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The Victoria Park (Associated) Presbyterian Church is a Presbyterian church in northeast Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is currently a member of the Associated Presbyterian Churches, a small, mainly Scottish denomination that emphasizes strict adherence to the Westminster Confession of Faith and the regulative principle of worship.
Beginning in 1910 the church was known as the Bloor East Presbyterian Church, because of its location on Toronto's vital thoroughfare, Bloor Street.
In 1965 it joined another traditional Presbyterian congregation in Chesley, Ontario in forming the Presbyterian Reformed Church, which would later expand to include churches in the United States and England as well. Much of the credit for this union fell to John Murray, the well-known professor at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. He composed the proposals leading to the union, and also the constitution which served as the basis of union. In 1969 the congregation left their premises in the business district, and relocated to the current location on Victoria Park Avenue, north of Sheppard Avenue.
In 1974, however, the church was again without a pastor, and decided to join the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland, in part so it could be connected to a larger body with a more ample supply of seminary-trained ministerial candidates. In 1989, there was a split in the denomination over the interpretation of parts of the Westminster Confession concerning liberty of conscience and the extent to which Free Presbyterians should fellowship with evangelicals in other denominations. The congregation determined to join the newly formed Associated Presbyterian Churches, and has remained part of it to the present day.
Among the congregation's particular distinctives compared to most nearby Presbyterian churches are its strict subscription to the original Westminster Confession of Faith, its practice of the regulative principle of worship (including exclusive psalmody and no musical instruments in worship), an emphasis on faithful observance of the weekly Sabbath but opposition to traditional holy days, belief in the superiority of the Received Text underlying the King James Bible, and promotion of the establishment principle concerning the relationship between the church and state.
External links
Denominational site
1910 establishments in Ontario
Presbyterian churches in Toronto
20th-century Presbyterian church buildings in Canada | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Park%20Presbyterian%20Church |
Vintage is an album by Michael Bolton, released in 2003.
The album debuted at #76 in the Billboard 200 chart and selling under 250,000 copies in the US.
Track listing
"The Very Thought of You" (Ray Noble and His Orchestra cover) – 3:21
"All the Way" (Frank Sinatra cover) – 3:33
"A Kiss to Build a Dream On" (Louis Armstrong cover) – 3:02
"If I Could" (Ray Charles cover) – 3:08
"At Last" (Glenn Miller and his Orchestra cover) – 3:37
"When I Fall in Love" (Jeri Southern cover) – 3:19
"You Don't Know Me" (Eddy Arnold cover) – 3:14
"Smile" (Charlie Chaplin cover) – 3:18
"Daddy's Little Girl" (The Mills Brothers cover) – 2:12
"Summertime" (George Gershwin cover) – 4:32
"What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" (Michael Dees cover) – 2:55
"God Bless the Child" (Billie Holiday cover; bonus track on Special Edition version) – 3:59
Personnel
Performers
Michael Bolton – vocals, arrangements, string arrangements
Clay Perry – piano, keyboards, string arrangements and orchestration
Michael Levine – piano
Rick Krive – Hammond organ
Michael Thompson – guitar
Dan Warner – guitar
Manny Lopez – acoustic guitar
Julio Hernandez – bass
Lee Levin – drums
Ed Calle – saxophone
Jason Carder – trumpet
Rudy Perez – arrangements, string arrangements
Gary Lindsay – string arrangements and orchestration, conductor
Alfredo Oliva – concertmaster
Miami Symphonic Strings – strings
Production
Producers – Michael Bolton and Rudy Perez
Executive Producer – Louis Levin
Engineers – Steve Milo, Joel Numa, Clay Perry and Bruce Weeden.
Mastering – Bob Ludwig
Art Direction – Jim De Barros
Artwork – Michael Skinner
References
Michael Bolton albums
2003 albums
Traditional pop albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage%20%28Michael%20Bolton%20album%29 |
James Edward English (March 13, 1812 – March 2, 1890) was a United States Representative and later U.S. Senator from Connecticut, and Governor of Connecticut.
Early life and education
English was born in New Haven, Connecticut and attended the common schools. An apprentice carpenter at the age of 16, he became a successful businessman, establishing the English and Welch Lumber Company, and restructuring the New Haven Clock Company into one of the largest clock manufacturers. He was twice married, to Caroline A. Fowler and to Anna Robinson Morris. He had four children.
Career
English engaged in the lumber business, banking, and manufacturing. He was a member of the New Haven board of selectmen from 1847 to 1861, and a member of the common council in 1848 and 1849. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1855 and of the Connecticut Senate from 1856 to 1858, and was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 1860.
English was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1861 to March 3, 1865. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1864.
He left his ill wife to vote at the U.S. Capitol, where, despite being a Democrat, he voted in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery in 1864. His "aye" prompted applause "and the tide turned." He later remarked that voting for the Amendment ruined his standing among Democrats, but he thought it the right thing to do, saying "I suppose I am politically ruined, but that day was the happiest of my life." However, his reservation was not to be, as he had a fairly successful career afterwards.
Unsuccessful in his 1866 gubernatorial bid, English was elected Connecticut's 26th governor on April 1, 1867, serving from May 1, 1867 to May 5, 1869. He was elected again in 1868. He lost his reelection in 1869, but was elected as governor again in 1870 and served from May 4, 1870 to May 16, 1871. During his tenure, an argument between the railroad and shipping industries was settled with the approval for construction of two new bridges. English ran again for reelection in 1871, and won the popular vote, but a canvassing committee found the election was fraudulent with stolen votes and erroneous totals, and awarded the governorship to Marshall Jewell.
English was elected again in 1872 to serve in the Connecticut House of Representatives. He was appointed as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Orris S. Ferry and served from November 27, 1875, to May 17, 1876, when a successor was elected.
An unsuccessful candidate for election in 1876 to fill the vacancy, English resumed his manufacturing and commercial activities.
In popular culture
In Steven Spielberg's 2012 Lincoln film, both English and Augustus Brandegee, his abolitionist Republican colleague from Connecticut, are given two fictional names and are both shown, erroneously, to have voted against the amendment.
Death
English died in New Haven March 2, 1890 (age 77 years, 354 days), and is interred at Evergreen Cemetery, New Haven, Connecticut.
References
External links
In memoriam, James Edward English 1891 Biography & Autobiography
National Governors Association
The Political Graveyard
Govtrack US Congress
1812 births
1890 deaths
Democratic Party governors of Connecticut
Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Democratic Party Connecticut state senators
People of Connecticut in the American Civil War
Candidates in the 1868 United States presidential election
Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Democratic Party United States senators from Connecticut
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
19th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut
19th-century American businesspeople | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20E.%20English |
Deutschlandsender (, Radio Germany), abbreviated DLS or DS, was one of the longest-established radio broadcasting stations in Germany. The name was used between 1926 and 1993 to denote a number of powerful stations designed to achieve all-Germany coverage.
History
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
Deutschlandsender I at first was the name of a powerful transmitter situated at Königs Wusterhausen in Brandenburg near Berlin, put into operation on 7 January 1926. The station was run by the Deutsche Welle GmbH, a commercial company – unconnected to today's similarly named international broadcaster – which had been set up by the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft (RRG) network for nationally relaying programmes from Germany's nine regional broadcasting stations.
Broadcasting on long wave (182 kHz) from what was then a central position in the German Reich, the Deutschlandsender I transmitter enabled programmes from these stations to be heard throughout the country and its name was adopted as a station identification. The first programme broadcast was a concert from the RRG Berlin regional station, the Funk-Stunde AG. With effect from 1 January 1933, the Deutsche Welle company was renamed Deutschlandsender GmbH. Within a few weeks of this date the Nazi Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda was to take over direct control of all broadcasting in Germany in the course of the Gleichschaltung process.
A second transmitter, Deutschlandsender II, broadcasting from nearby Zeesen, had been opened on 20 December 1927. Also in Brandenburg, Deutschlandsender III, then with a height of the world's second largest structure after the Empire State Building, started its transmissions on 19 May 1939 from Herzberg. These transmitters were destroyed and dismantled by the Red Army in 1945.
During World War II the name Deutschlandsender was used to denote the long-wave service which covered most of Germany (and indeed Europe) while the regional medium-wave stations were normally identified as Reichssender [...] with the name of the city at or near which they were based.
East Germany
In the immediate post-war period, in 1947, a new long-wave radio transmitter, known as Deutschlandsender IV, was erected at Königs Wusterhausen. From 1 May 1949, the IV was dropped and the station became known as simply the Deutschlandsender programme of what was to become the Rundfunk der DDR broadcaster. The transmissions from the newly established German Democratic Republic (GDR) aimed at listeners in West Germany. The long-wave frequency used was 185 kHz and the station also broadcast via short wave.
In 1952 the GDR government began a programme of centralisation, which included concentrating all broadcasting in East Berlin, and built a new studio centre in the Oberschöneweide district, known as the Funkhaus Nalepastraße. In September 1952, the short-wave Deutschlandsender service was renamed "Berlin I" and given a political programming emphasis. The long-wave Deutschlandsender service became "Berlin II", with an emphasis on culture and society. Both changes were, however, soon abandoned. In August 1953, the Deutschlandsender was relaunched as an "all-German" service, with FM coverage added.
A further reorganisation occurred when, in 1971, the State Broadcasting Committee of the GDR decided to merge the main station aimed at both sides of Berlin, Berliner Welle, with the Deutschlandsender to create Stimme der DDR ("Voice of the GDR"). This new information and news service began in November 1972.
German reunification
In 1989 the Peaceful Revolution in East Germany and the Fall of the Berlin Wall took place. In February 1990, the "Voice of the GDR" changed its name to Deutschlandsender. In May of the same year, it was combined with the existing national Radio DDR 2 to form Deutschlandsender Kultur, with headquarters at Funkhaus Nalepastraße.
Broadcasting started on 16 June 1990. As set out in the German Reunification Treaty of October 3, East German radio stations were to be closed, DS Kultur's operations therefore lacked a legal basis. Temporarily affiliated with the national ARD and ZDF public-service broadcasters, it was merged with the former West Berlin RIAS station to form Deutschlandradio Kultur with effect from 1 January 1994. With the Federal Republic's all-Germany service, Deutschlandfunk at Cologne, it today forms the Deutschlandradio broadcasting organisation, providing two nationwide radio stations for the reunified Germany.
See also
Eastern Bloc information dissemination
Rundfunk der DDR
Eastern Bloc mass media
German radio networks
Defunct radio stations in Germany
1926 establishments in Germany
1993 disestablishments in Germany
Defunct radio stations in East Germany
History of telecommunications in Germany
Radio stations established in 1926
Radio stations disestablished in 1993 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandsender |
Dorin Nicolae Goian (born 12 December 1980) is a Romanian professional football manager and former football player. He is currently the manager of Liga III side Foresta Suceava.
Club career
Early years (1997–2005)
In 1997, he signed for Foresta Fălticeni, a football club from Suceava County, where he played for the club's second team. Two years later, he was promoted to the first team.
He made his first appearance in the Divizia A in 2000, when he was 20 years old in a match versus Gloria Bistriţa. It was a happy début for the young centre back, as his team won the match 2–0. During his Foresta Fălticeni years, he was also loaned to Gloria Buzău for a few months in 2000.
Goian was noticed by the officials of Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ, a small team from the Romanian First Division, and he was transferred there in the middle of the 2002–03 season. After the 2003–04 season, Ceahlăul were relegated to the second division. Goian, however, signed a contract with another small team from the first division, FCM Bacău.
In 2003, he signed with FCM Bacău and played for them in 26 league games, scoring two goals. While he was playing there, Goian was called up to the Romania national team due to his impressive league performances. After a great 2004–05 season with Bacău, Goian managed to impress Steaua București's scouts.
Steaua București (2005–2009)
On 4 March 2005, Goian signed a five-year contract with Steaua București. Steaua paid €100,000 in 2005 and €1 million in 2007 for Goian. Even though he only played four games in his initial season with Steaua, Goian continued to fight for a place in the starting eleven and starting with the 2005–06 season, the young centre back managed to win the trust of his coach.
Goian scored his first goal in the UEFA Cup, against Vålerenga for Steaua with a perfect header inside the box. He soon became a top scorer for Steaua in the 2005–06 UEFA Cup season after scoring against RC Lens, Halmstads BK, and also SC Heerenveen. He scored his team's second goal in the 4–2 loss away at Middlesbrough in the UEFA Cup semi-final, when Steaua were denied qualification in the final by conceding a goal in the 89th minute (they had won the home leg 1–0 and had taken a 2–0 lead in the away game 25 minutes in).
In the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League season, Steaua played against Zagłębie Lubin and BATE Borisov in order to qualify in the group stage. With the help of Goian, who scored against both teams, Steaua managed to qualify in the group stage. He would then score again for Steaua against Slavia Prague, but it was not enough, and Steaua lost the game with 2–1.
Goian was captain for the first time for Steaua on 24 October 2007 against Sevilla when Nicolae Dică, the first captain, was substituted. The match ended 2–1 for Sevilla.
As Goian was co-owned with FCM Bacău, the team from which he transferred to Steaua, there was a clause in his contract that stated that if he would be sold to a foreign club, Steaua would have to pay Bacău 50% off the transfer fee, but not more than €1 million. On 16 October 2007, Steaua paid €1 million to Bacău and bought the rest of his rights.
On 4 April 2009, Goian was named captain against Gloria Bistrita, as the main captain Sorin Ghionea was injured. Although Petre Marin was the oldest player of the team, coach Marius Lacatus considered that Goian would make a better captain. The match ended with Steaua's victory, Kapetanos scoring the only goal.
He scored his first goal of the 2008–09 season with a successful penalty against Oţelul Galaţi. The game ended with Steaua's victory by five goals, being their largest win this season so far.
On 30 July 2009, he captained Steaua's victory with 3–0 against Motherwell F.C. and also contributed at the first goal with a header which led to an own goal by Motherwell's Stephen Craigan. He also missed a penalty for which he was heavily criticised by chairman Gigi Becali, who decided to take him off the penalty kicker list.
Palermo (2009–2011)
On 6 August 2009, Palermo had showed interest in the central defender and bought him for €2m. There he met up once again with his former coach, Walter Zenga, with his contract paying him €550,000 per season as salary. He played his first game in a Palermo shirt in a friendly against Mallorca, of which the match ended as a 2–0 for the Spanish opposition. Goian's Serie A début came against Roma, a match in which he played the full 90 minutes.
In his first season at the club, Goian was mostly used as a covering replacement for defensive regulars Simon Kjær and Cesare Bovo. Following Kjær's departure to Steve McClaren's VfL Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga, Goian was originally expected to achieve considerably more first team opportunities; however, he sustained a number of injuries which prevented him from doing so. Upon fully recovering and returning to the starting lineup later in March, and in doing so making his first 2011 appearance in the league, Goian scored the winning goal against league-leaders A.C. Milan; and coincidentally, it was also Goian's first Serie A league goal, as well as his first goal as Palermo player.
Rangers (2011–13)
On 25 July, Palermo agreed an undisclosed fee with Scottish Champions Rangers regarding Goian, who subsequently signed a three-year contract. On 29 July, Goian received his work permit, and made his Rangers debut the following day against St Johnstone in a 2–0 win, which was also his new manager Ally McCoist's first win in charge of the Glasgow-based club. He was due to play his first European Champions League Qualifier for Rangers on 4 August 2011 after successfully appealing to UEFA who earlier deemed him ineligible. He unfortunately injured his hamstring and was unable to play. Goian made his Old Firm debut on 18 September 2011 in a 4–2 victory and was praised heavily by the Rangers fans. Goian quickly became a fans favourite at Rangers putting in many consistent and impressive displays. Goian formed a strong partnership with Carlos Bocanegra who also signed for the SPL Champions in the same transfer window and the pair cemented their places in the side as first choice centre backs. He scored his first goal for Rangers in a 3–2 defeat to Falkirk in the Scottish League Cup on 21 September 2011.
After Rangers FC went into administration in June 2012, the companies' assets were purchased by Charles Green's consortium including the players' contracts. After insisting he would stay no matter what, when news broke that Rangers were set to play in the Third Division, Goian had a change of heart. However, he featured for Rangers in their 2–1 win against Brechin City in the Challenge Cup. At the end of the 2012–13 season, Goian announced his intention to play in England in near future. Eventually, Goian, along with Carlos Bocanegra was released by the club, ending his two years at the club and in total, Goian made 30 appearances; scoring once. Upon his release, The Herald reports that Goian received £430,000 (€500,000), according to his agent.
Spezia (2012–13)
Goian joined Serie B club Spezia Calcio on a season-long loan in August 2012. After moving to Spezia on loan, Goian vowed he would return to Rangers when his loan spell ended.
He made his debut for the club, four days later after signing for the club, in a 2–1 win over Vicenza. Since then, Goian became a regular in the first team. But on 17 November 2012 during a match with a 3–2 loss against Juve Stabia, Goian soon find himself in trouble after he pushed referee Maurizio Ciampi, which he was given a four match ban by the Disciplinary Committee of the Italian Professional League. Following his suspension, the club's sporting director Nelso Ricci described Goian as his "biggest disappointment" and in addition, Goian might leave the club to make a return to Rangers in January if his loan spell at the club has been terminated. After serving his four match ban and on 23 December 2012, Goian scored his first goal for the club with a header, as Spezia lose 3–2 against Padova. His goal led the manager Michele Serena stated that Goian will stay at the club and will not return to Rangers. His second goal came up on 6 April 2013, in a 2–1 win over Grosseto. However, Goian would lose his first team place at Spenzia towards the end of the season.
Asteras Tripoli
After his release from Rangers, Scottish reports claims that Goian was close to joining Greek Super League side Asteras Tripoli. The move was confirmed on 21 July 2013 on a two-year contract, where Goian was greeted by fans with a flower following his move. He made his debut with the club a month later at 18 August 2013 in a 3–3 home draw against PAS Giannina.
International career
He was selected by Victor Piturca for the Romania national team on 16 November 2005, against Nigeria, thus making his first appearance for the national team.
Euro 2008
On 9 June 2008, Goian made his Euro 2008 entrance against the World Cup 2006 finalist France in a Group C match in Zürich, Switzerland. He managed to stop strikers Nicolas Anelka and Karim Benzema, helping Romania win their first point with a goalless draw against France and also gaining his 20th cap.
The second match in Group C against Italy found Goian once again playing from the first minute on the pitch. Romania managed to draw 1–1 with Italy. After a foul committed in the 73rd minute he took the ball and threw it in the air. The referee gave him a yellow card and Goian will not play in the next game against the Netherlands.
Personal life
On 23 October 2006, he became a father for the first time. His wife, Nadia, gave birth to a girl, who they named Maya Maria. On 7 January 2010 he also had a son who was named Nectarie Matei.
Dorin's brothers Gigi, Liviu and Lucian were also professional footballers, all of them having played in the Romanian top-division Liga I. He also has three sisters.
On 2 October 2020, Goian tested positive for COVID-19.
Career statistics
Club
International goals
Managerial statistics
Honours
Club
Steaua Bucharest
Liga I: 2004–05, 2005–06
Supercupa României: 2006
UEFA Cup semi-finalist: 2005–06
Palermo
Coppa Italia: Runner-up 2010–11
Rangers
Scottish Premier League: Runner-up 2011–12
References
External links
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Suceava
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
FC Gloria Buzău players
FCM Bacău players
FC Steaua București players
Palermo FC players
Rangers F.C. players
Spezia Calcio players
Asteras Tripolis F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks
UEFA Euro 2008 players
Liga I players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Super League Greece players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Romanian football managers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Greece | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorin%20Goian |
Shaun Christopher Suisham (; born December 29, 1981) is a Canadian-born former American football placekicker in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, San Francisco 49ers, Washington Redskins and Pittsburgh Steelers. He was signed by the Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2005. He played college football at Bowling Green.
Early years
Suisham was born in Wallaceburg, Ontario, to Rick and Wendy Suisham. He attended Holy Family Catholic School before attending Wallaceburg District Secondary School, where he began playing American football under his uncle Rob MacLachlan, the coach of the team. He also helped Suisham make a highlight reel to send out to colleges.
As a junior in 1998, he kicked two field goals (from 58 and 27 yards) and helped Wallaceburg win the league championship for the first time since 1968. As a senior in 1999, he was named the conference offensive MVP. He was also rated as the number-one placekicker in Canada, after setting school and Ontario field goal records.
College career
Suisham accepted a football scholarship from Bowling Green State University, starting from the spring 2000 semester. He suffered an injury during spring practice and was forced to take a medical redshirt. He played under coach Urban Meyer in 2001 and 2002.
As a freshman, he was named the starter at placekicker, converting 44-of-45 extra points, 3-of-8 field goal attempts and scoring 53 points.
As a sophomore, he converted 12-of-14 field goal attempts and set a new Mid-American Conference and school record by converting 57-of-59 extra point tries. He had a career-high 3 field goals made against the University of Missouri.
As a junior, he converted 16-of-24 field goal attempts and 56-of-60 extra point tries. In the season opener against Eastern Kentucky University, he set school records for extra point attempts and conversion in a single-game, making all of his 9 tries. He kicked a season-long 47-yard field goal against Purdue University.
As a senior, he converted 14-of-20 field goal attempts, set a Mid-American Conference record by making all 69 of his extra points attempts and kicked a career-long 52-yard field goal against Ohio State University. He was a Lou Groza Award semifinalist after finishing 12th in the nation in scoring with a 9.3 points-per-game average. He set the All-time NCAA Division I record for extra points made in a career (226).
He left Bowling Green as the all-time leading scorer of the Falcons football team with 361 points, while also setting records with 45 career field goals and 31 touchbacks. He graduated in 2005 with a degree in exercise science.
Professional career
Pittsburgh Steelers (2005)
Suisham was selected by the Ottawa Renegades in the third round (20th overall) of the 2004 CFL Draft and his rights were traded to the Edmonton Eskimos. He instead opted to sign as an undrafted free agent with the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League on April 28. He played in the first game of the preseason against the Philadelphia Eagles, converting a 46-yard field goal and an extra point. On August 28, he was waived after not being able to pass Jeff Reed on the depth chart.
Dallas Cowboys (2005–2006)
On September 4, 2005, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to their practice squad. On October 11, he was released and later re-signed to the practice squad on October 18. On October 24, he was promoted to active roster to replace José Cortez. After two weeks on the team, in which he went 2 for 2 on field goals, he was released on November 19, so the Cowboys could sign Billy Cundiff. On December 26, he was re-signed for the season finale after Cundiff struggled.
On March 23, 2006, the team signed Mike Vanderjagt to improve its kicking game. Vanderjagt suffered a groin injury in training camp that kept him out of action for most of the preseason games. He returned for the final preseason game against the Minnesota Vikings, but missed two field goals in overtime of 32 and 33 yards (both misses were wide right), forcing the contest to end in a tie. These circumstances forced the Cowboys to make the unconventional move of keeping 2 kickers on the regular season roster, helping Suisham to make the team. He was named the starter for the Cowboys' season opener against the Jacksonville Jaguars on September 10, 2006. He attempted two kicks during the game, the first of which was good from a then-career-long 52 yards. The second attempt, which would have given the Cowboys the lead, hit the right upright of the goalpost. He went on to kick for five more weeks as a kick off specialist. On October 12, he was released and signed to the practice squad on October 14. He was released on October 17.
San Francisco 49ers (2006)
On October 24, 2006, Suisham was signed to the San Francisco 49ers' practice squad. He was released on October 31.
Washington Redskins (2006–2009)
On November 28, 2006, he was signed to the Washington Redskins' practice squad. On December 2, he was promoted to the active roster. Despite missing his first field goal attempt (from 50 yards) and struggling on kickoffs against the Atlanta Falcons, the team decided to keep him instead of placekicker Nick Novak. He would go on to make 8 consecutive field goals to finish out the year. He kicked his first game-winning field goal from 39 yards in an overtime victory over the Miami Dolphins in the Redskins' season-opener on September 9, 2007.
On March 16, 2009, he was re-signed by the Redskins. On December 6, he missed a 23-yard field goal that likely would have sealed an upset win against the undefeated New Orleans Saints. The team went on to lose the game in overtime, 33-30. On December 8, he was released and replaced him with former UFL kicker Graham Gano.
Second stint with the Dallas Cowboys (2009)
On December 21, 2009, the Cowboys signed Suisham, after Nick Folk missed 10 field goals during the season. He was two out of three in the regular season. On January 17, 2010, he played in the NFC Divisional Playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings, his fourth game after replacing Nick Folk. He missed twice, including kicks from 48 and 49 yards, making one field goal from 33 yards. He was not re-signed after the season.
Cleveland Browns (2010)
On May 18, 2010, Suisham signed as a free agent with the Cleveland Browns. On June 17, he was released after not being able to pass Phil Dawson on the depth chart.
St. Louis Rams (2010)
On August 12, 2010, Suisham was signed by the St. Louis Rams. On August 17, he was released after not being able to pass Josh Brown on the depth chart.
Second stint with the Pittsburgh Steelers (2010–2015)
2010 season
On November 16, 2010, Suisham signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers after a tryout, as Jeff Reed had poor outings throughout the 2010 season. On November 28, Suisham kicked four 40+ yard field goals (45, 46, 48, and 41 yards) against Buffalo, including the game-winning kick in overtime. No other player in NFL history had kicked four field goals of 40 yards or longer, including an OT game-winner, in one game, but he did it twice. He had a 5 field goal effort of 40+ yards for the Redskins in a 23-20 overtime victory over the Jets in 2007.
On December 5, Suisham made two field goals in the Steelers 13-10 victory against the Baltimore Ravens. He also handled the punting duties for the Steelers after Daniel Sepulveda tore his ACL. On December 12, he made three field goals in the Steelers' victory over the Bengals.
Suisham finished the regular season 14 of 15 on field goal attempts, with his only miss coming from 41 yards out in Week 16 against the Carolina Panthers.
On January 15, 2011, Suisham missed a 43-yard field goal in the divisional playoff round, the first postseason miss by a Steelers kicker since Jeff Reed's rookie year of 2002.
On February 6, He converted a 33-yard field goal and missed a 52-yard field goal in Super Bowl XLV. The Steelers lost 31–25 to the Green Bay Packers.
2011 season
On September 25, Suisham made a 38-yard game-winning field goal against the Indianapolis Colts with 4 seconds remaining in the 4th quarter.
The Steelers lost to the San Francisco 49ers 20-3 on December 19, 2011, and the only scoring by Pittsburgh came from Suisham's 51-yard field goal in the second quarter. However, Suisham missed a 48-yard attempt wide left.
2012 season
On October 7, 2012, Suisham made a 34-yard game-winning field goal against the Philadelphia Eagles with 3 seconds left in the 4th quarter. The successful attempt made him 8-for-8 on the season.
On October 11, 2012, he failed to make a 54-yard attempt against the Tennessee Titans with the ball falling about one yard short of the uprights.
However, he made his next thirteen field goals following the miss, including game winners of 23 and 42 yards respectively against the Kansas City Chiefs and Baltimore Ravens.
2013 season
Suisham appeared in all 16 games, connecting on 30-of-32 field goal attempts in 2013, establishing a Steelers record (min. 15 attempts) with a 93.8% conversion mark. His 30 field goals made tied as the third-most in team history and his 129 points ranked fifth-most in a single-season.
On October 20, playing against the Baltimore Ravens, he was 4-of-4 on his field goal attempts and made a 42-yard field goal with no time remaining in the fourth quarter to seal a 19-16 win. He received AFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors for his efforts.
2014 season
On August 1, 2014, the Steelers announced that his contract had been extended for four years through the 2018 season. He scored a career-best 132 points in
the regular season (third in team history). He extended a streak of 30 consecutive field goal made from 40 to 49 yards. He made the ninth game-winning field
goal of his career (seventh as a Steeler) on September 7.
On September 28, playing against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he passed Norm Johnson for the fourth-most extra points made in team history. He also connected on his first field goal of the contest, to extend his club record of 24 straight field goals made, before missing his second attempt.
On October 12, playing against the Cleveland Browns, he moved into fourth place on the club's all-time field goals made list. On November 30, playing against the New Orleans Saints, he scored 10 points to give him 509 for his Steelers' career and become the fourth kicker in club history to reach 500 points.
2015 season
On August 9, 2015, Suisham told NFL reporters that he believed he had torn his anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee while covering the opening kickoff in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. An MRI was taken on August 10 and showed he had torn his ACL. He went on to miss the entire 2015 season and was replaced with Garrett Hartley at first and eventually with Chris Boswell.
On June 24, 2016, Suisham was released by the Steelers after a failed physical.
Personal
While with Washington, Suisham put on a free football camp for kids in the area of his hometown of Wallaceburg, Ontario. They offered hands-on-training, face time with the NFL kicker, and a "Pass, Punt, and Kick" competition.
References
External links
Bowling Green Falcons bio
1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Chatham-Kent
Players of American football from Ontario
American football placekickers
Bowling Green Falcons football players
Pittsburgh Steelers players
Dallas Cowboys players
San Francisco 49ers players
Washington Redskins players
Cleveland Browns players
St. Louis Rams players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun%20Suisham |
Cedar Bluff State Park is a public recreation area located southeast of WaKeeney and southwest of Ellis in Trego County, Kansas, United States.
The state park is divided into two areas, comprising , straddling the Cedar Bluff Reservoir. The Bluffton Area— on the north shore—is the most developed and receives extensive use. The Page Creek Area— on the south shore—offers primitive camping as well as 36 utility sites. West of the Page Creek Area are the juniper-lined, limestone bluffs from which the reservoir's name was derived (junipers were often misidentified as "cedars" by early settlers).
Threshing Machine Canyon, the site of an 1850s Native American attack on a wagon train bearing a threshing machine, is accessed by a road west of the park. In the historic canyon one can find carvings dating back to the mid-19th century.
Gallery
See also
List of Kansas state parks
List of lakes, reservoirs, and dams in Kansas
List of rivers of Kansas
References
External links
Cedar Bluff State Park Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
Cedar Bluff Reservoir Map Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
State parks of Kansas
Protected areas of Trego County, Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar%20Bluff%20State%20Park |
Til the End of Forever is an album by Michael Bolton, released in 2005. The live cuts on this album were recorded during a DVD taping over two nights of concerts (August 24 and 25, 2004) at the Casino Rama, outside Toronto, Canada. The recording has been shown on the HDNet show "HDNet Concerts". A DVD of the concerts was released for sale in Europe in late 2005 and was released for sale in the U.S. in March, 2006, and was titled "The Best of Michael Bolton Live."
The track "Courage In Your Eyes" was written by Bolton as a tribute to Coretta Scott King, and he performed the song in her honor at her funeral. "Til the End of Forever" was the single off the album, and was written by Bolton in honor of his love for his three daughters. "Said I Loved You ... But I Lied" is a reggae-styled remake of Bolton's 1993 hit of the same name.
The album constitutes Bolton's lowest charting album in the US. Less than 150,000 copies have been sold in the US and about 250,000 copies globally.
Track listing
Tracks 1–7 are studio recordings, while tracks 8–18 were recorded live in concert.
"I'm Alive"
"Til the End of Forever"
"Still the Love of My Life"
"Next Lifetime"
"Hear Me""
"Courage in Your Eyes
"Said I Loved You...But I Lied" [Reggae Version]
Live Tracks
"Time, Love and Tenderness"
"When a Man Loves a Woman"
"Go The Distance"
"Nessun Dorma"
"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" (Otis Redding)
"To Love Somebody"
"How Can We Be Lovers"
"Love Is a Wonderful Thing"
"Soul Provider"
"Steel Bars"
"How Am I Supposed to Live Without You"
References
Michael Bolton albums
2005 albums
2005 video albums
Live video albums
2005 live albums
Michael Bolton live albums
Michael Bolton video albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Til%20the%20End%20of%20Forever |
Patrick "Pat" LaCroix (born 1938) is a Canadian musician and photographer.
Early life and education
LaCroix attended the Westlake College of Music in Los Angeles.
Career
While at college La Croix was part of The Four Winds vocal quartet with fellow student Gordon Lightfoot. He was a founding member of the folk band The Colonials, with Denny Doherty, Richard Byrne and Zal Yanovsky; the band later became The Halifax III. This group recorded two LP albums for Epic records in New York and performed on several national TV show in Canada and the US, including Sing Along With Mitch and The Merv Griffin Show.
In 1965, LaCroix began his commercial photographic career, and musically returned to his first love, singing Jazz.
LaCroix has received more the 60 awards for his photography and in 2008 was awarded The Lifetime Achievement award by the Canadian Association of Photographers and Illustrators in Communication. In 2017, LaCroix and Ted O'Reilly published Toronto Jazz Treasures, a coffee table book of photographic portraits of 100 of Toronto's best-known jazz musicians.
Personal life
He currently lives with his wife Naomi. He is the father of actress Lisa LaCroix and singer/songwriter, Dana LaCroix.
Discography
Folk period
Magic Circle
Halifax III (Album)San Francisco Bay Blues
The Halifax III (album)
The Man Who Wouldn't Sing Along With Mitch (single)
Jazz period
2002 - This is All I Ask
2005 - The Ballad Artistry of Pat LaCroix
References
External links
1938 births
Living people
Canadian jazz singers
Canadian photographers
Canadian folk singers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20LaCroix |
Suzanne Hubbell (née Gilbert; January 28, 1935 – October 13, 2018) was an American author. Her books A Country Year and A Book of Bees were selected by The New York Times Book Review as Notable Books of the Year. She also wrote for The New Yorker, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Smithsonian and Time, and was a frequent contributor to the "Hers" column of The New York Times.
Sue Hubbell was born and raised in Kalamazoo, Michigan. She studied biology and was a librarian at Brown University until 1972, when she and her husband moved to the Missouri Ozarks. Hubbell also lived in Washington, D.C., and Milbridge, Maine. She was the sister of the author Bil Gilbert, who also writes about natural history. Hubbell died on October 13, 2018, at the age of 83 in Bar Harbor, Maine, from complications of dementia.
Publications
Books by Sue Hubbell include:
A Country Year: Living the Questions. New York: Random House (1986)
A Book of Bees: And How to Keep Them. Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1988)
On This Hilltop. New York: Ballantine Books (1991)
Broadsides from the Other Orders: A Book of Bugs. New York: Random House (1993)
Far-flung Hubbell. New York: Random House (1995)
Waiting for Aphrodite: Journeys into the Time Before Bones. Boston: Houghton Mifflin (1999)
Shrinking the Cat: Genetic Engineering Before We Knew About Genes. (2001)
From Here to There and Back Again. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press (2004)
References
External links
A bibliography of her books, articles, essays, introductions, forewords, and reviews
1935 births
2018 deaths
American women writers
Writers from Missouri
Writers from Kalamazoo, Michigan
People from Milbridge, Maine
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Hubbell |
Jacob (formally known as Boutique Jacob, Inc) was a private, family owned Canadian chain of women's and girls' clothing store chain based out of Montreal, Quebec. At its peak, Jacob once had over 200 stores all over Canada, usually in malls. In addition to its main brand Jacob, the company operated under the banners Jacob Connexion, Jacob Lingerie, Josef and Danz.
Corporate history
Boutique Jacob launched in Sorel-Tracy in 1977. The first store outside of Quebec was opened in Toronto in 1985. Jacob opened its first US store (in Cambridge, Massachusetts) circa 2000. Jacob's flagship store is at the corner of Sainte-Catherine and Drummond streets in downtown Montreal.
In 2005, the company launched Josef, seeking an older demographic which market research suggested were more active spenders.
Jacob had begun closing locations in 2008, shuttering 52 stores with 355 staff in two years. In November 2010, the company owed to suppliers, employees and the National Bank of Canada. It received court protection from creditors, through the Quebec Superior Court and the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act, planning to reformat its operations. The company attributed its woes were pinned on entries by international retailers into the Canadian market, including H&M and Zara, The remainder of the stores were shuttered in 2014 and online site briefly ceased operating in 2015.
In April 2015 the online site was restarted offering only their fragrance and announced plans to open a few stores in Quebec only. Jacob emerged from bankruptcy perated six locations, all of which are located in the province of Quebec. Among these five stores is the original 1977 Sorel store and another store in Old Quebec. The other three were located in Montreal. Those stores had closed again as of early 2018.
As of 2018, the brand was selling via Costco under the brand Chic by Jacob and fragrances via their website.
References
External links
Official web site
Companies based in Montreal
Clothing companies established in 1977
Clothing retailers of Canada
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada
Retail companies established in 1977
1977 establishments in Quebec | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20%28clothing%20retailer%29 |
Elst is a village in the central Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Rhenen, Utrecht, about 5 km southwest of Veenendaal.
Until 1 January 2006, the western tip of the village was in the municipality of Amerongen.
The village was first mentioned in 1448 as "op Elscher maelstat", and means "place where alder trees grow". Elst developed into a settlement on the southern flank of a hill and became a linear settlement along the Utrecht-Arnhem road. In 1819, a little church was built. The economy during the 19th century was mainly based on the growth of tobacco plants. In 1840, Elst was home to 631 people.
The grist mill 't Wissel was built in 1855. The wind mill was in operation until 1930. Between 1980 and 1981, it was restored and functioned for several bakeries, but ran into technical difficulties. In 2005, it was repaired and occasionally produces fodder.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Rhenen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elst%2C%20Utrecht |
The men's tournament in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy, from 15 to 26 February. Twelve teams competed, with Sweden winning the gold medal, Finland winning silver, and the Czech Republic winning bronze. It was the third Olympic tournament to feature National Hockey League (NHL) players and the tenth best-on-best hockey tournament in history. United States defenseman Chris Chelios set a standard for longest time between his first Olympic ice hockey tournament and his last—he had competed twenty-two years earlier at the 1984 Olympics. The old record was set by Swiss hockey player Bibi Torriani. who had played twenty years after his debut (1928 and 1948).
The tournament format was changed from the 1998 and 2002 tournaments to a format similar to the 1992 and 1994 tournaments. The number of teams was reduced from 14 to 12, which were split into two groups in the preliminary stage (which followed a round robin format). Each team played the other teams in their group once. The top four teams from each group advanced to the quarter-finals.
The tournament is also notable for the lacklustre performance of defending champion Canada, which lost two group stage games (including a shock defeat to Switzerland) before being eliminated by Russia in the quarter-finals. There were allegations that Sweden intentionally lost their final group game against Slovakia to set up a quarterfinal against Switzerland.
In the semi-finals, Sweden defeated the Czech Republic 7–3, and Finland ousted Russia 4–0. Sweden won its second ice hockey gold, and first in a best-on-best competition, over Finland 3–2 and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal over Russia 3–0. Three months later, Sweden won the 2006 World Championships and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year.
Qualification
Canada, Sweden, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Finland, United States, Russia and Germany qualified as the top eight teams in the IIHF World Ranking in 2004. Italy qualified as host team. The remaining three teams qualified from qualification tournaments.
Notes
Rosters
Preliminary round
All times are local (UTC+1).
Group A
Group B
Allegations have surfaced of Sweden throwing the game against Slovakia so the Swedes would face Switzerland in the quarterfinals instead of Canada or the Czech Republic. Shortly before the game, Sweden coach Bengt-Åke Gustafsson was reported to have publicly contemplated tanking in order to avoid those teams, saying about Canada and the Czechs, "One is cholera, the other the plague." During the game itself, one reportedly suspect sequence came when Sweden had an extended five-on-three powerplay with five NHL stars on the ice—Peter Forsberg, Mats Sundin, Daniel Alfredsson, Nicklas Lidström and Fredrik Modin—and failed to put a shot on net. Sports Illustrated writer Michael Farber would say about this particular powerplay, "If the Swedes had passed the puck any more, their next opponent would have been the Washington Generals." "[They] were even afraid to shoot!", Russian coach Vladimir Krikunov said.
As part of a subsequent interview about the championship over five years later, Forsberg was interpreted to insinuate that Sweden lost their preliminary round game against Slovakia on purpose, so as to draw Switzerland as their quarterfinal opponent, rather than Canada or the Czech Republic. Swedish forward Henrik Sedin, who played alongside Forsberg on the 2006 team denied the notion while adding that Forsberg's comments in the interview were misconstrued.
Playoff round
Bracket
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Bronze medal game
Gold medal game
Final ranking
Statistics
Average age
Team USA was the oldest team in the tournament, averaging 31 years and 8 months. Team Germany was the youngest team in the tournament, averaging 26 years and 7 months. Gold medalists team Sweden averaged 29 years and 7 months. Tournament average was 29 years and 2 months.
Scoring leaders
List shows the top ten skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus-minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = ShutoutsSource: IIHF
Awards
Media All-Stars
Goaltender: Antero Niittymäki
Defencemen: Nicklas Lidström, Kimmo Timonen
Forwards: Saku Koivu, Teemu Selänne, Alexander Ovechkin
Source: IIHF
Most Valuable Player: Antero Niittymäki
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goaltender: Antero Niittymäki
Best Defenceman: Kenny Jönsson
Best Forward: Teemu Selänne
Source: IIHF
References
External links
Men's
Men's events at the 2006 Winter Olympics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20tournament |
Tärna IK Fjällvinden in Tärnaby, Sweden is arguably the most successful alpine skiing club in the history of the sport. Although Tärnaby has a population of a mere 500, Fjällvinden has produced several of the greatest alpine skiers of all time: Ingemar Stenmark, Anja Pärson, Stig Strand, Jens Byggmark, and Bengt Fjällberg.
History
IK Fjällvinden was founded in Umfors, while Tärna IK was founded in Tärnaby. The two clubs merged in 1928, adopting cross-country skiing. Alpine skiing was adopted in 1937.
Notable winnings
Three Olympic gold medals
One Olympic silver medal
Five Olympic bronze medals
Ten World Championship gold medals
Six World Championship silver medals
Six World Championship bronze medals
129 Alpine Skiing World Cup victories
More than 100 Swedish National Championship gold medals.
5 overall World Cup victories
22 World Cup discipline victories
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships
Anja Pärson: 7 gold, 2 silver, 4 bronze
Ingemar Stenmark: 3 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze
Jens Byggmark: 3 silver
Bengt Fjällberg: 1 bronze
Winter Olympics
Ingemar Stenmark: 2 gold, 1 bronze
Anja Pärson: 1 gold, 1 silver, 4 bronze
FIS World Cup discipline champions
Ingemar Stenmark: 3 overall, 8 slalom, 8 giant slalom
Anja Pärson: 2 overall, 3 giant slalom, 1 slalom, 1 combined
Stig Strand: 1 slalom
Etymology
The name "Fjällvinden" fittingly translates to "The wind on the mountains".
References
External links
Tärna I.K. Fjällvinden homepage
Alpine skiing organizations
Ski clubs in Sweden
1928 establishments in Sweden
Sports clubs and teams established in 1928
Gymnastics clubs in Sweden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4rna%20IK%20Fj%C3%A4llvinden |
R v Ruzic, [2001] 1 SCR 687 is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the common law defence of duress and constitutionality of the defence under section 17 of the Criminal Code. The Court held that section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms requires that the defence of duress be available to an accused even when they were not under immediate threat of bodily harm at the time the offence was committed.
Background
Marijana Ruzic was 21-year-old Yugoslavian who lived in Belgrade with her mother. A man had threatened to harm her unless she assisted him by smuggling heroin into Canada. The man stalked her for some time and began threatening her, eventually escalating to violent assaults. Ruzic eventually complied and flew to Canada. She was arrested at Toronto Pearson International Airport for importing heroin.
At trial, she pleaded that she only committed the crime under duress. A defence of duress, under section 17 of the Criminal Code, is available only when a person "commits an offence under compulsion by threats of immediate death or bodily harm from a person who is present when the offence is committed".
Ruzic claimed she had no other option and that both her and her mother's life were at risk. She also claimed that she could not go to the police because she believed them to be corrupt and would be of no help. Expert testimony validated this belief that Yugoslav citizens were generally untrusting of the police and their ability to protect them from rampant militias.
Nonetheless, her claim failed on the grounds that she was not under a threat of "immediate death or bodily harm" and that the man was not "present when the offence was committed".
Ruzic challenged section 17 of the Criminal Code as unconstitutional as it violated her right to security of person under section 7 of the Charter.
The trial judge agreed with Ruzic and held that the defence duress was available to her and consequently she was acquitted. The appeal was dismissed on appeal to the Court of Appeal for Ontario.
Opinion of the court
On April 20, 2001, the Supreme Court upheld the acquittal and dismissed the Crown appeal.
LeBel J, writing for a unanimous Court, held that section 17 of the Criminal Code violated section 7 of the Charter on the basis that its requirements were too restrictive by requiring presence and immediacy. The requirements meant the defence was unavailable in situations where the threat is to a third party or involves harm in the future.
LeBel agreed with the trial judge's finding that a common law defence of duress that did not have the same restrictions was also available. In the common law defence, the accused must make a reasonable effort to combat the threat, the severity of the criminal conduct must be proportional to the threat, and the accused must have no reasonable alternative of escape.
See also
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (McLachlin Court)
External links
Section Seven Charter case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
2001 in Canadian case law
Canadian criminal case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%20v%20Ruzic |
Raymond Earl Baldwin (August 31, 1893 – October 4, 1986) was an American politician who served as a United States senator from Connecticut and also as the 72nd and 74th Governor of Connecticut. A conservative Republican, he was elected governor of Connecticut in 1938 during a Republican landslide promising a balanced budget, government aid to private business, and lower taxes. He sharply cut the state budget, producing a million dollars surplus. He was defeated for reelection in 1940, but was elected governor again in 1942 and 1944. He supervised a complex system of civil defense and statewide services on the homefront during the war. He planned an elaborate program to deal with the postwar reconversion of Connecticut's many warplane and munitions plants. He was elected to the Senate in the Republican landslide of 1946. As a spokesman for the small businesses of America, he compiled a conservative record in favor of less regulation, except for more regulation of labor unions through the Taft–Hartley Act. As chairman of a subcommittee of the Armed Services committee, Baldwin engaged in a long-running dispute with Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy. McCarthy alleged that Baldwin was whitewashing an episode in which Army prosecutors in 1944 gained the death penalty for German soldiers accused of massacring Americans at the Malmedy Massacre. Exhausted by the highly publicized controversy, Baldwin resigned from the Senate in December 1949 to become a state judge.
Early life
Baldwin was born in 1893 in Rye, New York, the son of Sarah Emily (Tyler) and Lucian Earl Baldwin. He moved to Middletown, Connecticut, and attended public schools. He graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown in 1916, and entered Yale University. However, upon the declaration of war, he enlisted in the United States Navy. He was assigned to officers' training school and was commissioned an ensign in February 1918, and promoted to lieutenant (j.g.) in September 1918. He resigned from the Navy in August 1919 and returned to Yale Law School, graduating in 1921. He was admitted to the bar in 1921 and practiced in New Haven and Bridgeport. He married Edith Lindholm on June 29, 1922, and they had three sons.
Career
Baldwin was prosecutor of the Stratford Town Court from 1927 to 1930, and was judge of that court from 1931 to 1933. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1931 to 1933, serving as majority leader in 1933. He resumed the practice of law from 1933 to 1938, and was town chairman of Stratford from 1935 to 1937.
Baldwin was Governor of Connecticut in 1939 and 1940, and the first governor to use the Governor's Mansion located on Prospect Avenue in Hartford. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the office in 1940. An early supporter of Wendell Willkie, he saw to it that the Connecticut delegation at the 1940 Republican Convention, would back Wilkie which was crucial to beat frontrunners Thomas Dewey, Robert A. Taft, and Arthur Vandenberg. Willkie had unofficially promised Baldwin the spot as his running mate, but party leaders pressured Willkie to name Charles McNary instead, and Baldwin graciously stepped aside from contention. He was also a delegate in 1944 and 1948.
Again elected Governor in 1942 and 1944, Baldwin served until his resignation on December 27, 1946. During his tenure, he eliminated the state deficit without raising taxes; initiated a job-training program; created an inter-racial commission, and reformed the minor court system. Also instituted were a Connecticut Veterans Advisory and Reemployment Commission; and a labor management council. He was elected United States Senator as a Republican on November 5, 1946, to fill the vacancy in the term ending January 3, 1947, caused by the death of Francis T. Maloney. At the same time he was elected for the term commencing January 3, 1947, and served from December 27, 1946, until his resignation on December 16, 1949.
From 1949 to 1959 Baldwin was an associate justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors (now the Supreme Court of Connecticut); was appointed chief justice in 1959 and served until his retirement in 1963. He was chairman of the Connecticut Constitutional Convention in 1965.
Death
Baldwin died in Fairfield, Connecticut, on October 4, 1986, and is interred at Indian Hill Cemetery, Middletown, Connecticut.
A member of the Connecticut State Library Committee and its successor, the State Library Board, from 1957 to 1982; Baldwin served as its chair for many years. In tribute to his service, the board renamed the State Library's museum the Raymond E. Baldwin Museum of Connecticut History in 1983. The Raymond E. Baldwin Bridge that carries the Connecticut Turnpike (I-95) across the Connecticut River is also named for him. The Middlesex Judicial District courthouse in Middletown, as well as the Baldwin Center, a senior citizens center in Stratford, are named in his honor.
References
Further reading
Curtiss S. Johnson. Raymond E. Baldwin: Connecticut Statesman (Chester, Connecticut, 1972)
Eleonora W. Schoenebaum, ed. Political Profiles: The Truman Years (1978) pp 18–19
External links
Govtrack US Congress
The Political Graveyard
National Governors Association
Connecticut State Library
1893 births
1986 deaths
Burials at Indian Hill Cemetery
United States Navy officers
Candidates in the 1948 United States presidential election
Republican Party governors of Connecticut
Republican Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Wesleyan University alumni
Yale Law School alumni
Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut
Lawyers from Fairfield, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut
20th-century American politicians
Justices of the Connecticut Supreme Court
Chief Justices of the Connecticut Supreme Court
20th-century American judges
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American Episcopalians
Old Right (United States) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20E.%20Baldwin |
The Order of Logohu is the principal order of the Order of Papua New Guinea. Logohu is a Motuan word for the bird-of-paradise, the official national symbol of Papua New Guinea since its independence. The Order consists of four ranks.
Classes of the Order
Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu
The Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu (GCL) is awarded to those citizens of Papua New Guinea and others for service, achievement, and merit in the highest degree, sustained over a period of twenty years. The award may be given to no more than fifty living persons. Recipients of the Grand Companion class are titled "Chief". The Chancellor of the Order of Logohu is titled as "Grand Chief" as well as one other living recipient of the class. The title of Grand Chief is currently held by Grand Chief Sir Bob Dadae .
Officer of Logohu
The Officer of Logohu (OL) is awarded for distinguished service to Papua New Guinea, or to a local community, sustained over a period of at least ten years.
Member of Logohu
The Member of Logohu (ML) is awarded for commendable service to a particular area of endeavour, to Papua New Guinea, or to a local community, sustained over a period of at least seven years.
National Logohu Medal
The National Logohu Medal (LM) is awarded for exemplary service in a profession, career, or industry group, or to the general community, over a period of at least five years.
Current Composition
Sovereign: Charles III
Chancellor: Grand Chief Sir Bob Dadae
Royal Chiefs
The Princess Royal (2005)
Grand Companions
Dame Josephine Abaijah – First Woman elected to the PNG Parliament
Sir Julius Chan (2005) – Former Prime Minister of PNG
John Momis (2005) – Long Serving Parliamentarian and Framer of the PNG constitution
Sir Donatus Mola (2005) – Former Bougainville Chief
Archbishop Karl Hesse, – Catholic Archbishop Emeritus of Rabaul
Boyamo Sali (2009) – Former Cabinet Minister of PNG
Mathew Siune (2009) – Former Cabinet Minister of PNG
Sir Akepa Miakwe (2011) – Former politician of Unggai-Bena in Eastern Highlands
Sir Brian Barnes (2011) – Former Archbishop of Port Moresby Catholic Archdiocese
Honorary Grand Companions
Bill Clinton (2006) – Former President of the United States
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2010) – Former President of the Republic of Indonesia
Narendra Modi (2023) – Prime Minister of India
Precedence
The precedence of the classes of the Order of Logohu vary, they are as follows:
References
Orders, decorations, and medals of Papua New Guinea
Recipients of the Order of Logohu | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20Logohu |
A fleet review or naval review is an event where a gathering of ships from a particular navy is paraded and reviewed by an incumbent head of state and/or other official civilian and military dignitaries. A number of national navies continue to hold fleet reviews. Fleet reviews may also include participants and warships from multiple navies.
Commonwealth realms
Fleet reviews in the Commonwealth realms are typically observed by the reigning monarch or their representative, a practice allegedly dating back to the 15th century. Such an event is not held at regular intervals and originally only occurred when the fleet was mobilised for war or for a show of strength to discourage potential enemies, or during periods of commemorations. Since the 19th century, they have often been held for the coronation or for special royal jubilees and increasingly included delegates from other national navies.
Traditionally, a fleet review will have participating ships dressed in flags and pennants of their respective countries, and anchored in two or more lines with an open passage between them. The crew of participating anchored ships are positioned on the upper decks, while their officers and captains are at the bridge. As the reviewing vessel sails passes the anchored ships, their crew will give three cheers and wave their caps to the reviewing officials, while their officers and captain will render a salute.
Australia
Australia has a history of Fleet Reviews, the last Fleet Review took place in Australia in October 2013.
Port Phillip royal review, 1921 - Reviewed by Edward, Prince of Wales.
Royal Australian Navy 25th birthday review, 1936
50th Year Review, 1961
The 75th fleet review, 1986 - Led by , the fleet was reviewed by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Bicentennial naval salute, 1988 - Led by
Centennial naval review 2001 - Cancelled due to terrorist attacks in the United States.
Sydney freedom of entry review, 14 March 2009 - The fleet review also consisted of a freedom of entry parade in Sydney; the fleet was reviewed by Marie Bashir, Governor of New South Wales, and the parade by Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia.
International Fleet Review, 4–5 October 2013 - to commemorate the centenary of the Royal Australian Navy's fleet arrival in Sydney Harbour; led by , the fleet was reviewed by Governor-General Quentin Bryce and Prince Harry, who took the royal salute on board HMAS Leeuwin. Approximately 20 foreign nations participated, activities including a tall ships parade, naval gun salutes, aerial flypasts, fireworks and lightshow spectacular, ships open to visitors, and a combined Naval march.
Canada
In Canada, fleet reviews may take place on either the Atlantic or Pacific coasts, typically in Halifax Harbour for the former and Victoria Harbour for the latter.
July 1958 - To mark the 100th anniversary of British Columbia's entry into Canadian Confederation; the Royal Canadian Navy review was conducted by Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon.
June 1959 - Held at Montreal to mark the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway; attended by ships from the Royal Canadian Navy and United States Navy; the former was reviewed by Queen Elizabeth II.
July 1959 - Held at Halifax Harbour; reviewed by Queen Elizabeth II.
12 June 2010 - The Pacific Canadian Naval Centennial International Fleet Review was held to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy and held at Esquimalt Harbour. Ships from the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Marine nationale, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, Royal New Zealand Navy, and United States Navy were reviewed by Governor General Michaëlle Jean.
29 June 2010 - A International Fleet Review was held to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy and held at the Bedford Basin. Ships of the Royal Canadian Navy, Brazilian Navy, Royal Danish Navy, French Navy, German Navy, Royal Netherlands Navy, Royal Navy, and United States Navy were reviewed by Queen Elizabeth II.
New Zealand
There have been several Fleet Reviews hosted by the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN). These include the following:
International Fleet Review, 5 October 1991, to mark the 50th anniversary of the RNZN.
International Naval Review, 18 November 2016, to mark the Royal New Zealand Navy's 75th birthday. In a break with tradition the RNZN mistakenly described the Review as a "Naval Review" rather than as the customary "Fleet Review".
United Kingdom
Because of the need for a natural large, sheltered and deep anchorage, UK fleet reviews have usually been held in the Solent off Spithead, although Southend, Torbay, the Firth of Clyde and some overseas ports have also hosted reviews. In the examples below, the venue is Spithead unless otherwise noted.
A list follows of fleet reviews in England, Great Britain, and later the UK since the 14th century.
Pre-1700
June 1346 - Edward III, before sailing to war with France
1415 - Generally acknowledged as the first fleet review on record, by Henry V, at Southampton, before sailing for his first French campaign that ended in the Battle of Agincourt
May 1662, Charles II on the occasion of his wife Catherine of Braganza's arrival in Portsmouth
February 1693, William III and Mary II, after the Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue
1700–1837
March 1700, on Peter the Great's visit to England, a show of strength
23–27 June 1773, King George III set out from Kew, in a Royal coach with scarlet outriders, for what some call the first formal Royal Review. On his arrival he was saluted by a "triple discharge of cannon", and proceeded to the dockyard where admirals and captains were assembled, each with his barge, to escort the King to Spithead. They had dressed their crews in fancy colours, each to his own taste (at that time the crews were not issued uniforms), whilst they themselves were resplendent in the full dress designed for them by George II in 1748. The ships on show were those that had fought the French in the Seven Years' War and were soon to join the War of American Independence, and were led by , of 90 guns, built only 5 years before.
May 1778, George III, before France joined American War of Independence
1781
June 1794, after the Glorious First of June
25 June 1814, the last to consist solely of sailing ships. It was to celebrate the Treaty of Paris (1814), and to show the Allied Sovereigns, including the Czar of Russia and the King of Prussia, "the tremendous naval armaments which has swept from the ocean the fleets of France and Spain and secured to Britain the domain of the sea." 15 ships of the line and 31 frigates were present, all of them veterans of the Napoleonic Wars. It was reviewed not by George III, but by the Prince Regent
September 1820, George IV, first Coronation Review. One ship in attendance was , later made famous by Charles Darwin.
Queen Victoria
17 occurred during her reign, the most for any monarch.
March 1842, her first, held by herself and Prince Albert as a "Grand Naval Review."
1844, May - visit of the King of Saxony; and October, on the visit of Emperor Nicholas I, King Louis-Philippe of France and Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia, both were a show of strength
19 June 1845, inspecting the experimental squadron, from the new . The Board of Admiralty attended in their steam yacht, Black Eagle. Some place this not 1814 as the last time that a Royal Review consisted only of sailing ships, and nearly the last time that the Queen could watch 's men run aloft and set the sails "with feline agility and astonishing celerity."
11 August 1853, two reviews that year, firstly on 15 July 1853, the fleet mobilisation for the Crimean War, and a full Review on 11 August including for the first time steam screw ships of the line.
10 March 1854. Wary of a Russian break out into the North Sea, due to the numbers of their ships in the Baltic Sea, the British Admiralty brought together a force to contain them. This first division of the Baltic fleet was commanded by Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Napier. Napier's task was to find naval recruits and train them as quickly as possible. From the screw yacht-tender, , and two months before her 35th birthday (which it was perhaps also intended to commemorate), Queen Victoria reviewed Napier's fleet at Spithead, shortly before it set sail, including (on 10 March 1854) a review of the first part of the fleet to set sail only eighteen days before Britain declared war on Russia. According to reports in the London Illustrated News (which printed a special edition for the occasion, with drawings of various scenes from the day of the Review), Fairy reviewed the fleet as it steamed up a path created by the ships anchored on each side, then a day later led the fleet out of Spithead as it began its journey to the Baltic.
23 April 1856, of the Baltic fleet on its return. First recorded example of the evening illumination of the fleet. Showed lessons learnt from the Crimean War, with the first of the ironclad ships present in the form of 4 1,500-ton floating batteries. Over 100 gunboats were present, "puffing about like locomotive engines with wisps of white steam trailing from their funnels."
August 1865, on visit of the French fleet
17 July 1867, held for Abdulaziz, and his Khedive of Egypt, Ismail of Egypt. For the first time every ship flew the White Ensign, after the dissolution of the old Red, White and Blue Squadrons. New designs were the five-masted with her powerful broadside, and the graceful 14-knot ironclad sister-ships and .
23 June 1873, for the visit of Nasser-al-Din Shah (1848–1896), the Shah of Persia
August 1878, of the reserve squadron
25 July 1887, Golden Jubilee. Notable for the appearance of a Nordenfelt submarine (though the first RN submarine would be 20 years later)
4 August 1889, on the visit of Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Admiral von Tirpitz, a show of strength
August 1891, on visit of the French fleet
August 1896, on visit of MPs and Li Hung Chang
26 June 1897, Diamond Jubilee, notable for being presided over by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) since she was too frail to attend in person. The ships formed two lines seven miles long; the 170 British ships included 50 battleships. Parsons made an unscheduled and dramatic appearance with his Turbinia showing power of steam turbine.
August 1899, her last, notable for being presided over by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) since she was too frail to attend in person, and for the visit of a squadron from the German Navy.
Edward VII
16 August 1902, Coronation Review, the first time in the modern era that a review was used to mark the coronation
9 August 1905, review of the British and French fleets by King Edward VII at Spithead
August 1907, review of the reconstituted Home Fleet
12 June 1909, review of Home Fleet and Atlantic Fleet, including
16 July 1909, Home and Atlantic fleets assemble off Southend prior to display Southend, including HMS Invincible
17–24 July 1909, Home and Atlantic Fleets on display from Westminster to the Nore.
George V
24 June 1911, Coronation Fleet Review. sailed 4 June from America and appeared at the review from 19 June to 28 June.
The cruiser Hai Chi of the Imperial Chinese Navy appeared to participate in the fleet review.
9 May 1912, for Houses of Parliament, at Weymouth, featured the first take-off of a plane from a ship which was underway - on 4 May Commander Charles Samson became the first man to take off from a ship which was underway. He did this in a Short S.27 biplane whilst steamed at 10.5 knots (19 km/h).
18–20 July 1914, fleet mobilisation for World War I. No fewer than 59 warships and 17 seaplanes
21–22 July 1919, at Southend, to mark the end of World War I
Saturday 26 July 1924, including
16 July 1935, Silver Jubilee. 160 warships including . Dudley Davenport, at the time a young cadet serving on board (he later went on to a successful naval career, eventually reaching the rank of rear admiral), noted his impressions of this event in his diary:
"Turned out at 0545 and scrubbed focsle…after breakfast we gave all the brightwork a final polish and generally cleaned up… after lunch we fell in on deck ... All the ships with saluting guns fired a royal salute of 21 guns the noise was not as bad as we were led to expect. But the smoke screened most of the ships for some minutes… After tea ‘Clean Lower Deck’ was sounded and we had to fall in for manning ship my position on Y Turret grid on the Quarter Deck was an excellent one as we could see the yacht approaching… as the V&A approached the band played ‘God Save the King’ and the guard presented arms in the Royal Salute. When the King was halfway past we gave 3 cheers. You could just see the King on the Bridge, Saluting …About ½ hour later we fell in again as he passed the other side.
After supper we watched the illuminations… after half hour all the lights were turned off and red flares were lit on deck, each held by a sailor at the guardrail. These did not look very good except for the first few seconds… the ships remained illuminated for the rest of the time until midnight... We turned in about 2345 very tired."
George VI
Thursday 20 May 1937 - Coronation Fleet Review. The largest assembly of warships since the coronation review of 1911, it has been described by military historian Hedley Paul Willmott as "the last parade of the Royal Navy as the world's greatest and most prodigious navy". Ten British battleships and battlecruisers were present, and for the first time at a coronation review, four aircraft carriers. Altogether, there were 101 surface warships, 22 submarines and 11 auxiliaries drawn from the Home, Mediterranean and Reserve Fleets.
The Review Procession included the royal yacht, HMY Victoria and Albert, two minesweepers and a survey ship. The Commonwealth and Empire were represented by two warships from Canada and one each from New Zealand and India. A large complement of British merchant ships ranging from ocean liners to paddle steamers were also present.
By tradition, foreign navies were invited to send a single warship each to the review and seventeen were present. Notable among them were USS New York, which had brought Admiral Hugh Rodman, the President's personal representative for the coronation, across the Atlantic; the new French battleship Dunkerque; and the elderly Soviet Marat. Also present were the formidable looking German "pocket battleship", Admiral Graf Spee, the Greek cruiser, Georgios Averof and the Japanese heavy cruiser, Ashigara.
Described by one naval officer in a letter to a friend -
"The day was quite as bad as I feared but my sisters are insistent that they enjoyed it all"
It was also the occasion of the infamous "Woodrooffe Incident" in the BBC Radio coverage (known by the phrase 'The Fleet's Lit Up!')
HMY Victoria and Albert III took part in this review, her second and last before being scrapped in 1939.
9 August 1939, including
May 1944, in secret, of the D-Day invasion fleet - the largest review to date (800 vessels, ranging from capital vessels to small minesweeper and landing craft).
Elizabeth II
15 June 1953, Coronation Fleet Review, Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. The first post-war review, with all the ongoing technical innovations the war had produced on display (). Present were 197 Royal Navy warships, together with 13 from the Commonwealth and 16 from foreign navies, as well as representative vessels from the British Merchant Navy and Fishing Fleets.
27–28 May 1957, review of the fleet off Invergordon, Scotland.
7–11 August 1965, partial review at the Tail of the Bank on Firth of Clyde. First RN nuclear submarine appeared.
16 May 1969 Elizabeth II - NATO review (NATO's 20th anniversary), Spithead - 64 ships from the 11 NATO countries participated: British contingent included and ; United States - .
July 1969 - Fleet Review: Ships of the Western Fleet (14 ships) and Queen's Colour presentation aboard in Torbay
28 June 1977, Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. and both appeared.
1993 - Commemoration of Battle of the Atlantic anniversary, as flagship of the event (off North Wales).
1994 - D-Day 50th anniversary, including .
1999 - Battle of the Atlantic commemoration.
28 June 2005, International Fleet Review for Trafalgar 200, also held in lieu of the 2002 Golden Jubilee Review, the latter of which was cancelled on cost grounds.
India
There have been 12 President's fleet reviews, of which 2 were International fleet reviews - IFR 2001 and IFR 2016.
Japan
Since 1956, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force has hosted a fleet review approximately every three years in Sagami Bay. The Imperial Japanese Navy had historically held fleet reviews from 1869 to 1940.
The Japan Coast Guard last held a fleet review in 2018 in honor of the JCG's 70th anniversary.
South Korea
In October 1998, the Republic of Korea Navy hosted its first international fleet review in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Korea off the coast of Busan. They have since reconvened every 10 years on the 60th and 70th anniversaries in 2008 and 2018.
21 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Bangladesh, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the first fleet review together with 34 ships and 15 aircraft from South Korea.
United States
The United States Navy has hosted several naval reviews, with ships paraded by the navy reviewed by the president of the United States or the United States Secretary of the Navy.
See also
Customs and traditions of the Royal Navy
Naval tradition
References
External links
Past Reviews
Royal Australian Navy-IFR
Maritime culture
Military traditions
Traditions
Royal Navy traditions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet%20review |
The Jaffna kingdom (, ; 1215–1619 CE), also known as Kingdom of Aryachakravarti, was a historical kingdom of what today is northern Sri Lanka. It came into existence around the town of Jaffna on the Jaffna peninsula and was traditionally thought to have been established after the invasion of Kalinga Magha from Kalinga in India. Established as a powerful force in the north, northeast and west of the island, it eventually became a tribute-paying feudatory of the Pandyan Empire in modern South India in 1258, gaining independence when the last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was defeated and expelled in 1323 by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Delhi Sultanate. For a brief period in the early to mid-14th century it was an ascendant power in the island of Sri Lanka, to which all regional kingdoms accepted subordination. However, the kingdom was overpowered by the rival Kotte kingdom around 1450 when it was invaded by Prince Sapumal under the orders of Parakramabahu VI.
It gained independence from Kingdom of Kotte control in 1467, and its subsequent rulers directed their energies towards consolidating its economic potential by maximising revenue from pearls, elephant exports and land revenue. It was less feudal than most of the other regional kingdoms on the island of Sri Lanka of the period. During this period, important local Tamil literature was produced and Hindu temples were built, including an academy for language advancement. The Sinhalese Nampota dated in its present form to the 14th or 15th century CE suggests that the whole of the Jaffna Kingdom, including parts of the modern Trincomalee District, was recognised as a Tamil region by the name Demala-pattanama (Tamil city). In this work, a number of villages that are now situated in the Jaffna, Mullaitivu and Trincomalee districts are mentioned as places in Demala-pattanama.
The arrival of the Portuguese on the island of Sri Lanka in 1505, and its strategic location in the Palk Strait connecting all interior Sinhalese kingdoms to South India, created political problems. Many of its kings confronted and ultimately made peace with the Portuguese. In 1617, Cankili II, a usurper to the throne, confronted the Portuguese but was defeated, thus bringing the kingdom's independent existence to an end in 1619. Although rebels like Migapulle Arachchi—with the help of the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom—tried to recover the kingdom, they were eventually defeated. Nallur, a suburb of modern Jaffna town, was its capital.
History
Founding
The origin of the Jaffna kingdom is obscure and still the subject of controversy among historians. Among mainstream historians, such as K. M. de Silva, S. Pathmanathan and Karthigesu Indrapala, the widely accepted view is that the kingdom of the Aryacakravarti dynasty in Jaffna began in 1215 with the invasion of a previously unknown chieftain called Magha, who claimed to be from Kalinga in modern India. He deposed the ruling Parakrama Pandyan II, a foreigner from the Pandyan Dynasty who was ruling the Kingdom of Polonnaruwa at the time with the help of his soldiers and mercenaries from the Kalinga, modern Kerala and Damila (Tamil Nadu) regions in India.
After the conquest of Rajarata, he moved the capital to the Jaffna peninsula which was more secured by heavy Vanni forest and ruled as a tribute-paying subordinate of the Chola empire of Tanjavur, in modern Tamil Nadu, India. During this period (1247), a Malay chieftain from Tambralinga in modern Thailand named Chandrabhanu invaded the politically fragmented island. Although King Parakramabahu II (1236–1270) from Dambadeniya was able to repulse the attack, Chandrabhanu moved north and secured the throne for himself around 1255 from Magha. Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I invaded Sri Lanka in the 13th century and defeated Chandrabhanu the usurper of the Jaffna kingdom in northern Sri Lanka. Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I forced Chandrabhanu to submit to the Pandyan rule and to pay tributes to the Pandyan Dynasty. But later on when Chandrabhanu became powerful enough he again invaded the Singhalese kingdom but he was defeated by the brother of Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan I called Veera Pandyan I and Chandrabhanu lost his life. Sri Lanka was invaded for the 3rd time by the Pandyan Dynasty under the leadership of Arya Cakravarti who established the Jaffna kingdom.
Aryacakravarti dynasty
When Chandrabhanu embarked on a second invasion of the south, the Pandyas came to the support of the Sinhalese king and killed Chandrabhanu in 1262 and installed Aryacakravarti, a minister in charge of the invasion, as the king. When the Pandyan Empire became weak due to Muslim invasions, successive Aryacakravarti rulers made the Jaffna kingdom independent and a regional power to reckon with in Sri Lanka. All subsequent kings of the Jaffna kingdom claimed descent from one Kulingai Cakravarti who is identified with Kalinga Magha by Swami Gnanaprakasar and Mudaliar Rasanayagam while maintaining their Pandyan progenitor's family name.
Politically, the dynasty was an expanding power in the 13th and 14th century with all regional kingdoms paying tribute to it. However, it met with simultaneous confrontations with the Vijayanagar empire that ruled from Vijayanagara, southern India, and a rebounding Kingdom of Kotte from the south of Sri Lanka. This led to the kingdom becoming a vassal of the Vijayanagar Empire as well as briefly losing its independence under the Kotte kingdom from 1450 to 1467. The kingdom was re-established with the disintegration of Kotte kingdom and the fragmentation of Vijayanagar Empire. It maintained very close commercial and political relationships with the Thanjavur Nayakar kingdom in southern India as well as the Kandyan and segments of the Kotte kingdom. This period saw the building of Hindu temples and a flourishing of literature, both in Tamil and Sanskrit.
Kotte conquest and restoration
The Kotte conquest of the Jaffna kingdom was led by king Parakramabahu VI's adopted son, Prince Sapumal. This battle took place in many stages. Firstly, the tributaries to the Jaffna kingdom in the Vanni area, namely the Vanniar chieftains of the Vannimai were neutralised. This was followed by two successive conquests. The first war of conquest did not succeed in capturing the kingdom. It was the second conquest dated to 1450 that eventually was successful. Apparently connected with this war of conquest was an expedition to Adriampet in modern South India, occasioned according to Valentyn by the seizure of a Lankan ship laden with cinnamon. The Tenkasi inscription of Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of Tinnevelly who saw the backs of kings at Singai, Anurai, and elsewhere, may refer to these wars; it is dated between 1449–50 and 1453–54. Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan the Aryacakravarti king fled to South India with his family. After the departure of Sapumal Kumaraya to Kotte, Kanakasooriya Cinkaiarian re-took the kingdom in 1467.
Decline & dissolution
Portuguese traders reached Sri Lanka by 1505 where their initial forays were against the south-western coastal Kotte kingdom due to the lucrative monopoly on trade in spices that the Kotte kingdom enjoyed that was also of interest to the Portuguese. The Jaffna kingdom came to the attention of Portuguese officials in Colombo for multiple reasons which included their interference in Roman Catholic missionary activities, (which was assumed to be patronizing Portuguese interests) and their support to anti-Portuguese factions of the Kotte kingdom, such as the chieftains from Sittawaka. The Jaffna kingdom also functioned as a logistical base for the Kandyan kingdom, located in the central highlands without access to any seaports, as an entrypot for military aid arriving from South India. Further, due to its strategic location, it was feared that the Jaffna kingdom may become a beachhead for the Dutch landings. It was king Cankili I who resisted contacts with the Portuguese and even massacred 600–700 Parava Catholics in the island of Mannar. These Catholics were brought from India to Mannar to take over the lucrative pearl fisheries from the Jaffna kings.
Client state
The first expedition led by Viceroy Dom Constantino de Bragança in 1560 failed to subdue the kingdom but wrestedMannar Island from it. Although the circumstances are unclear, by 1582 the Jaffna king was paying a tribute of ten elephants or an equivalent in cash. In 1591, during the second expedition led by André Furtado de Mendonça, king Puvirasa Pandaram was killed and his son Ethirimanna Cinkam was installed as the monarch. This arrangement gave the Catholic missionaries freedom and a monopoly in elephant exports to the Portuguese, which the incumbent king however resisted. He helped the Kandyan kingdom under kings Vimaladharmasuriya I and Senarat during the period 1593–1635 with the intent of securing help from South India to resist the Portuguese. He however maintained autonomy of the kingdom without overly provoking the Portuguese.
Cankili II the usurper
With the death of Ethirimana Cinkam in 1617, his 3-year-old son was the proclaimed king with the late king's brother Arasakesari as regent. Cankili II, a usurper, and nephew of the late king killed all the princes of royal blood including Arasakesari and the powerful chief Periya Pillai Arachchi. His cruel actions made him unpopular leading to a revolt by the nominal Christian Mudaliyars Dom Pedro and Dom Luis (also known as Migapulle Arachchi, the son of Periya Pillai Arachchi) and drove Cankili to hide in Kayts in August–September 1618. Unable to secure Portuguese acceptance of his kingship and to suppress the revolt, Cankili II invited military aid from the Thanjavur Nayaks who sent a troop of 5000 men under the military commander Varunakulattan.
Cankili II was supported by the Kandy rulers. After the fall of the Jaffna kingdom, the two unnamed princesses of Jaffna had been married to Senarat's stepsons, Kumarasingha and Vijayapala. Cankili II expectably received military aid from the Thanjavur Nayak Kingdom. On his part, Raghunatha Nayak of Thanjavur made attempts to recover the Jaffna kingdom for his protege, the Prince of Rameshwaram. However, all attempts to recover the Jaffna kingdom from the Portuguese met with failure.
By June 1619, there were two Portuguese expeditions: a naval expedition that was repulsed by the Karaiyars and another expedition by Filipe de Oliveira and his 5,000 strong land army which was able to inflict defeat on Cankili II. Cankili, along with every surviving member of the royal family were captured and taken to Goa, where he was hanged. The remaining captives were encouraged to become monks or nuns in the holy orders, and as most obliged, it avoided further claimants to the Jaffna throne. In 1620 Migapulle Arachchi, with a troop of Thanjavur soldiers, revolted against the Portuguese and was defeated. A second rebellion was led by a chieftain called Varunakulattan with the support of Raghunatha Nayak.
Administration
According to Ibn Batuta, a traveling Moroccan historian of note, by 1344, the kingdom had two capitals: one in Nallur in the north and the other in Puttalam in the west during the pearling season. The kingdom proper, that is the Jaffna peninsula, was divided into various provinces with subdivisions of parrus meaning property or larger territorial units and ur or villages, the smallest unit, was administered on a hierarchical and regional basis. At the summit was the king whose kingship was hereditary; he was usually succeeded by his eldest son. Next in the hierarchy stood the adikaris who were the provincial administrators. Then came the mudaliyars who functioned as judges and interpreters of the laws and customs of the land. It was also their duty to gather information of whatever was happening in the provinces and report to higher authorities. The title was bestowed on the Karaiyar generals who commanded the navy and also on Vellalar chiefs. Administrators of revenues called kankanis or superintendents and kanakkappillais or accountants came next in line. These were also known as pandarapillai. They had to keep records and maintain accounts. The royal heralds whose duty was to convey messages or proclamations came from the Paraiyar community.
Maniyam was the chief of the parrus. He was assisted by mudaliyars who were in turn assisted by udaiyars, persons of authority over a village or a group of villages. They were the custodians of law and order and gave assistance to survey land and collect revenues in the area under their control. The village headman was called talaiyari, pattankaddi or adappanar and he assisted in the collection of taxes and was responsible for the maintenance of order in his territorial unit. The Adappanar were the headmen of the ports. The Pattankaddi and Adappanar were from the maritime Karaiyar and Paravar communities. In addition, each caste had a chief who supervised the performance of caste obligations and duties.
Relationship with feudatories
Vannimais were regions south of the Jaffna peninsula in the present-day North Central and Eastern provinces and were sparsely settled by people. They were ruled by petty chiefs calling themselves Vanniar. Vannimais just south of the Jaffna peninsula and in the eastern Trincomalee district usually paid an annual tribute to the Jaffna kingdom instead of taxes. The tribute was in cash, grains, honey, elephants, and ivory. The annual tribute system was enforced due to the greater distance from Jaffna. During the early and middle part of the 14th century, the Sinhalese kingdoms in western, southern and central part of the island also became feudatories until the kingdom itself was briefly occupied by the forces of Parakramabahu VI around 1450 for about 17 years. Around the early 17th century, the kingdom also administered an exclave in Southern India called Madalacotta.
Economy
The economy of the kingdom was almost exclusively based on subsistence agriculture until the 15th century. After the 15th century, however, the economy became diversified and commercialized as it became incorporated into the expanding Indian Ocean.
Ibn Batuta, during his visit in 1344, observed that the kingdom of Jaffna was a major trading kingdom with extensive overseas contacts, who described that the kingdom had a "considerable forces by the sea", testifying to their strong reputed navy. The kingdom's trades were oriented towards maritime South India, with which it developed a commercial interdependence. The non-agriculture tradition of the kingdom became strong as a result of large coastal fishing and boating population and growing opportunities for seaborne commerce. Influential commercial groups, drawn mainly from south Indian mercantile groups as well as other, resided in the royal capital, port, and market centers. Artisan settlements were also established and groups of skilled tradesmen—carpenters, stonemasons, wavers, dryers, gold and silver smiths—resided in urban centers. Thus, a pluralistic socio-economic tradition of agriculture marine activities, commerce and handicraft production was well established.
Jaffna kingdom was less feudalized than other kingdoms in Sri Lanka, such as Kotte and Kandy. Its economy was based on more money transactions than transactions on land or its produce. The Jaffna defense forces were not feudal levies; soldiers in the kings service were paid in cash. The king's officials, namely Mudaliayars, were also paid in cash and the numerous Hindu temples seem not to have owned extensive properties, unlike the Buddhist establishments in the South. Temples and the administrators depended on the king and the worshippers for their upkeep. Royal and Army officials were thus a salaried class and these three institutions consumed over 60% of the revenues of the kingdom and 85% of the government expenditures. Much of the kingdom's revenues also came from cash except the Elephants from the Vanni feudatories. At the time of the conquest by the Portuguese in 1620, the kingdom which was truncated in size and restricted to the Jaffna peninsula had revenues of 11,700 pardaos of which 97% came from land or sources connected to the land. One was called land rent and another called paddy tax called arretane.
Apart from the land related taxes, there were other taxes, such as Garden tax from compounds where, among others, plantain, coconut and arecanut palms were grown and irrigated by water from the well. Tree tax on trees such as palmyrah, margosa and iluppai and Poll tax equivalent to a personal tax from each. Professional tax was collected from members of each caste or guild and commercial taxes consisting of, among others, stamp duty on clothes (clothes could not be sold privately and had to have official stamp), Taraku or levy on items of food, and Port and customs duties. Columbuthurai, which connected the Peninsula with the mainland at Poonakari with its boat services, was one of the chief port, and there were customs check posts at the sand passes of Pachilaippalai. Elephants from the southern Sinhalese kingdoms and the Vanni region were brought to Jaffna to be sold to foreign buyers. They were shipped abroad from a bay called Urukathurai, which is now called Kayts—a shortened form of Portuguese Caes dos elephantess (Bay of Elephants). Perhaps a peculiarity of Jaffna was the levy of license fee for the cremation of the dead.
Not all payments in kind were converted to cash, offerings of rice, bananas, milk, dried fish, game meat and curd persisted. Some inhabitants also had to render unpaid personal services called uliyam.
The kings also issued many types of coins for circulation. Several types of coins categorized as Sethu Bull coins issued from 1284 to 1410 are found in large quantities in the northern part of Sri Lanka. The obverse of these coins have a human figure flanked by lamps and the reverse has the Nandi (bull) symbol, the legend Setu in Tamil with a crescent moon above.
Culture
Religion
Saivism (a denomination of Hinduism) in Sri Lanka has had continuous history from the early period of settlers from India. Hindu worship was widely accepted even as part of the Buddhist religious practices. During the Chola period in Sri Lanka, around the 9th and 10th century, Hinduism gained status as an official religion in the island kingdom. Kalinga Magha, whose rule followed that of the Cholas is remembered as a Hindu revivalist by the native literature of that period.
As the state religion, Hinduism enjoyed all the prerogatives of the establishment during the period of the Jaffna kingdom. The Aryacakravarti dynasty was very conscious of its duties as a patron towards Hinduism because of the patronage given by its ancestors to the Rameswaram temple, a well-known pilgrimage center of Indian Hinduism. As noted, one of the titles assumed by the kings was Setukavalan or protector of Setu another name for Rameswaram. Setu was used in their coins as well as in inscriptions as marker of the dynasty.
Sapumal Kumaraya (also known as Chempaha Perumal in Tamil), who ruled the Jaffna kingdom on behalf of the Kotte kingdom is credited with either building or renovating the Nallur Kandaswamy temple. Singai Pararasasegaram is credited with building the Sattanathar temple, the Vaikuntha Pillaiyar temple and the Veerakaliamman temple. He built a pond called Yamuneri and filled it with water from the Yamuna river of North India, which is considered holy by Hindus. He was a frequent the visitor of the Koneswaram temple, as was his son and successor King Cankili I. King Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan had the traditional history of the temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, entitled Dakshina Kailasa Puranam, known today as the Sthala Puranam of Koneshwaram Temple. Major temples were normally maintained by the kings and a salary was paid from the royal treasury to those who worked in the temple, unlike in India and rest of Sri Lanka, where religious establishments were autonomous entities with large endowments of land and related revenue.
Most accepted Lord Shiva as the primary deity and the lingam, the universal symbol of Shiva, was consecrated in shrines dedicated to him. The other Hindu gods of the pantheon such as Murugan, Pillaiyar, Kali were also worshipped. At the village level, village deities were popular along with the worship of Kannaki whose veneration was common amongst the Sinhalese in the south as well. Belief in charm and evil spirits existed, just as in the rest of South Asia.
There were many Hindu temples within the kingdom. Some were of great historic importance, such as the Koneswaram temple in Trincomalee, Ketheeswaram temple in Mannar, Naguleswaram temple in Keerimalai along with hundreds of other temples that were scattered over the region. The ceremonies and festivals were similar to those in modern South India, with some slight changes in emphasis. The Tamil devotional literature of Saiva saints was used in worship. The Hindu New Year falling on the middle of April was more elaborately celebrated and festivals, such as Navarattiri, Deepavali, Sivarattiri, and Thaiponkal, along with marriages, deaths and coming of age ceremonies were part of the daily life.
Until ca. 1550, when Cankili I expelled the Buddhists of Jaffna, who were all Sinhalese, and destroyed their many places of worship, Buddhism prevailed in the Jaffna kingdom, among the Sinhalese who had remained in the territory. Some important places of Buddhist worship in the Jaffna kingdom, which are mentioned in the Nampota are: Naga-divayina (Nagadipa, modern Nainativu), Telipola, Mallagama, Minuvangomu-viharaya and Kadurugoda (modern Kantharodai), of these only the Buddhist temple at Nagadipa survive today.
Society
Caste structure
The social organization of the people of the Jaffna kingdom was based on a caste system and a matrilineal kudi (clan) system similar to the caste structure of South India. The Aryacakravarti kings and their immediate family claimed Brahma-Kshatriya status, meaning Brahmins who took to martial life. The Madapalli were the palace stewards and cooks, the Akampadayar's formed the palace servants, the Paraiyar were the royal heralds and the Siviyar were the royal palanquin bearers. The army and navy generals were from the Karaiyar caste, who also controlled the pearl trade and whose chiefs were known as Mudaliyar, Paddankatti and Adapannar. The Mukkuvar and Thimilar were also engaged in the pearl fishery. The Udayars or village headmen and landlords of agriculture societies were mostly drawn from the Vellalar caste. The service providing communities were known as Kudimakkal and consisted of various groups such as the Ambattar, Vannar, Kadaiyar, Pallar, Nalavar, Paraiyar, Koviyar and Brahmin. The Kudimakkal had ritual importance in the temples and at funerals and weddings. The Chettys were well known as traders and owners of Hindu temples and the Pallar and Nalavar castes composed of the agriculturist labours who tilled the land. The weavers were the Paraiyars and Sengunthar who gave importance to the textile trade. The artisans also known as Kammalar were formed by the Kollar, Thattar, Tatchar, Kaltatchar and the Kannar.
Foreign mercenaries & traders
Mercenaries of various ethnic and caste backgrounds from India, such as the Telugus (known locally as Vadugas) and Malayalees from the Kerala region were also employed by the king as soldiers. Muslim traders and sea pirates of Mapilla and Moor ethnicities as well as Sinhalese were in the Kingdom. The kingdom also functioned as a refuge for rebels from the south seeking shelter after failed political coups. According to the earliest historiographical literature of the Kingdom of Jaffna, Vaiyaapaadal, datable to 14th–15th century, in verse 77 lists the community of Papparavar (Berbers specifically and Africans in general) along with Kuchchiliyar (Gujaratis) and Choanar (Arabs) and places them under the caste category of Pa’l’luvili who are believed to be cavalrymen of Muslim faith . The caste of Pa’l’luvili or Pa’l’livili is peculiar to Jaffna. A Dutch census taken in 1790 in Jaffna records 196 male adults belonging to Pa’l’livili caste as taxpayers. That means the identity and profession existed until Dutch times. But, Choanakar, with 492 male adults and probably by this time generally meaning the Muslims, is found mentioned as a separate community in this census.
Laws
During the rule of the Aryacakravarti rulers, the laws governing the society was based on a compromise between a matriarchal system of society that seemed to have had deeper roots overlaid with a patriarchal system of governance. These laws seemed to have existed side by side as customary laws to be interpreted by the local Mudaliars. In some aspects such as in inheritance the similarity to Marumakattayam law of present-day Kerala and Aliyasanatana of modern Tulunadu was noted by later scholars. Further Islamic jurisprudence and Hindu laws of neighboring India also seemed to have affected the customary laws. These customary laws were later codified and put to print during the Dutch colonial rule as Thesavalamai in 1707. The rule under earlier customs seemed to have been females succeeded females. But when the structure of the society came to be based on patriarchal system, a corresponding rule was recognized, that males succeeded males. Thus, we see the devolution of muthusam (paternal inheritance) was on the sons, and the devolution of the chidenam (dowry or maternal inheritance) was on the females. Just as one dowried sister succeeded another, we had the corresponding rule that if one's brother died instate, his properties devolved upon his brothers to the exclusion of his sisters. The reason being that in a patriarchal family each brother formed a family unit, but all the brothers being agnates, when one of them died his property devolved upon his agnates.
Literature
The kings of the dynasty provided patronage to literature and education. Temple schools and traditional gurukulam classes in verandahs (known as Thinnai Pallikoodam in Tamil language) spread basic education in languages such as Tamil language and Sanskrit and religion to the upper classes. During the reign of Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan rule, a work on medical science (Segarajasekaram), on astrology (Segarajasekaramalai) and on mathematics (Kanakathikaram) were authored by Karivaiya. During the rule of Gunaveera Cinkaiariyan, a work on medical sciences, known as Pararajasekaram, was completed. During Singai Pararasasegaram's rule, an academy for Tamil language propagation on the model of ancient Tamil Sangams was established in Nallur. This academy performed a useful service in collecting and preserving ancient Tamil works in manuscripts form in a library called Saraswathy Mahal. Singai Pararasasekaran's cousin Arasakesari was credited with translating the Sanskrit classic Raghuvamsa into Tamil. Pararasasekaran's brother Segarajasekaran and Arasakesari collected manuscripts from Madurai and other regions for the Saraswathy Mahal library. Among other literary works of historic importance compiled before the arrival of European colonizers, Vaiyapatal, written by Vaiyapuri Aiyar, is well known.
Architecture
There were periodic waves of South Indian influence over Sri Lankan art and architecture, though the prolific age of monumental art and architecture seemed to have declined by the 13th century. Temples built by the Tamils of Indian origin from the 10th century belonged to the Madurai variant of Vijayanagar period. A prominent feature of the Madurai style was the ornate and heavily sculptured tower or gopuram over the entrance of temple. None of the important religious constructions of this style within the territory that formed the Jaffna kingdom survived the destructive hostility of the Portuguese.
Nallur, the capital was built with four entrances with gates. There were two main roadways and four temples at the four gateways. The rebuilt temples that exist now do not match their original locations which instead are occupied by churches erected by the Portuguese. The center of the city was Muthirai Santhai (market place) and was surrounded by a square fortification around it. There were courtly buildings for the Kings, Brahmin priests, soldiers and other service providers. The old Nallur Kandaswamy temple functioned as a defensive fort with high walls. In general, the city was laid out like the traditional temple town according to Hindu traditions.
See also
Jaffna Palace ruins
Sangiliyan Statue
List of Jaffna monarchs
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Tamil inscriptions in Sri Lanka
Notes
References
1624 disestablishments in Asia
17th-century disestablishments in Sri Lanka
States and territories established in 1215
Medieval Hindu kingdoms
Indianized kingdoms
Former countries in South Asia
Former monarchies of South Asia
Former Portuguese colonies
Kingdoms of Sri Lanka
1215 establishments in Asia
13th-century establishments in Sri Lanka
Transitional period of Sri Lanka
Hindu states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaffna%20kingdom |
Mendeleyevo () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Urban localities
Mendeleyevo, Moscow Oblast, a work settlement in Solnechnogorsky District of Moscow Oblast
Rural localities
Mendeleyevo, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Dobrinsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District of Kaliningrad Oblast
Mendeleyevo, Perm Krai, a rural locality classified as a "settlement at the station" in Karagaysky District of Perm Krai
Historical localities
Mendeleyevo, formerly an inhabited locality; now Mendeleyevo Microdistrict—a part of the city of Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeleyevo |
Vleuten-De Meern is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was created in a merger of Haarzuilens, Veldhuizen, Vleuten and a part of Oudenrijn in 1954, and existed until 2001, when it was merged with Utrecht to become a city part of it.
References
Municipalities of the Netherlands disestablished in 2001
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Districts in Utrecht (city) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vleuten-De%20Meern |
Rao Dhoohad was an Indian chieftain belonging to the Rathore clan. Between 1291 and 1309 AD, he ruled a small principality in a part of the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan. Rao Dhoohad is said to have constructed the Nagnechiya Maa temple at the village of Nagana in Rajasthan.
History
Doohad was a son of Rao Asthan, and inherited his father's estates in 1291 AD. Over the next few years, Doohad is said to have conquered 140 villages and added them to his principality. He ruled from the towns of Pali and Khed in present-day Rajasthan.
On one occasion, Doohad captured the nearby town of Mandore, which was at that time the capital of the Parihaar clan of rajputs. However, Mandore was soon retaken by the Parihaars. To expel them again, Rao Doohad mounted another offensive against Mandore. Somewhere between the villages of Thob and Tarsinghari, a skirmish ensued with the Parihaars. It was in this incident that Doohad was killed. This happened in the year 1309 AD.
Rao Doohad was the father of seven sons named Raipal, Kirtipal, Behad, Paithar, Joga, Dalu and Vegad.
Doohad was succeeded by Raipal, who donated grains to needy people during famine and thus became famous as Mahirelan (Indra).
See also
Rulers of Marwar
References
Maheca Rathaurom ka mula itihasa: Ravala Mallinatha ke vamsaja - Maheca, Baramera, Pokarana, Kotariya aura Khavariya Rathaurom ka sodhapurna itihasa by Dr. Hukam Singh Bhati. Publisher: Ratan Prakashan, Jodhpur (1990)''
13th-century births
1309 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rao%20Doohad |
Zegveld is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Woerden and lies about 5 km northwest of Woerden.
In 2001 the town of Zegveld had 1,576 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.21 km2, and contained 563 residences. The statistical district "Zegveld" has a population of around 2360. This covers the entire former municipality, including the hamlets of Lagebroek and Stichtse Meije.
White storks
The village has a center for white storks to nest, a unique place in the area.
History
The village used to be a separate municipality. In 1989, it merged with Woerden. Unlike Woerden, Zegveld was always a part of the province of Utrecht.
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Woerden | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegveld |
Indigo is a 2003 American fantasy drama film produced and directed by Stephen Deutsch (credited as Stephen Simon). The film deals with the supposed phenomenon of "indigo children" — a set of children alleged to have certain "special psychological and spiritual attributes". Its release was sponsored by the Spiritual Cinema Circle, a DVD club that mails spiritually themed films to subscribers each month.
Plot
At the beginning of the story Ray Talloway (Neale Donald Walsch) is a construction manager whose business is near bankruptcy. His semi-estranged daughter Cheryl (Sarah Rutan) quarrels with him on the slightest pretext, while her husband Alex (Gregory Linington) is one of a small group of minor criminals. Cheryl and Alex have one daughter, Grace (shared role by Meghan McCandless as older Grace and Angelina Hess as younger Grace), who is the indigo child of the story, and who eventually reunites the family.
One night, Alex takes Cheryl to a "party" that promises something exciting to happen to the participants (presumably overuse of drugs). Cheryl is worried by leaving Grace alone in the car; therefore, Alex leaves to check on her. A few minutes later, a police detachment arrests every one of the criminals. Grace, who was asleep in the car, wakes and sees her mother taken to prison. Ray, who is asleep at home, receives a call from the police station informing him of his daughter's arrest. He goes to the police station, arriving deep in telephone conversation with one of his business partners, who warns him of protest by environmentalists at the site of one of his latest projects. This causes him to abandon his daughter at the station and drive to the site. The sight of the crowd protesting his efforts to eradicate a forest to make room for a new highway, combined with the effect of having his daughter arrested, causes him to experience a small nervous breakdown.
Here, the film jumps ahead five years. In the interim, Ray has lost his job and is living at home alone, as the owner of a very old car which is on the verge of disintegration. Cheryl has been in jail for possession of illegal drugs even though she is innocent. Ray has neither come to visit her nor bailed her out of prison. Grace is living in a children's home superintended by a nurse (Saffron Henke). Alex has fled, possibly to Canada, and has not appeared since.
A visit by her lawyer leaves Cheryl afraid for Grace's safety, the lawyer having intimated that Alex might kidnap Grace in exchange for money he believes to be in Cheryl's possession. After this scene is over, viewers see the lawyer walking to a car and accepting a bribe. Cheryl, who has not seen this, calls Ray asking that he visit her. When he arrives, Cheryl tells him of the lawyer's information and asks him to retrieve Grace and take care of her until Cheryl is released on parole. Ray does so, out of a sense of duty towards his daughter and guilt at being an inadequate father and grandfather. Upon her reappearance, Grace is revealed to have developed her supermundane abilities to the point where they are unsettling to Ray, who unceremoniously kidnaps her with her consent and aid. Having escaped, the two meet with Ray's girlfriend Sally (Lynette Louise), who temporarily harbors them. Ray and Grace later drive north to Ashland, Oregon, where they think to hide until Cheryl's parole takes effect. On the way, they spend the night in a hotel and begin to develop a bond. The hotel manager is astonished next morning when Grace brings his father, who suffers a severe case of Alzheimer's disease, into waking consciousness. He reacts with the accusation that it is the work of the devil, whereupon Ray and Grace leave, while the father and son begin to reconcile.
At a park, Grace befriends a lonely boy called Nicholas, who like her is one of the indigo children. The nature thereof is explained to Ray (and thus to the viewer) by Nicholas' mother while the children play.
Further north, Ray's car finally fails to operate so that he and Grace are forced to walk. They are befriended by a group of teenagers who are on their way to Mt. Ashland, one of whom is played by Neale's son, Karus Walsch, with whom they spend the night in a cabin. Karus's character, Logan, is disturbed by Grace's telling of a story of his childhood that revives painful memories. According to her, he could communicate with angels when he was a boy but suppressed his ability when his older brother beat him whenever he talked about it. Another one of the teenagers, Emma, expresses skepticism and anger at Grace's powers, especially when Grace claims to see the spirit of Emma's mother; later, Emma accepts Grace's ways and becomes grateful.
When Ray and Grace arrive at the arranged cabin, they find to Ray's surprise that it is occupied by Ray's long-estranged son Stewart (Dane Bowman). Stewart is there to collect the money that he thinks Cheryl hid and believes that Grace knows where it is. He takes her hostage; at this, Ray claims that Grace requires a medicine that is in his suitcase. Stewart allows Ray to open the suitcase, in which is no medicine but a pistol, with which Ray intends to frighten his son. As Ray reaches for the pistol, he suddenly recalls his past and reconsiders his decision. He attempts to apologize to Stewart, but Stewart refuses to accept this. An arrival of two police officers at the cabin surprises them all, with the exception of Grace, who had summoned them. Grace reveals that the younger of the two, Officer Whitfield, was one of the officers who had captured Cheryl, and that he has illegally been using the money Stewart sought.
The film ends with the reconciliation and reunion of the family.
Cast
Neale Donald Walsch as Ray Talloway
Sarah Rutan as Cheryl
Gregory Linington as Alex
Meghan McCandless as Grace
Dane Bowman as Stewart Talloway
Nancy Rodriguez as Diane
Jackson Rowe as Jimmy
Heather Simon as Emma
Release
The film was released in the US on January 28, 2005, and played in 603 locations, where it grossed $1,190,000. The film was distributed primarily to New Thought churches, which shared in the film's revenue.
Reception
Writing in Luminous: The Spiritual Life on Film, Mike King called the film "crass and alienated beyond belief". King described its lack of emotion as "a product of cultural autism" and said that the film reveals New Age anxieties.
Awards and nominations
Santa Fe Film Festival
Won: Audience Award
References
External links
2003 films
2000s fantasy drama films
American fantasy drama films
New Age in popular culture
New Age media
2003 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language fantasy drama films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo%20%28film%29 |
Different Stars is the second album by the American rock band Trespassers William. It was originally self-released in the United States on September 28, 2002 on the band's Sonik Wire label, released in the UK on Bella Union in 2003, and finally re-released in the United States with minor track changes on Nettwerk Records on October 19, 2004.
The album's second single, "Lie in the Sound", was used in three episodes of the television series One Tree Hill. It was featured on the One Tree Hill – Music from the WB Television Series, Vol. 1 soundtrack. The title track was used in the first season of The O.C. and "Fragment" was in the show Brothers & Sisters.
Track listing
Self-released (2002)
All songs written by Anna-Lynne Williams, except as noted.
Bella Union version (2003)
Nettwerk version (2004)
Reception
Allmusic's MacKenzie Wilson gave Different Stars a three-and-a-half star review, praising the band's "hypnotic and lush soundscape" and drawing comparisons to The Sundays and Mazzy Star. Drowned in Sound listed the album on "The Beginner's Guide to Slowcore" and called it "a solitary trip through the fog, Anna-Lynne Williams sailing voice pushing over dark dream-pop waters, played only at fragile volumes and careful times." Adam Knott of Sputnikmusic significantly praised the album for the "quality of the songwriting and the allure of Williams' voice", noting how "2004 passed by without the mainstream or many at all knowing that Different Stars existed, and it's not wholly surprising; it's an album far too heavy and deliberate to listen to on a whim."
Scottish footballer Pat Nevin listed the album as one of his 13 favorite records.
Personnel
Trespassers William
Matt Brown – acoustic and electric guitar, artwork, engineer, keyboards
Trinidad Sanchez III – bass guitar
Justin Schier – keyboards
Anna-Lynne Williams – vocals, acoustic guitar
Additional producers
Kevin Bartley – mastering
Elijah Thomson – mixing
References
Trespassers William albums
2002 albums
2004 albums
Self-released albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Different%20Stars |
Hallenberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Hallenberg is situated approximately 15 km southeast of Winterberg and 35 km north of Marburg (in Hesse).
Neighbouring places
Allendorf (in Hesse)
Bad Berleburg
Bromskirchen (in Hesse)
Frankenberg, Hesse
Lichtenfels, Hesse
Medebach
Winterberg
Division of the town
Hallenberg consists of 4 districts: the town proper and 3 villages:
Hallenberg (2,660 inhabitants, 34.72 km²)
Braunshausen (350 inhabitants, 9.08 km²)
Hesborn (1,060 inhabitants, 14,18 km²)
Liesen (780 inhabitants, 7,38 km²)
Personalities
Adolf Winkelmann (born 1946), film director and producer
Currency
From 1917 until the 1920s Hallenberg, like many German towns, produced its own currency, known as Notgeld. During the First World War this was because the value of the official coinage exceeded its face value, so coins were hoarded or sold for their metal, and then from about 1923 the rate of hyperinflation meant that the central bank could not print and distribute the ever-higher banknote values quickly enough, so this was done locally.
Gallery
References
External links
Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallenberg |
Electrofusion is a method of joining MDPE, HDPE and other plastic pipes using special fittings that have built-in electric heating elements which are used to weld the joint together.
The pipes to be joined are cleaned, inserted into the electrofusion fitting (with a temporary clamp if required) and a voltage (typically 40V) is applied for a fixed time depending on the fitting in use. The built in heater coils then melt the inside of the fitting and the outside of the pipe wall, which weld together producing a very strong homogeneous joint. The assembly is then left to cool for a specified time.
Electrofusion welding is beneficial because it does not require the operator to use dangerous or sophisticated equipment. After some preparation, the electrofusion welder will guide the operator through the steps to take. Welding heat and time is dependent on the type and size of the fitting. All electrofusion fittings are not created equal – precise positioning of the energising coils of wire in each fitting ensures uniform melting for a strong joint and the minimisation of welding and cooling time.
The operator must be qualified according to the local and national laws. In Australia, an electrofusion course can be done within 8 hours. Electrofusion welding training focuses on the importance of accurately fusing EF fittings. Both manual and automatic methods of calculating electrofusion time gives operators the skills they need in the field. There is much to learn about the importance of preparation, timing, pressure, temperature, cool down time and handling, etc.
Training and certification are very important in this field of welding, as the product can become dangerous under certain circumstances. There has been cases of major harm and death, including when molten polyethylene spurts out of the edge of a mis-aligned weld, causing skin burns. Another case was due to a tapping saddle being incorrectly installed on a gas line, causing the death of the two welders in the trench due to gas inhalation. There are many critical parts to electrofusion welding that can cause weld failures, most of which can be greatly reduced by using welding clamps, and correct scraping equipment.
To keep their qualification current, a trained operator can get their fitting tested, which involves cutting open the fitting and examining the integrity of the weld.
References
Piping
Plumbing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrofusion |
George Payne McLean (October 7, 1857 – June 6, 1932) was the 59th Governor of Connecticut, and a United States senator from Connecticut.
Biography
McLean was born in Simsbury, Connecticut, one of five children of Dudley B. McLean and Mary (Payne) McLean. His sister Sarah Pratt McLean Greene became a novelist. McLean attended the common schools in Simsbury. At the age of fifteen he entered Hartford High School, traveling to school each day on the train. He graduated in 1876. Upon graduation he took a job as a reporter for the Hartford Evening Post. Leaving the paper in 1879, he entered the Hartford law office of Henry C. Robinson and trained as a lawyer in that office. He remained there eight years, combining his apprenticeship with Robinson with a part-time job in financial management at Trinity College in Hartford. During this time he passed the law exam and was admitted to the bar.
A confirmed bachelor until he was forty-nine, he married his longtime Simsbury sweetheart Juliette Goodrich on April 10, 1907. She was forty-two. They had no children. He died on June 6, 1932, and she on October 21, 1950. They are buried in Simsbury Cemetery.
Career
McLean was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1883 and 1884, He served as clerk of the State Board of Pardons from 1884 to 1901; and a member of the commission to revise the Connecticut statutes, 1885. He was a member of the state senate in 1886. He was a member of the Connecticut State Senate from 1889 to 1891. In 1890, he was elected Connecticut's Secretary of State, but never took office because of the deadlocked Legislature of 1891-1893. As a result, McLean was able to accept President Benjamin Harrison's appointment in 1892 to be United States attorney for his home state from 1892 to 1896. He resumed the practice of law in Hartford
Elected the 59th Governor of Connecticut in 1901 and 1902, McLean served beginning on January 9, 1901. During his tenure, the governor's administrative staff was restructured, as well the state militia; and a tax commission office was founded. McLean did not seek reelection due to ill health, and left the governor's office on January 7, 1903.
McLean was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1910 and served from 1911 to 1929. He was reelected in 1916 and 1922. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Forest Reservations and Game Protection (Sixty-second and Sixty-fifth Congresses) and a member of the Committee on Banking and Currency (Sixty-sixth through Sixty-ninth Congresses) and the Committee on Manufactures (Seventieth Congress). He declined to run for reelection in 1928.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act
Probably McLean's most lasting legislative achievement was the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Concern had been growing nationally about the mass killing of birds for hat-making uses and for food; with support from gun manufacturers and hunting organizations, McLean and Rep. John W. Weeks of Massachusetts successfully attached the Weeks-McLean Act to an appropriations bill in March 1913. Some of the provisions in the act proved controversial in their expansion of federal powers and were declared unconstitutional by various courts. With the advice of Elihu Root, McLean immediately introduced new legislation giving the president the power to negotiate a treaty to regulate the hunting of migratory birds; this bill was passed in July 1913. The Migratory Bird Treaty with Great Britain (acting for Canada) was signed in 1916, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act to ratify and implement the treaty was passed in 1918. The resulting federal limitations on hunting were upheld by the Supreme Court in 1920 in the Missouri v. Holland decision.
Death and legacy
McLean resumed the practice of law in Hartford, and died of heart disease in Simsbury, on June 6, 1932 (age 74 years, 243 days). He is interred at Simsbury Cemetery.
His will established the non-profit McLean Fund, which has since operated two enterprises in his home town of Simsbury - a senior living community and elder-care services provider and a private game refuge. The McLean Game Refuge consists of over of land in Simsbury and Granby and is open to the public; part of it has been designated a National Natural Landmark. The McLean senior living organization consists of an independent living community and a multi-faceted elder-care service provider that offers services ranging from visiting nurses and adult day care to assisted living, long-term care, hospice, post surgical acute, inpatient physical rehabilitation and outpatient physical rehabilitation.
References
External links
The Political Graveyard
Govtrack US Congress
Connecticut State Library
National Governors Association
George McLean Biography at RIT Press
1857 births
1932 deaths
Connecticut lawyers
Republican Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Republican Party Connecticut state senators
Republican Party governors of Connecticut
Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut
United States Attorneys for the District of Connecticut | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20P.%20McLean |
Robin Aircraft is a French manufacturer of light aircraft. It succeeds to Centre-Est Aéronautique, Avions Pierre Robin and Apex Aircraft (Avions Robin and Robin Aviation).
History
Centre-Est Aéronautique was formed by Pierre Robin and Jean Délémontez, the principal designer of Jodel aircraft, in October 1957. It began manufacturing aircraft at Darois, near Dijon, France.
The first aircraft was designed by Robin and Délémontez. It was based on the D10, a four-seater designed by Édouard Joly and Délémontez at Jodel, that was shelved when work on the Jodel D11 became more urgent. In collaboration with Robin it became the 'Jodel Robin'. It later became the DR100 model (Jodel's models all had D followed by a number). Robin and Délémontez continued to upgrade the design between 1957 and 1972.
The DR100 range was succeeded by the DR200 range. Production continued in November 1970 under the name Avions Pierre Robin.
The Robin DR400 first flew in 1972 and is still in production. It has a tricycle undercarriage and can carry 4 people. The DR aircraft have the 'cranked wing' configuration, in which the dihedral angle of the outer wing is much greater than the inboard, a configuration which they share with Jodel aircraft. The best known today is the popular DR400, which is a wooden sport monoplane, conceived by Pierre Robin and Jean Délémontez.
The Robin HR200 had a different designer, Chris Heintz, and is fully metallic unlike the wooden DR series. It is a light aerobatic aircraft aimed at flight training. The Robin R2000 series was developed from the HR200 and is produced as the Alpha 2000 by Alpha Aviation in Hamilton, New Zealand, since 2004.
Avions Pierre Robin was acquired by Apex Aircraft of France in 1988. Aircraft continued to be manufactured at Darois under the names Avions Robin and Robin Aviation.
By 2008, about half of the production were fitted with diesel engines supplied by Thielert. Thielert went into liquidation because of alleged fraud, cutting off the engine supply to Apex Aircraft. Thielert were taken over by a receiver, and the price of engines and parts was increased. This pushed the price of finished aircraft too high for the market to bear, with the result that Apex Aircraft went into liquidation in 2008. CEAPR, based in the same premises at Darois and responsible for making the components for Apex Aircraft, continued to supply parts.
Aircraft manufacturing resumed in May 2011 under the name Robin Aircraft. (All type certificates are held by CEAPR.)
The company offers the DR401 aircraft, a DR400 upgraded with a glass cockpit, larger cockpit, electric trim and flaps, and available with several engine options.
The company also offers the aerobatic aircraft CAP 10C NG, an updated version of the Mudry CAP 10. The type certificate was transferred to CEAPR in 2015, and the first aircraft was delivered in 2021.
Aircraft
The new DR401, with a wider cabin and electric flaps and trim, was introduced at AERO Friedrichshafen on 9 April 2014.
Robin ATL
CAP 10C NG
Robin DR100
Robin DR200
Robin DR300
Robin DR400
Robin DR500
Robin HR100
Robin HR200
Robin R1000
Robin R2000
Robin R3000
Robin X4
References
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Alpha Aviation
PilotFriend.com's page about Robin with sub-pages about each aircraft.
Aircraft manufacturers of France
Companies based in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Aircraft |
Marsberg () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History
Although its origins are obscure, Marsberg was a prospering town by the 13th century (it was even minting coins). It was a free city until 1807, when it was incorporated into the Kingdom of Westphalia, until 1813. After two years of independent government, it was added to Prussia in 1815.
Geography
It is situated on the river Diemel, approx. 20 km east of Brilon and 30 km south of Paderborn.
Neighbouring municipalities
Bad Arolsen
Bad Wünnenberg
Brilon
Diemelsee
Diemelstadt
Lichtenau
Warburg
Town division
Marsberg consists of the following 17 districts:
Beringhausen
Borntosten
Bredelar
Canstein
Erlinghausen
Essentho
Giershagen
Heddinghausen
Helminghausen
Leitmar
Meerhof
Niedermarsberg
Obermarsberg
Oesdorf
Padberg
Udorf
Westheim
International relations
Marsberg is twinned with:
Lillers (France)
Notable people
Lissy Ishag (born 1979), television presenter
Hubertus Klenner (born 1959), mayor of Marsberg 2004–2014
Hermann Köhler (born 1950), athlete and Olympic athlete
Fabian Lamotte (born 1983), footballer
Peter Lohmeyer (born 1962), actor
Hans-Joachim Watzke (born 1959), managing director of Borussia Dortmund
Image gallery
References
External links
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsberg |
Dark culture (German Schwarze Szene; Portuguese cultura obscura; Spanish escena oscura; Italian scena Dark or scena gotica), also called dark alternative scene, includes goth and dark wave culture, the dark neoclassical/dark ambient scene, parts of the post-industrial scene (with the genres electro-industrial, EBM, aggrotech and dark electro) parts of neofolk and the early gothic metal scene. Dark culture's origin lies in followers of dark wave and independent music, but over the decades it has developed to a social network held together by a common concept of aesthetics, self-representation, and individualism. The musical preferences of the dark scene are characterized by a mix of styles ranging from futurism, electropop, early music, (neo-) classical, and folk music to punk rock, rock, techno and ambient music.
Overview
Dark culture has historically been used as an umbrella term to describe several subcultures, only emerging as its own movement in the late 1980s. Dark culture includes goth and dark wave culture, electro subculture and parts of the neofolk and post-industrial subcultures. Sometimes referred to as 'dark alternative scene', the term is rarely used in the English language, despite its significance in shaping several other movements and subcultures that emerged throughout history. In this context, the "culture" should not be understood as closed subculture, but as a social environment, consisting of people with similar preferences. Dark culture is regarded as a community defined by common interests such as art, fashion, philosophy, and arguably most significantly, by music. Originating from the shared appreciation of dark wave and independent music, the term now collectively used as 'dark music', dark culture emerged to represent a group of people who define themselves through internal symbols and alternate forms of media. In the 21st century, the culture is appreciated as a heterogeneous collection of different subcultural currents, without being tied to a particular style of music, associated thinking, behavior, or dress code, despite most members sharing similar interests of such due to its emergence from the dark scene.
The scene is not a musically or aesthetically closed and homogeneous group but rather it is composed of many different currents, some of which may be diametrically opposed in their musical or fashion ideals. The anchor that holds all elements of dark culture together can be viewed as the color black with all its associated symbolism. It is seen as an expression of seriousness, darkness and mysticism, but also of hopelessness and emptiness, melancholy, as well as its association with mourning and death. The dark scene is a community which defines itself through the characteristic fashions of the different currents, as well as through its media and meeting places, especially events and dance clubs.
History
Although the significant movement of 'dark culture' only emerged in the late 1980s, a deeper history exists that inspired this movement dating back to the 1600s during the emergence of witchcraft and witches in Early Modern Europe, as well as the influence from Victorian iconographies. The origin of the term 'dark culture' initially appeared in Berlin, its use slowly emerging in more magazines and reports, finally becoming a widely-used term in the 1990s.
The term was used initially to target a specific group of magazine readers who shared similar interests in the dark scene, the magazine Zillo considered the most important media platform for dark culture and was at the forefront of anchoring the term 'dark culture' into modern language. Mostly used as a generic term for all sub-scenes and trends in the black scene, nowadays the term is preferred by a large number of scene followers. By 2010, it can be said that the term had properly established itself, particularly in sociology and youth culture research. Due to its emergence in Germany, an assessment was done to conduct the size of German dark culture in 2004, resulting in an estimation of around 50,000 to 100,000 members of people, this number later re-confirmed in 2010. This number has since grown and spreads internationally by the day, members of dark culture forming in many countries around the world.
Elements of dark culture
The broad spectrum of dark culture has many elements that comprise the movement's general description. Music, the colour black, and fashion can be viewed as the main features of dark culture and are a few of the characteristics that allow for individual expression within the movement itself. The element of religion has been historically scrutinised as a signifier of dark culture, however many members of the scene attribute occultist ways of thinking to religious beliefs.
Music
Dark culture is divided into different currents, some of which are in stark contrast to one another in their musical and fashion ideas. The musical preferences of the different supporters of the black scene are characterized by a style mix that covers a broad spectrum from avant-garde to electronic pop music, early music, neo-classical and folk to punk rock, techno and ambient. The term dark music is preferred in the social and cultural studies of music within dark culture, used as a collective term for the entirety of the music received in this scene. Alternate dark waves of music includes darkcore, dark ambient, dark cabaret, dark folk, dark psytrance, and dark wave music which is part of the new wave movement.
Due to its internationally recognized events and the high proportion of music produced in Germany, the German subculture is perceived as outstanding and special. Much of dark culture's foundations can be attributed to beginning in Germany, where the movement is celebrated by many, particularly visible in the element of music. Throughout Germany, dark music is very popular and each year the country hosts a number of festivals that celebrate this musical genre. 'Wave-Gotik-Treffen' is an annual festival held in Leipzig, Germany, which honours 'dark music' and 'dark culture', attracting between 18,000 - 20,000 attendees each year. The event is one of the largest worldwide celebrations of the gothic, cybergoth, steampunk, and rivethead subcultures, hosting up to 200 alternate bands each year.
The colour black
The colour black within dark culture can be noted as the lowest common denominator in recognizing features of this movement. Black is a central part of communication within dark culture, symbolizing and representing a vast spectrum of elements this scene represents, within emotion, fashion, music, and general behavior. Among other things, it is a visual expression of feelings surrounding hopelessness, melancholy, darkness, and is moreover most significantly used as a reference towards grief and death.
Fashion
In addition to the color black, aesthetic awareness and a theme of individuality has been at the center of dark culture. These factors require a constant individual self-presentation against the background of what can be considered as 'the norm'. Thus, the main points of social demarcation are stylistic and visually aesthetic, whereby the fashion and style becomes the core content of self-expression.
Since its emergence, dark culture has differentiated a range of sub-scenes, resulting in a variation of emerging styles, all independent however in close similarity to a general 'gothic style'. The different currents of dark culture often intrinsically influenced one another throughout the gradual development of the movement. While there were always dominant style elements in the different time periods in which dark culture has existed, these were often combined with other current or past styles, however all generally corresponding to a typical 'gothic style' which has existed for many years and can be dated back to styles existing during the Victorian era. Despite the deep rooting in the history of dark culture's fashion, the evolution of stylistic elements and their fluid nature means that the scene cannot be reduced to a certain appearance. A general similarity can only be determined in the dominance of the color black, the general appearance of dark culture usually corresponding to a mixed form of different stylistic elements.
The colour black and the rise of consciousness surrounding aesthetics and visual self expression have been developed through the stylistic elements that dark culture represents. Although the fashion of the movement cannot be narrowed down to one particular style, there are notable common aesthetic choices made by members of the scene. Body jewelry such as piercings and tattoos are just as common as clothing in the realm of self-expression in dark culture. Jewelry is mostly worn in silver and steel and often include animal symbols in the form of spiders, snakes and scorpions as well as religious and mythological symbols. Furthermore, alternate materials that are generally seen as more 'alternate' fashion choices are enjoyed by dark culture designers such as leather, mesh and velvet. Articles of clothing that are also seen as more androgynous are common within the scene, such as men's skirts and more masculine fits of clothing worn by females to challenge societal gender norms.
Religion
Religion as an element of dark culture has been viewed by many in the scene as an abstract topic that is constantly critically questioned. The concept of death which stands as a main theme within dark culture, as well as the human emotion in dealing with mourning is considered by some members of the movement to be relative to religious content. Throughout recent years, the attention to the topic of faith has been attributed to humanity's continuation in attaining the meaning behind the concept of being, which has been seen as especially prevalent within youth. This engagement with finding a higher power of meaning in life, specifically within religion, although not directly relative, has been considered by some to be a leading element of what dark culture represents. In the scene, religious rituals and ceremonies have been explored yet are not engrained in the foundations of what dark culture was bred from. Despite this, the theoretical and practical preoccupation with occultism and esotericism has always been a permanent part of dark culture, and in some ways can be attributed to religious movements and ways of thinking.
Gothic subculture
Although the term dark culture has been used in scene media and the press since the 90s, the misleading title Gothic, referring to a sub-flow of the scene, is wrongly used to describe elements specifically linked to dark culture. Since circa 2004, term 'Gothic' has been used by non-members of the dark scene to wrongly title members of dark culture, leading to much confusion and controversy regarding all sub-cultures and sub-flows of dark culture. The Gothic subculture is specifically linked to the post-punk and wave movement within music, and thus only represents a small portion of the large spectrum of dark culture, despite Gothicism being used as an overarching term to name all members of the dark scene. Due to this, the use of gothic subculture as a term has sparked controversy within dark culture, most notable in the music press industry and international use of the term, such misuse rooted in confusion and lack of knowledge of the subcultures and their differentiating elements.
Events
Throughout history, highly significant events have evolved in the celebration and acknowledgement of movements surrounding dark culture. Today, the most significant of these is World Goth Day, which originated in the United Kingdom in 2009, since then, its observance spreading internationally. This event is held on 22 May, and is described as "a day where the goth scene gets to celebrate its own being, and an opportunity to make its presence known to the rest of the world." Aspects of dark culture's fashion, music, and art are celebrated on this day and combine to honour the history of this movement and the inclusivity and dark expression that it represents.
Events that celebrate the movement include festivals, such as Blackfield, Castle Rock, and Dark Dance which all focus exclusively on interpretations of dark culture. Other events that are not specifically attributed to the celebration of dark culture, however, feature dark music artists and bands include Amphi festival, Dark Malta festival, Secret Garden festival, and Zita rock festival.
See also
Dark academia
References
Musical subcultures
Goth subculture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark%20culture |
Jonathan Michael Gledhill (14 February 1949 – 1 November 2021) was an English Anglican clergyman. He was the Bishop of Southampton from 1996 to 2003, and the 98th Bishop of Lichfield from 2003 to 2015.
Early life
Gledhill was born on 14 February 1949, in Windsor, Berkshire, England. He was educated at Keele University and the University of Bristol. He trained for the ministry at Trinity College, Bristol. In 2007 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Keele University in recognition of his "outstanding contribution to the Church and to the people and the County of Staffordshire."
Ordained ministry
Gledhill was curate at All Saints', Marple, (Diocese of Chester) from 1975 to 1978 and from 1978 to 1983 was priest in charge of St George's Folkestone. From 1983 to 1996 he was Vicar at St Mary Bredin, Canterbury and a tutor at the Canterbury School of Ministry. From 1988 to 1994 he was also the Rural Dean at Canterbury and from 1992 to 1996 an honorary canon of Canterbury Cathedral.
From 1995 to 1998, Gledhill was a member of the General Synod. From 1996 to 2003 he was the suffragan Bishop of Southampton. From 1997 he chaired the Anglican-Old Catholic International Co-ordinating Council and was chairman of the Governing Body of the National College of Evangelists.
Gledhill was the 98th Bishop of Lichfield. He was enthroned in Lichfield Cathedral on 15 November 2003 and he retired on 30 September 2015. Following his retirement he moved back to Canterbury where he lived and had permission to officiate in its Diocese.
Gledhill published Leading a Local Church in the Age of the Spirit.
Personal life
Gledhill's wife Jane, was a university lecturer and lay reader; they had one daughter and one son.
He announced he had Parkinson's disease, shortly before his retirement from ministry in 2015. Gledhill died on 1 November 2021, at the age of 72.
Styles
The Reverend Jonathan Gledhill (1975–1992)
The Reverend Canon Jonathan Gledhill (1992–1996)
The Right Reverend Jonathan Gledhill (1996–2021)
References
1949 births
2021 deaths
Alumni of Keele University
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Bishops of Lichfield
Bishops of Southampton
Canons of Canterbury
Clergy from Windsor, Berkshire
Alumni of Trinity College, Bristol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Gledhill |
Said ibn Amir al-Jumahi () was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and Governor of Homs in Syria during the caliphate of Omar.
When Caliph Umar asked a delegation from people of Homs to provide list of needy people of hums so that he could make arrangement for meeting those needs, among other people name of governor said ibn Aamir was also in that list. Caliph Umar sent thousand gold coins(Asharfi in arabic).But said ibn Aamir distributed these instead putting these to his own use.
Life
As a youth, he was among the thousands who left for Tanim on the outskirts of Mecca at the invitation of the Quraysh to witness the killing of Khubayb ibn Adi, a companion of Muhammad whom they had captured and whose death was to be in revenge for Quraysh losses in the Battle of Badr. After accepting Islam shortly following Khubayb’s death Sa'id migrated to Medina and attached himself to Muhammad, participating in the Battle of Khaybar and other engagements thereafter. After Muhammad's death in 632 he continued active service under his two successors, Abu Bakr and Umar, who both knew Sa'id for his honesty and piety and listened to his advice.
Governor of Homs
Umar appointed him as governor of Homs (Emesa) in Syria, which was then called 'little Kufa' because, like Kufa, its inhabitants complained a lot about their leaders. During a visit to Syria, Umar asked the people of Homs if they had any complaints against their governor, to which they mentioned four. Umar summoned Sa'id, and in his presence asked the representatives of Homs to state their complaints.
The first complaint was that he left his home late every morning, to which Sa'id replied that he had no servants, and that following prayers, read the Quran and assisted his wife in preparing meals, which took some time. The second complaint was that he did not attend to anyone at night, which he explained was due to his practice of reserving the night for prayer. The third complaint was that once a month he left his house late in the afternoon, which he explained was a result of washing and drying his one change of clothes. The fourth complaint was that he occasionally fell into fits of unconsciousness. Sa'id explained that in Mecca he had witnessed Khubayb ibn Adi's torture and death by the Quraysh. The Quraysh offered him safety and protection for his wealth if he disowned Muhammad, but he spurned the offer. Sa'id added, that being a polytheist at the time he did nothing to aid Khubayb and whenever he recalls the event he becomes overwhelmed with remorse and passes out. Umar dismissed the complaints and said:
It is said that during his tenure as governor of Homs he choose to live in poverty and humbleness despite his high rank
See also
Battle of Khaybar
List of Sahaba
References
Companions of the Prophet
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Rashidun governors of Hims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Said%20ibn%20Amir%20al-Jumahi |
Indigo is a novel written by Alice Hoffman, published by Scholastic in 2002.
Plot
Oak Grove is a dry, dusty town haunted by memories of a past flood. Everyone dreads the water – except two brothers, Trevor and Eli McGill. Nicknamed Trout and Eel for their darting quickness and the mysterious webbing between their fingers and toes, the boys dream of the farthest seas and of a magical past they barely remember.
Martha Glimmer, the boys’ loyal friend, has her own reasons to help them reach their hearts’ desire. She's running away from her own memories – of her mother's death, her father's grief, and of the time before her heart was broken.
Little do Martha, Trout and Eel know that running away will lead them on a journey back to their own true natures.
References
External links
2002 American novels
American fantasy novels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo%20%28Hoffman%20novel%29 |
Joël Henry (born 1955) is a French journalist who was born in Strasbourg.
Career
Henry founded ‘Latourex’ in 1990, which is an abbreviation of the French phrase for ‘Laboratory of Experimental Travel’.
He also co-authored The Lonely Planet Guide to Experimental Travel, published in 2005, along with Rachael Antony. The book consisted of 40 alternative methods of taking a holiday, which included:
Organising a backpacking expedition to K2, the grid location on a map of one's locality
Secretly following a close friend or family member on holiday and photographing their activities while wearing a cliché detective's trench coat
Spending 24 hours in an airport lobby not intending to fly anywhere
Traveling to a city separately to one's partner or spouse and attempting to find each other without contact or travel information
Going to well known tourist destinations and photographing what is opposite the famous landmark
Philosophy
In a similar fashion to the Oulipo group, the imposition of arbitrary restrictions serves to heighten the tourist experience. What is more, Henry appears to be concerned that the majority of foreigners in another country do exactly the same as each other, and that discovering another country is more than a mere observation of its landmarks; indeed visiting tourist traps may be the worst way to discover a country, as here one will find the fewest locals, least tradition and minimal authenticity.
See also
Lonely Planet
External links
Homepage of Latourex
An interview with Joël Henry from the Guardian newspaper
Account of an experimental holiday
Joel Henry: Dean of “Experimental Travel”
1955 births
Living people
Writers from Strasbourg
French male non-fiction writers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl%20Henry%20%28journalist%29 |
Medebach () is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
Medebach is situated approximately east of Winterberg, south-west of Korbach and north of Marburg.
Neighbouring municipalities
Korbach
Lichtenfels
Willingen
Winterberg
Division of the town
Besides, the town center of Medebach, the municipality consists of the following districts, formerly independent villages:
with Roninghausen
with Wissinghausen
International relations
Medebach is twinned with
Locminé (France)
Worbis (Germany)
History
The town was first mentioned in a document in 1144. It belonged to the Hanseatic League.
Medebach and its district Oberschledorn entered the international news in September 2007 during the 2007 bomb plot in Germany, when three Islamic terrorists, two Germans and a Turk, were arrested there. They had received training in Pakistan and were about to build bombs from hydrogen peroxide in a rented holiday flat.
Notable inhabitants
Henricus de Medebeke, 1347 mayor of Reval
Caspar Vopelius, cartographer, mathematician, astronomer
Wilhelm Hohoff (1848-1923), Catholic priest
Hermann Bergenthal, painter, Oberschledorn
Josef Bergenthal, writer (1900-1982), („Münster steckt voller Merkwürdigkeiten“, 1935), Oberschledorn
Thomas Seeliger (born 1966), football player
References
External links
Official Medebach website—
Touristic information
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medebach |
Grand Beach is a freshwater beach located within the Rural Municipality of St. Clements on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba, Canada. It is located on the northern edge of the town of Grand Marais, Manitoba. Grand Beach is on the historic La Vérendrye Trail
.
History
Founded by homesteaders, it was home to a substantial community of Métis, who were the only settlers until the Canadian Northern Railway built its line and set up the resort along the Grand Beach in 1917. After it was made accessible by the railway, it became a very popular resort for Manitobans.
In the early days, the grandest building in the resort was the Dance Pavilion, built in 1918 and rated by some as the largest dance hall of its time in the Commonwealth, but it was destroyed in a fire that began at 11 am on September 5, 1950. Prior to the fire, CNR had put the resort buildings up for sale. Along with the incredible beaches, the dance hall made Grand Beach a very attractive day trip destination for Winnipeggers in the 1920s, that was made possible by regular train services to Winnipeg, with the last train leaving at midnight. A Harvey J. Emke of Winnipeg bought the properties from CNR in 1951.
Sites and attractions
Grand Beach is part of Grand Beach Provincial Park and features of fine, white sand and is backed by sand dunes that rise up to above the beach. A boardwalk at the West end of the beach offers food and shopping. Change rooms and plumbed washrooms are available all along the beach.
Annual events
Canada Day Family Festival
Grand Marais Family Festival
Manitoba Summerfest
Beaches Half Marathon
References
External links
Grand Beach Tourism
Manitoba Conservation
Eastern Beaches of Manitoba
Manitoba Historical Society
Website of Great Canadian Lakes
Beaches of Manitoba
Winnipeg Metro Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Beach%20%28Manitoba%29 |
Loenersloot is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was a part of the former municipality of Loenen. Since 2011 it has made part of the new formed municipality of Stichtse Vecht. It lies about 12 km west of Hilversum. It is located on the Angstel River.
Loenersloot used to be a separate municipality. In 1964, it merged with the neighbouring municipality of Loenen. Castle Loenersloot is located in the village.
History
The village is first mentioned between 918 and 948 as in Lonora laca. By 1156, it became Heinricum de Lonreslothe, and means "ditch near Loenen.
Loenersloot developed along the Angstel River opposite . The castle was built in 1258 by the van Loenersloot family as a loan of Otto II, Count of Guelders. In 1377, it was besieged. In 1766 it was sold to Hendrik Willem van Hoorn and partially demolished, however van Hoorn was declared bankrupt in 1770, and the new owner restored the castle and turned it into an estate.
Loenersloot already had a chapel in the 14th century. In the 16th century, a courthouse and inn was next to the chapel. In 1840, Loenersloot was home to 303 people.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Utrecht (province)
Former municipalities of Utrecht (province)
Stichtse Vecht | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loenersloot |
A Naval Review is an event where select vessels and assets of the United States Navy are paraded to be reviewed by the President of the United States or the Secretary of the Navy. Due to the geographic distance separating the modern U.S. Navy and the deployment rotations of a various ships within a fleet, it would be exceedingly difficult to imagine a situation where even an entire numbered fleet could be presented at one event, to say nothing of the physical cost and logistical requirements to support over 460 ships exceeding 3.4 million tons displacement.
A naval review can also include warships and delegates from other national navies. The largest modern maritime exercise regularly being conducted by the US Navy is the Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC), held biennially during the summer on even-numbered years off the coast of Hawaii. It typically sees the participation of around 50 ships and 200 aircraft, from 2 dozen nations with some 25,000 personnel, culminating in a massive naval review often attended by the Secretary of the Navy, joining the Commander, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command, Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet, and other invited dignitaries.
Following is a list of select past Naval Reviews, by President. Each was reviewed by the President, unless otherwise noted.
Nineteenth century
Grover Cleveland
Apr to June 1893, at Hampton Roads – International Naval Review, part of the Columbian Exposition – President on board the despatch vessel , with the following other U.S. naval vessels present:
Before World War One
Theodore Roosevelt
1903 at Oyster Bay, New York – Presidential Fleet Review
2–4 September 1906, Oyster Bay, New York – U.S. naval vessels included:
10 June 1907 – Presidential Review, from Fort Monroe as part of Jamestown Exposition which laid the groundwork for Naval Station, Norfolk – U.S. naval vessels included USS Georgia, from which 11 June was proclaimed "Georgia Day"
16 December 1907, Hampton Roads – Send-off for the Great White Fleet, which included , 15 other battleships, a torpedo boat squadron and transports, USS Truxtun
6–8 May 1908, San Francisco Bay, reviewed by Secretary of the Navy, which included the following units of the Pacific Fleet:
USS Georgia
22 February 1909, Hampton Roads – Return of the Great White Fleet, which included the following vessels:
William Howard Taft
2 November 1910 – Before departure for France
early November 1911, New York – U.S. naval vessels included:
USS Washington
1 April 1912, off Yonkers, New York, which included USS Wisconsin
14 October 1912, North River – and passed before the President and the Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer
10–15 October 1912, Philadelphia –
1914–1919: Woodrow Wilson
May 1915, New York Harbor – inc.
26 December 1918 – New York – reviewed by Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels from the deck of the yacht and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Delano Roosevelt from , which also included USS Wisconsin
September 1919, San Francisco, including (during which she was visited by Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels on 4 September) and
12 September 1919, Seattle, Washington – U.S. naval vessels included USS Seattle
late December 1919, North River – Victory Naval Review – U.S. naval vessels included
Inter-war
Warren G. Harding
28 April 1921, Hampton Roads – Reviewed by President Warren G. Harding, which included the following U.S. naval vessels:
USS Delaware
April 1921, Norfolk, Virginia, which included the following U.S. naval vessels:
1923, Seattle, Washington, which included and
Calvin Coolidge
June 1927, Hampton Roads – Naval vessels included:
USS Seattle
Franklin D. Roosevelt
31 May 1934, New York Harbor, which included the following U.S. naval vessels:
September–November 1935, San Diego, California which included the following U.S. naval vessels:
USS Concord
12–14 July 1938, San Francisco, California – carried President Roosevelt and also included USS Concord.
1940 to 1945
Navy Day, 27 October 1940
Harry S. Truman
Navy Day Fleet Review in New York Harbor, 27 October 1945
Post-war to present
Dwight Eisenhower
11–13 June 1957, Hampton Roads – International Naval Review on 350th anniversary of founding of Jamestown, Virginia, which involved 113 ships from seventeen nations, including the French anti-aircraft cruiser and the following U.S. naval vessels:
– Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson embarked
– Flagship for Admiral Jerauld Wright, Commander-in-Chief U.S. Atlantic Fleet and Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic
26 June 1959, USS Lake St. Louis reviewed by the President and by Queen Elizabeth II, which included USS Forrest Royal and
Gerald Ford
1976 - New York Harbor – Fourth International Naval Review in honor of the United States Bicentennial.
Set to coincide with Op Sail 1976, which included as host ship on whose flight deck on 4 July the President rang in the Bicentennial.
American ships were joined with vessels from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France, Italy, West Germany, Norway, Sweden, Spain, Portugal, the Soviet Union, Israel, Egypt, Venezuela, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, The Netherlands, & Romania.
Ronald Reagan
1986 - On July 3–4, the Fifth International Naval Review commemorating the rededication of the Statue of Liberty was held in New York Harbor. Repeating the model from 1776, the warships came in on July 3 and anchored along the channel and the Tall Ships sailed up the Hudson River to the George Washington Bridge past , where Reagan and other VIPs gathered to review the fleet.
Bill Clinton
3–9 July 2000, New York City – Sixth International Naval Review, set to coincide with Op Sail 200, included the following U.S naval vessels:
Reviewing Ships
(Clinton's flagship)
USS John F. Kennedy
Parading Vessels
RIMPAC
First held in 1971, RIMPAC is the world's largest international maritime warfare exercise. Hosted and administered by the United States Navy's Indo-Pacific Command in conjunction with the Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, and Hawaii National Guard. It is described by the US Navy as a unique training opportunity that helps participants foster and sustain the cooperative relationships that are critical to ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security on the world's oceans.
Although the 2020 RIMPAC exercise was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 25,000 naval personnel and 52 ships and submarines from 26 countries participated in the 2018 exercises, with forces representing Australia, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Vietnam.
References
External links
United States Navy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Review |
The Arolsen Archives – International Center on Nazi Persecution formerly the International Tracing Service (ITS), in German Internationaler Suchdienst, in French Service International de Recherches in Bad Arolsen, Germany, is an internationally governed centre for documentation, information and research on Nazi persecution, forced labour and the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and its occupied regions. The archive contains about 30 million documents from concentration camps, details of forced labour, and files on displaced persons. ITS preserves the original documents and clarifies the fate of those persecuted by the Nazis. The archives have been accessible to researchers since 2007. In May 2019 the Center uploaded around 13 million documents and made it available online to the public. The archives are currently being digitised and transcribed through the crowdsourcing platform Zooniverse. As of September 2022, approximately 46% of the archives have been transcribed.
History
In 1943, the international section of the British Red Cross was asked by the Headquarters of the Allied Forces to set up a registration and tracing service for missing people. The organization was formalized under the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces and named the Central Tracing Bureau on February 15, 1944. As the war unfolded, the bureau was moved from London to Versailles, then to Frankfurt am Main, and finally to Bad Arolsen, which was considered a central location among the areas of Allied occupation and had an intact infrastructure unaffected by war.
On July 1, 1947, the International Refugee Organization took over administration of the bureau, and on January 1, 1948, the name was changed to International Tracing Service. In April 1951, administrative responsibilities for the service were placed under the Allied High Commission for Germany. When the status of occupation of Germany was repealed in 1954, the ICRC took over the administration of the ITS. The Bonn Agreement of 1955 (which stated that no data that could harm the former Nazi victims or their families should be published) and their amendment protocols dating from 2006 provided the legal foundation of the International Tracing Service. The daily operations were managed by a director appointed by the ICRC, who had to be a Swiss citizen. After some discussion, in 1990 the Federal Republic of Germany renewed its continuing commitment to funding the operations of the ITS. The documents in the ITS archives were opened to public access on November 28, 2007.
Tracing missing persons, clarifying people's fates, providing family members with information, also for compensation and pension matters, have been the principal tasks of the ITS since its beginning. Since the opening of the archives, new tasks such as research and education and the archival description of the documents gain more importance in relation to the tasks of tracing and clarifying fates. Since these new activities are not part of its humanitarian mission, the ICRC withdrew from the management of the ITS in December 2012. The Bonn Agreement was replaced on December 9, 2011, when the eleven member states of the International Commission signed two new agreements in Berlin on the future tasks and management of the ITS.
ITS was founded as an organization dedicated to finding missing persons, typically lost to family and friends as a result of war, persecution or forced labour during World War II. The service operates under the legal authority of the Berlin Agreements from December 2011 and is funded by the government of Germany. The German Federal Archives are the institutional partner for the ITS since January 2013.
Organization
The organization is governed by an International Commission with representatives from Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, United Kingdom, and the United States. The Commission draws up the guidelines for the work to be carried out by the ITS and monitors these in the interests of the former victims of persecution.
The director of the ITS is appointed by the International Commission and is accountable directly to the commission. Since January 2016, Floriane Azoulay is the director. There are about 240 staff employed by the ITS. The institution is funded by the German Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media (BKM).
Application for information
Application forms
On November 28, 2007, the ITS archives were made broadly available to the general public. The ITS records may be consulted in person, or by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail; addresses and contact numbers are available on the ITS website. Inquiries can be submitted to the ITS using the online form on the organization's website. The archives are also open for research.
New obligations
After the end of the Second World War the main task of the ITS was initially to conduct a search for the survivors of Nazi persecution and their family-members. Today, this accounts for no more than about three percent of its work. However, a large number of new obligations have been taken on over the course of the decades.
These include certification of the forms persecution took, confirmation for pension and compensation payments, allowing victims and their family members to inspect copies of the original documents and enabling the following generations to find out what happened to their forebears.
Answers
More than 70 years after the end of World War II, the ITS receives more than 1,000 inquiries every month from all around the world. Most of them now come from younger generations who are seeking information about the fate of their family members. In 2015, the ITS received around 15,500 requests regarding the fate of 21,909 persons from survivors, family members or researchers.
During the compensation phase of Eastern European forced labourers through the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation between 2000 and 2007, around 950,000 enquiries were sent to the Tracing Service. As a result of this flood of enquiries, the ITS was tremendously over-extended. Consequently, this created a gigantic backlog, which temporarily did considerable damage to the standing of the institution. Especially enquiries, which had no direct bearing on the foundation, remained unprocessed.
The archives
Inventory
ITS's total inventory comprises 26,000 linear metres of original documents from the Nazi era and post-war period, 232,710 meters of microfilm and more than 106,870 microfiches. Work is under way to digitize the files, both for purposes of easier search and for preserving the historical record. Since 2015, the digitized material is gradually being published on the archive's Digital Collection Online platform.
The inventory is split up into three main areas: incarceration, forced labour and displaced persons. The variety of documents is enormous. They include list material and individual documents, such as registration cards, transport lists, records of deaths, questionnaires, labour passports, health insurance and social insurance documents. Among the documents are also examples of prominent victims of Nazi persecution like Anne Frank and Elie Wiesel.
In addition to this there are smaller sections associated with the work of a tracing service: the alphabetical-phonetic Central Name Index, the child search archives and the correspondence files. The Central Name Index represents the key to the documents. With 50 million references on the fate of over 17.5 million people, it is based on an alphabetic-phonetic filing system that was developed especially for ITS.
Finding aids
Making the inventory researchable for all historical issues is an urgent responsibilities after opening the archives. To date, the arrangement of the documents having been collected over a period of six decades was subject to the requirements of a tracing service, which brought families together and clarified the fates of individuals. The Central Name Index was the key to the documents, while the documents were arranged according to victim groups.
This principle no longer is sufficient, since historians ask not only for names, but also for topics, events, locations or nationalities. The goal is to compile finding aids that can be accessed and published online and are based on international archival standards. The first series of inventories could be published on the Internet (for the time being in the German language only). The documents were indexed according to their origin and content. In view of the volume of the documents to be described, this process will take some years.
Copies made available
The International Commission at its May 2007 meeting approved the US Holocaust Memorial Museum's proposal to permit advance distribution of the material, as it is digitized, to the designated repository institutions prior to the completion of the agreement ratification process officially opening the material. In August 2007, the USHMM received the first installment of records and in November 2007, received the Central Name Index. Materials will continue to be received as they are digitized.
One institution is designated for each of the 11 countries to receive a copy of the archive. The following locations have been designated by their respective countries.
United States - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Israel - Yad Vashem
Poland - Institute of National Remembrance
Luxembourg - Centre de Documentation et de Recherche sur la Resistance
Belgium - National Archives of Belgium
France - French National Archives (Archives Nationales)
United Kingdom - The Wiener Library for the Study of the Holocaust & Genocide
On May 21, 2019, millions of digitized documents were made available online.
Other specialised archives
Archives on the fate of prisoners of war exist in Geneva at the ICRC, Central Tracing Agency. Inquiries are dealt with.
Other archives deal with missing Germans on occasion of flight and expulsion and with missing German Wehrmacht soldiers. German Red Cross searches for German missing persons except those who were prosecuted by Nazi regime. Kirchlicher Suchdienst has knowledge on population of former eastern regions of Germany. Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has the archives of Wehrmacht soldiers killed in action. German War Graves Commission has an online inventory of war graves.
Controversy
The ITS had been criticized before 2008 for refusing to open its archives to the public. The ITS, backed by the German government, had cited German archival law to support their position. The laws mandate a 100-year gap between releasing records in order to protect privacy. However, their critics argued that the ITS as such is not subject to German law. One accusation raised against Germany and the ITS by critics was that the archive was kept closed out of a desire to repress information about the Holocaust.
Critics cited the fact that all eleven governments sitting on the International Commission of the ITS endorsed the Stockholm International Forum Declaration of January 2000, which included a call for the opening of various Holocaust-era archives. However, since the Declaration was made, there had been little practical change in the operations of the ITS, despite repeated negotiations between the ITS, ICRC, and various Jewish and Holocaust survivor advocacy groups. A critical press release from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum written in March 2006 charged that "In practice, however, the ITS and the ICRC have consistently refused to cooperate with the International Commission board and have kept the archive closed." In early 2006, several newspaper articles also raised questions about the quality of the ITS' management and the underlying reasons for the existing backlog.
In May 2006, the International Commission for the ITS decided to open the archives and documents for researchers use, and to transfer, upon request, one copy of the ITS archives and documents to each one of its member states. This took place once all 11 countries ratified the new ITS Protocol. On November 28, 2007, it was announced that Greece, as the last of the member countries, filed its ratification papers with the German Foreign Ministry. It was then announced that the documents in the archive were open to public access.
Covert role in Cold War
Associated Press (AP) reporters who were given access to ITS files found a carton of documents related to an escapee program run by the Truman Administration. The AP reporters used these files and declassified US documents to describe how the United States asked the ITS to run background checks on escapees from Eastern Europe. The Central Intelligence Agency reviewed their histories and then recruited some of them to return to their countries of origin, to spy for the United States. The program did not return very much useful intelligence, because these recruits, motivated to impress their handlers, supplied information that was not reliable, and because by 1952, the Soviets had largely exposed these efforts. Many recruits disappeared, presumed dead.
School projects
A group of students participated from 2013 to 2014 in the project "DENK MAL – Erinnerung im öffentlichen Raum" at the school. The students, including the author Tariq Abo Gamra, erected a plaque at the entrance of the school in remembrance of the murdered and prosecuted Jewish students in Nazi Germany. A commemoration ceremony took place on November 10, 2014. The project received letters from German Chancellor Angela Merkel and the German President Joachim Gauck congratulating them. The project was supported by the International Tracing Service.
References
External links
Digital Collection Online Platform
Erik Kirschbaum, Archive Holdings Online, Los Angeles Times, accessed 21 May 2019.
Archives in Germany
Aftermath of World War II in Germany
Genealogy
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
State archives
Jewish German history | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arolsen%20Archives%20-%20International%20Center%20on%20Nazi%20Persecution |
Neil LeVang (January 3, 1932 – January 26, 2015) was an American musician who was best known from television's The Lawrence Welk Show, playing guitar, violin and banjo.
Biography
The younger of two boys, Levang was born in Adams, North Dakota, a farmer's son of Swedish and Norwegian descent. He got his start playing the banjo and soon added guitar and violin. As a young boy, Levang moved with his family between Adams, North Dakota and Bemidji, Minnesota before migrating west. They settled in Riverside, California when Levang was thirteen. At the age of fifteen, he was playing with area bands and establishing himself as a versatile and accomplished stringed instrumentalist. In 1948, Levang appeared with Foy Willing and the Riders of the Purple Sage, as well as Jimmy Wakely and several other country swing bands.
Levang joined the United States Coast Guard in 1951 which took him to Seattle, Washington. There he continued in the music scene playing with "Texas Jim Lewis and his Lonestar Cowboys". He also hosted his own radio show. In 1959, he was hired as a temporary guitar and banjo player on The Lawrence Welk Show when Buddy Merrill left to serve in the United States Army. Welk was so pleased with his ability that he hired Levang on a permanent basis when Buddy completed his tour of duty in 1961. Levang stayed with the Welk Band until its final show in 1982. That same year, at the Country Music Association Awards he was nominated for best artist on a specialty instrument, the mandolin. He was also an accomplished studio musician, playing on several records for artists such as Glen Campbell, Frank Zappa, Bobby Darin, Bobbi Gentry, David Clayton Thomas, Neal Hefti ("Batman Theme"), Elvis Presley, Dean Martin, Neil Diamond and Noel Boggs.
Levang performed as a studio musician on many television shows including Little House on the Prairie, The Ed Sullivan Show, The Brady Bunch, The Monkees, Highway to Heaven, Green Acres, Petticoat Junction, and a host of Hanna-Barbera cartoons. He was the featured guitarist with Naomi and Wynonna Judd on the 1985 and 1986 Academy of Country Music Association Awards television broadcast. He was the subject of an extensive career profile by historian Rich Kienzle in the December 2009 issue of Vintage Guitar Magazine.
Levang unknowingly created a new genre of music that would eventually be called Surf Rock with his 1961 arrangement of Ghost Riders In the Sky, performed on The Lawrence Welk Show.
Levang died in Canyon Country, California at the age of 83.
Film credits as a musician
Neil also worked on music for several Hollywood motion pictures. His film credits include:
All the President's Men
The Apple Dumpling Gang
At Long Last Love
Barefoot in the Park
Beyond the Valley of the Dolls
Bless the Beasts and the Children
Blue Hawaii
California Suite
Charlotte's Web
Dead Again
Dick Tracy
Emperor of the North
For Pete's Sake
Friday Foster
Goin' South
Good Morning, Vietnam
Hardcore
Herbie Goes Bananas
Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo
Hooper
Hot Lead and Cold Feet
Huckleberry Finn
Hustle
I'll Take Sweden
The Last Hard Men
The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean
Live a Little, Love a Little
The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing
Nickelodeon
Paint Your Wagon
Pajama Party
Pennies from Heaven
Pete's Dragon
Rosemary's Baby
Smokey and the Bandit
Sophie's Choice
Thank God It's Friday
Tony Rome
True Grit
Twice Upon a Time
Zorro, The Gay Blade
References
External links
American banjoists
1932 births
2015 deaths
People from Walsh County, North Dakota
Guitarists from North Dakota
American people of Norwegian descent
American male guitarists
American people of Swedish descent
Lawrence Welk
20th-century American guitarists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Levang |
Lucy v. Adams, 350 U.S. 1 (1955), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully established the right of all citizens to be accepted as students at the University of Alabama.
The case involved African American citizens Autherine Lucy and Polly Anne Myers, who were refused admission to the University of Alabama solely on account of their race or color.
The Supreme Court affirmed the lower court decision, saying that it enjoins and restrains the respondent and others designated from denying these petitioners, solely on account of their race or color, the right to enroll in the University of Alabama and pursue courses of study there.
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 350
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
Sweatt v. Painter
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
External links
1955 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States equal protection case law
United States school desegregation case law
History of the University of Alabama
African-American history of Alabama
1955 in Alabama
Legal history of Alabama
Civil rights movement case law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy%20v.%20Adams |
Hugh Scott Robertson (born 19 March 1975 in Aberdeen is a Scottish former professional footballer.)
Playing career
Aberdeen
Robertson started his career playing in the youth team for Aberdeen. He was loaned out to junior football team, Lewis United for a season to continue his apprenticeship. Aberdeen were satisfied enough with his progress to offer him another contract which he signed in 1993. While at Aberdeen, Shuggy made 22 Premier appearances, scoring twice. However, he never quite established himself as a first team regular and he was sold to Dundee in January 1997.
Dundee
He started brightly for Dundee and played in 15 of the team's remaining fixtures. However, he failed to figure in Dundee's following promotion season, which was partly due to a family bereavement. His lack of first team football saw manager Jocky Scott loan him to Brechin City and Inverness. It looked as though Robertson was heading out of the club until he was surprisingly recalled to the side for the December win at Tynecastle. This saw Robertson rediscover his form and Robertson become a regular for the remainder of the season 1998–99 season. However, in 2000, Robertson once again gradually found his first team opportunities limited and he spent two months on loan to Ayr United before he was signed by Neale Cooper for Ross County in February 2001.
Ross County
Robertson formed a strong relationship with manager Neale Cooper and he found himself playing regular football for the next three years. Robertson played over league 100 games, scoring 13 goals. He was played in a number of positions and he even found himself playing up front for a short period of time. Despite his popularity amongst the Ross County fans, Hugh Robertson decided to follow his former manager Neale Cooper and signed for Hartlepool United in January 2004.
Hartlepool United
Robertson made his Hartlepool debut against Barnsley and initially seemed to lack pace and stamina during his first few games at Hartlepool and the fans were unsure of whether he would be a success. However, Robertson won the fans over in a memorable performance against Blackpool. This match saw Hugh Robertson take several free kicks that were inches away from going in. As the match entered its final quarter Robertson stepped up and took another free kick and scored. However, the goal was disallowed as the referee had deemed it to have been taken too early. Not to be deterred, Robertson retook the free kick and scored, placing the ball in almost an identical position.
Robertson continued scoring from free kicks and long distances and this earned him cult status amongst the Hartlepool fans who began calling him "Hugh the Hammer". Robertson scored yet another memorable long distance goal, this time against Luton. As the ball spun towards him from open play, Robertson smashed the ball into the back of the net. Robertson hit the ball so powerfully that it gave the keeper little time to react and by the time he had dived the ball was already in the net. This goal earned him the 2004 Hartlepool United Goal of the Season award and it is widely regarded as one of the best Hartlepool goals of the club's history. In his first season at the club Robertson scored 4 goals despite only arriving towards the end. All of these goals bar one were from outside the box. Despite his record from free kicks, Robertson claimed that he has never practised free kicks.
Robertson started the 2004–05 season in much the same fashion and scored another free kick against Bradford City on the opening day. However, Robertson's season was cut short after a niggling foot and ankle injury required surgery and kept him out for the majority of the season. The following season saw Robertson finally regain fitness and he appeared in the match against AFC Bournemouth.
However, Robertson suffered from the same recurring injury and was once again injured. He was released from Hartlepool shortly after, and in August 2006 rejoined his former club Ross County. In the summer of 2007, Robertson was given a one-year contract extension with County after impressing in the 2006 season.
Honours
Aberdeen
Scottish League Cup: 1
1995–96
Ross County
Scottish Challenge Cup: 1
2006–07
References
External links
1975 births
Footballers from Aberdeen
Living people
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish football managers
Aberdeen F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Dundee F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks
Men's association football wingers
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players
Ross County F.C. players
Culter F.C. players
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Robertson%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201975%29 |
Carolina Coastal Railway is a shortline railroad that operates several lines in North Carolina and one line in South Carolina.
History
CLNA was created in 1989 under the Thoroughbred Shortline Program of Norfolk Southern and was a subsidiary of Rail Link, Inc., which became a subsidiary of Genesee & Wyoming in 1995. The original line was from Pinetown, North Carolina to Belhaven. CLNA interchanged with NS at Pinetown. CLNA was acquired by Main Line Rail Management, Inc. in 2003.
In 2006, CLNA began to serve a former NS branch between Whitney and Badin where Alcoa previously operated a large aluminum plant.
On March 25, 2007, CLNA entered into a lease agreement with NS for the Plymouth-Raleigh route, 147 miles of the former mainline of the original Norfolk Southern.
In 2010, CLNA began providing contract switching services in Kinston, North Carolina. Also in 2011, CLNA began serving the Port of Morehead City by taking over the Morehead and South Fork.
In 2011, CLNA purchased a line between Rocky Mount and Spring Hope previously known as the Nash County Railroad. Also in 2011, CLNA began operating a former NS branch between Blacksburg, South Carolina and Kings Creek, South Carolina; operations on this branch ceased in 2013.
In 2020, the railroad was purchased by Regional Rail.
See also
Thoroughbred Shortline Program
References
External links
Official website
Railway Association of North Carolina - CLNA
American Short Line & Regional Railroad Association: CLNA
North Carolina railroads
Genesee & Wyoming
Spin-offs of the Norfolk Southern Railway | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%20Coastal%20Railway |
Lyng is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is situated on the River Wensum, some north-east of the town of East Dereham and north-west of the city of Norwich.
The civil parish has an area of and in the 2021 census had a population of 860 people in 360 separate households (in the 2011 census had a population of 807 in 356 households). For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the Elmham and Mattishall division of Norfolk County Council and the Upper Wensum ward of Breckland District Council.
History
The village's name is likely derived from the Old English word 'hlinc', meaning 'bank', 'ledge', or 'terrace', possibly deriving from a river terrace.
Human activity in the Lyng area dates back to the paleolithic period, with two flint handaxes from the period found in a gravel pit there in the 1960s. In 1916, archaeologists observed a probable mesolithic flint working site. Evidence of activity in the Early Bronze Age has been found, but there is currently no sign of Iron Age activity in the area.
There is significant evidence of a Roman presence in the area, including a pottery kiln in the east of the parish as well as coins, pottery fragments, brooches, and a copper alloy votive hammer. Saxon finds are also present, including a rare Middle Saxon spur and a Late Saxon brooch.
Churches
In medieval times, Lyng had two churches. St. Edmund's Chapel was the church of a Benedictine nunnery at Lyng Eastaugh, three quarters of a mile to the south-east of the village. It fell into ruin after being abandoned in the 13th century and all but a small stone pillar has disappeared.
St Margaret's Church is the oldest surviving building in the parish, from the medieval period. It is still in use today and has regular services operated by the Church Of England. Externally, the church appears to be 17th to 18th century, due to a large renovation that took place around that time. The nave dates from the 15th century, when it was most probably enlarged from the original medieval church which stood there. Lyng St Margaret also houses an altar cloth which was made in the 19th century from at least two 15th-century vestments.
Clergyman and poet Ralph Knevet became rector of Lyng in 1652, and remained there for the rest of his life. He died in 1671 and was buried in the chancel of St. Margaret's. Charles Anson was another rector of Lyng from 1794.
Other features
Lyng also has a motocross track located to the south of the village called Cadders Hill, run by the Norwich Vikings motorcycle club. The club holds the British Motocross Championship, Eastern Centre Championship, and other events annually. The track is situated in a natural valley with Cadders Hill and the surrounding woodland as its main feature.
Lyng had a mill house on the River Wensum originally built for milling flour, which later operated for both paper and flour. It burned down, but was rebuilt in 1778. The village developed a long-standing family economy of papermaking from the mill, in which wives and daughters prepared discarded linen for pulping. During the Swing Riots in 1830, when it was identified that the newly erected rag "chopping machines" that were used to make paper at the mill had disrupted this economy, Luddites armed with "axes, hammers, bars and bludgeons" attacked the machines in 1832 and destroyed the building. The mill was rebuilt and used until 1865, but still remains next to a three-arched bridge over the Wensum river, and both are Grade II listed buildings.
Multiple post-medieval kilns are present in Lyng, including multiple lime kilns in existence since at least 1836, and one of which was a brick kiln that was turned up by ploughing in 1977.
A World War II type 22 concrete pillbox built in 1940 still exists to the south of Lyng Easthaugh, possibly used alongside gun emplacements or a searchlight battery.
Like many villages in Norfolk, Lyng is surrounded by farmland. On 26 July 1999, Greenpeace activists, led by Lord Melchett, destroyed 6 acres of genetically modified maize at Walnut Tree Farm in Lyng as a form of civil disobedience. The protest created national headlines. Melchett was refused bail, but he and the other 27 activist co-defendants were acquitted of theft and criminal damage the next year.
Eastaugh
The hamlet of Eastaugh or Easthaugh, often known as Lyng Eastaugh, lies to the south-east of the main village near Weston Longville. It is the site of the ruin of the medieval chapel of St Edmund's.
References
External links
Information from Genuki Norfolk on Lyng.
Villages in Norfolk
Civil parishes in Norfolk
Breckland District | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyng%2C%20Norfolk |
Baháʼí literature covers a variety of topics and forms, including scripture and inspiration, interpretation, history and biography, introduction and study materials, and apologia. Sometimes considerable overlap between these forms can be observed in a particular text.
The "canonical texts" are the writings of the Báb, Baháʼu'lláh, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, and the authenticated talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. The writings of the Báb and Baháʼu'lláh are regarded as divine revelation, the writings and talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and the writings of Shoghi Effendi as authoritative interpretation, and those of the Universal House of Justice as authoritative legislation and elucidation. Some measure of divine guidance is assumed for all of these texts.
The Baháʼí Faith relies extensively on its literature. Literacy is strongly encouraged so that believers may read the texts for themselves. In addition, doctrinal questions are routinely addressed by returning to primary works.
Many of the religion's early works took the form of letters to individuals or communities. These are termed tablets and have been collected into various folios by Baháʼís over time. Today, the Universal House of Justice still uses letters as a primary method of communication.
Literary forms
Generally speaking, the literary form of a particular book can generally be observed by noting the author and/or title.
Scripture, inspiration and interpretation
Baháʼís believe that the founders of the religion, The Báb and Baháʼu'lláh, received revelation directly from God. As such their works are considered divinely inspired. These works are considered to be "revealed text" or revelation.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was appointed by Baháʼu'lláh to be his successor and was authorized by him to interpret the religion's "revealed text." The works of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá are therefore considered authoritative directives and interpretation, as well as part of Baháʼí scripture. He, along with The Báb and Baháʼu'lláh, is considered one of the "Central Figures" of the religion.
Likewise Shoghi Effendi's interpretations and directives are considered authoritative, but are not considered to expand upon the "revealed text", or to be scripture.
In the Baháʼí view, the Universal House of Justice does not have the position to interpret the founders' works, nor those of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá or Shoghi Effendi. However, it is charged with addressing any question not addressed in those works. As such its directives are considered authoritative, as long as they are in force (the Universal House of Justice may alter or revoke its own earlier decisions as needed), and are often collected into compilations or folios.
The works of the Central Figures, Shoghi Effendi, and the Universal House of Justice taken together are the canonical texts of the Baha'i Faith.
A special category of works consist of the prayers of the Central Figures. These were often included in original letters and have been collected into various prayer books. Baháʼu'lláh's Prayers and Meditations is a significant volume. As Baháʼís are to pray, meditate, and study sacred scripture daily, these books are common.
History and biography
Shoghi Effendi's only book, God Passes By, is a central text covering the history of the faith from 1844 to 1944. Nabil-Zarandi's Dawn Breakers covers the Bábí period extensively through to Baháʼu'lláh's banishment from Persia in 1853.
Ruhiyyih Rabbani's Ministry of the Custodians details the interregnum between Shoghi Effendi's death in 1957 and the election of the Universal House of Justice in 1963.
Other authors have revisited the early periods of the religion in the Middle East or addressed historical periods in other places. Some of these contain significant amounts of biographical data and can be considered biographies. Notably, Balyuzi's and Taherzadeh's works have focused on the history and biographies of the central figures of the religion and their significant contemporaries.
Introduction and study materials
One of the earliest introductory texts available in English is Esslemont's Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era. This book, originally published in 1923, has undergone several revisions over time to update, correct, and clarify its contents though ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was able to personally review several of its chapters. More than sixty years later, it remains in the top ten of cited Baháʼí books.
Several other introductory texts are available. Hatcher & Martin's The Baháʼí Faith: The Emerging Global Religion, Momen's A Short Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith, and Smith's The Baháʼí Religion are some examples.
Of considerable importance to the Baháʼí community worldwide is the Ruhi series of study materials inspired, and largely produced, by the Baháʼí community of Colombia. These books form the core texts used in "Study Circles" and "Training Institutes" by Baháʼí communities around the world.
Apologia
A few of Baháʼu'lláh's works may classify as apologia. In addition to being significant doctrinal works, his Kitáb-i-Íqán (Book of Certitude) and Epistle to the Son of the Wolf address both Islamic and Baháʼí audiences.
During Baháʼu'lláh's lifetime, both Nabíl-i-Akbar and Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání were noteworthy Shiʻa scholars who accepted the religion. Nabíl-i-Akbar was well versed in, and wrote on Shiʻa issues. Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl wrote extensively on both Christian and Shiʻa apologia, most notably in his book The Brilliant Proof.
While Townshend's Christ and Baháʼu'lláh may also be regarded as an apologetic response to Christian concerns, Udo Schaefer, et al.'s Making the Crooked Straight is a decidedly apologetic response to Ficicchia's polemical Der Baháʼísmus - Religion der Zukunft? (Baháʼísm – Religion of the future?), a book which was published and promoted by the Evangelische Zentralstrelle für Weltanschauungsfragen (Central Office of the Protestant Church for Questions of Ideology) in the 1980s. This organization has since revoked its affiliation with Ficicchia and now recognizes the Baháʼí Faith as an important partner in inter-religious dialogue.
Revelation
Baháʼu'lláh occasionally would write himself, but normally the revelation was dictated to his secretaries, whose tracts are sometimes recorded it in what has been called revelation writing, a shorthand script written with extreme speed owing to the rapidity of the utterance being transcribed. Afterwards, Baháʼu'lláh revised and approved these drafts. These revelation drafts and many other transcriptions of the writings of Baháʼu'lláh's, some of which are in his own handwriting, are kept in the International Baháʼí Archives in Haifa, Israel.
Some large works, for example the Kitáb-i-Íqán, were revealed in a very short time, as in a night, or a few days.
Volume
Baháʼu'lláh wrote many books, tablets and prayers, of which only a fraction have so far been translated into English. He revealed thousands of tablets with a total volume more than 70 times the size of the Qurʼan and more than 15 times the size of the Bible. Over 7000 tablets and other works have been collected of an estimated 15,000 texts. Considering the great scope and volume of Baháʼu'lláh's writings which Bahá'ís possess, it is interesting Baháʼu'lláh's amanuensis Mírzá Áqá Ján reported that on numerous occasions (especially while in Baghdad) Baháʼu'lláh expressly ordered that hundreds of thousands of his recorded verses be "obliterated and cast into the river" as Baháʼu'lláh felt people at that time were not yet ready for them. Though a small percentage of Bahá'u'lláh's original writings have been translated into English, those completed include many of his most important works.
Language
Most Baháʼí literature, including all the writings of Baháʼu'lláh, was originally written in either Persian or Arabic. English translations use the characteristic Baháʼí orthography developed by Shoghi Effendi to render the original names. His work was not just that of a translator, as he was also the designated interpreter of the writings, and his translations are used as a standard for current translations of the Baháʼí writings.
A style guide, available at the bahai.org website, gives a glossary and pronunciation guide of names and concepts as used within the Baháʼí Faith, including,
Baháʼí Faith, pronounced as: Ba-HIGH
Baháʼu'lláh, pronounced as: Ba-ha-ul-LAH
Báb, pronounced as: Bahb (Bob)
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, pronounced as: Abdul ba-HAH
Baháʼí Naw-Rúz, pronounced as: Naw Rooz
Ridván, pronounced as: REZ-vahn
Authenticity and authority
The question of the authenticity of given texts is of great concern to Baháʼís. As noted, they attach considerable importance to the writings of those they consider to be authoritative figures. The primary duty of the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice and the International Baháʼí Library is the collection, cataloguing, authentication, and translation of these texts.
By way of comparison, "pilgrims' notes" are items or sayings that are attributed to the central figures but have not been authenticated. While these may be inspirational, they are not considered authoritative. Some of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's collected talks (e.g. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in London, Paris Talks, and The Promulgation of Universal Peace) may fall into this category, but are awaiting further authentication. The Star of the West, published in the United States from 1910 to 1924, contains many pilgrim's notes and unauthenticated letters of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá.
There is no Baháʼí corollary to Islamic Hadith; in fact, Baháʼís do not consider Hadith authoritative.
The Baháʼí community seeks to expand the body of authenticated and translated texts. The 1992 publication of the English translation of Baháʼu'lláh's The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, and the more recent Gems of Divine Mysteries (2002), The Summons of the Lord of Hosts (2002), and The Tabernacle of Unity (2006) are significant additions to the body of work available.
At the same time there is concerted effort to re-translate, edit, and even redact works that are not authenticated. For example, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá on Divine Philosophy, published in 1916, was not reprinted at the direction of Shoghi Effendi. Also, early editions of Esslemont's Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era contained several passages that could not be authenticated, or were incorrect. These have been reviewed and updated in subsequent editions. This practice has been criticized by observers, but is considered an integral part of maintaining the integrity of the texts.
Bábí texts are proving very difficult to authenticate, despite the collection of a variety of documents by E.G. Browne in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Browne's principal correspondents were Azalis, whom he considered to be the genuine followers of the Báb. Compounding the difficulties of collecting reliable manuscripts at such a distance – Browne was at Cambridge – was the widespread Azali practice of taqiyya (dissimulation), or concealing one's beliefs. Browne appears to have been unaware of this. Azali taqiyya rendered many early Bábí documents unreliable afterwards, as Azali Bábís would often alter and falsify Bábí teachings and history.
In contrast, dissimulation was condemned by Baháʼu'lláh and was gradually abandoned by the early Baháʼís.
Select bibliography
The list below is incomplete. William P. Collins, in his Bibliography of English-language Works on the Bábí and Baháʼí Faiths, 1844–1985, gives a list of 2,819 items, which includes multiple editions.
For ease of browsing, the bibliography is sub-divided by author.
Authoritative
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (2021). Light of the World: Selected Tablets of 'Abdu'l-Bahá.
Many of the above are collections but there are estimated to be over 15,000 texts archived, and over 30,000 possibly written in total.
Báb
Arabic Bayán
Persian Bayán
Baháʼu'lláh
Fire Tablet
Long Healing Prayer
Tablet of Ahmad (Arabic)
Tablet of the Holy Mariner
Over 7000 tablets and other works have been collected of an estimated 15,000 texts. However, only a relative few have been translated and catalogued.
Central Figures: prayer books
Central Figures and Shoghi Effendi: compilations
The Universal House of Justice has prepared several compilations of extracts from the Central Figures and Shoghi Effendi.
Shoghi Effendi
Universal House of Justice and its agencies
These are original works of the Universal House of Justice and its agencies as distinct from compilations.
Other authors
Mírzá Abu'l-Faḍl Gulpáygání
Balyuzi, H.M.
Bahíyyih Khánum
Esslemont, J.E.
Nabíl-i-Zarandí
Rabbani, Rúhíyyih
Taherzadeh, Adib
Periodicals
News
The Baháʼí World (published since 1925 in various places), some volumes digitized online at bahaiworld.bahai.org (official website), bahai.works and at bahai-library.com, as well as some maps and charts.
Star of the West, (published March 1910 to March 1935 in the United States), digitized online at several places including bahai.works, starofthewest.info, bahai-library.com
Titled Bahai News for Volume 1 (March 1910 to March 1911), Star of the West for Volumes 2–21 (March 1911 to March 1931), then The Baháʼí Magazine thereafter (Volumes 22–25)
Initially published in Chicago by the Baháʼí News Service, under the auspices of the Canada-United States Executive Committee for the Baháʼí Temple Unity, later published in Washington, D.C. by the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada.
Baháʼí News (published Dec. 1924 to Oct. 1990 in the United States), digitized online at bahai.works, bahai-news.info, bahai-library.com
The American Baháʼí (published since 1970 in the United States)
Herald of the South (published since 1925 in New Zealand and Australia)
Australian Baháʼí Report (published at least 1999–2006) in Australia, some issues of which were digitized and are archived online at archive.org
See also
Baháʼí Faith in fiction
Notes
Citations
References
Further reading
External links
These sites focus on Baháʼí texts and related documents:
Baháʼí Reference Library Searchable online editions of Baháʼí sacred texts in English, Arabic, and Persian. Sponsored by the Baháʼí International Community.
Baháʼí eBooks Publications Publishers of Baháʼí books for electronic devices. Sponsored privately.
The Bábí and Baháʼí Religions: An Annotated Bibliography An extensive bibliography of Bábí and Baháʼí related books, articles, and letters. Sponsored privately.
Baháʼí Library Online An extensive online library of Bábí and Baháʼí related books, articles, and letters. Sponsored privately.
Baháʼí Prayers Online index of, and links to, prayers sorted by topic. Sponsored privately.
Statements Library Searchable online editions of statements of the Baháʼí International Community. Sponsored by the Baháʼí International Community.
International Baháʼí Library, Haifa (archived)
H-Bahai Discussion Network Babí & Baháʼí texts and studies in English, Arabic, and Persian. Some texts not authenticated and provisional translations. Sponsored privately.
Windows to the Past Deepening talks (MP3 and transcriptions).
These sites contain online or downloadable searchable databases of collected world religious works. English and French language versions contain extensive Baháʼí, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Islamic, Jewish, and other religious texts. Large libraries of Baháʼí texts are available in other, generally European, languages:
Bahairesearch.com Online. Sponsored privately. Includes several European and Japanese language Baháʼí texts.
Ocean Downloadable. Sponsored privately.
Holy Writings, online version of Ocean content. Sponsored privately. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD%20literature |
The Supercupa României () is a Romanian football championship contested by the winners of the Liga I and the Cupa României. It is usually played at the Arena Națională in Bucharest.
The competition started off in 1994, with the first edition being won by Steaua București. In 2010, for the first time in its history, the Supercup was held even though CFR Cluj had been victorious in both the league and the cup in the previous season. At that time, they faced Unirea Urziceni, the Liga I runners-up.
The most successful performer so far has been FCSB with 6 wins, followed by Rapid București and CFR Cluj with 4 wins each up until 2021.
Sponsorship
On 22 July 2005, FRF and Samsung Electronics signed a one-year sponsorship deal. The name of the competition was changed to Supercupa României Samsung for the 2005 and 2006 editions.
On 9 October 2006, FRF and Ursus Breweries (part of the SABMiller group) signed a sponsorship agreement for the next three seasons. Ursus Breweries changed the name of the competition to Supercupa României Timișoreana, after the Timișoreana beer brand.
Results of the finals
1 Because CFR Cluj won the double, Unirea Urziceni, the team that was the runner-up of the previous Liga I season, was chosen to play in the Romanian Supercup as their opponent. This rule was adopted in 2009.
2 Because FCSB won the double, ASA Târgu Mureș, the team that was the runner-up of the previous Liga I season, was chosen to play in the Romanian Supercup as their opponent. This rule was adopted in 2009.
Performances
Performance by qualification
Performance by club
Performance by city
Notes
References
External links
Romania - List of Super Cup Finals, RSSSF.com
3
Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercupa%20Rom%C3%A2niei |
Fieldnotes refer to qualitative notes recorded by scientists or researchers in the course of field research, during or after their observation of a specific organism or phenomenon they are studying. The notes are intended to be read as evidence that gives meaning and aids in the understanding of the phenomenon. Fieldnotes allow researchers to access the subject and record what they observe in an unobtrusive manner.
One major disadvantage of taking fieldnotes is that they are recorded by an observer and are thus subject to (a) memory and (b) possibly, the conscious or unconscious bias of the observer. It is best to record fieldnotes while making observations in the field or immediately after leaving the site to avoid forgetting important details. Some suggest immediately transcribing one's notes from a smaller pocket-sized notebook to something more legible in the evening or as soon as possible. Errors that occur from transcription often outweigh the errors which stem from illegible writing in the actual "field" notebook.
Fieldnotes are particularly valued in descriptive sciences such as ethnography, biology, ecology, geology, and archaeology, each of which has long traditions in this area.
Structure
The structure of fieldnotes can vary depending on the field. Generally, there are two components of fieldnotes: descriptive information and reflective information.
Descriptive information is factual data that is being recorded. Factual data includes time and date, the state of the physical setting, social environment, descriptions of the subjects being studied and their roles in the setting, and the impact that the observer may have had on the environment.
Reflective information is the observer's reflections about the observation being conducted. These reflections are ideas, questions, concerns, and other related thoughts.
Fieldnotes can also include sketches, diagrams, and other drawings. Visually capturing a phenomenon requires the observer to pay more attention to every detail so as not to overlook anything. An author does not necessarily need to possess great artistic abilities to craft an exceptional note. In many cases, a rudimentary drawing or sketch can greatly assist in later data collection and synthesis. Increasingly, photographs may be included as part of a fieldnote when collected in a digital format.
Others may further subdivide the structure of fieldnotes. Nigel Rapport said that fieldnotes in anthropology transition rapidly among three types.
Inscription – where the writer records notes, impressions, and potentially important keywords.
Transcription – where the author writes down dictated local text
Description – a reflective type of writing that synthesizes previous observations and analysis for a later situation in which a more coherent conclusion can be made of the notes.
Value
Fieldnotes are extremely valuable for scientists at each step of their training. In an article on fieldnotes, James Van Remsen Jr. discussed the tragic loss of information from birdwatchers in his study area that could have been taking detailed fieldnotes but neglected to do so. This comment points to a larger issue regarding how often one should be taking fieldnotes. In this case, Remsen was upset because of the multitudes of "eyes and ears" that could have supplied potentially important information for his bird surveys but instead remained with the observers. Scientists like Remsen believe can be easily wasted if notes are not taken.
Currently, nature phone apps and digital citizen science databases (like eBird) are changing the form and frequency of field data collection and may contribute to de-emphasizing the importance of hand-written notes. Apps may open up new possibilities for citizen science, but taking time to handwrite fieldnotes can help with the synthesis of details that one may not remember as well from data entry in an app. Writing in such a detailed manner may contribute to the personal growth of a scientist.
Nigel Rapport, an anthropological field writer, said that fieldnotes are filled with the conventional realities of "two forms of life": local and academic. The lives are different and often contradictory but are often brought together through the efforts of a "field writer". The academic side refers to one's professional involvements, and fieldnotes take a certain official tone. The local side reflects more of the personal aspects of a writer and so the fieldnotes may also relate more to personal entries.
In biology and ecology
Taking fieldnotes in biology and other natural sciences will differ slightly from those taken in social sciences, as they may be limited to interactions regarding a focal species and/or subject. An example of an ornithological fieldnote was reported by Remsen (1977) regarding a sighting of a Cassin's sparrow, a relatively rare bird for the region where it was found.
Grinnell method of note-taking
An important teacher of efficient and accurate note-taking is Joseph Grinnell. The Grinnell technique has been regarded by many ornithologists as one of the best standardized methods for taking accurate fieldnotes.
The technique has four main parts:
A field-worthy notebook where one records direct observations as they are being observed.
A larger more substantial journal containing written entries on observations and information, transcribed from the smaller field notebook as soon as possible.
Species accounts of the notes taken on specific species.
A catalog to record the location and date of collected specimens.
In social sciences
Grounded theory
Methods for analyzing and integrating fieldnotes into qualitative or quantitative research are continuing to develop. Grounded theory is a method for integrating data in qualitative research done primarily by social scientists. This may have implications for fieldnotes in the natural sciences as well.
Considerations when recording fieldnotes
Decisions about what is recorded and how can have a significant impact on the ultimate findings derived from the research. As such, creating and adhering to a systematic method for recording fieldnotes is an important consideration for a qualitative researcher. American social scientist Robert K. Yin recommended the following considerations as best practices when recording qualitative field notes.
Create vivid images: Focus on recording vivid descriptions of actions that take place in the field, instead of recording an interpretation of them. This is particularly important early in the research process. Immediately trying to interpret events can lead to premature conclusions that can prevent later insight when more observation has occurred. Focusing on the actions taking place in the field, instead of trying to describe people or scenes, can be a useful tool to minimize personal stereotyping of the situation.
The verbatim principle: Similar to the vivid images, the goal is to accurately record what is happening in the field, not a personal paraphrasing (and possible unconscious stereotyping) of those events. Additionally, in social science research that involves studying culture, it is important to faithfully capture language and habits as a first step toward full understanding.
Include drawings and sketches: These can quickly and accurately capture important aspects of field activity that are difficult to record in words and can be very helpful for recall when reviewing fieldnotes.
Develop one's own transcribing language: While no one technique of transcribing (or "jotting") is perfect, most qualitative researchers develop a systematic approach to their own note-taking. Considering the multiple competing demands on attention (the simultaneous observation, processing, and recording of rich qualitative data in an unfamiliar environment), perfecting a system that can be automatically used and that will be interpretable later allows one to allocate one's full attention to observation. The ability to distinguish notes about events themselves from other notes to oneself is a key feature. Prior to engaging in qualitative research for the first time, practicing a transcribing format beforehand can improve the likelihood of successful observation.
Convert fieldnotes to full notes daily: Prior to discussing one's observations with anyone else, one should set aside time each day to convert fieldnotes. At the very least, any unclear abbreviations, illegible words, or unfinished thoughts should be completed that would be uninterpretable later. In addition, the opportunity to collect one's thoughts and reflect on that day's events can lead to recalling additional details, uncovering emerging themes, leading to new understanding, and helping plan for future observations. This is also a good time to add the day's notes to one's total collection in an organized manner.
Verify notes during collection: Converting fieldnotes as described above will likely lead the researcher to discover key points and themes that can then be checked while still present in the field. If conflicting themes are emerging, further data collection can be directed in a manner to help resolve the discrepancy.
Obtain permission to record: While electronic devices and audiovisual recording can be useful tools in performing field research, there are some common pitfalls to avoid. Ensure that permission is obtained for the use of these devices beforehand and ensure that the devices to be used for recording have been previously tested and can be used inconspicuously.
Keep a personal journal in addition to fieldnotes: As the researcher is the main instrument, insight into one's own reactions to and initial interpretations of events can help the researcher identify any undesired personal biases that might have influenced the research. This is useful for reflexivity.
See also
Geological survey
Lab notebook
Land patent
Public Land Survey System
Surveying
References
Further reading
External links
An online database of Charles Darwin's field notes
Field research
Documents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieldnotes |
Avenanthramides (anthranilic acid amides, formerly called "avenalumins") are a group of phenolic alkaloids found mainly in oats (Avena sativa), but also present in white cabbage butterfly eggs (Pieris brassicae and P. rapae), and in fungus-infected carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). A number of studies demonstrate that these natural products have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-itch, anti-irritant, and antiatherogenic activities. Oat kernel extracts with standardized levels of avenanthramides are used for skin, hair, baby, and sun care products. The name avenanthramides was coined by Collins when he reported the presence of these compounds in oat kernels. It was later found that three avenanthramides were the open-ring amides of avenalumins I, II, and III, which were previously reported as oat phytoalexins by Mayama and co-workers.
History
Oat has been used for personal care purposes since antiquity. Indeed, wild oats (Avena sativa) was used in skin care in Egypt and the Arabian peninsula 2000 BC. Oat baths were a common treatment of insomnia, anxiety, and skin diseases such as eczema and burns. In Roman times, its use as a medication for dermatological issues was reported by Pliny, Columella, and Theophrastus. In the 19th century, oatmeal baths were often used to treat many cutaneous conditions, especially pruritic inflammatory eruptions. In the 1930s, the literature provided further evidence about the cleansing action of oat along with its ability to relieve itching and protect skin.
Colloidal oatmeal
In 2003, colloidal oatmeal was officially approved as a skin protectant by the FDA. However, little thought had been given to the active ingredient in oats responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect until more attention was paid to avenanthramides, which were first isolated and characterized in the 1980s by Collins.
Since then, many congeners have been characterized and purified, and it is known that avenanthramides have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-atherosclerotic properties, and may be used as a treatment for people with inflammatory, allergy, or cardiovascular diseases. In 1999 studies made by Tufts University showed that avenanthramides are bioavailable and remain bioactive in humans after consumption. More recent studies made by the University of Minnesota showed that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities can be increased through the consumption of 0.4 to 9.2 mg/day of avenanthramides over eight weeks.
The International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) originally referred to an oat extract with a standardized level of avenanthramides as "Avena sativa kernel extract," but recently they have also accepted the INCI name "avenanthramides" to describe an extract containing 80% of these oat phenolic alkaloids.
Function in Avena sativa
A. sativa produces avenanthramides as defensive phytoalexins against infiltration by fungal plant pathogens. They were discovered as defensive chemicals especially concentrated in lesions of Puccinia coronata var. avenae f. sp. avenae (and at that time named "avenalumins").
Medical and personal care uses
Anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity
Studies made by Sur (2008) provide evidence that avenanthramides significantly reduce the inflammatory response. Inflammation is a complex and self-protection reaction that occurs in the body against foreign substance, cell damage, infections, and pathogens. The inflammatory responses are controlled through a group called cytokines that is produced by the inflammatory cells. Furthermore, the expression of cytokines are regulated through inhibition of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-κB). Many studies have demonstrated that avenanthramides can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 by inhibiting NF-κB activation that is responsible for activating the genes of inflammatory response. Thus, these oat polyphenols mediate the decrease of inflammation by inhibiting the cytokine release. In addition, it was found that avenanthramides inhibit neurogenic inflammation, which is defined as an inflammation triggered by the nervous system that causes vasodilation, edema, warmth, and hypersensitivity. Also, avenanthramides significantly reduce the itching response, and its efficiency is comparable to the anti-itch effect produced by hydrocortisone.
Redness reduction
Avenanthramides have effective antihistaminic activity; they significantly reduce itch and redness compared with untreated areas.
Suggested mechanism of action
According to Sur (2008), the anti-inflammatory effect of the avenanthramides is due to the inhibition of the NF-κB activation in NF-κB dependent cytokine. Nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-κB) is responsible for regulating the transcription of DNA and participates in the activation of genes related to inflammatory and immune responses. Consequently, suppressing the NF-κB limits the proliferation of cancer cells and reduces the level of inflammation. Avenanthramides are able to inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines that are present in pruritic skin diseases that cause itchiness. In addition, its anti-inflammatory activity may prevent the vicious itch-scratch cycle and reduce the scratching-induced secondary inflammation that often occur in atopic dermatitis and eczema, preventing the skin from disrupting its barrier. Avenanthramides also have a chemical structure similar to the drug tranilast, which has anti-histaminic action. The anti-itch activity of avenanthramides may be associated with the inhibition of histamine response. Taken together, these results show the effect of avenanthramides as powerful anti-inflammatory agents and their importance in dermatologic applications.
Antioxidant activity
Avenanthramides are known to have potent antioxidant activity, acting primarily by donating a hydrogen atom to a radical. An antioxidant is “any substance that, when present at low concentrations compared to those of an oxidisable substrate, significantly delays or prevents oxidation of that substrate” ( Halliwell, 1990). These phytochemicals are able to combat the oxidative stress present in the body that is responsible for causing cancer and cardiovascular disease. Among the avenanthramides, there are different antioxidant capacities, where C has the highest capacity, followed by B and A.
Dietary supplement
Avenanthramides extracted from oats show potent antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo, and according to studies made by Dimberg (1992), its antioxidant activity is many times greater than other antioxidants such as caffeic acid and vanillin. Aven-C is one of the most significant avenanthramides present in the oats, and it is responsible for oats' antioxidant activity. The effects of the avenanthramide-enriched extract of oats has been investigated in animals, and a diet of 20 mg avenanthramide per kilogram body weight in rats has been shown to increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys. Also, a diet based on avenanthramides enhances glutathione peroxidase activity in heart and skeletal muscles, protecting the organism from oxidative damages.
Nomenclature
Avenanthramides consist of conjugates of one of three phenylpropanoids (p-coumaric, ferulic, or caffeic acid) and anthranilic acid (or a hydroxylated and/or methoxylated derivative of anthranilic acid) Collins and Dimberg have used different systems of nomenclature to describe the Avenanthramides in their publications. Collins assigned a system that classifies avenanthramides using alphabetic descriptors, while Dimberg assigned upper case letters to the anthranilate derivate and lower case to the accompanying phenylpropanoid, such as “c” for caffeic acid, “f” for ferulic acid, or “p” for anthranilic acid p-coumaric acid. Later, Dimberg's system was modified to use a numeric descriptor for the anthranilic acid. The following avenanthramides are most abundant in oats: avenanthramide A (also called 2p, AF-1 or Bp), avenanthramide B (also called 2f, AF-2 or Bf), avenanthramide C (also called 2c, AF-6 or Bc), avenanthramide O (also called 2pd), avenanthramide P (also called 2fd), and avenanthramide Q (also called 2 cd).
Biosynthesis
There is evidence that the amount of avenanthramides found in the grains is related to genotype, environment, crop year and location, and tissue (Matsukawa et al., 2000). The environmental factors are not clearly known, but it is believed that lower levels of avenanthramides are produced in oats when they are grown in a dry environment, which disfavors crown rust, a kind of fungus that has been shown to stimulate avenanthramides production in oats grains.
Chemical stability
pH
Avenanthramides are not all sensitive to pH and temperature. This was well illustrated in a study conducted on avenanthramides A, B and C. In this study it was found that avenanthramide A (2p) concentration was essentially unchanged in sodium phosphate buffer after three hours at either room temperature or at 95 °C. Avenanthramides B (2f) appeared to be more sensitive to the higher temperature at pH 7 and 12. Avenanthramides C (2c) underwent chemical reorganization at pH 12 at both temperatures and diminished by more than 85% at 95 °C, even at pH 7 (Dimberg et al., 2001).
UV
Avenanthramides are also affected by ultra-violet (UV) light. Dimberg found that the three avenanthramides tested (A, B, and C) remained in the trans conformation after 18 hours of exposure to UV light at 254 nm. On the other hand, Collins reported that the avenanthramides isomerize upon exposure to daylight or UV light.
Synthetic avenanthramides
Avenanthramides can be artificially synthesized. Avenanthramides A, B, D, and E were synthesized by Collins (1989), using chromatography methods, and adapting Bain and Smalley's procedure (1968). All four synthetic substances were identical to the ones extracted from oats.
References
Antibiotics
Antipruritics
Phytoalexins
Oats | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenanthramide |
Aleksandr Nikolayevich Korkin (; – ) was a Russian mathematician. He made contribution to the development of partial differential equations, and was second only to Chebyshev among the founders of the Saint Petersburg Mathematical School. Among others, his students included Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev.
Some publications
References
External links
Korkin's Biography , the St. Petersburg University Pages (in Russian, but with an image)
1837 births
1908 deaths
People from Vologda Oblast
People from Vologda Governorate
19th-century mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Mathematical analysts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Korkin |
The Cyprus Observer is a Turkish-Cypriot owned English-language weekly newspaper.
It is distributed for sale (also) in Britain and Turkey in addition to being on the internet.
It is published on Fridays in the Berliner format from its Kyrenia headquarters.
The newspaper is owned and edited by Hasan Ekcakica, who is also the official spokesman of the Turkish Cypriot administration.
In the past few years, more and more publications for the growing English-speaking population of North Cyprus are appearing on the scene. Not only does the Cyprus Observer, founded in August 2005, have a local circulation, but it is also sold in London, as well as having a web page which is updated weekly (www.observercyprus.com). In addition to British community news, the newspaper mainly covers political developments in the Cyprus Problem as well as business news, news from the South of the island, world news, Turkey news, etc.
External links
Cyprus Observer
Cyprus International Press Service
North Cyprus News
English-language newspapers published in Europe
Weekly newspapers
Newspapers published in Northern Cyprus
Newspapers established in 2005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus%20Observer |
Jorge Telerman (born November 29, 1956) is an Argentine politician and journalist. He was the fourth Chief of Government of Buenos Aires City, replacing Aníbal Ibarra between 2006 and 2007. He was previously Vice-Chief of Government, National Secretary of Culture, and Ambassador.
Childhood and Youth
Jorge Telerman was born in the Villa del Parque neighborhood of the City of Buenos Aires, on November 29, 1955. His father, Damián, and his mother, Fanny, were merchants, descending from Jewish immigrants who arrived in Argentina from Central Europe, escaping the Pogroms. Between 1897 and 1917, more than three thousand people from these regions emigrated to Argentina. His paternal grandfather, Froike was a militant construction worker and a socialist who, with his wife, was part of numerous support missions for the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War, aiding the anti-fascist front.
He is the youngest of three brothers. He attended an English primary school for his first few years, but finished his primary education at the República del Perú public school. Later, he attended a Secondary Industrial School, specialized in Chemistry, choosing the night shift at the school in his last three years to be able to work in a laboratory. During much of the military dictatorship in power between 1976 and 1983, he lived in France, where he worked as a musician and chef. Returning to Argentina, he met his future wife, Eva Píccolo, in 1980; she was an actress with a long career in independent theatre, and the couple had two children: Federico and Catalina.
Academic career
He attended Biochemistry for three years at the Universidad de Buenos Aires with Archa's father, until moving to France in 1977. There, he attended Philosophy courses at the Université de Provence, in Aix-en-Provence. In 1979 he returned to Buenos Aires, and attended Journalism at the Centro de Estudios Buenos Aires (Buenos Aires Studies Centre). Here, he met the semiologist Oscar Steimberg, one of his most influential teachers, and with whom he specialized his studies in Semiology.
He started writing articles on media analysis for Medios & Comunicación (Media & Communication) magazine, where Raúl Barreiros was the editor-in-chief, and in 1982 he joined the team at the famous Don magazine, an erotic/political magazine published during the last days of the military dictatorship, sharing the staff with writers like Abelardo Ramos, Dalmiro Sáenz y Ana María Shua.
Following the addition of a Communication Sciences degree at the University of Buenos Aires in 1984, he became a teacher at the Semiology I Class, headed by Oscar Steimberg. At the Colegio Argentino de Filosofía (Argentine School of Philosophy), Telerman met Tomás Abraham, another of his influences, who invited him to teach in some of his many Philosophy classes. He translated several works from different authors, including, among others, Michel Foucault.
Journalism
Telerman had a lengthy career in radio. He produced and hosted several radio programs on Radio Belgrano with Jorge Dorio, Informe (“Report”) with the journalist Martín Caparrós, and El Despertador (“The Alarm Clock”) with the media-specialized journalist Carlos Ulanovsky. He also hosted the science program in Radio El Mundo, and many other specials concerning the 1985 Trial of the Juntas, Militares (“Military Men”), and the Guerra de las Malvinas, among others. His TV experience started at Channel 13, alter winning a contest for young novelists. Telerman contributed to Todo Nuevo (1985), Telemóvil (News), and Badía y Compañía (1985–86, entertainment). He published several articles in a variety of Argentine newspapers and magazines.
Political career
Telerman's political career started at an early age. He was a student delegate in the secondary school, and a member of the Young Communist Federation of Argentina. Influenced by his father's political ideas, and sympathetic to its populist platform, he became affiliated with the Peronist Party, in 1974. Exiled in Europe during a subsequent, right-wing dictatorship, he returned in 1982 and resumed his political activities ahead of the imminent return to democracy. He was introduced to longtime Peronist leader Antonio Cafiero, and he organized the Movimiento Unidad, Solidaridad y Organización (MUSO), searching and advocating for an internal renewal of the party. There, he started his long political career in Peronism, working as communications director and spokesperson for Cafiero, who was a successful candidate for Governor of the Province of Buenos Aires, in 1987.
Guido di Tella, the newly designated ambassador to Washington, named Telerman his press attaché in 1990. He later took on various diplomatic responsibilities: he was secretary for institutional relations and spokesman to the Foreign Affairs Office between 1991 and 1992; in 1993 he became the press attaché of the Argentine embassy in París, and from 1995 to 1998 a consultant to the General Secretary of the Organization of American States, former Colombian President Dr. César Gaviria, as well as its public information director. In 1998 he was appointed ambassador to Cuba. He returned to Buenos Aires to be an advisor and consultant for the unsuccessful presidential campaign of Peronist candidate Eduardo Duhalde, and in 1999 he was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, representing Buenos Aires.
Between 2000 and 2003 he held an executive position as Secretary of Culture of the City of Buenos Aires. He had a very prolific administration, mainly because of the multiple activities he undertook in this area, and the national and international attention these activities helped bring to the City of Buenos Aires, in the cultural field. He was sworn as Vice Mayor to Aníbal Ibarra on December 10, 2003. The Vice Mayor oversaw the Secretariat for Social Development and was President of the Buenos Aires City Legislature. At the end of 2005, he resumed his office as Vice Mayor and President of the Buenos Aires City Legislature. The tragic República Cromañón nightclub fire in late 2004 ultimately resulted in Mayor Ibarra's March 13, 2006 impeachment, however, upon which Telerman became Mayor of Buenos Aires. He decided to run for re-election as Mayor but came in third, with 20.7% of the votes. He placed behind a candidate advanced by President Néstor Kirchner (Education Minister Daniel Filmus), with 23.7%, and businessman Mauricio Macri, whose Republican Proposal (PRO) Party won with 45.6% of the total votes. Telerman relinquished his office on December 9, 2007.
Business career
Mr. Telerman has always being associated with artistic and cultural activities. In 1998 he founded, with other partners, La Trastienda, a theatre and concert house, located in the San Telmo neighbourhood in the city of Buenos Aires.
References
External links
Official Blog of Jorge Telerman
Official Page in Facebook
Interviews
Interview to Jorge Telerman: "In 2007 amostall the citywill have containers"
"Nielsen is an honest man, but we have different convictions"
Telerman confirms he is a candidate in 2007
Mayors of Buenos Aires
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Buenos Aires
1956 births
Living people
Argentine diplomats
Argentine journalists
Argentine male journalists
Ambassadors of Argentina to Cuba
Justicialist Party politicians
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Deputy Chiefs of Government of Buenos Aires
Argentine Jews
Jewish Argentine politicians
Jewish mayors
University of Buenos Aires alumni
University of Provence alumni
21st-century Argentine politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Telerman |
Spiked (also written as sp!ked) is a British Internet magazine focusing on politics, culture and society. The magazine was founded in 2001 with the same editor and many of the same contributors as Living Marxism, which had closed in 2000 after losing a case for libel brought by ITN.
There is general agreement that Spiked is libertarian, with the majority of specialist academic sources identifying it as right-libertarian, and some non-specialist sources identifying it as left-libertarian. Activists associated with Spiked, sometimes described as part of "the Spiked network", took part in the Brexit Party as candidates or publicists, while disagreeing with Nigel Farage on many domestic issues.
Editors and contributors
Spiked is edited by Tom Slater, who was previously its deputy editor. He was appointed in September 2021, and replaced Brendan O'Neill, who had been editor following Mick Hume's departure in January 2007. On ceasing to be editor, O'Neill became Spiked'''s 'inaugural chief political writer'.
The magazine also produces a number of podcasts, with contributors including Christopher Snowdon.
OriginSpiked emerged from Living Marxism, the magazine of the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Living Marxism was founded in 1988 and rebranded as LM in 1999.Spiked was founded in 2000 after the bankruptcy of its predecessor after losing a libel case brought against it by the broadcasting corporation ITN. The case centered around ITN coverage of Fikret Alić and other Bosnian Muslims standing behind a barbed-wire fence at the Trnopolje camp during the Bosnian war. LM claimed to oppose Western intervention on traditional anti-imperialist grounds, and published an article titled "The Picture that Fooled the World" which claimed that ITN's coverage was deceptive, the barbed-wire did not enclose the camp and the Muslims were in fact "refugees, many of whom went there seeking safety and could leave again if they wished." During the court case, evidence given by the camp doctor led LM to abandon its defence. ITN was awarded damages and costs, estimated to be around £1 million.
The RCP itself formally dissolved in 1996, but maintained its existence as a loose network, first around LM and then Spiked. The group of writers associated with LM who went on to form the core editorial group at Spiked, are often referred to as the "LM network" or "Spiked network".
Content
Frank Furedi, interviewed in Spiked in 2007, said that the stance of LM and Spiked originates from the "anti-Stalinist left". Environmentalists such as George Monbiot and Peter Melchett have suggested that the LM Network pursued an ideologically motivated 'anti-environmentalist' agenda under the guise of promoting humanism.Profiles: Martin Durkin, LobbyWatch. Retrieved 17 April 2007. In a 2007 interview in Spiked, Frank Furedi referred to these critics as "a network of McCarthyites". Monbiot described the views of Living Marxism as having, "less in common with the left than with the fanatical right." In 2018, Monbiot wrote that, "Its [Spiked's] articles repeatedly defend figures on the hard right or far right: Katie Hopkins, Nigel Farage, Alex Jones, the Democratic Football Lads' Alliance, Tommy Robinson, Toby Young, Arron Banks, Viktor Orbán".The Daily Beast, as well as Paul Mason of the New Statesman, have described the site as libertarian. A study in Policy & Internet by Heft et al. described Spiked as populist, saying that it has "roots in the radical left‐wing scene, but now oppose the political establishment from a position on the right side of the spectrum." According to Tim Knowles, the technology correspondent for The Times, Spiked is right-wing and libertarian, while Evan Smith, a historian who has written on Spiked in the context of its free speech campaigns, has noted its "right-libertarian and iconoclastic style". By contrast, digital media scholar Jean Burgess and James Bowman of the conservative Ethics and Public Policy Center have referred to the site as left-libertarian.Spiked opposes many public health interventions. For example, it sees campaigns against obesity as state intrusion and “a war on the poor”. It opposes multiculturalism and (as its contributor Munira Mirza put it) sees institutional racism as “a perception more than a reality”.Spiked opposed the post-9/11 invasions of Afghanistan and of Iraq and Western interference in developing nations in general.Spiked saw the UK's vote to leave the European Union as a demonstration of democracy against ruling elites and has celebrated Nigel Farage's Brexit Party and Boris Johnson's Conservative government for their stance on this. Activists associated with Spiked, sometimes described as part of 'the Spiked network', were active in campaigning for the UK to leave the EU, with a number of its activists involved in the Brexit Party as candidates or publicists. Among those associated with Spiked who joined the Brexit Party were Claire Fox, who said she largely disagreed with Farage on domestic policies, and sought to build a left-wing faction inside the party.
In 2018 Monbiot wrote that "Spiked's writers rage against exposures of dark money. It calls The Observers Carole Cadwalladr, who has won a string of prizes for exposing the opaque spending surrounding the Brexit vote, 'the closest thing the mainstream British media has to an out-and-out conspiracy theorist'".Spiked opposed lockdown as a policy during the COVID-19 pandemic.
In July 2020, an exposé by The Daily Beast reported that Spiked was one of several mainly conservative websites that had inadvertently published articles attributed to non-existent experts on the Middle East. This network of fake journalists promoted the United Arab Emirates and pushed for harsher treatment of that country's opponents. Spiked did not remove the two articles, instead leaving an editorial note mentioning the articles' questionable authorship.
Following the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Spiked took a strong pro-Ukrainian position, often publishing articles praising the Ukrainian people and attacking Russian President Vladimir Putin. However, it also criticized Western media reaction following the 2022 missile explosion in Poland, accusing such media of not taking the risk of a major escalation with Russia seriously enough.
Projects
In May 2007 Spiked launched the Spiked Review of Books as a monthly online literary criticism feature. This coincided with controversy in the United States following the scaling back of newspaper book review sections.
Spiked produces annual "free speech rankings" of UK universities.
Funding
A joint investigation between DeSmog UK and The Guardian revealed that Spiked US Inc. received funding from the Charles Koch Foundation between 2016 and 2018 to develop live campus events connected with The Toleration and Free Speech program sponsored by the Charles Koch Foundation. The Guardian suggested that this was due to the online magazine's attacks on left-wing politics, its support and defence of hard right and far-right figures, and the many articles it publishes by writers supported by the Institute of Economic Affairs and the Koch-funded Cato Institute. Spiked'''s editor Brendan O'Neil dismissed such accusations as "McCarthyism" and stated that such funding was used to promote debate about free speech, noting that the Toleration and Free Speech Programme at the Charles Koch Foundation supports projects from both progressive and conservative groups, such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, the National Coalition Against Censorship, the Newseum, the Knight Foundation and the American Society of News Editors.
References
External links
2000 establishments in the United Kingdom
Online magazines published in the United Kingdom
Political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Climate change denial
Freedom of speech in the United Kingdom
Libertarianism in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2000
Organizations of environmentalism skeptics and critics
Politics and technology
Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1978) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiked%20%28magazine%29 |
The General Centre of Independent and Free Unions of Angola (CGSILA) is a national trade union centre of Angola. With a membership of 50,000, it is led by Manuel Maria Difuila as President.
References
External links
www.icftu.org entry in ITUC address book.
Trade unions in Angola
African Regional Organisation of the International Trade Union Confederation
National federations of trade unions
Trade unions established in 1996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Centre%20of%20Independent%20and%20Free%20Unions%20of%20Angola |
Redemptive-historical preaching is a method of preaching that emerged from the Reformed churches of the Netherlands in the early 1940s. The debate concerned itself with the question: "How are we to preach the historical narratives of the Bible?"
On one side of the question were the proponents of "exemplaristic" preaching. This method of preaching taught that the biblical narratives in general, and the Old Testament stories in particular, were to be preached as examples of how Christians today should (or should not) live their lives. Old Testament believers were held up as examples (or anti-examples, as the case may be, see for example anti-Judaism) of how we should conduct ourselves.
On the other side of the debate were the advocates of preaching that was "redemptive-historical" (the term used to translate the Dutch ). These included Klaas Schilder and Benne Holwerda. They argued that Old Testament narratives are not primarily to be moral examples, but as revelations of the coming Messiah. The narratives of the Old Testament served as types and shadows pointing forward in history to the time when Israel’s messiah would be revealed in the person and work of Jesus. In support of this view, the advocates of redemptive-historical preaching drew heavily upon the text of , where Jesus is teaching the disciples on the road to Emmaus: "And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he interpreted to them in all the Scriptures the things concerning himself" (English Standard Version). Further support was taken from verse 44 of the same chapter, where Jesus says, "These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled."
Explanation
The Bible was seen, not as a collection of abstract moral principles, but rather as an anthology of the events of God’s great works in history. The Bible was seen as the unfolding story of the coming Christ, progressively revealing more and more about him throughout salvation history. This, then, is to be the way in which the narratives are to be preached: with a view towards showing how the text points towards Christ.
The Biblical-Theological movement originated in Germany under the liberal teaching and writing of Johann Philipp Gabler, who emphasized the historical nature of the Bible over against an overly dogmatic reading of it.
Nearly a century later, Princeton Theological Seminary inaugurated its first professor of biblical theology, Geerhardus Vos. Vos was instrumental in taking the discipline of biblical theology in a more conservative direction, using it to vindicate the Reformed faith and historic Christianity over against theological liberalism.
Today, at least in North America, the redemptive-Jesus method of preaching has been carried forward through the work of Northwest Theological Seminary, Westminster Theological Seminary, Westminster Seminary California, Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, Calvin Theological Seminary and Canadian Reformed Theological Seminary.
Counterpoint
Opponents of redemptive historical preaching often fault this type of preaching as being weak when it comes to practical application of the Bible. They believe moral examples given in Scripture are undermined or diminished, and that redemptive-historical preaching can fail to challenge the listener to conduct consistent with Scriptural direction given in places such as Matthew 5-7, and Romans and other Pauline Epistles.
Advocates of redemptive-historical preaching do believe application is necessary. However, the main controversy surrounding this preaching method is the question whether or not using the characters of the Bible as moral exemplars for the believers today diminishes Christ as the center of the text.
See also
Biblical theology
Covenant Theology
Sermon
References
Bibliography
.
.
.
.
.
External links
Biblical Theology and Redemptive-Historical Hermeneutics
Kerux: The Journal of Northwest Theological Seminary
Northwest Theological Seminary
Westminster Theological Seminary
Westminster Seminary California
The Upper Register
Homiletics
Christian terminology
Biblical exegesis
Protestantism-related controversies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptive-historical%20preaching |
Aragon is a Spanish autonomous community.
Aragon, or Aragón may also refer to:
Places
The Iberian Peninsula
County of Aragon, a medieval county in Spain
Kingdom of Aragon, a medieval kingdom in Spain
Aragón (river), a tributary of the river Ebro
The United States of America
Aragon, Georgia
Aragon, New Mexico, the site of Fort Tularosa
Aragon High School, in San Mateo, California
Other places
Crown of Aragon, a Mediterranean empire during the Middle Ages
Aragon, Aude, a commune in the Aude département, France
Aragon, Antioquia, a place in Colombia
Ships
Spanish cruiser Aragon, a late 19th-century warship
HMT Aragon, a troop ship, previously the British ocean liner RMS Aragon
People
Jesusita Aragón (1908–2005), American midwife
Louis Aragon (1897–1982), French poet, novelist and editor
Maria Aragon (born 2000), Canadian singer
Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón (born 1940), Spanish screenwriter and film director
Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII
List of Aragonese monarchs
Other uses
"Aragon", a composition by Brian Eno on the album Music for Films
Aragón TV, a radio and television network in Aragon
Orquesta Aragón, Cuban musical band
Transit
Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Line 5 in Mexico City
Bosque de Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Line B in Mexico City
Plaza Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Ecatepec, State of Mexico
Villa de Aragón metro station, an at-grade station in Mexico City
Aragó (Metrovalencia), formerly Aragón, in Valencia, Spain
See also
Aragon Ballroom (disambiguation)
Aragorn, a fictional character in the novel The Lord of the Rings
Eragon, the first book in the Inheritance Cycle series by Christopher Paolini
Aragog, a beast in the Harry Potter series
Aragona, an Italian commune | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon%20%28disambiguation%29 |
Hopcroft is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
John Hopcroft (born 1939), American theoretical computer scientist
Ron Hopcroft (1918–2016), British ultrarunner
See also
Holcroft
Howcroft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopcroft |
, also known as Ogawa Kazuma or Ogawa Isshin, was a Japanese photographer, printer and publisher who was a pioneer in photomechanical printing and photography in the Meiji era.
Life
Ogawa was born in Saitama to the Matsudaira samurai clan. He started studying English and photography at the age of 15 under Yoshiwara Hideo, then in 1880 he moved to Tokyo in order to further hone his English language skills. One year later, Ogawa was hired as an interpreter in the Yokohama Police Department, while learning photography from Shimooka Renjō in Yokohama.
In 1882, he moved to Boston where he took courses in portrait photography and the dry plate process. He also studied collotype printing in Albert Type Company.
Upon his return to Japan in 1884, Ogawa opened a photographic studio in Iidabashi (Kōjimachi), the first in Tokyo. Four years later, he established the Tsukiji Kampan Seizō Kaisha ( Tsukiji dry plate manufacturing company), which manufactured dry plates for use by photographers. In 1889, he set up Japan's first collotype business, the Ogawa Shashin Seihan jo (), also referred to as the K. Ogawa printing factory. In the same year, Ogawa worked as an editor for Shashin Shinpō (, lit. Photography journal), the only photographic journal available at the time, as well as for Kokka magazine (, lit. National flower). He printed both magazines using the collotype printing process.
In 1886 he travelled to Seoul in Korea and to Incheon. He photographed scenes of cityscapes, palaces and everyday life. These are uncoloured images and illustrate the progress in his techniques.
Ogawa was a founding member of the Japan Photographic Society, which gathered photography amateurs from all around Japan. In 1891, he was charged with taking 100 pictures of Tokyo's most attractive geisha, to commemorate the opening of the Ryōunkaku.
In 1894 he met the writer Alicia Little who was visiting Japan from her home in China. She was already a published author and she had a diary that she had written. Ogawa supplied photographs and it was published as My Diary in a Chinese Farm. The book described their stay on a farm near the Yangtse River as they avoided the summer heat at their home in Chingqing.
Notes
External links
A biographical timeline of Ogawa Kazumasa
A selection of pictures taken by Ogawa
Flower collotypes by Ogawa
Bachmann Eckenstein Art & Antiques, "Ogawa Kazuma" (Asia through the Lens). Accessed 20 January 2007.
QUT Digital Collections
1860 births
1929 deaths
Japanese photographers
Imperial household artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogawa%20Kazumasa |
Orville Hitchcock Platt (July 19, 1827 – April 21, 1905) was a United States senator from Connecticut. Platt was a prominent conservative Republican and by the 1890s he became one of the "big four" key Republicans who largely controlled the major decisions of the Senate, along with William B. Allison of Iowa, John Coit Spooner of Wisconsin and Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island.
Early life
Born in Washington, Connecticut, he attended the common schools and graduated from The Gunnery in Washington. He studied law in Litchfield, and was admitted to the bar in 1850, commencing practice in Towanda, Pennsylvania. He moved to Meriden, Connecticut in 1850 and continued to practice law.
He later had a son, named James Perry Platt, who became Judge of the United States District Court.
Political career
He was clerk of the Connecticut Senate in 1855 and 1856, Secretary of the State of Connecticut in 1857, and a member of the State senate in 1861 and 1862. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1864 and 1869, and served as speaker in the latter year. The former Platt National Park in Oklahoma (since 1976 part of the Chickasaw National Recreational Area) was named for him.
Platt was state's attorney for New Haven County from 1877 to 1879 and was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1879. He was re-elected in 1885, 1891, 1897 and 1903 and served from March 4, 1879 to his death.
He was chairman of the Committee on Patents (Forty-seventh through Forty-ninth and Fifty-fourth and Fifty-fifth Congresses) and a member of the Committees on Pensions (Forty-seventh Congress), Territories (Fiftieth through Fifty-second Congresses), Cuban Relations (Fifty-sixth through Fifty-eighth Congresses), and the Judiciary (Fifty-eighth and Fifty-ninth Congresses). By the 1890s, Platt's influence in the Senate swelled to the point that eventually he was one of the "Senate Four" who largely controlled the Senate, along with John Coit Spooner, William B. Allison and Nelson W. Aldrich. Because of his votes against the Sherman Anti-trust Law, the Eight-Hour Labor Act, and the Anti-Injunction Bill, Platt was denounced by the labor organizations and was considered a reactionary. He was an earnest advocate of the abolition of secret executive sessions of the Senate.
On March 1, 1901, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Army Appropriation bill with the Platt Amendment as a rider, which governed U.S. relations with Cuba from 1901 to 1934 and was named for Platt.
He was a Compatriot of the Sons of the American Revolution.
Platt National Park
In 1902, Platt introduced legislation to establish the 640-acre Sulphur Springs Reservation, protecting about 30 mineral springs, in Murray County, Oklahoma, (then part of Indian Territory). On June 29, 1906, Congress redesignated the reservation as Platt National Park, named for the senator. It remained one of the smallest national park in the United States until it was abolished by Congress and made part of the much larger Chickasaw National Recreation Area in 1976.
Yale gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1887. Platt died on April 21, 1905, aged 77, at his summer home, "Kirby Corners", in Washington, CT, and was interred in the Cemetery on the Green in the same town. One of the two public high schools in Meriden was named for Platt when it opened in 1958.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
Sources
L. A. Coolidge, An Old-Fashioned Senator: Orville H. Platt (New York, 1910)
External links
Orville Hitchcock Platt, late a senator from Connecticut, Memorial addresses delivered in the House of Representatives and Senate frontispiece 1906
1827 births
1905 deaths
Connecticut lawyers
Pennsylvania lawyers
Secretaries of the State of Connecticut
Speakers of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut
People from Washington, Connecticut
Politicians from Meriden, Connecticut
19th-century American politicians | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville%20H.%20Platt |
The Adventures of Letterman is a series of animated shorts that was a regular feature on the 1970s PBS educational television series The Electric Company. A superhero spoof created by Mike Thaler, it debuted during the show's second season. Each episode was animated by John Hubley and Faith Hubley and pit the title character, voiced by Gene Wilder, against the "Spell Binder", voiced by Zero Mostel, with Joan Rivers as the narrator. Plots revolve around Spell Binder causing trouble by changing the letter of a word so means something completely different, then Letterman restoring it. Sixty segments were produced from 1972 to 1976.
Plot
In each episode, Joan Rivers narrates the introduction:
Then the narrator describes a simple, everyday situation. The Spell Binder expresses disgust at what is occurring and uses his magic wand to change a key letter in a word causing havoc. For example, in one episode a group of people who are enjoying custard have it suddenly become mustard, causing them to turn red and feel burning in their mouths. Spell Binder then revels in his fun.
After the narrator expresses despair at the situation, Letterman—having observed the situation from afar—jumps into action. He replaces the incorrect letter with a more appropriate one that was conveniently placed on his varsity sweater (the narrator would say, for example, "Ripping a 'c' from his varsity sweater..."), after which time the situation was resolved and things went back to normal. Spell Binder expressed disgust and frustration that Letterman once again foiled his fun ("Curses" or some similar line), while Letterman was sometimes invited to join with the people he helped in whatever they were doing.
Sometimes three different words ("watch," "witch," and "itch") would be involved, with Letterman solving the problem created by Spell Binder's mischief by changing the operative word to a third alternative, rather than reinstating the original word.
Characters
Narrator (voiced by Joan Rivers)
Letterman (voiced by Gene Wilder) — A a super-powered man wearing a varsity sweater, football helmet, and football socks and shoes. He can run very fast, jump very high and he can fly.
Spell Binder (voiced by Zero Mostel) — Letterman's arch-enemy, dressed in a white coat and turban. He keeps a magic wand beneath his turban.
Episodes
Regular Episodes
In the Beginning – (ball, wall, ball)
The Corniest Concert – (horn, corn, horn)
Hands Full – (school bus, octopus, platypus)
In a Pickle – (pickle, tickle, pickle)
All Washed Up – (tub, tube, tub)
A Jarring Experience – (car, jar, car)
The Broken Bridge – (bridge, ridge, bridge)
Woman Bites Bear – (pear, bear, pear)
Monkey Business – (bassoon, baboon, balloon)
Sticky Finances – (money, honey, baloney)
Singing in the Train – (train, rain, train)
The Great Escape – (jail, pail)
The Roar of Rage – (cage, rage, age, cage)
Travels with an Ant – (ant, giant, ant)
A Mouse in the House – (mouse, moose, loose)
A Rolling Bun Gather No Seeds – (sun, bun, sun)
Bigger than Life – (flower, shower, tower)
His Just Desserts – (dessert, desert, dessert)
What a Dragon – (wagon, dragon, wagon)
In the Ink – (sink, ink, sink)
Dancing in the Dark – (light, night, light)
Custard's Last Stand – (custard, mustard, custard)
A Snake in the Grass – (rake, snake, cake)
Having a Ball – (gown, clown, crown)
Making Time Fly – (watch, witch, itch)
A Jolting Experience – (light, lightning, lightning rod)
Don't Toy With Me – (Boy,Toy,Boy)
A Friend In Need – (Fiend, Friend)
Going Ape – (grapes, apes, capes)
Far Out – (bars, stars, cigars, stars)
A Weighty Problem - (weight, freight, eight)
The Wigged Out Lady - (wig, pig, wig)
- (hero, zero, hero)
The Plummeting Plant - (plane, plant, plane)
- (car, cart, dart, tart)
Putting On Airs – (chair, air, hair)
Bookworms (shelves, elves, shelves)
The Lady and the Beagle – (beagle, eagle, beagle)
Getting Her Goat – (coat, goat, coat)
Town in a Jam – (dam, jam, dam)
Here Comes the Fudge – (judge, fudge, judge)
Putting His Foot In It – (feat, feet, feat)
A Shattering Experience – (class, glass, class)
Silver Threads Among the Bold – (bold, old, bold)
- (box, ox, box)
A Bum Steer – (cow, plow, sow)
A Clean Sweep – (groom, broom, groom)
- (heels, wheels, heels, eels, heels)
(boat, coat, boat)
(soup, soap, soup)
(waiter, water, waiter)
Cool It – (nice, ice, nice)
Gone With the Wind – (win, wind, win)
Mighty Casey at the Bat – (batter, butter, batter)
Special Episodes
Though nearly all episodes of the segment were stand-alone stories that followed the same general story line, there were some exceptions. One episode functioned as an origin story, portraying Letterman's childhood and growing up. The most notable episodes were the ones where Letterman himself, rather than some innocent victim(s), was the target of Spellbinder's torment. Examples were:
"Betterman OR It's Hard to Keep A Good Man Down" – Spellbinder changes the "L" in "Letterman" to a "w" ("wetterman"), causing Letterman to struggle in a pool to keep from drowning. Letterman is somehow able to find a "b" and replace the "w" to make "Betterman" ("better man than he was before").
In one episode, entitled, "A Branch Office" Letterman declares he feels "good". Spellbinder changes the "g" to a "w" for "wood", turning Letterman into a talking tree. Spellbinder then proceeds to get a drill to try to drill holes in Letterman. Before Spellbinder returns, Letterman is able to convince a small bird to take a "g" from his front and replace the "w", thereby turning him back into the "feeling-good" Letterman, just in time as Spellbinder attempts to drill into him. The drill breaks and engulfs Spellbinder in the twisted metal.
In "Silver Threads Among The Bold", the narrator declares Letterman to be our "bold" hero. Spellbinder removes the "b", leaving "old" and turning Letterman into an aged version of himself. The Spellbinder taunts the aged Letterman, but drops the "b" in the process; Letterman picks it up and re-adds it to the word to change it back to "bold", restoring him to his youthful condition.
"Small Talk (2 parts)" – Spell Binder sneaks into Letterman's home in order to exact revenge for being foiled, time and time again. He spies upon Letterman, who happens to be packing away all of his letters into a trunk as he prepares to go on vacation. Spell Binder changes the "trunk" into "junk," then proceeds to shrink Letterman down to six inches tall by changing "junk" into "shrunk." However, Letterman takes action and removes the "s" and "r," changing "shrunk" into "hunk," which restores his college-football-player physique. Letterman defeats Spell Binder by bending his wand, rendering it useless and setting Spell Binder to breaking down and sobbing hysterically. In the second part ("A Friend In Need"), a re-composed Spell Binder has been placed behind bars. The narrator of the episode declares, "This looks like the end of a fiend," which inspires Spell Binder to use his bent wand as a letter "r" to change "fiend" into "friend." A strange-looking monster appears and the narrator exclaims, "I didn't know he had any friends!" to which Spell Binder answers back: "We went to school together." The monster bends the bars of Spell Binder's prison cell, allowing him to slip out and escape.
Parodies
Letterman was parodied as the live-action Litterman during the sixth season of The Electric Company. In the lone segment, the Spoil Binder changes a woman sitting on a park bench ("sitter") into a pile of garbage ("litter"). After the litter begins reeking, Litterman arrives to correct the situation.
In that one-time parody skit, Jim Boyd played the Spoil Binder and Skip Hinnant played Litterman.
Criticism
Jack Shaheen, Professor Emeritus of Mass Communication at Southern Illinois University, criticized the Spell Binder as a negative racial stereotype "who resembles those turbaned Arabs in the escapist Arabian Nights films of the fifties and sixties." Shaheen finds these segments discontinuous with Sesame Workshop's realistic portrayals of other minorities.
References
External links
Official Web site of The Electric Company
The Electric Company sketches
Parody superheroes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventures%20of%20Letterman |
James Anderson (c. 1690/1691–1739) was a Scottish writer and minister born and educated in Aberdeen, Scotland. He was ordained a minister in the Church of Scotland in 1707 and moved to London, where he ministered to the Glass House Street congregation until 1710, to the Presbyterian church in Swallow Street until 1734, and at Lisle Street Chapel until his death. He is reported to have lost a large sum of money in the South Sea Company crash of 1720. Anderson is best known for his association with Freemasonry.
Biography
James was born in Aberdeen in 1690/1 the son of John Anderson of Mudehouse, the elder brother of Adam Anderson, (1692–1765). He was educated at Marischal College from 1705 to 1709 and soon thereafter licensed to preach as a Church of Scotland minister by the Presbytery of Aberdeen.
In 1710 he was appointed minister of the Church of Scotland for the Scots population living in Westminster. He originally preached from a newly-built meeting hall at Glasshouse Street and the moved to the French Protestant Chapel in Swallow Street, London.
In 1734 he translated to a similar charge in Lisle Street, Leicester Square. According to the Gentleman's Magazine, he is said to have been "well known among the people of that persuasion resident in London as Bishop Anderson", and he is described as "a learned but imprudent man, who lost a considerable part of his property in the fatal year 1720". Several of his sermons were printed. One of them, No King-Killers, preached in 1715, on the anniversary of the execution of Charles I, was a zealous defence of the conduct of the Presbyterians during the civil wars, and reached a second edition. Anderson was a freemason, and when, in 1721, on the revival of freemasonry in England, the grand lodge determined to produce an authoritative digest of the Constitutions of the fraternity, the task was assigned to him (Entick's edition (1747) of the Constitutions, p. 194 et seq.). It was as a grand warden of the lodge that he presented to it, on completing his task, The Constitutions of the Free-Masons; containing the History, Charges, Regulations, &c. of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity. For the Use of the Lodges. London. In the year of Masonry 5723, Anno Domini 1723. This work, which passed through several editions, was long recognised by the English freemasons to be the standard code on its subject, and was translated into German. An American facsimile of the first edition of 1723 was issued at New York City in 1855, and there are reprints of the same edition in Cox's Old Constitutions belonging to the Freemasons of England and Ireland (1871) and in the first volume of Kenning's Masonic Archæological Library (1878). Anderson also contributed to masonic literature A Defence of Masonry, occasioned by a pamphlet called "Masonry Dissected" (1738?), which was translated into German, and is reprinted in Golden Remains of the Early Masonic Writers by George Oliver (1847).
He died in London on 28 May 1739.
Freemasonry
Anderson was a Freemason, the Master of a Masonic lodge, and a Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later known as the Premier Grand Lodge of England and in the 19th century as the United Grand Lodge of England). He was a member of the Royal Society, and a friend of Isaac Newton and John Theophilus Desaguliers. He was commissioned in September 1721 by the Grand Lodge to write a history of the Free-Masons, and it was published in 1723 as The Constitutions of the Free-Masons. Anderson's name does not appear on the title page, but his authorship is declared in an appendix.
Anderson's work, although of the first importance to the history of freemasonry, is unfortunately marred by a number of extravagant claims which are simply incredible. Indeed, it was shown at the tercentenary conference of the respected Quatuor Coronati research Lodge at Queens' College, Cambridge, that Anderson's history of the founding of the Grand Lodge is doubtful, since the public houses mentioned could probably not have accommodated the meetings that he claims were held in 1717. Anderson's account must be broadly accurate, having been widely published within six years of the events described, but it may have been backdated by two or three years, perhaps to aggrandise some brethren as Past Grand Officers.
Works
The work by which Anderson is chiefly remembered appeared in 1732, Royal Genealogies; or, the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, Kings, and Princes, from Adam to these times.<ref>Royal Genealogies, Or the Genealogical Tables of Emperors, Kings and Princes (1732)</ref> Professedly based on Genealogische Tabellen of Johann Hübner, it was largely supplemented by Anderson's industry. While the earlier sections of the work are of little historical value, the later are often of use in relation to the genealogies of continental dynasties and houses. The volume closes with a synopsis of the English peerage, and in the preface the author intimated his readiness, if adequately encouraged, "to delineate and dispose at full length the genealogies of all the peers and great gentry of the Britannic isles".
Anderson's last work, which he was commissioned to undertake by the first Earl of Egmont and his son from materials furnished by them, bore the title, A Genealogical History of the House of Yvery, in its different branches of Yvery, Lovel, Perceval, and Gournay; but the first volume alone was completed when Anderson died on 25 May 1739, and a second volume, subsequently published, was due to another pen (see "To the Reader" in vol. ii). The work was soon withdrawn from circulation on account of some disparaging remarks in it on the condition of the English peerage and on the character of the Irish people. It was re-issued, however, without the offensive passages, in 1742. Much of the genealogical matter in the book has been pronounced to be mythical. Another work of Anderson's, News from Elysium, or Dialogues of the Dead, between Leopold, Roman Emperor, and Louis XIV, King of France, was published shortly after his death in 1739.
The Constitutions was edited and reprinted by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1734, becoming the first Masonic book printed in America. An electronic edition of that work is online. A second London edition, much expanded, appeared in 1738. The work was translated into many languages, including Dutch (1736), German (1741), and French (1745).
See alsoAhiman Rezon''
Notes
References
Further reading
17th-century births
1739 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
18th-century Ministers of the Church of Scotland
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England
Scottish genealogists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Anderson%20%28Freemason%29 |
John William Jamieson Herivel (29 August 1918 – 18 January 2011) was a British science historian and World War II codebreaker at Bletchley Park.
As a codebreaker concerned with Cryptanalysis of the Enigma, Herivel is remembered chiefly for the discovery of what was soon dubbed the Herivel tip or Herivelismus. Herivelismus consisted of the idea, the Herivel tip and the method of establishing whether it applied using the Herivel square. It was based on Herivel's insight into the habits of German operators of the Enigma cipher machine that allowed Bletchley Park to easily deduce part of the daily key. For a brief but critical period after May 1940, the Herivel tip in conjunction with "cillies" (another class of operator error) was the main technique used to solve Enigma.
After the war, Herivel became an academic, studying the history and philosophy of science at Queen's University Belfast, particularly Isaac Newton, Joseph Fourier, Christiaan Huygens. In 1956, he took a brief leave of absence from Queen's to work as a scholar at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. In retirement, he wrote an autobiographical account of his work at Bletchley Park entitled Herivelismus and the German Military Enigma.
Recruitment to Bletchley Park
John Herivel was born in Belfast, and attended Methodist College Belfast from 1924 to 1936. In 1937 he was awarded a Kitchener Scholarship to study mathematics at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where his supervisor was Gordon Welchman. Welchman recruited Herivel to the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Welchman worked with Alan Turing in the newly formed Hut 6 section created to solve Army and Air Force Enigma. Herivel, then aged 21, arrived at Bletchley on 29 January 1940, and was briefed on Enigma by Alan Turing and Tony Kendrick.
Enigma
At the time that Herivel started work at Bletchley Park, Hut 6 was having only limited success with Enigma-enciphered messages, mostly from the Luftwaffe Enigma network known as "Red". He was working alongside David Rees, another Cambridge mathematician recruited by Welchman, in nearby Elmers School, testing candidate solutions and working out plugboard settings. The process was slow, however, Herivel was determined to find a method to improve their attack, and he would spend his evenings trying to think up ways to do so.
Intercepted Morse coded messages had been enciphered by the Germans' Enigma, an electro-mechanical rotor cipher machine that implemented a polyalphabetic cipher. The main model in use in 1940 had three rotors that set an electrical pathway from the keyboard to the lampboard. Pressing a key caused one lamp to light and the right-most rotor to advance by one letter position. This changed the electrical pathway so that pressing the same key again caused a different letter to light up. At one of the 26 positions, a notch on the right-most rotor engaged with the middle rotor so that the two rotors advanced together, and similarly the middle rotor would engage with the left-most rotor, giving a very long period before the sequence repeated (26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576). The ring on the rotor that contained the notch and so caused the next rotor to advance, could be set to any one of the 26 positions. The three rotors were selected from a set of five, giving 60 different ways of mounting rotors in the machine. However, because the Germans laid down the rule that no rotor should be in the same position on successive days, if the previous days's rotors and their positions were known, this number was reduced to 32.
The Enigma machine worked reciprocally so that an identical machine with identical settings would, if fed the enciphered letters, show the deciphered letters on the lampboard. Hut 6 had Enigma replica machines that were logically identical to the machines that the Germans were using. To decipher the intercepted messages required that the selection of rotors, the ring settings and the plugboard connections were known. At this time, the first three letters of the prelude to the message were used as an indicator to tell the receiving operator the letters that should appear in the windows for this particular message.
Herivel tip
Herivel had an insight in February 1940 that some lazy German code clerks might give away the Enigma's ring settings (Ringstellung) in their first message of the day. If there were several lazy clerks, the first message Grundstellungs would not be random but would have a clustering around the Ringstellung. The insight became known as the Herivel tip. It was not needed at the time because the Luftwaffe was doubly-enciphering their message keys so techniques such as Zygalski sheets could be used. In May 1940, the Germans stopped the doubly-enciphered keys. Other methods becoming ineffective, Bletchley Park started using the Herivel tip to break Luftwaffe traffic. It continued to be the main method until the bombe was delivered in August 1940.
Enigma enciphering procedure
The rotors and the positioning of the ring containing the notch were changed daily. The settings were defined in a codebook that was common to all operators on that network. At the start of each day, before any messages were sent or received, Enigma operators implemented the day's rotor selection and ring settings. Having selected the three rotors, they adjusted the ring settings. That could be done before the rotors were mounted on their axle or after they had been inserted into the machine. It was possible to adjust the ring settings of the loaded rotors by moving the spring-loaded retaining pin to the right and turning the rotor to display the specified letter. Herivel thought it likely that at least some of the operators would adjust the rings after they had mounted the rotors in the machine. Having set the alphabet rings and closed the lid, the operator should then have moved the rotors well away from the positions that displayed the three letters of the ring setting in the windows, but some operators did not.
Herivel's great insight came to him one evening in February 1940 while he was relaxing in front of his landlady's fire. Stressed or lazy operators who had set the rings when the rotors were in the machine might then have left ring setting at or near the top and used those three letters for the first message of the day.
For each transmitted message, the sending operator would follow a standard procedure. From September 1938, he would use an initial position to encrypt the indicator and send it in clear, followed by the message key that had been enciphered at that setting. If the ground setting () was GKX for example, he would then use Enigma with the rotors set to GKX to encrypt the message setting, which he might choose to be RTQ; which might encrypt to LLP. (Before May 1940, the encrypted message setting was repeated, but that makes no difference to Herivel's insight.) The operator would then turn his rotors to RTQ and encrypt the actual message. Thus, the preamble to the message would be the unencrypted ground setting (GKX), followed by the encrypted message setting (LLP). A receiving Enigma operator could use the information to recover the message setting and then decrypt the message.
The ground setting (GKX in the above example) should have been chosen at random, but Herivel reasoned that if operators were lazy, in a hurry or otherwise under pressure, they might simply use whatever rotor setting was currently showing on the machine. If that was the first message of the day and the operator had set the ring settings with the rotors already inside the machine, the rotor position currently showing on the machine could well be the ring setting itself or be very close to it. (If that situation occurred in the above example, GKX would be the ring setting or close to it).
Polish cryptographers used the idea at PC Bruno during the Phoney War.
Herivel square
The day after his insight, Herivel's colleagues agreed that his idea was a possible way into Enigma. Hut 6 began looking for the effect predicted by the Herivel tip and arranged to have the first messages of the day from each transmitting station to be sent to them early. They plotted the indicators in a grid termed a "Herivel square", an example of which is shown below. The rows and columns of the grid are labelled with the alphabet. The first indicator of the first message of the day received from each station on the network, was entered into the grid. It was done by finding the column corresponding to the first letter, the row corresponding to the second letter, and entering the third letter into the cell where the row and column intersected. For example, GKX would be recorded by entering a X in the cell in column G and row K.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
----------------------------------------------------------
Z| |Z
Y| S |Y
X| |X
W| L |W
V| |V
U| E |U
T| |T
S| |S
R| K |R
Q| S |Q
P| |P
O| |O
N| N |N
M| X |M
L| W T |L
K| X Y |K
J| W X |J
I| |I
H| Q |H
G| |G
F| |F
E| A |E
D| |D
C| V |C
B| J |B
A| P |A
----------------------------------------------------------
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
The Herivel tip suggested that there would be a cluster of entries close together, such as the cluster around GKX in the above example. That would narrow the options for the ring settings down from 17,576 to a small set of possibilities, perhaps 6 to 30, which could be tested individually.
The effect predicted by Herivel did not immediately show up in the Enigma traffic, however, and Bletchley Park had to continue to rely on a different technique to get into Enigma: the method of "perforated sheets", which had been passed on by Polish cryptologists. The situation changed on 1 May 1940, when the Germans changed their indicating procedure, rendering the perforated sheet method obsolete. Hut 6 was suddenly unable to decrypt Enigma.
Fortunately for the codebreakers, the pattern predicted by the Herivel tip began to manifest itself soon after on 10 May, when the Germans invaded the Netherlands and Belgium. David Rees spotted a cluster in the indicators, and on 22 May a Luftwaffe message sent on 20 May was decoded, the first since the change in procedure.
Additional key components
Although the Herivel tip provided the Enigma's ring settings, it did not provide other parts of the Enigma key: the rotor order and the plugboard settings. A Luftwaffe key at the time chose from 5 rotors, so there were 60 possible rotor orders. In addition, there might be 8 to 10 plugboard connections, which means that all but 6 of the 26 letters are permuted by the plugboard. The codebreakers had to use other methods to find the remaining portions of the Enigma key.
The Herivel tip was used in combination with another class of operator mistake, known as "cillies", to solve the settings and decipher the messages.
The Herivel tip was used for several months until specialised codebreaking machines designed by Alan Turing, the so-called "bombes", were ready for use.
Recognition
Gordon Welchman wrote that the Herivel tip was a vital part of breaking Enigma at Bletchley Park.
Because of the importance of his contribution, Herivel was singled out and introduced to Winston Churchill during a visit to Bletchley Park. He also taught Enigma cryptanalysis to a party of Americans assigned to Hut 6 in an intensive two-week course. Herivel later worked in administration in the "Newmanry", the section responsible for solving German teleprinter ciphers by using machine methods such as the Colossus computers, as assistant to the head of the section, mathematician Max Newman.
In 2005, researchers studying a set of Enigma-encrypted messages from World War II noted the occurrence of clustering, as predicted by the Herivel tip, in messages from August 1941.
After World War II
After the end of the war, Herivel taught mathematics in a school for a year, but he found he could not handle the "rumbustious boys". He then joined Queen's University Belfast, where he became reader in the History and Philosophy of Science. One of the students that he supervised was the actor Simon Callow, who said of him:
He published books and articles on Isaac Newton, Joseph Fourier and Christiaan Huygens. His publications include:
The research on which this paper is based was carried out in Paris in 1964 with the aid of a Bourse de Marque awarded by the French Government through their Embassy in London, and with a grant from the Research Committee of the Academic Council of the Queen's University, Belfast.
In 1978 he retired to Oxford, where he became a Fellow of All Souls College. In his retirement he published:
He died in Oxford in 2011.
He is survived by his daughter Josephine Herivel.
Notes
References
in
This contains an account of the pre-war work on Enigma in Poland, written with the care of a professional historian.
External links
"Mind of a Codebreaker", companion web site to "Decoding Nazi Secrets", originally broadcast on 9 November 1999. Part one and part two. (Contains similar material on the Herivel Tip to Smith, 1998).
1918 births
2011 deaths
People educated at Methodist College Belfast
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Bletchley Park people
Cryptographic attacks
Historians of science
British biographers
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Historians from Northern Ireland
Newton scholars
Male non-fiction writers from Northern Ireland
Academics of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
20th-century biographers from Northern Ireland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Herivel |
The National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, formerly known as the Royal Naval Museum, is a museum of the history of the Royal Navy located in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard section of HMNB Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. The museum is part of the National Museum of the Royal Navy, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Ministry of Defence. It received 1,081,909 visitors in 2017.
History
The museum was founded in 1911. Known originally as the Dockyard Museum, it was conceived by Mr. Mark Edwin Pescott-Frost, then secretary to the Admiral Superintendent at Portsmouth. With a passion for naval history he spearheaded a project to save items for future generations, eventually leading to the opening of a new museum. His foresight ensured the survival of many interesting and important artefacts, several of which are still on display today. He was awarded in 1916 the Imperial Service Order.
In 1985, under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983, the museum was devolved from the Ministry of Defence to become an executive non-departmental public body, supported by a grant-in-aid. At this juncture, the name was changed to become the "Royal Naval Museum, Portsmouth."
In 2008, the National Museum of the Royal Navy (NMRN) formally came into being with the express purpose of providing greater co-ordination of naval heritage in the broadest sense and, following on from this, in 2010, the Royal Naval Museum became a full subsidiary of the National Museum of the Royal Navy, and changed its name to "National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth"
Buildings and exhibits
The museum is housed in a row of three buildings which face . No. 11 Storehouse dates from 1763, and the adjacent No. 10 Storehouse from 1776; both are Grade I listed. The Victory Gallery is a purpose-built museum building of 1938. , a World War I Monitor warship, is also part of the museum; she was opened to the public in 2015, her centenary year.
No. 11 Storehouse contains various exhibition spaces relating to the Age of Sail. The restored No. 10 Storehouse opened to the public in 2014 as the Babcock Galleries, housing a new permanent exhibition telling the story of the 20th- and 21st-century Navy, as well as temporary exhibition spaces. It also houses the Trafalgar Sail (the fore topsail of HMS Victory, said to be the largest surviving single original artefact from the Battle of Trafalgar). A new glass atrium links the two historic storehouses.
Victory Gallery "tells the story of HMS Victory and the people who lived, worked and fought on board".
Nelson Gallery tells the story of Horatio, Viscount Nelson.
Sailing Navy Gallery tells of life at sea in the Sailing Navy.
HMS Hear My Story tells "undiscovered stories from the ordinary men, women and ships which have made the Navy‘s amazing history over the last 100 years".
References
External links
National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth. Official website.
Maritime museums in England
Naval museums in England
Museums in Portsmouth
Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Museum%20of%20the%20Royal%20Navy%2C%20Portsmouth |
Pamela Pitzer Willeford (born March 1950) is American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein between 2003 and 2006. She is also notable as being the sole eyewitness of the 2006 hunting incident where then-United States Vice President Dick Cheney accidentally shot attorney Harry Whittington in the face and chest.
Biography
Willeford grew up in Breckenridge, Texas and attended The Hockaday School in Dallas. She graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in English and Spanish. She became a public and private school teacher in Dallas, starting around the early 1970s. During the 1980s, she was a trustee of St. Andrew’s Episcopal School in Austin; she worked prominently in the expansion of the school. On the Texas State Preservation Board, she has been Director of Development, and coordinated its Texas Capitol Rededication project. She began serving on the Board and the Executive Committee of the Texas Book Festival upon their creation in 1996, and as of 2003, had continued to without interruption.
Willeford worked on developing education policy and promoting community service in Texas. She was appointed to the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board in 1995, by Governor George W. Bush. She served on the board for eight years, being promoted to chairwoman in 1998. During her tenure as chairwoman, the Board developed a new higher-education plan for the state.
She has been involved in numerous civic organizations, including The Helping Hand Home for Children, SafePlace Center for Battered Women, Trinity Episcopal School, The Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum and the Junior League of Austin. She was awarded "Volunteer Extraordinaire" by the Junior League of Austin in 2002 and "Woman of Distinction" from the Girl Scouts Lone Star Council in 2003. She has also served as Advisory Committee Chairman for The Laura Bush Foundation for America's Libraries and is currently its chairperson.
On July 30, 2003, President Bush nominated Willeford as U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein in anticipation of Mercer Reynolds III leaving that post. She was sworn in on October 27, 2003. She served until September 2006, when she was succeeded by Peter R. Coneway.
She is a long-time Bush family friend, and she and her immediate family have given a total of $23,200 to Republicans during the 2000, 2002, and 2004 election cycles.
Hunting incident
On February 11, 2006, she was the only witness when Dick Cheney accidentally shot Texas attorney Harry Whittington during a quail hunt.
Personal life
She is married to Dr. George "Boots" Willeford III, an Austin physician. They have two grown children.
References
External links
State Department Biography
Open Secrets profile on Pamela Willeford
1950 births
Living people
People from Austin, Texas
People from Dallas
Ambassadors of the United States to Switzerland
Ambassadors of the United States to Liechtenstein
Texas Republicans
American women ambassadors
People from Breckenridge, Texas
Hockaday School alumni
21st-century American women | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela%20Willeford |
Thierry Tulasne (born 12 July 1963) is a former tennis player from France, who won five singles titles during his professional career. He reached his career-high ATP singles ranking of World No. 10 in August 1986. Since his retirement, he has coached players such as Sébastien Grosjean, Paul-Henri Mathieu, Gilles Simon and Harold Mayot.
Career finals
Singles (5 titles, 4 runner-ups)
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
French male tennis players
Hopman Cup competitors
People from Aix-les-Bains
Wimbledon junior champions
Sportspeople from Savoie
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Tulasne |
The 2006 Elections in Washington include races for the US Senate, US House and Washington State Legislature. This page tracks incumbents and challengers for the Washington State Senate.
Summary of results
Before the 2006 elections, Democrats held 26 of 49 seats in the state Senate, a 1 vote majority. Democrats successfully flipped five seats while Republicans flipped one, bringing the Democratic majority to 30 out of 49 seats.
Results
District 38
Jean Berkey (D) - Incumbent
Jean Berkey was elected in 2002 into House Seat #2, and took the Senator position when Aaron Reardon took the position of Snohomish County Executive. Aaron was challenged by Glenn Coggeshell in 2002, and received 65.34% of the vote.
District 42
Dale E. Brandland (R) - Incumbent
Jesse M. Salomon (D) - Challenger
Website: http://jessesalomonforstatesenate.blogspot.com/
Dale Brandland was challenged by Georgia Gardner (D), Peter Tassoni (G) and Donald Crawford (L) in 2002, and received 49.25% of the vote.
District 43
Pat Thibaudeau (D) - Incumbent, stepping down
Rep. Ed Murray (D)
Ed Murray for State Senate
Loren Nelson (R)
Ed Murray has served the 43rd district since 1995 in the Washington State House of Representatives.
Pat Thibaudeau was challenged by Linde Knighton (G) in 2002, and received 79.04% of the vote. She announced her retirement from the Senate in May 2006, after Murray had declared his intention to challenge her for the Democratic nomination.
District 44
Dave Schmidt (R) - Incumbent
Steve Hobbs (D) - Challenger
Website: http://www.electhobbs.com/
Lillian Kaufer (D) - Challenger
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060626071857/http://www.lillianforsenate.com/
David Schmidt was challenged by Phil Doerflein (D) in 2002 and received 53.09% of the vote.
District 45
Toby Nixon (R)
Website: http://www.tobynixon.com/
Eric Oemig (D)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20151106032436/http://www.voteeric.com/
Incumbent Sen. Bill Finkbeiner has decided to step down, citing personal reasons. Rep. Toby Nixon has declared for the seat, leaving his House seat open.
District 46
Ken Jacobsen (D) - Incumbent
Brian Travis (R)
Ken Jacobsen was unchallenged in 2002.
District 47
Mike Riley (R)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060822040045/http://www.riley4senate.com/
Ed Crawford (D)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20060627130145/http://www.edcrawfordforsenate.com/
Claudia Kauffman (D)
Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20061008105722/http://www.claudiaforsenate.com/
Stephen Johnson was challenged by Deborah Jacobson in 2002, and received 55.52% of the vote. Johnson has decided to run for Washington State Supreme Court in 2006, making this an open seat.
Steve Reichert was previously running for the Republican nomination, but withdrew due to an "old injury that has flared up".
Ed Crawford recently retired as chief of the city of Kent Police Department.
District 48
Luke Esser (R) - Incumbent
Rodney Tom (D) - Challenger
Rodney Tom is a 2 term Republican from the House in the 48th. On March 14, he announced that he would be seeking the Senate seat as a Democrat, asking challenger Debi Golden (www.debigolden.com) to step aside to avoid a primary election.
References
Senate
Washington State Senate elections
Washington Senate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Washington%20State%20Senate%20election |
David Moir Nelson (April 29, 1920 – November 30, 1991) was an American football player, coach, college athletics administrator, author, and authority on college football playing rules. He served as the head football coach at Hillsdale College (1946–1947), the University of Maine (1949–1950), and the University of Delaware (1951–1965), compiling a career record of 105–48–6. During his 15 years as the head coach at Delaware, he tallied a mark of 84–42–2 and gained fame as the father of the Wing T offensive formation. From 1951 to 1984, he served as Delaware's athletic director. In 1957, Nelson was named to the National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Rules Committee and in 1962 became its Secretary-Editor, a position he held for 29 years until his death, the longest tenure in Rules Committee history. In this role, he edited the official college football rulebook and provided interpretations on how the playing rules were to be applied to game situations. Nelson was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1987.
Early years and college
Nelson was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. Upon graduation from Northwestern High School in 1938, Nelson enrolled at the University of Michigan. As a 5'7", 155-pound halfback, Nelson played football for Fritz Crisler in the same backfield with fellow Northwestern High alumnus Forest Evashevski, All-American fullback Bob Westfall, and 1940 Heisman Trophy winner Tom Harmon. All four members of this famed backfield have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as either a player or as a coach. In 1941, Nelson led the Wolverines in rushing, averaging 6.3 yards per carry.
Nelson earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1942 before serving as a lieutenant in the United States Naval Air Corps during World War II. He was awarded three battle stars for his service. After the war, Nelson returned to Michigan as assistant baseball coach, earning a Master of Science degree in 1946.
Coaching career
Nelson was head football coach at Hillsdale College in Michigan from 1946 to 1947, assistant football coach at Harvard University in 1948, and head football coach at the University of Maine from 1949 to 1950. While at Maine, Nelson began to develop the Wing-T formation.
When he took over at Delaware in 1951, Nelson continued to develop the Wing-T along with his assistant coach, Mike Lude, and eventual successor, Tubby Raymond, who joined the Delaware staff the fourth year of the Wing-T offense. Delaware's success included winning the Lambert Cup, awarded to the top small-college team in the East, in 1959, 1962 and 1963. The 1963 team also finished the season as the top small college team in the nation in the United Press International poll. When Nelson retired from coaching after the 1965 season, his career record was 105–48–6.
Nelson's Wing-T formation was adopted by a number of other teams, including Evashevski's Iowa Hawkeyes, who won the Rose Bowl in 1957 and 1959 using the formation. Others who used the Wing-T with success included Paul Dietzel with LSU, Frank Broyles with Arkansas, Ara Parseghian with Notre Dame, Jim Owens with Washington, and Eddie Robinson of Grambling State.
Nelson also brought a unique football helmet design to Delaware. In the 1930s, Nelson's future college coach, Crisler, was the coach at Princeton University and was looking for a way to allow his quarterback to easily locate pass receivers running downfield. At the time, there were no rules requiring schools to wear jerseys of contrasting colors, and helmets were dark leather, so distinguishing teammates from opponents at a glance was difficult. Crisler hit upon the idea of a helmet with a winged pattern on it and had the leather dyed in Princeton's black and orange colors. When Crisler moved to Michigan in 1938—the same year Nelson arrived—he used the same design with Michigan's school colors. Nelson brought the same design, in the appropriate school colors, to Hillsdale, Maine, and Delaware. Delaware continues to use the "Michigan" helmet design to this day.
While at the University of Delaware, Nelson held numerous academic and administrative roles in addition to coaching. These positions include Associate Professor and Professor of Physical Education (1951-1990), Professor Emeritus (1990-1991), Director (1951-1984) and Dean (1981-1990) of Physical Education and Athletics and Recreation, as well as Special Assistant to the President (1989-1990).
Books and awards
Nelson authored a number of books on football, including Scoring Power with the Winged-T Offense (co-authored with Evashevski, 1957), The Modern Winged-T Playbook (with Evashevski, 1961), Football: Principles and Plays (1962), Championship Football by 12 Great Coaches (1962), Dave Nelson Selects 99 Best Plays for High School Football (1966), Dave Nelson Selects the Best of Defensive Football for High Schools (1967), and Illustrated Football Rules (1976). Nelson's final book, The Anatomy of a Game: Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game, was a year-by-year chronicle of how the collegiate football playing rules evolved from 1876 to 1991. It was published posthumously in 1994.
Nelson's awards include the National Football Foundation Distinguished American Award (1984) and the American Football Coaches Association's Amos Alonzo Stagg Award (1989). He was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame in 1978, the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1986, and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1987 for his coaching achievements.
Nelson's papers are held in Special Collections at the University of Delaware.
Head coaching record
References
External links
David M. Nelson papers, Special Collections, University of Delaware Library, Newark, Delaware.
1920 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American football halfbacks
American sportswriters
College football announcers
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens athletic directors
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens football coaches
Harvard Crimson football coaches
Hillsdale Chargers football coaches
Maine Black Bears football coaches
Michigan Wolverines baseball coaches
Michigan Wolverines baseball players
Michigan Wolverines football players
Yankee Conference commissioners
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Northwestern High School (Michigan) alumni
Coaches of American football from Michigan
Players of American football from Detroit
Baseball players from Detroit
Military personnel from Detroit | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Nelson |
The Tarnhelm is a magic helmet in Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen (written 1848–1874; first perf. 1876). It was crafted by Mime at the demand of his brother Alberich. It is used as a cloak of invisibility by Alberich in Das Rheingold. It also allows one to change one's form:
Alberich changes to a dragon and then a toad in Das Rheingold, Scene 3.
Fafner changes to a dragon after the end of Das Rheingold and appears thus in Siegfried Act II. (It is never made clear whether Fafner actually used the Tarnhelm to transform, or simply transformed as many giants and gods did in the myths. There is also no Tarnhelm present in the original Andvari myth from Reginsmál in the Poetic Edda from which Wagner drew inspiration for this scene.)
Siegfried changes to Gunther's form in Götterdämmerung Act I, Scene 3.
Finally, it allows one to travel long distances instantly, as Siegfried does in Götterdämmerung, Act II.
The stage directions in Das Rheingold and Siegfried describe it as a golden chain-mail helmet which covers the wearer's face.
In politics
Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog") was a directive of Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 that was originally intended to remove all political activists and resistance "helpers"; "anyone endangering German security" throughout Nazi Germany's occupied territories. The name was a direct reference to a magic spell involving the "Tarnhelm" ("stealth helmet") from Wagner's Rheingold.
In popular culture
In The Lord of the Rings, Éowyn adopts the name "Dernhelm" when she masquerades as a man before slaying the Witch-King of Angmar; "Dernhelm" is the Old English equivalent of "Tarnhelm".
See also
Huliðshjálmr (concealing helmet) of Norse dwarves
Fafnir's helmet Aegis
References
Helmets
Mythological clothing
Magic items
Der Ring des Nibelungen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnhelm |
John Danaher may refer to:
John Danaher (VC) (1860–1919), Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross
John A. Danaher (1899–1990), U.S. senator and judge from Connecticut
John A. Danaher III (born 1950), grandson of the above, commissioner of the Connecticut Department of Public Safety
John Danaher (martial artist) (born 1967), Brazilian jiu-jitsu and mixed martial arts instructor | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Danaher |
Cooper University Hospital is a teaching hospital and biomedical research facility located in Camden, New Jersey. The hospital formerly served as a clinical campus of Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Affiliated with Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, the hospital offers training programs for medical students, residents, fellows, nurses, and allied health professionals. In partnership with the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cooper operates a comprehensive cancer center serving patients in New Jersey and the Delaware Valley.
Cooper is affiliated with the Coriell Institute for Medical Research and is a tertiary partner for twenty-one regional hospitals.
History
Cooper University Hospital was established in 1887 by the family of a prominent Quaker physician called Richard M. Cooper. The original hospital had 30 beds and provided health care services to the low-income population of Camden. It slowly grew from a small community hospital into a 635-bed regional tertiary care center. In 1982, it opened a trauma center that remains one of only three state-designated Level I Trauma Centers in New Jersey. It is certified by the American College of Surgeons and serves as the regional trauma center for southern New Jersey counties. It also serves as a resource for Level II Trauma Centers in the South Jersey region. Cooper admits nearly 3000 trauma patients each year, making it the busiest center in New Jersey.
Cooper serves as southern New Jersey's major tertiary-care referral hospital for specialized services and is home to the Bone & Joint Institute, Heart Institute, Neurological Institute and Urological Institute.
In 2010, the hospital launched the first medical evacuation helicopter service in Cumberland County.
In 2012, the American talk show host Kelly Ripa became an official spokesperson for Cooper.
Currently, Cooper stands as one of the largest healthcare providers in the region with over 1.2 million outpatient visits annually and over 7,000 employees. The Cooper Institutes and Centers of Excellence include: The Bone and Joint Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper, The Ripa Center for Women's Health and Wellness, The Cooper Heart Institute and Center for Population Health, among many others.
In 2022, a $2 billion expansion of the hospital was announced, which is expected to take about a decade to complete.
MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper
George Norcross, a prominent philanthropist in New Jersey and chairman of the board at Cooper, led the effort to create a new partnership between Cooper University Hospital and the world-renowned MD Anderson Cancer Center. In 2013, the two institutions opened a $100 million free-standing facility that houses comprehensive outpatient cancer services, including medical oncology, radiation oncology, surgical oncology, gynecologic oncology, and urology. Other resources include a new pathology laboratory, linear accelerator and PET-CT facility. The center offers patients in the Delaware Valley access to MD Anderson's cancer treatment protocols and clinical trials. The MD Anderson Cancer unit at Cooper has 30 inpatient state-of-the-art private rooms on the fifth floor of the Roberts Pavilion.
Cooper University Hospital is one of three co-branded partner institutions of MD Anderson Cancer Center, which also include the Banner MD Anderson Cancer Center in Arizona and MD Anderson International in Spain.
The MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper had over 6,500 new patient visits in 2016.
The Leapfrog Group for Pancreatic Surgery ranks MD Anderson Cooper number one in the state of New Jersey for safety in Pancreatic surgery.
Statistics
In 2016, according to their annual report, Cooper University Hospital had:
Hospital admissions: 30,573
Surgical cases: 19,941
MD Anderson new patient visits: 6,564
Emergency department visits: 78,270
Transfer volume to Cooper: 6,034
Outpatient visits: 1,583,241
Urgent care visits: 43,433
Trauma cases: 3,682
Expansion
In June 2004, Cooper University Hospital announced a $220 million expansion to the hospital's Health Sciences Campus that includes a new patient care pavilion attached to the existing facility. Subsequently, plans for the new patient care pavilion were expanded from six floors (211,000 sq ft.) to ten floors (312,000 sq ft.), with the inclusion of additional landscape improvements and patient amenity design features.
Cooper University Hospital's pavilion project is part of the hospital's efforts to create a regional health science campus in Camden, which will also include a new $130 million Academic and Research Building, as well as a stem cell institute, cancer institute, clinical research building, clinical office building and additional off-street parking.
Designed by EwingCole of Philadelphia, the patient pavilion opened in December 2008 and the hospital's orientation was shifted from Haddon Avenue to Martin Luther King Boulevard, as visitors began entering the hospital through the new lobby and utilizing the Camden County Improvement Authority parking, which connects to the hospital via an enclosed walkway.
The hospital is a planned stop on the Glassboro–Camden Line, an diesel multiple unit (DMU) light rail system projected for completion in 2019, which will connect to the River LINE.
References
External links
Hospital buildings completed in 1887
Buildings and structures in Camden, New Jersey
Hospitals established in 1887
1887 establishments in New Jersey
Teaching hospitals in New Jersey
Rutgers University
Rowan University
Trauma centers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper%20University%20Hospital |
Mezhdurechensk () is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
Urban localities
Mezhdurechensk, Kemerovo Oblast, a city in Kemerovo Oblast; administratively incorporated as a city under oblast jurisdiction
Mezhdurechensk, Komi Republic, an urban-type settlement in Udorsky District of the Komi Republic
Mezhdurechensk, Samara Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Syzransky District of Samara Oblast
Rural localities
Mezhdurechensk, Ivanovo Oblast, a selo in Teykovsky District of Ivanovo Oblast
See also
Mezhdurechensky (inhabited locality)
Mezhdurechye | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhdurechensk |
Lawson Duncan (born October 26, 1964) is a retired American tennis player. The right-hander reached his highest Association of Tennis Professionals singles ranking on May 20, 1985, when he became world No. 47. His best performance in a grand slam tennis tournament was the 1989 French Open, where he reached the fourth round.
A pioneer of the heavy topspin game, he was an All-America at Clemson University his freshman year before turning pro. He plays in exhibition matches against longtime friend and former pro Tim Wilkison during special banquets in the Asheville area.
Duncan graduated from Asheville High School in 1983.
Since 2006 he has taught privately at Asheville Racquet Club-Downtown, located in West Asheville, North Carolina.
Grand Prix / ATP career finals
Singles: 6 (0–6)
References
External links
1964 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Clemson Tigers men's tennis players
Sportspeople from Asheville, North Carolina
Tennis people from North Carolina | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawson%20Duncan |
Tempo, historically called Tempodeshel (), is a small village at the foot of Brougher Mountain in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. The Census of 2011 recorded a population of 489 people. It lies within the Fermanagh and Omagh District Council area.
History
The name An tIompú Deiseal ("the right-hand turn") may refer to a bend in the Tempo River near the village. There is a local legend that Saint Patrick left a manuscript here on his way to Enniskillen and that he told his servant to "turn right" to go back and retrieve it.
On 25 October 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) raided the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks in Tempo for weapons. RIC sergeant Samuel Lucas was shot and fatally wounded, but a group of armed Ulster Volunteers arrived and drove off the IRA unit. Shortly after, a Catholic civilian with republican sympathies, Philip Breen, was shot in the doorway of his family's pub in the village and later died of his wounds.
Tempo is the birthplace of Young Irelander Terence MacManus, one of the leaders of the 1848 Rebellion.
Education
Schools and pre-schools serving the area include Tempo Controlled Primary School, St. Mary's Primary School and the Tempo Community Playgroup.
Places of interest
Tempo Manor is a Victorian Manor House, built in 1863 and standing in of grounds and woodlands.
Campbell's Bar is the oldest public house in the town and is known for its reported supernatural sightings. The Fermanagh News reported the bar as the most haunted place in Fermanagh in 1994.
2001 Census
Tempo is classified as a small village or hamlet by the NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people).
On Census day (29 April 2001) there were 533 people living in Tempo. Of these:
23.2% were aged under 16 years and 21.5% were aged 60 and over
48.2% of the population were male and 51.8% were female
69.0% were from a Catholic background and 30.4% were from a Protestant background
5.7% of people aged 16–74 were unemployed
For more details see: NI Neighbourhood Information Service
See also
List of towns and villages in Northern Ireland
References
Sources
Enniskillen.com
Culture Northern Ireland
Villages in County Fermanagh | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%2C%20County%20Fermanagh |
Hilary Robert Jones (born 19 June 1953) is an English general practitioner, presenter and writer on medical issues, known for his media appearances, most often on television. He has written for News of the World and The Sun on Sunday magazines.
Medical career
Jones was born in Hammersmith, London. He attended Latymer Upper School before qualifying as a medical doctor at the Royal Free Hospital, London in 1976. He then held various positions, including being the only medical officer on Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic in 1978. Returning to the UK, he became a junior doctor at Basingstoke Hospital, and from 1982, became a full-time Principal General Practitioner in the Basingstoke area. Jones became a GP Trainer in 1987 and as of 2010 still practised part-time as a National Health Service (NHS) general practitioner.
Media career
Television
Jones became the TV-am doctor from May 1989 and has featured regularly on GMTV since 1993, where he was the health and medical advisor. In 2010, GMTV was replaced by Daybreak and Lorraine, where Jones continued to work as Health Editor. In 2014, Daybreak was replaced by Good Morning Britain, with Jones transferring to the show. As part of this role, he reports on emerging medical news stories as well as informing the public about various medical problems such as weight issues, contraception, surgery and cancer. Jones has been appearing on the programme throughout each morning during the coronavirus pandemic.
Jones also co-presented The Health Show with Terry Wogan and presented weekly social action programme Loud & Clear for three years for Meridian Television. He appeared as a panellist on the 2002 docucomedy series Dave Gorman's Important Astrology Experiment.
Jones participated in the fifth series of Dancing on Ice, partnered with Alexandra Schauman, but was voted off on Valentine's Day (Week 6) after Danny Young was saved by the judges in the skate off.
In 2013, Jones appeared on The Chase Celebrity Special (series 3, episode 3). He and the other members of the team, including Charlotte Jackson, defeated "The Chaser", Paul Sinha, and won £100,000 for charity.
Radio
Jones has had a regular guest slot on Steve Wright's BBC Radio 2 programme since 2000 discussing medical matters.
Online
Jones previously worked as a medical adviser for online clinic HealthExpress where he featured in a number of health advice videos and hosted live ‘Twitter Clinics.’ As part of these Twitter clinics, Jones offered tailor-made information on various health-related questions posed by the public. He is also actively involved in brand radio sessions, exhibitions and events.
Jones is an ambassador for the Careline Service TeleCare24, and contributes articles on health matters such as epilepsy, cancer and dementia on their Careline Blog.
Jones featured in a supportive film for WaterAid’s social media channels.
Writing
Jones wrote a weekly column for the News of the World dealing with medical problems and health issues until the newspaper closed in July 2011 owing to its shameful conduct in public affairs. He also answered readers' health questions in the newspaper's Sunday Magazine, and did the same in Rosemary Conley's Diet and Fitness magazine. He edits and contributes to his own magazine Family Healthcare with Dr Hilary Jones.
Jones has also written a number of health-related books. His first novel A Day In Your Life, published in August 2009, reached number six in the top ten hardback non-fiction bestseller list. His WWI novel, Frontline, was published in September 2021.
A full list of Jones' written works can be found below:
I'm Too Busy to be Stressed: How to Recognise and Relieve the Symptoms of Stress (1997)
Total Wellbeing: The Whole Treatment for the Whole You - An Integrated Approach to Health (Co authored with Brenda Davies, 1999)
Doctor, What's the Alternative? All You Need to Know About Complementary Therapies (1999)
A Change for the Better: How to Survive and Thrive During the Menopause (2000)
What’s Up Doc? (2010)
A Day in Your Life: 24 Hours Inside the Human Body (2013)
Frontline (2021)
Charity work
Jones is a patron of The Meningitis Research Foundation, The Lauren Currie Twilight Foundation, and the Pancreatic Cancer Action.
Spokesperson work
Jones has been a spokesperson for the School and Nursery Milk Alliance since 2016.
Paid directorships
In 2019, Jones joined London-based nutraceutical company MedTate as a non-executive director to support pharmacies across the United Kingdom.
Honours and awards
Jones was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting, public health information and charity.
References
External links
1953 births
20th-century English medical doctors
English television presenters
GMTV presenters and reporters
ITV Breakfast presenters and reporters
Living people
People from Hammersmith
People from Basingstoke
Writers from London
Members of the Order of the British Empire
21st-century English medical doctors
People from Tristan da Cunha | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary%20Jones%20%28doctor%29 |
Keith Norman Sutton (23 June 1934 – 24 March 2017) was the 97th Bishop of Lichfield from 1984 to 2003.
Early life and education
Sutton grew up in Balham, London. He attended Battersea Grammar School and won a scholarship to Cambridge to read English but changed to theology. He graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge, in 1959. He was a keen runner (national schoolboy sprint champion) and was a Cambridge Blue at tennis. Before attending Cambridge University he did his national service with the British Army where he was commissioned into the Sixth Armoured Division and spent time primarily in Germany.
Ministry
Sutton was ordained at Exeter Cathedral and served as a curate in Plymouth. In July 1985, he was sent by the Archbishop of Canterbury as a special envoy to support Archbishop Desmond Tutu who was facing threats of action by the South African government.
He was the Bishop of Kingston from 1978 to 1984, having served as principal of Ridley Hall from 1973 to 1978. Prior to his time at Ridley Hall he taught at Bishop Tucker Theological College in Mukono, Uganda, from 1968 to 1973 (now part of Uganda Christian University). He was chaplain of St John's College, Cambridge, from 1962 to 1967. In 1989 he became a member of the General Synod Standing Committee and became president of The Queens College in Birmingham and governor of St John's College, Durham. He wrote a Lent book, The People of God (1983).
Sutton retired to Cornwall and served as an honorary assistant bishop in the dioceses of Truro and Exeter.
Marriage and family
Sutton was married to Jean Sutton (née Geldard), deceased September 2000. They had three sons (Mark, Paul and Andrew) and one daughter (Jacqui).
References
External links
Interview at The Free Library
1934 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Bishops of Kingston
Bishops of Lichfield
20th-century Church of England bishops
21st-century Church of England bishops
Staff of Ridley Hall, Cambridge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Sutton%20%28bishop%29 |
Richard Joseph Libertini (May 21, 1933 – January 7, 2016) was an American stage, film and television actor.
He was known for playing character roles and his ability to speak in numerous accents. His films include Catch-22 (1970), The In-Laws (1979), Popeye (1980), Sharky's Machine (1981), All of Me (1984), Fletch (1985), Fletch Lives (1989), Awakenings (1990), Lethal Weapon 4 (1998), and Dolphin Tale (2011).
Early life
Libertini was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and graduated from Emerson College in Boston. During his early years, Libertini worked in New York City and in Chicago. He moved to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career during the 1960s.
Career
He was an original cast member of The Mad Show, a 1966 Off-Broadway musical-comedy produced by Mad magazine. His first film appearances were in The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968), Don't Drink the Water (1969) and Catch-22 (1970).
Two of his more memorable film roles came in the comedies Fletch (1985), in which he played Chevy Chase's character's doubting editor, a role he repeated in the 1989 sequel Fletch Lives, and The In-Laws (1979), in which he played General Garcia, an insane Latin American dictator whose closest advisor was a cartoon face drawn on his own hand a la Señor Wences. He portrayed Nosh, an electronics expert who is the childhood best friend of Burt Reynolds's character, in Sharky's Machine (1981).
He also played a traveling vaudevillian in Terrence Malick's Days of Heaven (1978), the greengrocer George W. Geezil in Robert Altman's Popeye (1980), a Hispanic priest in Best Friends (1982), the servant Giuseppe in Unfaithfully Yours (1984), spiritual advisor Prahka Lasa ("Back in Bowl!") in All of Me (1984), the bandit Dijon in Disney's animated feature film DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990), and a rabbi in Lethal Weapon 4 (1998).
On television, Libertini was a series regular in the first season of Soap as the Godfather. He appeared as three different characters in episodes of Barney Miller. He also appeared in "Evaluation" (1978) and "Middle Age" (January 1979). He guest starred in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Accession" as a Bajoran named Akorem Laan, and in the Sonny with a Chance episode "Dakota's Revenge" as Izzy, an insane mechanic. He also voiced Wally Llama on Animaniacs, and starred in three short-lived sitcoms: Family Man (1988), in which he played a middle-aged comedy writer who married a much younger woman and became a father late in life; The Fanelli Boys (1990–1991), in which he played an Italian priest; and Pacific Station (1991–1992), in which he played a police detective.
Libertini appeared on the TV show Supernatural. His final film role was that of a fisherman in the 2011 film Dolphin Tale. From October 2011 through January 2012, Libertini appeared on Broadway as a rabbi in "Honeymoon Motel," the Woody Allen-penned segment of Relatively Speaking.
Personal life
Libertini married actress Melinda Dillon on September 30, 1963; he had one child with her, Richard. They divorced in 1978.
Libertini died at the age of 82 in Venice, California, on January 7, 2016, from cancer. He had been diagnosed two years prior.
Selected filmography
The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968) - Pockets
Don't Drink the Water (1969) - Father Drobney
The Out-of-Towners (1970) - Baggage Man - Boston
Catch-22 (1970) - Brother John
Lady Liberty (1971) - Tim (uncredited)
I Wonder Who's Killing Her Now? (1975) - Cafe Waiter / Jack Kirsten
Fire Sale (1977) - Painter
Days of Heaven (1978) - Vaudeville Leader
The In-Laws (1979) - Gen. Garcia
Popeye (1980) - Geezil
Sharky's Machine (1981) - Nosh
Soup for One (1982) - Angelo
Best Friends (1982) - Jorge Medina
Going Berserk (1983) - Rev. Sun Yi Day
Deal of the Century (1983) - Masaggi
Unfaithfully Yours (1984) - Giuseppe
All of Me (1984) - Prahka Lasa
Fletch (1985) - Frank Walker
Big Trouble (1986) - Dr. Lopez
Betrayed (1988) - Sam Kraus
Fletch Lives (1989) - Frank Walker
Animal Behavior (1989) - Doctor Parrish
The Lemon Sisters (1990) - Nicholas Panas
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990) - Dijon (voice)
Awakenings (1990) - Sidney
The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) - Ed Rifkin
The Fanelli Boys (1990–1991) - Father Angelo Lombardi
Nell (1994) - Alexander Paley
Cultivating Charlie (1994) - Glosser
‘’Columbo’’ (1998) - Episode: Ashes to Ashes - Sheik Yarami
Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) - Rabbi Gelb (uncredited)
Telling You (1998) - Mr. P
The 4th Tenor (2002) - Vincenzo
Grilled (2006) - Rabbi Silver
Everybody Wants to Be Italian (2007) - Papa Aldo Tempesti
A Grandpa for Christmas (2007) - Karl Sugarman
Dolphin Tale (2011) - Fisherman
How to Become an Outlaw (2014) - Judge
References
External links
1933 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Italian descent
Deaths from cancer in California
Emerson College alumni
Male actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Libertini |
Jacob's Island was a notorious slum in Bermondsey, London, in the 19th century. It was located on the south bank of the River Thames, approximately delineated by the modern streets of Mill Street, Bermondsey Wall West, George Row and Wolseley Street. Jacob's Island developed a reputation as one of the worst slums in London, and was popularised by the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist, published shortly before the area was cleared in the 1860s.
History
The origin of the name is not clear, but one possibility is that it derives from a vernacular term for frogs.
Swamp
Bermondsey was historically a rural parish on the outskirts of London until the 17th century when the area began to be developed as a wealthy suburb following the Great Fire of London. By the 19th century, the once affluent parts of Bermondsey had experienced a serious decline, and became the site of notorious slums with the arrival of industrialisation, docks and migrant housing, especially along the riverside.
The most notorious of the slums was known as Jacob's Island, with the boundary approximately the confluence of the Thames and subterranean River Neckinger, at St Saviour's Dock across from Shad Thames, to the west, a tidal ditch just west of George Row to the east, and another tidal ditch just north of London Street (now Wolseley Street) to the south. It was a particularly squalid rookery, and described as "The very capital of cholera" and "The Venice of drains" by The Morning Chronicle in 1849.
In the 1840s it became "a site of radical activity", and, after attention from novelists Charles Dickens and Charles Kingsley, joined other London areas of "literary-criminal notoriety" that emerged "as symbols of a developing urban counterculture". The 19th century social researcher Henry Mayhew described Jacob's Island as a "pest island" with "literally the smell of a graveyard" and "crazy and rotten bridges" crossing the tidal ditches, with drains from houses discharging directly into them, and the water harbouring masses of rotting weed, animal carcasses and dead fish. He describes the water being "as red as blood" in some parts, as a result of pollutant tanning agents from the leather dressers in the area.
Clearance and redevelopment
In the early 1850s Jacob's Island was gradually removed as part of a slum clearance, starting with the tidal ditches that formed the eastern and southern boundaries being filled. In 1861, the slum was partly destroyed by a fire, and the area later redeveloped as warehouses. In 1865, Richard King, writing in A Handbook for Travellers in Surrey, Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight, observed that "Many of the buildings have been pulled down since Oliver Twist was written, but the island is still entitled to its bad pre-eminence". A decade later, a missionary for the London City Mission provided a more positive report:
Charles William Heckethorn had reservations about these improvements, telling readers of London Souvenirs in 1899, that "Many of the horrors of Jacob's Island are now things of the past ... in fact, the romance of the place is gone".
In 1934, a new public housing development called the Dickens Estate was opened on the site of the former Jacob's Island. The houses of the development were named after Dickens' characters but the only one to have lived, and died, on Jacob's Island, the murderous Bill Sikes, was not honoured.
Fiction
Charles Dickens
Jacob's Island was immortalised by Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist, in which the principal villain Bill Sikes dies in the mud of 'Folly Ditch'. Dickens provides a vivid description of what it was like:
... crazy wooden galleries common to the backs of half a dozen houses, with holes from which to look upon the slime beneath; windows, broken and patched, with poles thrust out, on which to dry the linen that is never there; rooms so small, so filthy, so confined, that the air would seem to be too tainted even for the dirt and squalor which they shelter; wooden chambers thrusting themselves out above the mud and threatening to fall into it – as some have done; dirt-besmeared walls and decaying foundations, every repulsive lineament of poverty, every loathsome indication of filth, rot, and garbage: all these ornament the banks of Folly Ditch.
Dickens was taken to this then-impoverished and unsavory location by the officers of the river police, with whom he would occasionally go on patrol.
Dickens wrote in a preface to Oliver Twist, in March 1850, that in the intervening years his descriptions of the disease, crime and poverty of Jacob's Island had come to sound so fanciful to some that Sir Peter Laurie, a former Lord Mayor of London, had expressed his belief publicly that the location was a work of imagination and that no place by that name, or like it, had ever existed. (Laurie had himself been fictionalised, a few years earlier, as Alderman Cute in Dickens' short novel The Chimes).
Site of 'Bill Sikes' house'
In 1911, the Bermondsey Council opposed a suggestion by the London County Council that George's Yard, in Bermondsey, should be renamed "Twist's Court", to reflect the site of the demise of the Dickens' character Bill Sikes. Nine years later, G. W. Mitchell, a clerk with the Bermondsey Council found a plan dated 5 April 1855, in the London County Council archives, which showed 'Bill Sykes' house' marked on Jacob's Island. This was at a time when the London County Council was proposing that Jacob's Island should be 'demolished'. The following year, it was noted that "so accurately" did Dickens' "describe the scene that the house that he chose for Bill Sikes's end was easily located" in 1855, and "became a Dickens' landmark", leading it to be marked on the Council's plan.
At the time of the 1920s news reports, the site of the house, which had been in Metcalf Court as shown in a reproduction of the 1855 plan, was behind 18 Eckell Street (formerly Edwards Street), and "occupied as stables by Messers. R. Chartors and Co.". But "in the time of a Dickens" it overlooked the Folly Ditch on one side and was approached by means of "two wooden bridges across the mill stream', and was "used by thieves of the area".
In The Mysteries of Paris and London (1992), author Richard Maxwell describes a poster in 1846 inviting Jacob's Island residents to celebrate the end of the Corn Laws. Maxwell identifies the location given on the poster of "that highly interesting Spot, described by Charles Dickens" as the site of Bill Sikes' house.
Charles Kingsley
In Charles Kingsley's 1850 novel Alton Locke, the title character visits Jacob's Island and sees the death of the drunken Jimmy Downes, who has been reduced to poverty, and the bodies of his family, taken by typhus. Kingsley had been inspired by the accounts of the 1849 cholera epidemics published by The Morning Chronicle to visit Jacob's Island with his friend Charles Blachford Mansfield. In addition to his fictional portrayal, Kingsley joined with Mansfield and fellow Christian socialist John Malcolm Forbes Ludlow in purchasing water-carts that were sent to Jacob's Island to supply clean drinking water to the residents.
Current use
The site of the former Jacob's Island was heavily damaged in the Blitz during World War II, when it was extensively bombed by the Luftwaffe due to the industrial presence in the area. Today it is part of the London Borough of Southwark, with only one of the Victorian warehouses surviving. In 1981, the area was one of the first in the London Docklands to be converted to expensive loft apartments, which have since been joined by new blocks of luxury flats, including a development by architects Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands.
Since the early 1990s the Jacob's Island area has undergone considerable regeneration and gentrification, with significant friction at times between the new land-based arrivals and the more bohemian set based in the houseboats moored just offshore at Reed Wharf.
See also
1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak
List of demolished buildings and structures in London
References
Further reading
The Ghost Map by Steven Johnson, Penguin Books, 2006,
External links
Jacobs Island Residents Association
Dickens' London map
Areas of London
Former slums of London
History of the London Borough of Southwark
Bermondsey | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s%20Island |
Yoram Jerzy Gross (18 October 192621 September 2015) was a Polish-born, Australian producer of children's and family entertainment.
He was known for his adaptation of children's characters from books and films, and best known for the production of the films Dot and the Kangaroo and Blinky Bill: The Mischievous Koala.
Early life
Gross was born in Kraków, Poland to a religious Jewish family and was the brother of the film director Natan Gross.
Gross endured World War II under the Nazi regime. His family was on Oskar Schindler's list, but chose to make their own risky escape, moving hiding places 72 times.
Gross studied music and musicology at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow (also known as Krakow University). He first entered the film industry in 1947 at the age of 20 when he became one of the first students of Jerzy Toeplitz (founder of the Polish Film Institute, the Swiss Film Institute and the Australian Film and Television School).
Early career
Gross began his career as an assistant to Polish directors Eugene Cenkalski and Leonard Buczkowski as well as the Dutch director Joris Ivens and studied script writing under Carl Foreman.
In 1950 Gross moved from Poland to Israel, where he worked as a newsreel and documentary cameraman. He then became an independent film producer and director and began winning prizes at international film festivals.
His full-length feature, Joseph the Dreamer (1962), a biblical story, received special prizes in many countries. His experimental film Chansons Sans Paroles (1958) was heralded by some international film critics as the most interesting film of 1959. Another comedy, One Pound Only (1964), set the box office record of the year.
Australian career
In 1967 Gross, his wife Sandra and young family migrated to Australia and lived in Sydney. They established Yoram Gross Film Studio in their house, as remote workers. Gross continued to make experimental films and to win awards. He originally produced film clips for the popular weekly television music program Bandstand for such artists as John Farnham. At the Sydney Film Festival in 1970, he was awarded second prize for The Politicians in the category of best Australian-made film, and at the 1971 Australian Film Awards, his film To Nefertiti won the bronze award.
Animated films and TV series
After 1977 Gross devoted his energies to animated films and series, but maintained an interest in experimental films with awards to assist young filmmakers including the Yoram Gross Award for Best Animated Film at the Sydney Film Festival and the Yoram Gross Best Animation Award at the Flickerfest International Film Festival. Gross wrote a book on making animated films, titled The First Animated Step (1975) and produced a film of the same title.
Dot series
The first animated feature film produced by the Yoram Gross Film Studio, called Dot and the Kangaroo (1977), used a special aerial image technique of drawings over live action backgrounds. The film was based on an Australian classic best seller by Ethel Pedley, and was described by ABC film critic John Hinde as a "brilliant technical success and the best cartoon film originated in Australia". It won Best Children's Film in Tehran and also won a Sammy Award for the Best Animated Film at the 1978 Australian Film Institute Television Awards.
Gross went on to produce, direct, and script a total of 16 feature films for 19 children. Eight films featuring the adventures of Dot from the original film Dot and the Kangaroo. Dot and the Bunny (1984) was the winner of the 1983 Best Animated Film at the 28th Asia Pacific Film Festival, and Dot and Keeto (1985) won the Red Ribbon Award at the 1986 American Film and Video Festival.
Coinciding with the release of the films, Gross also published books based on the films Dot and the Kangaroo, The Little Convict and Save the Lady.
Magic Riddle
Gross's 1991 animated film The Magic Riddle was based on an original story and is a mixture of fairy tales from Hans Christian Andersen, the Brothers Grimm, and others.
Blinky Bill
In 1992 Gross released Blinky Bill: The Mischievous Koala, based on the Australian children's classic by Dorothy Wall. This film featured an Australian koala and introduced Blinky Bill to an international audience. Blinky Bill generated one of Australia's most successful merchandising programs, bringing in millions of dollars in export earnings.
In 1993 Yoram Gross Film Studio diversified into animated series for television. The first two of the Blinky Bill series, The Adventures of Blinky Bill and Blinky Bill's Extraordinary Excursion, totalled 52 half-hour episodes and achieved significant international success, particularly in Europe.
After Blinky Bill, Gross co-produced the series Tabaluga (26 half hours) with EM.TV & Merchandising AG, which became a top-rated children's show in Germany. An animated series adapting Australia's best-known kangaroo, Skippy, was completed in 1998, whereupon the studio commenced the animation of Flipper and Lopaka. Both series comprise 26 half-hour episodes.
Later career
In March 1999, EM.TV a 50% share ownership in Yoram Gross Film Studio acquired from Village Roadshow Limited to form Yoram Gross-EM.TV Pty Ltd (YGEM) was created. This new partnership marked the transition from a family business to a world brand. EM.TV and YGEM committed to the production of 10 new series over the next five years.
In the following year the studio worked with the Canadian Nelvana to plan an animated adaptation of Dav Pilkey's Dumb Bunnies.
The new millennium cemented Gross and EM.TV's position as the number-one family entertainment business in the Australian country and supplier of quality children's content to the world. The studio completed a second series of both Tabaluga and Flipper and Lopaka, as well as a brand new series, Old Tom.
The Seven Network programmed a dedicated block of television produced by Yoram Gross – a fulfilment of its commitment to screen quality 'C classified' drama for children. Gross and EM.TV also launched the Junior TV channel in Germany, but shut down in many years later.
Gross's autobiography, My Animated Life, was released in April 2011.
Death
Gross died in Sydney at the age of 88 on 21 September 2015.
Honours and recognition
Gross won more than 80 international awards for his various films.
Gross was honoured in the 1995 Australia Day Honours with a Member of the Order of Australia for his services to the Australian film industry, particularly in animation techniques.
Gross celebrated his 60th anniversary in the film industry in May 2007. To celebrate the milestone, the New South Wales Film and Television Office honoured him by hosting a special retrospective screening of his career highlights, including the screening of Gross's most recent project, Autumn in Krakow, a poignant short film on his home town of Kraków, based on his late brother Nathan's poetry. In 2011, Gross was awarded the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland and the Medal for Merit to polish Culture – "Gloria Artis"..
For users in four countries: Australia, Greece, Germany, and Israel, a Google Doodle was made for what would have been his 95th birthday to celebrate his life and works.
Filmography
Feature films
TV series
Bright Sparks (1989)
The Adventures of Blinky Bill (1993)
Blinky Bill's Extraordinary Excursion (1995)
Samuel and Nina (1996–1997)
Tabaluga (1997–2004)
Skippy: Adventures in Bushtown (1998–1999) (also known as Skippy: Adventures in Bushland)
Dumb Bunnies (1998–1999) (with Nelvana)
Flipper and Lopaka (1999–2005)
Fairy Tale Police Department (2001–2002)
Old Tom (2001–2002)
Bambaloo (2003–2004) (with The Jim Henson Company)
Art Alive (2003–2005)
Seaside Hotel (2003–2005)
Blinky Bill (2004) (also known as Blinky Bill's Extraordinary Balloon Adventure and Blinky Bill's Around the World Adventures)
Dive, Olly, Dive! (2005) (with Mike Young Productions)
Deadly (2005–2006)
Staines Down Drains (2006–2011)
Master Raindrop (2008–2009)
Legend of Enyo (2009–2010)
Zigby (2009–2013)
Zeke's Pad (2010)
Vic the Viking (2013–2014)
Tashi (2014–2015)
Heidi (2015) (final project)
Short films
Chansons Sans Paroles (1958)
Song Without Words (1958)
Hava Nagila (1959)
We Shall Never Die (1959)
Bon Appetit (1969)
Barry Crocker's Danny Boy (1970)
Janice Slater's Call It What You May (1970)
John Farnham's One (1970)
The Politicians (1970)
To Nefertiti (1971)
Seasons (1972)
Sun (1975)
Professor Filutek (1999)
The Naked Tree (2003)
Autumn in Krakow (2007)
Fuchsia Ballerinas (2007)
Young Musicians (2007–2008)
Don't Forget... (2010)
Why... (2010)
Forest Holocaust (2011)
Sentenced To Death (2011)
The Liar (2012)
Kaddish (2013)
References
External links
Web page for Flying Bark Productions
Web page for Yoram Gross Films Pty Ltd
1926 births
2015 deaths
Australian animated film directors
Australian film directors
Australian film producers
Australian Jews
Australian people of Polish-Jewish descent
Australian television producers
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Film people from Kraków
Jewish artists
Jewish film people
Members of the Order of Australia
Polish emigrants to Australia
Polish emigrants to Israel
Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
Blinky Bill | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoram%20Gross |
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories is a collection of ten short stories written between 1920 and 1937 by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was published in 1960 by Charles Scribner's Sons.
Selection
Babylon Revisited collects ten of F. Scott Fitzgerald's best-known short stories. In an afterword to the 1996 edition, Fitzgerald scholar Matthew Bruccoli describes the period leading up to the selection, "F. Scott Fitzgerald died believing himself a failure. The obituaries were condescending, and he seemed destined for literary obscurity. The first phase of the Fitzgerald resurrection—'revival' does not properly describe the process—occurred between 1945 and 1950. By 1960 he had achieved a secure place among America's enduring writers." In an afterword to the 2000 edition, James L. W. West III of Pennsylvania State University explains of the Babylon Revisited stories, "His writings embody lessons of ambition and disappointment, idealism and disenchantment, success and failure and redemption, that are central to the American experience...His romantic readiness for life and his gift for hope have come to embody important aspects of the American experience."
Contents
The ten stories included are
"The Ice Palace"
"May Day"
"The Diamond as Big as the Ritz"
"Winter Dreams"
"Absolution"
"The Rich Boy"
"The Freshest Boy"
"Babylon Revisited"
"Crazy Sunday"
"The Long Way Out"
Reception
When the title story appeared in Fitzgerald's final collection, 1935's Taps at Reveille, The New York Times wrote "'Babylon Revisited', which seems oddly linked in spirit to Mr. Fitzgerald's latest novel, Tender is the Night, is probably the most mature and substantial story in the book. A rueful, though incompleted, farewell to the Jazz Age, its setting is Paris and its tone one of anguish for past follies." In a January 2011 essay to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Penguin's Modern Classics series, University of East Anglia's Sarah Churchwell wrote
"Babylon Revisited" is at once timeless and startlingly modern in its evocation of a single father struggling with alcoholism and trying to care for his daughter, and coming to terms with the costs of extravagance...Nine years after the publication, less than a year before he would die at 44, Fitzgerald wrote his daughter Scottie a letter about the story: "You have earned some money for me this week because I sold 'Babylon Revisited', in which you are a character, to the pictures (the sum received wasn’t worthy of the magnificent story—neither of you nor of me—however, I am accepting it)." Like [the story's hero], Fitzgerald learnt the hard way that loss is remorseless, absolute; what has been wasted is irrecoverable. But as "Babylon Revisited" also shows, even out of the wreckage some things can be salvaged, if not everything: what Fitzgerald retrieved he bequeathed to us, the hard-won lessons of his life transformed into heartbreaking art.
Churchwell called the story—as of 2011—"a perfect tale for the times we live in".
Betty Draper can be seen reading the collection in the second season of Mad Men.
References
External links
The New York Times on Taps at Reveille, in which "Babylon Revisited" first appeared
Sarah Churchwell on Babylon Revisited in The Telegraph
1960 short story collections
Short story collections by F. Scott Fitzgerald | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon%20Revisited%20and%20Other%20Stories |
Olsberg is a town in the Hochsauerland district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
Geography
It is situated on the river Ruhr, approx. 15 km east of Meschede. It is bordered by Arnsberg Forest Nature Park, on the northern fringe of the Rothaargebirge. The town's setting is dominated by heavily wooded ridges and valleys formed by the Ruhr and three of its tributaries.
A notable feature situated within the town's limits are the Bruchhauser Steine, four large porphyry rocks located on a mountain near the village of Bruchhausen.
The Langenberg, the highest mountain of north-west Germany and North Rhine-Westphalia, is located on the eastern town border, the peak being just inside the town's limits.
Neighbouring towns and municipalities
Clockwise from the north, Olsberg is bordered by:
Brilon
Willingen
Winterberg
Schmallenberg
Bestwig
Division of the town
The town of Olsberg comprises twelve villages. The town's core consists of Olsberg itself and Bigge, which have physically merged since the 1950s.
Antfeld
Assinghausen
Bigge
Olsberg
Bruchhausen
Brunskappel
Elleringhausen
Elpe/Heinrichsdorf
Gevelinghausen
Helmeringhausen
Wiemeringhausen
Wulmeringhausen
History
The town was formed on January 1, 1975 in the course of the municipal reorganization of North Rhine-Westphalia. Before that date all villages (except Bigge and Olsberg, which had been merged already been merged into a single municipality in 1969) have been independent municipalities.
Politics
The town council is currently headed by mayor Wolfgang Fischer (CDU), re-elected in 2020. The composition of the town council is, since 2020:
Economy
Traditionally dominated by agriculture (especially dairy farming) and small scale wood and metal craft, the town's economical base today relies on the tertiary sector, especially tourism. Industry consists primarily of metallurgy and sawmills.
Transport
Rail
The town has two train stations.
Olsberg railway station is situated on the railway line between Hagen and Kassel and receives a generally hourly service in both direction.
Bigge railway station is on the line between Dortmund and Winterberg and has a one train in each direction every two hours.
Bus
Buses connect the town core to the neighbouring villages and towns, generally with hourly services. Most bus services meet at Olsberg railway station to connect with train services.
Road
The Bundesstraße 480 runs through the town from north to south, and meets the Bundesstraße 7 just north of the town in the village of Altenbüren. The current end of the A46 motorway is 5 km to the Northwest.
Town bypass
Construction on a southern bypass road started in 2005 and is scheduled for opening in 2010. It will take the Bundesstrasse 480 to a new route bypassing the town core to the west and the south.
Education
Children are allocated to four primary schools according to their place of residence. Additionally there are three secondary schools, one of which caters for children with physical disabilities. While the town does not have a Gymnasium (higher education school), it maintains a vocational college.
International relations
Olsberg is twinned with:
Olsberg, Canton of Aargau (Switzerland) -- since 1974
Fruges (France) -- since 1965
Jöhstadt (Germany) -- since 1990
See also
2014 Olsberg mid-air collision
References
External links
Official site
Hochsauerlandkreis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsberg%2C%20Germany |
Richard Leslie Hills MBE (1 September 1936 – 10 May 2019) was an English historian and clergyman who wrote extensively on the history of technology, particularly steam power. He helped to found Manchester's Science & Industry Museum, where he was its first lecturer-in-charge.
Early life and education
Mills was born on 1 September 1936 in Lee Green, the second son of Leslie Hills and Margaret 'Peggy' Magdalen Miller (the youngest daughter of John Ontario Miller). His father Leslie Hills was an Anglican vicar; his mother died of cancer when he was two, and Hills spent his childhood in the care of an aunt in Tunbridge Wells.
From an early age, he was fascinated with mechanical toys, whether making model aircraft on the nursery window sill, arranging layouts for model trains or taking clocks to pieces. At school - he attended Charterhouse School in Godalming, Surrey - he started making a 3½ inch gauge live steam model of the 1830 Invicta or Canterbury Lamb.
In National Service, he obtained a commission as 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, ending up with the 26 Field Regiment at Folkestone during the Suez Crisis. He was sent to Lydd-on-Sea to supervise the accommodation for Territorial units practising shooting on the Dungeness ranges. His mechanical interests at this time included a two-stroke Excelsior motor bike and a restoration of a Standard car.
He then studied the History Tripos at Queens' College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he acquired a 1924 Lancia Lambda in need of restoration, and was introduced to Mr. and Mrs. Kenny who allowed impecunious students to use workshop facilities near Long Melford while they were trying to preserve the Stretham Old Engine that once drained the Waterbeach Level. Hills researched the history of this engine and the Fens, and, after completing a Dip. Ed. at Cambridge and a brief teaching spell (at Earmley School, Sussex and Worcester College for the Blind), did a year's research into fen drainage at Imperial College, London for which he was awarded a diploma while also publishing his first book, Machines, Mills and Uncountable Costly Necessities.
Through the support of Professor Rupert Hall at Imperial, Donald Cardwell offered Hills a post as research assistant in his History of Science Department at the University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology (UMIST) to study the history of textile technology; from 1965 to 1968, he studied a PhD at UMIST, living for a time near Hyde, Cheshire.
Career
Science and Industry Museum
While in Manchester, Hills helped to launch a science museum for Manchester, supported by the City of Manchester, the University of Manchester and UMIST. In 1967, UMIST purchased 97 Grosvenor Street for demolition but agreed to allow part of it to be used temporarily to start the museum. In 1968, the three authorities agreed £12,670 p.a. to fund a lecturer in charge, two technicians, a secretary and other running costs. Because he had been collecting exhibits such as the archives of locomotive manufacturer Beyer, Peacock & Company and many more, Hills was offered the post of lecturer in charge. The first stage of the museum was opened on 20 October 1969 by Lord Rhodes, Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire. It contained displays of steam and internal combustion engines, paper-making, printing, spinning and weaving, scientific instruments, clocks, electrical exhibits such as wireless sets, archives and much more.
The museum's chief technician was Frank Wightman, an experienced millwright, with a passion for the steam engines that drove the textile mills. Manchester had been a centre for mechanical engineering with many internationally famous firms. Hills realised that it would be possible to find small examples of machine tools like lathes or planing machines to show the basic principles. Also many textile machines might be shortened to just a few spindles, making them easier to demonstrate. So he decided to concentrate on mill engines of medium size that would still be impressive. These could be demonstrated under steam from a modern package boiler.
Hills decided the museum would also collect exhibits they could not display immediately but would be necessary in a permanent museum. Offered a steam beam engine of around 1830 (like those that would have driven the first cotton spinning mills), he decided to use Wightman's expertise and dismantle it for storage. Likewise he accepted an offer of one of the last steam mill engines ever built, the 1925 Galloway engine from Elm Street Mill, Burnley. This required all of Wightman's skills to remove it, and it was held in three different stores before being re-erected in 1983. In 1972, the museum was able to expand into the whole of 97 Grosvenor Street so as many as possible of the exhibits were put into working order and demonstrated especially on Working Saturdays which attracted many visitors. Between the opening in 1969 and closure of Grosvenor Street in 1983, over half a million visitors passed through its doors.
The celebration of the 150th anniversary of the 1830 opening of the Liverpool & Manchester Railway saw the acquisition of the original terminus at Liverpool Road, Manchester, by Greater Manchester County Council, and the decision to move the museum into that historic site. This made it possible to take the mill engines out of store. Frank Wightman had died, leaving Hills as the only person who had seen them in their original situations. He had to supervise the construction of foundations then the actual erection of the mass of separate parts (total weight around 400 tons). For these engines to run again, there had to be installed services such as steam, water, condensing apparatus, drains as well as overhead cranes. It is probably the most complex display attempted for a museum. The Power Hall has been a major draw for visitors ever since, still being the most popular part of the museum.
At Liverpool Road, the museum expanded into railway-related exhibits. Hills saw that they could complement the National Railway Museum by displaying locomotives that had been exported overseas by the many local locomotive building firms. A cousin, Elspeth Quayle, who was a member of the Manx House of Keys, introduced him to their Minister of Transport and so was arranged the return to Manchester of the Beyer, Peacock-built Pender. The sectioning of this locomotive proved to be another big draw. The British Overseas Railways Historical Society helped with the return of a Vulcan Foundry 4-4-0 locomotive from Pakistan. Netherlands State Railways presented the high-speed electric EM2 Class Ariadne built at Gorton with Metropolitan-Vickers electrics (designed originally to work between Manchester and Sheffield and then on to London when that part of the line might be electrified). Perhaps Hills' greatest achievement was securing and organising the repatriation of a South African Railways GL Class Garratt articulated locomotive. The logistics of moving this 120 ton monster from Johannesburg to Manchester were considerable, involving a visit by him to that country.
The museum has continued to expand and develop, becoming one of north West England's most popular visitor attraction. Since the opening at Liverpool Road in 1983, there have been around 2.5 million visitors; in 2013 alone there were 643,000 visitors, drawn by the many working exhibits, the tradition started at Grosvenor Street.
Church work
By 1983, Hills was feeling the stress of many years overworking. So he took early retirement on ill-health grounds and trained to serve in the Church of England as an ordained priest. He studied at St Deiniol's Library (now known as Gladstone's Library), Hawarden, Flintshire from 1985 to 1987; and he continued to help in local churches in the Mottram deanery.
He continued, however, to contribute more books and articles on the history of technology, including a three volume biography of James Watt. Hills was also Honorary Reader in History of Science and Technology at UMIST.
Publications
Hills wrote over 100 articles in journals such as Newcomen Society Transactions, Manchester Memoirs, The Railway Magazine, Railway World, Notes and Records of the Royal Society, Journal of the Textile Institute, Industrial Archaeology, The Quarterly (Journal of the British Association of Paper Historians), International Association of Paper Historians Year Book, Technology and Culture, History of Technology, Museum Association Journal, Snowdon Ranger (Welsh Highland Railway Society), Textile History and the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
He has made contributions to the following and other encyclopaedias, etc. Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology, Encyclopedia of the History of Technology, New Dictionary of the National Biography, Oxford Companion to the Book and Reader's Guide to the History of Science.
Offices, awards and honours
Hills held various positions in learned societies at various times:
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society – Member of Council, later (2014) an Honorary Member
Manchester Region Industrial Archeology Society – chairman, Secretary, later an Honorary Member
International Association of Paper Historians – President, later an Honorary Member
British Association of Paper Historians – Founding President
Newcomen Society for the History of Engineering – Member of Council, Chairman of the North West Branch
Manchester Association of Engineers – Member of Council, Editor, President
Society of Ordained Scientists – Secretary
Awards and honours included:
Award of Merit, Cambridge Education Diploma
Abbot Payson Usher Prize, 1973 (R. L. Mills and A. J. Pacey, "The Measurement of Power in the Early Steam-driven Textile Mills," Technology and Culture 13 (1972): 25–43)
Companion of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
Honorary Life Vice-president, Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester
Awarded Manchester University Medal of Honour (2014)
Hills was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to industrial heritage.
Family
While working as curate at St Michael and All Angels Church, Mottram in Longdendale, Hills met Bernice Pickford and they were married there in August 2008. She died from cancer in 2016. After her death, as therapy, he was encouraged to write his autobiography, The Seven ages of One Man (published in 2018).
He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011 and died on 10 May 2019, aged 82.
References
Historians of technology
1936 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
Alumni of Imperial College London
20th-century English Anglican priests
Members of the Order of the British Empire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20L.%20Hills |
Francis Keppel (April 16, 1916 – February 19, 1990) was an American educator. As U.S. Commissioner of Education (1962–1965) he was instrumental in developing the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and in overseeing enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the schools. In 1966, he became head of the General Learning Corporation. Keppel later served on the New York City Board of Higher Education (1967–1971) and on Harvard's Board of Overseers (1967–1973). In 1974 he became founding chairman of the Lincoln Center Institute and director of the education policy program at the Aspen Institute.
Background
Keppel was born in New York City and attended the Groton School in Massachusetts. He entered Harvard University in 1934 where he received a bachelor's degree in English literature in 1938. He spent the next year in Rome where he dabbled in sculpture and art studies at the American Academy in Rome. Returning to the States after the year and was named assistant dean of education (for freshmen) at Harvard University.
During World War II, Keppel was secretary of the Joint Army-Navy Committee on Welfare and Recreation in Washington, D.C. He later entered the U.S. Army's Information and Education Division. Following the war, Keppel returned to Harvard where was appointed assistant to the provost. Harvard President James Bryant Conant was so impressed with Keppel's magnetic personality and enthusiasm that he appointed him dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1948, though Keppel still had only an A.B. degree. At age 32, Keppel became the youngest Harvard dean in history.
During his fourteen years as dean, the School of Education more than quadrupled in size, applications increased tenfold, and the endowment swelled to over $9 million. An advocate for the progressive education movement, Keppel was especially known for testing reform ideas like "team teaching, programmed learning, curricular reform, and educational television ... he forged ties to other departments in the social sciences and humanities at Harvard. He was a widely respected leader nationally as well, serving on a number of important committees, task forces and councils." (Rury 2017). His practices set Harvard apart from other schools of education. Keppel was widely respected as a national leader and served on numerous committees, task forces, and councils during his tenure.
In 1962 President John F. Kennedy (Harvard Class of 1940) appointed Keppel Commissioner of Education, a post in which Keppel's leadership skills and social sensibilities made him highly influential. When the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was created in 1965 Keppel became Assistant Secretary for Education. He was an aggressive advocate for civil rights and was the principal architect of the Elementary and Secondary School Act of 1965(ESEA). Title I of this act is devoted to providing funds for schools teaching poor or disadvantaged children. In consequence of a controversy in Chicago, Keppel resigned in 1966 and was replaced by Harold Howe II, who shared Keppel's reformist agenda. He is also credited with influencing the passage of the Higher Education Facilities Act, the Manpower Development and Training Act, and the Library Services Act. When President Lyndon B. Johnson elevated the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to a cabinet-level office in 1965, Keppel became the assistant secretary of education. Keppel was featured on the cover of Time magazine on October 15, 1965.
ESEA greatly expanded federal influence on education. While its motives were praiseworthy, its transformations, supported by private foundations like the Ford Foundation and progressive reformers in leading schools of education, had a negative effect on school performance. The National Commission on Excellence in Education in 1983 found that SAT scores declined every year for 14 years from 1964, and that "nearly 40 percent of 17-year olds could not draw inferences from written materials." (Gardner 1983).
After leaving the federal government, Keppel became chief executive officer of the General Learning Corporation, a joint venture between General Electric and Time Inc. He later served as vice chair of the New York City Board of Higher Education and director of the Aspen Institute. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1977, Keppel returned to Harvard University as a senior lecturer where he continued teaching until his death.
The Keppel award for the timely and accurate reporting of public library data to the Institute of Museum and Library Services was named in his honor.
External links
Oral history at JFK Library
References
|-
1916 births
1990 deaths
Groton School alumni
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from New York City
United States Bureau of Education people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Keppel |
Division, in horticulture and gardening, is a method of asexual plant propagation, where the plant (usually an herbaceous perennial) is broken up into two or more parts. Each part has an intact root and crown. The technique is of ancient origin, and has long been used to propagate bulbs such as garlic and saffron. Another type of division is though a plant tissue culture. In this method the meristem (a type of plant tissue) is divided.
Overview
Division is one of the three main methods used by gardeners to increase stocks of plants (the other two are seed-sowing and cuttings). Division is usually applied to mature perennial plants, but may also be used for shrubs with suckering roots, such as gaultheria, kerria and sarcococca. Annual and biennial plants do not lend themselves to this procedure, as their lifespan is too short.
Practice
Most perennials should be divided and replanted every few years to keep them healthy. Plants that do not have enough space between them will start to compete for resources. Additionally, plants that are too close together will stay damp longer due to poor air circulation. This can cause the leaves develop a fungal disease. Most perennials bloom during the fall or during the spring/summer. The best time to divide a perennial is when it is not blooming. Perennials that bloom in the fall should be divided in the spring and perennials that bloom in the spring/summer should be divided in the fall. The ideal day to divide a plant is when it is cool and there is rain in the forecast.
Start by digging a circle around the plant about 4-6 inches from the base. Next, dig underneath the plant and lift it out of the hole. Use a shovel, gardening shears, or knife to physically divide the plant into multiple "divisions". This is also a good time to remove any bare patches or old growth. Each division should have a good number of healthy leaves and roots. If the division is not being replanted immediately, it should be watered and kept in a shady place. The new hole should be the same depth as the original hole. After the hole has been filled in, firmly press down on the soil around the base of the plant. This helps remove air pockets and makes the plant more stable. Plants that are divided in late fall when the ground is freezing should also be mulched. The division will have trouble staying rooted if the ground is freezing and thawing frequently. Continue to water the division(s) daily once until it has established itself.
Table of when to divide common perennials
The frequency a plant should be divided is a general guideline. A plant should be divided when it starts producing fewer flowers, has a lot of dead growth in the center (crown), or cannot support its own weight.
See also
Root cutting
Bare root
References
Horticulture
Asexual reproduction | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division%20%28horticulture%29 |
No. 316 "City of Warsaw" Polish Fighter Squadron () was a Polish fighter squadron formed in Great Britain as part of an agreement between the Polish Government in Exile and the United Kingdom in 1941. It was one of several Polish fighter squadrons fighting alongside the Royal Air Force during World War II.
History
No 316 Squadron was formed at Pembrey on 15 February 1941 as a Polish fighter unit equipped with Hawker Hurricane Mk.Is. It was engaged in defensive duties over south-west England until it re-equipped with Hurricanes Mk.IIs and began sweeps over northern France. It later re-equipped with the Spitfire and then Mustang aircraft.
Commanding officers
Squadron bases
Aircraft operated
References
Notes
Bibliography
Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. .
Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2001. .
Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald & Jane's (Publishers)Ltd., 1969 (revised edition 1976, reprinted 1978). .
External links
Photo Gallery of 316 Squadron
History of No.'s 300–318 Squadrons at RAF Web
Personnel of the Polish Air Force in Great Britain 1940–1947
316
No. 316
316
Military units and formations established in 1941
Military units and formations disestablished in 1946
Poland–United Kingdom military relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No.%20316%20Polish%20Fighter%20Squadron |
John Anthony Danaher (January 9, 1899 – September 22, 1990) was a United States senator from Connecticut, and a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
Danaher defeated incumbent Senator Augustine Lonergan in the 1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut.
Education and career
Born on January 9, 1899, in Meriden, New Haven County, Connecticut, Danaher attended the local schools. He received an Artium Baccalaureus degree in 1920 from Yale University and then attended Yale Law School, serving as a lieutenant in the United States Army in 1918 as a member of the Student's Army Training Corps and in the Officers' Reserve Corps. He was admitted to the bar in 1922. He entered private practice in Hartford, Connecticut and later Washington, D.C. from 1922 to 1953. He served as an Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut from 1922 to 1934. He was Secretary of State for the State of Connecticut and a member of the State Board of Finance and Control from 1933 to 1935. He was a Republican United States Senator from Connecticut from January 3, 1939 to January 3, 1945, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1944. He was counsel to the National Republican Senatorial Committee from 1946 to 1953.
Federal judicial service
Danaher received a recess appointment from President Dwight D. Eisenhower on October 1, 1953, to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit vacated by Judge James McPherson Proctor, taking the oath of office on November 20, 1953. He was nominated to the same position by President Eisenhower on January 11, 1954. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 30, 1954, and received his commission on March 31, 1954. He assumed senior status on January 22, 1969. After taking senior status, he served part time with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He took inactive senior status in 1980. His service terminated on September 22, 1990, due to his death in West Hartford, Connecticut, where he had resided since 1969. He was interred at the Sacred Heart Cemetery in Meriden.
Family
Danher's grandson, John A. Danaher III, is a Superior Court Judge who currently sits in Litchfield, Connecticut.
References
Sources
External links
John Anthony Danaher papers (MS 165). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower
20th-century American judges
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
People from Washington, D.C.
1899 births
1990 deaths
Secretaries of the State of Connecticut
Yale Law School alumni
United States Attorneys for the District of Connecticut
Republican Party United States senators from Connecticut
Connecticut Republicans
Assistant United States Attorneys | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Danaher |
Olsberg (Swiss German: Olschprg) is a municipality in the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
History
During the neolithic era there was a small settlement near Olsberg. There was also a Roman farm in the area during the 1st Century AD. The modern village of Olsberg is first mentioned in 1236 as Olsperg. The original settlement grew out from the courtyard of the convent. Until 1790, the convent held the low justice rights as well as the ownership of the land. With some interruptions, the part of Olsberg to the right of the Violenbach stream belonged to the Austrian district of Rheinfelden from 1330 until 1797. After 1797 it was a French protectorate and then went with the rest of the Fricktal to the newly formed Canton of Aargau in 1803. The left hand side of the stream belonged to the city of Basel from 1461 and later to Canton of Basel-Country (and now forms part of the municipality of Arisdorf).
The Abbey Church was renovated between 1670-1707. It was originally a branch church of the parish church in Kaiseraugst. After 1786 it became the parish church of its own parish. In 1872 it became the first Christian Catholic parish church in Switzerland.
Geography
Olsberg has an area, , of . Of this area, or 34.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 60.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 5.4% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes.
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 2.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.4%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 10.6% is used for growing crops and 18.2% is pastures, while 5.4% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in rivers and streams.
The municipality is located in the Rheinfelden district, in the lower Fricktal (Frick river valley). In 1882 Olsberg merged with Arisdorf.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Vert a Rose Argent and a Chief counter-compony Gules and Argent.
Demographics
Olsberg has a population () of , 7.7% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 7.6%. Most of the population () speaks German(96.3%), with French being second most common ( 1.6%) and Italian being third ( 0.5%).
The age distribution, , in Olsberg is; 23 children or 6.3% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 37 teenagers or 10.2% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population, 31 people or 8.5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 48 people or 13.2% are between 30 and 39, 57 people or 15.7% are between 40 and 49, and 62 people or 17.1% are between 50 and 59. The senior population distribution is 77 people or 21.2% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 17 people or 4.7% are between 70 and 79, there are 8 people or 2.2% who are between 80 and 89,and there are 3 people or 0.8% who are 90 and older.
the average number of residents per living room was 0.54 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.57 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 76.7% of the total households were owner occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).
, there were 8 homes with 1 or 2 persons in the household, 48 homes with 3 or 4 persons in the household, and 73 homes with 5 or more persons in the household. , there were 134 private households (homes and apartments) in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. there were 92 single family homes (or 56.4% of the total) out of a total of 163 homes and apartments. There were a total of 0 empty apartments for a 0.0% vacancy rate. , the construction rate of new housing units was 5.6 new units per 1000 residents.
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 30.14% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (28.61%), the FDP (13.29%) and the CVP (10.72%). In the federal election, a total of 133 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 48.0%.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Heritage sites of national significance
The former Cistercian convent, church and outbuildings are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Economy
, Olsberg had an unemployment rate of 0.75%. , there were 46 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 16 businesses involved in this sector. people are employed in the secondary sector and there are businesses in this sector. 52 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 10 businesses in this sector.
there were 200 workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 149 or about 74.5% of the residents worked outside Olsberg while 74 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 125 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality. Of the working population, 11.1% used public transportation to get to work, and 54.1% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 86 or 22.9% were Roman Catholic, while 166 or 44.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 41 individuals (or about 10.93% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic faith.
Education
In Olsberg about 90.7% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the school age population (), there are 26 students attending primary school in the municipality.
Olsberg is home to the Schul-u.Gde.Bibliothek Olsberg (school and municipal library of Olsberg).
Culture
The cellist Sol Gabetta has since 2005 organized a chamber music festival in Olsberg called Solsberg,.
References
Cultural property of national significance in Aargau
Municipalities of Aargau | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olsberg%2C%20Aargau |
Cornelius Eady (born 1954) is an American writer focusing largely on matters of race and society. His poetry often centers on jazz and blues, family life, violence, and societal problems stemming from questions of race and class. His poetry is often praised for its simple and approachable language.
Biography
Cornelius Eady was born in Rochester, New York and is an author of seven volumes of poetry. In most of Eady's poems, there is a musical quality drawn from the Blues and Jazz.
Recently awarded honors include the Strousse Award from Prairie Schooner, a Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Award, and individual Fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Arts.
Eady has also recently collaborated with jazz composer Deirdre Murray in the production of several works of musical theater, including You Don't Miss Your Water, Running Man, Fangs, and Brutal Imagination. Eady's work also appears in Blackbird: an online journal of literature and the arts.
In 1996, Eady and fellow poet Toi Derricotte founded Cave Canem Foundation, a nonprofit organization for black poets.
Cornelius Eady has taught at Sarah Lawrence College, New York University, The Writer's Voice, The College of William and Mary, University of Notre Dame, and Sweet Briar College. Formerly an associate professor of English and Director of the Poetry Center at State University of New York at Stony Brook and Distinguished Writer-in-Residence at the City College of New York, as well as the Miller Chair in Poetry at University of Missouri. Currently he lives in Knoxville, TN where he serves as the Chair of Excellence at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. He is married to novelist Sarah Micklem.
Works
His first book of poetry, Kartunes, was published in 1980, with several books of poetry following it.
He is also the author of Victims of the Latest Dance Craze, which won the 1985 Lamont Poetry Prize of the Academy of American Poets; BOOM, BOOM, BOOM: A Chapbook (1988); The Gathering of My Name; You Don't Miss Your Water; and the autobiography of a jukebox (Carnegie Mellon, 1997).
Cornelius Eady's most recent collection of poetry, Brutal Imagination, was a finalist for the 2001 National Book Award in Poetry.
One of his most popular works, Eady's book Brutal Imagination (2001) comprises two cycles of poems, each confronting the same subject: the black man in white America. The first cycle, which carries the book's title, is narrated largely by the "imaginary black man that Susan Smith blamed for kidnapping her two children when in fact she had strapped her babies into the back of their family car and pushed the car into John D. Long Lake and let them drown. It took nine days for the authorities— the FBI and the sheriff— to break her story and so the premise is that for those nine days, that man is alive and walking among us, and it's a big what if: What if he could talk? What if he had the ability to speak? What would he have told us?"
The second cycle, "Running Man," focuses on the African-American family and the barriers of color and class. The title character represents every African-American male who has crashed into these barriers.
Bibliography
Victims of the Latest Dance Craze Ommation Press, 1986, ; Carnegie Mellon University Press, 1997,
BOOM, BOOM, BOOM: A Chapbook, State Street Press, 1988
The Gathering of My Name Carnegie Mellon University Press, 1991,
You Don't Miss Your Water Henry Holt, 1995, ; Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2004,
The Autobiography of a Jukebox: Poems Carnegie Mellon Press, 1997; Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2007,
The war against the obvious
List of poems
References
External links
Text of Selected Poems
Academy of American Poets Biography
Blackbird: an online journal of literature and the arts
Eady interview on Words on a Wire
Podcast at Badilisha Poetry Exchange
Cornelius Eady Papers. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of Americaln Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
1954 births
Living people
African-American poets
American academics of English literature
American male non-fiction writers
American male poets
Chapbook writers
City College of New York faculty
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows
The New Yorker people
Sarah Lawrence College faculty
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Eady |
Kent Carlsson (born 3 January 1968) is a former tennis player from Sweden. A seasoned claycourter, he won all nine of his ATP tour singles titles on the surface, including the 1988 Hamburg Masters. Carlsson achieved a career-high singles ranking of World No. 6 in September 1988.
Early life
When he was young, his family used to live all summers in Båstad. The family always parked their caravan at Hemmeslöv's campsite early in the summer and that is where Kent started to play tennis at the age of four. During his early years playing tennis Carlsson used to travel around in a caravan and ate in the tennis hall restaurant to save money.
As a result of Björn Borg's huge success at the top level, everyone in the neighborhood wanted to play tennis. They played a lot in the streets, improvising nets with bikes. However, they had to be eight years old to start the tennis school at TK Hobby, so Carlsson began playing table tennis, handball, football, and bandy. He got an exemption in the summer of 1975, and was thus able to play on the outdoor courts of the tennis school at the age of seven. Due to the huge turnout of tennis enthusiasts during the Borg era, it was almost impossible to book a court at the tennis club, so he played a lot against a plank.
At the TK Hobby club, he had coaches such as Roger Nilsson and Bosse Karlsson, in addition to his father, Lars-Göran Carlsson, who coached Kent throughout his junior years. Carlsson was critical of the media who said that his father Lars-Göran pushed him too hard and in response to the criticism, he said "it was wrong and on the contrary, he put the on. I believed I was at my best, when I trained a lot and was never going to lose because of conditioning. I lost because my opponent was better on the day".
Playing career
Juniors
Carlsson was a successful junior winning the Kalle Anka Cup (), which is a Swedish junior tournament held in Båstad, for four years in a row, 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982, once in the under 11 category, twice in the under 13s and once in the under 15. The day before the final of the 1980 qualifying competition, held in Sörmland, he and his younger brother Thomas were cycling around the neighborhood when his brother's pedal ended up in his wheel, which resulted in a harsh fall, but he still managed to win the final the next day, despite being really bruised. He still holds the record for the most overall titles wins at 4, one more than Thomas Enqvist and Thomas Johansson who both won it 3 times.
Carlsson could have won a fifth title in Båstad if the 1983 edition had not coincided with the European Championship for U16 players. When asked about this decision, Carlsson stated: "I was only 15 years old and was going to represent my country, so the choice was not that difficult". Carlsson was a three-time European Champion between 1981 and 1983, winning the U14 tournament twice, a feat that remains unmatched, and winning the U16 event once, beating Bruno Orešar in the final. Carlsson was dominant in his age group and did not lose a single match against an opponent of the same age until right at the end of his career.
His successes at Båstad were of great importance to Carlsson since they encouraged him to pursue a tennis career despite not being "born with an athletic body". For instance, Carlsson was diagnosed with "grasshopper knee bowl" in 1983, by doctor Jan Ekstrand, who had previously worked with, among other things, the Swedish national football team. Ekstrand even stated: "I believe you can do very well down the road, but do not count on a long career. You will have to wrestle with these problems considering how you are made". However, Carlsson was "stubborn, so instead of feeling sorry for myself, I found solutions". He needed to do a lot of physical training and build up the musculature around the kneecaps. He is also critical of many of today's players who he believes are too spoilt.
Because of these issues, Carlsson felt that his only chance to reach the top level was to take some shortcuts and to take further steps a little faster. For instance, in the 1983 Orange Bowl, Carlsson competed in the 18-year-old category despite being only 15 years old and actually underage to even play the 16 category in Florida. Despite being three years younger than the best juniors in the world, Carlsson won the tournament after beating Emilio Sánchez in the final. In the following year, he won the Roland Garros Boys' Singles title in 1984 without losing a set, defeating Mark Kratzmann in the final.
Pro tour
Carlsson played his first professional match in 1983 losing to Heinz Günthardt in Geneva. 1984 was his first full year on tour and made the 3rd round of Roland Garros losing to Andrés Gómez, who defeated him as well in the 1985 and 1986 Roland Garros events. Carlsson won his first challenger title without losing a set in Neu-Ulm defeating Raúl Viver.
After losing to Mats Wilander at Barcelona of October 1984, Carlsson did not play his first tournament until April 1985 in Bari, where he lost to Emilio Sánchez. Playing a mixture of ATP events and challengers, Carlsson made his first ATP tour final in Hilversum losing to Ricki Osterthun in 5 sets after having a 2 sets to 0 lead; he won his second challenger in Messina defeating Ronald Agénor.
Starting the 1986 season in April, Carlsson won his first title on the ATP in Bari by defeating Horacio de la Peña. He made two finals in Madrid, losing to Joakim Nyström and at Bordeaux, losing to Paolo Canè. Carlsson made his one and only appearance at the US Open losing to Pavel Složil in 3 sets, after that he won his second career title in Barcelona and made his Davis Cup debut against Czechoslovakia defeating Miloslav Mečíř 6–0, 6–2, 6–4, reversing his defeat by Mečíř in the semi-finals of Hamburg.
In 1987 Carlsson retired against Mečíř at Indian Wells with a knee injury which plagued his career and restricted him to playing mostly on clay and only 13 career matches on hardcourts. He came back and won two titles, both against Emilio Sánchez in the final, at Nice and Bologna. With the title in Bologna Carlsson only dropped 10 games for the tournament, 5 of which were in the first match. That is the record for the fewest games dropped to win an International Series tournament Carlsson said that this was his best tournament of his career. In addition to the two titles, Carlsson made two finals at Boston and Indianapolis which was played on green clay losing to countryman Mats Wilander both times. Carlsson won both his singles matches for Sweden against France in the Davis Cup quarter finals at Fréjus defeating Thierry Tulasne 6–1, 3–6, 6–1, 6–2 and Henri Leconte 7–5, 6–2, 7–5. Carlsson had another surgery in August after withdrawing from the event at St. Vincent.
1988 was Carlsson's best year coming back from knee surgery in April he won his first title of the year in Madrid over Fernando Luna without losing a set. He won the German Open without losing a set defeating Henri Leconte in the final making use of his heavy topspin off both sides, especially the forehand side. He followed that up with a semi final performance at the Rome Masters losing to Ivan Lendl. Carlsson lost to Jonas Svensson in 5 sets at Roland Garros in the fourth round. Carlsson won 3 more titles after Wimbledon, at Kitzbühel defeating Emilio Sánchez, St. Vincent defeating Thierry Champion and his last career title at Barcelona defeating Thomas Muster. In Davis Cup Carlsson defeated Thierry Tulasne in a dead rubber at Båstad, he was also a finalist at Geneva losing to Marián Vajda and at Palermo losing to Mats Wilander.
After the successful 1988, Carlsson had more problems with his knees, but was able to make the final at Athens losing to Ronald Agénor and played his last professional match at Kitzbühel losing to Christian Saceanu. Then after another knee operation Carlsson announced his retirement in May 1990
After tennis
After retirement from the professional tour, Carlsson trained Magnus Norman, Thomas Johansson, Nicklas Kroon, and Aki Rahunen. After living in Monaco, Carlsson moved back to Sweden and became a horse trainer for trotting races. He developed the interest as a teenager and it was natural for him to take this as a new career and said "there is a great deal of satisfaction from training a horse from the beginning".
Career finals
Singles: 17 (9 titles – 8 runners-up)
References
External links
1968 births
Living people
French Open junior champions
Sportspeople from Eskilstuna
People from Monte Carlo
Swedish expatriates in Monaco
Swedish male tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent%20Carlsson |
William Eaton or Bill Eaton may refer to:
William Eaton (soldier) (1764–1811), United States Army soldier during the Barbary Wars
William Eaton (athlete) (1909–1938), British long-distance runner
William Eaton (guitarist), American luthier and guitar player
William Eaton (scientist), American biophysicist
William W. Eaton (1816–1898), politician from Connecticut
William Eaton, 2nd Baron Cheylesmore (1843–1902), collector of English mezzotint portraits
William R. Eaton (1877–1942), U.S. Representative from Colorado
William J. Eaton (1930–2005), American journalist
William A. Eaton (born 1952), U.S. diplomat
William W. Eaton (epidemiologist), epidemiologist and psychiatrist, winner of the 2000 Rema Lapouse Award
See also
William E. Chandler (William Eaton Chandler, 1835–1917), lawyer; U.S. Secretary of the Navy and U.S. Senator from New Hampshire | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Eaton |
The Security Commission, sometimes known as the Standing Security Commission, was a UK non-departmental public body or quango established in 1964 to investigate breaches of security in the public sector. It was abolished in 2010, on the basis that government would investigate breaches of security as and when they occurred.
Origins
The idea of the Security Commission, initially canvassed by the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, was first publicly suggested by his successor Sir Alec Douglas-Home in a Parliamentary debate about the Denning Report into the Profumo affair on 16 December 1963. Douglas-Home envisaged that the commission would consist of retired civil servants and would be chaired by someone from the judiciary. It was to investigate matters referred to it by the Prime Minister of the day and issue its reports back to the Prime Minister, with the Leader of the Opposition consulted before any inquiry and after the report was completed. Douglas-Home met with the Leader of the Opposition Harold Wilson (who had given a cautious welcome to the proposal) on 22 January to agree the details.
Formation
On 23 January 1964 the formation of the Security Commission was announced, with the terms of reference:
Harold Wilson expanded the remit on 10 May 1965 to allow the Commission to investigate circumstances where a breach of security might have occurred.
Reports
The Security Commission issued fifteen reports during its existence.
Members
Latterly its members were:
The Rt Hon Lady Justice Butler-Sloss, DBE (Chairman)
The Rt Hon Lord Justice Mantell (Alternative chairman)
Lieutenant General Sir John Foley, KCB OBE MC
Sir Clive Whitmore, GCB CVO
Sir Iain Vallance
Sir John Goulden, GCMG
External links
The Security Commission website (UK Government web archive)
References
1964 establishments in the United Kingdom
2010 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Cabinet Office (United Kingdom)
Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 1964
Government agencies disestablished in 2010 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security%20Commission |
The National Union of Angolan Workers (UNTA) is a national Trade union centre of Angola.
The UNTA was organized first in the Belgian Congo, in the 1960, and moved to Angola after independence in 1975. It is led by Manuel Viage as general secretary.
The UNTA is closely linked to the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).
References
Trade unions in Angola
World Federation of Trade Unions
National federations of trade unions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Union%20of%20Angolan%20Workers |
The D. H. Lawrence Ranch, as it is now known, was the New Mexico residence of the English novelist D. H. Lawrence for about two years during the 1920s and the only property Lawrence and his wife Frieda owned. The property, originally named the Kiowa Ranch, is located about northwest of Taos, New Mexico, near Lobo Mountain and San Cristobal in Taos County, at about above sea level. The gate of the ranch is by road from a historic marker and turnoff on state route NM 522.
The ranch was briefly owned by Mabel Dodge Luhan as part of more extensive holdings nearby, although it had been occupied by homesteaders and several structures existed on the property dating back to the 1890s. When Mabel donated it to Frieda Lawrence (after Lawrence himself declined) in 1924, it became first the summer home of the couple and then Frieda's home until her death in 1956, at which time she bequeathed it to the University of New Mexico. The ranch is on the National Register of Historic Places and the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties. It was closed to visitors from 2008 to 2014 for repairs, but re-opened to the public in March 2015.
Lawrence in New Mexico
Lawrence and his wife Frieda received an invitation dated November 1921 from Mabel Dodge Sterne, who had read some of Lawrence's Sea and Sardinia, excerpts from which had appeared in The Dial, a literary magazine to which Lawrence contributed. Sterne was a wealthy society hostess and arts patron who had taken up residence in Taos and who was to marry Tony Lujan (stylized Luhan by Sterne), a Native American from Taos Pueblo, thus becoming Mabel Dodge Luhan in 1923. Traveling via Australia, then to San Francisco, Lawrence and Frieda arrived in Taos in mid-September 1922.
After some conflict between the Lawrences and Sterne and Lujan, during which the Lawrences moved into one of Tony's guest houses, then into another belonging to friends, Lawrence and Frieda went south to Mexico in March 1923, after which Frieda returned to Europe. Finally, a reluctant Lawrence sailed for England that November. In London, an attempt to lure friends to return to Taos with him brought only one recruit, Dorothy Brett, an artist in her own right and daughter of a lord. Lawrence, Frieda, and Dorothy Brett arrived in Taos in March 1924, again as guests of Sterne. Again, tensions arose and possibly to keep Lawrence in New Mexico, it was proposed to give Lawrence the Kiowa Ranch, some 20 miles from Taos. He refused, saying, "We can't accept such a present from anybody." However, Frieda accepted, telling Lawrence that "we'll give Mabel the manuscript" of one of Lawrence's most well-known novels, Sons and Lovers. The deed was in her name.
While the couple spent a relatively short time there, the ranch became the only property that they ever owned during their marriage, and it became a place of rest and relaxation, where Lawrence wrote much of his novel St Mawr and began The Plumed Serpent, during five months of the summer of 1924. Aldous Huxley is known to have visited the Lawrences at the ranch.
By October 1924, Lawrence and Frieda left for Mexico and it was while they were in Oaxaca that he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. The couple returned to the U.S., and by April 1925, they were back at the ranch where they spent the summer, Lawrence continuing work on the novel which became The Plumed Serpent. However, with his better health and their six-month visa about to expire, Lawrence was determined to return to Europe. They left Taos on September 11, Lawrence's 40th birthday, and settled in Italy. Although he never returned to New Mexico, in a letter to Brett in December 1929 from Bandol, France, Lawrence expressed some interest in doing so: "I really think that I shall try to come back in the spring. I begin to believe that I shall never get well over here."
However, D. H. Lawrence died in France on March 2, 1930 and his body was buried near Vence. In 1935, at Frieda's request, his remains were exhumed and then cremated and his ashes were brought to the ranch by Angelo Ravagli (Frieda's lover and the man who became her third husband in 1950) with the intention that they be buried there.
Memorial
After Lawrence's death, Frieda returned to the ranch and lived there with Ravagli, who constructed the white plastered 12 ft. x 15 ft. Memorial building in 1934.
While some controversy surrounds the issue of what exactly happened to the writer's ashes after the cremation, it generally is agreed that they were brought to New Mexico and then mixed with concrete to form part of the large memorial stone which was placed in a small covered building on the ranch site, now known as the Lawrence Memorial, although the term "shrine" had been used in the past.
At her death in Taos in 1956, Frieda was buried on the ranch property and she bequeathed it to the University of New Mexico at Albuquerque, its present owner (overseen through the UNM D. H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives, co-chaired through the Department of English and Institutional Support Services/Physical Plant Department). Her grave is located just outside the Memorial building and visible on the left of the picture.
A guest book allows visitors to sign in, see who has been there and from where they have traveled. For example, in Spring 1979, the guest book showed the bold, black signature of English novelist "Iris Murdoch, Oxford, England."
The UNM D. H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives was created the end of 2014. "The purpose of the Ranch Initiatives is to preserve the legacy of novelist D. H. Lawrence and his wife, Frieda Lawrence. The Ranch Initiatives program will seek to place the operation of the property on a firm financial basis and to restore and develop the site so that it can support educational, cultural, and research activities for students, faculty, and the greater New Mexico community. This mission honors the directives of Frieda Lawrence's will, which stipulated that the property 'be used for educational, cultural, charitable, and recreational purposes.'"
Rananim, the online writing community of the D. H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives, began offering its first set of online workshops in October 2014 to bring awareness to the ranch. Net proceeds benefit the renovation and promotion of the ranch. Rananim was the name of the utopian society Lawrence wished to create with other writers and artists.
Other features
Dwellings
"Two dwellings and a small barn existed on the property" when Lawrence, Frieda, and Dorothy Brett went to live there in early May, 1924. The largest, "The Homesteader's Cabin" was chosen by the couple while Lady Brett occupied the small one-room cabin, which may be visited. Neither log cabin was in good repair and renovations were necessary in the early months of their occupancy.
The Lawrence Tree
A striking feature of the exterior is the very large pine which became known as the Lawrence Tree. The writer frequently worked at a small table at its base and he expressed his love for it as follows:
The big pine tree in front of the house, standing still and unconcerned and alive ... the overshadowing tree whose green top one never looks at ... One goes out of the door and the tree-trunk is there, like a guardian angel. The tree-trunk, the long work table and the fence!
In the summer of 1929, on one of her early visits to New Mexico, Georgia O'Keeffe visited the Lawrence Ranch. The visit inspired her painting The Lawrence Tree, with its unusual viewpoint gained from lying on a long bench and looking up into the branches of the tree.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Taos County, New Mexico
References
Notes
Sources
Bachrach, Arthur J., D. H. Lawrence in New Mexico: "The Time Is Different There" , Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006.
Simmons, Marc, "Commune's free spirit lured artist to N.M.", The Santa Fe New Mexican, 10 December 2011
External links
H. Lawrence Ranch Initiatives - official UNM website of the D. H. Lawrence Ranch and the Initiatives
Friends of D. H. Lawrence
Lawrence’s Memorial with photographs on poetsgraves.co.uk. Retrieved 12 September 2009
Rananim-UNM Writers' Online Writing Community - Online writing workshops whose net proceeds serve renovation and preservation of the Ranch. This video provides historical information about the Ranch and D. H. Lawrence and Frieda Lawrence's time there.
Maurer, Rachel, "The D. H. Lawrence Ranch" A detailed history of the Lawrence Ranch on unm.edu. Retrieved 18 July 2014
The Lawrence Tree (1929), by Georgia O'Keeffe—with an interesting discussion of the correct (and incorrect) orientation(s) of the painting.
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Ranches on the National Register of Historic Places in New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Taos County, New Mexico
Tourist attractions in Taos County, New Mexico
New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties
National Register of Historic Places in Taos County, New Mexico
Literary museums in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.%20H.%20Lawrence%20Ranch |
Allan Henry Hollingworth (August 28, 1918 – August 16, 2005) was a Canadian, lawyer, politician, and judge.
Born in Brockville, Ontario, he attended Brockville Collegiate Institute before receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Bachelor of Commerce degree both from Queen's University in 1942. During World War II, he served as an intelligence officer in the Royal Canadian Air Force. Returning from the war, he graduated from Osgoode Hall Law School in 1948 and started practising law in North York, Ontario. He was called to the Ontario Bar in 1948 and was created a Queen's Counsel in 1958.
In the 1953 federal election, he defeated Roy Thomson, the Progressive Conservative Party candidate and newspaper publisher, and was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal Party candidate for the riding of York Centre. He was given the honour of replying to the Speech from the Throne on behalf of the Government at the opening of Parliament. He was defeated in the 1957 election and again in the 1958 election, when the riding elected a Progressive Conservative candidate.
In 1973, he was appointed to Peel County court and became a Justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario in 1977. He served until 1997.
He was married to Veronica and had two daughters, Michelle and Roxanne.
References
External links
1918 births
2005 deaths
Lawyers in Ontario
Judges in Ontario
People from Brockville
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Canadian King's Counsel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Hollingworth |
Ricki Osterthun (born 2 May 1964) is a former tennis player from West Germany, who won one single title (1985, Hilversum) during his professional career.
The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 19 October 1987, when Osterhun became the number 58 of the world.
Career finals
Singles (1 win, 2 losses)
Doubles (3 wins)
External links
1964 births
Living people
Tennis players from Hamburg
West German male tennis players | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki%20Osterthun |
is a Japanese voice actor who was born in Tokyo. He was associated with Trias Production, and is now with Artist Crew. He has voiced in a number of anime shows and video games. Some of his lead roles include Manabu Yuuki in The Galaxy Railways, Mythos in Princess Tutu, Renji Hiiragi in Night Wizard, Cacao in Trouble Chocolate, Moses in Blood+ and Gyro Robo in Machine Robo Rescue. He heads a production company called FreeMarch.
Filmography
Anime
Video games
Dubbing
Mikoto Yutaka in The Day of Revolution
Cubit Foxtar Mega Man Zero 3
Edd (Double D) in Ed, Edd n Eddy (Japanese dub)
Baby Sylvester in Baby Looney Tunes (Japanese dub)
Uwasa no Futari (Hiroshi Akabane)
Drama CDs
References
External links
Official agency profile at Artist Crew
Naoki Yanagi at Ryu's Seiyuu Infos
1996 births
Living people
Male actors from Tokyo
Japanese male voice actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoki%20Yanagi |
GamePro TV is a syndicated weekly video game television show that ran from 1991 through 1992. The show was a low-budget partner to GamePro magazine.
History
First-run syndication version
Hosted by J. D. Roth (and, initially, co-host Brennan Howard), the program showcased many new and upcoming video games, largely for the NES, Super NES, Game Boy, Sega Genesis and TurboGrafx-16 systems. Viewers could send in recordings of themselves explaining tips and codes for games, one of which was chosen to be shown in each of the early episodes. Viewer mail was also frequently answered on-air.
Paid advertisement version
After its initial cancellation as a syndicated weekly series, GamePro TV was reborn as a paid advertisement program (usually airing in places like the USA Network and Sci-Fi Channel). The infomercial version of GameProTV consistently ran a 1-800 number along the bottom of the screen inviting viewers to subscribe to GamePro magazine. These episodes utilized the same sets as the syndicated program and retained J. D. Roth as host, but removed the option for viewers to send in tips or questions by mail. The half-hour ads ran for less than a year before GamePro TV finally vanished from the airwaves.
Fox Sports Net version
In 1998, GamePro TV returned to the airwaves, this time with a different host (Michael Komessar), and a largely different format. This version of the show was produced by Timeline and aired on various Fox Sports Net channels in New England, Ohio, Chicago and the Bay Area. Reviews, previews, tips and interviews with press and developers were present in this version, utilizing the same themes and formats from the magazine. Review scores were lifted directly from the magazine as well. However, this version was short-lived, airing only a few episodes before its cancellation in early 1999.
GamePro Minute
In 2003, a new abbreviated version of GamePro TV titled the GamePro Minute appeared on the short-lived series GSN Video Games on Game Show Network.
See also
Bad Influence!
GamesMaster
Starcade
Video Power
Video & Arcade Top 10
External links
Collection of streaming GamePro TV episodes
Full GamePro TV Episode
GamePro TV Spain
Retrojunk Archive - GamePro TV Archive
Playing With Power: Tips, Tricks, and Television
Television shows about video games
1990 American television series debuts
1991 American television series endings
1998 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Fox Sports Networks original programming
American television series revived after cancellation
Infomercials
Television series by MGM Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro%20TV |
William Wallace Eaton (October 11, 1816September 21, 1898) was a United States representative and United States senator from Connecticut.
Biography
Born in Tolland, Connecticut, he was educated in the common schools and by private instruction. He moved to Columbia, South Carolina to engage in mercantile pursuits, then returned to Tolland, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, and began practice there.
Career
A clerk of courts of Tolland County in 1846 and 1847, Eaton was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives 1847–1848, then a member of the Connecticut state senate 20th District in 1850. In 1851, he moved to Hartford, and was clerk of courts of Hartford County in 1851 and 1854, as well as city attorney in 1857 and 1858. He was chief judge of the city court of Hartford in 1863 and 1864, and from 1867 to 1872, and was a delegate to Democratic National Convention from Connecticut in 1864 and 1868.
Eaton was again a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1853, and again was a member of the Connecticut Senate in 1859. An unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the U.S. Senate in 1860, Eaton again served as a Representative in 1863, 1868, 1870–1871 and 1873–1874. He served as speaker in 1853 and 1873.
Appointed as a Democrat to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William A. Buckingham, Eaton served from February 5, 1875, to March 3, 1875. Elected for the full term beginning March 4, 1875, he served until March 3, 1881. While in the Senate, he was chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations (Forty-sixth Congress). He would prove the last Democratic Senator from Connecticut until Augustine Lonergan was elected in 1932.
Eaton was also elected as a Democratic Representative to the Forty-eighth Congress (March 4, 1883 – March 3, 1885), and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1884.
Death
Eaton resumed the practice of law until he died in Hartford, on September 21, 1898 (age 81 years, 345 days). He is interred at Spring Grove Cemetery, Hartford, Connecticut.
References
External links
Library of Congress Biography
Govtrack US Congress
The Political Graveyard
ConnecticutHistory.org
1816 births
1898 deaths
Connecticut state court judges
Democratic Party United States senators from Connecticut
Democratic Party members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
Democratic Party Connecticut state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
19th-century American politicians
People from Tolland, Connecticut
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
19th-century American judges | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20W.%20Eaton |
Patrice Kuchna (born 10 May 1963) is a former tennis player from France. He did not win any Grand Prix tour singles titles during his professional career.
Kuchna was born in Denain, Nord, in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region. The right-hander reached his highest singles ATP-ranking on 2 January 1984, when he became the World No. 125. Kuchna won against Andre Agassi at Roland Garros, going to the 1/8.
He is the personal tennis coach of Emmanuel Macron, french president.
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
French male tennis players
Sportspeople from Nord (French department) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice%20Kuchna |
Sean Storey (born 19 August 1971 in Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, England) is a former English professional snooker player.
His best ranking performance to date came in the World Championship in 2003, where he defeated Joe Perry before bowing out in the last 16, losing 7–13 to John Higgins. Previously he had qualified for the World Championship in 2001, but lost 10–9 to Joe Swail after leading 9–7. His best season was 2002/03 when he won 28 matches overall - the most out of anyone on the tour. He suffered a drop in form in the following season, winning just three matches (although he was now entering tournaments at a later stage). Having been provisionally as high as #26 during the 2003/2004 season, he ended up at #50, and dropped to #68 a year later.
His best ranking to date was a 145 in the 2001 British Open. In 1997, Storey became the first cueist to compile two maximum breaks in the same pro-am tournament. In the 2004/5 season, he picked up £13,650 in prize money.
Storey is most famous for being the first player to beat Ronnie O'Sullivan in a professional match. On 2 August 1992, Storey ended O'Sullivan's record of 38 consecutive match wins in ranking events. Storey won 5–3 in the sixth round of qualifying in the British Open.
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
English snooker players
Sportspeople from Scunthorpe | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Storey |
"Galaxy's Child " is the 90th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the 16th episode of the fourth season. It was originally released on March 11, 1991, in broadcast syndication.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the Starfleet crew of the Federation starship Enterprise-D. In this episode, Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge is thrilled when Dr. Leah Brahms comes aboard the Enterprise.
Unfortunately, Brahms is nothing like the idealized holographic version La Forge fell for a year earlier, in the third season episode Booby Trap. She's cold and humorless, not to mention married. To make matters worse, after she inadvertently discovers La Forge's holodeck program, he's the last person she wants to associate with. The situation becomes more complicated when the Enterprise becomes the reluctant nursemaid to a young space-faring entity draining the ship of its energy.
The episode was panned by some critics for its depiction of La Forge's relationship with Brahms, though Patrick Stewart received praise for his performance and portrayal of Captain Picard's relationship with the entity.
Production
This episode had a mix of model and early CGI work to create the 'space tadpoles'. The adult was a physical model made by Tony Meininger. However, the baby was done with a CGI model created by Rhythm & Hues.
Plot
The Enterprise welcomes aboard Dr. Leah Brahms, a lead designer of the Galaxy-class starship engines. Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge, who also had previously used a lifelike holodeck simulation of Brahms to help save the Enterprise in "Booby Trap", is excited to meet her, but is frustrated when she complains about modifications he has made to the engines of the Enterprise. La Forge also learns that Brahms is married, a fact not noted in the holodeck simulation. Brahms learns how La Forge previously saved the Enterprise, and asks another crewman to show her the simulation. Alarmed, La Forge tries to stop her but is too late. Brahms discovers the holodeck simulation and accuses La Forge of invading her privacy.
Meanwhile, the Enterprise is attacked by a strange space-faring creature that is nearly the size of the ship. Taking defensive action, Captain Picard orders a low-power phaser burst on the creature, inadvertently killing it. Scanning the creature, Data finds another smaller entity inside of it, and the crew realizes the larger creature only attacked to protect its unborn. The crew performs a Cesarean section, using the ship's phasers as a scalpel to free the newborn. As the ship turns to leave, the newborn attaches itself to the ship and begins feeding off its power systems, imprinting on the Enterprise as if it were the creature's mother. As the ship's power supplies run low, the crew finds a nearby debris field toward which the larger creature appeared to have been traveling, and realize it would serve as a better feeding ground for the infant.
After the crew arrives at the debris field on the last of the ship's power reserves, they find they are unable to dislodge the creature. Worse, they also discover the creature is emitting radio signals attracting more of its kind from the debris field, and they are heading straight toward the Enterprise. La Forge and Brahms put aside their differences and devise a solution: altering the frequency of energy to "sour the milk", causing the infant to leave the ship and join the other creatures. As the Enterprise'''s power is restored, La Forge and Brahms make up and determine they can still be friends.
Reception
Zack Handlen gave a critical review of "Galaxy's Child" for the Onion's The A.V. Club giving it a C+ rating. Handlen wrote, "I'm pretty sure this isn't a classic; I'm also pretty sure that it has some serious problems. ... The primary issue here ... is that we should be sympathetic to Geordi's mistakes here, and I don't think we're given good reason to be."
A Den of Geek reviewer gave the episode a mixed review, writing, "If nothing else, you can safely say that this episode is well-structured and has some interesting ideas, and that the chemistry between Brahms and LaForge is pretty good in its own right, even though it's working from an untenable premise that nothing he did was wrong or particularly weird."
Keith DeCandido gave the episode a rating of 3 out of 10 for Tor.com, writing, "The stuff with Junior is a nifty little science fiction plot. Of particular note (as usual) is Sir Patrick Stewart, who so perfectly plays Picard's anguish at being forced to kill the mother, his joy at being able to at least save the baby, and his guilt when he tells Worf that they'll take no action after Junior attaches itself to the ship."
Writing for Trek Nation, Michelle Green argued the storyline involving Picard's relationship with the alien was the episode's redeeming grace. "That's what makes this episode palatable to me, because otherwise we're treading close once again to derailing serious drama with puerile sexual relations," Green wrote. "Couldn't we have had a bit more celebration of her genius rather than a pity party for LaForge and his fantasies of the girl of his dreams?"
Home video
This episode was released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set.
On May 28, 1996, episodes "First Contact" and "Galaxy's Child" were released on LaserDisc in the United States. Published by Paramount Home Video, the single 12" double sided disc retailed for 34.95 USD. The disc video was NTSC format with a Dolby Surround audio track.
See also
Bioship (spacecraft)
Booby Trap (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
Emergence (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
Tin Man (Star Trek: The Next Generation)
References
External links
Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 4) episodes
1991 American television episodes
Holography in television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy%27s%20Child |
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