline for land-mine clearance set by the Ottawa Treaty. The Croatian Mine Action Centre spends approximately 500,000 kuna ( 66,600 euros) a year to maintain minefield warning signs (including the replacement of stolen signs).
As of April 2017, approximately 446 km² containing around 43,000 potential landmines was yet to be cleared.
On July 28, 2022, the Croatian government submitted to the Parliament the Proposal for the National Mine Action Program until 2026, which defines the demining strategy for mine-suspected areas and the deadline for completion by county.
Footnotes
References
Books
News reports
Other sources
External links
Croatian mine action centre - official website
MIS Portal – maps of mine suspected areas in Croatia
Croatia
Croatian War of Independence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minefields%20in%20Croatia |
San Cristóbal is a city in the center-north of the , 179 km north-northwest from the provincial capital. It had about 14,000 inhabitants at the and it is the head town of the San Cristóbal Department.
The town was founded in 1890 and the attained the status of comuna (commune) on 1894-01-21. It became a city on 1959-03-01.
References
Municipality of San Cristóbal - Official website.
Populated places in Santa Fe Province | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Crist%C3%B3bal%2C%20Santa%20Fe |
The following are lists of makers of clarinets, clarinet mouthpieces, clarinet ligatures, and clarinet reeds. Note that some of the following are simply brands for instruments from original equipment manufacturers.
Companies by specialty
Clarinets
Mouthpieces
Amati-Denak
AW-Reeds GbR
jj Babbitt
Leblanc
Leitner & Kraus
Selmer
Vandoren
Yamaha Corporation
Reeds
AW-Reeds GbR
Rico
Vandoren
Ligatures
Leblanc
Vandoren
Yamaha Corporation
Historical reproductions
Stephen Fox
Schwenk & Seggelke
References
External links
Clarinet | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20clarinet%20makers |
The Minister for Health and Aged Care is the position in the Australian cabinet responsible for national health and wellbeing and medical research. The incumbent Minister is Labor MP Mark Butler.
In the Government of Australia, the minister is responsible for national health and medical research policy, providing direction and oversight of the Department of Health and Aged Care.
History
Under Section 55(ix) of the Australian Constitution, the Commonwealth Parliament had the power to "make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth with respect to Quarantine." This was the only area of public health in which the Commonwealth had authority at the time of Federation. The federal parliament did not use this power until the proclamation of the Quarantine Act 1908, on 30 March 1908. The control of the administration of quarantine was under the administration of the Minister for Trade and Customs from 1908 until 1921. This Minister's responsibilities in health matters increased as the Australian Government took a greater role in the provision of public health services during the early 20th century, in particular after the First World War.
A separate Department of Health was established on 10 March 1921, and the position of Minister for Health was then formally created in the fifth Hughes Ministry. The role of the Department of Health has continued to expand and further federal responsibility for health was authorised by the passage, at referendum, of a constitutional amendment in 1946. From 1987 until the establishment of the current department in 2013, the department controlled by the minister had various different names – Department of Community Services and Health (1987–1991), Department of Health, Housing and Community Services (1991–1993), Department of Health, Housing, Local Government and Community Services (1993), Department of Human Services and Health (1993–1996), Department of Health and Family Services (1996–1998), Department of Health and Aged Care (1998–2001), and Department of Health and Ageing (2001–2013).
Section 51 (xxiiiA) of the Constitution now states the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament has the power to
make laws for the peace, order and good government of the Commonwealth [of Australia] with respect to the provision of maternity allowances, widows' pensions, child endowment, unemployment, pharmaceutical, sickness and hospital benefits, medical and dental services (but not so as to authorise any form of civil conscription), benefits to students and family allowances.
As a result of this amendment the federal government now has a key role in financing and providing medical services through entities such as Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
From 1972 to 1975 under Doug Everingham, the minister was named the "Minister for Helth [sic]" in some informal contexts due to Everingham's support of Spelling Reform.
List of ministers
Health
The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Health, or any of its precedent titles:
Notes
Barnard was part of a two-man ministry that comprised just Gough Whitlam and Barnard for fourteen days until the full ministry was announced.
Doug Everingham was a supporter of Spelling Reform and he preferred to spell it "Helth", but this was not the formal spelling of the portfolio's name (see above).
Morrison was appointed as Minister for Health by the Governor-General on Morrison's advice in March 2020, with both Morrison and Hunt holding the position of Minister for Health until May 2022. However, the appointment of Morrison was not made public until August 2022.
Senator Gallagher is part of an interim Albanese ministry that consisted of Anthony Albanese, Richard Marles, Penny Wong, Jim Chalmers and herself until the full ministry was sworn in on 1 June 2022.
Aged care
The following individuals have been appointed as the Minister for Aged Care, or any of its precedent titles: The position, since January 2017, is a separate outer ministry role that supplements the cabinet role of the Minister for Heath and Aged Care.
List of assistant ministers
Health and aged care
The following individual has been appointed as Assistant Ministers of Health and Aged Care, or any of its precedent titles:
Indigenous health
The following individuals have been appointed as Assistant Minister for Indigenous Health, or any of its precedent titles:
Rural and regional health
The following individuals have been appointed as Assistant Minister for Rural and Regional Health, or any of its precedent titles:
Mental health and suicide prevention
The following individuals have been appointed as Assistant Minister for Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, or any of its precedent titles:
References
External links
Ministers for Health
Health and Aged Care
Australian Ministers for Health | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20for%20Health%20and%20Aged%20Care |
"First Aid for Dora" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the July 1923 issue of Cosmopolitan and in the United Kingdom in the August 1923 Strand. It features the irrepressible Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, and was included in the collection Ukridge, published in 1924.
Plot
Our narrator Jimmy Corcoran spots Ukridge helping an attractive young girl onto a bus; intrigued, he finds the girl is one Dora Mason, secretary to Ukridge's Aunt Julia, a novelist.
Later, having won some money on the Derby, Corcoran promises his friends a night out, but returning home to dress, he finds Bowles has let Ukridge borrow his evening suit. Dismayed, Corcoran must in turn borrow an ancient outfit from Bowles, which in addition to being rather snug, smells rather strongly of moth-balls, rendering his evening less than pleasant.
Seeing Ukridge enjoying himself in his fine clothes, Corcoran upbraids him strongly, but hears that Ukridge is entertaining the pretty Dora. The next day, Ukridge arrives with the news that, attempting to smuggle the girl back into his aunt's house, they were caught by a police officer, who woke the aunt, who in turn sacked Dora. Corcoran suggests asking their respectable friend George Tupper to put in a good word for the girl.
Later Ukridge returns with the news that Tupper's appeal has failed, and further upsets Corcoran by informing him that Aunt Julia now expects a visit from the writer, posing as a journalist from her favourite magazine, Women's Sphere, sent to interview her. Arriving at the house, he meets Aunt Julia in the company of another woman, introduced to him as a Miss Watterson, and finds her far less intimidating than expected. However, she soon reveals that Ukridge's thin plot has been see through, and that Miss Watterson is in fact the editor of Women's Sphere, sending Corcoran away in shame and embarrassment.
Arriving home, he finds Ukridge on his couch, and hears that Dora has found work elsewhere and the scheme need not go ahead. Ukridge had known this the previous day, but had forgotten to inform his friend and spare him his ordeal.
Characters
Stanley Featherstonehaugh Ukridge, the irrepressible entrepreneur
Julia Ukridge, his haughty writer aunt
Dora Mason, Julia's secretary and companion
Jimmy Corcoran, Ukridge's writer friend
Bowles, Corky's landlord, an ex-butler
George Tupper, an old schoolfriend of Ukridge and Corcoran
Muriel Watterson, a friend of Julia's, editor of Women's Sphere
Publication history
The story was illustrated by T. D. Skidmore in Cosmopolitan. It was illustrated by Reginald Cleaver in the Strand.
"First Aid for Dora" was included in the 1932 collection Nothing But Wodehouse, edited by Ogden Nash and published by Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York. The collection The World of Ukridge, published in October 1975 by Barrie & Jenkins, included the story.
Adaptations
"First Aid for Dora" was adapted for radio and broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1940, as the fourth and last episode of a Ukridge series. The episode featured Malcolm Graeme as Stanley Ukridge, Noel Dryden as Corcoran, Charles Mason as George Tupper, William Trent as Bowles, Alan Wheatley as Victor Beamish, Harold Scott as Bertram Fox, Valentine Dyall as Robert Dunhill, Philip Cunningham as Freddie Lunt, Mary O'Farrell as Miss Julia Ukridge, Dora Gregory as Miss Watterson, and Edgar Norfolk as a butler.
The story was adapted into the second of six episodes in the 1956 BBC Light Programme radio series of Ukridge stories, which starred Michael Shepley as Ukridge and Hubert Gregg as Corcoran. The cast also included Martin Lewis as Bowles, Margot Lister as Aunt Julia, Belle Chrystall as Miss Watterson, Brewster Mason as Tupper, Charles Hodgson as Bertram Fox, Rolf Lefebvre as Robert Dunhill, Manning Wilson as Victor Beamish, and Geoffrey Hodson as Freddie Lunt.
See also
List of Wodehouse's Ukridge stories
References
Notes
Sources
Short stories by P. G. Wodehouse
1923 short stories
Works originally published in Cosmopolitan (magazine) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Aid%20for%20Dora |
Worry refers to the thoughts, images, emotions, and actions of a negative nature in a repetitive, uncontrollable manner that results from a proactive cognitive risk analysis made to avoid or solve anticipated potential threats and their potential consequences.
Definition
Worry is a category of perseverative cognition, i.e. a continuous thinking about negative events in the past or in the future. As an emotion "worry" is experienced from anxiety or concern about a real or imagined issue, often personal issues such as health or finances, or external broader issues such as environmental pollution, social structure or technological change. It is a natural response to anticipated future problems. Excessive worry is a primary diagnostic feature of generalized anxiety disorder, but also is pervasive in other psychological disorders, like schizophrenia.
Most people experience short-lived periods of worry in their lives without incident; indeed, a mild amount of worrying has positive effects, if it prompts people to take precautions (e.g., fastening their seat belt or buying insurance) or avoid risky behaviors (e.g., angering dangerous animals, or binge drinking), but with excessive worrisome people they overestimate future dangers in their assessments and in its extremities tend to magnify the situation as a dead end which results in stress. Overestimation happens because analytic resources are a combination of external locus of control, personal experience and belief fallacies. Chronically worried individuals are also more likely to lack confidence in their problem solving ability, perceive problems as threats, become easily frustrated when dealing with a problem, and are pessimistic about the outcome of problem-solving efforts.
Seriously anxious people find it difficult to control their worry and typically experience symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, difficulty in concentrating, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance.
Theories
Avoidance model
The avoidance model of worry (AMW) theorizes that worry is a verbal linguistic, thought based activity, which arises as an attempt to inhibit vivid mental imagery and associated somatic and emotional activation. This inhibition precludes the emotional processing of fear that is theoretically necessary for successful habituation and extinction of feared stimuli. Worry is reinforced as a coping technique due to the fact that most worries never actually occur, leaving the worrier with a feeling of having successfully controlled the feared situation, without the unpleasant sensations associated with exposure. Noteworthy, studies also show that visual worry, i.e. worrying that occurs in visual modality, is also associated with increased anxiety and other psychopathology symptoms.
Cognitive model
This model explains pathological worry to be an interaction between involuntary (bottom-up) processes, such as habitual biases in attention and interpretation favoring threat content, and voluntary (top-down) processes, such as attentional control. Emotional processing biases influence the probability of threat representations into the awareness as intruding negative or positive thoughts. At a pre-conscious level, these processes influence the competition among mental representations in which some correspond to the assertive power of worry with impaired cognitive process and others to the preventive power of worry with attentional control or exhaustive vigilance. The biases determine threatening degree and nature of worry content the worrier attempts to resolve the perceived threat and the redirection of anticipations, responses and coping in such situations.
There are some who respond to mental representations in an uncertain or ambiguous state in regard to the stressful or upsetting event. In this state the worrier is held in a perpetual state of worry. This is because availability of an overwhelming number (maybe 2 or 3, depending upon the worry-prone individual) of possibilities of outcomes which can be generated, it puts the worrier in a threatening crisis and they focus their attentional control voluntarily on the potential negative outcomes, whereas others engage in a constructive problem solving manner and in a benign approach rather than to engage with heightened anticipation on the possible negative outcome.
Philosophy
Greek thinkers such as stoic philosopher Epictetus and Seneca advised against worry. Albert Ellis, the creator of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, was inspired by the Stoics’ therapeutic ideas.
Religion
The biblical word used in Hebrew for worry (, ) regards worry as a combined form of fear and sorrow which affects nephesh, the totality of our being. The bible takes a fortitude-strengthening approach regarding worrying e.g. Psalm 94:
In the multitude of my anxieties within me, your comforts delight my soul.
In the New Testament, the Gospel of Matthew encourages:
And can any of you by worrying add a single hour to your span of life? ... So do not worry about tomorrow, for tomorrow will bring worries of its own. Today’s trouble is enough for today.
The Greek word used for worry in Matthew is merimnaō, which means to be anxious about, or to be troubled with cares.
St. Paul writes to the Philippian church, "There is no need to worry" and in the pastoral epistles, 2 Timothy 1:7 emboldens:
For God did not give us a spirit of cowardice, but rather a spirit of power and of love and of self-discipline.
Similarly James 1:2-4 motivates to face trials of any kind with joy, because they produce endurance (strength and courage). Further Saint Peter reveals his understanding of healthy living in Second Peter 1:3,5–7:
We have a sure hope ... this is a cause of great joy for us.
A late Indian spiritual teacher Meher Baba stated that worry is caused by desires and can be overcome through detachment:
Worry is the product of feverish imagination working under the stimulus of desires ... (It) is a necessary resultant of attachment to the past or to the anticipated future, and it always persists in some form or other until the mind is completely detached from everything.
Management
The worry system is activated from exposure to a potential triggering event, traumatic experience or vulnerability, this brings worrisome thoughts and feelings which bring about physical stress reactions and response to avoid worrisome behavior, to ensure allostasis. But under the crisis this activity feeds back into the first worrisome thoughts and feelings which generates and strengthens the vicious worry cycle. Relaxation, risk assessment, worry exposure, exercises such as yoga, and behavior prevention may be effective in curbing excessive worry, a chief feature of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive behavioral techniques hasn't branched out enough to address the problem holistically but therapy can control or diminish worry.
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications
Anxiety
Emotions
Psychological stress
vi:Lo âu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worry |
Marouane Chamakh (; ; born 10 January 1984) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is described as a prototypical target man and is noted for his "link-up play", "tall stature" and "excellent heading ability". Chamakh is also Bordeaux's eleventh highest goalscorer of all-time.
Chamakh started his career training with various clubs in the Aquitaine region. In 2000, he signed with Bordeaux. Chamakh made his professional debut for the club in the 2002–03 season. He spent nine years at the club and helped Bordeaux win the Coupe de la Ligue in 2007. In the 2008–09 season, Chamakh won the league title as Bordeaux were crowned champions for the first time since the 1998–99 season. The club also won the Coupe de la Ligue completing the league and league cup double. In May 2010, Chamakh joined Premier League club Arsenal on a free transfer after agreeing a four-year contract with the club. Whilst with the Gunners, he helped take the club to the League Cup final of 2011. During his stay at the Emirates, Chamakh also became the first player in UEFA Champions League history to score in six consecutive games.
Chamakh, who was born and raised in France, chose to play international football for Morocco due to his Moroccan parents. He made his national team debut in July 2003 and played in three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, including the 2004 tournament in which Morocco finished as runners-up. In August 2010, he captained the national team for the first time.
Club career
Early career
Chamakh began his football career at the age of four playing for local club Nérac FC in the nearby commune of Nérac. After six years at Nérac, Chamakh joined FC Marmandais. While in Marmande, he developed his physical skills and traits, growing as tall as 6 ft (1.83 m) and also earning his first regional selection to play for the Aquitaine regional team in the Coupe Nationale.
Bordeaux
In 2000, Chamakh was pursued by several professional clubs that wanted to obtain his services. He drew interest from Lens, Toulouse, Lorient, and Bordeaux. Chamakh eventually decided to sign with Bordeaux due to the club's infrastructure and training facilities and also because of the close proximity to his family. Upon his arrival, Chamakh was placed into the club's youth academy. For the 2001–02 season, he was promoted to the club's Championnat de France amateur 2 team in the fifth division. Chamakh was involved heavily in the campaign of the team, coached by Jean-Louis Garcia. He appeared in 17 matches and scored six goals as the team finished first in their group, thus earning promotion to the Championnat de France amateur.
Following the season, Chamakh turned professional and signed a three-year contract with Bordeaux. He spent the first half of the 2002–03 campaign playing in the fourth division, but following the winter break, was called up to the senior team by manager Élie Baup. Chamakh made his professional debut on 19 January 2003 in the team's Coupe de la Ligue match against Metz. He appeared as a substitute and played 15 minutes in a 1–0 defeat. Chamakh made his league debut three weeks later in a 2–0 home defeat to Bastia again appearing as a substitute. On 20 May, he scored his first professional goal against Nice, netting the equalizing goal just a minute before injury time in a 1–1 draw. Chamakh appeared in 14 games, always as a substitute, during the campaign. In the 2003–04 season, he was promoted to the senior team permanently by new manager Michel Pavon and made his first professional league start on 1 November 2003 in a 1–0 win over Marseille. In the team's following match, Chamakh scored the opening goal in a 1–1 draw with Strasbourg just before halftime. However, midway through the second half, he received his first career red card after incurring a second yellow. Upon returning from his one-game suspension, Chamakh developed into a regular starter for the club, scoring goals in consecutive matches against Metz and Montpellier. He finished the league campaign with six goals in 25 matches. In the club's UEFA Cup campaign, Chamakh netted four times in eight appearances.
In the 2004–05 season, Pavon decided to move Chamakh into the lead striker position and install Argentine playmaker Juan Pablo Francia as a support striker. The move was a success with Chamakh scoring ten league goals. He opened the campaign by scoring his first professional hat-trick in a 5–1 victory over Nice. In September 2004, Chamakh scored goals in back-to-back matches against Bastia and Derby de la Garonne rivals Toulouse. He finished the campaign by scoring the opening goal in a 1–1 draw with Monaco. Despite the positive individual season from Chamakh, Bordeaux finished the campaign in 15th place; its worst finish since ending the league campaign in 16th over a decade before. Pavon, due to heart problems, stepped down from his position and was replaced by Ricardo Gomes. Under Gomes, Chamakh struggled to meet the success of his previous season scoring only 12 league goals in 58 matches over the course of two seasons. Two of his notable performances during Gomes' reign included scoring a double in league matches against Metz and Nancy. In the match against the former club, Chamakh scored both of his goals within a minute of each other. He was later ejected from the match after committing a red card offense. Chamakh ended the 2006–07 Ligue 1 campaign by hoisting the Coupe de la Ligue trophy after featuring in the team's 1–0 victory over Lyon in the final match. It was Chamakh's first major club honour.
Following the departure of Gomes, Bordeaux hired rookie manager Laurent Blanc ahead of the 2007–08 season. Chamakh has stated on several occasions that Blanc was an important figure in his development as a footballer. However, when Blanc first arrived to the club, Chamakh struggled to earn meaningful minutes because Blanc preferred David Bellion, a new recruit. His playing time up front was further hampered by the arrival of striker Fernando Cavenaghi, who had a prolific season scoring 15 goals in only 23 appearances. Due to Cavenaghi's emergence, Chamakh was used as a target man and scored four goals, his lowest output since becoming a professional. In the 2008–09 season, Chamakh was relegated to appearing as a substitute for the first half of the campaign. However, on 21 December 2008, Chamakh convinced Blanc to change his mind. With Bordeaux trailing 3–0 against Monaco, Chamakh appeared as a substitute and, within minutes on the field, scored a goal. Following a goal from Alou Diarra to make the match 3–2, Chamakh equalized three minutes from time and, two minutes later, Cavenaghi netted the game-winner to give Bordeaux a 4–3 victory. Following the winter break, Blanc decided to use both Chamakh and Cavenaghi in the attack with influential playmaker Yoann Gourcuff acting in support. It was the former who developed a consistent partnership with Gourcuff, and Chamakh responded by scoring eight league goals in the second half of the season. On 30 May 2009, Bordeaux sealed their first league title since the 1998–99 season after defeating Caen 1–0 at the Stade Chaban-Delmas. Chamakh played the entire match. The club also won the Coupe de la Ligue, completing the league and league cup double.
During the club's victory parade, with only one year left on his contract Chamakh declared that he would be staying at Bordeaux for the 2009–10 season, despite strong interest from Premier League club Arsenal. Despite the statement, rumors of a move to Arsenal continued to surface with negotiations reportedly having been ongoing throughout the summer. On 3 August 2009, president Jean-Louis Triaud declared that Arsenal had sent a bid of €7 million for Chamakh and that he had rejected it, demanding that Arsenal improve its offer. The following day, Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger announced that he would not be offering a better deal and declared the possible transfer dead. The announcement subsequently led Chamakh to confirm his intent to remain at Bordeaux for the 2009–10 season. On 29 August, Chamakh reportedly snubbed a move to West Ham United. The club offered Bordeaux £18 million for the player and offered Chamakh a four-year contract worth £3 million a year. However, Chamakh remained firm on his stance, reiterating his commitment to Bordeaux.
In his final season with Bordeaux, Chamakh was equally adept in both the league and the Champions League. He began the season claiming his fifth trophy on 25 July 2009 as Bordeaux won the Trophée des Champions in a 2–0 victory over Guingamp. Chamakh scored ten goals in league play and netted five in the Champions League, which included goals against Italian club Juventus and German club Bayern Munich in the group stage. Bordeaux were only one of two clubs to finish the group stage portion undefeated. In the knockout rounds, Chamakh scored a goal in Bordeaux's 2–1 victory over Greek club Olympiacos in the second leg of the team's UEFA Champions League opening knockout round match. Bordeaux won the tie with a 3–1 aggregate scoreline to advance to the quarter-finals, where they faced league rivals Lyon. In the first leg, which Lyon won 3–1, Chamakh scored a vital away goal. In the second leg, Chamakh converted another goal to get the scoreline 3–2 on aggregate. In the second half, however, Bordeaux were unable to score another as Lyon advanced to the semi-finals on the aggregate scoreline. In Ligue 1, Chamakh appeared in all 38 matches for the first time in his career. Despite starting the campaign strong, Bordeaux fell out of the running for the league title in the spring and eventually finished the season in sixth place, failing to qualify for European competition next season.
Arsenal
On 21 May 2010, Chamakh completed his move to Arsenal on a free transfer after completing his contract with Bordeaux. The transfer took effect on 1 July 2010. He made his debut in a pre-season friendly against Barnet on 17 July, appearing as a substitute. On 27 July, he scored his first pre-season goal for the club, converting a penalty in a 4–0 victory over Austrian club SC Neusiedl. In the 2010 edition of the Emirates Cup, Chamakh scored on his home debut against Italian club Milan. On 7 August 2010, he scored the first goal in 6-5 win against Legia Warsaw in a friendly match and the last match for pre-season. He made his Premier League debut on 15 August in the team's 1–1 draw with Liverpool. Chamakh contributed to the team's equalising goal by heading a cross off the goal post, which then redirected off goalkeeper Pepe Reina and into the back of the net, resulting in an own goal.
On 21 August 2010, Chamakh scored his first Premier League goal with a header against Blackpool. In the same match, he won a penalty when he was fouled by Ian Evatt, which Andrey Arshavin subsequently converted in a 6–0 win for Arsenal. In his third start in four games, Chamakh scored the team's second goal against Bolton Wanderers in a 4–1 victory. On 15 September, in his first Champions League match for the club, he scored the third goal in a 6–0 win against Portuguese club Braga. Two weeks later, Chamakh scored his second Champions League goal for Arsenal against Serbian outfit Partizan. The goal was his seventh goal in eight Champions League matches. Following the international break, Chamakh continued his solid form, scoring the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Birmingham City. Three days later, he scored his eighth goal in nine Champions League matches against Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk in a 5–1 rout. On 10 November, Chamakh scored both goals in a midweek victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers. He scored the opening goal 37 seconds into play, which is the fastest league goal scored in the club's history.
On 20 November, Chamakh scored a goal in a 3–2 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur in the North London derby. A week later, he converted another goal, this time in a 4–2 win over Aston Villa. Following the goal against Villa, Chamakh went scoreless in the winter months, often appearing as a substitute in a majority of the matches. In matches he did start, he was often substituted on early in the second half. On 15 February 2011, he admitted that he felt burnt-out, stating, "By the start of January I felt that I had completely lost my edge." The striker also admitted he needed some rest and wouldn't return to full form until March. On 20 February, Chamakh played the entire match in Arsenal's 1–1 draw with Leyton Orient in the FA Cup. It was the first time in nearly two months he had played the full 90 minutes in a match. On 2 March, in the replay against Leyton Orient, Chamakh scored his first goal since November in a 5–0 win.
In the 2011–12 season, Chamakh made just 11 league appearances, most of which as a substitute, and scored only one goal, which came in the 4–3 defeat to Blackburn Rovers.
On 30 October 2012, Chamakh made his first start since January, scoring two goals to help Arsenal recover from a 4–0 disadvantage and defeat Reading 7–5 in extra time and advance to the quarter-finals of the League Cup.
Loan to West Ham United
On 4 January 2013, it was announced that Chamakh had been loaned to West Ham United until the end of the 2012–13 season. The loan deal was confirmed on West Ham's official site with the striker saying, "I didn't have opportunities to play recently, but I did well before and I know I am a very good striker. We played only one striker at Arsenal, so I didn't play a lot, so I hope to do so more with West Ham." He played only three games for West Ham and did not score any goals.
Crystal Palace
On 10 August 2013, Ian Holloway announced the signing of Chamakh on a one-year deal from Arsenal to Crystal Palace. On 24 August 2013 he scored his first Premier League goal since September 2011 and his first for Crystal Palace, in a 2–1 away defeat to Stoke City.
On 9 November 2013, Chamakh was given a standing ovation by the home fans at Selhurst Park whilst being substituted, despite not scoring, impressing with his work rate and attitude against Everton. On 3 December 2013, Chamakh scored in a 1–0 win against West Ham from a cross by Barry Bannan, his first goal in 11 matches. He continued his good form with a well-hit low volley in a 2–0 home win over Cardiff City. On 14 December 2013, he scored his third goal in three matches against Chelsea in a 2–1 away loss; he received a standing ovation for "working his socks off literally" when replaced on the 88th minute.
At the end of the 2013–14 season, Chamakh was listed as being released by the club, as his contract had expired. On 11 July 2014, however, it was announced that Chamakh had signed a new two-year contract with Palace. On 24 January 2015, he scored a brace in a 2–3 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup.
On the final day of the 2014–15 Premier League season, Chamakh scored the winner in a 1–0 home victory against Swansea City at Selhurst Park, the club's final home goal of the season. Coincidentally, the Moroccan had scored his first Palace home goal of that season, when he scored against his former club West Ham in August. The goal was only his second league goal of the season. On 13 June 2016, it was announced that Chamakh had again been released by Crystal Palace.
Cardiff City
On 11 October 2016, Chamakh joined Championship side Cardiff City on a short-term contract. He made his debut for the club on 19 October as a second-half substitute in place of Rickie Lambert during a 1–1 draw with Sheffield Wednesday. He was released by Cardiff in December 2016 having made two appearances, both as a substitute.
Retirement
On 26 May 2019, Chamakh confirmed that he retired from professional football after not playing for almost two-and-a-half years.
International career
Chamakh is a Moroccan international at the senior level. Prior to representing Morocco, he played for the under-19 team of France and made his debut on 12 February 2003 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic. That was his only appearance with the team. Chamakh was then selected within the French squad for the 2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, but declined the offer after being called up by Moroccan national team coach Badou Zaki for the team's 2004 African Cup of Nations qualification matches against Sierra Leone and Gabon. On 7 June 2003, he made his debut with the team in the match against Sierra Leone. On 10 September 2003, Chamakh scored both goals, which included his first international goal, in a 2–0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago. He participated in the rest of the qualification matches and was later named to participate in the tournament. Chamakh scored two goals in the competition; one against Benin in the group stage and another in the quarter-finals against Algeria. Morocco beat Mali in the semi-finals to reach the final where they faced Tunisia. In the match, Chamakh played the entire contest as Morocco were defeated 2–1 at the Stade 7 Novembre in Tunis.
In qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Chamakh scored three goals. One of his goals during qualification occurred on 8 October 2010 against Tunisia. With Morocco needing a win to qualify for the World Cup, Chamakh opened the scoring in the third minute. However, the match finished 2–2, which resulted in the team failing to qualify for the competition. However, the draw did allow Morocco qualification for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations. In the tournament, Morocco were eliminated in the group stage and departed the tournament without scoring a goal. In 2008, Chamakh was selected to participate in his third consecutive Africa Cup of Nations and was held scoreless in the competition as Morocco were again eliminated in the group stage. In 2009–2010, Chamakh appeared in only four matches and scored no goals as Morocco failed to qualify for both the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
On 11 August 2010, Chamakh captained the national team for the first time in a 2–1 win over the Equatorial Guinea. Three months later, he scored the opening goal in the team's 1–1 away draw to Northern Ireland. After going scoreless for six months at international level, on 4 June 2011, Chamakh scored the second goal in a 4–0 win over Algeria in qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.
Chamakh was excluded from Morocco's squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, with coach Rachid Taoussi explaining that the striker had not been playing enough club football to be considered.
Personal life
Chamakh was born in Tonneins, a small town near the Garonne River, to Moroccan parents, and was raised in the nearby commune of Aiguillon. His father, El Mostafa Chamakh, was a former footballer in Morocco and played for club Difaâ Aïn Sbaâ in Casablanca. In 1979, he left Morocco to locate more favorable living conditions and to find a better job.
While pursuing his career as a professional footballer, Chamakh was equally adept off the field earning good grades in school. During his early years at Bordeaux, he began attending high school. He hoped to earn a Baccalauréat in accounting, which he later accomplished. In addition to having a Baccalauréat, Chamakh is also very interested in politics and, in February 2010, voiced his support for the Democratic Movement (MoDem) political party ahead of the upcoming regional elections. In the 2010 regional elections, Chamakh was, surprisingly, listed as a candidate by the MoDem for the Gironde department in the Aquitaine region. The lead deputy of the party, Jean Lassalle, stated on the decision to name Chamakh to the ballot: "I want to gather all the forces of Aquitaine to sustain our region, and Marouane is one of those forces who Aquitaine needs." Chamakh was listed as a non-eligible candidate on the ballot and Lasalle was accused of using Chamakh in order to garner votes from football supporters in the region.
Chamakh is a practising Muslim and has stated that "I have no problem fasting during Ramadan, it becomes normal. The day before a game and on match days I do not fast, but I'll make up the lost days later."
Career statistics
Club
International
Source:
International goals
Scores and results list Morocco's goal tally first.
Honours
Bordeaux
Ligue 1: 2008–09
Coupe de la Ligue: 2006–07, 2008–09, runner-up: 2009–10
Trophée des Champions: 2008, 2009
Arsenal
Football League Cup runner-up: 2010–11
Morocco
Africa Cup of Nations runner-up: 2004
Individual
Marc-Vivien Foé Award: 2008–09
UNFP Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2009–10
Bordeaux Player of the Year: 2010
See also
References
External links
Crystal Palace FC Profile
1984 births
Living people
French men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
French sportspeople of Moroccan descent
French Muslims
Moroccan men's footballers
Moroccan expatriate men's footballers
Morocco men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Arsenal F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
Expatriate men's footballers in Wales
Sportspeople from Lot-et-Garonne
Footballers from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
French expatriate sportspeople in England
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Wales | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marouane%20Chamakh |
The Catholic Church in Finland () is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
, there were more than 15,000 registered Catholics in Finland out of a total population of 5.5 million. There were also an estimated 10,000 unregistered Catholics in the country. Of the more than 6000 Catholic families in the country, half were Finnish and the rest from the international community. Due to the small number of Catholics in Finland, the whole country forms a single diocese, the Catholic Diocese of Helsinki.
, there were five native-born Finnish priests, three of whom work in Finland. There are more than 30 priests from different countries serving in Finland. Since the 2019 retirement of Teemu Sippo, the first native-born Finnish Catholic bishop since the Lutheran Reformation, the Diocese of Helsinki has been vacant, i.e. without a bishop.
The Catholic Church in Finland is active in ecumenical matters and is a member of the Finnish Ecumenical Council, even though the worldwide Catholic Church is not a member of the World Council of Churches.
History
Catholicism was the first form of Christianity introduced into the area of present-day Finland in the 12th century. In the 16th century, Finland, as part of Sweden, took part in the Lutheran Reformation after which Catholicism lost almost all ground in the area.
The first Catholic religious service in Finland following the death of the Catholic King John III of Sweden in 1592 was celebrated in 1796 in Turku by the Apostolic Vicar of Sweden, the Italian-born Father .
A parish was established in 1799 in Vyborg in the Russian part of Old Finland. After the rest of Finland became part of the Russian Empire in 1812, the parish covered the whole Grand Duchy of Finland. There were about 3000 Catholics in 1830. Until the 1860s, all the priests serving in Finland were Lithuanian Dominicans. The parish of Helsinki was founded in 1856, possibly due to the influence of the Governor General Friedrich Wilhelm von Berg's Italian wife, Leopoldina Cicogna Mozzoni (1786 – Warsaw 17 February 1874). St. Henry's Cathedral in Helsinki was finished in 1860.
In 1882 all the German priests and nuns were expelled. All foreign priests were expelled again in 1912. After Finland's independence and the departure of Russian military forces, which had included many Poles and Lithuanians, the Catholic Church lost most of its members.
In 1920 an apostolic vicariate was established in Finland. A parish in Turku was established in 1926, and in 1927 a parish in Terijoki. The Government granted the Catholic Church in Finland the status of religious community in 1929. Finland established diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1942 and Pope Pius XII donated a significant sum of money to Finnish war orphans. After the war, the parishes in Vyborg and Terijoki, which had been located in territories that were ceded to the USSR, were moved to Lahti, and a new parish was founded in 1949 in Jyväskylä.
The Church of the Assumption of Mary was finished in Helsinki in 1954. The following year the apostolic vicariate was raised to a diocese. A parish in Tampere was established in 1957, a parish in Kouvola in 1985, and a parish in Oulu in 1992.
Catholic Church movements and groups are also active in Finland. One of these, the Neocatechumenal Way has established two Redemptoris Mater seminaries in Finland and maintains a presence both in Helsinki and in other towns, most notably Oulu.
A notable Catholic Finn in the early 21st century is the former head of the nationalist Finns Party, Timo Soini.
Bishops
Bishops of Turku
Henrik, 1134–1158
Rodolfus, 1202?–1209?
Folkvinus, 1210?–1234?
Tuomas, 1234?–1245
Bero, 1248 tai 1249–1258
Ragvald I, 1258–1266
Catillus, 1266–1286
Johannes, 1286–1290
Maunu I, 1291–1308
Ragvald II, 1309–1321
Pentti Gregoriuksenpoika, 1321–1338
Hemming, 1338–1366
Henrik Hartmaninpoika, 1366–1367
Johannes Pietarinpoika, 1367–1370
Johannes Westfal, 1370–1385
Bero Balk, 1385–1412
Maunu Olavinpoika Tavast, 1412–1450
Olavi Maununpoika, 1450–1460
Konrad Bitz, 1460–1489
Maunu III Särkilahti, 1489–1500
Laurentius Michaelis, 1500–1506
Johannes IV Olofsson, 1506–1510
Arvid Kurck, 1510–1522
Ericus Svenonius, 1523–1527
Martti Skytte, 1528–1550
Bishops from 1923
Before the year 1955, Finland was a apostolic vicariate headed by an apostolic vicar, who was technically not the Bishop of Helsinki, but the titular bishop of a titular see, which is a defunct Roman Catholic diocese.
Apostolic Vicars of Finland 1923–1955
Bishops of Helsinki 1955–
Churches
There are eight Catholic parishes in Finland:
St. Henry's Cathedral, Helsinki (Sub Centres – Tapanila (Vantaa), Porvoo)
St. Brigit & Blessed Hemming Church, Turku (Sub Centres – Åland, Eurajoki, Pori)
St. Olav's Church, Jyväskylä
St. Mary's Church, Helsinki (Sub Centres – Olari (Espoo), Hyvinkää, Karis)
Holy Cross Church, Tampere (Sub Centres – Hämeenlinna, Kokkola, Kristinestad, Jakobstad, Seinäjoki, Vaasa)
St. Ursula's Church, Kouvola (Sub Centres – Hamina, Kotka, Lahti, Lappeenranta)
Holy Family of Nazareth Church, Oulu (Sub Centres – Rovaniemi, Tornio, Kemi, Kajaani)
St. Joseph's Church, Kuopio (Sub Centres – Mikkeli, Savonlinna, Joensuu, Lieksa)
Masses are also celebrated at the sub centres of the above parishes and some Lutheran and Orthodox Churches on alternative weeks. There is a Catholic Church retreat and education centre named Stella Maris in Lohja.
There is a high demand for establishing a new parish in Northern Finland at Rovaniemi which is a major tourist destination in Lapland.
Religious orders
The Bridgettine order is active in Finland with convents in Turku and Koisjärvi, near Lohja. A Carmelite convent, the Monastery of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Finland was established in Espoo in 1988. The Dominican friars run a house in central Helsinki, home to a large library specializing in Christian studies and ecumenism named .
The relics of Bishop Henrik
The ownership of the relics of Bishop Henrik caused some controversy between the National Board of Antiquities, the Catholic Church in Finland, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. In 1998 the pastor of the Cathedral of Saint Henry in Helsinki wished to relocate Henrik's relics to the Cathedral, although they were previously exhibited in the Lutheran Cathedral of Turku. The National Board of Antiquities eventually chose to place the relics in the Cathedral of Saint Henry in Helsinki.
Liturgical languages
Because half of the Roman Catholics in Finland are members of the international community, the Catholic Mass is regularly celebrated in 20 other languages in addition to Finnish. The languages beyond Finnish in which the Mass is celebrated include Swedish, English, Polish, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Malayalam, Tamil and Hungarian.
See also
Religion in Finland
Catholic Diocese of Helsinki
List of Catholic dioceses in Finland
St. Henry's Cathedral
St. Mary's Church, Helsinki
References
Works cited
External links
Catholic Church in Finland
Bridgettine Sisters in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Finland |
The 2005 Eneco Tour of Benelux road cycling race took place from August 3 to August 10. The Eneco tour is the continuation of the Tour of the Netherlands. This first edition covered parts of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. 184 cyclists and 23 cycling teams participated. 20 are UCI ProTour teams, the three remaining are Shimano Memory-Corp and the Belgian teams MrBookmaker and Chocolade Jacques. The winner, Bobby Julich (), won the last stage, an individual time trial with a time of 31'14". This launched him from the twelfth place 12 to the first. Leif Hoste (), thirteenth, became second. Max van Heeswijk (DSC) wore the red jersey two days (the 2nd and the 3rd) and Rik Verbrugghe five days.
This edition was somewhat tainted by an incident during stage 4. Near Stavelot, the peloton were sent in the wrong direction, while the handful of men ahead were on the correct course. As a result, their lead grew to about 15 minutes, which would have made it nearly impossible for anyone else to attain the overall victory, destroying the appeal of the race. The jury decided that the leaders would have to halt until the peloton's lag was reduced to what it was before, but they initially refused. Eventually, they had to be halted by the police, causing leader Bart Dockx to sit on the ground by way of protest.
In the final time trial, Bobby Julich climbed from 12th to 1st overall.
Stages
03-08-2005: Mechelen, 5.7 km. (ITT)
04-08-2005: Geel-Mierlo, 189 km.
05-08-2005: Geldrop-Sittard, 178 km.
06-08-2005: Beek-Landgraaf, 205 km.
07-08-2005: Landgraaf-Verviers, 232 km.
08-08-2005: Verviers-Hasselt, 194 km.
09-08-2005: Sint Truiden-Hoogstraten, 195 km.
10-08-2005: Etten-Leur, 26 km. (ITT)
General Standings
KOM Classification
Points Classification
Best Young Rider
Best Team
External links
Race website
2005 UCI ProTour
Eneco
Eneco
Eneco
August 2005 sports events in Europe
2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Eneco%20Tour |
The 2005 Clásica de San Sebastián was the 25th edition of the Clásica de San Sebastián cycling classic. Constantino Zaballa gave Saunier Duval–Prodir their second win in this race.
General Standings
13-08-2005: San Sebastián, 227 km.
References
External links
Race website
Clasica de San Sebastian
Clásica de San Sebastián
San | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Cl%C3%A1sica%20de%20San%20Sebasti%C3%A1n |
Constantius of Perugia (also known as Costantius, Constance or Costanzo) (died c. 170 AD) is one of the patron saints of Perugia, Italy.
Legend
According to his legend, of which four versions exist, he was arrested during the persecutions of Antoninus (some sources say Marcus Aurelius) and whipped, and then forced into a stove along with his companions, from which all escaped unharmed. He was jailed and set free by his guards, whom he had converted to Christianity. He sought refuge in a house owned by a Christian named Anastasius. But he, along with Anastasius, were arrested again and after being tortured in prisons at Assisi and Spello, were decapitated near Foligno.
Local tradition makes him the first bishop of Perugia. This tradition states that he became the first bishop of the city at the age of 30. He was active in evangelism and care for the poor.
Veneration
His cult was diffused beyond Umbria. He was listed in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum under the feast day of January 29.
The four variations of his legend are consistent in regards to the place of his martyrdom (Foligno). A church in Perugia dedicated to him was demolished in 1527. The accounts of his martyrdom state that his body was carried to Perugia and buried near the site of the present-day cathedral there. His relics were translated in 1825 with great solemnity to a new altar at the present-day church of San Costanzo.
On his feast day, "torcolo", a ring-shaped cake made of pine nuts, raisins, and dried fruit, is a traditional food in Perugia.
In art, Costantius is often represented as a bishop wearing a mitre and robe and bearing a crozier. He frequently appears in the company of another Perugian patron saint, Sant'Ercolano (Herculanus of Perugia). His feast day is 29 January.
See also
Abundius of Umbria, martyred in Umbria in 303.
Notes
References
Patron Saints at Catholic-Forum.com
The Book of Saints: A dictionary of persons canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church. Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine Abbey, Ramsgate. NY: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1966.
"A Reconstruction of Taddeo di Bartolo's Altarpiece for San Francesco al Prato, Perugia," by Gail E. Solberg. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 134, No. 1075 (October 1992)p. 646–656.
Umbria Best Gastronomy
San Costanzo di Perugia
External links
Constantius at Patron Saints Index
29 January saints at Saint Patrick's Church
170 deaths
People from Perugia
2nd-century Italian bishops
Saints from Roman Italy
Bishops in Umbria
2nd-century Christian martyrs
Year of birth unknown | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius%20of%20Perugia |
The 2005 Deutschland Tour was a men's road cycling stage race which took place from 26 to 29 August 2021. It was the 30th edition of the Deutschland Tour and part of the 2005 UCI ProTour.
Teams
UCI Pro Tour Teams
Schedule
Stages
Stage 1
15 August 2005 – Altenburg to Plauen,
Stage 2
16 August 2005 – Pegnitz to Bodenmais,
Stage 3
17 August 2005 – Bodenmais to Kufstein
Stage 4
18 August 2005 – Kufstein – Sölden
Stage 5
19 August 2005 – Sölden – Friedrichshafen
20-08-2005: Friedrichshafen-Singen, 175 km.
21-08-2005: Singen-Feldberg, 173 km.
22-08-2005: Ludwigshafen-Weinheim, 30 km. (ITT)
23-08-2005: Bad Kreuznach-Bonn, 170 km.
Final classification standings
General classification
Mountains classification
Points classification
Team classification
References
External links
Race website
2005
2005 UCI ProTour
2005 in German sport
August 2005 sports events in Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Deutschland%20Tour |
Monkey patching is a technique used to dynamically update the behavior of a piece of code at run-time. A monkey patch (also spelled monkey-patch, MonkeyPatch) is a way to extend or modify the runtime code of dynamic languages (e.g. Smalltalk, JavaScript, Objective-C, Ruby, Perl, Python, Groovy, etc.) without altering the original source code.
Etymology
The term monkey patch seems to have come from an earlier term, guerrilla patch, which referred to changing code sneakily – and possibly incompatibly with other such patches – at runtime. The word guerrilla, nearly homophonous with gorilla, became monkey, possibly to make the patch sound less intimidating.
An alternative etymology is that it refers to “monkeying about” with the code (messing with it).
Despite the name's suggestion, the "monkey patch" is sometimes the official method of extending a program. For example, web browsers such as Firefox and Internet Explorer used to encourage this, although modern browsers (including Firefox) now have an official extensions system.
Definitions
The definition of the term varies depending upon the community using it. In Ruby, Python, and many other dynamic programming languages, the term monkey patch only refers to dynamic modifications of a class or module at runtime, motivated by the intent to patch existing third-party code as a workaround to a bug or feature which does not act as desired. Other forms of modifying classes at runtime have different names, based on their different intents. For example, in Zope and Plone, security patches are often delivered using dynamic class modification, but they are called hot fixes.
Applications
Monkey patching is used to:
Replace methods / classes / attributes / functions at runtime, e.g. to stub out a function during testing;
Modify/extend behaviour of a third-party product without maintaining a private copy of the source code;
Apply the result of a patch at runtime to the state in memory, instead of the source code on disk;
Distribute security or behavioural fixes that live alongside the original source code (an example of this would be distributing the fix as a plugin for the Ruby on Rails platform);
Pitfalls
Malicious, incompetently written, and/or poorly documented monkey patches can lead to problems:
They can lead to upgrade problems when the patch makes assumptions about the patched object that are no longer true; a new release may very well break the patch. For this reason monkey patches are often made conditional, and only applied if appropriate.
If two modules attempt to monkey patch the same method, one of them (whichever one runs last) "wins" and the other patch has no effect, unless monkey patches are written with a pattern like alias_method_chain.
They create a discrepancy between the original source code and the observed behaviour that can be very confusing to anyone unaware of the existence of the patch. For example, the Linux kernel detects proprietary and other third-party modules such as the Nvidia driver, which tamper with kernel structures, so that developers will not waste their time trying to debug a problem that they cannot fix.
They can be written with malicious code in order to attack the main program, or each other. As an example, in 2009, Giorgio Maone, developer of NoScript, attacked the Adblock Plus extension for Firefox, adding exceptions so that advertisements on his own websites would work. The offending code also made sure that if the user attempted to remove the exceptions, they would be added again. The spat caused widespread anger, leading to a back and forth war between new adblock rules being pushed to users, followed by Maone sabotaging the new ones, which eventually led to Mozilla stepping in to change policies regarding add-ons.
Examples
The following Python example monkey-patches the value of Pi from the standard Python math library to make it compliant with the Indiana Pi Bill.
>>> import math
>>> math.pi
3.141592653589793
>>> math.pi = 3.2 # monkey-patch the value of Pi in the math module
>>> math.pi
3.2
================================ RESTART ================================
>>> import math
>>> math.pi
3.141592653589793
>>>
See also
Polyfill
Aspect-oriented programming
Category in Objective-C
Dynamic loading
Extension method in C#
Self-modifying code
References
Object-oriented programming
Programming constructs | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey%20patch |
The 95th Reconnaissance Squadron is a squadron of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the 55th Operations Group, Air Combat Command, stationed at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. The squadron is equipped with several variants of the Boeing C-135 aircraft equipped for reconnaissance missions.
The 95th is one of the oldest units in the United States Air Force, first being organized as the 95th Aero Squadron on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The squadron deployed to France and fought on the Western Front during World War I as a pursuit squadron.
During World War II the unit served in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) as part of Twelfth Air Force as a B-26 Marauder light bomber squadron, participating in the North African and the Southern France Campaign. In the Cold War, the squadron fought in the Korean War with Douglas B-26 Invader medium bombers, then later as part of Strategic Air Command, flying TR-1A Dragonlady reconnaissance aircraft supporting NATO.
Mission
Conducts RC-135 Rivet Joint flight operations in the European and Mediterranean theaters of operations as tasked by National Command Authorities and European Command. Provides all operational management, aircraft maintenance, administration, and intelligence support to produce politically sensitive real-time intelligence data vital to national foreign policy. Supports EC-135, OC-135 Open Skies, and Boeing E-4B missions when theater deployed.
Although it is a component of the 55th Operations Group, main flying operations are conducted from RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom and Souda Bay, Crete.
History
World War I
The 95th was originally activated as the 95th Aero Squadron (a fighter unit) on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field in Texas. It deployed to various locations in France during World War I, initially at Issoudun Aerodrome. On 5 May 1918, it was assigned to the 1st Pursuit Group. Well-known pilots with the 95th Aero Squadron who perished in World War I included Lt. Quentin Roosevelt, the youngest son of President Theodore Roosevelt, and Irby Curry. Both of them died while the squadron was based in Saints Aerodrome, France. A number of aces also served with the unit, including Lansing Holden, Sumner Sewall, Harold Buckley, Edward Peck Curtis, James Knowles, and one of its commanding officers, Captain David M. Peterson.
After the war ended on 11 November 1918, the 95th Aero Squadron was demobilized on 18 March 1919. As the 95th Pursuit Squadron it conducted bombing missions on the Clinton River to prevent flooding in communities near the river caused by an ice jam. As the 95th Attack Squadron, it flew reconnaissance missions in March 1938 to support flood relief operations in southern California.
Interwar years
The 95th Aero Squadron underwent various activations and inactivations over the years and experienced numerous name changes.
World War II
During World War II, it was known as the 95th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) and was a squadron in the 17th Bombardment Group that provided North American B-25 Mitchells and 6 crews for the Doolittle Raid and later flew the Martin B-26 Marauder in the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations.
Korean War
Reconnaissance operations
After being inactivated on 25 June 1958, it was redesignated as the 95th Reconnaissance Squadron on 20 January 1982 and reactivated at RAF Alconbury in the United Kingdom on 1 October 1982. It flew Lockheed U-2 and TR-1 aircraft in support of NATO and United States Air Forces Europe missions. After the end of the Cold War, the 95th was no longer needed and the unit was inactivated on 15 September 1993. This hiatus did not last long as the unit was reactivated on 1 July 1994 at RAF Mildenhall, this time flying the RC-135 Rivet Joint and OC-135 Open Skies aircraft.
Lineage
Organized as the 95th Aero Squadron (Pursuit) on 20 August 1917
Redesignated as: 95th Aero Squadron (Pursuit), on 5 March 1918
Demobilized on 18 March 1919<
Reconstituted and organized on 12 August 1919
Redesignated 95th Squadron (Pursuit) on 14 March 1921
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron on 30 September 1922
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron, Air Service on 25 January 1923
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron, Air Corps on 8 August 1926
Inactivated on 31 July 1927
Redesignated 95th Pursuit Squadron and activated, on 1 June 1928
Redesignated 95th Attack Squadron on 1 March 1935
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 17 October 1939
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 9 October 1944
Inactivated on 26 November 1945
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 29 April 1947
Activated on 19 May 1947
Inactivated on 10 September 1948
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Light, Night Intruder on 8 May 1952
Activated on 10 May 1952
Redesignated 95th Bombardment Squadron, Tactical on 1 October 1955
Inactivated on 25 June 1958
Redesignated 95th Reconnaissance Squadron on 20 January 1982
Activated on 1 October 1982
Inactivated on 15 September 1993
Activated on 1 July 1994
Assignments
Post Headquarters, Kelly Field, 20 August 1917
Aviation Concentration Center, 30 September 1917
Headquarters Air Service, AEF, 11–16 November 1917
Third Aviation Instruction Center, 16 November 1917
1st Pursuit Organization Center, 16 February 1918
1st Pursuit Group, 5 May 1918
1st Air Depot, 11 December 1918
Advanced Section Services of Supply, 6 February 1919
Eastern Department, 1–18 March 1919
1st Pursuit Group, 12 August 1919
Air Corps Training Center, c. 7 June-31 July 1927
Unknown, 1 June 1928 – 30 May 1929
17th Pursuit Group (later 17th Attack; 17th Bombardment Group), 31 May 1929 – 26 November 1945 (attached to 7th Bombardment Group until 29 October 1931)
17th Bombardment Group, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
17th Bombardment Group, 10 May 1952 – 25 June 1958 (attached to 17th Bombardment Wing after 8 June 1957)
17th Reconnaissance Wing, 1 October 1982
9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (later 9th Reconnaissance) Wing), 30 June 1991 – 15 September 1993
55th Operations Group, 1 July 1994 – present
Stations
Kelly Field, Texas, 20 August 1917
Hazelhurst Field, New York, 5–27 October 1917
Liverpool, England, 10 November 1917
British Rest Camp #2, Le Havre, France, 13 November 1917
Issoudun Aerodrome, France, 16 November 1917
Villeneuve-les-Vertus Aerodrome, France, 16 February 1918
Epiez Aerodrome, France, 1 April 1918
Gengault Aerodrome, Toul, France, 4 May 1918
Touquin Aerodrome, France, 28 June 1918
Saints Aerodrome, France, 9 July 1918
Rembercourt Aerodrome, France, 2 September 1918
Flight operated from Verdun Aerodrome, France, 7–11 November 1918
Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France, 11 December 1918
Brest, France, France, 6–19 February 1919
Camp Mills, New York, 1 March 1919
Mitchell Field, New York, 4–18 March 1919
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 12 August 1919
Kelly Field, Texas, 31 August 1919
Ellington Field, Texas, 1 July 1921
Selfridge Field, Michigan, 1 July 1922
March Field, California, 7 June-31 July 1927
Rockwell Field, California, 1 June 1928
March Field, California, 29 October 1931
Rockwell Field, California, 3 May 1932
March Field, California, 14 May 1932
Rockwell Field, California, 1 July 1932
March Field, California, 9 August 1932
Rentschler Field, Connecticut, 2 May 1938
March Field, California, 20 May 1938 (operated from Kern County Airport, California, 14–26 January 1940
McChord Field, Washington, 26 June 1940
Pendleton Field, Oregon, 29 June 1941
Lexington County Airport, South Carolina, 15 February 1942
Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 24 June-18 Nov 1942
Telergma Airfield, Algeria, c. 24 December 1942
Sedrata Airfield, Algeria, 14 May 1943
Djedeida Airfield, Tunisia, 25 June 1943
Villacidro Airfield, Sardinia, France, c. 5 December 1943
Poretta Airfield, Corsica, Italy, c. 19 September 1944
Dijon Airfield (Y-9), France, c. 21 November 1944
Linz Airport, Austria, c. 14 June 1945
Ebensee, Austria (Ground echelon), 5 July 1945
Clastres Airfield, France, c. 3 October-c. 17 November 1945
Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, 25–26 November 1945
Langley Field, Virginia, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
Pusan East (K-9) Air Base, South Korea, 10 May 1952 (operated from Pusan West Air Base (K-1), South Korea, 1 October-20 December 1952)
Miho Air Base, Japan, c. 9 October 1954 – c. 19 March 1955
Hurlburt Field, Florida, 1 April 1955 – 25 June 1958
RAF Alconbury, England, 1 October 1982 – 15 September 1993
RAF Mildenhall, England, 1 July 1994 – present
Aircraft
Nieuport 28, 1917–1918
SPAD S.XIII, 1918, 1919
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5, 1919–1922
Thomas-Morse MB-3, 1922–1925
Fokker D.VII, 1919–1925
Dayton-Wright DH-4, 1919–1925
Curtiss PW–8 Hawk, 1924–1926
Curtiss P-1 Hawk, 1925–1927
Boeing PW-9, 1928–1929
Boeing P-12, 1929–1934, 1935–1936
Boeing P-26 Peashooter, 1934–1935
Northrop A-17, 1936–1939
Douglas B-18 Bolo, 1939–1940
Douglas B-23 Dragon, 1940–1941
North American B-25 Mitchell, 1941–1942
Martin B-26 Marauder, 1942–1945
Douglas B-26 Invader, 1952–1956
Douglas B-66 Destroyer, 1956–1958
Lockheed U-2, 1991–1993
Lockheed TR-1, 1991–1993
Boeing RC-135U Combat Sent, 1994–present
Boeing RC-135V Rivet Joint, 1994–present
Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joint, 1994–present
Boeing OC-135B Open Skies, 1994–present
See also
List of American Aero Squadrons
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Offutt Air Force Base web site
14 July 2008 – 90th anniversary Commemoration of 27th, 94th, 95th, 147th aero squadrons in France
95th Reconnaissance Squadron [95th RS]
095
Military units and formations established in 1982 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/95th%20Reconnaissance%20Squadron |
These are the results for the 2005 edition of the Vuelta a España cycling race. Roberto Heras was the original champion but the win was awarded to Russian Denis Menchov after Heras tested positive in a doping test. Heras made an appeal through the Spanish courts, which ruled in his favour in June 2011 and this decision was upheld in the Spanish supreme court in December 2012; the Spanish cycling federation was not yet sure how to act, but said that the most likely result is that Heras will be reinstated.
The points classification was won by Alessandro Petacchi from Italy, the mountains classification was won by Joaquim Rodríguez from Spain and the combination classification was won by Denis Menchov. was the winner of the team ranking.
Teams and riders
In addition to the 20 ProTour teams, and Relax Fuenlabrada were given wildcard entries.
Route
Race overview
Jersey Progress
General Standings
KOM Classification
Points Classification
Best Team
References
External links
Race website
2005
2005 UCI ProTour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Vuelta%20a%20Espa%C3%B1a |
The Zürich Bible (Zürcher Bibel, also Zwinglibibel) is a Bible translation historically based on the translation by Huldrych Zwingli. Recent editions have the stated aim of maximal philological exactitude.
It is thought to be the first Bible to contain a map.
Froschau Bible
Zwingli's translation grew out of the Prophezey, an exegetical workshop taking place on every weekday, with the participation of all clerics of Zürich, working at a German rendition of Bible texts for the benefit of the congregation.
The translation of Martin Luther was used as far as it was already completed. This helped Zwingli to complete the entire translation four years before Luther. At the printing shop of Christoph Froschauer, the New Testament appeared from 1525 to 1529, and later parts of the Old Testament, with a complete translation in a single volume first printed in 1530, with an introduction by Zwingli and summaries of each chapter. This Froschauer Bible, containing more than 200 illustrations, became notable as a masterpiece of printing at the time. The translation is mainly due to Zwingli and his friend Leo Jud, pastor at the St. Peter parish.
The translation of the Old Testament was revised in 1540, that of the New Testament in 1574. Verse numbering was introduced in 1589.
In 1975, Amos Hoover of Denver, Pennsylvania, reprinted the 1536 edition, and the 1531 edition appeared under the imprint of the Theologischer Verlag Zürich in 1983.
Revisions
Up to 1665, the language of the translation was based on the written variant of High Alemannic (Swiss German) used for official documents. In 1665, this was abandoned for the emerging Standard German of the chancery of the prince-electorate Saxony-Wittenberg.
Fraumünster pastor Johann Caspar Ulrich (1705–1768) in the 1755/1756 revision added commentaries, interpretations and concordances. From this edition, the Bible became known as the Zwinglibibel.
From 1817, the edition was in the hands of the
Zürich Bible and Missionary Society (Zürcher Bibel- und Missionsgesellschaft). Another revision dates to 1868, reprinted in 1892.
1931 revision
In 1907, a commission was formed with the purpose of another revision, with the aim of considering as much as possible recent result of biblical scholarship. The revision was completed in 1931, constituting essentially a new translation.
2007 revision
In 1984, on the 500th anniversary of Zwingli's birth, another revision was initiated by the General Synod of the Protestant Reformed Church of the Canton Zürich. However, it soon was decided to undertake a new translation of the entire Bible. At a total cost of four million Swiss francs, the project was completed in early 2007, and the Bible was published in printed and electronic form in June 2007.
See also
Luther Bible
German Bible translations
Reformation in Zürich
References
Online versions
1531 version
1534 version
External links
1536 Bachman Froschauer Bible
History of Zürich
1531 books
Bible translations into German
Huldrych Zwingli | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%20Bible |
The oriental scops owl (Otus sunia) is a species of scops owl found in eastern and southern Asia.
Description
This is a small, variably plumaged, yellow-eyed owl with ear-tufts which are not always erect. It can be distinguished from the collared scops owl by its whitish scapular stripe, well-marked underparts, and lack of pale collar. There are two colour morphs, grey and rufous; intermediate forms also occur. Sexes are similar in appearance. Individuals may freeze with eyes half-closed when disturbed. The species has a repeated liquid call sounding like "tuk tok torok". Adults have higher-pitched calls than juveniles.
Distribution and habitat
The species has an extremely wide distribution across eastern and southern Asia, and is found in dry deciduous forests from Russia to Thailand. The owl nests in holes in trees, especially Mahua trees, during February–April.
References
oriental scops owl
Birds of East Asia
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
oriental scops owl
Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental%20scops%20owl |
Saint Valerius of Treves (†320) was a semi-legendary Bishop of Trier. His feast day is 29 January.
Legend
According to an ancient legend, St. Valerius was a follower of Saint Eucharius, the first bishop of Trier. Eucharius was sent to Gaul by Saint Peter as bishop, together with the deacon Valerius and the subdeacon Maternus, to preach the Gospel.
They came to the Rhine and to Ellelum in Alsace, where Maternus died. His two companions hastened back to St. Peter and begged him to restore the dead man to life. St. Peter gave his pastoral staff to Eucharius, and, upon being touched with it, Maternus, who had been in his grave for forty days, returned to life. The Gentiles then converted in large numbers. After founding many churches the three companions went to Trier where evangelizing progressed so rapidly that Eucharius chose that city for his episcopal residence. An angel announced to him his approaching death and pointed out Valerius as his successor.
Valerius was bishop for fifteen years and was succeeded by Maternus, who had in the meantime founded the dioceses of Cologne and Tongeren, remaining Bishop for forty years. The staff of St. Peter, with which he had been raised to life, was preserved at Cologne till the end of the tenth century when the upper half was presented to Trier and was afterwards taken to Prague by Emperor Charles IV.
Traditions
In medieval times the foundation of a diocese was often referred to as early a date as possible, in order thereby to increase its reputation, perhaps also its rights. In time, especially through the ravages of the Normans, the more reliable earlier accounts were lost. When at a later period the lives of primitive holy founders, e. g. the saints of ancient Trier, came to be written anew, the gaps in tradition were filled out with various combinations and fanciful legends. In this way there originated in the monastery of St. Matthias near Trier the famous chronicle of Trier, the Gesta Treverorum, in which there is a curious mixture of truth and error. It contains the account of the life of St. Eucharius given above. An amplification thereof, containing the lives of the three saints in question, is said to have been written by the monk Goldscher or Golscher, who lived in that monastery about the year 1130. From the "Gesta" the narrative passed unchallenged into numerous medieval works. Later criticism has detected many contradictions and inaccuracies in these ancient records, and it is almost universally believed at present that, with few exceptions, the first Christian missionaries came to Gaul, to which Trier then belonged, not earlier than about 250. Following Hontheim, Calmet and others, the Bollandists, with Marx, Aloys Lütolf, and other historians refer these bishops of Trier to a period following 250, though not all of them consider this as fully established.
Notes
320 deaths
Saints of Germania
Burials at St. Matthias' Abbey
4th-century Christian saints
Roman Catholic bishops of Trier
Year of birth unknown
3rd-century bishops in Germania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius%20of%20Tr%C3%A8ves |
Morris Cowley was a name given to various cars produced by Morris from 1915 to 1958.
Morris Cowley Bullnose (1915)
The Continental Cowley, shown to the press in April 1915, was a larger engined (1495 cc against 1018 cc), longer, wider and better-equipped version of the first Morris Oxford with the same "Bullnose" radiator; in addition it could carry a four-passenger body. To reduce the price, many components were bought from United States suppliers. The 1495 cc, side-valve, four-cylinder engine was made by Continental Motor Manufacturing Company of Detroit, and the clutch and three-speed gearbox by Detroit Gear & Machine Co. Back axle, front axle and steering gear also came from the USA. Supply of these components was badly affected by the First World War. The suspension used semi-elliptic leaf springs at the front and three-quarter-elliptics at the rear.
The central position of the handbrake and ball-change gear lever revealed the gearbox's US origin. It also made for easy entry through the driver's door and no cold steel up a driver's leg. The petrol tank was in the scuttle, and its filler was above the gear lever in the centre of the dashboard.
The US-made back axle was the first helically cut drive in a quantity-produced British car.
Electric lighting was standard. It was the first Morris car to be sold like that. The six-volt Lucas lamps were a set of five, powered by a belt-driven dynamo fixed to the engine by its cylinder head studs. The cost of these few electrical components was equivalent to 59% of the cost of the imported engine. The delivery van body was not provided with electric lighting.
More expensive than Oxford
There was no austerity for the Cowley, though it was at first slightly cheaper than the Oxford. There was diamond-patterned buttoned upholstery in real leather set off by mahogany cappings, and a proper door for the driver. The mudguards were black and the standard body colour was a chocolate brown. The Cowley did not become a stripped-down Oxford until 1919.
McKenna duties
Although first shown to the press in April 1915, the new car was not generally available until late summer that year, just when the government suddenly imposed the McKenna duties. A tax of 33% was imposed on imported "luxury" goods, but demand for the Cowleys seemed to ignore the price rises.
source
The last Continental Cowley was assembled in 1920, finishing the stock of original engines. Three thousand engines were despatched to Morris but more than half were lost by enemy action while crossing the Atlantic, leaving around 1,500 sets of certain chassis components unsold. More recent research suggests that there may have been only one shipment of about 150 lost through enemy action, and orders for more shipments were cancelled.
Designed for mass production
Excellent American automobile engineering and production techniques made the first Cowley a great success. The cars were the right design for quantity production when Morris entered quantity production in the 1920s and their high quality engineering created a reputation for utter reliability and resistance to the most shocking abuse.
Bullnose and Flatnose engines U.S. and Coventry made
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Morris Cowley Bullnose (1919)
The updated Cowley for 1919 had an engine made by the British branch of the French Hotchkiss company, which was essentially a copy of the early Continental unit which was no longer being made. It was the basic model of the Morris two-car range of the time with the Oxford, which used the same 1.5L 26 bhp engine until 1923, having leather upholstery and upgraded lighting as the de-luxe version.
Morris acquired the British interests of Hotchkiss in 1923 and renamed them Morris engines branch.
Morris Cowley Flatnose (1926–1931)
The Bullnose radiator was replaced by a more conventional flat radiator announced on 11 September 1926 on new cars, now with doors either side and a longer list of accessories supplied as standard. All steel bodies were coming available. The engines remained the same, but the Cowley unlike the Oxford, retained braking on the rear wheels only as standard, although a front brake system was available at extra cost (featured car has this fitted). The chassis was new and the suspension was updated with semi-elliptic leaf springs all round plus Smiths friction-type scissor shock absorbers. The brakes are rod-and-spring-operated, with cams inside the drums to actuate. Interesting to note that the rear brake drums include two sets of shoes, one of which is connected directly to the handbrake.
The chassis was further modified in 1931 to bring it in line with the Morris Major. Wire wheels became an option instead of the solid spoked artillery ones previously fitted.
Morris Cowley (1931)
A considerably changed Cowley was announced on 29 August 1931. In common with the rest of the Morris range the coachwork of the now six models of Cowley was redesigned for a more pleasing appearance – with a fashionable "eddy-free" leading edge to the roof of closed cars, petrol tanks located at the rear of the chassis, chrome finish to all bright parts, and Magna-type wire wheels as standard. There was a new chassis frame giving a lower body. Springs had been made longer and more resilient. Bigger brake drums were provided, and the brakes were now actuated hydraulically and supplied by Lockheed. There was a new radiator to match with the large hub wire wheels. The engine's connecting rods were now Duralumin. A sports coupé body was added to the range. Either the 11.9 or 14/32 engine was supplied to order for the same price. There were no more four-seater tourers.
Revised
A revised ("transformed" said the advertising) lower body with a new 11.9 hp engine behind a new, sloping, radiator and still of the same 1548 cc was announced 28 August 1933 along with a four-speed Twin-Top synchromesh gearbox, shorter stronger cruciform chassis, leather upholstery, draught excluders over the gear lever and pedal slots and a battery master switch (in case of fire). Closed cars were given a sun visor. Additional equipment included bumpers front and rear and luggage grid and parcel net
Morris Twelve
From late 1934 this car was badged Morris Twelve Four.
Morris Cowley Six
Announced 28 August 1933 the 1934 Cowley Six replaced the Morris Major keeping the same 1938 cc six cylinder, side valve engine but with a new lower chassis. Along with all other Morris cars the Cowley now has a synchromesh four-speed gearbox, dipping headlights, hydraulic shock absorbers, leather upholstery, hydraulic brakes, rear petrol tank, direction indicators, safety glass, battery master switches and automatic ignition. There was a matching smaller 12 hp 1378 cc Morris Ten Six.
Prices:
Saloon £215 or £220 fixed or sliding head
Special coupé £265
The Cowley Six became the Fifteen-Six in 1935.
Morris Cowley MCV (1950–1956)
Introduced in 1950, the Cowley MCV commercial vehicle range was based on the Morris Oxford MO. It was offered in van, pick-up and chassis-cab versions. The 10cwt MCV van was a replacement for the Morris Y-series van and had a capacity of or without the passenger seat.
1954 Morris Cowley
The 1954 Morris Cowley was a four-cylinder midsize car produced from 1954 to 1959. It was essentially a budget version of the Morris Oxford series III with less chrome, no heater, fixed front quarter lights and a simplified dashboard.
Morris Cowley 1200
This new Morris Cowley was launched on 14 July 1954 as a smaller engined more simply furnished supplement to the Morris Oxford series II launched two months earlier. The engine, the 1.2 L (1200 cc) B-Series unit was a new design also used in the Austin A40 and Nash Metropolitan. Its power output was 42 bhp at 4,500 rpm.
The monocoque body shell was that of the four door Morris Oxford series II, the Cowley also sharing its torsion beam front suspension and live rear axle but with smaller brake drums on early models. Some of the Oxford's exterior chrome has been removed to simplify the appearance and some has been replaced with stainless steel. Plastic-covered felt has been used in place of interior carpet. Quarter lights are fixed on the Cowley though the main windows wind down in the usual way. Steering was of the conventional rack and pinion type. The car had a top speed of just over .
The British Motor magazine tested a Cowley saloon in 1955 recording a top speed of and acceleration from 0– in 31.5 seconds and a fuel consumption of . The test car cost £702 including taxes.
Morris Cowley 1500
On 12 October 1956 it was announced that the 1200 engine had been replaced by the Oxford's larger 1.5 L (1489 cc) engine and the exterior styling amended in line with the Morris Oxford Series III.
½-ton series III
The Morris ½-ton series III was a commercial vehicle variant of the Morris Oxford series III. It was introduced in 1956, replacing the Morris Cowley MCV and was offered in van, pick-up and chassis-cab body styles. The series III was replaced by a Morris version of the Austin A55 van in 1962.
The commercials never had the series III bonnet and headlamp cowls. Again the Cowley name never appeared on the vehicles and it is very likely that no more left the factory after 1960. A gown van based on this vehicle appears in the Peter Sellars film Wrong Arm of the Law.
See also
Morris and Cowley, a comedy double act who took their name from the car
The Professionals (TV series), in Season 5 Episode 10, we find out the nickname for George Cowley is Morris, based on this car.
References
Cowley
Cars introduced in 1915
1920s cars
1930s cars
1950s cars | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%20Cowley |
is a 1989 video game developed by Micronet for the Mega Drive video game console. It is a horizontally scrolling shooter with five levels. Although an American release was planned, it was never officially released outside Japan.
Plot
The story takes place in an alien solar system and focuses on the history of its two inhabited planets: Parceria and Seneca. For many years, the people of these planets lived in harmony together with the seemingly more advanced Parcerians continually visiting the Senecans. However, something happened on Parceria: something caused the Parcerians to shut off all forms of communication, visitation and activity with Seneca. Over time, Parceria's environment died out, leaving only a planet-wide barren terrain. Hundreds of years have now passed and the current generation of Senecans see Parceria as nothing but a dead husk with the concept of life and companionship on it being mere, long forgotten legends.
One day, an enormous attack force flies from Parceria and attacks Seneca without warning. Confirmed to be the Parcerian Military, the invaders cripple Seneca's defense forces. Besides being well armed and equipped, the Parceria Military is also able to manipulate the wildlife to do its bidding through unknown means, ensuring no possible escape to safety. The desperate people of Seneca eventually discovered an ancient star fighter abandoned by the Parcerians called The Baldanders. Using its super-technology, the people of Seneca use the Baldanders in a counter-attack against the Parcerian invasion to destroy their main battleship: a large, mysterious warship known only as 'Mother.'
Gameplay
Curse is similar to many other sideways/horizontal scrolling shooters, most notably R-Type. Various power-ups can be collected to boost weapons and speed. The object of the game is to shoot all other enemies that appear on screen and avoid crashing into bullets, enemies or foreground scenery. There are end-of-level boss enemies that stay with the player until they are defeated. There are no difficulty settings but the extends (aka: 1ups) are awarded every 1 million points.
The Baldanders star fighter has an advantage over most scrolling shooter ships at the time in that it is equipped with a shield. When players are hit by bullets or missiles, the shield takes a hit for the ship. The shield can take three hits total before the player's ship is destroyed. Players are equipped with a standard laser shot that can be upgraded when certain power-ups are collected. The player has access to three different upgradable weapons: the V-Laser which fires in three directions, the Wide Beam which can shoot through every foreground object (except for the flying orange iron rock objects) and the Crash Shot a slow firing cluster of gray, explosive crystals that scatter shrapnel in the opposite direction of its impact. Other items includes Homing Missiles which scan over terrain, shield Energy pick-ups, Speed-Ups and Options.
The Options increase the number of the player's standard laser shots and allows the player to fire standard shots upwards, backwards and downwards depending on each Option's direction. Two could be collected at one time. The player can rotate them to two fixed directions: horizontal and vertical using the C button. The player can also use each sphere as a shield against most enemy fire. The Baldanders is equipped with the iconic Shmup Smart Bomb weapon which destroys all enemies and/or enemy shots on the screen using the A button. The Bomb however does not have its own pick-up icon: in order to supply the ship with more bombs, the player has to upgrade either one of the three items available to them completely by picking up the same icon three times in a row. Once the weapon is upgraded, the next icon of the same weapon the player uses adds to the bomb supply.
Reception
The game utilized full parallax scrolling through most of the game, however, the graphics were not considered as anything special by the reviewers of the time. The game's audio received better reviews and a sound test was available by holding down buttons A and Start on the title screen (various other options were available here for adjusting the game difficulty and other standard features). Console XS gave a review score of 28% and opining the game is the worst shoot ‘em up ever on the Sega Genesis. MegaTech initially praised the game being fun to play although criticizes Curse that it suffers from a lack of originality and when the player loses they lose the extra weapons and very difficult to continue since the game only has five levels. Mega Play's four reviewers gave positive reviews giving both positive and negative reviews on the game's challenging gameplay and one reviewer felt the gameplay was unfair because of the amount of enemies attacking at once although praised Curse that it stood out as a great shooter for the Genesis. The reviewers also criticized the shooting animation and the lack of levels.
References
External links
Micronet
1989 video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Sega Genesis games
Sega Genesis-only games
Japan-exclusive video games
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games
Video games set on fictional planets
Science fiction video games
Micronet co., Ltd. games | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse%20%28video%20game%29 |
The 2005 GP Ouest-France was the 69th edition of the GP Ouest-France cycle race and was held on 28 August 2005. The race started and finished in Plouay. These are the results, in which American George Hincapie edged out AG2R's Alexandre Usov.
General Standings
References
External links
Race website
2005 UCI ProTour
2005
2005 in French sport
August 2005 sports events in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20GP%20Ouest-France |
The Bengal eagle-owl (Bubo bengalensis), also widely known as the Indian eagle-owl or rock eagle-owl, is a large horned owl species native to hilly and rocky scrub forests in the Indian Subcontinent. It is splashed with brown and grey, and has a white throat patch with black small stripes. It was earlier treated as a subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl. It is usually seen in pairs. It has a deep resonant booming call that may be heard at dawn and dusk.
Taxonomy
Bubo bengalensis was the scientific name used by James Franklin in 1831 for an eagle-owl, that was collected in the Bengal region of the Indian Subcontinent.
Description
This species is often considered a subspecies of the Eurasian eagle-owl Bubo bubo and is very similar in appearance. The facial disk is unmarked and has a black border, a feature that is much weaker in the Eurasian form. The base of the primaries is unbanded and rufous. The tail bands have the tawny bands wider than the black ones. A large pale scapular patch is visible on the folded wing. The inner claws are the longest. The last joint of the toes are unfeathered.
The taxonomy of the group is complex due to a large amount of variation. Dementiev was the first to consider the possibility of B. bengalensis being distinct within the Bubo bubo group. However, Charles Vaurie noted that this species as well as B. ascalaphus appeared to be distinct and not part of a clinal variation. There is a lot of colour variation with the ground colour being dark brown above while some are pale and yellowish. On dark birds the streaks coalesce on the hind crown and nape but are narrow in pale birds. However, Vaurie notes that despite the variation, they are distinct from neighbouring forms B. b. tibetanus, B. b. hemachalana and B. b. nikolskii, in being smaller and richly coloured. Stuart Baker noted that there were two plumage variants that were seen across their range, one plumage has the back and scapulars spotted in white while the other form has a reduced number of white spots on the feathers of the back and the dark streaking on the back, neck and scapulars being prominent.
Chicks are born with white fluff which is gradually replaced by speckled feathers during the prejuvenile moult after about two weeks. After a month or so they go through a prebasic moult and a brownish juvenile plumage is assumed with the upperparts somewhat similar to adults but the underside is downy. The full adult plumage is assumed much later.
Distribution
They are seen in scrub and light to medium forests but are especially seen near rocky places within the mainland of the Indian Subcontinent south of the Himalayas and below elevation. Humid evergreen forest and extremely arid areas are avoided. Bush-covered rocky hillocks and ravines, and steep banks of rivers and streams are favourite haunts. It spends the day under the shelter of a bush or rocky projection, or in a large mango or similar thickly foliaged tree near villages.
Behaviour and ecology
The deep resonant two-note calls are characteristic and males deliver these "long calls" mainly at dusk during the breeding season. The peak calling intensity is noticed in February. Young birds produce clicks, hisses and open up their wings to appear larger than they are. Nesting adults will fly in zig-zag patterns and mob any potential predators (including humans) who approach the nest.
Its diet through much of the year consists of rodents, but birds seem to be mainly taken towards winter. Prey species of birds include francolins, doves, Indian roller, shikra, black kite, house crow and the spotted owlet. Birds the size of a peafowl are sometimes attacked. Rodents noted in a study in Pondicherry were Tatera indica, Golunda ellioti, Rattus sp., Mus booduga and Bandicota bengalensis. Flying fox were also preyed on. In Pakistan, Nesokia indica is an important prey item in their diet. Mammals the size of an Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis) may be taken. In Pakistan, it has preyed on Lepus capensis and Eupetaurus cinereus.
When feeding on rodents, it tears up the prey rather than swallowing it whole. Captives feed on about 61g of prey per day.
The nesting season is November to April. The eggs number three or four and are creamy white, broad roundish ovals with a smooth texture. They are laid on bare soil in a natural recess in an earth bank, on the ledge of a cliff, or under the shelter of a bush on level ground. The nest site is reused each year. The eggs hatch after about 33 days and the chicks are dependent on their parents for nearly six months.
In culture
This large owl with the distinctive face, large forward-facing eyes, horns and deep resonant call is associated with a number of superstitions. Like many other large owls, these are considered birds of ill omen. Their deep haunting calls if delivered from atop a house are considered to forebode the death of an occupant. A number of rituals involving the capture and killing of these birds have been recorded. Salim Ali notes a wide range of superstitions related to them but notes two as being particularly widespread. One is that if the bird is starved for a few days and beaten, it would speak like a human, predicting the future of the tormentor or bringing them wealth while the other involves the killing of the bird to find a lucky bone that moved against the current like a snake when dropped into a stream.
References
Other sources
External links
Owl Pages
IBC videos
Indian eagle-owl
Birds of South Asia
Owls of Asia
Indian eagle-owl
Indian eagle-owl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20eagle-owl |
The Diocese of Helsinki () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church based in Helsinki, which comprises the whole of Finland. The diocese is divided into eight parishes.
The bishopric has been vacant since May 2019 when Bishop Teemu Sippo resigned due to poor health. As of 2018 there are 15,000 registered and 10,00 unregistered Catholics living in Finland. There are more than 6,000 Catholic families in the country; 50 percent are Finnish and 50 percent are of international origin.
Parishes
St. Henry's Cathedral, Helsinki (Sub Centres - Tapanila (Vantaa), Porvoo)
St. Mary's Church, Helsinki (Sub Centres - Olari (Espoo), Hyvinkää, Karis)
St. Brigit & Blessed Hemming Church, Turku (Sub Centres - Åland, Eurajoki, Pori)
St. Olav's Church, Jyväskylä
Holy Cross Church, Tampere (Sub Centres - Hämeenlinna, Kokkola, Kristinestad, Jakobstad, Seinäjoki, Vaasa)
St. Ursula's Church, Kouvola (Sub Centres - Hamina, Kotka, Lahti, Lappeenranta)
Holy Family of Nazareth Church, Oulu (Sub Centres - Rovaniemi, Tornio, Kemi, Kajaani)
St. Joseph's Church, Kuopio (Sub Centres - Mikkeli, Savonlinna, Joensuu, Lieksa)
There is a high demand for starting a new parish at Northern Finland at Rovaniemi as it is the major tourist destination for Lapland and Santa Claus.
History
In 1550, the episcopate of the last Roman Catholic bishop of Åbo ended. Thereafter Lutheranism prevailed in Finland. The Reformation in the sixteenth century caused the loss of almost all of Northern Europe from the Roman Catholic Church. In 1582 the stray Catholics in Finland and elsewhere in Northern Europe were placed under the jurisdiction of a papal nuncio in Cologne. The Congregation de propaganda fide, on its establishment in 1622, took charge of the vast missionary field, which - at its third session - it divided among the nuncio of Brussels (for the Catholics in Denmark and Norway), the nuncio at Cologne (much of Northern Germany) and the nuncio to Poland (Finland, Mecklenburg, and Sweden).
In 1688, Finland became part of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions. In 1783, the Apostolic Vicariate of Sweden was created out of parts of the Nordic Missions comprising then Finland and Sweden. In 1809, when Finland came under Russian rule, the Roman Catholic jurisdiction passed on to the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev (then seated in St. Petersburg). In 1920, the Vatican established the Apostolic Vicariate of Finland which was upgraded to the Diocese of Helsinki in 1955.
Episcopal ordinaries
Apostolic Vicars of Finland
Henri Buckx, SCI (1923–1933)
Willem Cobben, SCI (1933–1955)
Bishops of Helsinki
Willem Cobben, SCI (1955–1967)
Paul Verschuren, SCI (1967–1998)
Józef Wróbel, SCI (2001–2008)
Teemu Sippo, SCI (2009–2019 )
Raimo Goyarrola (2023 - )
See also
Catholic Church in Finland
St. Henry's Cathedral
St. Mary's Church, Helsinki
References
External links
Diocese of Helsinki website
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
Catholic Church in Finland
Organisations based in Helsinki
Christian organizations established in 1955
Roman Catholic dioceses in Nordic Europe
1955 establishments in Finland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Helsinki |
The mottled wood owl (Strix ocellata) is a species of large owl found in India. They are found in gardens and thin deciduous forests adjacent to dry thorn forests or farmland. They are easily detected by their distinctive tremulous, eerie calls at dawn and dusk. The characteristic call is a duet of the male and female, while other notes include a low hoot and a screech. Their large size, lack of "ear" tufts and the concentric barring on the face make them easy to identify.
Description
This large owl lacks ear tufts and is mottled and vermiculated in reddish brown and white. The face disc is marked with fine concentric black and white barring. The sexes are alike. The chin is white. The eyelid is orange, and the iris is dark brown. The tail is barred narrowly in brown and black. The concentric barring on the face and mottled crown separate it from the brown wood owl in southern India.
There are three subspecies recognized and there are no sharp demarcations in their distributions.
S. o. ocellata (Lesson, 1839) is found in southern India and is shorter winged in the males (333–338 mm) than grandis
S. o. grisescens Koelz, 1950 is found in northern India south of the Himalayas, west to Pakistan and east to Bihar. The markings are pale above and the males have a wing length of 338–346 mm
S. o. grandis Koelz, 1950 from Gujarat is differentiated by the wing length of the males (360–372 mm)
Distribution and habitat
The species is found in the plains in gardens and lightly wooded habitats. They roost in trees during the day, choosing a branch with dense foliage. An old specimen from Lahore is noted, but no records in recent times from Pakistan. The distribution extends east to West Bengal.
Behaviour and ecology
These owls roost during the day, usually in pairs. When disturbed they may fly in bright sunshine, although they choose to shelter within a dense grove of trees. They produce an eerie chuhua-aa call with a quaver in the second note. This call is an antiphonal duet of the male and female. The male calls one or two times followed by the female's shorter and less tremulous version. The calling is more frequent in November when they begin to breed. Most Nests are found from February to April. They also produce a single note hoot and a screech not unlike that of the barn owl. The nest is a tree hollow in which two to three white eggs are laid. They feed on palm squirrels, mice and other small mammals.
In culture
The call of the mottled wood owl is considered a bad omen by some Keralites. The call is said to sound like the Malayalam expression povaa-aa ("let us go"), and likened to calling upon the spirit world.
The species is also called as kalan-kozhi ("fowl of death" -referring to the deity Kalantaka) in Malayalam, owing to its behaviour.
References
External links
Calls and video recordings
mottled wood owl
Birds of India
mottled wood owl
Taxa named by René Lesson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mottled%20wood%20owl |
Christine "Chrissie" Williams (also Levy) is a fictional character from the BBC medical drama Holby City, played by Tina Hobley. She first appeared in the third series episode "The Road Less Travelled", broadcast on 5 June 2001. Hobley decided to leave Holby City and Chrissie's final appearance occurred in the sixteenth series episode "Merry-Go-Round", which was broadcast on 19 November 2013.
Development
Chrissie first appeared in the final episode of the third series of Holby City. The episode was titled "The Road Less Travelled" and was originally broadcast on 5 June 2001. Executive producer Mal Young approached Hobley about the possibility of joining Holby City and she stated her interest. Young created the role especially for Hobley because he thought a "bitchy" role was suited to her. Chrissie was also created to replace the vacant Ward Sister role following the departure of Julie Fitzjohn (Nicola Stephenson). Chrissie is introduced via the show's cardiothoracic ward, Darwin. Of Chrissie's creation, Hobley told Claire Brand from Inside Soap that "I told Young I want to do it and he created this creature, which is quite frightening really." From her debut, writers showcased Chrissie's professional aspirations as she takes control of her ward. Hobley described Chrissie as "extremely good at her job", she "runs a very efficient ship" and she believed that Chrissie was "the best nurse at Holby City".
However, Chrissie's controlling manner causes "catty" arguments with fellow ward sister, Kath Fox (Jan Pearson). Writers also created a "strange attraction to married men" for Chrissie. This was demonstrated when Chrissie develops an attraction to Alistair Taylor (Dominic Jephcott) and her liking of Anton Meyer (George Irving). Hobley revealed that Alistair "doesn't know what's hit him" and she thinks Meyer "is God". She added that Meyer comes to "like Chrissie a lot" and is shocked by her confidence around him. Hobley concluded that when Chrissie arrives she has "a lot of baggage" from her past and wants a "fresh start". Chrissie soon discovers that her penchant for married men could threaten her new beginning.
When Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett) discovers that his daughter Rachel Levy (Imogen Byron) is diagnosed with leukaemia, she needs a bone barrow transplant. Sacha wants his and Chrissie's son, Daniel Levy to get tested to see if he is a suitable donor match. Chrissie is reluctant and Sacha decides to carry out the test regardless of her decision. Barrett told a What's on TV reporter that the story highlighted Chrissie and Sacha's incompatibilities. He noted that while Sacha really loves Chrissie "they are not soulmates", they disagree a lot and are "very different". Chrissie's stance on Rachel's illness shows their differences because "to Sacha, family is family, no matter what". Sacha can only think of Rachel's wellbeing and wants to be a "good parent" to her. Barrett claimed that Sacha would give his life for his children and readily risks his marriage with Chrissie to save Rachel.
Barrett noted that Chrissie's difference of opinion stems from Daniel being her biological child and Rachel is not. In addition the situation is "very hard for her" because of her past experiences losing a child. Barrett added that the story would divide viewer opinion. He concluded that "all I can ask, as an actor, is that people see the reason why Sacha wants to get Daniel tested - that he's so desperate for Rachel to live that he thinks it's a risk worth taking." Sacha discovers that Daniel has a heart condition which he conceals from Chrissie. He believes she will not go ahead with the procedure with the added risks. After the procedures are successful, Chrissie discovers the truth. Chrissie is shocked at Sacha's deception and it leaves their marriage ruined. Chrissie then decides to spend time in Australia with Mark.
On 30 June 2013, it was announced that Hobley would be departing Holby City. The actress commented "Being a part of the Holby family for the last 12 years has been an experience I will treasure forever but it's time to explore some new challenges. I have loved playing Chrissie Williams for the past 12 years but I'm also looking forward to getting my teeth in to some other characters and new roles." Chrissie's on-screen exit was broadcast later that year. Hobley revealed that she was happy with Chrissie's exit storyline. She praised the "amazing" writers for creating "a natural end, but a very positive one" for Chrissie. Hobley had wanted Chrissie to receive a happy ending because she was "loved" by fans. She added that Holby City's production team had hired guest stars to aid Chrissie's departure. Producers decided not kill the character off so Hobley could return. Hobley added that "it's every actor's dream for the producers not to kill off the character they've played for so long! They've kept the door open and also given Chrissie a great, positive exit." Hobley filmed her final scenes as Chrissie in September 2013.
Chrissie's final stories involved Michael Spence (Hari Dhillon) and guest character Eve Warburton (Bethan Rose Young). Chrissie and Michael consider a romance following a kiss. Eve is admitted to the hospital after suffering acid burns to her face. Chrissie asks Michael to treat Eve's condition because it reminds her of Stuart's scalpel attack. Hospital politics prevent the best treatment for Eve which prompts Chrissie to leave the hospital to take on a Nursing consultant role elsewhere.
Reception
Victoria Wilson from What's on TV summed Chrissie's time in the series as "eventful" and more so in her final stories. In 2022, Wilson and Elaine Reilly from the magazine chose Stuart holding Chrissie hostage and attacking her with a scalpel in their top five moments in the show's history. Writing for Whattowatch.com, Wilson included Chrissie at number tenth in her Holby City "Top 10 greatest characters of all time" feature. Wilson assessed that Chrissie has "high standards" in her professional and love life and that her many affairs made her "the hospital's resident man-eater."
References
External links
Chrissie Williams at BBC Online
Holby City characters
Television characters introduced in 2001
British female characters in television
Fictional nurses | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissie%20Williams |
Marie Henrie Mackenzie (August 3, 1878 in Rotterdam – December 30, 1961 in Hilversum) was a Dutch painter.
He was a student of the Art School in Rotterdam and later on of the famous Dutch painter George Hendrik Breitner in Amsterdam.
Having made a career at an oil company, Mackenzie completely devoted himself after 1931 to painting. He then was at the age of 43 years. Mackenzie was a painter of landscapes, figures, portraits and harbour views. In addition, he is well known for his impressionist cityscapes of Amsterdam.
Mackenzie's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
His work can be found in the Goois Museum, Hilversum and the Rijkscollectie (Governmental collection of the Netherlands).
References
1878 births
1961 deaths
Painters from Rotterdam
Willem de Kooning Academy alumni
20th-century Dutch painters | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Henry%20Mackenzie |
Ivolginsky Datsan () is the center of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia. It is a Buddhist temple located in Buryatia, Russia, 23 km from Ulan Ude, near Verkhnyaya Ivolga village.
The spiritual activity of the datsan is manifested in temple rites, medical practice, and a traditional system of Buddhist education.
History
The datsan opened in 1945 as the only Buddhist spiritual centre of the USSR. Its name changed from "Khambin's sume" into the Monastic centre.
It was the residence of the Central Spiritual Board of Buddhists of the USSR and later of the Buddhist Traditional Sangha of Russia, as well as that of Pandido Khambo lama, the head of the Russian Buddhists. The Buddhist university «Dashi Choinkhorling» was opened in 1991 attached to the datsan.
Culture
Although built in the late 1940s with light-colored brick, the [main] temple displays traditional proportions and ornamentation. The first level is devoted to study and prayer. The second level preserves sacred texts. The third level, the gonkan, serves as an inner sanctum devoted to the guardian deities. The gonkan is surrounded by an open gallery to allow ceremonial processions around the sacred space.
Unique samples of Buryat art, as thangkas, sculptures, and ritual objects are gathered and preserved at the datsan. Among the monastery's treasures is a collection of Buddhist manuscripts written in Tibetan language on silk, and a greenhouse with a sacred Bodhi tree.
As a cultural and religious monument, the datsan is protected by the State. The Datsan Centre consists of such temples as Sockshin-dugan, Maidrin-sume, Devazhin and Sakhiusan-sume. A library, hotel, the Choyra (Faculty of Philosophy), Dashi Choinhorlin (building of the Buddhist University), Museum of Buryat Art, suburgans (stupas), are available.
Within the complex is the Korean style wooden Etigel Khambin temple that honors the 12th Khambo Lama whose body was recently exhumed.
Itigelov
In 1927, the 12th Pandito Hambo Lama of the Dashi-Dorzho Itigelov, told his students and fellow monks to bury his body after his death and to check on it in 30 years. According to the story, Itigelov then sat in the lotus position, began chanting the prayer of death, and died, mid-meditation. The monks followed Itigilov's directions, and when they exhumed his body 30 years later, they were amazed to find no sign of decay and decomposition. Fearful of the Soviet response to the "religious miracle", the monks reburied Itigilov's body in an unmarked grave; packing the wooden coffin with salt.
Itigelov's story was not forgotten; a young lama named Bimba Dorzhiyez Buddhist whose father-in-law had witnessed the original exhumation. On September 11, 2002, the body was again exhumed, a process witnessed by twelve people, including two forensic scientists and a photographer. The official statement was issued about the body stated that it was well preserved, without major signs of decay.
See also
Buddhist monasteries in Russia
Buddhism in the Russian Federation
References
External links
Photograph of Ivolginsk Buddhist Datsan, Main Temple, Interior, Ivolga, Russia
Site of the Buruatian Ministry of Culture
Ivolginsky datsan
Hambo Lama Itigelov
Hambo Lama Itigelov at the Buddhist Channel
Official home page of the Ivolginsky datsan
Buddhism in Buryatia
Buddhism in the Soviet Union
Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union
Buddhist monasteries in Russia
Gelug monasteries
Buildings and structures in Buryatia
Religious organizations established in 1945
Tourist attractions in Buryatia
Buddhist temples in Russia
20th-century Buddhist temples
Cultural heritage monuments in Buryatia
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of regional significance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivolginsky%20Datsan |
"Kooks" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie, which appears on his 1971 album Hunky Dory. Bowie wrote this song to his newborn son Duncan Jones. The song was a pastiche of early 1970s Neil Young because Bowie was listening to a Neil Young record at home on 30 May 1971 when he got the news of the arrival of his son.
Live versions
Before the studio recording of the song was made, it was recorded for the BBC In Concert radio show with John Peel, on 3 June 1971 (broadcast on 20 June 1971). In 2000 this recording was released on the Bowie at the Beeb album.
The song was recorded again for the BBC "Sounds of the 70s" radio show with Bob Harris on 21 September 1971 (broadcast on 4 October 1971).
Personnel
David Bowie: lead and backing vocals, acoustic guitar, alto sax
Mick Ronson: string arrangement
Trevor Bolder: bass, trumpet
Mick Woodmansey: drums
Rick Wakeman: piano
In popular culture
The first three lines of the song ("Will you stay in our lovers' story / If you stay, you won't be sorry / 'Cause we believe in you") are used as a repeated motif in Miranda July's 2015 novel The First Bad Man
The British indie band The Kooks named themselves after the song.
The song appears in the Futurama episode "Children of a Lesser Bog".
References
Notes
Other sources
Pegg, Nicholas (0200), The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd,
1971 songs
David Bowie songs
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooks%20%28song%29 |
Neeli Cherkovski (born Nelson Cherry; July 1, 1945) is an American poet and memoirist, who has resided since 1975 in San Francisco.
Biography
Born in Santa Monica, California, Cherkovski grew up in San Bernardino, California. In the 1970s he was a political consultant in the Riverside area, who came to San Francisco to work on the staff of then-State Senator George Moscone. Cherkovski has written biographies of Lawrence Ferlinghetti, and Charles Bukowski, with whom he co-edited the Los Angeles zine Laugh Literary and Man the Humping Guns.. Cherkovski produced the first San Francisco Poetry Festival, and in the early-1990s helped to found Café Arts Month, a yearly event celebrating San Francisco's café culture.
Poetry critic Gerald Nicosia said of Cherkovski: "...in the end, what stamps Cherkovski’s poetry as unique is its unbounded lyricism, a lyrical gift easily greater than that of any other poet of his generation."
Cherkovski is the author of Whitman's Wild Children, a collection of essays about twelve poets he has known: Michael McClure, Charles Bukowski, John Wieners, James Broughton, Philip Lamantia, Bob Kaufman, Allen Ginsberg, William Everson, Gregory Corso, Harold Norse, Jack Micheline, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti. This book combines biography, personal stories, and poetry analyses.
Cherkovski was a writer-in-residence at the New College of California in San Francisco. He taught literature and philosophy there until the school closed in 2008. His body of poetry includes Animal, Elegy for Bob Kaufman and Leaning Against Time, for which he was awarded the 15th Annual PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award in 2005. In 2017 he was awarded the Jack Mueller Poetry Prize by Lithic Press. Cherkovski's papers are housed at the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Bibliography
Don't Make a Move (Tecumseh Press, 1974)
The Waters Reborn (Red Hill Press, 1975)
Public Notice (Beatitude, 1975)
Ferlinghetti, a biography (DoubleDay, 1979)
Love Proof (Green Light Press, 1980)
Juggler Within (Harwood Alley Monographs, 1983)
Clear Wind (Avant Books, 1984)
Whitman's Wild Children (Lapis Press, 1989)
Hank: The Life of Charles Bukowski (Random House, 1991)
Animal (Pantograph Press, 1996)
Elegy for Bob Kaufman (Sun Dog Press, 1996)
Leaning Against Time (R.L. Crow Publications, 2004)
Naming the Nameless (Sore Dove Press, 2004)
From the Canyon Outward (R.L. Crow Publications, 2009)]
From the Middle Woods (New Native Press, 2011)
Manila Poems (Bottle of Smoke Press, 2013)
Elegy for My Beat Generation (Lithic Press, 2018)
In the Odes (Magra Books, 2018)
Coolidge & Cherkovski: In Conversation (Lithic Press, 2020)
References
External links
Twitter
www.neelicherkovski.net own website
A Prison Poem, a 2004 poem by Cherkovski
A few selected poems
Interview with Cherkovski.
1945 births
Living people
American male poets
Beat Generation writers
New College of California
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award winners
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeli%20Cherkovski |
No Rest for the Wicked may refer to:
A translated proverb From the Book of Isaiah verses 48:22 and 57:20-21 Quoted in biblical sense for centuries, humorous secular sense popularized from 1930s,
Music
Albums
No Rest for the Wicked (Helix album) (1983)
No Rest for the Wicked (New Model Army album) (1985)
No Rest for the Wicked (Ozzy Osbourne album) (1988)
No Rest for the Wicked, a 1992 album by Mentallo and the Fixer
Songs
"No Rest for the Wicked" (song), a 2014 song by Lykke Li from I Never Learn
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 1982 song by Nomeansno from Mama
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 1995 song by Cypress Hill from Cypress Hill III: Temples of Boom
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 1995 song by Leæther Strip from Legacy of Hate and Lust
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 1995 song by Bloodhound Gang from Use Your Fingers
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 2006 song by Godsmack from IV
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 2010 song by (hed) p.e. from Truth Rising
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 2011 song by a Hawk and a Hacksaw from Cervantine
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 2011 song by Saxon from Call to Arms
"No Rest for the Wicked", a 2016 song by Yngwie Malmsteen from World on Fire
Other uses
No Rest for the Wicked (film), a 2011 Spanish film
No Rest for the Wicked (webcomic), a webcomic by Andrea L. Peterson
"No Rest for the Wicked" (Supernatural), a 2008 episode of Supernatural
No Rest for the Wicked, a novel by Kresley Cole
See also
"Ain't No Rest for the Wicked", a 2008 song by Cage the Elephant
"No Peace for the Wicked", a 1978 song by Rory Gallagher from Defender
"No Peace for the Wicked", a 1984 song by Thompson Twins from Into the Gap
"No Rest 4 The Wicket", a 2009 song by Esham from I Ain't Cha Homey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Rest%20for%20the%20Wicked |
Vongo was a video on demand service, owned by Liberty Media/The Weinstein Company's Starz Entertainment, parent company of the Starz network, that allowed users to download and view movies for a fixed price per month. As of August 1, 2008, Vongo stopped accepting new subscribers and was discontinued on September 30, 2008.
Service provided
"Vongo" was a service that allowed users to rent movies by download. It provided access to the Starz television channel, and contained a small library of movies. It also included a Pay Per View option. Starz Vongo had a small and growing selection of titles; more movies added weekly; satisfactory video quality; compatible with Portable Media Center 2.0 devices; some movies available with DVD-like bonus materials.
In October 2007, Starz Entertainment acquired Internet distribution rights for more than 100 feature films from Screen Media Ventures including films starring Will Ferrell, Angelina Jolie, Ralph Fiennes, Peter O'Toole and Mariel Hemingway.
The statistical make-up of Vongo video offerings during January 2008:
1526 titles provided
88% provided for download in portable format
9% provided in widescreen format
8% provided with a Pay-Per-View fee
By Genre: 40% Drama, 24% Comedy, 13% Action, 12% Westerns, 10% Music, 8% Family/Kids, 8% Romantic, 8% Sci-Fi/Horror (Note: same title can appear in multiple genres)
By Rating: 25% R, 17% TV14, 14% TVPG, 13% PG-13, 12% TVMA, 11% PG, 4% TVG, 3% G
53% are rated under the MPAA rating system
47% are rated for TV broadcast
Technical overview
Vongo used Adobe/Macromedia Flash software. The software was compatible with PCs running Windows XP or Vista and eventually supported Windows XP X64 and Vista X64 edition. Movies could be transferred and played on up to three devices but could not be transferred to external drives or other storage media.
Movies downloaded through Vongo were viewable within the confines of a certain time period; most newer movies were available for 4–6 months, while other programming could be as long as 12–24 months. Once a movie expired, it was automatically deleted from the user's hard drive. There was an average download time of 30 to 40 minutes on a 90-minute movie.
Vongo also ran inside Windows Media Center. Vongo films were then available on Microsoft's Xbox 360 and other Windows Media Center Extenders.
Vongo had a tiered support structure. Initial support was provided through the website through "Ask Vongo" which provided answers from the support knowledge base.
Criticism
Vongo was preinstalled on HP and Compaq computers during the time of its existence, and users found the program to be nearly impossible to remove without making registry edits. This difficulty has led to its classification as a virus by many users.
Vongo also tried to keep accessing the Internet every two minutes if it is blocked. When this was combined with design errors in the Symantec firewall, which did not support a "Block Always" choice, a user could end up with 720 Security Alert: Medium risk messages for each elapsed 24-hour period. These had to be cleared before the Symantec firewall came up to date on current queries. Under certain circumstances, this could completely block usage of web browsers until this queue was cleared or the machine was rebooted.
References
External links
Home page
Extremetech review of Vongo
CNET review of Vongo
Overview of Vongo 2.0 with Vista and Xbox 360 Support
Vongo Application
Subscription video on demand services
Defunct subscription services
Defunct video on demand services
Products and services discontinued in 2008
Former Liberty Media subsidiaries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vongo%20%28video%20on%20demand%20service%29 |
A surgeon-superintendent was a position, held by a surgeon officer of the Royal Navy, on board convict transport ship and ships transporting indentured labour, with overall authority in all non-nautical matters.
Before 1792, authority over convicts during transportation was wielded by the ship captain. For various reasons this arrangement resulted in neglect of the convicts' health and well-being, and there were many deaths. Often the deaths during a single voyage would number in the hundreds. In 1792, the decision was made to appoint the ship's surgeon to a position of authority in all matters not directly related to the sailing of the ship. This was an immediate success, reducing the death rate to no more than around ten per voyage.
A surgeon-superintendent was a role that comprised 57 duties covering embarkation, voyage, and arrival for all assisted and bounty ships sailing under the Colonial Land and Emigration Commission. This was a system whereby Australian land was sold to raise money in order to assist English, Scottish and Irish emigrants who were free, without indenture, yet could not afford the full passage of the trip to Australia.
Officially styled "superintendent", the responsibilities of the surgeon-superintendent were largely equivalent to that of a Naval Agent. However they also continued to fulfill the role of a naval surgeon, and so were commonly referred to by the title "surgeon-superintendent".
References
Convictism in Australia
Military medicine in the United Kingdom
Nautical terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon-superintendent |
The Catholic Church in Iceland () is part of the Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope. The island is served by a single diocese, the Diocese of Reykjavík, having a total of seven parishes. , the ordinary is bishop Dávid Bartimej Tencer. The diocese is directly subject to the Holy See.
Statistics
, there are 14,723 Catholics in Iceland, with 6 diocesan priests, 9 religious order priests, and 38 sisters in religious orders. Catholics represent 3.91% of the Icelandic population and are growing in number rapidly. The Diocese of Reykjavík covers the whole of Iceland. The diocese has a cathedral, Christ the King Cathedral (Dómkirkja Krists Konungs) in Reykjavík, and a number of smaller churches and chapels in the larger towns around the country.
History
Pre-Reformation
Some of the earliest inhabitants of Iceland were Irish monks, known as Papar. However, the small population was overwhelmed in the eighth and ninth centuries by migrations of Scandinavians, most of whom practised what can loosely be called Germanic paganism. Particularly through the influence of continental missionaries and pressure from the Norwegian king, Iceland officially converted in 999/1000 AD, but the Christianisation of Iceland, as with the rest of Scandinavia, was a long process, beginning before official conversion and continuing after it.
Before the Reformation, there were two dioceses in Iceland, the Diocese of Skálholt (first bishop, Ísleifur Gissurarson, 1056), and the Diocese of Hólar (first bishop, Bl. Jón Ögmundsson, 1106).
Reformation
During the Protestant Reformation, Iceland adopted Lutheranism in place of Catholicism. Two men, Oddur Gottskálksson and Gissur Einarsson, became disciples of Martin Luther and soon secured followers, particularly after King Christian III of Denmark and Norway declared himself for Lutheranism and began to enforce the change in his kingdom. This led to resistance and civil war on the island. Jón Arason and Ögmundur Pálsson, the Catholic bishops of Skálholt and Hólar respectively, opposed the king's efforts at promoting the Reformation in Iceland. Pálsson was deported by Danish officials in 1541, but Arason decided to fight. Opposition to the Reformation effectively ended in 1550 when Arason was captured after being defeated in the Battle of Sauðafell by royalist forces under Daði Guðmundsson. Arason and his two sons were subsequently beheaded in Skálholt on 7 November 1550.
As a consequence, Catholicism was outlawed and church property was appropriated by Iceland's rulers. Latin remained the official language of the Lutheran Church of Iceland until 1686. While a good part of Catholic terminology and other externals were retained, Lutheran teachings differed considerably from Catholic doctrine. Those Catholics who refused to convert were forced into exile. Most chose Scotland as their place of exile. Catholic clergy were outlawed in Iceland for more than three centuries.
Revival
The Catholic Church established on 8 December 1855 a jurisdiction under the name Apostolic Prefecture of the North Pole (Praefectura Apostolica Poli Arctici) that included Iceland. Several years later, the two French priests Bernard Bernard (1821-1895) and Jean-Baptiste Baudoin (1831-1875) settled in Iceland in 1857 and 1858 respectively. They met with a difficult reception and in 1862, Bernard left the country, while Baudoin persevered until 1875. On 17 August 1869 Pope Pius IX set up an Apostolic Prefecture of Denmark, which now included Iceland. Freedom of worship was enacted in 1874. After an interval, Catholic missionary efforts were resumed, with by the turn of the century a church, a school and even a hospital run by nuns.
The former jurisdiction became an Apostolic Vicariate of Denmark on 15 March 1892. Thereafter, the island territory became for the Catholic Church an independent unit, first as the Apostolic Prefecture of Iceland on 23 June 1923 and then, not many years later, on 6 June 1929, as the Apostolic Vicariate of Iceland. It was on 18 October 1968 that this entity matured into the Diocese of Reykjavík. Even though the Catholic population remains small, both as a percentage of the overall population and in absolute numbers, it grew from about 450 in 1950 to 5,590 in 2004, during which time the total population grew from 140,000 to 290,000.
In the twentieth century Iceland had some notable, if at times temporary, converts to the Catholic faith. For a time Halldór Laxness was a Catholic. Although this did not last, his Catholic period is of importance due to his position in modern Icelandic literature. A more consistently Catholic writer in Icelandic was Jón Sveinsson. He moved to France at the age of 13 and became a Jesuit. He remained in the Society of Jesus for the rest of his life. He was well liked as a children's book author (though he did not write in Icelandic) and he even appeared on an Icelandic postage stamp. In 1989 Pope John Paul II visited Iceland.
Today, the number of Catholics in Iceland, a predominantly Protestant country, comprises just under 3.81% of the population, and form the second largest denomination in the country. The Diocese of Reykjavík covers the whole of Iceland. There is a Christ the King Cathedral (Dómkirkja Krists Konungs) in Reykjavík and a number of smaller churches and chapels in the larger towns. The Bishop of Reykjavík participates in the Scandinavian Bishops Conference. Many of the Catholics are Central European and Filipino immigrants; if they are excluded, Catholics are about 1% of the population, the figure before immigrants started coming in large numbers.
On 17 June 2017 a new Catholic Church was consecrated in Reyðarfjörður in a ceremony led by Bishop Tencer. The church building was a gift from the Slovak Catholic Church. The church was built from wood in Slovakia, disassembled and shipped to Reyðarfjörður where it was re-assembled. Robert Fico, the Prime Minister of Slovakia, attended the consecration.
See also
Ancient Diocese of the Faroe Islands
Bishop of Orkney
Bishop of Reykjavík (Catholic)
Garðar, Greenland (list of Bishops of Garðar)
Landakotskirkja (Christ the King Cathedral, Reykjavík, Iceland)
List of Hólar bishops
List of Skálholt bishops
Religion in Iceland
Footnotes
External links
Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík
Iceland in Catholic Hierarchy
Iceland
Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic%20Church%20in%20Iceland |
"Quicksand" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie and released on his 1971 album Hunky Dory.
Background
"Quicksand" was recorded on 14 July 1971 at Trident Studios in London. This ballad features multi-tracked acoustic guitars and a string arrangement by Mick Ronson. Producer Ken Scott, having recently engineered George Harrison's album All Things Must Pass, attempted to create a similarly powerful acoustic sound with this track.
Bowie said of the song, "The chain reaction of moving around throughout the bliss and then the calamity of America produced this epic of confusion. Anyway with my esoteric problems I could have written it in Plainview or Dulwich" and that it was a mixture of "narrative and surrealism".
Lyrically the song, like much of Bowie's work at this time, was influenced by Buddhism ("You can tell me all about it on the next Bardo"), occultism, and Friedrich Nietzsche's concept of the Superman. It refers to the magical society Golden Dawn and name-checks one of its most famous members, Aleister Crowley, as well as Heinrich Himmler, Winston Churchill and Juan Pujol (codename: Garbo).
Reception
NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray have described it as "Bowie in his darkest and most metaphysical mood", while a contemporary review in Rolling Stone remarked on its "superb singing" and "beautiful guitar motif from Mick Ronson".
Live performances
Bowie performed the song during his 1997 Earthling Tour. A live recording from one show on 20 July 1997, recorded at Long Marston, England during the Phoenix Festival, was released in a live album entitled Look at the Moon! in February 2021. Bowie performed the song occasionally during his 2003-04 A Reality Tour.
Bowie performed the song at his 50th birthday concert in 1997 along with Robert Smith of The Cure
Other releases
The song was released as the B-side of the single "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" in April 1974. RCA included the song in the picture disc set Life Time. A studio demo version of the song was released as a bonus track on the Rykodisc release of Hunky Dory in 1990. A November 1996 tour rehearsal recording of the song, which originally aired on a BBC radio broadcast in 1997, was released in 2020 on the album ChangesNowBowie.
Personnel
David Bowie – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Mick Ronson – acoustic guitars, Mellotron, string arrangement
Trevor Bolder – bass
Mick Woodmansey – drums
Rick Wakeman – piano
Notes
References
Pegg, Nicholas, The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 2000,
1970s ballads
1971 songs
David Bowie songs
Folk ballads
Pop ballads
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie
Songs about criminals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quicksand%20%28David%20Bowie%20song%29 |
Sónar is a festival dedicated to music, creativity and technology, founded in Barcelona in 1994 by Ricard Robles, Enric Palau, and Sergi Caballero. The festival has been divided into two parts since its inception: Sónar by Day and Sónar by Night, with a three-day congress, Sónar+D dedicated to Creativity, Technology and Business running concurrently since 2013. As well as the flagship event in Barcelona, Sónar hosts events around the world, with annual festivals having taken place in Bogota, Buenos Aires, Hong Kong and Reykjavik. In 2023, editions are planned for Lisbon and Istanbul, as well as the 30th anniversary of the festival in Barcelona.
Artists that have performed at Sónar include Björk, Thom Yorke, Jean-Michel Jarre, Duran Duran, Grace Jones, Beastie Boys, De La Soul, Kraftwerk, Gorillaz, New Order, Skrillex, Diplo, M.I.A., Arca, Rosalía, Chic, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Aphex Twin, Richie Hawtin and Laurent Garnier.
Writing in 2017, the New York Times states that “Sónar has built itself into a European institution... It’s a festival of the experimental and the crowd-pleasing, the subtle and the unsubtle, scaled from quiet small-auditorium performances to seismic stadium dance music....”
Birth and early years (1994–1996)
Sónar was founded in Barcelona in 1994 as the “Festival of Advanced Music and Multimedia Art”, by music journalist Ricard Robles and musicians and visual artists Enric Palau and Sergio Caballero. The first festival took place on 2, 3 and 4 June at the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (Sónar by Day) and the Apolo club (Sónar by Night), with performances by Holger Czukay, Mixmaster Morris, Laurent Garnier, Sven Väth, Atom Heart, and Trans Global Underground, among others. This first event, which included the Record Fair and Technology Fair - the forerunner of what is now known as Sonar+D - was attended by nearly 6,000 people and 40 representatives of the Spanish media.
Over the next two years, the festival expanded considerably: the number of accreditation holders doubled in 1995 and tripled in 1996, and the number of visitors rose from 6,000 to over 12,000 in 1995 and 18,000 in 1996. Sónar by Night relocated in its second year, moving to various areas in the Poble Espanyol, where it was based in 1995 and 1996. Some of performances and sessions during these years included Coldcut, Spring Heel Jack, Josh Wink, Autechre, Richie Hawtin, Ken Ishii, Slam, Jeff Mills, Scanner, Orbital, Fangoria, John Acquaviva, Kenny Larkin, and Biosphere.
Evolution and growth (1997–2000)
The year 1997 marked a turning point for the festival, as Sónar by Night moved to a new venue, the Mar Bella sports pavilion, tripling its capacity.
With the late 1990s came considerable growth: from 18,000 visitors in 1996 to 28,000 in 1997, 38,000 in 1998, 43,000 in 1999 and over 53,000 in 2000. The festival's evolution can also be measured in the number of accredited media: in 1996 there were 72 Spanish and 15 international media, by 2000 the number had risen to 158 and 185, respectively.
Artists performing at Sónar by Day during these four years included Squarepusher, Fennesz, Bruce Gilbert, Patrick Pulsinger, Pan Sonic, Mouse On Mars, Suicide, Aviador Dro, DJ Spooky, Pole, DJ Zero, Goldfrapp, and Merzbow, Daft Punk, Kraftwerk, Kruder & Dorfmeister, Jimi Tenor, Laurent Garnier (under his real name or the alias DJ Jamon), Marc Almond, Deep Dish, Motorbass, Plastikman, Herbert, Death In Vegas, Fila Brazillia, Roger Sánchez, Coldcut, DJ Hell, Sólo Los Solo, Atari Teenage Riot, An Der Beat, Chicks On Speed, Super Collider, and Miss Kittin.
Sónar in the twenty-first century (2000–present)
In the early years of the new decade, Sónar continued to grow, first stabilizing at around 80,000 visitors each year and then growing further to 121,000 for its 20th anniversary in 2013. This attendance record was beaten again in 2017 (123,000) and at the 25th anniversary celebration in 2018 (126,000). In this period Sónar continued to exert an influence on critics and artists alike, thanks to its forward thinking programming and production. As the Financial Times reported in a 2006 review: "[The Scissor Sisters' Jake Shears] was not alone among artists in citing Sónar as a fundamental influence upon his career"
The 2001 festival saw another change of venue for Sónar by Night to the larger venue of the Fira Gran Via area in L'Hospitalet de Llobregat. This new home meant that it was possible to offer large format concerts with a strong audiovisual component, attracting performances by artists such as bjork (2002), Kraftwerk (with a 3D show in 2013) and The Chemical Brothers (2005 and 2015)
The Sónar by Night Venue hosts several stages; the 15,000 capacity SonarClub, the open air SonarLab and SonarPub and SonarCar. In 2016 this stage received an upgrade, featuring a custom sound system and a new format featuring continuous 7hr sets by selected DJ's. The inaugural edition featured Laurent Garnier (who assisted in the format's development) and Four Tet.
Sónar by Day also consolidated its extensive range, which is based not only on music but also the exhibitions at SonarMàtica, the activities at SonarPro, the screenings at SonarCinema, and the installations at Sonarama. During these years, the festival also collaborated with various institutions, spaces, and centres such as the GREC festival, the Centre d’Arts Santa Mónica, the Mies Van Der Rohe Foundation, CosmoCaixa, and L'Auditori, the venue for concerts by the Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra with Ryuichi Sakamoto + Pan Sonic + Fennesz, Francesco Tristano + Murcof, Matthew Herbert Big Band, and DJ /rupture, among many others.
In 2013, Sónar by Day, moved out of its previous home in MACBA to a larger space in the Fira Montjuïc facilities at Plaza d'Espanya. The music program at Sónar by Day takes place over 5 stages: SonarHall, SonarDome (presented by Red Bull Music), the SonarComplex auditorium, SonarXS (dedicated to urban sounds from the global streets) and the outdoor stage SonarVillage by Estrella Damm with its trademark artificial grass. In 2018, Sónar added an additional stage Sonar360º by Mediapro, dedicated to full dome experiences.
Notable artists performing in this period include M.I.A., De La Soul, Linton Kwesi Johnson, The Roots, Justice, Hot Chip,Janelle Monáe, Leila, Madlib, Prefuse 73, Ricardo Villalobos, Kode9, Plaid, The Sugarhill Gang, and Flying Lotus. Björk (2002), Beastie Boys (2007), LCD Soundsystem (2010), Chic (2006), Pet Shop Boys (2002), Masters At Work (2001), Grace Jones(2009), and The Chemical Brothers (2005 and 2015),
Kraftwerk, Jurassic 5, Richie Hawtin, Skrillex, Paul Kalkbrenner, Major Lazer, Jamie Lidell, Diamond Version, Chromatics, Diplo, Baauer, Nicolas Jaar, Liars, Lindstrøm & Todd Terje, Adrian Sherwood & Pinch, Seth Troxler, Gold Panda. Autechre, FKA Twigs, A$AP Rocky Jean-Michel Jarre, New Order, and Anhoni
In 2019, Sónar shifted the date of its Barcelona edition from June to July and increased its focus on acts from the Latin, urban, trap and reggaeton music genres.
Sónar and Barcelona
In 2004, Sónar contributed 47 million euros to Catalonia's GDP (according to a study performed by Deloitte) A follow-up 360º study commissioned by Sónar in 2015 updated this figure to 126 million euros; a 226% increase over the decade, with a net value to the city of 559.7 Euros per attendee.
The impact on hotel occupancy in the city is also considerable. Occupancy rate in 2011 was 83.65%, and in 2012 it was 83.11%. These figures increase to 100% for officially approved tourist apartments.
In addition to the above, Sónar also leads to the proliferation and organisation of other events, presentations and showcases that take place in Barcelona outside the scope of the festival itself, which in turn also attract very large audiences of between 50 and 70 thousand visitors, in addition to the 126,000 visitors attending the official event.
Sónar around the world
Since making its first international foray to London in 2002, Sónar has expanded its presence globally, having hosted eponymous events in 65 cities worldwide and across 4 continents. All Sónar events reflect the wider mission of creating a dialogue between the local and international scene in each territory, and feature a strong creative technological component.
To date, these locations include Chicago, Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Hamburg, Bogota, New York, Seoul, Rome, Cape Town, Copenhagen, Tokyo and Hong Kong. Sónar+D has also expanded its international program in recent years, forming part of the program in São Paulo (2015) Santiago de Chile (2015), Buenos Aires (2015), Reykjavik (2015), Bogota (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018), Hong Kong (2017) and Istanbul (2017).
As of 2018, Sónar hosts yearly events in 6 cities, with a combined yearly attendance of 30,000.
Sónar Reykjavik
Sónar Reykjavik takes place across four stages in the HARPA concert hall. Notable acts to have played include Skrillex, Underworld, Danny Brown, Fatboy Slim, Gus Gus, Kiasmos and Paul Kalkbrenner.
"A must for anyone wanting to combine the experience of some breathtaking natural beauty alongside a programme of world-leading electronic music"
"The festival is ‘an experiment in how music can reach those who truly seek it’"
Sónar Istanbul
The inaugural edition of Sónar Istanbul took place in 2017 at the ZorluPSM auditorium. To date, the festival has featured performances by artists including, Nina Kraviz, Black Coffee, Fatboy Slim and Jon Hopkins.
Sónar Hong Kong
In 2017, Sónar added Hong Kong to its international festivals. Taking place at Hong Kong Science Park the event has featured performances from DJ Shadow, Laurent Garnier, The Black Madonna and Squarepusher among others.
"In total, the festival featured more than 40 international, regional and local DJs and live acts – including 11 making their HK debut – as Sónar once again confirmed its reputation as the world's best electronic music festival.
Sónar Bogota and Sónar Buenos Aires.
Sónar's Latin American dates take place in late November annually, at Multiparque (Sónar Bogotá) and Technopolis Argentina (Sónar Buenos Aires). Notable artists to have performed include Sigur Rós, Nina Kraviz, Dubfire, Pantha du Prince, Moderat and more.
Sónar is part of We are Europe
Since December 2015, Sónar is part of We are Europe, a cooperation project co-founded by the Creative Europe programme of the European Union, led by the French organization Arty Farty (Nuits sonores Festival) and gathering 8 major European events joining forces in order to promote, create and produce innovative cultural practices, defined by creative diversity and exchanges.
Sónar +D
In its inaugural edition in 1994, Sónar organized a fair for professionals with a dual dimension: a record and publishing fair (record labels, distributors, publications, publishers, promoters) and a technology fair (hardware and software brands, musical equipment companies). This format would undergo several incarnations over the years, gradually evolving away from the trade fair format and expanding to include art installations, film screenings, talks and conferences. Coinciding with the move of Sónar by Day to Fira Montjuic in 2013, this section of the festival program was re-imagined as Sónar+D.
Oriented as a 3-day congress of Creativity, Technology and Business running concurrently to Sónar by Day, (SonaR+D = Sónar+D). The congress includes installations, talks, exhibitions and displays of new technologies with creative applications. Since 2017, a Networking Day has been added to the program. Starting one day before the start of the festival this event is oriented towards b2b activities, and only accessible to Delegate pass holders.
During the 3 days of Sónar by Day, 80% of the activities at Sónar+D are open to general admission ticket holders, encouraging cross-pollination between, artists, makers and the creatively curious.
Sónar +D also feeds from and into the wider festival program, with tech-shows featured across all the festival stages, and prominent artists invited to give talks and workshops. Recent editions have featured artists and thinkers such as Brian Eno, Björk, Jean-Michel Jarre, Richie Hawtin, Kode 9, Holly Herndon, Alva Noto and Ryuichi Sakamoto.
As of 2018, companies and institutions that have actively participated in Sónar+D include BBC R+D, Spotify, Google Arts and Culture, Universal Music Group, Sony Music, PS4, HP, Me by Melia, Mediapro, Native Instruments, MIT Media Lab, Roland Instruments and Pioneer DJ, among others.
Sónar+D Hong Kong, takes place concurrently to the annual Sónar Hong Kong event at Hong Kong Science Park.
Sónar Calling GJ273b
To commemorate Sónar's 25th anniversary in 2018, the festival embarked on an experiment to send 33 pieces of music to Luyten b, a potentially habitable exo-planet located 12.4 light years from Earth. Artists close to the festival who submitted specially created pieces of music include Jean-Michel Jarre, Autechre, Squarepusher, Nina Kraviz, The Black Madonna, Matmos, Laurent Garnier and Olafur Arnalds. The project was devised as "A celebration, an artistic and scientific experiment and a collective rumination on what it means to be human, and alien", and developed in collaboration with the Catalonia Institute of Space Studies and METI.
The transmissions took place in October 2017 and May 2018 from the 32 m EISCAT antenna in Tromsø, Norway operating at ≈930 MHz with 1.5 MW transmitting power and bit rates of 62.5 to 500 bit/s. The music was encoded as uncompressed PCM; due to the low bandwidth each piece was only 10 s long and sampled with 8 kHz, 8 bit, mono. The message will take approximately 12.4 Earth years to arrive at its destination, making a potential reply arrive in time for Sónar's 50th anniversary in 2043.
SonarImage
Directed by Sergio Caballero since the first festival in 1994, Sónar's visual image is an intrinsic part of the festival's identity.
See also
List of electronic music festivals
Music festivals
List of interstellar radio messages
References
Culture in Barcelona
Music festivals in Catalonia
Electronic music festivals in Spain
Music festivals established in 1994
New media art festivals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3nar |
Raphana (Ραφάνα in Ancient Greek), was one of the Decapolis cities mentioned by Pliny the Elder, within his Naturalis Historia (Book V.74).
Raphana was sought for the last two millennia, after no one could identify this ancient settlement, as it was mostly omitted from maps or in scientific literature.
Some connected it with Raphon of the Macabbees. Some other looked for a substitution and chose the site of Abila at the northern Jordanian valley of Wadi Queilbeh, because of Abila's important history and its attested connection to the Decapolis region. But, there is no archaeological evidence that Abila has ever had any other ancient name than Abila dekapoleos, Abila Seleukia or also Abila viniferos (mentioned by Eusebius in his Onomastikon (Abila), 12 miles east of Gadara).
Raphana itself was unidentified. Recent research has found a plausible position for Raphana at the northeastern-edge of the Decapolis region. This fits also to the history of Flavius Josephus, who describes the forts around a place called Raepta, which is very plausibly the predecessor settlement of Raphana. For the mentioned connection see also the Pleiades Database for "Raphana" at stoa.org. In some online sites you can read that Raphana was at the "Abilene plain" and some mixed this name again with Abila at Wadi Queilbeh south of the Yarmuk, but the Abilene Plain describes a completely different region and the area around Abila Lysaniae, which is north-west of Damascus and always connected with the Paneas region too. But Abila Lysaniae and its history also have nothing to do with Raphana. The notation at the Notitia Dignitatum at "Arefa" shows us for a later date that there was a military unit, an ala at that location. This connection (with Arefa) you will also find at the above-mentioned Pleiades Database. That such a military camp was normally situated at the border of the ancient empires seems to be clear. Therefore with a very high plausibility Raphana of the Decapolis, with its predecessor Raepta and its successor Arpha/Arefa, can be found at the Khirbet ar-Rafi'ah ("Ar-Rafi'ah Ruins"), positioned at Ard al-Fanah, at the border between the Arabian desert and the fertile Ghouta south of Damascus.
For a time the city seems to have been the base camp of the 12th Roman legion, Legio XII Fulminata, as well as of Legio III Gallica.
References
Decapolis tour reference
External links
Populated places in Irbid Governorate
Decapolis
Roman towns and cities in Jordan
Former populated places in Southwest Asia
Roman fortifications in Arabia Petraea | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphana |
Martin Albrecht may refer to:
Martin Albrecht (businessman), Australian businessman
Martin Albrecht (chemist) (born 1971), Swiss chemist
Martin Albrecht (musician), German musician; former member of Mystic Prophecy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Albrecht |
William Woods University is a private university in Fulton, Missouri. Founded in 1870, the university is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. Expanding its mission to address the need for graduate and adult-oriented programs, the institution became known as William Woods University in 1993. It began offering graduate degrees and admitting men as well as women into all of its programs. It enrolled 1,681 students in 2021.
History
First known as the Female Orphan School, the institution was founded in 1870 in Camden Point, Missouri in response to the needs of girls who were orphaned during the American Civil War.
During the late nineteenth century, the institution moved to Fulton and expanded its elementary and secondary programs to accommodate young women who aspired to become teachers. Known briefly at the beginning of the twentieth century as Daughters College, it changed its name to William Woods College in 1900 to honor a major benefactor (William S. Woods, president of the National Bank of Commerce) and began offering a two-year college program. In 1962, anticipating dramatic changes in the role of American women in the labor force, William Woods became a four-year college.
In 1952, future U.S. President Ronald Reagan gave a commencement address at the college in which he said that he "always thought of America as a place in the divine scheme of things that was set aside as a promised land." This is also a notable speech by the future President as it is one of his oldest surviving speeches.
In 1992, William Woods College changed its name to William Woods University, and began offering a wide variety of graduate-level degree programs, geared toward the working adult. The university went co-education by accepting male students on campus in 1997.
Campus
The campus in Fulton includes buildings of various types. Two favorites of the campus community are Dulany Auditorium and the William S. Woods Academic Building.
Dulany Auditorium was built in 1907. Mrs. D.M. Dulany contributed $7,500 toward construction of the $24,000 building in memory of her husband. The stained glass portrait windows are of D.M. Dulany, W.H. Dulany and Benjamin L. Locke, all early supporters of the college.
The William S. Woods Academic Building, or the Academic Building, as most students refer to it, is a three-story brick structure which houses administrative offices, classrooms and faculty. It was completed in 1921.
Rosa Parks Center
Rosa Parks Center, a Missouri Division of Youth Services (DYS) center for incarcerated girls, is a former university dormitory at WWU. It holds 10-12 girls at a time. WWU students are involved with the center. DYS and WWU agreed to the joint project in 2000, and the center opened in January 2001.
Outreach program permanent sites
WWU offers graduate degree programs, degree completion programs, and select undergraduate programs at permanent sites in Fulton, Columbia, and Blue Springs, as well as temporary sites across Missouri.
Student life
The university has approximately 600 undergraduate students from all over the U.S. and numerous other countries.
William Woods offers approximately 40 student organizations, including co-curricular, honorary, religious/faith-based, service/leadership, and social/academic/special interest groups.
Counseling and Health Services provides students with physical health related services as well as counseling/mental health related services.
Safety officers work to provide a safe and orderly campus environment.
Greek life
William Woods is home to three fraternities, Pi Kappa Alpha, Phi Gamma Delta, and Sigma Tau Gamma, and four sororities, Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Phi, Chi Omega, and Delta Gamma.
Athletics
The William Woods athletic teams are called the Owls. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the American Midwest Conference (AMC) since the 1993–94 academic year.
William Woods compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, bowling, cross country, football, golf, soccer, tennis, track & field and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, bowling, cross country, flag football, golf, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field, volleyball and wrestling; and co-ed sports include cheerleading and outdoor life sports.
On July 24, 2023, the school announced it would join the Heart of America Athletic Conference in 2024 as an associate member for football.
Alumni and traditions
William Woods has more than 25,000 alumni. There are many traditions associated with the school, including the "Ivy Chain." The Ivy Ceremony marks the start of the students' college life. When they graduate, the ivy will be cut during another ceremony, held at commencement, symbolizing separation from college and the beginning of a new life. The tradition is believed to have begun more than a hundred years ago when the Class of 1899 planted ivy on the campus during a special graduation ceremony.
Notable alumni
Luann Ridgeway, member of the Missouri State Senate
Helen Stephens, Olympic gold medalist, Berlin
Kevin Julian, former Halifax Town FC footballer and current Technical Director at Burnaby FC
References
External links
Official athletics website
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
Universities and colleges established in 1870
Buildings and structures in Callaway County, Missouri
Private universities and colleges in Missouri
Education in Callaway County, Missouri
1870 establishments in Missouri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Woods%20University |
Niki Barr is an American musician from Denton, Maryland. Starting in 2013, she is the lead singer for The Last Year, a Baltimore, Maryland-based alternative band.
Career
Early years
Niki began writing, performing, and recording at age 15 and soon after, began working with Mike Marucci of Marucci Artist Management, Inc. He introduced Niki to producer, Jim Ebert. Jim and Niki worked together on her records The Other Side of Me EP, Lush, and Go EP. Lush (2005) was Niki's first full-length record and included songs co-written with Butch Walker, The Matrix (record production team), Wizardz of Oz, Matthew Gerrard, and Stephen Lironi. The single "Wasted Time" became the #1 single on Sky Radio in the UK for over 6 weeks. Soon after, Go was released as an EP, and it managed to sit atop Sky Radio for over 8 weeks in the UK.
Niki Barr Band
Through her manager and friends, Niki joined forces with guitarist Island Styles, bassist Scott Von Ensign, and drummer BJ Kerwin to form Niki Barr Band. Together, the band wrote, recorded, and produced their Bloom EP (2008). The band's follow up album, entitled "Radar Radio", was released in 2010.
In 2012, the band released a cover of the Nine Inch Nails song "Closer". The accompanying music video was the first ever created by the band. As of March 2020, the video has over 76,000 views on YouTube.
The Last Year
In June 2013 Niki Barr and bandmate Scott Von Ensign formed "The Last Year". The duo was signed to a contract with Shanachie Entertainment, home to such artists as Rusted Root, Leela James, and the Flobots. A five-song EP was released on August 13, 2013. The first single from the EP, "Sugar", was released in July 2013. The band made its public debut on July 12, 2013, at The Ottobar in Baltimore, Maryland.
In November 2013, The Last Year was named the 98 Rock Band of The Month by a local Baltimore radio station. and covered in Shockwave Magazine
The band released a video featuring an acoustic version of their debut single "Sugar" on YouTube in February 2014. The video was reviewed by Guitar World, who described it as "...a haunting little number that showcases some great songwriting.". Later that year, the single was featured on the soundtrack of the first season of MTV's House of Food on episode 7, entitled "Sweet Relief".
The second single, "Mania", was released in February 2015 in advance of their next studio album. In support of the album, they toured throughout the year, including a performance at the 2015 South by Southwest Festival in Austin, Texas, where they were named one of the "Austin 100."
The band performed with Sick of Sarah during their 2015 tour.
"Mania" entered into Top 40 songs by Double Neuve FM 99 Peru on June 13, 2015. The song was ranked at number 20 on the Top Notch Top 25 Best Songs of 2015.
The band's next album, entitled Static Automatic, was released in March 2016. The band toured extensively in support of the album, including an appearance at Summerfest 2016 in Milwaukee, WI. They also performed at the National Park Service Centennial Celebration in Washington, D.C., on August 25, 2016.
On August 15, 2017, the band released the single, "Right Where You Want Me", on SoundCloud. It is the first track from the second full-length record, Timebombs, which was released on April 6, 2018.
Touring
Niki Barr Band completed 12 international tours in 5 years with Armed Forces Entertainment (AFE), performing for US Troops in the Middle East, Japan, UK, and many other countries throughout Europe and Southeast Asia. The tours spanned 40 countries across 3 continents and brought the band support from Billboard Magazine, Rolling Stone Magazine, The Wall Street Journal, Time Magazine, and NPR Radio's "Border Crossings with Larry London."
April 30, 2009, Niki Barr Band won radio station DC101's "Last Band Standing" competition, granting them the opening spot of the DC101 Chili Cook-Off concert at RFK Stadium May 16, 2009, supporting bands Third Eye Blind, Papa Roach, and The Offspring.
The first AFE overseas tour went to Japan, Diego Garcia, and Singapore in 2003. Niki's most extensive tour was in late 2005, which involved seven countries. Countries she's performed in include Afghanistan, Bahrain, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and United Arab Emirates. In March–April 2007, the band returned to the same theater for another AFE sponsored tour.
Niki Barr Band was a headliner on the annual ShipRocked rock festival and music cruise, featured 2009 and invited to return 2010; the band appeared both years.
The band has shared stages with Joan Jett, Paramore, The Offspring, The Cult, Papa Roach, Shinedown, Puddle of Mudd, Third Eye Blind, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, Crossfade, Sevendust, Vince Neil, The GoGos, Tesla, Charm City Devils, and many other notable marquee acts.
Niki has also worked locally with United Service Organizations (USO) of Metropolitan Washington, D.C.
Clothing Line
Niki created her own clothing line, Neurotica, in 2005. Neurotica is a licensed and registered trademark of Niki Barr Enterprises, LLC.
Discography
Timebombs ©2018
Produced by The Last Year
Right Where You Want Me
Annabelle
Bad Things
Failing
Drown With Me
Promise
Jealousy
Through The Heart
Dead
The Beyond
Timebombs
Confidence
Right Where You Want Me ©2017
Produced by The Last Year
Static Automatic ©2016
Produced by The Last Year
Mania
Rush
Dark Ages
Silhouette
Magic
Chemical
Static Automatic
The Last Year ©2013
Produced by The Last Year
Not The One
Sugar
Imagining
Kill Me Now
Flying
Closer ©2012
Produced and Mixed by Niki Barr Band
Radar Radio ©2010
Produced and Mixed by Niki Barr Band with assistance from Bret Alexander at Obscura Sound
Sex Friend
Worry
Ghosts
Surrender
Enemy
Fallen
Miles Away
Lips Like Crucifix
Enough
Love Yourself
Bloom ©2008 EP
Produced and Mixed by Niki Barr Band at Obscura Sound
Mastered by Bruce Kane
Undivided
Alone
So Cruel
Burn
Drowsy
Go ©2006 EP
Produced and Mixed by Jim Ebert
Co-writes with Ed Tuton and Butch Walker
Go
Cigarette Lighter Love Song
Stick It
If
Wrong Way
Lush ©2005
Produced and Mixed by Jim Ebert
Co-writes with Butch Walker and Bruce Brody
Wasted Time
Nothing At All
Holiday
Leave It Alone
Used To Be
Memories of Last Year
Sooner Or Later
So Far Away
Getaway
Such A Fool
Inside Looking Out
My Breathing Heart
The Other Side of Me ©2003 EP
Produced by Jim Ebert
Engineered by Rick Isaac
All songs Mixed and Mastered by Jim Ebert
Just Like You
Today
Bottom Row
Run To Me
Sugar Coated
Until I See You Again
Faulty
No Frills ©2001
Acoustic album recorded in Niki's bedroom
Sugar Coated
One So Fine
Intoxicated
With You
Speak
Bottom Row
Incognito
Human Eye
Second Time Around
Give Enough
Niki Barr provides the vocals for the theme song for the crime re-enactment show "Scorned: Love Kills" on the Investigation Discovery channel.
References
Further reading
Underground Music.FM – (2013-9-23) "Sugar" – The Last Year
Where my girls at? (2013-9-13) "The Last Year – Interview with Niki Barr"
Oxley, Michelle, "Niki Barr Band heads to Easton with no complaints", The Beachcomber, July 2, 2009.
Zane Rettstatt, "Niki Barr: The 21st Century Joan Jett? Oh Yeah!", "The Bay Net Music", May 10, 2006
External links
Official site of The Last Year
Official site of Niki Barr – Includes Press reviews.
US Navy Seals BLOG – Mentions Niki's 2008 Armed Forces Entertainment tour with stops in Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands
"Niki Barr: Your new rock princess?", RadioMojo.com, October 6, 2005 — Interview and review.
Von Stiers, Bruce, "Don't Leave Niki Alone", BVS Reviews.
Niki raises the Barr – November 2005 interview with Niki Barr
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Denton, Maryland
Singers from Maryland
American women rock singers
21st-century American women musicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niki%20Barr |
Saint-Sever-de-Rustan is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department
References
Communes of Hautes-Pyrénées | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sever-de-Rustan |
Western Nebraska Community College (WNCC) is a public community college in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. It also has campuses in Sidney, Nebraska, and Alliance, Nebraska.
WNCC was previously known as Scottsbluff Junior College, Scotts Bluff County College, and Nebraska Western College. Its athletics teams are known as the Cougars.
History
Western Nebraska Community College was established in Scottsbluff, Nebraska in September 1926 as an extension of the University of Nebraska. WNCC was originally named Scottsbluff Junior College. The college became inactive after only one year and was reopened in September 1929, as part of the Scottsbluff Public Schools System. The college operated as part of that system until September 1932, when it became a public, two-year institution. In June 1968, Scotts Bluff County College became Nebraska Western College. The college became Scottsbluff's only non-parochial institution of higher education after private Hiram Scott College went bankrupt in 1971 and was acquired by the state.
The State Legislature formed the Western Technical Community College Area in 1973, which included Nebraska Western College, Western Nebraska Technical College and the Alliance School of Practical Nursing. On July 1, 1978, the Area Board of Governors placed all three entities into a single college, multiple campus setting. July 1, 1988, the Board of Governors discontinued the separate campus names and changed the name of the college to Western Nebraska Community College.
Sidney Campus
The Western Nebraska Vocational Technical School was founded in 1965 by the State Legislature in Cheyenne County, Nebraska at the former Sioux Army Depot approximately west of Sidney, Nebraska. In October 1966, classes began at the technical vocational school. The school changed its name to Western Nebraska Technical College in 1971. On July 1, 1978, the Area Board of Governors placed all three entities (Nebraska Western College, Western Nebraska Technical College, and Alliance School of Practical Nursing) into a single college, multiple campus setting. July 1, 1988, the Board of Governors discontinued the separate campus names and changed the name of the college to Western Nebraska Community College.
Alliance Campus
The Alliance School of Practical Nursing started in 1957 in Alliance, Nebraska at St. Josephs Hospital. In 1979, the school hired a part-time coordinator and began offering a variety of general education and vocational classes in conjunction with Nebraska Western College. On July 1, 1978, the Area Board of Governors placed all three entities (Nebraska Western College, Western Nebraska Technical College, and Alliance School of Practical Nursing) into a single college, multiple campus setting. July 1, 1988, the Board of Governors discontinued the separate campus names and changed the name of the college to Western Nebraska Community College.
John N. Harms Advanced Technology Center
Given the increase in demand for worker training, retraining and economic development activities, the college established the Center for Business and Individual Training (CBIT). The CBIT, now known as the John N. Harms Advanced Technology Center of Nebraska (HATC). Named after former Western Nebraska Community College president (who served from 1976 to 2006) John Harms, HATC provides short-term, high-impact skills training to assist in job creation and capacity building for area companies. The facility includes computer-based training, construction trades, machine tool and hazardous materials training, in addition to flexible training spaces.
Notable alumni
Bobby Jackson, professional basketball player
Dick "Night Train" Lane, professional football player
Sedric Toney, professional basketball player
References
External links
Official website
Two-year colleges in the United States
Community colleges in Nebraska
Education in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska
Education in Cheyenne County, Nebraska
Education in Box Butte County, Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Cheyenne County, Nebraska
Buildings and structures in Box Butte County, Nebraska
NJCAA athletics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Nebraska%20Community%20College |
Marie Stillman (née Spartali) (Greek: Μαρία Σπαρτάλη; 10 March 1844 – 6 March 1927) was a British member of the second generation of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Of the Pre-Raphaelites, she had one of the longest-running careers, spanning sixty years and producing over one hundred and fifty works. Though her work with the Brotherhood began as a favourite model, she soon trained and became a respected painter, earning praise from Dante Gabriel Rossetti and others.
Early life
Marie Spartali was the eldest child of Michael Spartali, a wealthy merchant, principal of the firm Spartali & Co and Greek consul-general based in London from 1866 to 1879. He had moved to London around 1828, where he married Euphrosyne Varsini, the daughter of a Greek merchant from Genoa. The family split time between their home at Clapham Common in London and their country home on the Isle of Wight. In the city, Spartali’s father was fond of lavish garden parties where he invited up and coming writers and artists. It was at one such event where Marie would first be introduced to the art world.
Marriage and death
In 1870, Spartali met American journalist and painter William J. Stillman. The couple had previously posed for Rossetti in his famous Dante pictures, though it is not certain if that is how they first met. Interestingly, although her husband was an artist himself, Marie never sat for him as a model. The pair married in 1871 against her father's wishes, causing a rift that would never fully heal.
As her husband was a foreign correspondent for The Times, the couple divided their time between London and Florence (1878-1883), and later Rome (1889-1896).
The couple had three children of their own who were raised alongside William’s other three children from a previous marriage. Marie Stillman died in March 1927 in Ashburn Place in South Kensington, four days shy of her 83rd birthday, and was cremated at Brookwood Cemetery, near Woking, Surrey. She is interred there with her husband.
Art and career
Introduction to the Art World
Known for their Greek heritage and beauty, Spartali along with her cousins, Maria Zambaco and Aglaia Coronio, were known collectively among friends as "the Three Graces," after the Charites of Greek mythology (Aglaia, Euphrosyne and Thalia). Beauty aside, Marie was very tall, and cut an imposing figure- in her later years dressing entirely in black- and purposefully attracting much attention throughout her life.
In the house of the Greek businessman A.C. Ionides at Tulse Hill, in south London, Marie first met the artist James McNeill Whistler and playwright Algernon Charles Swinburne. The meeting made quite the impression, for Swinburne was reported to have said that "She is so beautiful that I want to sit down and cry".
The Pre-Raphaelites
In 1864, Whistler introduced Spartali to the Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. She began sitting for him and when Spartali expressed interest in learning to paint he referred her to Ford Madox Brown. Over the next five years the pair developed a close, almost familial, relationship. Of his models, Brown said that Spartali was “the most intellectual,” and maintained a deep respect for her work, chronicled in their correspondence. By 1870, Spartali had decided to pursue art professionally and with the help of her mentor made her first sale for 40 guineas.
Example of modeling works: Brown; Burne-Jones (The Mill); Julia Margaret Cameron; Rossetti (A Vision of Fiammetta, Dante's Dream at the Time of the Death of Beatrice, The Bower Meadow); and Spencer Stanhope.
Style
Because of her close links to the Brotherhood Marie Stillman is often identified as part of the second generation of the movement. According to Henry James, “She inherited the traditions and the temper of the original PRs...but she has come into her heritage by virtue or natural relationship. She is a spontaneous, sincere, naive Pre-Raphaelite.”
There is, however, some academic debate as to whether this is entirely accurate. For example, Robert de la Sizeranne of Le Correspondant noted that this new generation of Pre-Raphaelites, Marie Stillman among them, had enough in common with the Symbolists to be considered one. Marie Spartali Stillman, could be considered a candidate for Symbolism because her figures "... have an immobility, a silence, a pose almost suspended, a slow hesitation in their rare movements, which make them resemble something like sleepwalkers.” Rossetti himself credited Spartali for her ability to infuse her figures with emotion, thereby elevating them to something more than mere images.
Other influences and career impacts
In 1873 both her young daughter, Euphrosyne, and her sister Christina fell ill. Stillman wrote to Ford Madox Brown that she was preoccupied with their health and felt "too weak to paint." She later clarified that whenever she did work she found herself depicting her sister in a grim state. Because of this, she took some time off painting, however Madox-Brown always speculated that she stopped because of her husband's jealousy over her successful career and continued relationship with himself.
Alongside her husband, Stillman lived in Florence, Italy for a number of years. She took great inspiration from the city around her which can be seen most prominently in her subject matter. Being in the city of Dante Alighieri, she depicted numerous scenes from the Divine Comedy, focusing in particular on the romance between Dante and Beatrice.
Though separated from her peers, Stillman maintained her correspondence with the PRB and Rossetti in particular who shared her love of Dante.
Exhibitions
The subjects of her paintings were typical of the Pre-Raphaelites: female figures; scenes from Shakespeare, Petrarch, Dante and Boccaccio; also Italian landscapes. She exhibited at the Dudley Gallery in 1875, then at the Grosvenor Gallery and its successor, the New Gallery; at the Royal Academy; and at various galleries in the eastern USA, including the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876. Stillman exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. A retrospective show of her work took place in the United States in 1982, and another one at the Delaware Art Museum in 2015. The latter show transferred to the UK, opening at the Watts Gallery at Compton, Surrey from March until 5 June 2016.
Commemoration
In January 2023, English Heritage announced that a blue plaque would be unveiled later that year on a house in Clapham, where she took her first steps in becoming an artist. The plaque was installed in April 2023 at The Shrubbery, 2 Lavender Gardens, Clapham, her family home when she was a young woman and where she later painted and prepared for exhibitions.
Works (Incomplete)
David Elliott lists more than 170 works in his book. The following are the better-known works, as determined by their mention in other books which discuss the artist.
The Lady Prays – Desire (1867; Lord Lloyd-Webber Collection)
Mariana (c.1867–1869; Private collection)
Portrait of a young woman (1868)
Forgetfulness (1869; Private collection)
La Pensierosa (1870; Chazen Museum of Art, University of Wisconsin–Madison)
Self-Portrait (1871; Delaware Art Museum)
Self-Portrait in Medieval Dress (1874)
Gathering Orange Blossoms (1879; St. Lawrence University)
The Meeting of Dante and Beatrice on All Saints' Day (1881)
Madonna Pietra degli Scrovigni (1884; Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool)
Love's Messenger (1885; Delaware Art Museum)
A Florentine Lily (c.1885–1890; Private collection)
The May Feast at the House of Folco Portinari, 1274 (1887)
Dante at Verona (1888; Private collection)
Upon a Day Came Sorrow unto Me (1888)
A Florentine Lily (c.1885–1890)
A Florentine Wedding Feast (1890)
Messer Ansaldo showing Madonna Dionara his Enchanted Garden (1889) This illustrates a tale from The Decameron, see Summary of Decameron tales
Convent Lily (1891)
Cloister Lilies (1891; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford)
Dante and Beatrice, Scene from the Vita Nuova (1891)
Saint George (1892; Delaware Art Museum)
How the Virgin Mary came to Brother Conrad of Offida and laid her Son in his Arms (1892; Wightwick Manor, National Trust, UK)
A Rose from Armida's Garden (1894)
Love Sonnets (1894; Delaware Art Museum)
Beatrice (1896; Delaware Art Museum)
Portrait of Mrs W. St Clair Baddeley (1896)
Beatrice (1898; Private collection)
The Pilgrim Folk (1914; Delaware Art Museum)
Notes
Dyson, Stephen L. (2014). The LAST AMATEUR The Life of William J. Stillman. New York: State University of New York.
Marsh, Jan; Pamela Gerrish Nunn (1998). Pre-Raphaelite Women Artists. London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 131–135. .
Stillman, William James (1901). Autobiography of a Journalist. London: Grant Richards.
References
Waterman, Amanda B. Neo-Pre-Raphaelitism: The Final Generations, University of Washington, 2016.
^ Dimitrios SPARTALI & Christina (Ioannes) Mavrogordato". www.christopherlong.co.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2017
^ Vasos Tsibidaros. Oi Ellines stin Anglia (The Greeks in England). Athens: Alkaios, 1974.
^ Robertson, W. Graham. Time Was. (1931) pp. 12–13
Elliot, David B. (2005). A Pre-Raphaelite Marriage: The Lives and Works of Marie Spartali Stillman and William James Stillman. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors' Club
Dyson, Stephen L. (2014). The LAST AMATEUR The Life of William J. Stillman. New York: State University of New York.
Casteras, Susan (1995). The Pre-Raphaelite Legacy to Symbolism. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 39.
^ Rossetti, Dante Gabriel (23 July 2017). "The Correspondence of Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Chelsea years, 1863-1872, prelude to crisis : 1863-1867". Boydell & Brewer. Retrieved 23 July 2017 – via Google Books.
^ Nichols, K. L. "Women's Art at the World's Columbian Fair & Exposition, Chicago 1893". Retrieved 30 July 2018.
^ POETRY IN BEAUTY: THE PRE-RAPHAELITE ART OF MARIE SPARTALI STILLMAN, website
^ Collins, Maxine (9 November 2015). "Marie Spartali Stillman: The female artist time forgot". BBC. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
^ "Marie Spartali Stillman: The Enchanted Garden of Messer Ansaldo". ArtMagick. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016.
External links
Stillman genealogy
Stillman genealogy
The Androom Archives
Art Renewal Center
Delaware Art Museum
Pre-Raphaelite Women: Art-Sisters Gallery
Photograph of Marie Spartali as a heroine of the Greek War of Independence, by Julia Margaret Cameron
1844 births
1927 deaths
19th-century English painters
20th-century English painters
19th-century English women artists
20th-century English women artists
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
English artists' models
English people of Greek descent
English women painters
Female Pre-Raphaelite painters
Painters from London
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artists' models
Pre-Raphaelite painters
Women of the Victorian era
Women watercolorists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Spartali%20Stillman |
No Rest for the Wicked is a fantasy webcomic by Andrea L. Peterson. The characters are loosely based on characters from traditional fairy tales, including those by Hans Christian Andersen, Charles Perrault, and the Brothers Grimm. The plot revolves around a princess who has been an insomniac since the disappearance of the moon and her journey to restore the moon to the sky. As of August 2007 it is on the fourth chapter, with a total of 200 pages thus far. The story has a generally elegiac mood, an undercurrent of sadness leavened with humor throughout. No Rest for the Wicked is now also available in Italian, German, and Japanese.
Characters
Main
NovemberAn oversensitive princess, youngest of three sisters, who is allergic to peas and bruises very easily (having once received one from a leaf falling from a tree). November has been unable to sleep since the Moon disappeared, and has set out on a quest to find where the Moon lies buried in hopes that restoring the Moon will solve her sleeping problem. She has been cursed so whenever she utters the word "altruistic" a frog or toad comes out of her mouth. She is affianced to The Boy, but ran away from home prior to their wedding. She is slightly biased in favor of nobility, and is drawn to atlases (which are always titled "The World") and especially their last page (the End of the World, which is an allusion to Revolutionary Girl Utena), to where she believes she may eventually have to travel.
November's sensitivity takes many forms. She is soft-hearted and empathizes with people, even those that are brutish (Beast) or feel no self-pity (Clare). She "reads" other people well, as when she persuaded Perrault to join her. More mystically, she senses Death in Red's house and intuits that Clare has met the Moon. Finally, she is sensitive to noble blood (and its absence) in other people and can even detect that Clare was a queen by marriage. Because of her soft-hearted nature and assurance in her intuition, she often acts recklessly, with little consideration for her personal safety. November can be thought of as the "heart" of the group, and is the (unofficial) leader of the party.
November has the most extensive known family of all the main characters. Not only is she affianced to The Boy, she is also known to have two older sisters (August and September in order of age), a mother, and a father (King January), all named after months of the year.
While her relationship with Perrault and Red is often good, it goes through fluctuations; most recently, there seems to be a rift between November and Red over Red's ruthless actions in burning the Witch.
Perrault A cunning cat who can take on a "person-ish" form and who has elevated his master's position in life from peasant to Marquis. While he lives the life of a gentleman-at-leisure, he has not lost his taste for hunting small animals. Current kill count: numerous mice, birds, and frogs. Before he gave himself the name Perrault, he was known simply as Puss. He's vain and selfish for the simple reason that he's a cat.
Perrault is amusing himself by keeping Princess November company in her travels, but expects to be able to return home whenever he gets bored, thanks to a magic ring that he stole from Beast. (Whether the ring actually has that power or some other is not yet known.) It is hinted that Perrault has another reason for joining November, but it has not yet been explained. Perrault is clever, diplomatic and gifted at talking, preferring to use words to get what he wants, rather than force; he is also gifted at planning and strategy, and compensates somewhat for November's rashness.
Perrault can sense ("smell") magic nearby, which he's used multiple times to detect trouble. Perrault delights in applying his many talents to solving challenging problems with minimal effort, often conning or tricking others into doing what he wants. He often finds himself on the wrong end of Red's axe, because she hates "clever beasts", and is quick to assume that he has harmed or offended November in some way. Perrault can be considered the "brains" of the group, often offering the others advice on how to deal with various situations (such as telling November that witches are vulnerable to fire during the battle with the Witch), though he almost never directly helps himself (he told November about it while he was on the roof, out of harm's way.)
For family, Perrault doesn't like other people's children and has "perhaps two dozen" children of his own which he abandoned. He believes that a true cat will figure out to look after himself, much like he himself did.
Many people believe Perrault to be a catperson. However, on the forums, the author has stated that he is simply a cat. His appearance is that of a human.
"Red" A girl in a tattered red cloak who lives deep in the woods by herself. After a traumatic encounter with a certain wolf, Red has made it her business to kill every single flesh-eating beast she comes across, especially the ones that talk. She carries a handwoven basket and an axe. While the comic's art is mostly grayscale, "Red"'s cape is always shown in color, similar to Mary in Frank Miller's Sin City.
Red is fond of flowers; this is mismatched with her fondness for violence and formidable combat skills. Unlike Perrault, who utilizes his intellect and various abilities to solve problems, Red talks very little and prefers to solve problems with her axe or sheer brute force. Despite having the appearance of a young woman, Red has incredible physical strength: she has thrown Beast out of his own castle and held her own against the Witch, meaning she is more than a match for supernatural monstrosities in her way. Her axe seems nigh-unbreakable, even tearing down metal castle hinges in a few blows. She can be considered the "brawn" of the group.
Having lived so long in isolation, Red is not very social with other people and is pitiless towards monsters; nevertheless, she seems to feel real affection for November and is very protective of her. Red states that she has died before, but in what sense is unclear. How Red came to live in the woods is also unknown. She also seems to take the Witch's cannibalizing of children extremely personally.
Red is the only main character who has not once mentioned her family. Since she is based on Little Red Riding Hood, however, it was confirmed during the fourth chapter that Red once had a grandmother, who may be the "second person" she references when talking about who died in the bed in her cabin. This was revealed during a flashback, depicting a younger Red visiting her grandmother, only to encounter an individual who is (presumably) the wolf from the original fairy tale. It is possible that Red's cabin is, in fact, her grandmother's cabin, and that she ended up in the woods fighting the monsters that took away her grandmother (Red's cabin in the woods is filled with wolf pelts).
Fighting the Witch, she was temporarily absorbed into the witch's stomach. However, when November struck the Witch with a hot poker, Red was able to free herself, and after this, she shoved the Witch into her own oven, burning her alive. This act, which November regarded as horrendously cruel, may have created a rift between the two (though Perrault seems to ignore it, perhaps not caring about the relationship between two "humans").
Secondary
Pierre The Marquis de Carabas, Pierre is about as intelligent as the average lemming, and it is only through Perrault's influence that he can wear silk and nice boots. Pierre is married to Colette and needs every aspect of his life to be overseen by his cat, whom he calls "Puss". Before this, he was a peasant.
Colette Pierre's wife, a dignified princess with a distaste for cats, rodents, and anything that does not belong in a palace. Easily fooled by gold and good looks, she mistakes November for a commoner and her husband for a nobleman.
The Boy A peasant boy who has never felt fear and is innocently curious about it. He rids the kingdom of all the fiends and monsters and in the process finds a trove of treasure, hands a share of it to King January (November's father), and as reward chose November (the youngest daughter) as his bride. Last seen wandering the countryside with a bag of gold looking for his fiancée and attempting to learn what fear is.
Beast A hulking mass of fur and teeth with a penchant for speaking at the top of his voice, even in a library. Beast is something of an anti-social botanist stalker, as he has a magnificent rose garden and a ring which he uses to propose to Beauty every day at breakfast, lunch, or dinner, or whenever he happens to see her. He always seems close to foaming at the mouth. He is mocked by Red, who then throws him out of a window and nearly kills him. Beast may now be affianced to Beauty, who mistook his fall from the window as an attempted suicide over despair at her "long" absence of ten days.
Beauty The young lady in Beast's mansion who puts up with being proposed to breakfast, lunch, or dinner of every day. Last seen tearfully reuniting with the Beast after a visit with her family. Beauty regards Beast as a sensitive creature, and "cares about him very much, [but] seems reluctant to commit to marrying him"
Clare A young woman with bandaged wrists where her hands ought to be. She was first seen after being sentenced to be burned at the stake as a witch for allegedly stealing a town's children (the Witch, below, was actually responsible). Flashbacks reveal that, as a girl, Clare was sold to the devil by her parents, who cut off her hands at his request (Clare's tears on her hands had kept the devil at bay, at least in the original fairy tale). Clare was visited that night by the Moon (it was a new moon), who told her a secret that may have prevented the devil from taking her. After this, Clare set out on her own.
Eventually, while in the woods, she met a king and became a queen — November intuited this beforehand — and at some point had mechanical hands crafted for her, made out of silver.
Since then, however, Clare has become vagrant, possibly looking for her child — when November talks of how horribly Clare's parents treated her, Clare responded with "I'm exactly the same." The story behind those words is unknown. A rumor going about among fans is that her child is deceased (she was lurking around a grave when the villagers found her) but it is otherwise unknown at this point what she meant.
She has now decided to travel with November for the purpose of showing her where the "coffin, candle, and cross" she was told of have been located.
Before her name was released in the fan art section, she was known to fans as The Girl With No Hands.
The Witch An old woman living out in the woods near a town. She initially comes across as delusional, a sick yet tragic figure. When she was younger, her husband left her and their two children, Hansel and Gretel; she then moved to the forest to escape the malicious rumors in town. When Hansel fell sick and possibly died, she went insane and decided that she'd brought children into a hostile world and could only keep them safe by taking them back — into herself. She cannibalized both in pies. She since took to believing that everyone she meets is either Hansel or Gretel, gotten "out" of her.
Horrifically, these incidents coincided with starvation in a nearby village; villagers began abandoning their children into the forest in desperation, hoping they'd somehow make it in the outside world. The Witch found these children, took them in, and ate them. Her house is made of gingerbread which Perrault identifies as enchanted (by whom is unknown, but presumably the Witch), and it works as a lure to the hungry children.
She meets the party when they go out to prove Clare's innocence. Arriving first, November sees her, but does not know her story; the Witch goes into a monologue about her life and the truth is revealed to November (who becomes almost ill after hearing it). Upon attempting to eat November, she is attacked by Red.
When attacked, she reveals herself to be an inhuman creature worthy of her deeds- she is capable of taking massive wounds and functioning, suffering decapitation, and even commanding those parts of her body severed by Red's axe (they hover around the room and strike). Her favored weapon seems to be a butcher knife. Whenever badly wounded, the ghostly hands of children emerge from her body; they have grabbed foes (such as Red), dragging them into the Witch's body, and have also worked as healing for the Witch, reattaching destroyed body parts. Apparently, foes who have been "absorbed" in this method remain alive, though for how long is unknown — Red was able to survive a few minutes of absorption, but this may be due to her sheer strength.
Red, while dealing damage to the Witch, was unable to permanently harm her; after Red was devoured by the hands of the children emerging from the Witch's stomach, Perrault managed to pass instructions to a distraught November by posing as "Hansel" while on the rooftop of the gingerbread house. Picking up on the hint, November used a poker to strike the Witch with a heated poker from the fire (fire being what Perrault mentioned as "preferred when dealing with your kind", meaning witches- a reference to being burned at the stake).
The wound this caused was enough to let Red free herself, slashing her way out of the witch's stomach and landing unceremoniously on the cabin floor; beating the witch severely with the poker, Red disabled her long enough to throw her into the oven. She locked the witch in to die screaming.
The Witch, through her story and her death, is obviously the Witch from the story "Hansel and Gretel".
Prince Ricardo Overly fastidious Prince, son of King Ricardo. Better known as "Dick the Picky". Introduced in the second Interlude, "The Wandering Swordsman". He reached the tower of Sleeping Beauty, a supposedly impossible task. However, his overly picky habits caused him to reject her after he learned that she snored. There are hints that he is wandering the world, searching for a "perfect" princess. As such, he may be the Prince from The Princess and the Pea, who was also said to have quested for such a bride, before returning to his castle.
The Moon Takes the form of a beautiful lady carrying a lantern. Her task is to bear her lantern across the sky for all but one day a month; on the day of the new moon she usually rests. At the beginning of the story, the Moon has been missing for over a year, during which November has not slept.
Myths, Tales, Legends, and Folklore
No Rest for the Wicked is freely adapted and cobbled together from a myriad of fairy tales, including:
The Princess and the Pea
Puss in Boots
Little Red-Cap
The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was
The Buried Moon
Beauty and the Beast
The Girl Without Hands
Hansel and Gretel
Bearskin
Snow White and Rose Red
The up-to-date list of tales used can be found in the 'Extra' section of the webcomic's site. Generally, the tales' most widely read versions are used in the story, but none of them are watered down and several involve dismemberment, cannibalism and other dark themes.
Awards
The cast of No Rest for the Wicked presented the award for Outstanding Fantasy Comic at the 2005 Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards.
No Rest for the Wicked was nominated for Outstanding Fantasy Comic in the 2006 WCCAs and won 2007 Outstanding Fantasy Comic.
References
External links
No Rest for the Wicked
No Rest for the Wicked - German translation
No Rest for the Wicked - Japanese translation
No Rest for the Wicked - Italian translation
Presenting at the 2005 WCCAs
Sequential Tart review (April 2004)
Fantasy webcomics
2000s webcomics
2010s webcomics
Comics based on fairy tales
Web Cartoonists' Choice Award winners
2003 webcomic debuts
Philippine webcomics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Rest%20for%20the%20Wicked%20%28webcomic%29 |
Bridges Hall may refer to:
Bridges Hall of Music, at Pomona College, Claremont, California, U.S.
Ruby Bridges Hall (born 1954), an American civil rights activist
Bridges Hall, a hall of residence at the University of Reading, England
Bridges Hall, at Pace Academy, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridges%20Hall |
Eriswil is a municipality in the Emmental administrative district in the Swiss canton of Bern.
History
Eriswil is first mentioned in 1256 as Erolzwile.
Very little is known about the early history of the village. By the High Middle Ages a local noble family, the von Eriswil family, were a Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family in service to the Counts of Kyburg. However, the family died out in the 14th century. In the last quarter of the 14th century the region was acquired by St. Gallen and incorporated into the Rohrbach district. Over the following century, Bernese expansion brought Rohrbach under Bern's control. In 1504 it bought the entire region and added Eriswil to the Trachselwald bailiwick in the Oberaargau District.
The village church was originally under the authority of the Abbey of Saint Gall. It appears that the oldest part of the church is the bell tower which dates from around the 14th century. The current choir was built in the 16th century, while the nave was built in 1905. In 1528 Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation and Eriswil converted at that time, severing most ties with the Abbey. Until 1966 the local parish also included the nearby village of Wyssachen.
Traditionally the village economy relied on agriculture. By the 17th century village society had stratified into two major classes, well-off citizen farmers and a large number of poor Tauner who had limited rights and worked as sharecroppers. In 1622 the village closed itself to further Tauner immigration and prevented them from building houses on any of the common land. In the following century many of the local Tauner began producing canvas in small home factories. By 1750 there was a thriving canvas cottage industry in the village. Around 1860, the small scale weaving was replaced with large weaving factories. Despite economic depressions and wars, four of the local factories remained in operation until the 1970s to 1990s.
Geography
Eriswil has an area of . As of the 2006 survey, a total of or 67.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 26.1% is forested. Of rest of the municipality or 6.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.1% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.1% is unproductive land.
From the same survey, housing and buildings made up 3.8% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.0%. A total of 22.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 17.0% is used for growing crops and 46.7% is pasturage, while 2.6% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water.
The municipality is located in part of the Emmental. It includes the village of Eriswil, the Gütergemeinden Vorder- and Hinterdorf, and the hamlets of Neuligen and Schwendi. Schwendi joined the municipality in 1888-89 following a survey of the border with Wyssachen.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Trachselwald, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Oberaargau.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Mount of 6 Coupeaux Vert floatant.
Demographics
Eriswil has a population () of . , 3.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of 0.3%. Migration accounted for 0.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.2%.
Most of the population () speaks German (1,403 or 97.5%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (11 or 0.8%) and French is the third (4 or 0.3%). There are 2 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh.
, the population was 49.9% male and 50.1% female. The population was made up of 653 Swiss men (47.1% of the population) and 38 (2.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 668 Swiss women (48.2%) and 27 (1.9%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 714 or about 49.6% were born in Eriswil and lived there in 2000. There were 427 or 29.7% who were born in the same canton, while 176 or 12.2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 73 or 5.1% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.4% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.1%.
, there were 602 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 690 married individuals, 106 widows or widowers and 41 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 169 households that consist of only one person and 53 households with five or more people. , a total of 517 apartments (85.5% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 45 apartments (7.4%) were seasonally occupied and 43 apartments (7.1%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 0.7 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.0%. In 2012, single family homes made up 38.4% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Economy
, Eriswil had an unemployment rate of 0.83%. , there were a total of 465 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 170 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 62 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 110 people and there were 27 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 185 people, with 51 businesses in this sector. There were 749 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.7% of the workforce.
there were a total of 307 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 115, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 98 of which 78 or (79.6%) were in manufacturing and 20 (20.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 94. In the tertiary sector; 19 or 20.2% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 5.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5 or 5.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was the insurance or financial industry, 13 or 13.8% were in education and 27 or 28.7% were in health care.
, there were 74 workers who commuted into the municipality and 454 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.1 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 295 workers (79.9% of the 369 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Eriswil. Of the working population, 8.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 55.5% used a private car.
In 2013 the average church, local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Eriswil making 150,000 CHF was 11.8%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.1%. For comparison, the median rate for all municipalities in the entire canton was 11.7% and 18.1%, while the nationwide median was 10.6% and 17.4% respectively.
In 2011 there were a total of 473 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 82 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 6 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 117, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Eriswil was 106,312 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 136,785 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 2.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 39.7% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (16.0%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (12.6%) and the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (9.1%). In the federal election, a total of 519 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.0%.
Religion
From the , 1,110 or 77.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 106 or 7.4% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.35% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.14% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 81 individuals (or about 5.63% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 17 (or about 1.18% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 22 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 55 (or about 3.82% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 39 individuals (or about 2.71% of the population) did not answer the question.
Climate
Between 1981 and 2010 Eriswil had an average of 142.2 days of rain or snow per year and on average received of precipitation. The wettest month was May during which time Eriswil received an average of of rain or snow. During this month there was precipitation for an average of 14.1 days. The driest month of the year was February with an average of of precipitation over 10.9 days.
Education
In Eriswil about 55.8% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 10.8% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 91 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 75.8% were Swiss men, 20.9% were Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2012-13 school year, there were a total of 147 students attending classes in Eriswil. There were a total of 18 students in the German language kindergarten classes in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 5.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.6% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality's primary school had 103 students in German language classes. Of the primary students, 5.8% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 6.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, the lower secondary schools in neighboring municipalities had a total of 26 students from Eriswil. There were 7.7% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were a total of 147 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 115 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 32 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 85 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website of the municipality
Municipalities of the canton of Bern | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriswil |
The président à mortier () was one of the most important legal posts of the French Ancien Régime. The présidents were principal magistrates of the highest juridical institutions, the parlements, which were the appeal courts.
They numbered 11 in 1789. They were spread over chambers, comprising those who were counsellor to the parliament, who assessed and dispensed justice, and présidents who chaired sessions.
The most important chamber was the Grand'Chambre. Its presidents, to mark their status as superior to that the presidents of lower chambers, took the mortier, a black velvet toque with two gold braid ribbons.
The position was venal, being freely bought, sold and inherited, subject to payments to the King. In practice, the parlements''' consent was needed, and a law examination was required. This limited candidates to those with an academic background in law. After 20 years, the position brought entry to the noblesse, but in fact, the purchase of the office ensured that it was held only by nobles.
Typically, the presidents served under a premier président'', who was a royal appointee, not a purchaser of the office. This led to constant tensions.
References
Law of the Ancien Régime
Offices in the Ancien Régime | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident%20%C3%A0%20mortier |
The Ministry of Trade () was a government department of Greece. From August 8, 1991, until September 15, 1995, the Minister for Trade was also Minister for Industry, Energy and Technology. From February 1, 1996, the Ministry of Trade was officially merged with the Ministry for Industry, Energy and Technology and the Ministry for Tourism to create the Ministry for Development.
List of ministers (1974–1995)
See also
Cabinet of Greece
Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Trade%20%28Greece%29 |
"Song for Bob Dylan" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. The song references Bob Dylan's 1962 homage to Woody Guthrie, "Song to Woody". Yet while Dylan opens with "Hey, hey, Woody Guthrie, I wrote you a song," Bowie addresses Dylan by his birth name saying, "Now, hear this, Robert Zimmerman, I wrote a song for you."
In the song, Bowie also describes Bob Dylan's voice "like sand and glue" which is similar to how Joyce Carol Oates described it upon first hearing Dylan: "When we first heard this raw, very young, and seemingly untrained voice, frankly nasal, as if sandpaper could sing, the effect was dramatic and electrifying."
History and recording
Bowie premiered "Song for Bob Dylan" on 3 June 1971 during a BBC concert session, with George Underwood (King Bees bandmate and school friend) singing lead vocals. During broadcast, Bowie introduced the song as "Song for Bob Dylan – Here She Comes."
The song was first recorded at Trident Studios for Hunky Dory on 8 June 1971, with Bowie singing lead vocals and the title changed to "Song for Bob Dylan." During the Hunky Dory sessions the song went through numerous rejected retakes, with the final version recorded on 6 August.
When asked about the song at the time of Hunky Dorys release, Bowie said, "This is how some see BD." Bowie later revealed his true intention for writing the song in a 1976 Melody Maker interview saying,
"There's even a song – Song for Bob Dylan – that laid out what I wanted to do in rock. It was at that period that I said, 'okay (Dylan) if you don't want to do it, I will.' I saw that leadership void. Even though the song isn't one of the most important on the album, it represented for me what the album was all about. If there wasn't someone who was going to use rock 'n' roll, then I'd do it."
Composition and analysis
While there is debate as to whether the tribute to Bob Dylan is a eulogy or a "harangue", Bowie invokes Dylan-esque musical progressions in "Song for Bob Dylan." The song is in A major and the "Dylanesque, though neither passively imitative nor parodistic" coda is described as "attain[ing] ectasy when...electric guitar weaves tipsy arabesques over broken chord pulses on two acoustic guitars." The simple, descending bass line that accompanies the folk-chord progression invokes Dylan circa 1965. Bowie also imitates Dylan's adenoidal voice throughout the song and the lyrics reflect Dylan's style of starkly contrasting narrow range-verse and swelling chorus.
Other releases
Released on a picture disc in the RCA Life Time picture disc set.
Released on BBC Pick Of The Pops (349), a rare recording produced by the BBC of David Bowie's appearance on the BBC show Pick Of The Pops (Show #349, 1971), hosted by John Peel.
Personnel
David Bowie – lead vocals, acoustic guitar
Mick Ronson – electric guitars, backing vocals
Trevor Bolder – bass
Mick Woodmansey – drums
Rick Wakeman – piano
References
David Bowie songs
1971 songs
Songs about Bob Dylan
Songs written by David Bowie
Song recordings produced by Ken Scott
Song recordings produced by David Bowie | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%20for%20Bob%20Dylan |
John Dorrington Apthorp (born 25 April 1935) is a British businessman specializing in frozen food and alcoholic beverages, as well as a philanthropist.
Career
He first enjoyed success as a founding member and managing director of the family business of frozen food stores Bejam, which became a market leader in the United Kingdom, trading from hundreds of stores across the country. In 1989, Apthorp sold the company, which was still doing very well, to its rival Iceland. He also co-founded Wizard Wines (now Majestic Wines), a chain of off-licences.
It was reported in both 2002 and 2003 (and again in 2009) that the wealth of Apthorp and his family was over £100 million. In 2015 the specialist magazine SelectUS Wines reported that his wealth has been maintained despite an overall decline in company revenues.
Already an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), Apthorp was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for charitable services, particularly in Hertfordshire.
He was a councillor for Edgware from 1968 to 1974, and was given "Freedom of the Borough of Barnet" in 2008.
He was previously a trustee of the Milly Apthorp Charitable trust, which is now closed. He now runs the John Apthorp Charity, which funds projects in Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, and Buckinghamshire.
Notes
External links
John Apthorp Charity
1935 births
Living people
British businesspeople
British retail company founders
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Apthorp |
David Prentis, Baron Prentis of Leeds (born 29 May 1948) is a British trade unionist and former General Secretary of UNISON, the United Kingdom's largest trade union. He was originally elected in 2000. He was re-elected in March 2005, with 77% of the vote, in 2010 (with 67% of the vote), and in 2015 (with 49% of the vote).
Early life
Prentis was born and brought up in Leeds where he attended St Michael's College from 1959 to 1967. He went to the University of London where he took a BA in History, then studied Economic History at the London School of Economics. This was followed by a master's degree in Industrial Relations at the University of Warwick.
Trade unions
He joined NALGO in 1975, and in 1990 he became its deputy general secretary. He was UNISON's deputy general secretary (DGS) from its formation in July 1993, when it was formed from NALGO, NUPE and CoHSE.
UNISON leadership
In his role as the deputy general secretary, Prentis directed UNISON's national negotiating team and oversaw the union's policy making functions. He also drove through a strategic review of the union, aimed at delivering key reforms, to bring union services closer to the members. In 2001, he succeeded Rodney Bickerstaffe as General Secretary of UNISON, having been elected in February 2000.
Prentis was responsible for 1,500 staff and a turnover of around £160 million. As General Secretary, he received a total salary and benefits package worth £112,114 in the accounting year ending 31 December 2013.
He was a member of the TUC General Council, TUC executive committee and the Trade Union Labour Party Liaison Committee. He was elected President of the TUC for the year 2008.
In July 2020, he announced his decision to step down at the end of the year. Christina McAnea was elected as his successor in a ballot of members, in which she won 47.7% of the vote.
It was announced on 14 October 2022, that as part of the 2022 Special Honours, Prentis would receive a life peerage, sitting for the Labour Party. On 18 November 2022, he was created Baron Prentis of Leeds, of Harehills in the City of Leeds.
Public appointments
Trustee of the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) and also Catalyst, two centre-left research bodies
Adviser to the Warwick Institute of Governance and Public Management
Visiting fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford
Member of various joint working parties with the government and the CBI
President of Unity Trust Bank
since, 1 June 2012, non-executive director of the Bank of England. The initial appointment is until 31 May 2015. For the accounting year 2013/14 non-executive directors of the Bank of England received total remuneration of £165,458.
Personal life
In 2000, he was diagnosed with cancer of the oesophagus and stomach. He had much of his stomach removed, underwent chemotherapy, and then contracted MRSA in hospital. Since his recovery from cancer he has been unable to eat large meals.
References
External links
UNISON
News items
Telegraph article August 2008
Elected in February 2000
1948 births
Alumni of the University of Warwick
General Secretaries of Unison (trade union)
Trade unionists from Leeds
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Living people
Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress
Presidents of the Trades Union Congress
People educated at Mount St Mary's Catholic High School, Leeds
Labour Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Charles III | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Prentis |
John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (8 July 14822 June 1536) was the regent of the Kingdom of Scotland and the count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France.
Early life
John was a son of Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, son of King James II of Scotland. He was the only son of his father's second marriage, to Anne de la Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Bertrand VI of Auvergne. The ambitious though unsuccessful Alexander had fled Scotland to France in 1479, and married Anne. He then returned to Scotland after reconciliation with his brother the king, but in 1483 fled to France a second time, being placed in Scotland under a sentence of death for treason. John was born in France, although it is unclear whether this was during his father's first or second stay there, and grew up there with his French mother.
Alexander was killed in Paris accidentally in a tournament in 1485 when John was still an infant. He had earlier been married with Catherine Sinclair, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Orkney, but that marriage had been dissolved in 1478, however having produced half-brothers to John. Question of their illegitimacy caused uncertainty in succession, but the infant John was eventually recognized as duke after his father's death. He thus inherited Duchy of Albany and Earldom of March.
On 15 February 1487 his mother married Louis de Seyssel, "comte de La Chambre", who became John's stepfather.
Heir presumptive
Albany was his whole life the next heir of the Kingdom of Scotland after male members of the king's immediate family, due to stipulations of the semi-Salic succession order enacted by King Robert II which favored male agnates over all females of the Royal House of Stewart. The sons of the immediate royal family proved to be short-lived except Albany's first cousins James, Duke of Ross, King James IV and the latter's son the future King James V (who died in 1542, only five years after Albany).
Thus Albany was from 1504 onwards either the heir presumptive or the second-in-line to the throne of Kingdom of Scotland. After 1504, despite which minor was heir in front of him, Albany was always the closest heir who was not underage. During the minority of King James V, Albany acted as regent intermittently between 1514 and 1524.
On 8 July 1505 the young Albany married his first cousin Anne, Countess of Auvergne and Lauraguais (eldest daughter and heiress of Albany's maternal uncle John III, Count of Auvergne who had died in 1501). Thus John started to enjoy the position and rights of Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France, until Anne's death in 1524. A manuscript detailing her estate with pictures of her castles still exists (see references).
Albany's mother Anne, Countess of La Chambre, died on 13 October 1512. (The stepfather, Louis de La Chambre, lived until 1517.)
Regency of Scotland
Albany was called to assume the regency of Scotland in 1514 when the infant king's mother, Margaret Tudor married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Angus led his own faction in Scotland and was opposed by other noble groups. Albany arrived at Dumbarton with a squadron of eight ships, including the James and Margaret, which James IV had lent to Louis XII of France, on 26 May 1515. Albany utilized the Scottish nobility's innate distrust of Margaret. Albany besieged the queen at Stirling and got possession of the royal children, and Albany thus succeeded in making himself the sole regent. After two years of this uneasy situation, in 1516 Margaret had to flee to England. The fragmentary and quarrelous politics of Scotland overthrew and also restored Albany's powers several times.
The earl of Angus made his peace with Albany later in 1516. Between 1517 and 1520 Albany sojourned in France, and did not exercise the regency on spot, but through his lieutenants including Antoine d'Arces, sieur de la Bastie. On 26 August 1517 Albany and Charles, Duke of Alençon signed the Treaty of Rouen, which renewed the "auld alliance" between France and Scotland, and promised a French royal bride for James V. The poet and diplomat Gavin Douglas, Bishop of Dunkeld assisted in the negotiations.
On 16 January 1518, the duke's sister-in-law, Madeleine de la Tour who was his legal ward (pupille), married Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino at the Château d'Amboise. Lorenzo was a nephew of Pope Leo X. In April 1518 Albany attended the christening of the Dauphin Francis, Lorenzo held the child at the font as the Pope's representative. Leonardo da Vinci designed the decorations at Amboise for the ceremony. In July 1518 Albany and Lorenzo were at the Castle of Saint-Saturnin in Auvergne and made a contract dividing their wives' Auvergne heritage lands between them. In March 1519, Pope Leo X confirmed the ancient privileges of the Scottish crown noting that he acted on the supplication of Albany, his dilecti filli, "beloved nephew.".
In the summer of 1520 Albany went to Rome. The Master of Papal ceremonies took offence when Albany arrived at the Vatican during Vespers and sat with the Cardinals on Ascension Day. He made Albany get up, and while waiting for the Pope, Albany sat on a Cardinal's foot-stool. Subsequently, the Cardinal of Ancona formally presented Albany's request for an audience with the Pope, as the guardian of James V. Pope Leo issued a new bull confirming his protection of Scotland and James V and affirming Albany's regency. Albany returned to Scotland in November 1521.
In Scotland Queen Margaret sought to regain the regency, but in vain. Young king James was kept a virtual prisoner by Albany, and queen Margaret was allowed to see her son only once between 1516 and end of Albany's regency. Margaret started to try get a divorce from Angus, also through Albany secretly. When Albany returned in November 1521 Margaret now sided with him against her husband. He came to Edinburgh Castle, where James V was kept, and in a public ceremony the keeper gave him the keys, which he passed to Margaret, who gave them back to Albany, symbolising that government of Scotland was in his hands. Thus Albany was able to keep an upper hand in regard to the ambitious Angus. The regent took the government into his own hands. Albany put Angus under charges of high treason in December 1521, and later sent him practically a prisoner to France. Angus's representative, Gavin Douglas, complained about Albany's government to Henry VIII.
In November 1522, Albany took an army to besiege Wark Castle defended by Sir William Lisle, but gave up after three days when the weather deteriorated. The English were warned of his plans by the Prioress of Coldstream and the Prioress of Eccles. The English commanders shared an anecdote of Albany's character, a tendency to anger which was seen as a weakness. When in a rage, after hearing bad news, he was known to throw his bonnet in the fire. This had happened several times.
The 12-year-old James V's minority was proclaimed to end in 1524, as Queen Dowager Margaret and her supporters (such as Albany's first cousin, James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran) wanted to grab power. Albany was ousted completely by this. In 1524 Angus returned to Scotland, and took Edinburgh in February 1525. The subsequently summoned parliament sealed, in turn also the Queen's defeat by making Angus a Lord of the Articles, included in the council of regency, and bearer of the king's crown on the opening of the session, and with Archbishop Beaton held the chief power.
After being overthrown from the Scottish regency, Albany lived mainly in France.
Military service in France and the Four Years' War
During the Italian Wars (1521–1525), between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, Albany was placed in command of a third of Francis I's Army and sent to attack the Papal forces and to launch an assault on Naples, then held by the Spanish. Due to inept leadership the remaining two-thirds of the army met with Imperial forces at Pavia in 1525 and were routed with Francis and countless other French nobles taken hostage. Albany's section of the army suffered numerous ambushes and desertions, and he returned to a cowed France without having reached Naples.
Later years
Francis I ordered his goldsmith Pierre Mangot to make Albany a new gold collar for his Order of Saint Michael, to recoup his losses and expenses on the road to Pavia. In June 1527 a servant of the Duke of Albany, William Stewart, went to Scotland with gifts of horses and swords for the young James V. He hired a team of masons to amend and repair the fortification at Dunbar Castle.
Albany went to Rome as a diplomat working for France and Scotland. The Spanish ambassador Miçer Mai mentions meeting him at the Papal Palace and then holding negotiations at the Imperial Embassy in August 1531. Albany was delegated to negotiate with Pope Clement VII for a marriage between James V and Catherine de'Medici, the young Duchess of Urbino in 1530. This was perhaps a diplomatic manoeuvre to force Francis I of France to honour a clause in the 1517 Treaty of Rouen which promised the Scottish King a royal French bride. In May 1531, Albany was instructed that this marriage was off, and it was planned that James V would be engaged to Christina of Denmark.
Francis I of France met John Stewart at Riom in the Auvergne on 10 July 1533. They received Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. Sir Anthony Browne, Keeper of the Jewels of Henry VIII of England, described the reception of the French king at nearby towns organised by Albany in his letter to Thomas Cromwell. Charles, Duke of Vendôme also attended the meeting at Riom. In June, Francis had written to James V of Scotland from Lyon that he would offer him a bride from a noble French family, "as if she were his proper daughter." Two years later, James V of Scotland commissioned Albany to contract his marriage to Charles of Vendôme's daughter, Mary of Bourbon. James V subsequently travelled to France to meet Mary of Bourbon, but married the Princess Madeleine of Valois instead.
Albany and the Duchess of Vendôme were at Cambrai on 16 August 1535 with the Queen of France and met the Queen of Hungary. The daughters of the Francis I were there too. In 1533, Catherine, one of his closest surviving relatives, who held him as an uncle and sort of guardian, came from Italy to marry Henry, Duke of Orleans, second son of king Francis I. In 1536, young Henry became Dauphin of France and Catherine was destined to become queen.
Death
Albany died at Mirefleur Castle in the Auvergne on 2 June 1536.
John's French wife, Duchess Anne had died at Saint-Saturnin in June 1524. Duchess Anne left her inheritance in Auvergne to her infant niece, Catherine de' Medici (b. 1519), daughter of John's first cousin and Anne's younger sister the late Madeleine of Auvergne, and Lorenzo, Duke of Urbino. Catherine, or rather her guardians in France, thus received the county of Auvergne.
When Albany died, the penultimate unquestionably legitimate agnate of the Royal House of Stewart, the position of next heir of Scotland went for the first time to a descendant from the female line, who at the time was James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (-75), son of another grandson of king James II. In the ordinary parlance of Scotland at the time, Arran became "second person".
European craftsmen in Scotland
Albany brought a number of foreign craftsmen to work in Scotland in 1515. 'Johne Belloun,' Frenchmen or 'Master Johne Carvour' worked on new windows and doors for the Palace of Holyroodhouse, and repaired a number of spears and pikes. An Italian called 'Auld Julian' made 6000 bricks at Tranent to be used for building a furnace at the armoury in Edinburgh Castle, where the master gun-founder Robert Borthwick was joined by the Frenchmen, 'Johne Bukkat' and his apprentice 'Perys.' Two of the cannons they made, marked with the Duke's arms and listed as "quarter-falcons," were still in use at Edinburgh Castle in 1579.
At Crawford Moor, 'Johne Drane', a Frenchman was a refiner, washer, and melter of gold. In 1516, Albany appointed a French gunner, Jehannot de Lavall, as Master Keeper of the Royal Artillery. This position had last been given to Lord Sinclair.
Praise for Albany's improvements in Scotland was published in the Sommaire de l'Origine Description et Merveilles d'Escosse (1538) by Jehan dit Le-Fresne Desmontiers. Albany was linked to his buildings at Dunbar Castle which he rendered impregnable with an artillery blockhouse (which survives in ruins), and he was said to have improved agriculture in Scotland. An article by the historian Bryony Coombs further explores the activities of the Duke of Albany and his architectural and artistic connections that informed the design of the artillery blockhouse at Dunbar Castle and situates the building in a European context.
Children
Albany had no legitimate children by his wife Anne.
By a Scotswoman, Jean Abernethy, Albany had an illegitimate daughter named Eleanor Stewart. Eleanor was legitimized and married to Jean de L'Hopital, comte de Choisy in Fontainebleau on 22 October 1547, in the presence of Henry II of France. Choisy later became the tutor of the Dauphin Francis (d. 1560).
The descendants of their son Jacques de L'Hopital, 1st Marquess of Choisy, include the Dukes of Castries and the MacMahon Dukes of Magenta.
Ancestors
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Stuart, Marie W., The Scot who was a Frenchman, the Life of John Stewart, Duke of Albany, William Hodge (1940)
Coombs, B. 'The Artistic Patronage of John Stuart, Duke of Albany, 1520-1530: Vic-le-Comte, the Last Sainte-Chapelle', The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 147 (2017).
Coombs, B. 'The Artistic Patronage of John Stuart, Duke of Albany, 1518-19: The 'Discovery' of the Artist and Author, Bremond Domat', The Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, 144 (2014).
Coombs, B. 'John Stuart, Duke of Albany and his contribution to military science in Scotland and Italy 1514–36, from Dunbar to Rome', Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries Scotland, 148 (2018).
Bonner, E 2004 'Stewart, John, second duke of Albany (c 1482–1536)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Manuscript c1505 with pictures of Auvergne castles belonging to Anne de la tour Princesse d'Ecossse. (Hague, KB, 74 G 11)
1480s births
1536 deaths
15th-century Scottish peers
16th-century Scottish peers
16th-century regents
Regents of Scotland
John
John
202
Earls of March (Scotland) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Stewart%2C%20Duke%20of%20Albany |
Hamat Gader (; , ; , or , ; , meaning "the Syrian Hamma") is a hot springs site in the Yarmouk River valley, used since the classical antiquity. It is located in an area under Israeli control, in what was a demilitarized zone between Israel and Syria from 1949 to 1967. The site is next to the Jordanian border, and about from the tripoint of Israel, Jordan and Syria. It is set on several mineral springs with temperatures up to 50 °C.
Etymology
The ancient Hebrew name, Hammat Gader or Hammath Gader, means hot springs of Gader, also translated as Hammath-by-Gadara. The ruins of the ancient city of Gadara stand south of Hammat Gader, on the plateau edge above the springs, in modern Umm Qais.
The Arabic name Al-Hammeh or El-Hamma dates back to the medieval period and also relates to "hot springs". The name of the tell located near the site, Tell Bani, is a corruption of the Latin word meaning "baths".
History
Roman, Byzantine and Umayyad periods
Hamat Gader was already a widely known health and recreation site in Roman times. It is mentioned in Strabo, Origen and Eunapius, as well as the Rabbinic literature of the first centuries CE.
Construction of the bath complex began in the 2nd century by the 10th Roman Legion, which was garrisoned in the city of Gadara. Two distinct construction periods are evident at the site: The Roman-Byzantine Period, during which most of the bath complex was built, and the Muslim period, during which major changes were made to the existing structures.
The site includes a Roman theatre, which was built in the 3rd century CE and contained 2,000 seats. A large synagogue was built in the 5th century CE. The empress Aelia Eudocia composed a poem praising the qualities of the multiple springs which was inscribed so that visitors could see it as they went into the pool.
Some of the buildings including the famous thermae were damaged by an earthquake and restored in 663 by the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiyah who ruled from Damascus. A century later the 749 Galilee earthquake hit. Eventually, in the 9th century, the baths were abandoned and a thick layer of silt covered the ruins.
Mandate period
The border between the Mandatory Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon was drawn in 1923, and Al-Hamma was included in Palestine.
Before 1949, the Palestinian Arab village Al-Hamma was located at this site. At the time of the 1931 census, it had 46 occupied houses and a population of 170 Muslims, 1 Jew and 1 Christian.
Syrian control
After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, according to the armistice agreements of 1949 Between Israel and Syria, it was determined that the area would be included in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) between Israel and Syria. The villagers and their property were formally protected by Article V of the Israeli-Syrian agreement of 20 July that year. However, Israel thought the Arab villagers could pose a security threat, and Israeli settlers and settlement agencies coveted the land. Israel therefore wanted the Palestinian inhabitants, a total of 2,200 people, moved to Syria.
On April 4, 1951, a two-vehicle military patrol set out for Hamat Gader in order to assert Israeli sovereignty over the site, over the objections from the Northern Command that Syria was likely to attack it. Since military forces were not permitted in the DMZ, members of the patrol were disguised as policemen. As predicted, the Syrians attacked the patrol and seven Israeli soldiers were killed. In retaliation, Israel bombed the Syrian police station at al Hamma and another Syrian position, killing two women, and demolished the empty houses in Kirad al-Ghannama, Kirad al-Baqqara, Al-Samra and Nuqeib in order to render the DMZ "clear of Arabs".
Israeli control
Israeli control over Hamat Gader was secured during the Six-Day War in 1967, when the Israeli army occupied the surrounding Golan Heights, allowing free access to Hamat Gader for Israelis. Since then, it has been under Israeli control and has been developed as a tourist attraction, health resort and an alligator and exotic bird reserve. The health resort opened in 1977.
Today, Hamat Gader also includes a crocodilian farm with crocodiles, alligators and even caimans and gavials. It has about 200 crocodilians and it is the largest crocodile farm in the Middle East.
Tourist site
The Hamat Gader tourist site is centered around thermal baths and a crocodile farm. The water of the thermal baths contains sulfur at a concentration of 4.7%, which may have a therapeutic effect on skin diseases, asthma, rheumatism and wrist pain, as well as renew skin cells.
Further reading
E.L. Sukenik, The Ancient Synagogue of el-Hammeh, Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, 1935. pp. 101–ff.
References
External links
Photos of the Hammat Gader baths at the Manar al-Athar photo archive
Hot springs
Springs of Israel
Archaeological sites on the Golan Heights
Populated places in the Golan Heights
Tourist attractions in Northern District (Israel)
Israeli mosaics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamat%20Gader |
Thorpdale is a town in the Gippsland area of eastern Victoria in the Shire of Baw Baw. Famous for its potatoes, it is located amongst the rich farmland of the Latrobe Valley. Thorpdale spuds are eaten around the country and also exported overseas. The name "Thorpdale" means "village in a valley". The soil in the area is particularly rich as the town is located in a former volcanic crater. It is administered by the Shire of Baw Baw. At the , Thorpdale and the surrounding area had a population of 447.
History
The Thorpdale district, known at first as the Narracan district, was settled by Europeans in the 1870s. The first European settlers arrived from the old Melbourne – Sale Road via McDonalds Track, a stock route that had been surveyed in 1862 through the hills from Lang Lang to Morwell Bridge, but which later became disused and very much overgrown. Land selection began at Narracan (near the eastern end of the track) in 1873, and progressed steadily along the track, reaching Narracan West in 1876.
A Post Office opened on 1 October 1879 as Narracan West. It was renamed Thorpdale in 1884, Thorpdale South in 1888, and closed in 1968. The present town of Thorpdale (situated about 2 km north of the old town) was founded in 1888, following the opening of a branch railway line from Moe. A new Thorpdale Post Office opened in 1888 near the railway station. The railway line closed in December 1958.
At its height, Thorpdale was a business centre for all the farming activity that surrounded it. Much of the old town was destroyed during the large Red Tuesday (20 January 1898) bushfire that ravaged Gippsland and the Otway Ranges.
The Town today
Today, the Thorpdale township is becoming smaller and smaller as more farming families opt to live in larger townships such as Trafalgar. The national decline in consumption of potatoes is making even farming difficult in the small town.
The town has an Australian rules football team competing in the Mid Gippsland Football League.
Potato farming
In late 2008, the town was hit by the news that a potato disease (potato cyst nematode) had been found among its crops. The disease is not harmful to humans but can significantly reduce crop yields. Thorpdale farms were quarantined and banned from exporting potatoes interstate and overseas. Interstate trade has since resumed.
Attractions
The township holds the Thorpdale Potato Festival every second year on the Sunday before Victorian Labour Day holiday in March, although it was not held from 2002 to 2015, after the insurance cost became too great for the small community to bear. The festival features potato sack races, Historic machinery, eating contests, market stalls, and much more. The lush farming surrounds give the town a peaceful rural atmosphere and there are several scenic sights nearby, including the Narracan Falls, Trafalgar South Lookout and Henderson's Gully.
References
External links
The Spud Shed
Thorpdale growers in talks with supermarkets
Giant Trees photographs
Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Baw Baw | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorpdale%2C%20Victoria |
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