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NGC 5921 is a barred spiral galaxy located approximately 65 million light-years from the Solar System in the constellation Serpens Caput. It was discovered by William Herschel on 1 May 1786. In February 2001 a type II supernova (SN 2001X) was discovered in NGC 5921. It is a member of the Virgo III Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out to the east of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies.
See also
Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300
List of NGC objects (5001–6000)
References
External links
SEDS
NOAO: NGC 5921
Barred spiral galaxies
Serpens
5921
09824
54849
Discoveries by William Herschel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%205921 |
The Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA) is a national Trade union of Antigua and Barbuda. First recognized in the 1980s, the ABPSA is a small organization with competition from other unions in the public service sector.
See also
List of trade unions
References
External links
www.icftu.org entry in ITUC address book.
Trade Union Confederation of the Americas
Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua%20and%20Barbuda%20Public%20Service%20Association |
8 Soothing Songs for Rut is the second studio album by the Norwegian rock band Motorpsycho, then still tinged in hard rock and grunge metal. It was first released as vinyl-only-mini-album called "Soothe" but later re-released on CD with two additional tracks from the single "3 Songs For Rut". Both titles were merged into "8 Soothing Songs For Rut". The music is very raw and hard, but also shows glimpses of Prog, as in the nearly 10-minute-long "Lighthouse Girl".
Track listing
CD
LP "Soothe"
Personnel
Bent Sæther: vocals, bass, guitars, piano, percussion
Hans Magnus Ryan: guitars, taurus, piano, back. vocals
Håkon Gebhardt: drums, percussion
with:
Lars Lien: back. vocals on "California Dreamin'"
References
1992 albums
Motorpsycho albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8%20Soothing%20Songs%20for%20Rut |
The Chalon people are one of eight divisions of the Ohlone (Costanoan) people of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. Chalon (also called Soledad) is also the name of their spoken language, listed as one of the Ohlone (alias Costanoan) languages of the Utian family. Recent work suggests that Chalon may be transitional between the northern and southern groups of Ohlone languages.
The original Chalon homeland area is the subject of some local controversy. Initial studies in the early twentieth century placed them in the portion of the Salinas Valley that surrounds the modern town of Soledad, as well as in the adjacent lower Arroyo Seco area to the west and Chalon Creek are to the east. In contrast, a late twentieth century study gives the Spanish-contact period Chalon people the rugged Coast Range valleys centered farther to the east, including upper Chalon Creek, the San Benito River east of the Salinas Valley, and the small creeks around San Benito Mountain. The latter study assigns most of that Salinas Valley area to the Eslenajan local tribe of Esselen speakers.
Specific Chalon material culture was never documented, but beyond doubt it was a hunter-gatherer culture based upon deer and acorn harvest, typical of the ethnographic California culture area. Chalon territory was bordered by the Mutsun (another Ohone division) to the east, Rumsen (another Ohlone division) to the north, Esselen in the Salinas Valley to the west, Salinan to the south, and Yokuts in the San Joaquin Valley to the east.
During the era of Spanish missions in California, the Chalon people's lives changed with the founding of Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad in 1791. Most Chalon speakers were forced into the mission between 1795 and 1814, where they were baptized, lived and educated to be Catholic neophytes, also known as Mission Indians. At Mission Soledad many Chalon married local Esselen speakers, while others married Yokuts who were brought into the mission between 1806 and 1834. The Soledad mission was discontinued by the Mexican Government in 1835 during the period of secularization, at which time the survivors scattered. Most went to work on the farms and ranches of west-central California, while many with Yokuts ancestry moved east into the San Joaquin Valley.
Chalon mobile bands and villages
The term Chalon was documented by the Franciscan priests in their Mission Soledad ecclesiastical records. The term definitely applied to a region, since individuals were baptized from specific villages such as "Ponojo del Chalon" and "Zusotica del Chalon." Anthropologist A.L. Kroeber, who first mapped the Chalon language area, presumed that it entirely surrounded Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledad on the Salinas River; he mapped the specific village of Wacharo-n adjacent to the mission itself. A recent alternative analysis places the Eslenajan local tribe of Esselen language speakers as the inhabitants of the Soledad vicinity at the founding of the mission, places the Guachirron local tribe as Rumsen speakers farther north near Monterey Bay, and places the villages of Chalon to the east of the Salinas Valley.
Notes
References
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Washington, D.C: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. (map of villages, page 465)
Merriam, C. Hart. Village Names in Twelve California Mission Records, assembled and edited by Robert F. Heizer. Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey Number 74. Department of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley, 1968.
Milliken, Randall. A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910 Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1995. (alk. paper)
Milliken, Randall. Ethnohistory of the Rumsen. Papers in Northern California Anthropology No. 2. Salinas, CA: Coyote Press, 1987.
Teixeira, Lauren. The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area, A Research Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication, 1997. .
External links
Chalon language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
Ohlone
California Mission Indians
Native American tribes in California
History of Monterey County, California
Salinas Valley | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalon%20people |
Frontier Florida LLC is a Frontier Communications operating company providing telephone service in Florida to former GTE and later Verizon regions.
History
Frontier Florida was founded as the Peninsular Telephone Company by William G. Brorein in March 1901. Brorein, a politician from Ohio, arrived in Tampa in 1901. Noticing the boom in the South, he was convinced by friends to get in the telephone business. Peninsular Telephone began with only 100 telephone lines.
In 1957, the company was sold to General Telephone and Electronics (later GTE) and the name was changed to General Telephone Company of Florida.
The company was later renamed GTE Florida, Incorporated.
In 2000, GTE Florida was renamed "Verizon Florida", upon GTE's buyout by Bell Atlantic.
On April 1, 2016, Verizon Florida became "Frontier Florida" after Frontier Communications purchased all of Verizon wireline assets in Florida.
It serves the Central Florida and Tampa Bay regions.
Sale to Frontier
On February 5, 2015, Verizon Communications announced a sale of its wired telecom operations in California, Florida, and Texas to Frontier Communications. Verizon Florida is included in the sale. The transaction closed on March 31, 2016.
Verizon Florida transitioned to Frontier Communications on April 1, 2016.
Sources
Verizon Florida, Inc.
References
Brorein Street & Bridge, Tampa
Frontier Communications
Companies based in Florida
Telecommunications companies established in 1901
Communications in Florida
1901 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20Florida |
Ozone is a molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms.
Ozone may also refer to:
Fictional characters
Ozone (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
Ozone, a character played by Shabba Doo in the movies Breakin' and Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo
Media
Ozone (magazine), a magazine
Ozone (film), a horror movie produced by Full Moon Features
People
Makoto Ozone (born 1961), a Japanese jazz pianist
Ozone, one of many stage names of Jezper Söderlund, Swedish DJ
Places
United States
Ozone, Arkansas, an unincorporated community in the U.S.
Ozone, Tennessee, an unincorporated community in the U.S.
Ozone Park, Queens, a New York City neighborhood
Elsewhere
Ōzone (大曽根), Japan, a district in Nagoya, central Japan
Other uses
Ozone, a 3D plugin component of E-on Vue scenery generator software
Ozone, a series of audio mastering plugins made by iZotope (Ozone 7, 8, 9, 10)
Ozone (group), an early 1980s funk/soul group signed to Motown records
Ozone (paddle steamer), an early Australian paddle steamer
Ozone F.C., an Indian association football team
Ozone Gliders, a French aircraft manufacturer
See also
O-Zone (disambiguation)
Ozone cracking, a form of degradation in elastomers
Ozone layer, a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation
Ozone House, a non-profit youth shelter in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US
Ozone Theatres, a former cinema chain in South Australia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone%20%28disambiguation%29 |
O-zone is a science fiction novel by the American author Paul Theroux published in 1986.
Synopsis
Missouri is a nuclear wasteland after leakage of stored radioactive waste, off limits to all but the very rich. Eight of them, referred to as 'Owners', visit this O-Zone as their personal playground. Some of them come to the disturbing realizations that the life-forms outside of their walled in cities, assumed to be just 'things', seem as human as the Owners themselves.
References
External links
1986 American novels
American science fiction novels
Novels by Paul Theroux
Novels set in Missouri
Dystopian novels
Post-apocalyptic novels
Novels set in the 2020s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Zone%20%28novel%29 |
The Minnesota / Texas Adoption Research Project (MTARP) is a longitudinal research study that focuses on the consequences of variations in openness in adoption arrangements for all members of the adoptive kinship network: birthmothers, adoptive parents, and adopted children, and for the relationships within these family systems.
MTARP is a joint project between the University of Minnesota and University of Texas at Austin and involves interviews with adoptive parents and birth mothers. The Principal Investigators of the study are Harold D. Grotevant, University of Minnesota, and Ruth G. McRoy, University of Texas at Austin. Co-investigators include Gretchen Wrobel, Bethel University, St. Paul, MN, Martha Rueter, University of Minnesota, Susan Ayers-Lopez, University of Texas at Austin, and Sarah Friese, University of Minnesota. It is funded primarily by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Science Foundation, William T. Grant Foundation, Office of Population Affairs, and Rudd Family Foundation Chair in Psychology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Each of the families in the project adopted a child in the late 1970s or early 1980s. Families and birthmothers were first interviewed between 1987 and 1992 and again between 1996 and 2000. Grotevant and colleagues at the Minnesota site have followed the adopted children and their adoptive parents (e.g., Grotevant, Ross, Marchel, & McRoy, 1999; Dunbar & Grotevant, 2004); McRoy and colleagues at the University of Texas at Austin have followed the children’s birthmothers (e.g., Christian, et al., 1997; Fravel, et al., 2000). Adoptive families and birthmothers were recruited for the study through 35 adoption agencies located across the United States.
Families where there was at least one adopted child (the "target child") between the ages of 4 and 12 at the time of the interview, who was adopted through an agency before his or her first birthday, and in which both adoptive parents were married to the partner they had at the time of the adoption were selected for the study. Transracial, international, or "special needs" adoptees were not included. Participants in the study were located in 23 different states from all regions of the U.S., making this study the only nationwide one of its kind.
References
External links
MTARP website
APA article on MTARP
Research projects
Adoption research | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota%20Texas%20Adoption%20Research%20Project |
Amelia Jones (born July 14, 1961), originally from Durham, North Carolina, is an American art historian, art theorist, art critic, author, professor and curator. Her research specialisms include feminist art, body art, performance art, video art, identity politics, and New York Dada. Jones's earliest work established her as a feminist scholar and curator, including through a pioneering exhibition and publication concerning the art of Judy Chicago; later, she broadened her focus on other social activist topics including race, class and identity politics. Jones has contributed significantly to the study of art and performance as a teacher, researcher, and activist.
Education and personal life
She is the daughter of Virginia Sweetnam Jones and Edward E. Jones, a Princeton Psychology professor. She studied art history as an undergraduate at Harvard University and completed her M.A. at the University of Pennsylvania. She received her Ph.D. from UCLA in 1991. Her dissertation was later turned into a published book, Postmodernism and the Engendering of Marcel Duchamp (1994). On March 7, 1987, Jones married Anthony Sherin, a film editor. They divorced in 2005. In 2007, Jones married artist Paul Donald. She has two children, Evan and Vita, from her first marriage. Jones currently resides in Los Angeles, California.
Career
After completing her PhD, Jones left Los Angeles to teach at universities throughout the United States as well as in Manchester, England and Montreal, Canada. She has taught art history at University of California, Riverside and the University of Manchester, where she served as the Pilkington Chair of the department. She also served as the Grierson Chair in Visual Culture at McGill University in Montreal and has held visiting professorships at Maine College of Art, Texas Christian University, University of Colorado, Boulder, and Washington University in St. Louis. She is currently the Robert A. Day Professor and Chair of Critical Studies at the USC Roski School of Art and Design, where she also serves as Vice Dean of Research. She is affiliated faculty in the Department of American Studies and Ethnicity in the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences.
In addition to her work in academia, Jones has also curated a number of exhibitions, including Sexual Politics: Judy Chicago's Dinner Party in Feminist Art History (1996) at the Hammer Museum, The Politics of Difference: Artists Explore Issues of Identity (1991) at the Chandler Art Museum at University of California, Riverside, and Material Traces: Time and the Gesture in Contemporary Art (2013) at the Leonard and Bina Ellen Gallery at Concordia University in Montreal. She is also independently organizing a retrospective exhibition on the work of American performance artist Ron Athey.
Through art history, Amelia Jones has spoken out against cultural biases related to gender and race during her career. She has challenged most authoritative voices for insistently promoting a straight white-male perspective. Her work is committed to representing artists who are women, queer or people of color.
Books
Jones is the author and editor of numerous books and anthologies on art history, performance studies, queer studies, and visual culture. She currently serves as co-editor of the Manchester University Press series Rethinking Art's Histories with Martha Meskimmon. Jones has edited A Companion to Contemporary Art since 1945, a collection of art history and criticism by contributors who write on such topics as technology, formalism, public space, diasporas, culture wars, the avant-garde, and the society of the spectacle. She has also edited The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader, the seven part work of Provocations, Representation, Difference, Disciplines/Strategies, Mass culture/Media interventions, Body, and Technology.
The following is a selection of works written or edited by Amelia Jones:
Postmodernism and the En-Gendering of Marcel Duchamp. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Sexual Politics: Judy Chicago's 'Dinner Party' in Feminist Art History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Body Art/Performing the Subject. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 1998.
Warr, Tracey and Amelia Jones (eds.). The Artist's Body. London: Phaidon, 2000.
The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Irrational Modernism: A Neurasthenic History of New York Dada. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2004.
Self/Image: Technology, Representation, and the Contemporary Subject. New York: Routledge, 2006.
“The Artist is Present”: Artistic Re-enactments and the Impossibility of Presence. TDR, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Spring 2011), p. 16-45. Posted Online February 16, 2011.
Heathfield, Adrian and Amelia Jones (eds.). Perform, Repeat, Record: Live Art in History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Seeing Differently: A History and Theory of Identification and the Visual Arts. New York: Routledge, 2012.
"Sexuality" London: Whitechapel Gallery, 2014.
Silver, Erin and Amelia Jones (eds.). Otherwise: Imagining queer feminist art histories. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015.
In between subjects: a critical genealogy of queer performance. New York: Routledge, 2021.
Awards
Throughout Amelia Jones' career she has been recognized for her valuable contributions to the art world. She has also been recognized for her progressive work with feminist ideas. She was award the Distinguished Feminist Award in 2015 which honors art, scholarship, or advocacy advancing the cause of equality for women in the arts. Previous winners of the award include The Guerrilla Girls, Lucy Lippard and Lorraine O’Grady. Jones received a few awards prior that acknowledge her success as an art historian and feminist activist.
Awards Amelia Jones received:
Distinguished Feminist Award, 2015
National Endowment for the Humanities, 2000–01
Guggenheim fellow, 2000.
Fellow of American Council of Learned Societies, 1994–95
References
American art historians
American feminists
Living people
Harvard University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of California, Riverside faculty
Women art historians
1961 births
American women historians
21st-century American women
American women curators
American curators
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
University of Colorado Boulder faculty
Texas Christian University faculty
Maine College of Art & Design faculty
Academic staff of McGill University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelia%20Jones |
The Rodin Museum is an art museum located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that contains one of the largest collections of sculptor Auguste Rodin's works outside Paris. Opened in 1929, the museum is administered by the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The museum houses a collection of nearly 150 objects containing bronzes, marbles, and plasters by Rodin.
In 2012, the museum re-opened after a three-year, $9 million renovation that brought the museum back to its original vision of displaying Rodin's works.
Founding
The Museum was the gift of movie-theatre magnate Jules Mastbaum (1872–1926) to the city of Philadelphia. Mastbaum began collecting works by Rodin in 1923 with the intent of founding a museum to enrich the lives of his fellow citizens. Within just three years, he had assembled the largest collection of Rodin's works outside Paris, including bronze castings, plaster studies, drawings, prints, letters, and books. In 1926, Mastbaum commissioned French architects Paul Cret and Jacques Gréber to design the museum building and gardens. The collector did not live to see his dream realized, but his widow, Etta Wedell Mastbaum honored his commitment to the city, and the Museum opened on November 29, 1929. Murals in the museum were executed by the painter Franklin C. Watkins.
Collection
The best-known of Rodin's works, The Thinker (1880–1882), sits outside the museum in the entry courtyard. Visitors once entered through a cast of The Gates of Hell, located at the main entrance to the museum, which is no longer used. This massive 5.5-m-tall bronze doorway was originally created for the Museum of Decorative Arts (which was to have been located in Paris but never came into existence). Rodin sculpted more than 100 figures for these doors from 1880 until his death in 1917. This casting is one of the three originals; several others have been made since. Several of his most famous works, including The Thinker, are actually studies for these doors which were later expanded into separate works.
The museum's several rooms house many more of the artist's works, including The Kiss (1886), Eternal Springtime (1884), The Age of Bronze (1875–76), and The Burghers of Calais, a monument commissioned by the City of Calais in 1884.
In 2019, the Rodin museum mounted a two-year special exhibition titled Rethinking the Modern Monument, curated by Alexander Kauffman, which paired 16 works from the Philadelphia Museum of Art with selected Rodin sculptures. The special exhibition featured bronze sculptures by Jean Arp, Barbara Hepworth, Jacques Lipchitz, Marino Marini, Chana Orloff, and Alberto Giacometti, among others.
Image gallery
See also
Benjamin Franklin Parkway
List of single-artist museums
References
External links
Listing at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
1929 establishments in Pennsylvania
Art museums established in 1929
Art museums and galleries in Philadelphia
Auguste Rodin
Paul Philippe Cret buildings
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in the United States
Spring Garden, Philadelphia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodin%20Museum |
A head tie, also known as a headwrap, is a women's cloth head scarf that is commonly worn in many parts of West Africa and Southern Africa. The head tie is used as an ornamental head covering or fashion accessory, or for functionality in different settings. Its use or meaning can vary depending on the country and/or religion of those who wear it. Among Jewish women, the Biblical source for covering hair comes from the Torah in the book of Bamidbar Parshas Nasso which contains the source for the obligation of a married woman to cover her hair. An eesha sotah is a woman whose husband suspects her of having acted immorally. The Torah commands the Kohein to take various steps to demonstrate that the sotah has deviated from the modest and loyal path of most married Jewish women (Rashi 5:15-27). Among the procedures, the pasuk clearly states: "ufora es rosh haisha..." and he shall uncover the hair of the head of the woman (5:18). One can only uncover something that has previously been covered; in this case the Torah is referring to the married woman's hair. Among Christian women in certain parts of the world, such as Africa and the Caribbean, the head tie is worn as a headcovering in obedience to .
There are varying traditional names for headties in different countries, which include: gele (Nigeria), duku (Malawi, Ghana), dhuku (Zimbabwe), tukwi (Botswana), doek (South Africa, Namibia) and tignon (United States) Jewish women refer to their head ties as a tichel or mitpachat.
West Africa
In Nigeria, the head-ties are known as gele (a Yoruba-language word and attire), and can be rather large and elaborate. Although the gele can be worn for day-to-day activities, the elaborate ceremonial ones are worn to weddings, special events, and church activities. It is usually made of a material that is firmer than regular cloth. When worn, especially for more elaborate events, the gele typically covers a woman's entire hair as well as her ears. The only part exposed is her face and earrings on the lower part of her earlobes. The gele is accompanied by traditional local attire that may or may not have the same pattern as the headtie itself.
In Ghana, opportunity to wear a duku usually falls on a religious day of Friday, Saturday or Sunday. This depends on whether the wearers are Muslim, Seventh-Day Adventists or Sunday church-going Christians.
Southern Africa
In South Africa and Namibia, the Afrikaans word doek (meaning "cloth") is used for the traditional head covering used among most elderly local women in rural areas. Malawian head-ties are usually small and conservative compared to the Nigerian style. Women wear duku at special events like funerals. Urban women with plaited hair also wear a duku when visiting rural areas out of cultural respect. In addition, women may wear duku during sleep to protect the hair.
In South African church services women may wear white "dukus" to cover their heads. At the International Pentecostal churches in South Africa, married women wear white 'dukus'.
The Shangaan women in Zimbabwe and South Africa wear 'dukus' as fashion accessories. At other social gatherings in Zimbabwe women may wear a dhuku.
According to Professor Hlonipha Mokoena of the Witwatersrand Institute for Social and Economic Research, historically the doek or headscarf was imposed on black women in many colonies by convention or by law as a way to control the sensuality and exoticism that "confused" white men. 2016 saw a resurgence of wearing doeks through the #FeesMustFall movement among students around South Africa.
See also
Headscarf
Hijab
Tignon
References
External links
Headgear
Islamic female clothing
Scarves
Turbans
Nigerian clothing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20tie |
Blencow or Blencowe is a small village near Penrith, Cumbria, England. It is divided by the River Petteril into Great Blencow to the south and Little Blencow to the north. Great Blencow is in the civil parish of Dacre while Little Blencow is within Greystoke parish.
History
The village shares its name with the Blencowe family. The "cow" part of the name is compared with the "gow" in Glasgow.
Adam de Blencowe was awarded land by Edward III in 1358 and the original family home was built in Great Blencow. Now little remains. Subsequently, in the 15th or 16th century the family built a new home, the current Blencowe Hall, just to the west of Little Blencow. It consists of two fortified pele towers joined by connecting buildings. It sustained substantial damage during the English Civil War, now evident externally as a deep gash on the front of the western tower. This was imaginatively restored in the late 20th century. The family continued to own the hall until 1802, when it was sold to the Duke of Norfolk. There is an active Blencowe Families Association who celebrate their connections with this village.
Blencow at one time had a very well known grammar school founded by Thomas Burbank in 1577. It was the first free grammar school in the north of England. Among its pupils were Lord Ellenborough, Lord Chief Justice and George Whitehead, a prominent Quaker.
The original school was rebuilt in 1795 and continued to provide an education for boys (although no longer free) until 1911, when it closed. For a time it was used as a meeting place for the village, but was converted to a private residence, Burbank House, in 1917.
Modern times
The post office and village pub were situated in Little Blencow, but both are now closed. Another pub called the Clickham Inn to the south of the village towards Newbiggin. Also at Newbiggin is the Hanson plc Blencowe Limestone Quarry and Blockworks, and the former Blencow railway station on the Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway.
The mansion of Ennim just south of the village was the home for many years of the Blencow family. From 1956, Conservative politician and cabinet minister William (Willie) later Viscount Whitelaw lived at Ennim until his death in 1999. During his residence, a substantial police presence was maintained at the house even after Whitelaw's retirement, owing to his time as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
Notable residents
Arthur Wannop FRSE (1900-1972) Director of Hill Farming Research Organisation and government advisor including on sheep farming in the Falkland Islands; born and raised at Little Blencow Farm.
See also
Listed buildings in Dacre, Cumbria
Listed buildings in Greystoke, Cumbria
List of English and Welsh endowed schools (19th century)
References
External links
Cumbria County History Trust: Dacre (nb: provisional research only - see Talk page)
Cumbria County History Trust: Greystoke (nb: provisional research only - see Talk page)
Villages in Cumbria
Eden District
Inglewood Forest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blencow |
Grand Beach Provincial Park is a provincial park in Manitoba, Canada, noted for its large white sand dunes and ancient beaches from the end of the last ice age. It is located on the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg, one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world, and the largest lake completely within the borders of southern Canada.
The park, which is in size, is approximately an hour and twenty minutes drive from Winnipeg and is located in the westernmost part of the Rural Municipality of Alexander and the northernmost part of the Rural Municipality of St. Clements. The Government of Manitoba designated the area a provincial park in 1961.
The park is considered a Class II protected area under the IUCN protected area management categories. It is a sanctuary for the piping plover, an endangered species of bird that nests on the beach. Bald eagles, bears, sea gulls, terns, and pelicans are among the wide variety of species that inhabit the area.
Grand Beach
Grand Beach is one of a series of beaches on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg. Its fine white sand has made it an attractive summer destination since the early years of the twentieth century when the Canadian Northern Railway established an excursion line to the area. The resort developed by the railway included many amenities including a dance hall, piers and a carousel. Most of the visitors were Winnipeg residents travelling by train and returning to the city the same day.
The increase in car ownership and concurrent road improvement after the end of World War II resulted in a declining number of customers for the excursion trains. The railway did not rebuild the dance hall when it burnt down in 1950 and in 1963, the tracks were removed. Today, beachgoers still flock to Grand Beach, arriving by car along Manitoba Highway 59.
Activities
The park attracts thousands of visitors a year and is a very popular tourist destination. Available activities include excellent bird watching, cycling and hiking trails, boating, fishing, kiteboarding, and berry picking (saskatoons, chokecherries, and blueberries). In the winter, the park offers snowmobiling and cross-country skiing. There are numerous tourist attractions, which include food and merchandise vendors, recreation facilities, bike, hiking, and ski trails, a fishing dock, a boardwalk, and camping facilities. Forty-eight seasonal camp sites, all of which have electricity, are located in the park. There are 306 casual campsites, of which about half offer electricity.
A park pass is required for vehicle entry to the park. Passes are available from regional businesses or at the park gate. There are also a few "free park entry weekends" per year, including Family Fishing Weekend, Canada Parks Day, and the September Long Weekend.
Gallery
See also
List of protected areas of Manitoba
Grand Marais, Manitoba
External links
Find your Favourite Park: Grand Beach Provincial Park
References
Provincial parks of Manitoba
Parks in Eastman Region, Manitoba
Protected areas of Manitoba | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Beach%20Provincial%20Park |
Dorinda Hafner (born 1947) is an Ghanaian-born Australian author, actress, dancer, choreographer, public speaker, writer and television chef, She is also an optician and registered nurse
Early life
Hafner was born in 1947 in Ghana, when it was still a British crown colony called Ashanti. Her father was a surgeon, and her mother a midwife, with her family part of the Ashanti royal family, and she grew up in an affluent family but with a mother who taught her how to do manual work as well. Her maternal great-grandfather emigrated to Ghana from Scotland in the 19th century.
Hafner was affected by a violent civil war in her country when she was still in primary school. She won a scholarship to the Wesley Girls' Senior High School, Cape Coast, Ghana, where her education taught her more about the British royal family and Europe than Africa and she was influenced by its Methodist ethos.
Career
Hafner after leaving school, aged 18, went to London to train as an ophthalmic nurse. She was the first black registered nurse (RN) trained at St George's Hospital. In London she met her future husband, psychiatrist Julian Hafner, with whom she emigrated in 1977 to South Australia. After settling in Adelaide, she worked as an RN. At that time, there were very few people of African descent in Adelaide, and she was met with a lot of misunderstanding, and mostly "just annoying and stupid" discrimination rather than deliberate racism.
In 1988, she was one of a four-woman dance troupe who called themselves the African Dance Group and performed a show directed by Robyn Archer at The Space Theatre in the Adelaide Festival Centre for the Adelaide Festival of Arts, entitled AKWANSO (Fly South). The others in the group were Pitjantjatjara dancer/actor Lillian Crombie, African-American dancer and choreographer Aku Kadogo, and Jamaican Jigzie Campbell. Each woman tells her own story of racial prejudice, which is followed by a dance by all four women, choreographed by Mary Barnett of the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater.
She worked as a television chef and presenter with Bert Newton on Good Morning Australia for ten years.
Other roles
Hafner also espouses humanitarian causes and has worked for several Australian charities. She founded her own charity, called Australian Sponsorship for African Kids.
She is a qualified marriage celebrant.
Recognition and awards
[Date unknown]: African Australian Woman of the Year
[Date unknown]: Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Leadership & Advocacy for African Women & their communities in SA
[Dates unknown]: Represented Australia at various Women and Earth Eco-Conferences.
1997: South Australian State Ambassador for Australian Citizenship Week
2012: "Living Legend" (2012), awarded at the Sydney Opera House
: Named by then Prime Minister Julia Gillard "a people of Australia ambassador"
Personal life
Hafner has two children with her ex-husband Julian: medical specialist James and television presenter and registered psychologist Nuala Hafner, and is described as "first a mother" on one of her agency websites. She had a brief second marriage to an African diplomat, but remained on good terms with her ex-husband Julian.
She speaks five languages, and has spoken openly about the battle with her weight. Over the five years up to 2012, she reduced her weight from to She wrote the book Honey I've shrunk the chef, published in 2012, about how she did it.
Publications
Hafner is the author of at least eight books, including:
A Taste of Africa (several editions, from 1993)
I Was Never Here and This Never Happened:: Tasty Bits & Spicy Tales From My Life (1996)
Dorinda's Taste of the Caribbean (1996)
United Tastes of America (3 editions, 1997-8)
Honey I shrunk the chef (2012)
References
External links
Ghanaian emigrants to Australia
Living people
Actresses from Adelaide
Writers from Adelaide
Women cookbook writers
1947 births | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorinda%20Hafner |
Muiz ud-Din Bahram (9 July 1212 – 15 May 1242, ) was the sixth sultan of the Mamluk Dynasty.
Life
He was the son of Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–36) and the half-brother of Razia Sultan (1236–40). While his sister was imprisoned in Bathinda by subedar Malik Altunia (both Altunia and Bahram Shah planned conspiracy against Razia Sultan) he declared himself the king with the support of forty chiefs. Even so, during Muiz ud din Bahram's two years as king, the chiefs that had originally supported him became disordered and constantly bickered among each other. It was during this period of unrest that he was murdered by his own army in 1242 (died 15 May 1242). After his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Ala ud din Masud, a son of his half-brother Rukn ud din Firuz.
Ögedei Khan of the Mongol Empire appointed Dayir commander of Ghazni and Menggetu commander in Kunduz. In winter 1241 the Mongol force invaded the Indus valley and besieged Lahore. Dayir died storming the town, however, on 30 December 1241, and the Mongols butchered the town before withdrawing from the Delhi Sultanate. The sultan was too weak to take step against them. The "Forty Chiefs" besieged him in the White Fort of Delhi and put him to death.
After the death of Razia Sultan (1240) the forty chiefs decided to put Iltutmish's third Son Bahram shah on the throne. He was put on throne on 21 April 1240 at Lal Mahal but after some time the 40 chiefs decided to take all the power of Bahram shah in their hands. At that time the Minister was Muhajbuddin, so in this way there was three rulers of that dynasty. Muiz ud din Bahram built a mosque in Delhi during his reign.
See also
Mamluk dynasty
History of India
Islamic history
List of Indian monarchs
Bathinda
References
External links
India Through the Ages
The Slave Dynasty
Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
Year of birth missing
1242 deaths
Indian Sunni Muslims
13th-century Indian monarchs
13th-century monarchs in Asia
13th-century Mamluk sultans | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiz%20ud%20din%20Bahram |
Kudu dung-spitting (Bokdrol Spoeg in Afrikaans) is a sport practiced by the Afrikaner community in South Africa. In the competition small, hard pellets of dung from the kudu antelope, are spat, with the farthest distance reached being the winner.
Kudu dung-spitting is popular enough to have an annual world championship competition, with the formal sport beginning in 1994. Contests are held at some community bazaars, game festivals or tourism shows in the bushveld, Natal and Eastern Cape. Unlike many similar sports, the distance is measured from the marker to the place the dung pellet comes to rest, rather than where it initially hit the ground.
The world record in the sport is a distance of set by Shaun van Rensburg of Addo. It is said that hunters began using the pellets in spitting competitions to "retaliate" at their prey, as the kudu is a notoriously difficult animal to hunt, and infamous for leaving a trail of dung pellets while managing to elude the hunter.
"Similar" sports
Records are also kept for cherry pit spitting, watermelon seed spitting, prune pit spitting, brown cricket spitting and tobacco juice spitting. In 2015, a sheep dung-spitting competition was introduced to Northern Ireland's Lady of The Lake Festival in County Fermanagh.
References
Feces
Individual sports
Sport in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudu%20dung-spitting |
In the jurisprudence of the canon law of the Catholic Church, a dispensation is the exemption from the immediate obligation of law in certain cases. Its object is to modify the hardship often arising from the rigorous application of general laws to particular cases, and its essence is to preserve the law by suspending its operation in such cases.
Concept
Since laws aimed at the good of the entire community may not be suitable for certain cases or persons, the legislator has the right (sometimes even the duty) to dispense from the law.
Dispensation is not a permanent power or a special right, as in privilege. If the reason for the dispensation ceases entirely, then the dispensation also ceases entirely. If the immediate basis for the right is withdrawn, then the right ceases.
Validity, legality, "just and reasonable cause"
There must be a "just and reasonable cause" for granting a dispensation. The judgement regarding what is "just and reasonable" is based upon the particular situation and the importance of the law to be dispensed from. If the cause is not "just and reasonable", then the dispensation is illegal and, if issued by someone other than the lawgiver of the law in question or his superior, it is also invalid. If it is uncertain whether a sufficiently "just and reasonable cause" exists, the dispensation is both legal and valid.
History
In canonical legal theory, the dispensing power is the corollary of the legislative. The dispensing power, like the legislative, was formerly invested in general councils and even in provincial synods. But in the West, with the gradual centralisation of authority in the Roman curia, it became ultimately vested in the pope as the supreme lawgiver of the Catholic Church.
Despite frequent crises in the diplomatic relations between the Holy See and temporal governments in the later Middle Ages, the authority of the papacy as the dispenser of grace and spiritual licences remained largely unchallenged. In the early thirteenth century, Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) fostered the extension of papal political power. He emphasised, "as had no pope before him, the pope's plenitudo potestatis ("fullness of power") within the Church." Since the Church comprised the whole of mankind, medieval jurists were accustomed to what we might call shared sovereignty, and freely accepted that the pope had a concurrent jurisdiction with temporal sovereigns. The temporal princes could administer their own laws, but the princes of the Church, and especially the pope, administered the canon law (so far as it was subject to merely human control).
In the decretal Proposuit, Innocent III proclaimed that the pope could, if circumstances demanded, dispense from canon law, de jure, with his plenitude of power. He based his view on princeps legibus solutus est ("the prince is not bound by the laws"). Because the pope was above the law, time or precedent did not limit his power, and he could dispense with any law.
Such a dispensation was not, strictly speaking, legislative, but rather a judicial, quasi-judicial, or executive act. It was also, of course, subject to the proviso that his jurisdiction to dispense with laws was limited to those laws which were within his jurisdiction or competence. "[T]his principle would have been a commonplace to anyone who had studied in Bologna."
By this power of dispensation, the pope could release clergy and laity from the obligations of the canon law in all cases that were not contrary to ius divinum and even in a few cases that were. This power was most frequently invoked to enable laity to marry notwithstanding impediments of affinity or kinship, and to enable persons labouring under an irregularity (such as of bastardy, servitude, or lack of age) to take orders or become regulars.
Dispensations awarded were classified into three categories:
The first two categories, rules concerning the procedure of taking Holy Orders, and dispensations concerning tenure of benefices, applied only to clergy, and of release from religious vows for members of Catholic religious orders.
The third category, matrimonial dispensations, i.e. regarding marriage, concerned only the laity since the clergy is celibate.
Beside the three main classes of dispensation, the Roman Curia was ready to grant miscellaneous positive concessions to applicants, from individuals to larger organisations, although the former is rare. This host of dispensations, faculties, and indults included permission to eat flesh during Lent, the celebration of offices in chapels of ease and private oratories, and the granting of academic degrees. Those dispensations relating to academic degrees were mostly issued under the sanction of the canon law, as stated in the constitution of Pope Boniface VIII beginning Cum ex eo.
Contemporary use
As of the early part of the twentieth century, the actual practice of the Roman Catholic Church is based upon the decisions of the Council of Trent, which left the medieval theory intact while endeavouring to guard against its abuses. The proposal put forward by the Gallican and Spanish bishops to subordinate the papal power of dispensation to the consent of the Church in general council was rejected, and even the canons of the council of Trent itself, in so far as they affected reformation of morals or ecclesiastical discipline, were decreed “saving the authority of the Holy See” (Sess. xxv. cap. 21, de ref.). At the same time it was laid down in respect of all dispensations, whether papal or other, that they were to be granted only for just and urgent causes, or in view of some decided benefit to the Church (urgens justaque causa et major quandoque utilitas), and in all cases gratis. The payment of money for a dispensation was ipso facto to make the dispensation void (Sess. xxv. cap. 18, de ref.).
There are several levels of authority in the Church that are competent to dispense the various demands of Canon Law. Local ordinaries, for example, are competent to dispense the various canonical impediments to the sacrament of marriage. Pastors may grant individuals dispensation from the Sunday obligation (to attend the Mass, or from the obligation of Sunday rest from servile labour) upon request, for good cause, whereas diocesan bishops may grant blanket dispensations for everybody in their territory, as all the bishops of the United States did in late March 2020 in response to a coronavirus pandemic. Some dispensations are reserved to the Holy See, for example, from the impediment to ordination of apostasy.
The power of dispensing lies with the original lawgiver, with his successors or with his superiors, and with those persons to whom they have delegated this right. Since there is no superior above the pope, he can therefore dispense from all canonical laws: universal laws introduced by himself, his predecessors or general councils, and particular laws enacted by plenary and provincial councils, bishops and similar prelates. As a general rule the pope delegates his powers to the various congregations of the Roman Curia, which are charged with granting dispensations in matters within the sphere of their competence.
Papal dispensation
Papal dispensation is a reserved right of the pope that allows for individuals to be exempted from a specific Canon law. Dispensations are divided into two categories: general, and matrimonial. Matrimonial dispensations can be either to allow a marriage in the first place, or to dissolve one. The authority for the pope to exempt an individual or situation from a law stems from his position as the Vicar of Christ, which implies divine authority and knowledge as well as jurisdiction.
The first marriage of Henry VIII of England to Catherine of Aragon required a papal dispensation as it breached canon law on Affinity because she was the widow of Henry's elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales. This was obtained successfully, but when he later wished to divorce her, he was unable to get another one, causing his break with Rome. Their daughter Mary Tudor, a fervent Catholic, would later apply for a secret dispensation absolving her of submitting to the basic rules of Protestant religion when pressured under the threat of death by her father.
In the earlier Middle Ages, especially the 11th to 12th centuries, the church had developed canon law on affinity and consanguinity (the first denoting a connection by marriage only, the second a genetic one) to cover very remote relationships, so that a very high proportion of marriages between the small and inter-related European elites needed expensive dispensations from either the Pope or a bishop. This was recognised as an abuse, and later the relationships covered were reduced. In 1059, the eleventh canon of the Council of Rome recognized the impediment of affinity as well as of consanguinity to extend to the seventh degree, the high point of the restrictions. Innocent III in the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) limited both affinity and consanguinity needing dispensation to the fourth degree, and the Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, c. iv, De Ref.) in the 16th century limited the juridical effect of extra-matrimonial intercourse to the second degree of affinity.
Matrimonial dispensation
A matrimonial dispensation is the relaxation in a particular case of an impediment prohibiting or annulling a marriage. It may be granted: (a) in favour of a contemplated marriage or to legitimize one already contracted; (b) in secret cases, or in public cases, or in both; (c) in foro interno only, or in foro externo (the latter includes also the former). Power of dispensing in foro interno is not always restricted to secret cases (casus occulti).
These expressions are by no means identical.
The information in this section concerns Roman Catholic canon law in the early 20th century. The canon law in question was considerably changed by the 1917 Code of Canon Law and the 1983 Code of Canon Law and should not be considered to reflect the present situation.
General powers of dispensation
Pope and his Curia
The Pope cannot dispense from impediments founded on Divine law — except, as above described, in the case of vows, espousals and non-consummated marriages, or valid and consummated marriage of neophytes before baptism. In doubtful cases, however, he may decide authoritatively as to the objective value of the doubt. In respect of impediments arising from ecclesiastical law the pope has full dispensing power. Every such dispensation granted by him is valid, and when he acts from a sufficient motive it is also licit.
He is not, however, out of consideration for the public welfare, to exercise this power personally, unless in very exceptional cases, where certain specific impediments are in question. Such cases are error, violence, Holy orders, disparity of worship, public conjugicide, consanguinity in the direct line or in the first degree (equal) of the collateral Line and the first degree of affinity (from lawful intercourse) in the direct line. As a rule the pope exercises his power of dispensation through the Roman Congregations and Tribunals.
Until around the 1900s, the Dataria was the most important channel for matrimonial dispensations when the impediment was public or about to become public within a short time. The Holy Office, however, had exclusive control in foro externo over all impediments connected with or juridically bearing on matters of faith, e. g. disparity of worship, mixta religio, Holy orders, etc. The dispensing power in foro interno lay with the Penitentiaria, and in the case of pauperes or quasi-pauperes this same Congregation had dispensing power over public impediments in foro externo. The Penitentiaria held as pauperes for all countries outside of Italy those whose united capital, productive of a fixed revenue, did not exceed 5370 lire (about 1050 dollars); and as quasi-pauperes, those whose capital did not exceed 9396 lire (about 1850 dollars). It likewise had the power of promulgating general indults affecting public impediments, as for instance the indult of 15 November 1907. Propaganda Fide was charged with all dispensations, both in foro inferno and in foro externo, for countries under its jurisdiction, as was the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs for all countries depending on it, e. g. Russia, Latin America and certain apostolic vicariates and prefectures Apostolic.
On 3 November 1908, the duties of these various Congregations received important modifications in consequence of the Apostolic Constitution "Sapienti", in which Pope Pius X reorganized the Roman Curia. Dispensing power from public impediments in the case of pauperes or quasi-pauperes was transferred from the Dataria and the Penitentiaria to a newly established Roman Congregation known as the Congregatio de Disciplinâ Sacramentorum, the Penitentiaria retaining dispensing power over occult impediments in foro interno only. The Holy Office retained its faculties, but restricted expressly under three heads: (1) disparity of worship; (2) mixta religio; (3) the Pauline privilege.
Congregatio de Propaganda Fide remained the channel for securing dispensations for all countries under its jurisdiction, but being required for the sake of executive unity, to defer, in all matters concerning matrimony, to the various Congregations competent to act thereon, its function became that of intermediary. In America, the United States, Canada and Newfoundland, and in Europe, the British Isles were withdrawn from Propaganda, and placed under the common law of countries with a hierarchy. The Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs lost all its powers; consequently the countries hitherto subject to it must address themselves either to the Holy Office or to the Congregatio de Disciplinâ Sacramentorum according to the nature of the impediment.
The powers of any Congregation are suspended during the vacancy of the Holy See, except those of the Apostolic Penitentiary in the internal forum (in foro interno), which, during that time, are even increased. Though suspended, the powers of a Congregation may be used in cases of urgent necessity.
Diocesan bishops
We shall treat first of their fixed perpetual faculties, whether ordinary or delegated, afterwards of their habitual and temporary faculties. By virtue of their ordinary power (Jurisdiction) bishops can dispense from those prohibent impediments of ecclesiastical law which are not reserved to the pope. The reserved impediments of this kind are espousals, the vow of perpetual chastity, and vows taken in diocesan religious institutes, mixta religio, public display and solemn blessing at marriages within forbidden times, the vetitum, or interdict laid on a marriage by the pope, or by the metropolitan in a case of appeal. The bishop may also dispense from diriment impediments after the following manner:
By tacit consent of the Holy See he can dispense in foro interno from secret impediments from which the pope is wont to exercise his power of dispensing, in three cases: (a) in marriages already contracted and consummated, when urgent necessity arises (i. e. when the interested parties cannot be separated without scandal or endangering their souls, and there is no time to have recourse to the Holy See or to its delegate) — it is, however, necessary that such marriage shall have taken place in lawful form before the Church, and that one of the contracting parties at least shall have been ignorant of the impediment; (b) in marriages about to be contracted and which are called embarrassing (perplexi) cases, i. e. where everything being ready a delay would be defamatory or would cause scandal; (c) when there is a serious doubt of fact as to the existence of an impediment; in this case the dispensation seems to hold good, even though in course of time the impediment becomes certain, and even public. In cases where the law is doubtful no dispensation is necessary; but the bishop may, if he thinks proper, declare authentically the existence and sufficiency of such doubt.
By virtue of a decree of the Congregation of the Inquisition or Holy Office (20 February 1888) diocesan bishops and other ordinaries (especially a Vicar Apostolic, administrator Apostolic and Prefect Apostolic, having jurisdiction over an allocated territory, also vicar-general in spiritualibus and a vicar capitular) may dispense in very urgent (gravissimum) danger of death from all diriment impediments (secret or public) of ecclesiastical law, except priesthood and affinity (from lawful intercourse) in the direct line. However, they can use this privilege only in favour of persons actually living in real concubinage or united by a merely civil marriage, and only when there is no time for recourse to the Holy See. They may also legitimize the children of such unions, except those born of adultery or sacrilege. In the decree of 1888 is also included the impediment of clandestinity. This decree permits therefore (at least until the Holy See shall have issued other instructions) to dispense, in the case of concubinage or civil marriage, with the presence of the priest and of the two witnesses required by the Decree "Ne temere" in urgent cases of marriage in extremis. Canonists do not agree as to whether bishops hold these faculties by virtue of their ordinary power or by general delegation of the law. It seems to us more probable that those just described under #1 belong to them as ordinaries, while those under #2 are delegated. They are, therefore, empowered to delegate the former; in order to subdelegate the latter they must be guided by the limits fixed by the decree of 1888 and its interpretation dated 9 June 1889. That is, if it is a question of habitual delegation parish priests only should receive it, and only for cases where there is no time for recourse to the bishop.
Besides the fixed perpetual faculties, bishops also receive from the Holy See habitual temporary indults for a certain period of time or for a limited number of cases. These faculties are granted by fixed "formulæ", in which the Holy See from time to time, or as occasion requires it, makes some slight modifications. These faculties call for a broad interpretation. Nevertheless, it is well to bear in mind, when interpreting them, the actual legislation of the Congregation whence they issue, so as not to extend their use beyond the places, persons, number of cases and impediments laid down in a given indult. Faculties thus delegated to a bishop do not in any way restrict his ordinary faculties; nor (in se) do the faculties issued by one Congregation affect those granted by another. When several specifically different impediments occur in the same case, and one of them exceeds the bishop's powers, he may not dispense from any of them.
Even when the bishop has faculties for each impediment taken separately he cannot (unless he possesses the faculty known as de cumulo) use his various faculties simultaneously in a case where, all the impediments being public, one of them exceeds his ordinary faculties, it is not necessary for a bishop to delegate his faculties to his vicars-general; since 1897 they were always granted to the bishop as ordinary, therefore to the vicar-general also. With regard to other priests a decree of the holy Office (14 December 1898) declared that for the future temporary faculties may be always subdelegated unless the indult expressly states the contrary. These faculties are valid from the date when they were granted in the Roman Curia. In actual practice they do not expire, as a rule, at the death of the pope nor of the bishop to whom they were given, but pass on to those who take his place (the vicar capitular, the administrator or succeeding bishop). Faculties granted for a fixed period of time, or a limited number of cases, cease when the period or number has been reached; but while awaiting their renewal the bishop, unless culpably negligent, may continue to use them provisionally. A bishop can use his habitual faculties only in favour of his own subjects. The matrimonial discipline of the Decree Ne temere (2 August 1907) contemplates as such all persons having a true canonical domicile, or continuously resident for one month within his territory, also vagi, or persons who have no domicile anywhere and can claim no continuous stay of one month. When a matrimonial impediment is common to both parties the bishop, in dispensing his own subject, dispenses also the other.
Vicars capitular and vicars-general
A vicar capitular, or in his place a lawful administrator, enjoys all the dispensing powers possessed by the bishop in virtue of his ordinary jurisdiction or of delegation of the law; according to the actual discipline he enjoys even the habitual powers which had been granted the deceased bishop for a fixed period of time or for a limited number of cases, even if the indult should have been made out in the name of the Bishop of N. Considering the actual praxis of the Holy See, the same is true of particular indults (see below). The vicar-general has by virtue of his appointment all the ordinary powers of the bishop over prohibent impediments, but requires a special mandate to give him common-law faculties for diriment impediments. As for habitual temporary faculties, since they are now addressed to the ordinary, they belong also ipso facto to the vicar-general while he holds that office. He can also use particular indults when they are addressed to the ordinary, and when they are not so addressed the bishop can always subdelegate him, unless the contrary be expressly stated in the indult.
Parish priests and other ecclesiastics
A parish priest by common law can dispense only from an interdict laid on a marriage by him or by his predecessor. Some canonists of note accord him authority to dispense from secret impediments in what are called embarrassing (perplexi) cases, i. e. when there is no time for recourse to the bishop, but with the obligation of subsequent recourse ad cautelam, i. e. for greater security; a similar authority is attributed by them to confessors. This opinion seems yet gravely probable, though the Penitentiaria continues to grant among its habitual faculties a special authority for such cases and restricts somewhat its use.
Particular indults of dispensation
When there is occasion to procure a dispensation that exceeds the powers of the ordinary, or when there are special reasons for direct recourse to the Holy See, procedure is by way of supplica (petition) and private rescript. The supplica need not necessarily be drawn up by the petitioner, nor even at his instance; it does not, however, become valid until he accepts it. Although, since the Constitution "Sapienti", all the faithful may have direct recourse to the Roman Congregations, the supplica is usually forwarded through the ordinary (of the person's birthplace or domicile, or since the Decree "Ne temere" the residence of one of the petitioners), who transmits it to the proper Congregation either by letter or through his accredited agent; but if there is question of sacramental secrecy, it is sent directly to the Penitentiaria, or handed to the bishop's agent under a sealed cover for transmission to the Penitentiaria. The supplica ought to give the names (family and Christian) of the petitioners (except in secret cases forwarded to the Penitentiaria), the name of the Ordinary forwarding it, or the name of the priest to whom, in secret cases, the rescript must be sent; the age of the parties, especially in dispensations affecting consanguinity and affinity; their religion, at least when one of them is not a Catholic; the nature, degree and number of all impediments (if recourse is had to the Congregatio de Disciplinâ Sacramentorum or to the Holy Office in a public impediment, and to the Penitentiaria at the same time in a secret one, it is necessary that the latter should know of the public impediment and that recourse has been had to the competent Congregation). The supplica must also contain the causes set forth for granting the dispensation and other circumstances specified in the Propaganda Fide Instruction of 9 May 1877 (it is no longer necessary, either for the validity or liceity of the dispensation, to observe the paragraph relating to incestuous intercourse, even when probably this very thing had been alleged as the only reason for granting the dispensation). When there is question of consanguinity in the second degree bordering on the first, the supplica ought to be written by the bishop's own hand. He ought also to sign the declaration of poverty made by the petitioners when the dispensation is sought from the Penitentiaria in formâ pauperum; when he is in any way hindered from so doing he is bound to commission a priest to sign it in his name. A false declaration of poverty henceforth does not invalidate a dispensation in any case; but the authors of the false statement are bound in conscience to reimburse any amount unduly withheld (regulation for the Roman Curia of 12 June 1908). For further information on the many points already briefly described see the special canonical works, wherein are found all necessary directions as to what must be expressed so as to avoid nullity. When a supplica is affected (in a material point) by obreption or subreption it becomes necessary to ask for a so-called "reformatory decree" in case the favour asked has not yet been granted by the Curia, or for the letters known as "Perinde ac valere" if the favour has already been granted. If after all this a further material error is discovered, letters known as "Perinde ac valere super perinde ac valere" must be applied for.
Dispensation rescripts are generally drawn up in formâ commissâ mixtâ, i. e. they are entrusted to an executor who is thereby obliged to proceed to their execution, if he finds that the reasons are as alleged (si vera sint exposita). Canonists are divided as to whether rescripts in formâ commissâ mixtâ contain a favour granted from the moment of their being sent off, or to be granted when the execution actually takes place. Gasparri holds it as received practice that it suffices if the reasons alleged be actually true at the moment when the petition is presented. It is certain, however, that the executor required by Penitentiaria rescripts may safely fulfil his mission even if the pope should die before he had begun to execute it. The executor named for public impediments is usually the ordinary who forwards the supplica and for secret impediments an approved confessor chosen by the petitioner. Except when specially authorized, the person delegated cannot validly execute a dispensation before he has seen the original of the rescript. Therein it is usually prescribed that the reasons given by the petitioners must be verified. This verification, usually no longer a condition for valid execution, can be made, in the case of public impediments, extrajudicially or by subdelegation. In foro interno it can be made by the confessor in the very act of hearing the confessions of the parties. Should the inquiry disclose no substantial error, the executor proclaims the dispensation, i. e. he makes known, usually in writing, especially if he acts in foro externo, the decree which dispenses the petitioners; if the rescript authorizes him, he also legitimizes the children. Although the executor may subdelegate the preparatory acts, he may not, unless the rescript expressly says so, subdelegate the actual execution of the decree, unless he subdelegates to another ordinary. When the impediment is common to, and known to, both parties, execution ought to be made for both; wherefore, in a case in foro interno, the confessor of one of the parties hands over the rescript, after he has executed it, to the confessor of the other. The executor ought to observe with care the clauses enumerated in the decree, as some of them constitute conditions sine quâ non for the validity of the dispensation. As a rule, these clauses affecting validity may be recognized by the conditional conjunction or adverb of exclusion with which they begin (e. g. dummodo, "provided that"; et non aliter, "not otherwise"), or by an ablative absolute. When, however, a clause only prescribes a thing already of obligation by law it has merely the force of a reminder. In this matter also it is well to pay attention to the stylus curiœ, i. e. the legal diction of the Roman Congregations and Tribunals, and to consult authors of repute.
Causes for granting dispensations
Following the principles laid down for dispensations in general, a matrimonial dispensation granted without sufficient cause, even by the pope himself, would be illicit; the more difficult and numerous the impediments the more serious must be the motives for removing them. An unjustified dispensation, even if granted by the pope, is null and void, in a case affecting the Divine law; and if granted by other bishops or superiors in cases affecting ordinary ecclesiastical law. Moreover, as it is not supposable that the pope wishes to act illicitly, it follows that if he has been moved by false allegations to grant a dispensation, even in a matter of ordinary ecclesiastical law, such dispensation is invalid. Hence the necessity of distinguishing in dispensations between motive or determining causes (causœ motivœ) and impulsive or merely influencing causes (causœ impulsivœ). Except when the information given is false, still more when he acts spontaneously (motu proprio) and "with certain knowledge", the presumption always is that a superior is acting from just motives. It may be remarked that if the pope refuses to grant a dispensation on a certain ground, an inferior prelate, properly authorized to dispense, may grant the dispensation in the same case on other grounds which in his judgment are sufficient. Canonists do not agree as to whether he can grant it on the identical ground by reason of his divergent appreciation of the latter's force.
Among the sufficient causes for matrimonial dispensations we may distinguish canonical causes, i. e. classified and held as sufficient by the common law and canonical jurisprudence, and reasonable causes, i. e. not provided for nominally in the law, but deserving of equitable consideration in view of circumstances or particular cases. An Instruction issued by Propaganda Fide (9 May 1877) enumerated sixteen canonical causes. The "Formulary of the Dataria" (Rome, 1901) gave twenty-eight, which suffice, either alone or concurrently with others, and act as a norm for all sufficient causes; they are: smallness of place or places; smallness of place coupled with the fact that outside it a sufficient dowry cannot be had; lack of dowry; insufficiency of dowry for the bride; a larger dowry; an increase of dowry by one-third; cessation of family feuds; preservation of peace; conclusion of peace between princes or states; avoidance of lawsuits over an inheritance, a dowry or some important business transaction; the fact that a fiancée is an orphan or has the care of a family; the age of the fiancée over twenty-four; the difficulty of finding another partner, owing to the fewness of male acquaintance, or the difficulty the latter experience in coming to her home; the hope of safeguarding the faith of a Catholic relation; the danger of a denominationally mixed marriage; the hope of converting a non-Catholic party; the keeping of property in a family; the preservation of an illustrious or honourable family; the excellence and merits of the parties; defamation to be avoided, or scandal prevented; intercourse already having taken place between the petitioners, or rape; the danger of a civil marriage; of marriage before a Protestant minister revalidation of a marriage that was null and void; finally, all reasonable causes judged such in the opinion of the pope (e. g. the public good), or special reasonable causes actuating the petitioners and made known to the pope, i. e. motives which, owing to the social status of the petitioners, it is opportune should remain unexplained out of respect for their reputation. These various causes have been stated in their briefest terms. To reach their exact force, some acquaintance is necessary with the stylus curiœ and the pertinent works of reputable authors, always avoiding exaggerated formalism. This list of causes is by no means exhaustive; the Holy See, in granting a dispensation, will consider any weighty circumstances that render the dispensation really justifiable.
Costs of dispensations
The Council of Trent (Sess. XXIV, cap. v, De ref. matrim.) decreed that dispensations should be free of all charges. Diocesan chanceries are bound to conform to this law (many pontifical documents, and at times clauses in indults, remind them of it) and neither to exact nor accept anything but the modest contribution to the chancery expenses sanctioned by an Instruction approved by Innocent XI on 8 October 1678, and known as the Innocentian Tax (Taxa Innocentiana). Rosset holds that it is also lawful, when the diocese is poor, to demand payment of the expenses it incurs for dispensations. Sometimes the Holy See grants ampler freedom in this matter, but nearly always with the monition that all revenues from this source shall be employed for some good work, and not go to the diocesan curia as such. Henceforth every rescript requiring execution will state the sum which the diocesan curia is authorized to collect for its execution.
In the Roman Curia the expenses incurred by petitioners fall under four heads:
expenses (expensœ) of carriage (postage, etc.), also a fee to the accredited agent, when one has been employed. This fee is fixed by the Congregation in question;
a tax (taxa) to be used in defraying the expenses incurred by the Holy See in the organized administration of dispensations;
the componendum, or eleemosynary (alms) fine to be paid to the Congregation and applied by it to pious uses;
an alms imposed on the petitioners and to be distributed by themselves in good works.
The moneys paid under the first two heads do not affect, strictly speaking, the gratuity of the dispensation. They constitute a just compensation for the expenses the petitioners occasion the Curia. As for the alms and the componendum, besides the fact that they do not profit the pope nor the members of the Curia personally, but are employed in pious uses, they are justifiable, either as a fine for the faults which, as a rule, give occasion for the dispensation, or as a check to restrain a too great frequency of petitions often based on frivolous grounds. And if the Tridentine prohibition be still urged, it may be truly said that the pope has the right to abrogate the decrees of councils, and is the best judge of the reasons that legitimize such abrogation. The custom of tax and componendum is neither uniform nor universal in the Roman Curia.
Secular law equivalent
Dispensation is the canonical equivalent of license which, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is the authorisation to do something which would normally be illegal if the competent authority had not granted permission.
See also
Canon law of the Catholic Church
Casuistry
Derogation
Indulgence
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
David Chamber, Faculty Office Registers, 1534–1549: A Calendar of the First Two Registers of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Faculty Office (Clarendon Press 1966)
Sir Edward Coke, 4th Institutes of the Laws of England 337 (Garland Publg. 1979)
Wilfrid Hooper, "The Court of Faculties", 25 English Historical Rev. 670 (1910)
Noel Cox, Dispensations, "Privileges, and the Conferment of Graduate Status: With Special Reference to Lambeth Degrees", Journal of Law and Religion, 18(1), 249–274 (2002–2003)
Gabriel Le Bras, Charles Lefebvre & Jacqueline Rambaud, "L’âge classique, 1140–1378: sources et théorie du droit" vol. 7, 487–532 (Sirey 1965)
Francis Oakley, "Jacobean Political Theology: The Absolute and Ordinary Powers of the King", 29 Journal of History of Ideas, 323 (1968)
Kenneth Pennington, The Prince and the Law, 1200–1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition (U. Cal. Press 1993)
Bibliography
Black, Henry Campbell Black (and editors). Black's Law Dictionary (With Pronunciations), Fifth Edition (St. Paul Minn: West Publishing Co., 1979).
Häring, Bernard, C.SS.R. The Law of Christ, Volume I: General Moral Theology (Westminster, Maryland: The Newman Press, 1961) tr. by Edwin G. Kaiser, C.PP.S.
Metz, René. The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Vol. 80: What is Canon Law? (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1960) tr. by Michael Derrick.
1983 Code of Canon Law. The IntraText Digital Library
Catholic Encyclopedia. NewAdvent.org
. I. Dispensations in General: SUAREZ, De legibus (Naples, 1882), Bk. VI, x sqq., and Opera Omnia (Paris, 1856), VI; PYRRHUS CORRADIUS, Praxis dispensationum apostolicarum (Venice, 1699); KONINGS-PUTZER, Commentarium in facultates apostolicas (New York, 1898), pt. I; the commentators on the Decretals, especially SCHMALZGRUEBER, Jus ecclesiasticum universale (Rome, 1843), Bk. I. tit. ii; WERNZ, Jus decretalium (Rome, 1905), I, tit. iv, 138; VON SCHERER, Handbuch des Kirchenrechts (Graz, 1898), I, 172; HINSCHIUS. System d. kath. Kirchenr. (Berlin, 1869), I. 744, 789; the moral theologies, under the treatise De legibus, particularly ST. ALPHONSUS LIGUORI, Theologia Moralis (Rome, 1905), I, iv, Dub. 4; D'ANNIBALE, Summula Theologiœ Moralis (Rome, 1908), I, tr. iii, 220; BALLERINI, Opus Morale (Prato, 1889), I, 363; OJETTI, Synopsis rerum moralium et juris pontificii (Rome, 1904), s. v. Dispensatio; THOMASSIN, Ancienne et nouvelle discipline de l'Eglise touchant les bénéfices (Paris, 1725), II, p. II, 1, 3, xxiv-xxix; STIEGLER, Dispensation, Dispensationwesen, und Dispensationsrecht in his Kirchenrecht (Mainz, 1901). I, and in Archiv f. kath. Kirchenr., LXXVII, 3; FIEBAG, De indole ac virtute dispensationum secundum principia jur. canonici (Breslau, 1867).II. Matrimonial Dispensations: PYRRHUS CORRADIUS, op. cit.; DE JUSTIS, De dispens. matrim. (Venice, 1769); GIOVINE, De dispens. matrim. (Naples, 1863); PLANCHARD, Dispenses matrim. (Angoulème, 1882); FEIJE, De imped. et dispens. matrim. (Louvain, 1885); ZITELLI, De dispens. matrim. (Rome, 1887); VAN DE BURGT, De dispens. matrim. (Bois-le-Duc, 1865); POMPEN, De dispens. et revalidatione matrim. (Amsterdam, 1897); ROUSSET, De sacramento matrimonii (Saint-Jean de Maurienne, 1895), IV, 231; KONINGS-PUTZER, Op. cit., 174 sqq., 376 sqq.; SANCHEZ, De s. matrimonii sacramento (Viterbo, 1739), Bk. VIII; GASPARRI, Tract. canonicus de matrimonio (Paris, 1892), I, iv, 186; MANSELLA, De imped. matrim. (Rome, 1881), 162; LEITNER, Lehrb. des kath. Eherechts (Paderborn, 1902), 401; SCHNITZER, Kath. Eherecht (Freiburg, 1898), 496; SANTILEITNER, Prœlectiones juris canonici (Ratisbon, 1899), IV, appendix I; WERNZ, Jus Decretalium (Rome, 1908), IV, tit. xxix FREISEN Geschichte des kanon. Eherechts bis zum Verfall der Glossenlitteratur (Tübingen, 1888), and in Archiv für kath. Kirchenr., LXXVII, 3 sqq., and LXXVIII, 91; ESMEIN, Le mariage en droit canonique (Paris, 1891), II, 315; ZHISMAN, Das Eherecht der orient. Kirche (Vienna, 1864), 190, 712.
Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law
Holy See
Catholic matrimonial canon law
Catholic Church legal terminology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensation%20%28Catholic%20canon%20law%29 |
Cheney State Park is a state park of Kansas in the United States. Completed in 1964, the park is located in Kingman and Reno counties in Kansas, 5 miles north of Cheney and 20 miles west of Wichita.
The park is divided into two areas comprising , straddling the Cheney Reservoir, one of the top sailing lakes in the United States. The Ninnescah Sailing Association has facilities in the West Shore Area. A marina in the East Shore Area offers supplies and services for boaters and anglers.
There are nature and hiking trails at Giefer Creek and Spring Creek. A handicapped-accessible fishing complex is available at the Toadstool Loop Jetty.
The park features 29 miles of asphalt roads and parking areas; a park office; 2 marinas; 223 electrical hookup sites with water; over 400 primitive camp sites; 4 trailer dumpstations; 6 boat ramps with 22 launching lanes; 4 courtesy docks; 2 fish cleaning stations; 7 modern pit toilets; 9 showerhouses; 1 shelter with restrooms; 2 large group shelters; 2 medium group shelters; 29 small picnic shelters; 1 group camping area with 20 utility sites, a large shelter and a restroom; 2 nature trails; and 7 modern cabins.
The Cheney Wildlife Area adjacent to the park provides opportunities for wildlife watching, nature photography, and hunting. A refuge has been set aside within the wildlife area for migratory waterfowl. The area is closed to all activities from September 15 through March 15, when it is reopened for fishing and non-hunting day use activities.
See also
List of Kansas state parks
List of lakes, reservoirs, and dams in Kansas
List of rivers of Kansas
References
External links
Cheney State Park Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
Ninnescah Sailing Association
State parks of Kansas
Protected areas of Kingman County, Kansas
Protected areas of Reno County, Kansas
Protected areas established in 1964
1964 establishments in Kansas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheney%20State%20Park |
Dried vine fruit is a term given to all the varieties of dried grape produced. The need for this term came from the fact that the United Kingdom is the only country in the European Union which differentiates dried vine fruit into different types. On mainland Europe, they are all simply called raisins, whereas in the UK they are differentiated into raisins, sultanas and currants. In this instance the term currant refers to the Zante currant, not the fruit of the Ribes genus.
The sultana was brought to Europe from the Ottoman Empire, and is known for its golden colour and delicate, sweet flavour.
"Golden raisins" are a Californian attempt to replicate the sultana industrially. They are made from the same variety (sultana=Thompson Seedless), treated with sulfur dioxide (SO2), and flame dried to give them their characteristic colour.
A particular variety of seedless grape, the Black Corinth, is also sun dried to produce Zante currants, which are much smaller than other vine fruit, darker in colour and have a tart, tangy flavour.
Several varieties of raisins are produced in Asia and are only available at ethnic grocers. Green raisins are produced in Iran. Dried grapes in a variety of colors (green, black, white) and sizes are also produced in India.
References
Vine
es:Pasa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried%20vine%20fruit |
The NeoRacer is a portable magnetic fitness bike that interacts with video games on several platforms. This includes the Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and the PC.
Description
The pedal motion controls speed in the game. It comes with a DualShock controller for all of the other functions. The pedal motion can be assigned to any button on the DualShock controller. The NeoRacer works best with driving and racing games.
Developer
NeoRacer was developed by Deep Ridge Ltd. They also hold copyright and licensing of NeoRacer. The company is located in the United Kingdom.
References
External links
Official Website
ConsoleTuner Titan Two
Fitness games
Xbox (console) accessories
GameCube accessories
PlayStation (console) accessories
PlayStation 2 accessories | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NeoRacer |
Camelbeach Outdoor Waterpark is a water park located in the Poconos in Tannersville, Pennsylvania at Big Pocono State Park. Opened in 1998, it is the summer operation for Camelback Resort, which is a skiing and snowboard resort during the winter.
Attractions
Camelbeach contains over 37 waterslides as well as many other attractions.
Dry attractions
During the summer the ski lift, called the Black Bear 6 is still open. It allows guests to observe wildlife as they ascend the mountain.
Water attractions
The Blue Nile Adventure River is Camelbeach's lazy river. Riders can choose from single and double-rider tubes. It opened with the park in 1998.
The Olympic Pool is a full-size swimming pool. It opened with the park in 1998.
Twister: A green tube slide which features some enclosed sections and some open sections, with one of the enclosed sections ending with a water curtain to soak riders. It opened with the park in 1998.
Midnight Run : A black tube slide which is fully enclosed, and features small holes in the roof of the track to provide a small amount of light to the riders. It opened with the park in 1998.
Riptide : A yellow (originally white) tube slide which is fully open and features many twists and turns, including two spirals. It opened with the park in 1998.
Sidewinder: A red tube slide which is fully open and, as the name suggests, snakes back and forth down the mountain and also features a spiral. It opened with the park in 1998.
The Titan is an eight-story tall family raft slide that allows up to four people per raft to ride down it. The Titan has nine banked curves with an added lip to keep the raft from going over the side. It opened in 2000.
The Kahuna Lagoon is a wave pool which can produce waves up to six feet high. It opened in 2001.
Kahuna Cove is a splash pad, adjacent to the Kahuna Lagoon Wave Pool. It features sprinklers, water spouts, and more. It opened in 2001.
The Vortex and Spin Cycle are two bowl water slides. Spin Cycle is a tube slide which ends with a chute, while Vortex is a body slide and ends with a drop into a pool. Both slides opened in 2002.
Triple Venom is a series of three separate speed water slides, each over six stories tall. It opened in 2003. The slides are Serpent, a multicolored body slide which is fully open, allowing riders to experience air time three times while plunging down four steep drops; Viper, a translucent blue body slide which is fully enclosed except for an open final drop; and Cobra, a red body slide which is fully enclosed in total darkness.
Flowrider is a surfing simulator which allows riders to ride waves while lying down or standing up on a surfboard. It opened in 2006.
Pharaoh's Phortress is a family water play structure that features 8 waterslides, a four-story-high tipping bucket, fountains, spray guns, and more. It opened in 2008.
Dune Runner is a family raft slide where riders slide down three drops. This ride allows riders to experience air time on the last drop. It opened in 2011.
Sandstorm is a family raft slide where riders slide down into two funnels, sending the rafts oscillating from side to side. It opened along with Dune Runner in 2011.
Mummy's Oasis is a smaller version of the "Pharaoh's Phortress". It features water cannons, geysers, a two-story-high tipping bucket, and more. It opened in 2016.
High Noon Typhoon is a ProSlide Tornado. The ride features a six-story funnel during which riders, seated in four-person rafts, swing from side to side. The ride recently opened in 2018.
Rival Racer is an eight-lane mat slide where the participants race each other through twisting enclosed tubes to the finish line at the bottom of the mountain. It replaced and is the modern successor to the Checkered Flag Challenge. It opened summer 2023.
Former rides and attractions
The Bumper Boats were an attraction which allowed riders to compete against each other in gasoline-powered bumper boats in a traditional bumper-cars style battle. The area has not been used for anything since its closure, but the queue now features beach volleyball. (Unknown-2010)
Camel Cove was a family water play structure that featured several play structures, including a large bucket similar to the ones found at Kahuna Cove and Pharaoh's Phortress. The area now features the "Mummy's Oasis". (1998-2015)
Mini Golf was an 18-hole miniature golf course. The area now features the "Pharaoh's Phortress". (1998-2005)
The Mat Slides were two slides where riders used foam mats to slip down the waterslide. One had to be under 60 inches in height, and weigh less than 140 pounds to experience these slides. (1998-2018)
Checkered Flag Challenge was an eight-lane mat slide in which the participants would race each other down the slide to finish in first place, and to achieve the best time. It included a timing system which would announce the winner. (2004-2021)
Awards and accolades
Camelbeach has been awarded by several national publications many times in its short lifespan. Aquatics International magazine awarded the park "Best Commercial Waterpark" for parks gathering 100,000 through 300,000 visitors each year. The International Amusement Parks Convention awarded Camelbeach one of three "Best Waterparks to Visit in 2005" awards. Camelbeach was also showcased in The Travel Channel's Waterparks 2005.
References
External links
Pocono Mountains
Water parks in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Pennsylvania
Tourist attractions in Monroe County, Pennsylvania
1998 establishments in Pennsylvania
Amusement parks opened in 1998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelbeach%20Waterpark |
NGC 7217 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Pegasus.
Features
NGC 7217 is a gas-poor system whose main features are the presence of several rings of stars concentric to its nucleus: three main ones –the outermost one being of the most prominent and the one that features most of the gas and star formation of this galaxy – plus several others inside the innermost one discovered with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope; a feature that suggests NGC 7217's central regions have suffered several starbursts. There is also a very large and massive spheroid that extends beyond its disk.
Other noteworthy features this galaxy has are the presence of a number of stars rotating in the opposite direction around the galaxy's center to most of them and two distinct stellar populations: one of intermediate age on its innermost regions and a younger, metal-poor version on its outermost ones.
It has been suggested these features were caused by a merger with another galaxy and, in fact, computer simulations show that NGC 7217 could have been a large lenticular galaxy that merged with one or two smaller gas-rich ones of late Hubble type becoming the spiral galaxy we see today; however right now this galaxy is isolated in space, with no nearby major companions. More recent research, however, presents a somewhat different scenario in which NGC 7217's massive bulge and halo would have been formed in a merger and the disk formed later (and is still growing) either accreting gas from the intergalactic medium or smaller gas-rich galaxies, or most likely from a previously existing reserve.
See also
Spiral Galaxy NGC 1512
NGC 7742, a very similar galaxy in the same constellation
References
External links
NGC 7217
http://atlas.zevallos.com.br/
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Ring galaxies
Pegasus (constellation)
7217
11914
68096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%207217 |
Schizoglossa novoseelandica is a predatory species of air-breathing land slug or semi-slug, a terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Rhytididae. It is the type species of the genus Schizoglossa and is found only in New Zealand. The survival of this species is not threatened; it is not listed in the 2009 IUCN Red List nor is it in the 2005 New Zealand Threat Classification System lists.
Subspecies
Schizoglossa novoseelandica novoseelandica - on the New Zealand mainland.
Schizoglossa novoseelandica barrierensis - found only on Great Barrier Island.
Distribution
Schizoglossa novoseelandica novoseelandica is found on the North Island, New Zealand. Localities include Kakepuku mountain in the Waikato, Wainuiomata in the Wellington Region, Toko near Stratford, Cape Egmont, and Mount Messenger Conservation Area in Taranaki, Bushy Park and Hunterville in the Manawatū-Whanganui Region, Whangarei Heads in Northland, Ohingaiti, the Kaimai Ranges between Waikato and the Bay of Plenty, and the Mount Tongariro/Lake Taupō area.
Subfossil and very large shells (that were believed to belong to this species in 1913) were found in cave near Tahora and in Mangaone Cave near Nūhaka in Hawke's Bay Region.
Shell description
Schizoglossa novoseelandica was originally described under the name Daudebardia novoseelandica by the German malacologist Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer in 1862. He described the species based only the shell, which the German geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter had brought back from New Zealand. The specific name novoseelandica is combination of the Latin word novus which means "new" and part of the German word Neuseeland which means New Zealand. The shell of the type specimen is stored in the Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna.
Pfeiffers's original text (the type description) is very short: first is shell characteristics in Latin and then incorrect statement in German that it is the largest Daudebardia. A mistake happened because he was not able to examine different anatomical characteristics. It reads as follows:
The shell is rudimentary, auriform, thin, opaque, oval, increasing irregularly. The protoconch is first smooth, then spirally grooved. The sculpture of the adult volution is somewhat irregularly and rather distantly spirally grooved, the grooves crossed by coarse irregular and arcuate growth wrinkles. The shell is colorless, glossy chestnut shaded to greenish yellow at the margin. The spire is tinged with reddish brown. The color of the ventral side of the shell is nacreous, gleaming white and purple. The columellar lip is white. The periostracum is thin and polished. The color of periostracum is greenish-olive. The spire is quite flat. The protoconch is of 1 rapidly increasing whorls. The protoconch is flatly convex, one-seventh of the total length, regular, well defined. The shell has two whorls. The adult half whorl is the most rapidly increasing, fingernail-shaped, descending at the suture. The suture is deep. The peristome is thin and sharp, the upper lip very little curved. The outer lip is regularly rounded. The basal lip is nearly straight. The columella is very short, subvertical. Inner lip is thickly callous, terminating below in 1 or several minute tubercles, and spreading broadly above over the parietal wall. The inside of the aperture is strongly callous in the centre and towards the columella, where there is a well-impressed muscular scar of the columellar muscle. A second elongated muscle-scar is situated on the inner side of the basal lip.
The width of the shell of the type specimen is 10 mm, the height of the shell is 2.5 mm, the diameter is 7 mm. The width of the shell in a very large specimen is 32.5 mm, the height of the shell is 6 mm, the diameter is 19.5 mm.
Anatomy
The length of specimen contracted in alcohol is 20 mm, the height and breadth are 9 mm. Behind the shell, which is situated upon the hinder half of the body, the tail projects slightly. The end of the tail is flat, has no caudal mucous pit, and is bluntly pointed. The margin of the foot is produced into a slight flange. A pair of grooves running along the median line from the mantle to the muzzle define a row of small tubercles. Right and left, between this median line and the foot-edge, 2 indistinct grooves can be traced from the mantle to the lips. Posterior to these, the surface is divided into tubercles by small irregular grooves meandering outwards and downwards. The mantle has an even margin, with 2 small lappets on the under-side; the right proceeds forward from a little behind the respiratory pore (pneumostome), extends to almost one-third of the length of the mantle-margin, and forms a narrow fold; the left is minute, simply a rudiment, and in some specimens it is difficult to detect. The sole of the foot is without a defined median area. Two small labial tentacles are present. The color is reddish-brown, splashed with black, and darkest above. The mantle and sole are ashy-yellow.
The radula is 12 mm long and 3 mm in width. It has 61 rows of denticles (tiny teeth). There is sometimes a rudimentary tooth in the centre of some rows. The number of lateral teeth varying from 24 to 28. Charles Hedley described radula formula with 26 teeth: 24 + 0 + 24 × 61 while Robert C. Murdoch described radula formula with usual 26 teeth: 26 + 0 + 26 × 61. The innermost four teeth are small and slender, then they increase rapidly in size. The 25th tooth is rather smaller than the 24th, and the 26th is minute and occasionally absent.
The digestive system contains enormous buccal mass in size and muscular development. The pharynx (the largest part of buccal mass) is so large, occupying almost the whole length of the visceral cavity. The esophagus enters to the buccal cavity dorsally in the anterior fourth. The stomach forms a simple elongated sac.
The reproductive system is remarkable for extreme reduction of male organs and the absence of receptaculum seminis (spermatheca). The male organ (penis) is a short tube, and exhibits little difference from the vas deferens, except that it is slightly wider; the latter is a short tube not sharply marked off from the verge. The albumen gland is large.
Ecology
Habitat
Schizoglossa novoseelandica usually lives in rainforest under logs, but it can hunt its prey a few metres above the ground in the trees.
Feeding habits
Schizoglossa novoseelandica is carnivorous and predatory, preferring snails Otoconcha dimidiata from the subfamily Otoconchinae, family Charopidae and also feeding on earthworms and on its own species (cannibalism).
Life cycle
The egg is white, hard-shelled, oval and coarsely granular. The size of the eggs of Schizoglossa novoseelandica ranges from 4 × 3 mm to 4.5 × 3.75 mm. Eggs are laid in August, and they are found principally under a good thickness of decaying fern-leaves, in little heaps of from 6 to as many as 14.
Parasites
A parasitic nematode Angiostoma schizoglossae Morand & Barker, 1995 was described from Schizoglossa novoseelandica in 1995.
References
This article incorporates public domain text from references
External links
Schizoglossa novoseelandica at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Land Snails from the East Coast/Hawke's Bay Region - photo of apical view of the shell (number 28)
Land Snails from Bushy Park - photo of lateral view of the shell (number 18)
page 338, drawings: figure F = shell, G = radula, H = digestive system.
photo of an adult (figure 22)
photo of the shell of Schizoglossa novoseelandica barrierensis
Rhytididae
Gastropods described in 1862
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizoglossa%20novoseelandica |
Andy Carvin is an American blogger and a former senior product manager for online communities at National Public Radio (NPR). He accepted a position at First Look Media in February, 2014. Carvin was the founding editor and former coordinator of the Digital Divide Network, an online community of more than 10,000 Internet activists from over 140 countries working to bridge the digital divide. He is also an active blogger as well as a field correspondent for the vlog Rocketboom.
Carvin lives in Silver Spring, Maryland.
Biography
Born in Boston and raised in Florida, Carvin graduated from Northwestern University in 1993. When he was working for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 1994, he authored the website EdWeb, one of the first websites to advocate the use of the World Wide Web in education.
In 1999, he was hired by the Benton Foundation to help develop Helping.org, a philanthropic website that eventually became known as Networkforgood.org. At the December 1999 US National Digital Divide Summit in Washington DC, President Bill Clinton announced the launch of the Digital Divide Network, a spin-off of Helping.org edited by Carvin.
In 2001, he organized an email forum called SEPT11INFO, an emergency discussion forum in response to the September 11 attacks. Following the Boxing Day tsunami in 2004, he created the RSS aggregator Tsunami-Info.org, and served as a contributor to the TsunamiHelp collaborative blog. He also joined Global Voices Online in the end of 2004
In January 2005, Carvin began advocating mobile phone podcasting as a tool for citizen journalism and human rights monitoring; he called the concept "mobcasting". Utilizing free online tools including FeedBurner, Blogger and Audioblogger, Carvin demonstrated the potential of mobcasting at a February 2005 Harvard blogging conference and at The Gates, the Central Park art installation created by the artist Christo. He later demonstrated mobcasting as part of a collaborative blog called Katrina Aftermath, which allowed members of the public to post multimedia content regarding Hurricane Katrina. For Carvin's work on mobcasting and the digital divide, he received a 2005 TR35 award from Technology Review, awarded annually to the 35 leading technology innovators under the age of 35. Carvin has also been honored as one of the top education technology advocates in eSchool News magazine and District Administration magazine.
In May 2006, Carvin began serving as host on a blog called Learning.now on PBS. According to Learning.now's website, it explores "how new technology and Internet culture affect how educators teach and children learn.It will offer a continuing look at how new technology such as wikis, blogs, vlogs, RSS, podcasts, social networking sites, and the always-on culture of the Internet are impacting teacher and students' lives both inside and out of the classroom." Learning.now is part of PBS TeacherSource, PBS' educator website.
In September 2006, Andy Carvin became a staff member at NPR as their senior product manager for online communities.
An avid Twitter user, the popular revolution in Tunisia in late 2010 caught Andy Carvin's attention when the microblogging service "seemed to explode" with messages about an uprising. Carvin had traveled extensively in Tunisia, had many contacts there, and was able to develop others. Carvin's curation of Twitter feeds as well as traditional wire services have generated a great deal of interest in the journalism community. He has given interviews about his news curation of citizen journalism on blogs, journalism sites, as well as mainstream media sites.
In March 2011, Andy Carvin and his Twitter followers utilized crowdsourced research to debunk false stories that Israeli weapons were being used against the people of Libya.
By April 2011, The Columbia Journalism Review dubbed Carvin a "living, breathing real-time verification system" and suggested his might be the best Twitter account to follow in the world. The Washington Post called him "a one-man Twitter news bureau". His hometown paper, Florida Today, published a profile describing him as having "global impact" and saying he provided "a unique window into the unrest sweeping across the Middle East."
A few days before a foreign policy speech on the Middle East by President Barack Obama in mid-May 2011, the White House contacted Carvin and asked for him to co-host a Twitter interview chat with a White House official. Although NPR had refused to allow the White House to specify particular reporters in the past, Mark Stencel, NPR's managing editor for digital news, granted the request, saying that Carvin was "uniquely suited" for the role.
Carvin was a recipient of the Journalism Awards: Special Distinction Award, Knight-Batten Award for Innovation for his Twitter reporting, July 2011. Link
On August 21, 2011, as armed fighters rolled into the city of Tripoli, Libya, in a bid to oust Muammar Gaddafi from his 42-year rule of the country, cable news stations in the U.S. appeared unprepared to cover the breaking news event, but Carvin tweeted over 800 times, "recording the oral history in real time." He was profiled in Britain's The Guardian newspaper as "the man who tweets revolutions".
The Daily Dot recognized Carvin as second only to online hacktivist group Anonymous in his influence on Twitter in the year 2011. In its writeup of Carvin, the Dot compared him to Edward R. Murrow, whose radio coverage of the London Blitz established him as a household name in the United States during World War II.
On January 25, 2013, Carvin conducted an AMA on Reddit to promote his new book, Distant Witness.
Carvin donated the iPhone he used to tweet during the Arab Spring to the American History Museum.
Notes and references
External links
Andy Carvin's personal website
Digital Divide Network
PBS learning.now (blog)
EdWeb: Exploring Technology & School Reform
The Gates @ Central Park
Mobcasting (blog)
Katrina Aftermath (blog)
TsunamiHelp (blog)
Mind the Gap: The Digital Divide as the Civil Rights Issue of the New Millennium 1999 essay by Andy Carvin, Multimedia Schools magazine
Andy Carvin's Twitter feed
1971 births
Digital divide activists
Living people
NPR personalities
Non-profit technology
Northwestern University alumni
Journalists from Boston
Journalists from Florida
American reporters and correspondents
Video bloggers
American male bloggers
American bloggers
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American YouTubers
Shorty Award winners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Carvin |
Selective soldering is the process of selectively soldering components to printed circuit boards and molded modules that could be damaged by the heat of a reflow oven or wave soldering in a traditional surface-mount technology (SMT) or through-hole technology assembly processes. This usually follows an SMT oven reflow process; parts to be selectively soldered are usually surrounded by parts that have been previously soldered in a surface-mount reflow process, and the selective-solder process must be sufficiently precise to avoid damaging them.
Processes
Assembly processes used in selective soldering include:
Selective aperture tooling over wave solder: These tools mask off areas previously soldered in the SMT reflow soldering process, exposing only those areas to be selectively soldered in the tool's aperture or window. The tool and printed circuit board (PCB) assembly are then passed over wave soldering equipment to complete the process. Each tool is specific to a PCB assembly.
Mass selective dip solder fountain: A variant of selective-aperture soldering in which specialized tooling (with apertures to allow solder to be pumped through it) represent the areas to be soldered. The PCB is then presented over the selective-solder fountain; all selective soldering of the PCB is soldered simultaneously as the board is lowered into the solder fountain. Each tool is specific to a PCB assembly.
Miniature wave selective solder : This typically uses a round miniature pumped solder wave, similar to the end of a pencil or crayon, to sequentially solder the PCB. The process is slower than the two previous methods, but more accurate. The PCB may be fixed, and the wave solder pot moved underneath the PCB; alternately, the PCB may be articulated over a fixed wave or solder bath to undergo the selective-soldering process. Unlike the first two examples, this process is toolless.
Laser Selective Soldering System: A new system, able to import CAD-based board layouts and use that data to position a laser to directly solder any point on the board. Its advantages are the elimination of thermal stress, its non-contact quality, consistent high-quality solder joints and flexibility. Soldering time averages one second per joint; stencils and solder masks may be eliminated from the circuit board to reduce manufacturing costs.
Less-common selective soldering processes include:
Hot-iron solder with wire-solder feed
Induction solder with paste-solder, solder-laden pads or preforms and hot gas (including hydrogen), with a number of methods of presenting the solder
Other selective soldering applications are non-electronic, such as lead-frame attachment to ceramic substrates, coil-lead attachment, SMT attachment (such as LEDs to PCBs) and fire sprinklers (where the fuse is low-temperature solder alloys).
Regardless of the selective soldering equipment used, there are two types of selective flux applicators: spray and dropjet fluxers. The spray fluxer applies atomized flux to a specific area, while the dropjet fluxer is more precise; the choice depends on the circumstances surrounding the soldering application.
Miniature wave selective solder fountain
The miniature wave selective solder fountain type is widely used, yielding good results if the PCB design and manufacturing process are optimized. Key requirements for selective fountain type soldering are:
Process
Nozzle diameter selection according to solder-joint geometry, nearby component clearance, component lead height and wettable or non-wettable nozzle
Solder temperature: Set value or actual value on plated through-hole part
Contact time
Preheating
Flux type: No-clean, organic-based; method of fluxing (spray or dropjet)
Soldering: Drag, dip or angle method
Design
Temperature requirement (for soldered part) and component selection
Nearby SMD through-hole component clearance
Ratio of component pin diameter to plated through-hole
Component lead length
Thermal decoupling
Solder masking (green masking) distance from component pad
Drop-Jet
The Drop-Jet is an Electromechanical device which is capable of depositing a droplet of flux on demand onto a surface such as a Printed Circuit Board and or component pin.
Thermal profiling
The thermal profile of the selective process is critical as with other common automated soldering techniques.
Topside temperature measurements within the pre-heat stage must be verified as with conventional flow solder machine, additionally flux activation must be verified as sufficient.
As number of miniature profiling dataloggers are now available to make the process more simple such as the Solderstar Pro units.
Selective solder optimization
A number of fixtures are available to allow daily checking of the selective solder process, these instruments allow the verification of machine parameters to be performed on a periodic basis.
Parameters such as contact time, X/Y speeds, nozzle wave height and profile temperature can all be measured.
Use of nitrogen atmosphere
Selective soldering is normally undertaken in a nitrogen atmosphere. This prevents oxidation of the fountain surface and results in better wetting. Less flux is needed with less left-over residue. The use of nitrogen results in clean, shiny joints without the need for PCB cleaning or brushing.
References
Printed circuit board manufacturing
Soldering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective%20soldering |
NGC 4567 and NGC 4568 (nicknamed the Butterfly Galaxies or Siamese Twins) are a set of unbarred spiral galaxies about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. They were both discovered by William Herschel in 1784. They are part of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.
These galaxies are in the process of colliding and merging with each other, as studies of their distributions of neutral and molecular hydrogen show, with the highest star-formation activity in the part where they overlap. However, the system is still in an early phase of interaction.
Four supernovae have been observed in the Butterfly Galaxies: SN 1990B (type Ib, mag. 16), SN 2004cc (type Ic, mag. 17.5), SN 2020fqv (type IIb, mag. 19), and SN 2023ijd (type II, mag. 16.8).
Naming controversy
The two galaxies were nicknamed "Siamese Twins" because they appear to be connected. On August 5, 2020, NASA announced that they would not use that nickname in an effort to avoid systemic discrimination in their terminology.
See also
Antennae Galaxies
Eyes Galaxies
Notes
References
External links
Kopernik Space Images, Spiral Galaxies NGC 4568 and NGC 4567 aka "The Siamese Twins" : Supernova 2004cc, George Normandin (29 June 2004)
Skyhound, The Siamese Twins
SIMBAD, VCC 1673 : NGC 4567 -- Galaxy in Pair of Galaxies
SIMBAD, VCC 1676 : NGC 4568 -- Galaxy in Pair of Galaxies
NED, VV 219
NED, NGC 4567
NED, NGC 4568
Virgo (constellation)
Virgo Cluster
4567
42064
Interacting galaxies
Unbarred spiral galaxies
Overlapping galaxies | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%204567%20and%20NGC%204568 |
Yeji is a town in the centre of Ghana and the capital of the Pru East District of the Bono East Region in Ghana. Yeji is adjacent to Lake Volta. Yeji is connected by highway to Ejura and Kwadjokrom. It had a population of 29,515 at the census of 2010.
Yeji and its surroundings form the homeland of a branch of the Chumburu people, who also have a traditional area in the kingdom of Chumburung, at the other side of Lake Volta. They speak the Chumburung language, but the Yeji dialect is quite different from the one spoken in Chumburung itself. Apart from the Chumburu, Konkombas, Gonjas and others are also native in Yeji.
References
External links
Yeji, Ghana at Google Maps
Yeji at GhanaWeb
Populated places in the Bono East Region
Ethnic groups in Ghana
History of Ghana
Former monarchies of Africa
Brong-Ahafo Region
Former countries in Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeji |
Paramount Home Entertainment (formerly Paramount Home Media Distribution, and originally Paramount Home Video) is the home video distribution arm of Paramount Pictures.
The division oversees Paramount Global's home entertainment and transactional digital distribution activities worldwide. The division is responsible for the sales, marketing and distribution of home entertainment content on behalf of Paramount Pictures, Paramount Players, Paramount Animation, Paramount Television Studios, CBS, Paramount Media Networks (Showtime, MTV, Nickelodeon, TeenNick, Nicktoons, Nick Jr., VH1, BET, and Comedy Central), Paramount+, and applicable licensing and servicing of certain pre-2010 DreamWorks Pictures titles, Miramax, pre-2005 Dimension Films titles, and DreamWorks Animation films from 2006 to 2012, as well as select IFC Films titles and Saban Films titles. PHE additionally manages global licensing of studio content and transactional distribution across worldwide digital distribution platforms including online, mobile and portable devices and emerging technologies.
History
Before Paramount Home Entertainment was formed, Paramount released its video library through Fotomat. The relationship ended and Paramount soon formed its own video arm in 1979.
In the United Kingdom and other countries, the Paramount Pictures film library were released on VHS by CIC Video alongside Universal Pictures until 1999 before CIC Video was renamed to Paramount Home Entertainment UK and PolyGram Video was renamed to Universal Pictures Home Entertainment UK.
In 2008, PHE launched a direct-to-video label, Paramount Famous Productions (with the "Famous" part of the name a throwback to the days when the company was called Famous Players).
In 2011, due to a company restructure, PHE was renamed Paramount Home Media Distribution.
In May 2019, PHMD reverted its name back to Paramount Home Entertainment, which is the name they carried from 1999 to 2011.
HD DVD and Blu-ray support
Paramount brands the majority of its HD content under the label 'Paramount High Definition' which is seen both on the title box cover and as an in-movie opening. Films from Paramount subsidiaries such as Nickelodeon Movies and MTV Films as well as from former sister studio DreamWorks use no special branding, Paramount Vantage (another subsidiary) releases only select titles under the Paramount High Definition banner.
In October 2005, Paramount announced that it would be supporting the HD video format Blu-ray in addition to rival format HD DVD, becoming the first studio to release on both formats. Its first four HD DVD releases came in July 2006, and it released four titles on Blu-ray two months later. In August 2007, Paramount (along with DreamWorks and DreamWorks Animation) announced their exclusive support for HD DVD. However, when other studios eventually dropped HD DVD and players for the technology stopped being manufactured, Paramount switched to Blu-ray. In May 2008, it released three titles on Blu-ray and continues to release its high-definition discs in that format exclusively.
Sub-labels
Paramount Famous Productions
Paramount Famous Productions was a sub-label of PHE, handling films released exclusively to home video formats without a theatrical release. The label was closed in 2011.
Paramount DVD
Paramount DVD is a sub-label of PHE exclusively found on DVD releases, generally noted by a logo animation with a DVD flying into the Paramount mountain and taking the shape of the outline created by the mountain.
Paramount High Definition
Paramount High Definition is a sub-label focusing on home media releases of Paramount's film and television library in high definition video formats.
Peanuts Home Entertainment
Peanuts Home Entertainment (originally Peanuts Home Video until 2000) was a sub-label used under license from United Feature Syndicate to distribute episodes of The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show and Peanuts specials, including Snoopy! The Musical, It Was My Best Birthday Ever, Charlie Brown and the then-annually-repeated specials Be My Valentine, Charlie Brown, It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving, A Charlie Brown Christmas and Happy New Year, Charlie Brown. It was active from 1994 to 2003.
References
External links
American companies established in 1976
Home video companies of the United States
Home video distributors
Paramount Pictures
Paramount Global subsidiaries
Entertainment companies based in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Entertainment companies established in 1976
Mass media companies established in 1976
1976 establishments in California | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%20Home%20Entertainment |
Mata Nihal Kaur (died 29 September 1644), popularly known as Mata Natti, also known as Ananti, Nihalo, and Bassi, was the wife of Baba Gurditta.
Biography
She was the daughter of father Bhai Rama and mother Sukhdevi, both of whom were Khatri Sikhs from the locality of Batala located in present-day Gurdaspur district. She was wed to Baba Gurditta on 17 April 1624. Nihal Kaur was the daughter-in-law of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind. She bore two sons, Dhir Mal (born 11 January 1627) and the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai (born 18 January 1630).
When Guru Hargobind passed and Mata Nanaki relocated to Bakala in 1644, Nihal Kaur was the head of the Guru's household during the Guruship periods of Har Rai and Har Krishan.
She was responsible for the upbringing of the seventh Guru and infused the spiritual values of the House of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. She taught the young Guru-to-be the value of compassion, love, kindness, bravery, humility, etc. as was the case with all the mothers of the Gurus.
She died in Kiratpur on 29 September 1644.
References
External links
Article on Mata Nihal Kaur
Indian Sikhs
Family members of the Sikh gurus
Year of birth missing
Punjabi people
1644 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20Nihal%20Kaur |
Kwadjokrom is a small town and is the capital of Sene District in the Bono Eat region of Ghana. Kwadjokrom is in the east of Bono East region, and is situated by Lake Volta. Kwadjokrom is connected by road highway to Ejura and Yeji. Kwadjokrom is connected by a ferry to the town of Kete Krachi.
References
Populated places in the Brong-Ahafo Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwadjokrom |
Lobotomizer is the debut album by Norwegian band Motorpsycho, released in 1991. The album has a raw sound and style (mostly heavy metal and grunge). However, it has been called the band's weakest record. The album includes the live-performance crowd-favourite "Hogwash". The title track and the song "Eternity" show a less aggressive side of the band's sound.
Track listing
"Lobotomizer" – 1:02
"Grinder" – 3:48
"Hogwash" – 8:19
"Home of the Brave" – 6:42
Frances" – 3:39
"Wasted" – 3:58
"Eternity" – 2:08
"TFC" – 11:52
Nr. 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 by Sæther.
Nr. 1 by Sæther/Ryan.
Nr. 2 by Sæther/Ryan/Jensen.
Nr. 7 by Sæther/Ryan/Blake.
Vinyl edition track list: Side A: #1–#4, Side B: #5–#8.
Personnel
Bent Sæther: vocals, bass, violin, guitars, percussion
Hans Magnus Ryan: guitars, back. vocals
Kjell Runar "Killer" Jensen: drums
with:
Geir Nilsen: hammond organ on "Hogwash"
References
1991 debut albums
Motorpsycho albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobotomizer |
The 1995 North Down by-election, in the North Down constituency, was held on 15 June, following the death of James Kilfedder, who had represented the constituency since the 1970 general election. Kilfedder had formed the Ulster Popular Unionist Party in 1980, but the party disintegrated on his death.
History
The North Down constituency was created in 1950, and had consistently returned Unionist MPs with large majorities. It had also seen some of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland's strongest results, peaking at 22.1% of the vote in the 1983 general election, and in the 1992 general election, it had seen the Conservative Party's best result in Northern Ireland, picking up 32.0% of the vote.
In 1995, North Down was the wealthiest constituency in the province, and had one of the lowest Catholic populations. As a result, neither the Social Democratic and Labour Party nor Sinn Féin, the two parties most closely associated with the Catholic community in Northern Ireland, had regularly stood candidates in the constituency, and neither chose to stand in the by-election.
Candidates
Bob McCartney had stood in the constituency for the Ulster Unionist Party in 1983, when he had come third with 20.3% of the vote. In 1987 he fell out with the party when he refused to withdraw and give Kilfedder a free run on a joint platform of opposition to the Anglo-Irish Agreement, instead running as a "Real Unionist". McCartney now announced his intention to stand in the election, as a UK Unionist. Despite their differences, he gained the tacit backing of the Democratic Unionist Party, who had won only 9.8% of the vote in 1992 and chose not to stand their own candidate.
The Ulster Unionist Party had not run a candidate in North Down since Bob McCartney in 1983, but they believed they were best placed to take Kilfedder's personal vote. They chose to run Alan McFarland, a former Army Officer and then Parliamentary secretary to some of their MPs, in preference to Reg Empey, one of their most prominent members. The Alliance Party selected Oliver Napier, their former party leader, hoping his experience and notability would regain some of the votes which they had lost in the 1992 election. The Conservative Party had suffered a dramatic loss of votes in the local elections, and their candidate in the 1992 election had moved away, but they chose Stuart Sexton, a member from Croydon in South London.
Four other candidates stood. Alan Chambers, a local councillor, ran as an independent Unionist. The Natural Law Party stood James Anderson, their leader in Northern Ireland, Michael Brooks who had previously stood as an "Ulster Protestant" candidate in the 1987 Irish general election in Donegal North-East, stood on a platform to "Free Para Lee Clegg Now", and Christopher Carter stood as Ulster's Independent Voice.
The big story of the campaign was from The Guardian, who announced that if McCartney was elected, he would apply for the Labour Party whip, an unusual move for a unionist, who were more usually associated with the Conservatives.
Result
The results gave McCartney a win, which he claimed was a victory for left-right politics, as opposed to sectarian politics, with the Ulster Unionists a disappointed distant second. Shortly after the election, James Molyneaux retired as their leader, and was replaced by David Trimble.
The Alliance came third, with their best ever share of the vote in the constituency. Chambers also saved his deposit, but the Conservatives received what was their worst vote in any UK Parliamentary election since 1918.
The by-election was the first since the Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election of April 1981 where a seat transferred between two candidates from outside the major parties, and the first since the North Down by-election of 1986 won by a minor party.
References
External links
Campaign literature from the by-election
The 1995 North Down by-election: A Personal Account
North Down by-election
By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in County Down constituencies
20th century in County Down
1995 elections in Northern Ireland
North Down by-election | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20North%20Down%20by-election |
Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada. It is home to the second largest natural hot springs in Canada, after Deer River Hot Springs 15 km to the north east. It is a natural river of hot water rather than a spring fed man made pool. The park is part of the larger Muskwa-Kechika Management Area. The community of Liard River, British Columbia is located nearby.
History and conservation
The Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park was created in April 1957. The first boardwalk and pool facilities were built by the United States Army in 1942. The Liard River Hot Springs proper are located at . They were originally named the Theresa Hot Springs.
The park contains a warm water swamp and boreal forest which supports rich and diverse plant communities as well as mammal and bird species. Watch for moose feeding in the warm water swamps. Bears, as well, are a common hazard in summer months, and may be feeding only away from bathers. Due to the lush plant life (including 14 species of orchids) influenced by the warmth of the springs, the area used to be known as the "Tropical Valley". A rare predatory black bear attack occurred on August 14, 1997, claiming two lives.
Recreation
Alpha pool with water temperatures ranging from ;
There are raised walkways from the parking area to the springs so that the delicate muskeg that forms the swamp is not disturbed. The walkway was the scene of a much-publicized black bear attack that killed two tourists on August 14, 1997.
The campground is open year-round
Amenities
Bathing pools
Change houses
Wheelchair access
Playground
A long wooden walkway leads from the parking lot to the hotsprings pool, crossing picturesque muskeg.
Location
The park is located at mile 475 (or km 765) on the Alaska Highway, between Fort Nelson ( south-east) and Watson Lake ( north-west). The community of Liard River is just west of the park, at the 499 Milepost.
Size
1082 hectares in size.
Photo gallery
See also
List of British Columbia Provincial Parks
List of Canadian provincial parks
List of National Parks of Canada
Muncho Lake Provincial Park
Stone Mountain Provincial Park
Toad River Hot Springs Provincial Park
References
External links
Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park - on BC Parks (Ministry of Environment) website
Hot springs of British Columbia
Liard Country
Provincial parks of British Columbia
1957 establishments in British Columbia
Protected areas established in 1957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liard%20River%20Hot%20Springs%20Provincial%20Park |
Clinton State Park is a public recreation area located on the north shore of Clinton Lake at the western edge of Lawrence, Kansas, United States.
The state park lies on the north shore of Clinton Lake, known for its clear water and good channel catfish, walleye, and crappie fishing.
Visitors will find a large number of bird species that vary with the seasons.
An extensive hiking/biking trail system make this park and adjacent wildlife area an attractive destination for outdoors enthusiasts including hikers, nature photographers, mountain bicyclists, wildflower enthusiasts, wildlife observers, and even cross-country skiers.
Park staff work closely with Lawrence and University of Kansas individuals and organizations to present several concerts and other special events each year. The park is the former to host the Wakarusa Music and Camping Festival. Since 2008, Clinton State Park is the annual site of the Ironman Kansas 70.3 triathlon. The swim portion of the competition is held in Clinton Lake, and the run portion of the competition occurs on the park campgrounds and roads.
See also
List of Kansas state parks
List of lakes, reservoirs, and dams in Kansas
List of rivers of Kansas
References
External links
Clinton State Park Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
Clinton State Park Map Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism
https://www.ksbirds.org/checklist/Douglas.pdf
State parks of Kansas
Protected areas of Douglas County, Kansas
Triathlon venues | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton%20State%20Park |
Matthew or Matt Miller may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Matt K. Miller (born 1960), American voice actor
Matisyahu (Matthew Paul Miller, born 1979), American musician and reggae performer
Matthew Mercer (Matthew Christopher Miller, born 1982), American voice actor
Matt Miller (musician) (fl. 2002), American musician, bassist for the post-hardcore band Sparta
Matthew Miller (drummer) (fl. 2007–2017), American musician, drummer for Cymbals Eat Guitars
Matthew Miller (filmmaker) Canadian screenwriter and producer, notably 2023 BlackBerry
Matt Miller (The Young and the Restless), a character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless
Sports
American football
Matt Miller (offensive lineman) (born 1956), American football offensive lineman
Matt Miller (wide receiver) (born 1991), American football wide receiver
Matt Miller (quarterback) (fl. 1995), American football quarterback
Other sports
Matt Miller (right-handed pitcher) (born 1971), American MLB baseball pitcher with the Colorado Rockies and Cleveland Indians
Matt Miller (left-handed pitcher) (born 1974), American MLB baseball pitcher with the Detroit Tigers
Matthew Miller (basketball) (born 1982), American basketball player for Rwandan national team
Matthew Miller (rower) (born 1989), American rower
Others
Matthew Miller (journalist) (born 1962), American journalist and broadcaster
Matthew Todd Miller (born 1989), American citizen detained in North Korea in 2014
Matthew Miller (academic), American physician and professor at Harvard School of Public Health
Matthew Miller (spokesperson) (born 1973 or 1974), American communications operative and current spokesperson for the United States Department of State | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Miller |
Matthew Miller (born 1962) is an American journalist, senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, a monthly columnist for Fortune, regular contributor to The New York Times Magazine and The Atlantic Monthly, and author of The Two Percent Solution. He also appears regularly on CNN.
Miller was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in California's 33rd congressional district during the 2014 election. The primary followed Henry Waxman's announced retirement from the House of Representatives.
Life and career
Miller is the son of Marianne (née Petrie) and Tilden E. Miller. His grandfather was retail executive Milton Petrie. He is a graduate of Blind Brook High School in Rye Brook, New York. He received a B.A. degree from Brown University (1983) and a J.D. degree from Columbia Law School (1986).
In the 1990s, Miller served as an advisor to the Office of Management and Budget in the Clinton administration. Miller is a senior advisor to global management consulting firm McKinsey & Company and to the firm's in-house economics think-tank McKinsey Global Institute. Miller was a co-host of the nationally syndicated public radio program Left, Right & Center from the mid-1990s until January 2015, representing the center. Miller's last episode as co-host was January 30, 2015.
On February 14, 2014, Miller announced his candidacy for the seat of Henry Waxman retiring member for California's 33rd congressional district He finished fifth in the primary election, with 12%.
Politics
Miller has been characterized as a leading radical centrist, and has written columns defining and supporting radical centrism. Miller supports universal health insurance, increased education spending, school vouchers and other goals detailed in his book. Miller supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq but later stated that he was wrong in supporting the war, stating, "If I'd known beforehand that Hussein did not possess weapons of mass destruction, I would not have supported the war."
Personal life
In 1995 he married Jody Greenstone Miller.
Bibliography
References
External links
Biography at the Center for American Progress
KCRW's Left Right & Center
1962 births
American columnists
American male journalists
American political commentators
American political writers
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Columbia Law School alumni
Living people
Journalists from Los Angeles
Radical centrist writers
Center for American Progress people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Miller%20%28journalist%29 |
César Augusto Ramírez Caje (born 24 March 1977), nicknamed El Tigre (Tiger), is a Paraguayan retired footballer who played as a forward.
He spent most of his professional career with Cerro Porteño (two spells, nine seasons in total), but also competed in Argentina and Portugal.
A Paraguayan international for nine years, Ramírez represented the nation at the 1998 World Cup.
Club career
Born in Curuguaty, Ramírez made his Paraguayan Primera División on 24 June 1995 at the age of 18, featuring for Club Cerro Corá in a 0–0 draw against Club Olimpia. In January 1997 he moved abroad for the first time, going on to spend two 1/2-seasons with Sporting Clube de Portugal, for whom he rarely played.
In 1999, following a spell in Argentina with Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield, Ramírez signed with Cerro Porteño back in his homeland, scoring seven goals in 22 games in the 2001 national championship to help his team lift the trophy. He bettered that to a career-high 13 goals three years later, with the tournament also ending in conquest.
Ramírez joined Brazil's Clube de Regatas do Flamengo in 2005, netting 11 times in 32 matches all competitions comprised during his one-year spell and ranking tenth-alltime foreign top scorer at the time of his retirement. Subsequently, he returned to Cerro for a further four top level campaigns, calling it quits at 33.
International career
Ramírez made his debut for the Paraguay national team in 1997. He was selected by manager Paulo César Carpegiani for his 1998 FIFA World Cup squad, and appeared in two group stage contests in France, against Bulgaria and Spain (both 0–0 draws).
Additionally, Ramírez played six World Cup qualifiers during his international tenure.
Honours
Club
Flamengo
Brazilian Cup: 2006
Cerro Porteño
Paraguayan League: 2001, 2004, Apertura 2009
References
External links
1977 births
Living people
Paraguayan men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Paraguayan Primera División players
Cerro Porteño players
Primeira Liga players
Sporting CP footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
CR Flamengo footballers
Paraguay men's under-20 international footballers
Paraguay men's international footballers
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Paraguayan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Paraguayan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar%20Ram%C3%ADrez%20%28footballer%29 |
Thumāmah ibn Uthāl () was chieftain of the Banu Hanifah and one of the rulers of al-Yamamah, making him among the most powerful Arab rulers in pre-Quranic times. In 628 Muhammad sent eight letters to rulers in the Arabian peninsula and surrounding areas inviting them to Islam, including Thumamah. After receiving the letter, he was consumed by anger and resolved to kill Muhammad.
In the pursuit of his designs, Thumamah killed a group of Muhammad's companions. Not long afterwards, Thumamah left al-Yamamah to perform umrah in Mecca and was apprehended by a group of Muslims patrolling the areas surrounding Medina. Unaware of who he was they tied him to a column in the mosque and waited for Muhammad to decide his fate. Muhammad approached Thumamah hoping to encourage him to become a Muslim, but after his refusal he was allowed to leave. Thumamah rode until he came to a palm grove on the outskirts of Medina near al-Baqi' where he watered his camel and washed himself. Then he turned back to Muhammad's mosque and proclaimed his acceptance of Islam, pledging himself and those with him in the service of Muhammad.
Muhammad then told him to continue with his plans and perform umrah as prescribed in Islamic rites. When he reached the valley of Mecca, he began shouting in a resonant voice:
"Here I am at Your command O Lord, Here I am. Here I am. No partner have You. Here I am. Praise, bounty and Dominion belong to You. No partner have You."
He was thus the first Muslim to enter Mecca reciting the talbiyah. The Quraish heard him and set out to punish the one who had assaulted their preserve. One of them was particularly incensed and was about to shoot Thumamah with an arrow when the others grabbed him and shouted:
"Woe to you! Do you know who this is? He is Thumamah ibn Uthal, ruler of al-Yamamah. By God, if you should harm him, his people would cut our supplies, with dire consequences for us."
Thumamah finished performing umrah and proclaimed that he followed the religion of Muhammad. He then returned to his land and ordered his people to withhold supplies from the Quraish. The boycott gradually began to have effect, raising prices and causing many to go hungry. Thereupon, the Quraish wrote to Muhammad, asking him to instruct Thumamah to lift the boycott as it violated the treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which he did.
When Muhammad died in 632, Musaylamah began calling the Banu Hanifah to believe in him as a prophet. Thumamah confronted him gathered together all those who had remained Muslims and waged jihad against the apostates. The loyal Muslims of Banu Hanifah needed additional help to stand against the armies of Musaylamah. Their arduous task was completed by the forces dispatched by Abu Bakr but at the cost of many Muslim lives.
Muslim expedition of 627 and Acceptance of Islam
A platoon of thirty Muslims under the leadership of Muhammad ibn Maslamah was despatched on a military mission. They headed for the habitation of the sept of Banu Bakr. The Muslims attacked the sept and dispersed them in all directions. The Muslims captured war booty and returned with the chief of the tribe of Banu Hanifa, called Thumamah bin Uthal Al-Hanafi.
Muhammad's Companions tied Thumamah to a pole of a Mosque. To a question posed by Muhammad, Thumamah used to say: "If you were to kill someone, then you would have to choose one of noble descent, if you were to be gracious, then let it be to a grateful man and if you were to ask for money, you would have to ask for it from a generous man." He repeated that three times on three different occasions. On the third time, the Muhammad ordered that he should be released and later he converted to Islam.
See also
Battle of Yamama of 632
Sources
Companions of the Prophet
580 births
629 deaths | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumamah%20ibn%20Uthal |
The St. Louis Stallions was the name of a proposed National Football League (NFL) franchise which was to have been located in St. Louis, Missouri, in the early 1990s. There were two attempts to get a team with that name in St. Louis, which had been without a professional football franchise since the end of the 1987 season, when the Cardinals left the city to move to Phoenix, Arizona.
Expansion attempt
The first attempt to get a team back in St. Louis came in 1991, when the city submitted a package to the NFL. The NFL was looking to add two teams in time for the 1994 season (later pushing this idea back one year), and St. Louis was one of the finalists. The others were Baltimore, which like St. Louis had seen its team, the Colts, move out of town in 1984; Charlotte, which had been seeking a team since 1987 and had already seen an expansion NBA team awarded to the city; Jacksonville, which had seen several aborted attempts at relocation in recent years; and Memphis, who had been trying to get an NFL team since the folding of the United States Football League cost the city its only professional sports team, the Memphis Showboats. The NFL placed expansion teams 384 miles from each other, and Charlotte 187 miles from Atlanta.The action could be considered territorial rights infringement.
St. Louis was to have placed the Stallions in Busch Stadium, where the football and baseball Cardinals played, for a brief period while a new domed stadium was constructed near the city's America's Center. Although St. Louis had been considered a favorite to land a team, the NFL instead announced in 1993 that the Charlotte and Jacksonville groups were declared the winners and that the Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars would begin play in 1995.
First relocation attempt
After St. Louis came up short in its expansion bid, it appeared that the city might land a new team anyway. Advertising executive James Orthwein, a St. Louis native and member of the Busch family, bought the New England Patriots in 1992 from Victor Kiam to resolve a debt between local sportscaster Doug Vaughn and the two men. The Patriots had long been in financial malaise since original owner Billy Sullivan, who was still the team president during Kiam's ownership, had squandered all of his net worth on a series of bad investments in the mid-1980s and was forced to sell the team to Kiam and Foxboro Stadium to Robert Kraft.
Immediately upon purchase, Orthwein made it clear that he wanted to relocate the team from its Foxborough, Massachusetts, home to the Mound City. With the city of St. Louis having begun construction on the new domed stadium that they had discussed in their expansion bid, Orthwein was set to leave New England at the end of the 1993 season.
Orthwein's plans to move the team were thwarted when Kraft refused to let Orthwein out of the long-term lease that he had secured from Kiam and Sullivan as part of his purchase of the stadium. Orthwein did not want to own the team if he could not move it, and Kraft initiated a hostile takeover that resulted in his purchase of the Patriots in 1994.
St. Louis finally gets a team
During the 1994 season Georgia Frontiere, the owner of the Los Angeles Rams, was having trouble finding a new stadium for her team as the city of Los Angeles and the surrounding area was not willing to have taxpayer money pay for it. At the time, the Rams were playing in Anaheim Stadium, to which the team had moved in 1980 from the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and which had required a massive reconstruction in order for the Rams to be able to play in what was originally only intended to be a home for the California Angels. Frontiere, who inherited control of the team following the death of her husband Carroll Rosenbloom in 1979, decided that relocation was the only option and initially considered Baltimore, the city where her husband originally owned the Colts before he traded ownership of the team with Robert Irsay, before deciding on St. Louis (her home city) as the domed stadium that was originally intended for the Stallions franchise was nearing completion. The NFL initially was unwilling to allow the move out of Los Angeles, and in fact had voted to reject it, but acquiesced after Frontiere threatened to sue the league. Unlike the Patriots/Stallions proposal, Frontiere opted to keep the Rams name.
Shortly after the Rams left, the Raiders also left to move back to Oakland, where they had last played in 1981. The Trans World Dome, which the completed stadium became known as, opened on November 12, 1995, with a game against the expansion Carolina Panthers.
Departure
A major problem with St. Louis was that their fixed-roof and fully covered domed stadium was built at a time when retractable roofs which allowed generous daylight dissipation through the roof material were becoming the norm. The lighting within the stadium was also noted as 'warehouse-like' and unable to light the field properly, and the darker blue and gold shades the Rams adopted for their logo and uniforms in the early 2000s exacerbated the situation further. Because of its dual use as an extension of the America's Center convention center, the field continued to use AstroTurf, a long-outdated brand of artificial turf that was used primarily for its ability to be easily moved and rolled up into storage, even after its most recent renovations (most other stadiums had already gone to permanent FieldTurf or similar installations by this point; it was eventually converted to an AstroTurf-branded surface that more resembled FieldTurf, though this dark surface only increased the dreary feel of the stadium). By the early 2010s, the dome was consistently considered one of the worst stadiums in the NFL. On January 12, 2016, the NFL approved a request by Rams owner Stan Kroenke to move the Rams back to the Greater Los Angeles Area. And returned to play at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. The Rams opened and began playing at SoFi Stadium in Inglewood, California in 2020. The team's move left St. Louis with no team and no realistic prospects of gaining one in the immediate future, barring future expansion or relocation.
References
St. Louis Rams
Sports in St. Louis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Louis%20Stallions |
Kete Krachi is the capital of the Krachi West District, in the western part of the Oti Region of Ghana, adjacent to Lake Volta. Kete Krachi is connected by a ferry to the town of Kwadjokrom, and by road to Bimbila and Dambai. Kete Krachi is the seventy-second most populous settlement in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 11,788 people.
Climate
Notable residents
Joseph Kodzo
References
Populated places in the Oti Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kete%20Krachi |
David Marks (born 1948) is an American musician and songwriter, member of the Beach Boys.
David Marks may also refer to:
David Marks (architect) (1952–2017), British architect
David Marks (songwriter) (born 1944), South African-born songwriter, singer and producer
David Marks (psychologist) (born 1945), British psychologist
David J. Marks, woodworker who hosts a TV show on DIY Network
David Woolf Marks (1811–1909), English Reform Jewish minister
David Marks (preacher) (1805–1845), early evangelist in the Free Will Baptist Church
David H. Marks, American engineer
David Marks, main character in the film All Good Things
See also
David Mark (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Marks%20%28disambiguation%29 |
World Ag Expo is the largest annual outdoor agricultural exposition with over 1,200 exhibitors and an attendance of more than 100,000 each year. It is held at the International Agri-Center in Tulare, California, in the United States, starting on the second Tuesday of February. It has officially been designated by the U.S. Department of Commerce as an affiliate of the Foreign Buyer Program, which encourages export of American-made goods. Prior to its 2001 rename, the event was called the California Farm Equipment Show and International Exposition.
Contests
The show features an innovation contest among its exhibitors each year. The World Ag Expo Top-10 New Products Contest highlights new agtech, equipment, services, and more. Exhibitors must apply for the contest and their submissions are reviewed by a panel of judges. The winners are featured at the show and are covered widely in the media.
Milestones
The show started in 1968 and was attended by 28,000 people. It outgrew its original home and moved to its current permanent location where it occupies 2.6 million square feet of exhibit space, the International Agri-Center in 1982.
World Ag Expo celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2017.
The 2018 edition included a visit by US Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue, 1,480 exhibitors and 106,700 attendees came from 49 states and 63 countries.
The 2019 edition included a visit by NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine. 1,452 exhibitors and 102,878 attendees came from 48 states, the District of Columbia, and 65 countries.
The 2020 edition was visited by American Farm Bureau President Zippy Duvall. 1,442 exhibitors and 106,357 attendees came from 46 states and 56 countries. This was the first year Hemp related exhibitors were invited to be involved in the show.
The 2021 edition went online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The digital show was a success - 752 exhibitors and an impressive 24,639 visits over three days came from users in 70 countries, 49 states, and the District of Columbia. The 2021 Digital Show featured more than 120 education seminars and can be viewed online.
References
External links
Official website
International Agri-Center® Facebook page
Agricultural shows in the United States
Agriculture in California
Tourist attractions in Tulare County, California
Festivals in California
Festivals established in 1968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Ag%20Expo |
NGC 2736 (also known as the Pencil Nebula) is a small part of the Vela Supernova Remnant, located near the Vela Pulsar in the constellation Vela. The nebula's linear appearance triggered its popular name. It resides about 815 light-years (250 parsecs) away from the Solar System. It is thought to be formed from part of the shock wave of the larger Vela Supernova Remnant. The Pencil Nebula is moving at roughly 644,000 kilometers per hour (400,000 miles per hour).
History
On 1 March 1835, John Herschel discovered this object at the Cape of Good Hope and described it as "eeF, L, vvmE; an extraordinary long narrow ray of excessively feeble light; position 19 ±. At least 20' long, extending much beyond the limits of the field...". This agrees perfectly with the ESO- Uppsala listing N2736 = E260-N14, a nebula with dimensions 30'x7', position angle of 20 and notes "Luminous filament". Harold Corwin adds that on the ESO IIIa-F film this nebula is the brightest patch of a huge supernova remnant (Gum Nebula) whose delicate whisps cover the field. A relatively bright star is immersed in N2736 (mentioned by Herschel).
References
External links
Space.com article about NGC 2736
NASA feature
Gum Nebula
2736
Vela (constellation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202736 |
John Graham Lake (March 18, 1870 – September 16, 1935) was a Canadian-American leader in the Pentecostal movement that began in the early 20th century, and is known as a faith healer, missionary, and with Thomas Hezmalhalch, co-founder of the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa. Through his 1908–19 African missionary work, Lake played a decisive role in the spread of Pentecostalism in South Africa, the most successful southern African religious movement of the 20th century. After completing his missionary work in Africa, Lake evangelized for 10 years, primarily along the west coast of the United States setting up "healing rooms" and healing campaigns, and establishing churches. Lake was influenced by the healing ministry of John Alexander Dowie and the ministry of Charles Parham.
Early life and career
Lake was born in St. Marys, Ontario, Canada and moved to Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan with his family in 1886. He was born into a large family of 16 siblings (eight of whom died young). He graduated from high school in St Mary's shortly before the move to Michigan, and claimed to have been ordained into the Methodist ministry at the age of twenty-one. However, his seminary attendance has never been confirmed and census records cannot confirm even ten years' education. Lake, then, may have had no formal theological training.
Lake moved to a suburb of Chicago, Harvey, in 1890, where he worked as a roofer and construction worker before returning to his hometown in 1896. According to Lake, he became an industrious businessman and started two newspapers, the Harvey Citizen in Harvey, Illinois and the Soo Times in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, before beginning a successful career in real estate, and later, becoming a millionaire in life insurance dealings. Historian Barry Morton found no evidence that Lake ever owned the two newspapers, citing sources which indicate the Harvey Citizen was founded by the Harvey township, and the Soo Times was started by George A. Ferris and owned by Ferris & Scott Publishers. Morton further alleges that Lake exaggerated his business career, and that "clear evidence" shows Lake instead worked as a small-scale contractor, roofer and "house-flipper". In the 1900 Census, Lake's occupation is listed as "carpenter".
In February 1893, Lake married Jennie Stevens of Newberry, Michigan, and the two had six children and adopted another before her death in 1908. During the 1890s Lake and many members of his family began appearing regularly in Dowie's services, where attendees were purportedly healed and allegedly brought back from death's door. In 1898 Lake opened a small chapter of Dowie's Christian Catholic Church in Sault Ste Marie and held meetings in the attic of his parents' home. In 1901 he relocated his family to Zion, Illinois, where he worked in the theocratic town's construction department.
After massive retrenchments affected ever-bankrupt Zion City, Lake found new employment around 1905. He later claimed that he maintained relationships with many of the leading figures of his day including railroad tycoon James Jerome Hill, Cecil Rhodes, Mahatma Gandhi, Arthur Conan Doyle, and others. When he began his preaching career he claimed to have walked away from a $50,000 year salary (around $1.25 million in 2007 US dollars), as well as his seat on the Chicago Board of Trade. Lake's biographer, Burpeau, reported no evidence outside of Lake's own assertions that Lake was connected to these wealthy financiers and industrialists. According to Morton, contemporary records show Lake never left Zion City at the time Lake was said to be making his name in Chicago; he instead worked in nearby Waukegan as an "ordinary, small-town insurance salesman". Lake does not appear in contemporary newspapers until 1907 where he gave an account of his experience of speaking in tongues.
In 1907 Lake was converted to Pentecostalism when Charles Parham staged a tent revival in Zion in an attempt to woo Dowie's supporters. After Parham's departure a group of several hundred "Parhamites" remained in Zion, led by Thomas Hezmalhalch—a recent arrival from the Azusa Street Revival. As 1907 wore on, Lake grew in stature among this group, and was usually listed as co-leader. After Parham's arrest for reports of sodomy and pedophilia in the summer of 1907, the Parhamites descended into disorganization. Believing that many had been possessed by demons, a number of brutal exorcisms began, in which at least two deaths occurred. [invalid, non-working citation links] In the face of arrests and potential mob violence, the Parhamites were forced to flee en masse from Illinois. Lake and Hezmalhalch left for Indianapolis. Once there, they raised $2000 to finance a Pentecostal mission to South Africa.
Missionary work in Africa
With Thomas Hezmalhalch, Lake founded the Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (AFM) in 1908 and carried on missionary work from 1908 to 1913. Lake and Hezmalhalch would appear to be the first Pentecostal missionaries to South Africa, and introduced speaking in tongues. Many of those who joined their church had previously been Zionists allied to Dowie's organization who believed in faith healing. Morton writes, "Lake was instrumental in spreading this fusion of Zionism/Pentecotalismas that is unique to southern Africa... about half of southern African Christians this year [2023] are adherents of it... Lake played a decisive role in the spreading of this 'second evangelization'." Lake's movement attracted many of the early Zionists led by Pieter L. Le Roux of Wakkerstroom. Due to the segregationist impulses of the AFM's white membership, the majority of its African members eventually seceded, forming many different Zionist Christian sects.
Just six months after Lake's arrival in South Africa, his first wife, Jennie, died on December 22, 1908. He referred to the death of his wife as “Satan’s masterstroke”. He continued his work in Africa for another four years, raising his seven children with the help of his sister Irene.
Lake's ministry in South Africa was not without controversy. Morton wrote that Lake was accused of: misappropriating the AFM's funds, particularly that funds did not flow to poor rural areas but was eventually disproved. The healings that occurred under his ministry were documented thoroughly. He also wrote that "an analysis of the missionary that was full of blatant lies. " Marius Nel takes a different position, and mentions a "seemingly preconceived notion of Lake as a fraud and scam, supported by an unbalanced utilisation and unfair treatment of resources"
Later life and religious work
Lake returned to America on February 1, 1913, and married Florence Switzer in September 1913. Lake's comment on this second marriage was, "Men in these days consider themselves to be happily married once. I have been especially blessed in that I have been happily married twice." From this marriage five children were born.
After a year of itinerant preaching, Lake relocated to Spokane, WA by July 1914 and began ministering in "The Church of Truth". He started an organization called The Divine Healing Institute and opened what he called "Lake's Divine Healing Rooms". Lake ran the "healing rooms" from 1915 until May 1920, at which time he moved to Portland, Oregon, for a similar ministry that lasted for another five years. He continued to found churches and "healing rooms" down the California coast and eventually to Houston, TX in 1927, before finally returning to Spokane in 1931. Upon his return to Spokane he purchased an old church and began his final church and healing room.
In 1935, Lake suffered a serious stroke and died on September 16, 1935, at age 65.
References
Further reading
External links
John G. Lake Ministries
Healing Rooms Ministries archive of John G. Lake writings
John G Lake dot Org
The Collected Works of John G Lake on Amazon Kindle
Faith healers
Protestant missionaries in South Africa
African initiated churches
1870 births
1935 deaths
19th-century Christian mystics
20th-century Christian mystics
Protestant mystics
American Pentecostal missionaries
Canadian Protestant missionaries
American expatriates in South Africa
Canadian expatriates in South Africa
Pentecostals from Michigan
American evangelicals
Canadian evangelicals
Christians from Oregon
Christians from Washington (state) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Lake |
Shadowless Sword () is a 2005 South Korean film starring Lee Seo-jin, Yoon So-yi, and Shin Hyun-joon. A martial arts epic filmed in China, the film follows the exploits of the last prince of the Balhae Kingdom, who hides his identity in a small village until he is called to battle invaders from Khitan. It was released in North America, the United Kingdom and Ireland by New Line Cinema on DVD as The Legend of the Shadowless Sword.
Plot
The film is set after the fall of Sanggyeong, the capital of Balhae in 926. Dongdan Kingdom dispatches the Chucksaldan (a.k.a. Killer Blade Army) to find and kill the last remaining member of the Balhae royal family, exiled prince Jeong-hyun, to prevent the possible reconstruction of Balhae. Prime Minister Lim Sun-ji, on the other hand, sends a young, talented swordswoman, Yeon So-ha, to find Prince Jeong-hyun first and bring him back safely. Jeong-hyun, however, is reluctant to come and fight for the throne, still bitter about his unfair exile. The rest of the movie follows So-ha and Jeong-hyun's journey as they fight their way back to the capital, fall in love and whether or not Jeong-hyun manages to reconstruct the fallen kingdom of Balhae.
Cast and characters
Lee Seo-jin as Dae Jeong-hyun, the last prince of Balhae
When Dae Soo-hyun, the last member of the royal family is killed by the Chucksaldan, the prime minister of Balhae Lim Sun-ji is reminded of one person in a full of mournful atmosphere. Dae Jeong-hyun, the last prince of Balhae who has been forgotten from people's memory since he was involved in the political strife of the royal family and condemned to exile 14 years ago. Now he is the only hope.
Yoon So-yi as Yeon So-ha, the best warrior of Balhae
Yeon So-ha with an image of graceful and straight figure is the best woman warrior of Palhae, who always carries a shadowless sword (Mooyounggeom) and shows excellent skill in swordsmanship. She takes up the task of bringing Daejeonghyun to the camp safely in order to make him a king of Balhae.
Shin Hyun-joon as Gun Hwa-pyung
Gun Hwa-pyung was the son of a Balhae general/official who was executed by Ae of Balhae, who was the last king of Balhae. Gun Hwa-pyung somehow survived the execution and defected to the rising Khitan. He and several other Balhae defectors gathered together to form the Chuk Ssal Dan. He and this organization were under the control of a governor of the Dongdan. Hwa-pyung vowed revenge on the Balhae Royal Family for destroying he and his father's family name and status. He secretly plotted to kill off all of the royal family members, betray his master, and put himself on the former Balhae throne as king of a new kingdom. This plan does not seem to work out for him, as he finds that the last prince of Balhae has some secrets of his own to share.
Extended cast
Lee Ki-yong as Mae Yung-ok
Jo Won-hee as Jo Chun-soo
Park Sung-woong
Lee Han-sol as Dan Yang-soo
Jeong Ho-bin
Jin Bong-jin
Kim Seo-hyeon
Jo Yeon-ho
Lee Sang-hong
Kim Gyeong-ryong
Park Su-yong
Han Gang-ho
Nam Ji-hyun as young Yeon So-ha
Baek Shin
Lee Jang-hyeon
Choi Yeong-gyun
Lee Su-yong
Bae Sang-cheol
Im Se-jin
Kang Yeong-gu
Baek Ji-yeol
Choi Ji-woo (cameo)
Hwang In-seong
Kim Su-ro (cameo)
Jeong Jun-ha (cameo)
Park Chan-dea
Lee Han-gal
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20051201005855/http://balhae2005.co.kr/
2005 films
2005 action films
South Korean martial arts films
South Korean epic films
2000s Korean-language films
Films set in the Middle Ages
2005 martial arts films
2000s South Korean films | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadowless%20Sword |
Tracy W. Krohn (born August 26, 1954, in Houston, Texas) is an entrepreneur and auto racing enthusiast who was a new addition to the 2006 Forbes 400 list of the wealthiest Americans, at #320.
Biography
He has a petroleum engineering degree from Louisiana State University and has worked as an engineer and drilling supervisor for Mobil Oil. Krohn founded W&T Offshore with $12,000 in 1983. He resides in Houston.
His racing team, Krohn Racing currently competes in the European Le Mans Series. In March 2007 he and Lola Racing Cars created Proto-Auto LLC and purchased a chassis design and Grand American Daytona Prototype Constructors Licence from Multimatic Motorsports, a racing car constructor, to build a Lola chassis for Grand-Am Daytona Prototype competition in 2008 and beyond.
Krohn entered the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup in 2011, finishing second in the GTE-Am class standings. Since 2012, the team competes in the FIA World Endurance Championship. They started off with a Ferrari F458 Italia in GTE-Am, but since 2015 they compete in the LMP2 class with a Ligier JS P2 powered by Judd.
24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete European Le Mans Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete WeatherTech SportsCar Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
See also
Krohn Racing
External links
Forbes – The 400 Richest Americans
Tracy W. Krohn
W&T Offshore
Krohn Racing
American energy industry businesspeople
Louisiana State University alumni
Rolex Sports Car Series drivers
1954 births
Living people
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
American Le Mans Series drivers
European Le Mans Series drivers
Racing drivers from Houston
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
21st-century American businesspeople
24H Series drivers
20th-century American businesspeople
Eurasia Motorsport drivers
AF Corse drivers
Nürburgring 24 Hours drivers
Sports car racing team owners | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy%20Krohn |
Hartsel is a census-designated place (CDP) in and governed by Park County, Colorado United States. The population was 38 at the 2020 census. The Hartsel post office has the ZIP Code 80449. The CDP is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.
History
Founded in 1880, Hartsel is close to the geographic center of the state, and is often referred to as "The Heart of Colorado". The namesake of the community is Samuel Hartsel, a local farmer and cattle rancher who came to Park County in 1860 and left in 1908. He developed the Hartsel hot springs and built a sawmill, blacksmith shop, and a trading post to lay the groundwork for the town.
Geography
The Hartsel CDP has an area of , including of water.
Demographics
The United States Census Bureau defined the for the
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Hartsel has a Cold Semi-arid climate (BSk). According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone is 3b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of .
Summers are warm with chilly nights in the 30s and 40s (°F) and some thunderstorm activity during the months of July and August. Winters are cold and dry with lows below zero. A climate writeup consisting of interpolated data is below.
Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Hartsel would have a Wheatgrass / Needlegrass (66) vegetation type and a North Mixed grass prairie (7) vegetation form.
See also
List of census-designated places in Colorado
References
External links
Hartsel @ Colorado.com
Hartsel @ UncoverColorado.com
Hartsel @ Sangres.com
Hartsel @ GhostTowns.com
Hartsel Area Historic Sites
Park County website
Unincorporated communities in Park County, Colorado
Unincorporated communities in Colorado
Census-designated places in Park County, Colorado
Colorado | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartsel%2C%20Colorado |
Giant Panda is an underground hip hop group from Los Angeles, California.
Giant Panda is composed of childhood friends Newman and Maanumental (hailing from Seattle), and Chikaramanga (a Tokyo native), with their foundation based out of Los Angeles, CA.
The trio's name is simply an analogy to their ethnic and cultural make-up. The first single released was "88 Remix" independently in December 2002, with airplay across the globe. The follow-up to that was the acclaimed 12-inch single "With It" in September 2004 on Tres Records. "With It" received raves from print critics such as Chairman Mao from XXL. 2005 saw the release of Giant Panda's first full-length, "Fly School Reunion" (Tres Records). "Fly School Reunion" received great reviews in URB (4 1/2 stars), XXL, XLR8R, HHC, NME, and a plethora of other international magazines. It was also a hit with college radio (3 on CMJ hip-hop charts).
Giant Panda made URB's list of Next 100 in 2005. This buzz allowed the group to tour the West Coast with fellow Angelino hip-hoppers People Under The Stairs and Time Machine. In 2006 GP hit the road with Ugly Duckling for a European tour, and then once again that year reached the EU shores with People Under The Stairs. 20 May 2008 saw the release of Giant Panda's sophomore effort, "Electric Laser". Overall "Electric Laser" was a forward step for Giant Panda, but not so forward to lose fans who appreciated their sound on previous works.
The group cites De La Soul, Jungle Brothers, EPMD and A Tribe Called Quest as key influences
Discography
Promos
Fresh Donuts (2002)
Albums
Fly School Reunion (2005)
Electric Laser (2008)
7" singles
Just Cause (2001)
12" singles
'88 Remix (2002)
With It (2005)
Super Fly (2005)
T.K.O. (2005)
Speakers Pop (2008)
Collaborations
Bloquera (2004) (Newman, Maanumental, Sir Kado, and Superbrush 427)
References
External links
Myspace Page - Currently their "official" site.
Tres Records Artist Page
Tres Records Official Site
PUTS Online - The "official" unofficial fan site of People Under The Stairs. Also has up to date information on Giant Panda.
American hip hop groups | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20Panda%20%28group%29 |
Octave Garnier (25 December 1889 – 14 May 1912) was a French anarchist and founding member of the infamous Bonnot Gang.
Life
Born in Fontainebleau, Seine-et-Marne on Christmas Day 1889, Garnier worked as a butcher and baker at an early age. He took up theft at the age of thirteen and had served his first prison term by age seventeen. Garnier later wrote, "prison had made me even more rebellious."
Following his release from prison, Garnier dabbled in, and then became disillusioned with, both union syndicalism and revolutionary politics before turning to anarchism.
Following two additional stints in prison (one for assault), Garnier fled to Belgium in 1910 to avoid France's military draft. Abroad, he learned the art of burglary and counterfeiting from anarchist associates. In April 1911, Garnier and his partner Marie Vuillemin moved to Romainville to live with future gang members Raymond Callemin, Jean De Boe, and Edouard Carouy as well as Victor Kibalchich, then editor of l'Anarchie. Within this group, Garnier's political sympathies grew rapidly towards illegalism, a radical form of individualist anarchism that was heavily influenced by German philosopher Max Stirner.
Following an ideological split within l'Anarchie, Garnier and Vuillemin moved to Paris and he began work as a navvy, participating in strikes at Chars, Marin, and Cergy. Working as a burglar on the side to make ends meet, he was unhappy with his lot and dreamed of bigger heists. It was at this point that Garnier, in consultation with Callemin, began to plan the activities of an anarchist gang – a group that would be known in the press as first, "The Auto Bandits", and later, "The Bonnot Gang".
Death in Nogent-sur-Marne
On 14 May 1912 Garnier and René Valet were killed in a shootout with French authorities when their safe house in Nogent-sur-Marne was raided by police. Armed with seven 9 mm Browning semi-automatics and two long-barreled Mausers, the two outlaws, who had barricaded themselves inside the rental house, faced 50 detectives, 250 police from Paris, Republican Guards, and 400 Zouaves from Nogent. As the six-hour stand-off stretched on, Valet and Garnier burned 10,000 stolen francs but managed to hold back the army outside.
At midnight, having failed to remove the bandits, French authorities succeeded in positioning one and a half kilograms of melinite in the house. The resulting explosion rendered the structure's inhabitants unconscious, and Garnier was then executed by a 9 mm shot to the right temple. Both men were buried in unmarked graves.
A memoir, found by police on Garnier's body, explained his criminal activities and summed up: "It's for all these reasons that I rebelled, it's because I didn't want to live this life of present-day society, because I didn't want to wait and maybe die before I'd lived, that I defended myself against the oppressors with all the means at my disposal..."
References
Parry, Richard. (1987) The Bonnot Gang. Rebel Press. .
1889 births
1912 deaths
People from Fontainebleau
Illegalists
French anarchists
French bank robbers
French gangsters
Bakers
People shot dead by law enforcement officers in France | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave%20Garnier |
Behram may refer to:
A male Persian name meaning the hypostasis of victory
A male Mandaic name, also spelled Bihram
Angel of victory in Zoroastrianism
Atash Behram, a Zoroastrian place of worship
People
Behram Contractor (1930–2001), Indian journalist
Behram Khan (cricketer) (born 1987), Pakistani cricketer
Behram Kurşunoğlu (1922–2003), Turkish physicist
Behram Zülaloğlu (born 1982), Turkish footballer
Fozia Behram, Pakistani politician
Thug Behram (died 1840), Indian serial killer
Bairam Khan (1501–1561), Mughal military commander and statesman
Dastur Peshotan Behramji Sanjana, Indian scholar and Zoroastrian head-priest
Places
Behram, Ayvacık
Behram (crater), an impact crater on Saturn's moon Enceladus
Behramkale, the modern site of ancient Assus in Turkey
See also
Bahram (disambiguation)
Vahram (disambiguation)
Bayram (disambiguation)
Behram Khan, a 1946 Indian film about the Mughal commander | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behram |
The Air Force Armament Museum is a military aviation museum adjacent to Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida, dedicated to the display of Air Force armament. It is supported by the private, non-profit Air Force Armament Museum Foundation.
History
The museum opened to the public on 22 June 1974 in a converted 1940s era chapel. Two years later, the Air Force Armament Museum Foundation was established with the goal of constructing a new building. The foundation faced significant public opposition in its early years driven by a referendum to appropriate county funding for the new building. After the referendum failed, the original building was condemned and the museum was forced to close in 1981.
A new square foot building located outside the base's west gate was eventually funded entirely through private donations. The new museum building opened on 15 November 1985. Shortly thereafter, an exhibit on prisoners of war was inaugurated. Starting in 1990, a number of aircraft were received in quick succession, with an SR-71 arriving that year, a B-52 in 1991, and a MiG-21 in 1992. An exhibit about Air Force Special Operations Command was dedicated in 1996.
By 2007, the museum began raising funds for an educational annex. In 2019 and 2020, a P-51 and F-86 respectively were experimentally wrapped in vinyl. Following decades of planning, an African American Military Heritage Hall – the first of four Quonset hut styled structures – opened to the public in February 2022.
Exhibits
A wide variety of bombs, missiles, and rockets are exhibited, including the newest air-to-air missile, the AMRAAM, and the GBU-28 bunker-buster developed for use during Operation Desert Storm. Other missiles include the Paveway series, Falcons, the Tomahawk, Mace, Hound Dog, radar-controlled, laser-controlled and several guided by a TV camera in the nose. Also on display is the GBU-43 MOAB, Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, or by its nickname, "Mother of All Bombs", the world's largest conventional explosive weapon. A predecessor, the T-12 Cloudmaker earthquake bomb, is displayed outside, while a Fat Man casing is indoors. In addition, a BLU-82B was acquired in 2019.
A gun vault displays a variety of weapons ranging from a 1903 Springfield rifle to the GAU-8, which is capable of shooting 6,000 rounds per minute. Featured are the Sikes Antique Pistol Collection, with over 180 handguns, including flintlocks, duelling pistols, Western six-shooters, Civil War pistols, and a wide variety of early military weaponry.
Programs
The museum hosts the Engineers for America education program, which involves a school classroom tour of the museum with basic engineering experiments led by teachers and volunteers.
Collection
Aircraft on display
Bell UH-1M Iroquois 66-15186
Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress 44-83863
Boeing B-52G Stratofortress 58-0185, "El Lobo II"
Boeing RB-47H Stratojet 53-4296
Cavalier F-51D Mustang 68-15796
Cessna O-2A Skymaster 68-6864
Douglas TC-47B Skytrain 44-76486
Fairchild Republic A-10A Thunderbolt II 75-0288
General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon 80-0573
General Dynamics F-111E Aardvark 68-0058
Lockheed AC-130A Spectre 53-3129
Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star 49-0432
Lockheed F-104D Starfighter 57-1331
Lockheed MQM-105 Aquila – mock-up
Lockheed SR-71A Blackbird 61-7959
Lockheed T-33A 53-5947
Martin EB-57B Canberra 52-1516
McDonnell F-4C Phantom II 64-0817
McDonnell JF-101B Voodoo 56-0250
McDonnell RF-4C Phantom II 67-0452
McDonnell Douglas F-15A Eagle 74-0124
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21F-13 14
North American F-86F Sabre 52-5513
North American F-100C Super Sabre 54-1986
North American TB-25J Mitchell 44-30854
Northrop F-89D Scorpion 53-2610
Republic F-84F Thunderjet 51-9495
Republic F-105D Thunderchief 58-1155
Republic P-47N Thunderbolt 44-89320
Ryan BQM-34A Firebee
Ryan BQM-34F Firebee 70-1410
Sikorsky MH-53M Pave Low IV 73-1652
Missiles on display
General Dynamics BGM-109A Tomahawk
Martin CGM-13 Mace 59-4860
North American AGM-28 Hound Dog 59-2794
Republic-Ford JB-2 Loon – on loan from the National Air and Space Museum
References
Notes
Bibliography
Museum News, "SPAD-13 and Air Force Armament Museum", Aerospace Historian, Air Force Historical Foundation, Manhattan, Kansas, Spring/March 1976, Vol. 23, no. 1, p. 50.
External links
Aerospace museums in Florida
Museum
Military and war museums in Florida
Museums in Okaloosa County, Florida
Museums established in 1975
1975 establishments in Florida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Force%20Armament%20Museum |
Rockaway Beach is a shoreline area of the Pacific Ocean in the southern portion of Pacifica, California, United States, approximately south of the city of San Francisco. It is located within a gently curving embayment with direct access via Rockaway Beach Avenue and providing easy access to Highway 1.
The beach itself is a popular place to visit with many restaurant and shopping venues although erosion has decreased its size over the years. It is noted for its scenic overlook, and is one of the cleanest beaches in the San Francisco Bay Area.
History
There are no known prehistoric remains in Rockaway Beach itself; however, the site of the Ohlone Native American village site of Timigtac is located about a half mile away on Calera Creek, immediately to the east of Rockaway Beach by State Route 1.
The Rockaway beach area has played a role in local history since the arrival of the Portola Expedition, the Spanish explorers credited with discovery of the San Francisco Bay. As early as 1776, limestone quarried in the Rockaway Quarry lime pits was used to whitewash the newly built Presidio of San Francisco . More recent investigations suggest that early settlements in San Pedro Valley also used this limestone for their foundations. In 1907, the Rockaway Beach quarry was established as a continuously-operating commercial entity known as the Stone Brothers. After construction of the Ocean Shore Railroad in 1907, limestone from this quarry was conveyed to assist with the rebuilding of San Francisco after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Quarry materials were actually used as ballast for the trackbed of the railroad; moreover, after completion of the railroad, Rockaway Beach was considered a suburb of San Francisco due to convenient access. This all changed after legal problems resulting from landslide repair caused the railroad to go bankrupt in 1921.
Highway 1 was completed from Montara to Rockaway Beach in 1937, thereby reopening the local area again to easy northern access. Horace Hill operated the quarry from the early 1940s to 1953, along with a profitable sand dredging business on the quarry's backside. Ideal Cement took over the quarry operation after that time and owned it until 1971; later operators were Rhodes and Jamison and Quarry Products. The quarry ceased operation in 1987, and is currently (2019) being stabilized and restored.
Natural features
The coastal bluffs have verticality as steep as 60 percent, while some of the quarry surfaces are completely sheer. The limestone beds within the quarry are hard and fresh, with close- and widely-spaced fractures. Some of these beds are underlain by greenstone, an altered volcanic rock that becomes less weathered with depth. The eastern portion of the quarry area is underlain by alluvial terrace deposits. The beach littoral zone is underlain by Holocene age beach sand and the upper sands vary in depth by season, depending on the surf scouring of beach sands in the winter and the gradual rebuilding of sands in the summer.
The beach and headlands are mostly California coastal prairie and northern coastal scrub, while the riparian area of Calera Creek presents the most important upland habitat of the area. Although the beach and headlands area are the least disturbed natural areas of the Rockaway Beach area, they are used moderately as recreation spots. Vegetation is sparse on the beach with occurrences of succulent sea fig, Hottentot fig, and fat hen in the sandy areas. Farther away from the beach there are California poppies, sand verbena, and bush lupines. The near littoral elevation gradually increases toward the north until it reaches a headland peak of 175 feet.
Habitat on the headland east-facing slope consists of northern coastal scrub, considerable prostrate coyote brush, bush monkey flower, and colonies of bush lupine. A gamut of coastal wildflowers inhabit the headland slopes; in addition to California poppy, there are goldenasters, Douglas iris, and many other native species. The steep bluff faces host plants that are tolerant of wind and sea salt mist, such as silver beachweed, sea rocket, and extensive patches of yarrow.
North of the developed area of Rockaway Beach is a hidden quarry, whose habitat is severely disturbed. Rip-rap boulders protect the developed area from marine erosion. Near Calera creek there is aquatic vegetation including rushes, bulrushes, horsetail, fat hen, and plantain. The quarry area hosts a surprising number of amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, and a variety of birds. Avafauna sighted here include herons, egrets, California least terns, and red-winged blackbirds. The headland cliffs within the quarry provide nesting sites for bank swallows, pelagic cormorants, and Brandt's cormorants. Three endangered species are found proximate to Rockaway Beach: the San Francisco garter snake, the San Bruno elfin butterfly, and the California red-legged frog. These last two are found within the quarry property; the California red-legged frog is a critical food source for the San Francisco garter snake that is known to exist on the Mori Point National Park property immediately adjacent to the north.
Developed area
Hugging the coast at the center of Rockaway Beach is a cluster of restaurants and shops, the oldest of which is a Pacifica landmark, Nick's Seafood Restaurant. Another restaurant, historically the romantic Moonraker, hosts nighttime views over the illuminated waves of the Pacific crashing at the restaurant foundation bulwarks. Newer shops nestle behind the Moonraker, many a product of the city's 1986 redevelopment plan.
See also
List of beaches in California
List of California state parks
References
Bibliography
Curtis Alling, Phyllis Potter, et al., Environmental Impact Report for the West Rockaway Beach Redevelopment Plan, prepared for City of Pacifica by Earth Metrics Inc., Burlingame, California, March, 1986
General Plan, city of Pacifica (1980)
Pacifica Quarry Reclamation Plan, Martin Carpenter Associates (1983)
Phyllis M. Faber, Common Wetland Plants of Coastal California
Geologic Map of Unconsolidated and Moderately Consolidated Deposits of San Mateo County, California, U.S. Geological Survey, Field Studies Map MF-575 (1974)
External links
Rockaway Beach Aerial Photo by Google Maps
Beaches of San Mateo County, California
Pacifica, California
San Francisco Bay Area beaches
Beaches of Northern California
Quarries in the United States | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockaway%20Beach%2C%20Pacifica%2C%20California |
Blaze of Glory is the debut solo studio album by Jon Bon Jovi, the frontman of Bon Jovi. The album was released on August 7, 1990, through Mercury Records. It includes songs from and inspired by the movie Young Guns II. Emilio Estevez originally requested Bon Jovi's "Wanted Dead or Alive" as the theme song for his upcoming Billy the Kid sequel, but Jon Bon Jovi ended up composing an all-new theme song for the film's soundtrack instead.
The album featured guests such as Elton John, Little Richard, and Jeff Beck, was awarded a Golden Globe and received Academy Award and Grammy nominations.
Album information
The album mainly focuses on the theme of redemption and whether an individual's past wrongs will catch up with them. Another theme on the album is about making a stand and making yourself heard in the world. Jon Bon Jovi said on the 100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong DVD that he originally thought the album's aggression and themes dealt with Billy the Kid and Pat Garrett from Young Guns II but has come to realize that they reflect the bad place he was in at the time. The album more or less transitioned Jon's songwriting from mostly girls and having a good time to other subject matters, which would lead into him and his band's further maturing in songwriting with 1992's Keep the Faith.
Emilio Estevez originally approached Bon Jovi to ask him for permission to include the song "Wanted Dead or Alive" on the soundtrack. Bon Jovi did not feel the song's lyrics were appropriate; however, he was inspired by the project and resolved to write a new song for the film that would be more in keeping with the period and setting. He quickly wrote the song "Blaze of Glory", and performed it on acoustic guitar in the New Mexico desert for Estevez and John Fusco. This was the first time that "Blaze of Glory" was heard. Fusco called his co-producers into the trailer to listen, and it was named the theme song for Young Guns II on the spot. In an interview for UNCUT magazine, Kiefer Sutherland said, "When Jon (Bon Jovi) joined the team for Young Guns 2, we were all eating hamburgers in a diner and Jon was scribbling on this napkin for, say, six minutes. He declared he'd written 'Blaze of Glory', which of course then went through the roof in the States. He later gave Emilio Estevez the napkin. We were munching burgers while he wrote a No. 1 song... Made us feel stupid."
Music videos were made for the singles "Blaze of Glory", "Miracle", and "Dyin' Ain't Much of a Livin'" featuring Elton John.
Bon Jovi's lyrics from the song "Santa Fe" are quoted in the 1998 book, About a Boy, although the author, Nick Hornby, would have been light-heartedly referring to John Donne's "No Man Is an Island". The song is also quoted in the film High Fidelity.
Chart performance
The album peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 and No. 2 on the UK Albums Chart.
The title track "Blaze of Glory" was released as the first single and hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Mainstream rock charts. "Miracle" was released as the second single and charted at #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #20 on the Mainstream rock charts and the third single "Never Say Die" charted in Australia, Canada and Poland but was not released in the US. "Dyin Ain't Much of a Livin' featuring Elton John and "Santa Fe" were released as promo singles.
In 1998, a country duet version of "Bang a Drum" was released with country singer Chris LeDoux, the track was released as a single with a music video and reached number 68 on the US Hot Country Songs chart.
Film
Young Guns II is a 1990 western film, and the sequel to Young Guns (1988). It stars Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Christian Slater, and features William Petersen as Pat Garrett. It was written and produced by John Fusco and directed by Geoff Murphy.
Jon Bon Jovi also made a cameo appearance in the film as one of the prisoners in the pit with Doc and Chavez.
Track listing
Notes
The only tracks heard in the movie are "Billy Get Your Guns", "Blaze of Glory" (both of which are played over the end credits), and the Silvestri score cue.
Personnel
Musicians (adapted from CD liner notes). Credits also from other sources.
Jon Bon Jovi – vocals, backing vocals, guitars (tracks 2-3, 5-10), piano (track 3), harmonica (track 4), producer
Kenny Aronoff – drums, percussion
Jeff Beck – electric guitar (tracks 6, 10), slide guitar, guitar solo (tracks 1-3, 6-7, 9)
Robbin Crosby – guitar (track 7)
Bob Glaub – bass (tracks 5, 10)
Randy Jackson – bass (tracks 1-3, 6-9)
Ron Jacobs – engineer
Elton John – piano (tracks 1, 10), backing vocals (track 10)
Danny Kortchmar – guitar (tracks 1-2, 4-9), producer
Dale Lavi – hand claps
Myrna Matthews, Julia Waters, Maxine Waters – backing vocals (tracks 2, 6, 9, 10)
Carmella Lento – backing vocals
Aldo Nova – guitars, keyboards, piano, tambourine
Phil Parlapiano – accordion (tracks 2, 4)
Lou Diamond Phillips – vocals (track 6)
The Runners – hand claps (track 1)
Little Richard – piano, vocals (track 8)
Brian Scheuble – engineer
Alan Silvestri – arranger
Benmont Tench – Hammond organ (tracks 1-3, 5-7, 9-10), piano (tracks 5, 8)
Waddy Wachtel – guitar (track 9), slide guitar (track 8), dobro (track 3)
Production
Brian Scheuble, Rob Jacobs – engineering
JD Dworkow – production coordinator
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
1990 debut albums
Jon Bon Jovi albums
Mercury Records albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze%20of%20Glory%20%28Jon%20Bon%20Jovi%20album%29 |
IAH may refer to:
George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IATA code), an airport in Houston, Texas, United States
Iah, a god of the moon in ancient Egyptian religion
Iah (queen), a king's mother of ancient Egypt during the 11th dynasty
International Association of Hydrogeologists, a scientific and educational organisation
Workers International Relief, a Berlin-based organisation whose name in German is Internationale Arbeiter-Hilfe
See also
JAH (disambiguation)
Yah (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAH |
Hochtief AG is a German construction company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hochtief is Germany's largest construction company and operates globally, ranking as one of the largest general construction companies in the United States through its Turner subsidiary, and in Australia through a 90% shareholding in CIMIC Group. In 2010 it employed more than 70,000 employees across five corporate divisions. One of these, Hochtief Concessions, is a major airport operator. The others are involved with construction project planning, finance, construction and operation. Work done in 2010 was €23.23 billion, with more than 80% coming from operations outside Germany.
The company's history dates back to 1874 and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the Abu Simbel rock temples in Egypt (saving them from the rise of the River Nile caused by the Aswan High Dam), and infrastructure projects like the new Athens International Airport and Germany's first nuclear power plant. It is also noted for its involvement with the Bauhaus movement, particularly for its work at Zollverein colliery and the reconstruction of the Kandinsky-Klee house in Dessau; both World Heritage Sites. During World War II it deployed forced labor on construction projects. It built the Führerbunker in Berlin, the scene of Adolf Hitler's suicide, as well as Hitler's home in Berghof and the Wolfsschanze headquarters. More recent constructions have included Bosphorus Bridge (Turkey), King Abdulaziz International Airport (Saudi Arabia), and the Messeturm and Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt.
In late 2010, Spanish construction company ACS Group, which already owned a 30 percent stake of Hochtief, launched a bid that would allow ACS to acquire an additional 20 percent stake of Hochtief. The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) on 29 November 2010. ACS increased its stake in Hochtief to 50.16 percent in June 2011, effectively taking over control of Hochtief.
History
Early years
The company was probably founded in 1874 (its first mention in the local address book) as Gebrüder Helfmann, Bauunternehmer by the Kelsterbach-born brothers Philipp and Balthasar Helfmann, a lumber merchant and mechanic respectively, in Bornheim near Frankfurt am Main. While Balthasar focused on the completion of construction contracts, Philipp developed the financing side of the business. Their first major contract was for the University of Giessen in 1878. By the 1880s the company had begun to produce its own construction materials but was still only a regional player. Shortly after the death of Balthasar, Philipp converted the company into a joint stock corporation, Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten ("Construction and Civil Engineering Corporation", though literally the "Corporation for High - Hoch and Deep - Tief Construction - Bauten). A major development was the contract for the spa project in Bad Orb in 1899, with the corporation not simply erecting buildings but also to provide infrastructure like roads and gardens, to arrange the finances for the project, and to maintain some responsibilities for operating the project after its construction. Also in 1899, another turnkey project, a new grain silo in Genoa, Italy, was both the firm's first international venture and its first project using reinforced concrete. Philipp Helfmann died in the same year, with his son-in-law, Hans Weidmann, taking over as Chief Executive.
After the Helfmann brothers
The firm grew rapidly, but was not comparable with the major German construction concerns of the era. In 1921 it attracted investment from the industrialist Hugo Stinnes (described by Time as the "New Emperor of Germany" for his wealth and influence) and in 1922 the firm moved its base to Essen as part of its integration into the Stinnes group. Stinnes planned to use Hochtief for all his construction projects, while the Hochtief saw an opportunity to profit from the Treaty of Versailles, organising the delivery of construction materials to France as part of German reparations for World War I. Fate intervened as Stinnes died in 1924 and within a year his industrial empire collapsed, while the French occupation of the Ruhr destroyed the chance to profit from the reparations contract that had been made with the French industrialist Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac. With the help of several banks, the company (now known as Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten vorm. Gebrüder Helfmann) avoided insolvency. In the aftermath of the Stinnes collapse, the major utility RWE and electrical equipment producer AEG became major share-holders in Hochtief, and Hans Weidmann stepped down in 1927.
A series of major construction projects ensued, including the Echelsbach Bridge (then Germany's largest single span reinforced concrete bridge), the Schluchsee dam and work at the Zollverein colliery. The Zollverein architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer seem to be influenced by the Bauhaus, one of the reasons the complex became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The iconic Shaft 12 at the colliery was named after Albert Vögler, CEO of the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, which was owner of the colliery since 1926. There was also canal work: the Moselle Canal in France and the Albert Canal in Belgium.
From Nazi Germany to Reconstruction
Under the Third Reich, Jewish members of the Supervisory Board were expelled under the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. The CEO, Eugen Vögler, did not join the Nazi party until 1937, however, he did offer his services to the Nazis as leader of the "Construction Industry Business Group" and took a position in the Hitler Youth. The construction business flourished under the Four year plan, with its vast public works programme, including the Autobahn network, and the industrial build-up in preparation for war, for example the construction of a new truck factory for Opel in Brandenberg. Hochtief also worked on a new centre for Nazi rallies in Nuremberg. In 1936 it moved its Essen headquarters from the Pferdemarkt to its current location in Rellinghauser Straße. As war became imminent, the company began work on the Westwall defensive network. During World War II, it later worked on the Atlantic Wall defences, and a range of infrastructure projects across German-dominated Europe. Hochtief also constructed buildings for Hitler himself, notably his Bavarian Alpine retreat, the Berghof, his Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, and the Führerbunker in Berlin, where Hitler ultimately committed suicide.
After 1939 the firm began to use forced labour extensively on its projects, as did many other German industrial concerns at the time. Hochtief's slave workers suffered from malnutrition, beating and constant abuse. The consortium-led nature of construction projects obscures the firm's exact involvement, as does the destruction of many records.
During the closing stages of the war, most of the company's branch offices were destroyed, and employees in the East fled the Soviet advance. The head office in Essen suffered a direct hit from a bomb in March 1945, and regional offices and construction centres in Danzig, Halle, Katowice, Königsberg, Kraków, Leipzig and Magdeburg were lost as the territory they were in was allotted to Poland or the Soviet Zone of occupation. As Eugen Vögler was on the run from the new authorities, he was replaced as CEO by Artur Konrad.
During the initial post-war period, a shortage of machinery, tools, and materials, as well as a dearth of new orders, hampered operations. Some salvage work occurred, as well as rubble-clearance and basic repairs. One of the first, rare, major contracts was for a university hospital in Bonn, 1946–49. The introduction of the German mark in 1948 and the beginning of the Wirtschaftswunder brought more new work.
Revival and international expansion
Josef Müller took over as CEO in 1950. A decision was taken to undertake more international projects, following a period of essentially domestic work after World War II. This included a series of power infrastructure works in Turkey and bridge and smelting works construction in Egypt during the early 1950s. Many projects from this period were undertaken outside of the First World, often funded from development aid budgets.
A high-profile success for the company came in the 1960s, again in Egypt. The rising waters of the River Nile (a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam) threatened the ancient Abu Simbel temples complex. The entire site was dismantled and reassembled 200 m further from the river, and 65 m higher, at a cost of around US$36 million.
The focus of the company began to switch away from purely construction and towards more turnkey work and service provision, for example the 1961-3 Hilton Hotel, Athens, project. Most work was domestic, driven by Germany's strong economic growth, with a particular strength in power plant construction. This included the construction of the Federal Republic of Germany's first nuclear power plant, Kahl Nuclear Power Plant, near Dettingen am Main. The construction contract had been awarded by AEG, which had been commissioned by the utility company RWE to build the plant. The plant began to feed its electricity to the grid in June 1961. By contrast, the first East German nuclear plant, at Rheinsberg, was connected to the grid in 1966.
There was also considerable transport infrastructure activity, including on the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel, Argentina in the 1960s and the New Elbe Tunnel in Hamburg in the 1970s
By the mid-1970s, foreign work (such as the Bosporus Bridge in Turkey, completed 1974) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding, according to the company's annual report of 1975. By 1980, foreign work accounted for more than 50% of Hochtief's business. A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport (completed 1981), the largest airport in Saudi Arabia, and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with. The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically, and it has several unusual features, including Terminal Three, used only during the Hajj, reserved for pilgrims travelling to Mecca. It has a tent-shaped fibreglass roof, contains a mosque, can accommodate 80,000 travellers at once, and is believed to be the largest terminal in the world.
The 1980s were a difficult time financially, with less foreign work coming through; though they headed the consortium that built the Mosul Dam in Iraq from 1981 to 1984. There was domestic growth, highlighted by the architecturally radical Messe Torhaus in Frankfurt, completed in 1984. It was later involved in the construction of the Messeturm in the same city; once completed in 1991 it was Europe's tallest building. In the mid-1990s, Hochtief was involved in yet another major skyscraper development in Frankfurt, the Commerzbank Tower, which overtook the Messeturm to become Europe's tallest building, losing the record to Triumph-Palace in Moscow in 2003.
The 1990s brought an opportunity to expand operations in the airport management sector, as many countries privatised their airports. When Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport needed upgrading in the early 1990s, LOT Polish Airlines was unable to afford the cost, so a complex financing arrangement was established whereby a bank would pay Hochtief two-thirds of the costs to upgrade the airport, while the airline assigned to the bank the revenues from aircraft using Polish airspace for a period. The company began to take responsibility for more operational aspects of projects, including service provision, financing, facility management and software development, following a concept of being a "system leader", as set out by CEO Hans-Peter Keitel. These tasks were felt to be higher up the value chain, and would help the firm shake off the slowdown that had followed the initial boom of German reunification. These concepts were notably put into action during the construction of the new Athens International Airport in the late 1990s.
In 1999, Hochtief made big inroads into the United States market through its merger with Turner Corporation, while in 2000 it celebrated its 125th anniversary. A part of those celebrations was the DM 1 million donation to the restoration of the Kandinsky-Klee House in Dessau, a project for which it was the general contractor. The house had been used by the Bauhaus movement as an example of a "Meisterhaus", but Nazi persecution of the Bauhaus, and subsequent neglect, had left significant damage. The house was re-opened on 4 February 2000, after a two-year restoration programme. It forms part of the UNESCO Bauhaus World Heritage Site.
In May 2013, Hochtief sold its airports division to Canada's Public Sector Pension Investment Board for 1.1 billion euros.
Structure and ownership
Hochtief is an Aktiengesellschaft, roughly equivalent to a public limited company in the United Kingdom. Its shares are traded on all the German stock exchanges, including the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Börse München, using the Xetra system. Hochtief is a component of the MDAX share index. The major shareholders are ACS Group with 61%, and Qatar Investment Authority, with more than 10%.
As of January 2011, Hochtief has streamlined its corporate operations. The group is now divided into four divisions:
Hochtief Americas
Hochtief Asia-Pacific
Hochtief Europe
Hochtief Concessions
The European division plans, develops, implements, operates and manages real estate and infrastructure facilities in Europe and in selected regions worldwide.
The Asia-Pacific division includes the activities of CIMIC Group (formerly known as Leighton Holdings prior to April 2015) in Australia and Asia. CIMIC does not only provide construction and construction services but is also the world's largest contract miner. The Americas division co-ordinates the United States subsidiaries Turner Construction (acquired in 1999), Flatiron Construction (acquired in 2007) and E.E. Cruz (acquired in 2010).
Hochtief Concessions develops and implements concession projects. Its business areas include airports, roads, social infrastructure and further public-private partnership projects. One of its subsidiaries, Hochtief Airports, holds stakes in Athens International Airport, Düsseldorf Airport, Hamburg Airport, Sydney Airport, Budapest Airport and Rinas Mother Teresa Airport (Tirana).
Timeline of notable construction projects
1927-1932: Zollverein colliery (Shaft XII), Essen
1928-1929: Echelsbach Bridge, near Echelsbach, Bavaria
1929-1931: Schluchsee Dam, Schluchsee, Black Forest
1930-1934: Albert Canal, Belgium
1938-1945: Projects included the Westwall and Atlantic Wall defenses, and Hitler's Berghof, Wolf's Lair and Führerbunker
1946-1949: Bonn University Hospital, Bonn
1952-1956: Sariyar Hydroelectric plant, Ankara, Turkey
1958-1961: Kahl Nuclear Power Plant, Dettingen am Main
1960-1969: Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel, Argentina
1961-1963: Hilton Hotel, Athens, Greece
1963-1968: Abu Simbel temples transplanted, Egypt
1969-1975: New Elbe Tunnel, Hamburg
1970-1974: Bosphorus Bridge, Turkey
1974-1981: King Abdulaziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
1981-1984: Mosul Dam, Iraq
1984-1985: Messe Torhaus, Frankfurt am Main
1988-1991: Messeturm, Frankfurt am Main
1990-1992: Terminal One, Warsaw Airport, Poland
1994-1996: Commerzbank Tower, Frankfurt am Main
1996-2000: Athens International Airport, Greece
1998-2000: Kandinsky-Klee house restoration, Dessau
2002-2004: Katima Mulilo Bridge, Zambia and Namibia
2004-2008: Opera Krakowska, Kraków, Poland
2005-2008: Dnipro Stadium, Ukraine
2014-2019: Expansion of King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The company is also working on the Chacao Channel bridge due to be completed in 2025.
Notes and references
External links
:de:Albert Vögler
:de:Zeche Zollverein
Construction and civil engineering companies of Germany
Companies based in Essen
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1873
German companies established in 1873
Companies in the MDAX
Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Abu Simbel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochtief |
A thumbprint is a form of fingerprint.
Thumbprint may also refer to:
Carbon thumbprint, the carbon dioxide equivalent impact of an individual product or service
Thumbprint sign, a term in radiology
Thumbprint, a term for public key fingerprint used in Microsoft software
Thumbprint, a 2004 novel by Friedrich Glauser
"Thumbprint", a 2007 short story and 2013 comic by Joe Hill
Thumbprint cookie, in which a well is made with the thumb and filled with jam or filling
Regmaglypt, the characteristic thumbprint-shaped depressions on a meteorite caused by ablation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbprint%20%28disambiguation%29 |
is a Japanese manga artist best known for creating the manga Guyver.
Career
Takaya began as a hentai manga artist under the pen name , with several works printed in the adult manga magazine Lemon People, published by Kubo Shoten. The best known of these is Hades Project Zeorymer, which was adapted as a four episode original video animation (OVA) by AIC. He also had stories published in the manga anthology series Petit Apple Pie under this pen name.
Takaya was contributing to Ochazukenori's doujinshi anthology Pen Touch. The work of Ochazukenori was an inspiration to him: "The kind of stories that Nori was drawing weren't what you'd call 'popular.' Our fanzine was the only place where he could create his own ideal manga."
His most successful series Guyver has been adapted into multiple anime features as well as live-action films. Guyver was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Captain (published by Tokuma Shoten) for the lifetime of the magazine from February 18, 1985 to 1997. When Captain was cancelled, the manga moved to Shōnen Ace, published by Kadokawa Shoten, who also reprinted the collected volumes from the beginning. There are 32 tankōbon available.
Works
As Moriwo Chimi
Project Zeorymer (冥王計画ゼオライマー), in Lemon People; October 1983 to November 1984, in Monthly Comic Ryū, June 2007 to August 2007
Ta-ta-ka-e Otō-san (た·た·か·え お父さん!!), in Lemon People, May 1984
ALEF, in Lemon People, February 1985
Cross Fire (クロス·ファイア), single volume, April 1985 , republished 1990-07-10
Kokoro no Yami ni Ai no Uzu (心の闇に愛の渦), in Lemon People, July 1986
As Yoshiki Takaya
Kyōshoku Sōkō Guyver (強殖装甲ガイバー), in Shōnen Captain, 1985-02-18 to February 1997, resumed in Shōnen Ace
References
Sources
Landolt-C information on Zeorymer (English version)
Cross Fire on Kuboama site
List of H comic back issues and List of Shōnen Captain back issues on Kirara Bunko
Hanazono Univ A rumor with alma mater of Yoshiki Takaya
1960 births
Guyver (franchise)
Living people
Manga artists from Akita Prefecture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshiki%20Takaya |
Aladdin (, commonly ) (various spellings and transliterations) is a male given name which means "nobility of faith" or "nobility of creed/religion". It is one of a large class of names ending with ad-Din. The name may refer to:
Given name
Ala al-Din Husayn (died 1161), king of the Ghurid dynasty from 1149 to 1161
Ala al-Din Atsiz (died 1214), Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty from 1213 to 1214
Zia al-Din Ali, known as Ala al-Din Ali, last Sultan of the Ghurid dynasty, from 1214 to 1215
Kayqubad I or Alā ad-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykāvūs (1188–1237), Seljuq Sultan of Rûm
Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari (1196–1291), Sufi saint
Ala al-Din Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qurashi al-Dimashq, or Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), Arab Muslim polymath
Ata-Malik Juvayni (in full: Ala al-Din Ata-ullah) (1226–1283), Persian historian
Al al-Din (died 1312), Muslim Persian military expert who served in Kublai Khan's army
Allauddin Khan (c. 1862–1972), Indian musician
Alauddin Al-Azad (1932–2009), Bangladeshi writer
Allauddin (1920-1983), Pakistani actor
Hassan Alaa Eddin (born 1939), Lebanese actor also known as Chouchou
Alā'-ud-dīn Muhammad Husni Sayyid Mubarak, Egyptian businessman
Aladdin (1912–1970), full name Aladdin Abdullah Achmed Anthony Pallante, violinist on The Lawrence Welk Show
Allaedin Ghoraifi (born 1945), Iraqi Twelver Shi'a Marja
Alaa El-Din Abdul Moneim (born 1951), Egyptian politician
Alaattin Çakıcı (born 1953), Turkish ultra-nationalist and convicted criminal
Alaeddine Yahia (born 1981), Tunisian-French footballer
Aladdin Allahverdiyev (born 1947), Soviet, Russian and Azerbaijani scientist, professor (2001)
Alauddin (born 1976), Pakistani cricketer
Alaeddin Boroujerdi, Iranian politician
Rulers
Alā ud-Dīn Atsiz (died 1156), Khwarazm Shah from 1127 until his death
Ala ad-Din Tekish (died 1200), Khwarazm Shah from 1172
Ala ad-Din Muhammad II of Khwarezm (died 1221), Khwarazm Shah from 1200
Ala ud din Masud, Sultan of Delhi from 1242 to 1246
Alaeddin Keykubad (disambiguation), three Seljuk sultans in Anatolia
Kayqubad I, 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykā'ūs (died 1237)
Kayqubad II, 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Kaykhusraw (died 1256)
Kayqubad III, 'Alā al-Dīn Kayqubād bin Ferāmurz (died 1302)
Alauddin Khalji (died 1316), a sultan and military leader in India
Alaeddin Pasha (died 1331 or 1332), son of Osman I and brother of Orhan I, first Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
Alauddin Ali Shah (died 1342), a ruler in Bengal
Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk (1334–1345), Mamluk Sultan of Egypt from 1341 to 1342
Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah (died 1358), founder of the Bahmani Sultanate on the Indian subcontinent
Alauddin Riayat Shah of Malacca (died 1488), Sultan of Malacca
Alauddin Husain Shah (died 1519), Sultan of Bengal
Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor (died 1564), founder of the Sultanate of Johor, grandson of Alauddin Riayat Shah of Malacca
Alauddin al-Kahar (died 1571), Sultan of Aceh
Alauddin Alam Shah, regnal name of Tengku Alam Shah (1846–1891), the last Malay sultan of Singapore
Surname
Ali Alaaeddine (born 1993), Lebanese footballer
Dlawer Ala'Aldeen (born 1960), Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq*
Muhammad Aladdin (born 1979), Egyptian writer
Fictional characters
Aladdin from One Thousand and One Nights
Aladdin, from the 1992 Disney film Aladdin and its franchise
Aladdin, a main character of the manga/anime Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic
Admiral General Aladeen from The Dictator
See also
Aladdin (disambiguation)
, Aladdin is sometimes confused with Allah-ad-din
Arabic-language masculine given names
Iranian masculine given names
Turkish masculine given names
Masculine given names | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aladdin%20%28name%29 |
Edme Jeaurat (1688–1738) was a French engraver from Vermenton, near Auxerre.
Jeaurat was the son of an engraver and the elder brother of painter Etienne Jeaurat. His father took young Edme to Paris and apprenticed him to Bernard Picart. After working there many years, Jeaurat moved to the Netherlands, where he made his living producing engravings of the great paintings in Amsterdam and The Hague, while studying Dutch painting.
Upon his return to Paris, he was reunited with his brother, whom he had not seen in many years. He began engraving Etienne's paintings and became known for his accurate work. Jeaurat was also employed by Pierre Crozat to engrave pictures for his famous collection. In 1722 in Paris, he married Marie-Charlotte Le Clerc, the sister of the artist Le Clerc, and many of his engravings are of the religious pictures painted by his brother-in-law. He had two sons, Nicolas Henri, a painter of still lifes, and Edme-Sébastien, who eventually devoted himself to science and became an astronomer.
There is a fine collection of Edme Jeaurat's engravings in the British Museum, and they can also be studied in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. His finest work is said to be "Achilles discovered among the Daughters of Lycomedes" from 1713, and he also made engravings of works by Poussin, Veronese, and Watteau.
Sources
External links
1688 births
1738 deaths
17th-century French engravers
18th-century French engravers
17th-century French painters
French male painters
18th-century French painters
18th-century French male artists | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edme%20Jeaurat |
"Blaze of Glory" is the debut solo single of American singer-songwriter Jon Bon Jovi. It reached 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Album Rock Tracks charts in 1990, becoming his only chart-topper away from his band Bon Jovi. "Blaze of Glory" also topped the Australian, Canadian, and New Zealand singles charts and reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart.
Background
The power ballad was allegedly recorded by Jon Bon Jovi because Emilio Estevez requested Bon Jovi's song "Wanted Dead or Alive" for the soundtrack to Young Guns II, but Bon Jovi did not think the lyrics—about the band constantly touring—fit the theme of the Western movie. However, the request inspired him to write "Blaze of Glory" with lyrics more topical to the film.
The song features a music video and remains a crowd favorite with Bon Jovi fans, despite the fact that the song was not released as one of the band's singles, and only by Jon. The track is notable for the performance of Jeff Beck on guitar. The music video was filmed at The Rectory near Moab, Utah.
Awards
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1991 || Academy Awards || Best Original Song ||
|-
| American Music Awards || Favorite Pop/Rock Song ||
|-
| Golden Globe Awards || Best Original Song ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Grammy Awards || Best Male Rock Vocal Performance ||
|-
| Best Song Written for Visual Media ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | MTV Video Music Awards || Best Male Video ||
|-
| Best Video from a Film ||
Personnel
Partial credits from various sources.
Jon Bon Jovi - lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar, piano
Jeff Beck - lead and slide guitars
Benmont Tench - Hammond organ
Randy Jackson - bass
Kenny Aronoff - drums
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Sales and certifications
References
External links
Jon Bon Jovi - Blaze of Glory on YouTube
1990 debut singles
Jon Bon Jovi songs
Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cashbox number-one singles
Number-one singles in Australia
Number-one singles in New Zealand
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
1990 songs
Hard rock ballads
Song recordings produced by Danny Kortchmar
Song recordings produced by Jon Bon Jovi
Vertigo Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze%20of%20Glory%20%28Jon%20Bon%20Jovi%20song%29 |
David Francis Marks (born 1945) is a psychologist, author and editor of numerous articles and books largely concerned with five areas of psychological research – judgement, health psychology, consciousness, parapsychology and intelligence. Marks is also the originator of the General Theory of Behaviour, and has curated exhibitions and books about artists and their works.
Biography
Marks was born 12 February 1945 in Liphook, Hampshire, England to Victor W.F. Marks and Mary Dorothy (née Goodman) Marks.
Marks earned a BSc at University of Reading in 1966 and a PhD at University of Sheffield in 1970. From there, he moved to New Zealand where he taught at the University of Otago as lecturer then senior lecturer in psychology. He returned to the UK as Head of the School of Psychology at Middlesex University before working at City University London from 2000 to 2010. He founded the Journal of Health Psychology and Health Psychology Open, an open access journal.
His late brother Jon Marks was a jazz musician. He has two children. His daughter, Jessica Marks, is a chef working in New Zealand. His son, Michael Marks, is a teacher of business studies in Ware, Hertfordshire, England. David Marks retired from his university post in 2010 and lives in Arles, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, France.
Memberships
British Psychological Society (Fellow)
Committee for the Scientific Investigation of the Paranormal (now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry)(Fellow)
Judgement
For his doctoral research at the University of Sheffield Marks carried out laboratory studies on subjective probability judgements. He found that subjects typically used a simplifying strategy or heuristic to manage probability revision in a Bayesian decision task (Marks and Clarkson, 1972). In 1968 Marks had contacted Amos Tversky about his findings. A paper reporting the same representativeness heuristic was published by Kahneman and Tversky in 1972.
Switching to another aspect of judgement, Marks then ran an experiment on relative subjective probability judgements demonstrating that relative judgements of the more probable of two statements are quicker if the statements are both probable rather than improbable. For judgements of the less probable, the reverse result is obtained. Marks proposed a theory that judgement involves a relation between a stimulus and a word acting as a reference point and he followed Louis Leon Thurstone's suggestion that stimuli differ in their discriminal dispersions; see Law of comparative judgment. Marks' (1972) reference point theory of relative judgement is found to be consistent with results in psycholinguistics. Four decades later, Dawn Chen, Hongjing Lu and Keith Holyoak (2014) confirmed Marks' theory in a computational realization by demonstrating that: "Reference points cued by the form of comparative questions systematically modulate the precision of magnitudes represented in working memory, yielding the semantic congruity effect" (Chen, Lu and Holyoak, 2014, p. 46).
Health psychology
In his work on health psychology Marks advocated a greater understanding of the socio-political context affecting individual behaviour (Marks et al., 2005). With Michael Murray and colleagues he actively promoted a critical-theoretical approach, including the foundation of the International Society of Critical Health Psychology. This organisation has included the consideration of social justice, community approaches, and arts projects for the reduction of health inequalities. Marks has also been interested in new research methods for clinical psychology and health psychology (Marks & Yardley, 2004).
David Marks' first project in the health psychology area was concerned with the effects of cannabis use which, in the 1970s, was an illegal substance in the majority of Western countries and a subject of social concern, especially when mixed with alcohol and driving. With Professor Peter McKellar at the University of Otago, Marks obtained funding from the Medical, now Health Research Council of New Zealand, to carry out double-blind randomised controlled trials to investigate the acute effects of cannabis intoxication, e.g. "Cannabis and Temporal Disintegration in Experienced and Naive Subjects", subsequently published in Science. A series of masters and doctoral students including Sally Casswell and Annette Beautrais submitted this research for their PhD or MSc dissertations.
His second project in health psychology concerned designing psychological therapy for smoking cessation. This research began with another doctoral student, Paul Sulzberger, at the University of Otago where they developed the Isis Smoking Cessation Programme (Sulzberger & Marks, 1977). After returning to England in 1986 Marks developed a UK version of the programme which was originally published by the British Psychological Society in 1993 as The QUIT FOR LIFE Programme (Marks 1993, 2005). The approach was developed further and re-published in the 'Overcoming' series by Robinson as "Overcoming Your Smoking Habit" (Marks 2005).
Conceptualizing methods for the design, description and evaluation of interventions has been a complex challenge for the discipline of Psychology. Marks (2009) published a Taxonomic System for psychological interventions.
In 2015, Marks published a new theoretical explanation of obesity based on the concept of homeostasis, a property of all living things (Marks, 2015). Physiological homeostasis maintains equilibrium at set-points using feedback loops for optimum functioning of the organism. Long-term imbalances in homeostasis arise though genetic, environmental or biopsychosocial mechanisms causing illness and/or loss of well-being. Psychological homeostasis works in a similar fashion to maintain stability in emotion and behaviour. However, rapid environmental and economic changes generate challenging conditions for the human organism. Over-consumption of high-caloric, low-nutrient foods, combined with stressful living and working conditions, have caused imbalances in homeostasis, overweight and obesity in more than two billion people.
Annunziato and Grossman (2016) explain that Marks' homeostasis theory attributes the obesity imbalance to a “Circle of Discontent”, a system of feedback loops linking weight gain, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and overconsumption. These authors state that the theory is consistent with an extensive evidence base. Annunziato and Grossman (2016) indicate that the homeostasis theory focuses on five feedback loops that form an insidious and vicious "Circle of Discontent". If for any reason high levels of dissatisfaction, negative affect, consumption, or increased body weight should arise, then interactivity through feedback loops a vicious circle is created, a disturbance to the stability of the system that controls weight gain. When it becomes activated, the system drifts away from equilibrium toward a dysfunctional state of non-control. The authors explain that Marks (2015) proposes a four-armed strategy to halt the obesity epidemic consists of (1) putting a stop to victim-blaming, stigma, and discrimination; (2) devalorizing the thin-ideal; (3) reducing consumption of energy-dense, low-nutrient foods, and drinks; and (4) improving access to plant-based diets. Annunziato and Grossman (2016) concluded: "If fully implemented, interventions designed to restore homeostasis have the potential to halt the obesity epidemic".
The Homeostasis Theory of Obesity was further elaborated in his 2016 book, Obesity. Comfort vs. Discontent (Marks, 2016). The book's dedication states: "To the two-point-one billion people who are overweight or living with obesity. Please take note. It is not your fault. You are not to blame. You are the victims. Be informed, be empowered, and, above all else, resist. This book is for you." (Marks, 2016).
Marks further elaborated the theory of Psychological Homeostasis in a General Theory of Behaviour, which he published as a book in 2018.
Consciousness research
Marks' research into consciousness and mental imagery led to the development of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire, a tool for the assessment of individual differences in visual imagery. Marks (1973) reported that high vividness scores correlate with the accuracy of recall of coloured photographs. In 1995 he published a new version of the VVIQ, the VVIQ2. This questionnaire consists of twice the number of items and reverses the rating scale so that higher scores reflect higher vividness. The VVIQ has been validated in about 2000 studies using perceptual and cognitive tasks.
Rodway, Gillies and Schepman (2006) found that high vividness participants were significantly more accurate at detecting salient changes to pictures compared to low vividness participants, replicating an earlier study by Gur and Hilgard (1975). Recently Cui et al. (2007) found that reported image vividness correlates with increased activity in the visual cortex. This study shows that the subjective experience of forming a mental image is reflected by increased visual cortical activity. Logie, Pernet, Buonocore and Della Sala (2011) used behavioural and fMRI data for mental rotation from individuals reporting vivid and poor imagery on the VVIQ. Groups differed in brain activation patterns suggesting that the groups performed the same tasks in different ways. These findings help to explain the lack of association previously reported between VVIQ scores and mental rotation performance. Lee, Kravitz and Baker (2012) used fMRI and multi-voxel pattern analysis to investigate the specificity, distribution, and similarity of information for individual seen and imagined objects. Participants either viewed or imagined individual named object images on which they had been trained prior to the scan. Correlation between fMRI and VVIQ scores showed that, in both object-selective and early visual cortex, Lee et al.'s (2012) measure of discrimination across imagery and perception correlated with the vividness of imagery.
Parapsychology, skepticism and zeteticism
In his work on parapsychology, Marks initially adopted a skeptical analysis of paranormal claims. He and his colleague Richard Kammann became associated with the committee of professional skeptics now called Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Marks visited the University of Oregon on a six-month sabbatical in 1976 to carry out research with Ray Hyman. While in the US Marks also visited two researchers at the Stanford Research Institute Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff who had carried out multiple studies of remote viewing which they had published in Nature. After Puthoff and Targ refused to give David Marks access to their remote viewing data, Marks approached the judge of the transcripts, Arthur Hastings, who allowed him full access. In his analysis Marks found multiple clues in the unedited transcripts that allowed the target descriptions to be correctly matched to the listing of target sites showing these sites in the actual order in which they had been visited. Marks subsequently published an article in Nature demonstrating that the original claims of remote viewing experiments were based on flawed experimental procedures.
Marks also published evidence in The Psychology of the Psychic (1980, 2nd edn. 2000; co-authored with the late Richard Kammann; forewords to both editions by Martin Gardner) that Uri Geller was able to hoodwink scientists, journalists and the many members of the public with a series of simple but audacious sleights of hand. In that book, which investigates anomalistic psychology and describes case studies of paranormal claims together with a set of principles for explaining how people may come to believe so strongly in the paranormal claims. This includes the concept of subjective validation, a process through which people find a correspondence between randomly paired events, including coincidences (Marks, 2000). In 1986, while working in New Zealand with the late Denis Dutton, Marks co-founded the NZ Skeptics. He is a fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI).
His habitual attitude of open skepticism was later applied to the self-proclaimed 'skeptics' themselves. Marks became convinced that the leading members of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry such as Ray Hyman, Paul Kurtz and James Randi were actually "pseudoskeptics", i.e. disbelievers, who were never open to the possibility of the paranormal in the first place. Their disbelief would be as susceptible to subjective validation as the positive beliefs of non-skeptics. Thus Marks came to adopt a position similar to that of Marcello Truzzi in advocating "zeteticism". Marks' 2020 book "Psychology and the Paranormal: Exploring Anomalous Experience" presents a new theory holding that, if they occur at all, paranormal experiences such as telepathy and clairvoyance are never under conscious control and only occur spontaneously. The theory explains why self-proclaimed psychics such as Uri Geller cannot produce paranormal effects in the laboratory and why laboratory experiments in Parapsychology normally fail.
Regarding Marks' book, Adrian Parker ('Informal Psi Tests', Paranormal Review 96, 16), President of the Society for Psychical Research, commented:
"The veteran psi-critic David Marks has recently published a book Psychology and the Paranormal in which he has taken a softer position concerning the paranormal. He argues that the phenomena may occur, but that they are inherently spontaneous and elusive, and because of this they cannot be captured in the lab. According to Marks, parapsychologists and their critics should resolve their differences and accept this. Such a challenge obviously goes against all the ethos and efforts of academic parapsychology at UK Universities, such as Northampton, which follow the basic belief of Joseph Banks Rhine that by piecing together numerous factors and personality- traits, a degree of control over psi can eventually be achieved. This is the successful working model used throughout applied psychology where psvchological testing predicts job performance and is used even to some extent for diagnostics in clinical psychology. Marks's challenge also goes against my own efforts to show that altered states of consciousness are the royal road to reliably reproducing lifting psi-in-the-wild to psi-in- the-lab. In particular, we developed a version of the ganzfeld using real-time recordings that could actually catch the sender's experiences of target film clips in the form of the receiver's imagery, since these ganzfeld images are often shown to follow in real time the changing scenes being watched in the target clip.
Nevertheless, there may be some truth in Marks's assertion. Some of the best cases of ESP seem to occur before controls can be brought in, only to disappear when they are brought in".
Intelligence – Literacy theory of IQ test score variations across time and space
In 2010, David Marks systematically analysed the association between literacy skills and intelligence quotient(IQ) across time, nationality, and race. Marks (2010) published a sceptical theory of IQ score variations explaining both the Flynn effect and the alleged racial variations in IQ as an artefact (error) stemming from uncontrolled literacy differences. Marks (2010) hypothesized that IQ differences across time, race and nationality are all caused by differences in literacy because intelligence test performance requires literacy skills not present in all people to the same extent. In eight different analyses mean full scale IQ and literacy scores yielded correlations ranging from .79 to .99.
Kaufmann (2010) explained the significance of Marks' study as follows. If increasing literacy were really explaining a number of seemingly different IQ trends, then you would expect to see a few different phenomena. First, within a population you should expect increased education of literacy skills to be associated with an increase in the average IQ of that population. Second, IQ gains should be most pronounced in the lower half of the IQ bell curve since this is the section of the population that prior to the education would have obtained relatively lower scores due to their inability to comprehend the intelligence test's instructions. With increased literacy, you should expect to see a change in the skewness of the IQ distribution from positive to negative as a result of higher rates of literacy in the lower half of the IQ distribution (but very little change in the top half of the distribution). You should also expect to see differences on the particular intelligence test subscales, with increased literacy showing the strongest effects on verbal tests of intelligence and minimal differences on other tests of intelligence. If all these predictions hold up, there would be support for the notion that secular IQ gains and race differences are not different phenomena but have a common origin in literacy.
Kaufman described how Marks tested these predictions by looking at samples representative of whole populations (rather than individuals), and used ecological methods to compute statistical associations between IQ and literacy rates across different countries. Kaufman's (2010) review suggested that Marks' findings were completely consistent with the predictions: (i) The higher the literacy rate of a population, the higher that population's mean IQ, and the higher that population's mean IQ, the higher the literacy rate of that population. (ii) When literacy rates declined, mean IQ also declined, a reversed Flynn Effect. (iii) Unequal improvements occurred across the entire IQ spectrum with the greatest increases in the lower half of the IQ distribution. Kaufman pointed out that the evidence suggested that both the Flynn Effect and racial/national IQ differences showed the largest effects of literacy on verbal tests of intelligence, with the perceptual tests of intelligence showing no consistent pattern.
The alleged association between race and intelligence and also the Flynn effect both have a similar explanation: literacy differences across race and across time are, Marks believes, the cause of both. Racial IQ differences are converging as the literacy skills within two populations become more equal. Thus racial differences have an environmental cause, just like the Flynn effect. Essentially, both the Flynn effect and racial differences in measured IQ are artefacts of literacy differences. As the literacy of Western populations declines, as appears to be the case currently, then Marks' literacy theory of IQ scores predicts that average IQ test scores is expected to decline, and the Flynn effect will go into reverse, which is exactly what recent studies have found.
A General Theory of Behaviour
All sciences are founded on general theories: Biology has the theory of evolution; Physics, the theory of relativity; Chemistry, the theory of molecular quantum mechanics; and Geology, the theory of plate tectonics. Psychology has no general theory. In his 2018 monograph, 'A General Theory of Behaviour' (GTB), David Marks (2018) attempts to fill that gap with a central theory covering all areas of the discipline.
Many psychological theories are species-specific, situation-specific, or sub-area specific so cannot be general theories. 'A General Theory of Behaviour' applies to all sub-areas, situations, species, ages, stages, genders, and cultures. The only proviso for the GTB is that the organism must have consciousness.
The theory consists of 20 principles and 80 propositions, in total, 100 empirically falsifiable propositions. These 100 propositions make the GTB transparent and capable of falsification.
In embracing intentionality, purpose and desire, the GTB is non-reductive while, at the same time, drawing upon principles from other sciences, in particular, Biology and Physiology. Following Claude Bernard, Walter B. Cannon and others, David Marks advocates the usefulness of the concept of 'Psychological Homeostasis' and explains the implications for the Science of Behaviour.
The GTB asserts that organisms are not adapted to each other and the environment because natural selection made them that way, but they are made that way owing to an inbuilt striving towards stability and equilibrium. The GTB has the potential to advance understanding of human nature and to integrate the discipline of Psychology. The next steps involve rigorous testing of the principles and hypotheses of the General Theory.
Selected books
A General Theory of Behaviour
Health Psychology: Theory, Research and Practice with Michael Murray and Emee Vida Estacio (Sixth Edition, 2020)
Reussir a surmonter le Reflex cigarette (French Edition)(2009)
Overcoming Your Smoking Habit: A Self-Help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioral Techniques (2005)
Research Methods for Clinical and Health Psychology with Lucy Yardley (2004)
The Health Psychology Reader (2002)
Dealing with Dementia: Recent European Research with Catherine Marie Sykes (2000)
Improving the Health of the Nation: The Failure of the Government's Health Reforms with Colin Francome (1996)
The Quit for Life Programme: An Easier Way to Quit Smoking and Not Start Again (Stuart MacGregor, Illustrator)(1993)
Theories of Image Formation (editor) (1986)
Imagery One (editor with David G. Russell) (1985)
The Psychology of the Psychic with Richard Kammann (1980 and 2000)
The Isis Smoking Cessation Programme with Paul Sulzberger (1977)
Selected articles
Homeostatic theory of obesity (2015)
IQ variations across time, race, and nationality: an artifact of differences in literacy skills (2010)
Investigating the paranormal (1986)
Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures (1973)
New Directions for Mental Imagery Research (1995)
On the review of The Psychology of the Psychic: A reply to Dr. Morris" (1981)
Cannabis and Temporal Disintegration in Experienced and Naive Subjects with Sally Casswell (1973)
References
Further reading
Morris, Robert L. (1980). "Some comments on the assessment of parapsychological studies" [review of the book The Psychology of the psychic] Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research The Society for Psychical Research (SPR), 74, 425–443.
External links
Standing against racism | The Psychologist
ISCHP2011: 7th Biennial ISCHP Conference, Adelaide (South Australia)
Review of The Psychology of the Psychic
Review of The Health Psychology Reader
PDF of controlled trial of the QUIT FOR LIFE Programme
1945 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Reading
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Academics of City, University of London
Anomalistic psychology
British psychologists
Critics of parapsychology
Academic staff of the University of Otago
English sceptics
People from Liphook | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Marks%20%28psychologist%29 |
Aleksandar Totic is one of the original developers of the Mosaic browser. He cofounded and was a partner at Netscape Communications Corporation.
He was born in Belgrade, Serbia, on 23 September 1966. He moved to America after his degree from Kuwait was not recognized by Yugoslav government, and currently lives in Palo Alto, CA San Francisco, CA.
External links
Mosaic - The First Global Web Browser
Software engineers
Serbian computer scientists
Computer programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar%20Totic |
Henry Hering (February 15, 1874 – January 15, 1949) was an American sculptor.
Early career
He was a student of Augustus Saint-Gaudens at Cooper Union and of Philip Martiny at the Art Students League of New York. He then went to Paris where he studied at the École des Beaux-Arts.
Later career
Following his return from Paris Hering worked as an assistant to Augustus Saint-Gaudens until Saint-Gaudens' death in 1907. In 1910 Hering married another long time Saint-Gaudens' assistant, Elsie Ward, who gave up her independent career as a sculptor, to serve as her husband's assistant.
Henry Hering is well known for his work as an architectural sculptor. Much of his work consists of allegorical figures done in the Beaux-Arts tradition, although a few of his later works, such as the detailing in Severance Hall and the Hope Memorial Bridge in Cleveland, Ohio, were done in the Art Deco style. In 1928 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member and became a full Academician in 1937. His work was also part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
Hering is further remembered in relation to the crash of an American B-25 military airplane into New York City's Empire State Building on July 28, 1945. The largest sections of the plane remained lodged in the building, or fell directly to the streets below. However, one engine ripped from its wing and traveled some distance away before landing in Hering's top floor penthouse studio, located in a building near the crash. At the time, newspaper coverage of the accident reported that, although the artist was not in his studio at the time, about $75,000 worth of his work was destroyed.
He died in New York City in 1949.
Legacy and reappraisal
Hering's reputation as a sculptor decreased as International Modernism dispensed with architectural, figurative and allegorical work. As with many other such artists Hering's oeuvre is now being reexamined in a more positive light.
The National Sculpture Society gives out the Henry Hering Award for noteworthy collaboration between sculptor and architect.
On July 23, 2021, Cleveland's Major League Baseball franchise announced plans to replace its "Indians" nickname with the "Guardians," taking inspiration from Hering's eight monumental Guardians of Traffic statues on Hope Memorial Bridge.
Notable public works
Science, Research, Record, and The Dissemination of Knowledge, Field Museum of Natural History, 1917
Energy in Repose, Federal Reserve Bank, Cleveland, Ohio, 1923
Day and Night, Amtrak Chicago Union Station, Chicago, Illinois, 1925 http://www.thechicagoloop.org/s.usta.figu.00000.html
Defense and Regeneration, on the southern bridgehouses of the DuSable Bridge, Chicago, Illinois, 1928
Pro Patria Indiana War Memorial, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1929, Walker & Weeks. architects. This male nude was the largest bronze statue to have been cast in America at that time. A lively interest in Hering's work still exists; a version standing 33½" high was auctioned late in 2007 for $9,000.
Pere Marquette, Marquette Park, Gary, Indiana, 1932
The Guardians of Traffic sculptures adorning the Hope Memorial Bridge, Cleveland, 1932
Abraham Lincoln, University Park, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1934
Peace, Peace Gardens, Cleveland, Ohio, 1936
References
General references
Bach, Ira, editor, Chicago's Famous Buildings, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1980
Johannesen, Eric, A Cleveland Legacy: The Architecture of Walker and Weeks, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, 1999
Kvaran and Lockley, A Guide to Architectural Sculpture in America, unpublished manuscript
National Sculpture Society, Contemporary American Sculpture 1929, National Sculpture Society, New York, NY 1929
Opitz, Glenn B, Editor, Mantle Fielding’s Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
Proske, Beatrice Gilman, Brookgreen Gardens Sculpture, Brookgreen Gardens, South Carolina, 1968
External links
1874 births
1949 deaths
Art Students League of New York alumni
American architectural sculptors
American male sculptors
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Sculptors from New York City
Cooper Union alumni
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
National Academy of Design members
National Sculpture Society members
Sculptors from New York (state)
Olympic competitors in art competitions | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Hering |
Doctor of Canon Law (, JCD) is the doctoral-level terminal degree in the studies of canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. It can also be an honorary degree awarded by Anglican colleges. It may also be abbreviated ICD or dr.iur.can. (Iuris Canonici Doctor), ICDr, DCL, DCnl, DDC, or DCanL (Doctor of Canon Law). A doctor of both laws (i.e. canon and civil) is a JUD (Juris Utriusque Doctor) or UJD (Utriusque Juris Doctor).
Course of study
A doctorate in canon law normally requires earning the degree Licentiate of Canon Law, then at least two years of additional study and the development and defence of an original dissertation that contributes to the development of canon law. Only a pontifical university or ecclesiastical faculties of canon law may grant the doctorate or licentiate in canon law.
The Licentiate of Canon Law is a three-year degree. The prerequisite for it is normally the graduate-level Baccalaureate in Sacred Theology, a Master of Divinity, or a Master of Arts in Catholic Theology.
While not a civil law degree, the doctor of canon law is in some ways comparable to the Doctor of Juridical Science (JSD) or doctor of laws (LLD) in terms of the nature of study, as they are terminal academic research degrees as opposed to professional degrees.
Ecclesiastical office prerequisite
Members of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, Auditors of the Tribunal of the Roman Rota, judicial vicars, ecclesiastical judges, defenders of the bond, and promoters of justice, must possess either a doctorate or licence in canon law. Either of the degrees is recommended for those who serve as vicar general or episcopal vicar in a diocese. Candidates for bishop must either possess the doctorate in canon law or the doctorate in sacred theology or be truly expert in one of those fields. Canonical advocates must possess the doctorate or be truly expert.
History
The Roman Church has the oldest continuously used homogeneous legal system in the world. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in canon law. Consequently, many of the medieval universities of Europe founded faculties of canon law (e.g., Cambridge and Oxford). Since the Protestant Reformation, however, they became limited to those universities which retained Catholic faculties (e.g., Pontifical Lateran University, Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum), Gregorian University, Catholic University of Louvain, Faculty of Canon Law "S. Pio X" in Venice). Other Catholic universities with ecclesiastical faculties in canon law were subsequently given the ability to grant the degree (e.g., the Catholic University of America School of Canon Law, University of Saint Paul). The University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines, has been awarding the degree since 1734.
Noted Doctors of Canon Law
Lorenzo Antonetti, President Emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See
Antonio Arregui Yarza, Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guayaquil, Ecuador; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Carlos Azpiroz Costa, former Master of the Order of Preachers; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Pope Benedict XV, pope
Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State Emeritus
Anthony Bevilacqua, cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Philadelphia, United States
Alberto Bovone, cardinal, Prefect-Emeritus of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Seán Brady, Cardinal Archbishop of Armagh, Ireland
Raymond Leo Burke, Cardinal Prefect - Emeritus of the Apostolic Signatura, Archbishop Emeritus of Saint Louis, Missouri, and Bishop Emeritus of La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
Carlo Caffarra, cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna, Italy
Darío Castrillón Hoyos, cardinal, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer of the Renaissance, formulated a heliocentric model of the universe; received degree 31 May 1503 (Jure Canonico ... et doctoratus)
Kevin John Dunn, Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, England; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Edward Egan, cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of New York, United States
Angelo Felici, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei
Georg Gänswein, Archbishop, Prefect of the Papal Household, private secretary to Pope Benedict XVI
Pietro Gasparri, cardinal, Holy See Secretary of State, codifier of the 1917 Code of Canon Law
Bruno Heim, late Titular Archbishop of Xanthus, Apostolic Nuncio Emeritus to Great Britain, prominent armorist of twentieth-century ecclesiastical heraldry
Julián Herranz Casado, cardinal, President Emeritus of the Pontifical Council for the Interpretation of Legislative Texts; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
William Keeler, Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore, United States
Thomas C. Kelly, Archbishop Emeritus of Louisville, Kentucky, United States; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Giuseppe Lazzarotto, Apostolic Nuncio to Australia
Jerome Edward Listecki, Archbishop of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and formerly Bishop of La Crosse, Wisconsin; Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago, Illinois, United States; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
William Lyndwood, English Bishop of St Davids, diplomat and canonist, most notable for the publisher of The Provinciale
Mary McAleese, President of Ireland 1997 - 2011
Edward A. McCarthy, Archbishop Emeritus of Miami, Florida, and namesake of Archbishop Edward A. McCarthy High School in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, United States
Celestino Migliore, archbishop, Apostolic Nuncio to Poland and formerly the Apostolic Nuncio and Permanent Observer, Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations
Gerald Moverley, Bishop Emeritus of Hallam, England; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
David M. O'Connell, Bishop of Trenton, New Jersey, United States, and President Emeritus of the Catholic University of America; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law from the Catholic University of America
Silvio Oddi, cardinal, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for the Clergy; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Thomas Paprocki, Bishop of Springfield, Illinois, United States
Pope Paul VI, pope; awarded Doctorate in Canon Law from the University of Milan
Peter Smith, Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cardiff, Wales; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Edward N. Peters, referendary of the Apostolic Signatura; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Catholic University of America School of Canon Law in 1991
Francisco Polti Santillan, Bishop of Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Giovanni Battista Re, Dean of the College of Cardinals
Angelo Sodano, Emeritus Dean of the College of Cardinals
Jean-Louis Tauran, cardinal, former President of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue
Rik Torfs, professor of Canon Law at Catholic University of Leuven, former senator for the Christian Democratic and Flemish party in the Belgian Senate, former rector of the Catholic University of Leuven
Mar Varkey Vithayathil, cardinal, Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly, India; awarded a Doctorate in Canon Law by the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)
Footnotes
Canon Law, Doctor
Law degrees
Academic canon law
Religious degrees | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20Canon%20Law%20%28Catholic%20Church%29 |
Face to Face was a Sunday morning political talk program. It first ran on Network Ten in August 1988 and was hosted by the then Political Editor Kerry O'Brien and produced by Chris Doig. The program was originally broadcast from the studios of CTC Canberra, ATV Melbourne and TEN Sydney – each with identical sets. Network Ten cancelled the program in 1989.
From 19 November 1995 and in 1999 Face to Face became a segment of Sunday Sunrise on the Seven Network.
In November 1995 assumed a format closer to its origins as a small-budget national political interview show, which featured an interview with a guest about the week's most important national issue. It aired late Sunday night (following the Sunday night movie) hosted by Neil Mercer.
In October 1996, the show moved to Sunday mornings and began screening live at , up against Network Ten's Meet the Press and the second half of Nine Network's Business Sunday. Guests were interviewed live in the studio, instead of pre-recording.
In 1997, Stan Grant became the host until mid year when Chris Bath took over. In 1998, Bath moved to Witness and Glenn Milne took over.
In 1999 it became a segment of Sunday Sunrise and ceased to be a stand-alone programme. During that year the segments changed from being live with Glenn Milne (flown to Sydney each every Sunday) to being a Friday night pre-record by Stan Grant.
References
Australian television news shows
Australian television talk shows
1995 Australian television series debuts
1998 Australian television series endings | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face%20to%20Face%20%28Australian%20TV%20program%29 |
Ismenias (Ancient Greek: Ἰσμηνίας) was an ancient Theban politician of the 4th century BC. He rose to power in the years after the Peloponnesian War and pursued an anti-Spartan policy, which included harboring exiles fleeing the Thirty Tyrants in Athens. During a Spartan occupation of Thebes, he is identified, with Androcleides, as one of the leaders of the anti-Spartan faction and imprisoned. Plato names him as an example of someone who made a great amount of money in a short period of time, and includes him in a list of rich and powerful men with little moral fiber.
References
Further reading
Buck, Robert J. Thrasybulus and the Athenian Democracy: The Life of an Athenian Statesman. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998,
Ancient Thebans
4th-century BC Greek people | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismenias |
This list includes notable boarding schools (where some or all pupils study and live during the school year).
Africa
Cameroon
Our Lady of Lourdes College, Mankon
Saker Baptist College, Limbe
Gambia
Armitage High School
Ghana
Aburi Girls' Senior High School
Accra Academy
Accra Girls Senior High School
Achimota School
Adisadel College
Aggrey Memorial A.M.E. Zion Senior High School
Anglican Senior High School, Kumasi
Archbishop Potter Girls' School
Ghana National College
Holy Child School
Koforidua Senior High Technical School
Kumasi Academy
Kumasi High School
Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School
Mfantsipim School
Ofori Panin Senior High School
Opoku Ware School
Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary
Prempeh College
Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School
St. Augustine's College
St. Monica's School
St. Louis Secondary School
St. Roses Girls Secondary School
Wesley Girls' High School
Kenya
Brookhouse International School
Nairobi Academy
Rift Valley Academy
Saint Andrews School
Malawi
Kamuzu Academy
Saint Andrews International High School
Namibia
Deutsche Höhere Privatschule Windhoek
Nigeria
Apata Memorial High School
Bristol Academy, Abuja
Faith Academy Secondary School
Federal Government Girls' College, Owerri
Landmark University Secondary School
Loyola Jesuit College
Mea Mater Elizabeth High School
Olashore International School
South Africa
Afrikaanse Hoër Meisieskool
Afrikaanse Hoër Seunskool
African Leadership Academy
Cornwall Hill College
Dale College Boys' High School, King Williams Town
Diocesan College
Diocesan School for Girls, Grahamstown
Durban Girls' College
Durban High School
Glenwood High School
Graeme College, Grahamstown
Grey College, Bloemfontein
Grey High School
Helpmekaar Kollege
Heritage Academy, Pietermaritzburg
Herschel Girls' School
Hilton College
Jeppe High School for Boys
Kearsney College
King Edward VII School, Johannesburg
Kingswood College, Grahamstown
Maritzburg College
Michaelhouse
Northwood School
Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls
Paarl Boys' High School
Parktown Boys' High School
Paul Roos Gymnasium
Penryn College
Pinelands High School
Pretoria Boys High School
Pretoria High School for Girls
Queen's College, Queenstown, Eastern Cape
Rhenish Girls' High School
Roedean School
Rondebosch Boys' High School
Rustenburg School for Girls
South African College Schools
St. Alban's College
St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown
St. Anne's Diocesan College
St Benedict's
St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg
St. John's College, Johannesburg
St. Mary's Diocesan School for Girls, Kloof
St Stithians College
Selborne College
Stanford Lake College
Stirling High School, East London
Treverton Preparatory School and College, Mooi River
Victoria Girls' High School, Grahamstown
The Wykeham Collegiate
Wynberg Boys' High School
Wynberg Girls' High School
Swaziland
Waterford Kamhlaba
Tanzania
Isamilo International School Mwanza
United World College East Africa
Uganda
Kings College Budo
Mbarara High School
Rainbow International School
Taibah College School
Zambia
Banani International Secondary School
Baobab College
Ibenga Girls
Musikili Primary School
Zimbabwe
Bernard Mizeki College
Chaplin High School
Chinhoyi High School
Chisipite Senior School
Christian Brothers College, Bulawayo
Churchill School
Cornway College
Eaglesvale High School
Ellis Robins School
Falcon College
Fletcher High School
Girls' College
Gokomere High School
Goldridge College
Goromonzi High School
Hillcrest College
Inyathi High School
Jameson High School
Kutama College
Kwenda Mission
Kyle College
Lingfield Christian Academy
Lomagundi College
Marist Brothers Secondary School, Dete
Mazowe Boys High School
Midlands Christian College
Moleli High School
Monte Cassino Girls High School
Mzingwane High School
Peterhouse Boys' School
Peterhouse Girls' School
Plumtree High School
Prince Edward School
Regina Mundi High School
Rufaro High School
Saint Alberts High School
St Dominic's Chishawasha
St. Faith's School, Rusape
St. Francis Xavier Kutama College
St George's College
St Ignatius College
Watershed College
Asia
Armenia
United World College Dilijan
Monte Melkonian Military College
Bangladesh
Barisal Cadet College
Cadet colleges in Bangladesh
Comilla Cadet College
Faujdarhat Cadet College
Feni Girls Cadet College
Jhenaidah Cadet College
Joypurhat Girls Cadet College
Mirzapur Cadet College
Mymensingh Girls Cadet College
Pabna Cadet College
Rajshahi Cadet College
Rangpur Cadet College
Sylhet Cadet College
Brunei Darussalam
Jerudong International School
China
Chefoo School
English School attached to Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Guangdong Country Garden School
Shanghai Pinghe School
Hong Kong
Buddhist Fat Ho Memorial College
Diocesan Boys' School
Harrow International School Hong Kong
Hong Kong Adventist Academy
Jockey Club Ti-I College
Li Po Chun United World College
Pui Kiu Middle School
St. Paul's Co-educational College
St. Stephen's College
United Christian College (Kowloon East)
India
Japan
UWC ISAK Japan
NUCB International College
Kazakhstan
Cadet Corps of the Defence Ministry
Zhas Ulan Republican Schools
Astana Zhas Ulan Republican School
Almaty Zhas Ulan Republican School
Karaganda Zhas Ulan Republican School
Korea
Most international, foreign language high schools and self-regulated schools in Korea are boarding schools. Below are examples.
Branksome Hall Asia, Seogwipo, Jejudo
Bugil Academy, Cheonan, South Chungcheong Province
Cheongshim International Academy, Gapyeong, Gyeonggi Province
Gyeonggi Suwon International School, Suwon, Gyeonggi Province
Hankuk Academy of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Gyeonggi Province
KIS (Korea International School) Jeju, Seogwipo, Jejudo
Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, Hoengseong, Gangwon Province
Taejon Christian International School, Daejeon Metropolitan City
Malaysia
Alam Shah Science School
Kolej Islam Sultan Alam Shah
Kolej Tunku Kurshiah
Malay College Kuala Kangsar
MARA Junior Science College
Royal Military College
Sekolah Alam Shah
Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Gombak
Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Jempol
Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Rawang
Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Sabak Bernam
Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Selandar
Sekolah Datuk Abdul Razak
Sekolah Menengah Agama Persekutuan Kajang
Sekolah Menengah Agama Persekutuan Labu
Sekolah Menengah Sains Hulu Selangor
Sekolah Menengah Sains Johor
Sekolah Menengah Sains Kota Tinggi
Sekolah Menengah Sains Kuala Selangor
Sekolah Menengah Sains Muar
Sekolah Menengah Sains Muzaffar Shah
Sekolah Menengah Sains Raja Tun Azlan Shah
Sekolah Menengah Sains Sabah
Sekolah Menengah Sains Selangor
Sekolah Menengah Sains Seri Puteri
Sekolah Menengah Sains Teluk Intan
Sekolah Menengah Sains Tengku Muhammad Faris Petra
Sekolah Menengah Sains Tuanku Jaafar
Sekolah Menengah Sains Tuanku Munawir
Sekolah Menengah Sains Tuanku Syed Putra
Sekolah Menengah Sultan Abdul Halim
Sekolah Tuanku Abdul Rahman
International schools:
Dalat International School
Kolej Tuanku Ja'afar
Kolej Yayasan Saad
Marlborough College Malaysia
Uplands International School of Penang
Nepal
Basu Higher Secondary School, Bhaktapur
Birendra Sainik Awasiya Mahavidyalaya, Bhaktapur
Budhanilkantha School, Kathmandu
Chelsea International Academy
Durbar High School, Kathmandu
Emerald Academy, Jhapa
Gandaki Boarding School, Pokhara
Green Hills Academy, Kavresthali, Kathmandu
Gyanodaya Bal Batika School, Kathmandu
Kantipur English High School, Kathmandu
Kathmandu University High School, Kathmandu
Lincoln School, Kathmandu
Modern Nepal Academy, Kathmandu
Mount Everest Boarding School, Pokhara
Nepal Police School
Siddhartha Vanasthali School, Kathmandu
Yashodhara Secondary School, Bhojpur, Nepal
Pakistan
Abbottabad Public School, Abbottabad
Aitchison College, Lahore
Army Burn Hall College, Abbottabad
Cadet College Fateh Jang
Cadet College Hasan Abdal
Cadet College Kohat
Cadet College Petaro
Cadet College Razmak
Cadet College Skardu
Chand Bagh School, Muridke
Divisional Public School Faisalabad
Government College University, Lahore
Lawrence College, Murree
Mansehra International Public School and College
Military College Jhelum
Military College Murree
Military College Sui
PAF Public School Sargodha
Pakistan Scouts Cadet College Batrasi
Sadiq Public School, Bahawalpur
WAPDA Cadet College Tarbela
Philippines
Adventist University of the Philippines, Cavite
Brent International School, Baguio
St. Paul American School - Clark, Clark Freeport Zone
Singapore
Anglo-Chinese School
Dunman High School
Hwa Chong Institution Boarding School
Nanyang Girls High School
NUS High School of Math and Science
Raffles Institution
St. Andrew's Junior College
St. Joseph's Institution
Singapore Sports School
United World College of South East Asia
Waseda Shibuya Senior High School in Singapore (formerly Shibuya Makuhari Singapore School)
Tajikistan
Dushanbe International School
Thailand
American Pacific International School, Chiang Mai
Assumption College Sriracha
British International School, Phuket
Bromsgrove International School Thailand
Harrow International School, Bangkok
Mahidol Wittayanusorn School
Mater Dei School
Prem Tinsulanonda International School
The Regent's School
Vajiravudh College
Wattana Wittaya Academy
Middle East
Bahrain
Bahrain School
Iran
Tehran Japanese School
Jordan
King's Academy
United Arab Emirates
Repton School Dubai
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
North Island
Auckland Grammar School (for boys), Auckland
Auckland International College, Auckland
Carncot Independent School for Girls, Palmerston North
Dilworth School, Auckland
Diocesan School for Girls, Auckland
Epsom Girls' Grammar School, Auckland
Feilding High School, Manawatu
Hamilton Boys' High School, Hamilton
Hamilton Girls' High School, Hamilton
Hato Paora College, Feilding
Hato Petera College, Auckland
Hereworth School, Havelock North
Hukarere Girls College, Napier
Iona College, Havelock North
King's College, Auckland
Lindisfarne College, New Zealand, Hastings
Longburn Adventist College, Manawatu
Mount Albert Grammar School, Auckland
Napier Boys' High School, Napier
Napier Girls' High School, Napier
New Plymouth Boys' High School, Taranaki
Nga Tawa Diocesan School, Marton
Palmerston North Boys' High School, Palmerston North
Rathkeale College, Masterton
Sacred Heart College, Auckland
St Cuthberts College, Auckland
St Kentigern College, Auckland
St. Patrick's College, Silverstream, Upper Hutt
St Paul's Collegiate School, Hamilton
St Peter's School, Cambridge
Scots College, Wellington
Taranaki Diocesan School for Girls, Stratford
Taumarunui High School, Taumarunui
Te Aute College, Hawke's Bay
Wairarapa College, Masterton
Wanganui Collegiate School, Wanganui
Wesley College, Auckland
Whangarei Boys' High School, Whangarei
Whangarei Girls' High School, Whangarei
South Island
Christchurch Boys' High School, Christchurch
Christchurch Girls' High School, Christchurch
Christ's College, Christchurch
Columba College, Dunedin
Dunstan High School, Alexandra
Garin College, Nelson
Gore High School, Gore
John McGlashan College, Dunedin
Medbury School, Christchurch
Mount Aspiring College, Wanaka
Nelson College, Nelson
Nelson College for Girls, Nelson
Otago Boys' High School, Dunedin
Rangi Ruru Girls' School, Christchurch
St Andrew's College, Christchurch
St Bede's College, Christchurch
St Hilda's Collegiate School, Dunedin
St Kevin's College, Oamaru
St Margaret's College, Christchurch
St Peter's College, Gore
Southland Boys' High School, Invercargill
Southland Girls' High School, Invercargill
Timaru Boys' High School, Timaru
Timaru Girls' High School, Timaru
Waitaki Boys' High School, Oamaru
Waitaki Girls' High School, Oamaru
Europe
Austria
American International School, Salzburg
Höhere Internatsschule des Bundes Wien , Vienna
St. Gilgen International School, St. Gilgen
Theresianum, Vienna
Bosnia and Herzegovina
United World College in Mostar
Czech Republic
Carlsbad International School, Karlovy Vary
Townshend International School, Hluboká nad Vltavou
Denmark
Birkerød Gymnasium , Birkerød
Grenaa Gymnasium, Grenaa
Herlufsholm School, Næstved
Nyborg Gymnasium , Nyborg
Sorø Academy, Sorø
France
Chavagnes International College
École des Roches , Normandy
École Saint Martin de France , Pontoise
Lycée Konan (closed)
Lycée Lakanal
Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève
Lycée Seijo (closed)
Maison d'éducation de la Légion d'honneur
Notre-Dame International High School
Germany
Aloisiuskolleg
Berlin Brandenburg International School
Black Forest Academy
CJD Christophorusschule Königswinter
Collegium Augustinianum Gaesdonck
Ettal Abbey
Heimschule Kloster Wald
Landheim Schondorf
Pforta
Robert Bosch United World College
St. George's School, Cologne
Schloss Torgelow (Internats-Gymnasium)
Schule Birklehof
Schule Schloss Salem
Schule Schloss Stein
Schulpforta
Stiftung Louisenlund
Ireland
Alexandra College, Dublin
Bandon Grammar School, Cork
Blackrock College, Dublin
Cistercian College, Roscrea, County Tipperary
Clongowes Wood College, County Kildare
Dundalk Grammar School, County Louth
Glenstal Abbey School, County Limerick
Gormanston College, County Meath
Kilkenny College, County Kilkenny
The King's Hospital, Dublin
Midleton College, County Cork
Newtown School, Waterford
Rockwell College, County Tipperary
Saint Columba's College, Dublin
Sligo Grammar School, County Sligo
Sutton Park School, Dublin
Villiers Secondary School, Limerick
Wesley College, Dublin
Wilson's Hospital School, Multyfarnham, County Westmeath
Italy
St. Stephen's School Rome
United World College of the Adriatic
Netherlands
United World College Maastricht
Norway
Kvitsund Gymnas, Telemark
Red Cross Nordic United World College, Flekke, Fjaler
Vestborg Vidaregående Skole
Portugal
Colégio Militar
Instituto de Odivelas
Instituto dos Pupilos do Exército
Romania
Costache Negruzzi National College, Iași
Sweden
Sigtunaskolan Humanistiska Läroverket
Lundsbergs skola
Switzerland
College Alpin International Beau Soleil
American School in Switzerland (TASIS), Lugano
Brillantmont International School, Lausanne
Aiglon College
Collège du Léman
Ecole d'Humanité, Bern
Institut Alpin Videmanette
Institut auf dem Rosenberg
Institut Florimont, Geneva
Institut Montana
Institut Monte Rosa
Institut Le Rosey
Leysin American School
Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz
St George's School in Switzerland
Surval Montreux
Turkey
American Collegiate Institute
Darüşşafaka
Galatasaray High School
Istanbul High School
Kabataş Erkek Lisesi
Kadıköy Anadolu Lisesi
Robert College
United Kingdom
North America
Canada
Alberta
Alberta School for the Deaf, Edmonton
Saint John's School of Alberta, Stony Plain
British Columbia
Bodwell High School, North Vancouver
Brentwood College, Mill Bay
Island Oak High School, Vancouver Island
Maxwell International School, Shawnigan Lake (closed in 2000)
Pearson College UWC, Victoria
Queen Margaret's School, Duncan
St. George's School, Vancouver
St. Margaret's School, Victoria
St. Michaels University School, Victoria
Shawnigan Lake School, Shawnigan Lake
Manitoba
Balmoral Hall School, Winnipeg
Mennonite Collegiate Institute, Gretna
St. John's-Ravenscourt School, Winnipeg
New Brunswick
Rothesay Netherwood School, Rothesay
Nova Scotia
King's-Edgehill School, Windsor
Kingston Bible College Academy, Kingston
Landmark East School, Wolfville
Ontario
Albert College, Belleville
Appleby College, Oakville
Ashbury College, Ottawa
Bishop Strachan School, Toronto
Branksome Hall, Toronto
Columbia International College, Hamilton
The Giles School, Toronto
Havergal College, Toronto
Lakefield College School, near Lakefield
Pickering College, Newmarket
Ridley College, St. Catharines
Robert Land Academy, Wellandport
Rosseau Lake College, Rosseau
St. Andrew's College, Aurora
Trafalgar Castle School, Whitby
Trinity College School, Port Hope
Upper Canada College, Toronto
Quebec
Bishop's College School, Lennoxville
Collège Bourget, Rigaud
Sedbergh School, Quebec, Montebello
Stanstead College, Stanstead
Saskatchewan
Athol Murray College of Notre Dame, Wilcox
Caronport High School, Caronport
Luther College, Regina
Rosthern Junior College, Rosthern
Western Christian College, Regina
United States
Central America
Costa Rica
Costa Rica Country Day School (Guanacaste Province)
United World College of Costa Rica
South America
Argentina
St. George's College, Buenos Aires
Brazil
Escola Sesc de Ensino Médio
References | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20boarding%20schools |
JCD may refer to:
Doctor of Canon Law, a doctoral-level terminal degree in the studies of canon law of the Roman Catholic Church
Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal, the student wing of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party
John C. Dvorak, an American columnist and broadcaster in the areas of technology and computing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCD |
"The Fire" is the fourth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's tenth episode overall. Written by B. J. Novak and directed by Ken Kwapis, the episode first aired in the United States on October 11, 2005, on NBC. The episode features Amy Adams as Jim's girlfriend, Katy.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) takes it upon himself to teach Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) about business, but soon everyone is forced to evacuate the office due to a fire. While outside, Michael continues to show an interest in Ryan, causing Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) to be jealous. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) organizes games to play outside.
According to B. J. Novak, the episode was "a fun one to film". Although the cast and crew appear to be cold in the finished episode, "The Fire" was filmed in weather; thus, the actors "couldn't look hot" and had to pretend to shiver. The firemen in the scene were played by actual firemen, and their costumes were designed in order to look like authentic Scranton firefighters.
Plot
Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) learns that Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Katy Moore (Amy Adams) have started dating. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) gives Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) a glowing checkpoint review. When Ryan expresses his interest in starting his own business someday, Michael takes it upon himself to teach Ryan the "ten rules of business". The fire alarm sounds, and while Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) both attempt to take charge of the evacuation, Michael pushes others out of the way in his escape out of the building.
The employees play games to pass the time, including "Desert Island Picks" and "Who Would You Do?" When Ryan reveals that he is attending business school at night, Michael becomes enamored of his newfound protégé. Dwight becomes noticeably jealous of Ryan's favor with Michael, and he is seen sulking in his car to the tune "Everybody Hurts" by R.E.M. When Michael mentions that he left his cell phone in the office, Dwight rushes back into the building to fetch it.
Michael asks Ryan to call his cell phone to help Dwight find it. The phone rings, which happens to be in Michael's pocket. Dwight emerges, coughing, from the building and reveals that the fire was started by Ryan, who left a cheese pita in the toaster-oven set to "oven" instead of "toaster". Dwight and Michael mock Ryan and dub him "The Fire Guy" by doing a song parody of the Billy Joel song "We Didn't Start the Fire".
Production
"The Fire" was the fourth episode of the series directed by Ken Kwapis. Kwapis had previously directed "Pilot", "Diversity Day", and "Sexual Harassment". "The Fire" was written by B. J. Novak, who also acts on the show as Ryan Howard. Novak had previously penned the episodes "Diversity Day" and "Sexual Harassment". "The Fire" featured the second appearance of Katy, portrayed by Amy Adams. Adams thoroughly enjoyed her work on the show. In an interview with Advocate.com, she said, "[The Office] was the best work experience. I loved that show and that cast so much. I don't know if they believe me, but every time I see them I'm like, 'Oh my gosh, I'll do anything to come back.'"
Novak described the episode as "a fun one to film". The episode was filmed in weather, but according to cast member B. J. Novak, they "couldn't look hot". The area outside the building was shot in Van Nuys, California in what Novak called a "bad area": he later noted that they "had to pretend we weren't scared, even though every car that is left next to our set overnight is stripped to the bone for parts." Greg Daniels noted that during the filming of "The Fire", the cast and crew kept being interrupted by the sound of helicopters. The firemen in the scene were played by actual firemen. The crew of The Office had someone in Scranton take photographs of local firefighters' uniforms, so the costumes would be accurate. However, in an interview with the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Scranton firefighter Art Franklin pointed out that the uniform is actually tan, instead of the black ones seen on the show.
Cultural references
When lecturing Ryan, Michael compares himself to Yoda and Mr. Miyagi. When he later attempts to do a Yoda voice, Ryan misinterprets it as an impression of Fozzie Bear (notably, both characters are portrayed by puppeteer Frank Oz). When Dwight is dejectedly listening to music in his car, he is playing "Everybody Hurts" by R.E.M. Dwight and Michael's "Ryan Started the Fire" is a thinly veiled song parody of the Billy Joel song "We Didn't Start the Fire".
During the game of desert island, many of the employees reference specific films and books. Angela says she would take The Bible, A Purpose Driven Life, and The Da Vinci Code, but only to burn the latter. Dwight notes that he would take the Physicians' Desk Reference, but hollow it out and fill it with supplies; he also states he would bring Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone or Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in case he got bored. Meredith later reveals that she would bring Legends of the Fall, My Big Fat Greek Wedding, Legally Blonde, The Bridges of Madison County, and "just the pottery scene" from Ghost to watch. Pam picks Fargo, Edward Scissorhands, Dazed and Confused, The Breakfast Club, and The Princess Bride. After asking what Dwight would bring, he says The Crow.
Reception
"The Fire" originally aired on NBC in the United States on October 11, 2005. The episode was viewed by 7.6 million viewers and received a 3.7 rating/9% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 3.7% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode won its timeslot. An encore presentation of the episode, on June 6, 2006, received 1.9 rating/6% share and was viewed by over 4.6 million viewers.
"The Fire" received mostly positive reviews from critics. TV Squad's Michael Sciannamea wrote that "The Fire" was "another good episode". Sciannamea went on to write that "show has definitely improved and it's nice to see the other characters emerge". "Miss Alli" of Television Without Pity graded the episode with a "B+". Dwight's reinterpretation of "We Didn't Start the Fire" inspired fans of The Office to make their own song parodies. One version, aptly titled "Ryan Started the Fire", lists several events from The Office, much like the original. After posting the song, Margaret Lyons from Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Yay for the Internet!"
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode an "A−", noting that "'The Fire' is not the second season's funniest half-hour, but I love it for its simplicity." Writing that the episode bore similarities to a bottle episode, he enjoyed the way that the conversations among the employees allowed the audience to more fully understand all of the individual characters better. Adams also praised the interaction between Carell and Novak, as well as the performance of Wilson, which he called "unsettling".
References
External links
"The Fire" at NBC.com
2005 American television episodes
Fiction about fire
The Office (American season 2) episodes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fire%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a type of tumor known as a teratoma that develops at the base of the coccyx (tailbone) and is thought to be primarily derived from remnants of the primitive streak. Sacrococcygeal teratomas are benign 75% of the time, malignant 12% of the time, and the remainder are considered "immature teratomas" that share benign and malignant features. Benign sacrococcygeal teratomas are more likely to develop in younger children who are less than 5 months old, and older children are more likely to develop malignant sacrococcygeal teratomas.
The Currarino syndrome, due to an autosomal dominant mutation in the MNX1 gene, consists of a presacral mass (usually a mature teratoma or anterior meningocele), anorectal malformation and sacral dysgenesis.
Presentation
Complications
Maternal complications of pregnancy may include mirror syndrome. Maternal complications of delivery may include a Cesarean section or, alternatively, a vaginal delivery with mechanical dystocia.
Complications of the mass effect of a teratoma in general are addressed on the teratoma page. Complications of the mass effect of a large SCT may include hip dysplasia, bowel obstruction, urinary obstruction, hydronephrosis and hydrops fetalis. Even a small SCT can produce complications of mass effect, if it is presacral (Altman Type IV). In the fetus, severe hydronephrosis may contribute to inadequate lung development. Also in the fetus and newborn, the anus may be imperforate.
Later complications of the mass effect and/or surgery may include neurogenic bladder, other forms of urinary incontinence, fecal incontinence, and other chronic problems resulting from accidental damage to or sacrifice of nerves and muscles within the pelvis. Removal of the coccyx may include additional complications. In one review of 25 patients, however, the most frequent complication was an unsatisfactory appearance of the surgical scar.
Late effects
Late effects are of two kinds: consequences of the tumor itself, and consequences of surgery and other treatments for the tumor.
Complications of not removing the coccyx may include both recurrence of the teratoma and metastatic cancer. Late malignancies usually involve incomplete excision of the coccyx and are adenocarcinoma.Although functional disability in survivors is common, a small comparative study found a nonsignificant difference between SCT survivors and a matched control group.
In rare cases, pelvic scarring may necessitate that a pregnant woman who is a SCT survivor deliver her baby by Cesarean section.
Cause
SCT is seen in 1 in every 35,000 live births, and is the most common tumor presenting in newborn humans. Most SCTs are found in babies and children, but SCTs have been reported in adults and the increasingly routine use of prenatal ultrasound exams has dramatically increased the number of diagnosed SCTs presenting in fetuses. Like other teratomas, an SCT can grow very large. Unlike other teratomas, an SCT sometimes grows larger than the rest of the fetus.
Sacrococcygeal teratomas are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates, infants, and children younger than 4 years. SCTs occur more often in girls than in boys; ratios of 3:1 to 4:1 have been reported.
Historically, sacrococcygeal teratomas present in 2 clinical patterns related to the child's age, tumor location, and likelihood of tumor malignancy. With the advent of routine prenatal ultrasound examinations, a third clinical pattern is emerging.
Fetal tumors present during prenatal ultrasound exams, with or without maternal symptoms. SCTs found during routine exams tend to be small and partly or entirely external. The internal SCTs are not easily seen via ultrasound, unless they are large enough to reveal their presence by the abnormal position of the fetal urinary bladder and other organs, but large fetal SCTs frequently produce maternal complications which necessitate non-routine, investigative ultrasounds.
Neonatal tumors present at birth protruding from the sacral site and are usually mature or immature teratomas.
Among infants and young children, the tumor presents as a palpable mass in the sacropelvic region compressing the bladder or rectum. These pelvic tumors have a greater likelihood of being malignant. An early survey found that the rate of tumor malignancy was 48% for girls and 67% for boys older than 2 months at the time of sacrococcygeal tumor diagnosis, compared with a malignant tumor incidence of 7% for girls and 10% for boys younger than 2 months at the time of diagnosis. The pelvic site of the primary tumor has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor, most likely caused by a higher rate of incomplete resection.
In older children and adults, the tumor may be mistaken for a pilonidal sinus, or it may be found during a rectal exam or other evaluation.
Diagnosis
During prenatal ultrasound, an SCT having an external component may appear as a fluid-filled cyst or a solid mass sticking out from the fetus' body. Fetal SCTs that are entirely internal may be undetected if they are small; detection (or at least suspicion) is possible when the fetal bladder is seen in an abnormal position, due to the SCT pushing other organs out of place.
At birth, the usual presentation is a visible lump or mass under the skin at the top of the buttocks crease. If not visible, it can sometimes be felt; gently prodded, it feels somewhat like a hardboiled egg. A small SCT, if it is entirely inside the body, may not present for years, until it grows large enough to cause pain, constipation and other symptoms of a large mass inside the pelvis, or until it begins to extend out of the pelvis. Even a relatively large SCT may be missed, if it is internal, because the bony pelvis conceals and protects it. Mediastinal tumors, including teratomas, are similarly concealed and protected by the rib cage.
Some SCTs are discovered when a child begins to talk at about age 2 years and complains of their bottom hurting or feeling "poopy" when they ride in a car seat.
Other tumors can occur in the sacrococcygeal and/or presacral regions and hence must be ruled out to obtain a differential diagnosis. These include extraspinal ependymoma, ependymoblastoma, neuroblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.
Smaller SCTs with an external component, seen in prenatal ultrasounds or at birth, often are mistaken for spina bifida. Cystic SCT and terminal myelocystocele are especially difficult to distinguish; for more accurate diagnosis, MRI has been recommended.
Treatment
The preferred first treatment for SCT is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection). The preferred approach to a small SCT is through the perineum; a large SCT may require an additional approach through the abdomen. Resection should include the coccyx and may also include portions of the sacrum. The surgery should include reattachment of the small muscles and ligaments formerly attached to the coccyx, in effect reconstructing the posterior perineum. If not, there is an increased risk of perineal hernia later in life.
SCTs are classified morphologically according to their relative extent outside and inside the body:
Altman type I — entirely outside, sometimes attached to the body only by a narrow stalk
Altman type II — mostly outside
Altman type III — mostly inside
Altman type IV — entirely inside; this is also known as a presacral teratoma or retrorectal teratoma
The Altman type is significant in the contexts of management of labor and delivery, surgical approach, and complications of SCT. Serial ultrasound and MRI monitoring of SCTs in fetuses in utero has demonstrated that the Altman type can change over time. As the tumor grows, it can push between other organs and through the perineum to the body surface where the tumor appears as a bulge covered only by skin. Sometimes, the tumor bulge later slips back inside the perineum.
Like all teratomas, a sacrococcygeal teratoma has the potential to be malignant, and the standard of care requires long-term followup by an oncologist.
Management of fetal SCTs
Management of most fetal SCTs involves watchful waiting prior to any treatment. An often used decision tree is as follows:
Perform detailed ultrasound exam including fetal echocardiogram and Doppler flow analysis
If fetal high output failure, placentomegaly, or hydrops
If fetus not mature, perform pregnancy termination or fetal intervention
Else fetus mature, perform emergency Cesarean section
Else no emergent problems, perform serial non-stress tests and ultrasound biophysical profiles and plan delivery, as follows
If emergent problems develop, return to top of decision tree
Else if SCT over 5–10 cm or polyhydramnios, perform early (37 weeks gestation) elective Cesarean section
Else SCT small and no complications, permit term spontaneous vaginal delivery
Emergent problems include maternal mirror syndrome, polyhydramnios, and preterm labor. Poor management decisions, including interventions that are either premature or delayed, can have dire consequences. A very small retrospective study of 9 babies with SCTs greater than 10 cm diameter reported slightly higher survivorship in babies remaining in utero slightly longer.
In many cases, a fetus with a small SCT (under 5 or 10 cm) may be delivered vaginally. Prior to the advent of prenatal detection and hence scheduled C-section, 90% of babies diagnosed with SCT were born full term.
Management of adult SCTs
SCTs are very rare in adults, and as a rule these tumors are benign and have extremely low potential for malignancy. This estimation of potential is based on the idea that because the tumor existed for decades prior to diagnosis, without becoming malignant, it has little or no potential to ever become malignant. For this reason, and because coccygectomy in adults has greater risks than in babies, some surgeons prefer not to remove the coccyx of adult survivors of SCT. There are case reports of good outcomes.
See also
Sacrococcygeal symphysis
References
External links
Congenital disorders
Obstetrics
Rare cancers
Pediatric cancers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal%20teratoma |
A doctor of both laws, from the Latin , , or ("doctor of both laws") (abbreviations include: JUD, IUD, DUJ, JUDr., DUI, DJU, Dr.iur.utr., Dr.jur.utr., DIU, UJD and UID), is a scholar who has acquired a doctorate in both civil and church law. The degree was common among Roman Catholic and German scholars of the Middle Ages and early modern times. Today the degree is awarded by the Pontifical Lateran University after a period of six years of study, by the University of Würzburg, and by the University of Fribourg, as well as the University of Cologne.
Between approximately the twelfth through the eighteenth centuries European students of law mastered the Ius commune, a pan-European legal system that held sway during that span. It was composed of canon (church) law and Roman and feudal (civil) law, resulting in the degree of "Doctor of both laws". or of "Licentiatus of both laws".
Doctors of Civil and Canon Law
Agliardi, Antonio, Cardinal, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
Arregui Yarza, Antonio, Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guayaquil, Ecuador
Thomas Bach
Pope Benedict XIV
Bevilacqua, Anthony, Cardinal, Archbishop Emeritus of Philadelphia (USA)
Jean de Dieu-Raymond de Cucé de Boisgelin
St. Charles Borromeo
Edoardo Borromeo
Sebastian Brant
Giacomo Luigi Brignole
Giovanni Battista Bussi (1755–1844)
Antonio Maria Cagiano de Azevedo
Étienne Hubert de Cambacérès
Giovanni Battista Caprara
Filippo Giudice Caracciolo
Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto
Francesco Carafa di Trajetto
Carafa, Pierluigi (iuniore), Cardinal, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Dean of the College of Cardinals
Luigi Dadaglio, Cardinal, Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary
Antonio Despuig y Dameto
Michele di Pietro
Domenico Ferrata, Cardinal, Secretary of State
Giuseppe Milesi Pironi Ferretti
Michael J. Fitzgerald, Auxiliary Bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia
Enrico Gasparri, Cardinal, Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
Pietro Gasparri, Cardinal, Secretary of State, codifier of 1917 Code of Canon Law
Pietro Giannelli
Giacomo Giustiniani
Józef Glemp, Cardinal, late Archbishop emeritus of Warsaw (Poland)
Archbishop Filippo Iannone, appointed Vicegerent of the Diocese of Rome 31 January 2012
Stephan Kuttner, Professor, Catholic University of America, Yale University, and University of California at Berkeley, founder of the Stephan Kuttner Institute of Medieval Canon Law
Carlo Laurenzi
Pope Leo XIII
Alphonsus Maria de Liguori, Bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti
Listecki, Jerome Edward, Archbishop of Milwaukee (USA)
Vincenzo Macchi
Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei
Teodolfo Mertel, last lay cardinal in the Catholic Church
Denzil Meuli, priest of the diocese of Auckland
Alfonso Ortiz, editor of the Mozarabic Missal (1500) and Breviary (1502)
J. K. Paasikivi, President of Finland
Giovanni Panico, cardinal and nuncio
Salvatore Pappalardo, Cardinal, Archbishop of Palermo (Italy)
Thomas J. Paprocki, Bishop of Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Illinois (USA)
Peters, Edward N., Catholic University of America, 1991
Luigi Poggi, Cardinal, Archivist and Librarian Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church
Mario Francesco Pompedda, Cardinal, Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura
Pietro Respighi, Cardinal, Archpriest of the Basilica of St. John Lateran
Gabriele della Genga Sermattei
K. J. Ståhlberg, President of Finland
Alessandro Verde, Cardinal, Archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (Italy)
Pietro Vidoni
Carlo Maria Viganò, Archbishop at the centre of the Vatileaks scandal
Jan Wężyk
Jean-Baptiste van Dievoet (1775-1862) JUL (Juris Utriusque Licentiatus) of the Old University of Leuven.
Antonín Theodor Colloredo-Waldsee, Cardinal, Archbishop of Olomouc
See also
Doctor of Canon Law
Legum Doctor
References
Laws, Doctor
Law degrees
Religious degrees
Dual academic degrees
Academic canon law | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20of%20both%20laws |
The Hollywood Game is a prime time game show hosted by Bob Goen that ran for four weeks on CBS during the summer of 1992. It involved two teams of two contestants each, who answered trivia questions about film and television. The show was taped at CBS Television City's Studio 33 and was the first game show John Cramer announced. The Hollywood Game was the last regularly scheduled game show to air in primetime until the 1996 series Big Deal.
Gameplay
Round 1
After choosing a category, each team was asked two questions worth $100 and $200, respectively. Each question was preceded by a TV/film clip or a picture. If a team failed to answer correctly, the opposing team had the chance to "steal" the question and the money.
On the pilot episode, each team's category was determined by stopping a randomizer.
Rounds 2 & 3
Both teams competed to answer three questions in a chosen category. Questions were worth $200, $400, and $800 respectively. Round 3 was identical, except that the question values increased to $500, $1,000, and $2,000.
The Double Feature Round
Similar to the final round on Jeopardy!, each team could wager all, half, or none of their accumulated bankroll on a question in a predetermined category. Afterwards, the teams were shown 2 film clips from the same category, then were asked a question related to both clips. The teams then had 20 seconds to write down their answers. The team with the highest score at the end of the round won the game and proceeded to the bonus round. Both teams kept their money.
The Fast Film Round
Each player was given 15 seconds (30 seconds total) to identify nine pictures in a particular category (such as "Men in Uniform" or "Barbra Streisand Films"). Once a player got a picture right or passed on it, they moved on to the next one. The other player began with the pictures the first player didn't get to, followed by the ones the first player missed. Each correct answer lit up a letter in "H-O-L-L-Y-W-O-O-D" and earned the team $1,000 (passing on a picture turned a letter blue); nine correct answers (lighting the entire word) won $25,000. The maximum possible win on the show (including "stolen" money) was $45,600.
References
CBS original programming
1990s American game shows
1992 American television series debuts
1992 American television series endings
Television series by CBS Studios
Television series by Sony Pictures Television | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hollywood%20Game |
Desi Jews are Jews living in South Asia (or originally from this region, also known as the Indian subcontinent) who belong to communities that had been integrated into South Asian culture and society.
The term Desi, found in most South Asian languages, is used by the South Asians to refer to themselves. It means "one of us, of our land", alluding to a common culture (the opposite is Paradesi or Videshi aka non-Desi, "foreigner", see Paradesi Jews). After the 1947 partition, the term is also employed when it is intended to avoid any allusion to the specific state of origin, also when the topic involves all the Indian subcontinent. Many outsiders tend to indiscriminately use the word "Indian" for South Asian people and culture. This might be considered offensive by non-Indian Desi (the state of India is just a part of the Indian subcontinent).
Unlike other areas of the world, the Jewish communities were accepted and integrated in the local society of the Indian subcontinent. Also, similar to the Parsis, and other (originally) foreign communities, the preservation of group identity was facilitated by the caste system. In Desi society, a person's allegiance to a group, part of its fabric, is presumed and respected.
The Desi Jewish communities are some of the oldest in world, with more than 2000 years of continuity in the Indian subcontinent (such as the Cochin Jews and the Bene Israel). Most of them lived on the coast of the Arabian Sea. They were involved in trade in the Malabar area, also in the production of oil. A turning point was the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. They introduced the Inquisition on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, persecuting the Jewish and Christian communities. The arrival of the Europeans facilitated the immigration of Jews with Sephardi and Mizrahi backgrounds. In the times of the British Raj the arrival of the Sephardim and Mizrahim who were to be considered "Europeans" by the British authority, hence their name of Paradesi Jews ("White Jews") created some friction with the shunned older Desi communities.
After the mid-20th century, when the Indian subcontinent was partitioned and Israel was created, most Desi Jews emigrated mainly to Israel.
See also
Cochin Jews
Bene Israel
Baghdadi Jews
Bnei Menashe
Bene Ephraim
Knanaya
Judeo-Malayalam
Judæo-Marathi
Pakistani Jews
References
Dicţionar enciclopedic de iudaism, Editura Hasefer, București, 2000,
External links
Emigrants in New York
Who Are the Jews of India?
Jews of India
Large collection of quotes by Hindu philosophers and writers against Anti-Semitism
Jews and Judaism in India
Jews and Judaism in Pakistan
Pakistani Jews
South Asian Jews | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desi%20Jews |
WIMX (95.7 FM) is an urban adult contemporary radio station licensed to Gibsonburg, Ohio, known as "Mix 95.7". The station's studios are located in downtown Toledo, and its transmitter is located west of Woodville, Ohio.
History
WRED
The station began broadcasting on Monday, January 23, 1989. The original owners were longtime Toledo radio personality Buddy Carr and his wife Carolyn.
95.7 began with an Adult Contemporary format with the call letters WRED . The station was known as Red 96. In July 1989, the format was changed to Oldies.
Sometime later, Oldies was dropped for a full-time simulcast of Toledo classic country music station WTOD 1560AM.
Y95.7
In 1993, Booth American, who was the owner of WKKO K-100 at the time, Entered into local marketing agreement (LMA) with the owners of WRED. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) duopoly had recently relaxed rules to allow a broadcaster to control 2 FM stations in a single market. WRED's operations, now under Booth's control, moved to the same facility as WTOD and WKKO on Arlington Avenue in South Toledo. However, the antenna and transmitter facility (and a since-vacant studio building) remained in Woodville.
On August 30, 1993, the format was changed to Country, branded as "Young Country Y95.7", and changed call letters to WYHK. The LMA deal ended in 1995, and Booth America purchased the station outright.
Mix 95.7
On March 20, 1996, the format was changed to Urban Adult Contemporary as "MIX 95.7". The callsign changed to WIMX. WIMX was later purchased by Cumulus Broadcasting in 1997. However, they were forced to sell WIMX due to FCC ownership limits. The station was sold to Riverside Broadcasting. Riverside Broadcasting then sold WIMX to its current owner, Urban Radio Broadcasting in April 2003 .
External links
Mix 95.7 website
IMX
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Urban Radio Broadcasting radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMX |
Geneva Steel was a steel mill located in Vineyard, Utah, United States, founded during World War II to enhance national steel output. It operated from December 1944 to November 2001. Its unique name came from a resort that once operated nearby on the shore of Utah Lake.
Integrated Steel mill
The plant was an integrated steel mill. Raw materials were shipped in by rail, processed into steel and steel products, and then reshipped by rail and truck to their final market. The plant, in addition to having all of the facilities for primary steel making, included on-site conversion of coal into coke, plus other facilities for post-processing of coal byproducts, including production of inorganic fertilizers. Blast furnaces converted raw iron ores into pig iron, and final conversion into steel was via open hearth furnaces. Rolling mill facilities for forming steel into plate, and some structural shapes were also located there.
At its peak of operations Geneva Steel was the largest steel mill west of the Mississippi River and produced 60 percent of the steel used in the Western United States.
Construction
The Geneva Steel mill was constructed with federal funds from November 1941 to December 1944 by Columbia Steel Company (since 1930 a U.S. Steel subsidiary) and United States Steel Corporation (U.S. Steel). Vineyard, Utah, was chosen as the location for the new plant because iron ore, coal, limestone, and other resources necessary for primary steel making are located in nearby areas of Utah, and because Utah Valley is far inland, away from possible Japanese attack on the West Coast. Columbia had opened a 120,000 tons/year blast furnace in Ironton in 1924 during a time of expansion from its home town of Pittsburg, California, that expansion had also included the acquisition of the Llewellyn Iron Works Torrance plant, which made Columbia one of the largest if not outright the largest steel business on the U.S. Pacific Coast prior to World War II.
Geneva Steel operated as a US government facility until June 1946, when it was sold for $47.5 million to U.S. Steel, a vast underbid compared to the mill's estimated $144 million value. But this was no different for many other war surplus facilities.
Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into development. Geneva shipped its first order in April 1944, comprising over 600 tons of steel plate. The thousands of new jobs created by the plant were hard to fill as many men were overseas fighting; women began working to make up the difference, filling 25 percent of the plant's workforce. To acknowledge Utah's and Geneva Steel's contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden.
Facilities
The initial first stage construction encompassed a plant on 1600 acres. The main constituent facilities were
Ground was broken in April 1942. On December 23, 1943 the first coke oven battery was charged. The first trial runs of the plate mill took place on March 23, 1944. By that date 2 blast furnaces, 3 open hearth furnaces and the slabbing mill were in regular operation.
Operations
After the purchase by U.S. Steel, the Geneva plant was started up again. By August 1946, 2 of 3 blast furnaces, 2 of 4 coke oven batteries, 3 of 9 open heath furnaces, the slabbing mill and the plate mill were in operation, but not the structural mill. Employment at the mill, the Horse Canyon coal mine and the limestone and dolomite quarry at Payson rose to slightly more than 2000.
The Consolidated Steel Corporation of Los Angeles bought approximately 60,000 tons of 31 feet by 92 inches plates for a 214 mile section of the 30-inch Texas-California pipe line in 1946-1947 and 92 and 95-inch plates of the same length for the 980 miles of 30 and 31-inch pipes for the Trans-Arabian Pipeline in 1947-? and then 167,918 tons of plates for the Kirkuk–Baniyas pipeline in 1950 and 1951 from the Geneva Mill. Even though a U.S. Steel subsidiary after August 1948, Consolidated bought its plate for the Transcontinental Pipeline project from the Kaiser Fontana mill in 1949-1950 and also built a new blast furnace for the Fontana plant around the same time.
In October 1948 Columbia Steel Co. opened a new 325,000 tons / year cold reduction and tin plate mill in Pittsburg, California.
In May 1955 Consolidated Western's new pipe mill in Provo shipped its first deliveries.
Economic importance and continuing viability
During its operation Geneva Steel was important to Utah County's economy, providing thousands of jobs and attracting many ancillary businesses to the area. As time went on, however, the plant's fortunes declined due to multiple factors increasing labor costs and pension woes, foreign imports, Utah's relative isolation from the rest of the United States and the general decline of manufacturing industries in the United States.
On at least one occasion, Geneva Steel paid its workers in uncommon $2 bills intending to flood the local community with evidence of the plant's importance to the economy.
Early in 1987 the mill shut down temporarily, but reopened later after the mill was spun off from US Steel and purchased by local business interests. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, students from Brigham Young University (BYU) protested the pollution, particularly the particulate matters, emitted from the steel operation. They carried signs at the entrance of BYU football games that included slogans like, "Pollution makes God barf."
The Cannon Brothers (Christopher and Joseph) bought the plant with the help of Utah Senator Orrin Hatch. They tried to keep it open for as long as possible. However, in March 1999 the company filed bankruptcy and reorganized with a $110 million loan via the Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Act of 1999, but the reorganization attempt failed. Geneva Steel filed bankruptcy again and shut down permanently in November 2002.
There is some controversy regarding their alleged pollution of Utah Lake. Contaminated groundwater under a former Utah steel mill may be moving toward Utah Lake according to a recent report conducted by a Salt Lake City engineering company. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is investigating the CH2M Hill study of the Geneva Steel site to determine if contaminated groundwater is moving beyond the facility boundary. The facility site and environmental contaminants are being remediated under EPA's voluntary Brownfields cleanup program.
U.S. Steel operated the site in the early 1940s, producing millions of tons of steel for the war effort. After the war, U.S. Steel ran the company until 1987 when it sold the plant to Geneva Steel Company. During its years of operation, the facility produced wastes contaminated with human carcinogens and hazardous substances including arsenic, lead, zinc, nickel, acids, PCBs and petroleum products. Arsenic, ammonia, and benzene recently showed up in a number of groundwater monitoring wells around the perimeter of the plant. The Utah Department of Environmental Quality is still unsure, however, if toxic chemicals are definitely moving toward Utah Lake.
Liquidation deals
Liquidation of Geneva Steel's substantial assets may have broad effects on Utah County's future development.
Geneva Steel's of land were sold in November 2005 for $46.8 million to Anderson Geneva, a sister company to Anderson Development, which plans to reuse the land for a wide range of purposes, including the FrontRunner commuter rail corridor. The land must undergo environmental cleanups before any development can occur, with most of the cost paid for by U.S. Steel. The mill equipment will not remain because it has been sold for $40 million to the Chinese firm Qingdao Iron & Steel Group.
Most of Geneva Steel's water rights were sold to the Central Utah Water Conservancy District in May 2005 for $88.5 million, with some additional water rights sold for $14 million to the private firm Summit Vineyard, LLC, which has used them to support their Lake Side power plant. Its iron ore properties were sold for $10 million to Palladon Ventures Ltd, which hopes to build a new steel mill with modern technology closer to the iron ore mines.
Geneva Steel's 7,000 tons of emission reduction credits are also for sale. In January 2006, local citizens announced they were forming a group to attempt to purchase and retire those credits in order to maintain local air quality. The exact price of the credits will be determined by the open market, but estimates of the value of the emissions reduction credits range from $350,000 to $35,000,000.
In popular culture
The movie Footloose was set in a fictional town in Oklahoma, but was filmed entirely in Utah County, Utah, part of the Provo metropolitan area. The Geneva steel mill was the setting for a dance montage by the lead character, Ren McCormack.
The site today
Early in 2007, the site made headlines in the Utah press, as owner Anderson Geneva made an offer to Real Salt Lake. The deal included moving their stadium to the Geneva site and they (Anderson Geneva) would offer up the land for free. The offer was subsequently turned down.
Timpanogos Harley-Davidson is located across the street from the old Geneva Steel Pipe Mill facility on the site of an old truck stop serving the many trucks that visited the plant. The building is constructed from salvaged materials and beams from various mill buildings with the interior walls, doors, and partitions coming from other mill buildings and offices.
In 2014 Utah Valley University purchased 125 acres of the Geneva Steel site in order to expand to a new “West” Campus.
See also
C. Arden Pope
References
External sources
E. Dixon Larson collection on Geneva Steel, MSS 1865, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Flyover of old steel mill facilities in second half of video.
Ironworks and steel mills in the United States
Economy of Utah
Buildings and structures in Utah County, Utah
Industrial buildings and structures in Utah
Industrial buildings completed in 1944
U.S. Steel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva%20Steel |
Latent learning is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation. In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information.
Latent learning is when the observation of something, rather than experiencing something directly, can affect later behavior. Observational learning can be many things. A human observes a behavior, and later repeats that behavior at another time (not direct imitation) even though no one is rewarding them to do that behavior.
In the social learning theory, humans observe others receiving rewards or punishments, which invokes feelings in the observer and motivates them to change their behavior.
In latent learning particularly, there is no observation of a reward or punishment. Latent learning is simply animals observing their surroundings with no particular motivation to learn the geography of it; however, at a later date, they are able to exploit this knowledge when there is motivation - such as the biological need to find food or escape trouble.
The lack of reinforcement, associations, or motivation with a stimulus is what differentiates this type of learning from the other learning theories such as operant conditioning or classical conditioning.
Comparison to other types of learning
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is when an animal eventually subconsciously anticipates a biological stimulus such as food when they experience a seemingly random stimulus, due to a repeated experience of their association. One significant example of classical conditioning is Ivan Pavlov's experiment in which dogs showed a conditioned response to a bell the experimenters had purposely tried to associate with feeding time. After the dogs had been conditioned, the dogs no longer only salivated for the food, which was a biological need and therefore an unconditioned stimulus. The dogs began to salivate at the sound of a bell, the bell being a conditioned stimulus and the salivating now being a conditioned response to it. They salivated at the sound of a bell because they were anticipating food.
On the other hand, latent learning is when an animal learns something even though it has no motivation or stimulus associating a reward with learning it. Animals are therefore able to simply be exposed to the information for the sake of information and it will come to their brain. One significant example of latent learning in rats subconsciously creating mental maps and using that information to be able to find a biological stimulus such as food faster later on when there is a reward. These rats already knew the map of the maze, even though there was no motivation to learn the maze before the food was introduced.
Operant conditioning
Operant Conditioning is the ability to tailor an animals behavior using rewards and punishments. Latent Learning is tailoring an animals behavior by giving them time to create a mental map before a stimulus is introduced.
Social learning theory
Social learning theory suggests that behaviors can be learned through observation, but actively cognizant observation. In this theory, observation leads to a change in behavior more often when rewards or punishments associated with specific behaviors are observed. Latent learning theory is similar in the observation aspect, but again it is different due to the lack of reinforcement needed for learning.
Early studies
In a classic study by Edward C. Tolman, three groups of rats were placed in mazes and their behavior observed each day for more than two weeks. The rats in Group 1 always found food at the end of the maze; the rats in Group 2 never found food; and the rats in Group 3 found no food for 10 days, but then received food on the eleventh. The Group 1 rats quickly learned to rush to the end of the maze; Group 2 rats wandered in the maze but did not preferentially go to the end. Group 3 acted the same as the Group 2 rats until food was introduced on Day 11; then they quickly learned to run to the end of the maze and did as well as the Group 1 rats by the next day. This showed that the Group 3 rats had learned about the organisation of the maze, but without the reinforcement of food. Until this study, it was largely believed that reinforcement was necessary for animals to learn such tasks. Other experiments showed that latent learning can happen in shorter durations of time, e.g. 3–7 days. Among other early studies, it was also found that animals allowed to explore the maze and then detained for one minute in the empty goal box learned the maze much more rapidly than groups not given such goal orientation.
In 1949, John Seward conducted studies in which rats were placed in a T-maze with one arm coloured white and the other black. One group of rats had 30 mins to explore this maze with no food present, and the rats were not removed as soon as they had reached the end of an arm. Seward then placed food in one of the two arms. Rats in this exploratory group learned to go down the rewarded arm much faster than another group of rats that had not previously explored the maze. Similar results were obtained by Bendig in 1952 where rats were trained to escape from water in a modified T-maze with food present while satiated for food, then tested while hungry. Upon being returned to the maze while food deprived, the rats learned where the food was located at a rate that increased with the number of pre-exposures given the rat in the training phase. This indicated varying levels of latent learning.
Most early studies of latent learning were conducted with rats, but a study by Stevenson in 1954 explored this method of learning in children. Stevenson required children to explore a series of objects to find a key, and then he determined the knowledge the children had about various non-key objects in the set-up. The children found non-key objects faster if they had previously seen them, indicating they were using latent learning. Their ability to learn in this way increased as they became older.
In 1982, Wirsig and co-researchers used the taste of sodium chloride to explore which parts of the brain are necessary for latent learning in rats. Decorticate rats were just as able as normal rats to accomplish the latent learning task.
More recent studies
Latent learning in infants
The human ability to perform latent learning seems to be a major contributor to why infants can use knowledge they learned while they did not have the skills to use them. For example, infants do not gain the ability to imitate until they are 6 months. In one experiment, one group of infants was exposed to hand puppets A and B simultaneously at the age of three-months. Another control group, the same age, was only presented to with puppet A. All of the infants were then periodically presented with puppet A until six-months of age. At six-months of age, the experimenters performed a target behavior on the first puppet while all the infants watched. Then, all the infants were presented with puppet A and B. The infants that had seen both puppets at 3-months of age imitated the target behavior on puppet B at a significantly higher rate than the control group which had not seen the two puppets paired. This suggests that the pre-exposed infants had formed an association between the puppets without any reinforcement. This exhibits latent learning in infants, showing that infants can learn by observation, even when they do not show any indication that they are learning until they are older.
The impact of different drugs on latent learning
Many drugs abused by humans imitate dopamine, the neurotransmitter that gives humans motivation to seek rewards. It is shown that zebra-fish can still latently learn about rewards while lacking dopamine if they are given caffeine. If they were given caffeine before learning, then they could use the knowledge they learned to find the reward when they were given dopamine at a later time.
Alcohol may impede on latent learning. Some zebra-fish were exposed to alcohol before exploring a maze, then continued to be exposed to alcohol when the maze had a reward introduced. It took these zebra-fish much longer to find a reward in the maze than the control group that had not been exposed to alcohol, even though they showed the same amount of motivation. However, it was shown that the longer the zebra-fish were exposed to alcohol, the less it had an effect of their latent learning. Another experiment group were zebra-fish representing alcohol withdrawal. Zebra-fish that performed the worst were those who had been exposed to alcohol for a long period, then had it removed before the reward was introduced. These fish lacked in motivation, motor dysfunction, and seemed to have not latently learned the maze.
Other factors impacting latent learning
Though the specific area of the brain responsible for latent learning may not have been pinpointed, it was found that patients with medial temporal amnesia had particular difficulty with a latent learning task which required representational processing.
Another study, conducted with mice, found intriguing evidence that the absence of a prion protein disrupts latent learning and other memory functions in the water maze latent learning task. A lack of phencyclidine was also found to impair latent learning in a water finding task.
References
Ethology
Learning methods
Memory | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20learning |
"Second Hand News" is a song written by Lindsey Buckingham. The song was first performed by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac as the opening track of their 1977 album Rumours.
Background
"Second Hand News" was a frontrunner for the lead track off of the album Rumours. According to author Jacob Hoye, its opening lines "I know there's nothing to say/Someone has taken my place" set the mood for the entire album. "Second Hand News" is one of several songs on Rumours that reflects the romantic breakup of Buckingham and bandmate Stevie Nicks. The song was inspired by the redemption Buckingham was finding in other women after the failed relationship with Nicks. He sings that although he does not trust his lover and cannot live with her, he cannot live without her either. Fleetwood Mac biographer Donald Brackett highlights the irony of lines such as "One thing I think you should know/I ain't gonna miss you when you go."
According to Buckingham, the song incorporates Scottish and Irish folk song influences. Buckingham originally introduced the song to the band on the guitar without any lyrics, with the working title of "Strummer." "Strummer" has appeared on various reissues of "Rumours", including the 3-disc edition released in 2013. Buckingham initially withheld the lyrics to avoid getting into an argument with Nicks over them.
The band originally played the song in a march rhythm. However, Buckingham wanted a disco-like groove for the song after hearing the Bee Gees' "Jive Talkin'". Buckingham and co-producer Richard Dashut built up the song with four audio tracks of electric guitar and the use of chair percussion to evoke Celtic rock. A Naugahyde chair was struck to create the unusual percussion sound. Originally, John McVie contributed a bass part that Ken Caillat described as "melodic" and "flowing". However, while McVie was on vacation, Buckingham put down his own bassline, one that was very simple, just quarter notes. “It worked, though. Buckingham had a grand plan in his head, and he got his way. This was the start of him really calling the shots. It became a ‘my way or the highway’ thing with him, which he perfected on the Tusk album.” McVie would eventually rerecord the bass guitar part in accordance with Buckingham's instructions, but he made slight changes to make the part his own.
During the guitar solo, the band overlaid a wordless vocal to enhance the effect. Music journalist Chuck Eddy uses this as a prime example of rock musicians using vocals as a bassline. According to author Cath Carroll, Buckingham's "syncopated scat singing" on this part and his singing on the "vigorous chorus" provides energy to the song. Carroll also praises Mick Fleetwood's drumming on the chorus as being some of his best. Carroll sums up the song by stating that "the romping acoustic guitars, pounding piano, and vigorous vocals combine in the final mix as an exuberant and hyper-rhythmic whole."
Critical reception
Pitchfork critic Jessica Hopper describes "Second Hand News" as "perhaps the most euphoric ode to rebound chicks ever written." She describes it as being similar to the hit single "Go Your Own Way" in being "upbeat but totally fuck you." Rolling Stone magazine critic John Swenson claimed that "Second Hand News" was almost as good as "Go Your Own Way." He says that despite being about the breakup of his relationship with Nicks, the song is "anything but morose, and completely outdoes the Eagles in the kiss-off genre." Musically, Swenson claims that "the chunking acoustic guitar rhythm carries the song to a joyful chorus," resulting in "timeless pop harmony." Hoye considers "Second Hand News" to be an example of one of the lesser-known songs on Rumours that is "just as great as the hits." Author Tracie Ratiner describes "Second Hand News" as one of Fleetwood Mac's "trademark songs." BBC critic Daryl Easlea calls the refrain "euphoric." Classic Rock History critic Millie Zeiler rated it Buckingham's 4th best song with Fleetwood Mac.
Other appearances
"Second Hand News" was included on the Fleetwood Mac compilation albums 25 Years – The Chain in 1992 and The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac in 2002. The track has also appeared on a couple of live set lists, including their 2013 tour and their 2018-2019 An Evening With Fleetwood Mac tour.
Personnel
Lindsey Buckingham – electric guitars, acoustic guitar, chair percussion, tom toms, lead vocals
Mick Fleetwood – drums, shakers, marching snare drum
John McVie – bass guitar
Christine McVie – organ, backing vocals
Stevie Nicks – backing vocals
Certifications
Cover versions
Mates of State covered "Second Hand News" on their 2010 album Crushes (The Covers Mixtape). Mates of State member Jason Hammel suggested that this was "the weirdest" challenge they faced on the album. The Mates of State version begins with a reggae beat, which Hammel thought people might hate, but felt that "if people need to be stoned to enjoy this one, so be it."
Tonic covered the song on the 1998 tribute album Legacy: A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac's Rumours.
Julienne Taylor covered the song on her 2002 album Racing the Clouds Home and as a single.
Kid Rock sampled "Second Hand News" for the bassline of his 1998 song "Wasting Time."
References
1977 songs
Songs written by Lindsey Buckingham
Fleetwood Mac songs
Song recordings produced by Ken Caillat
Song recordings produced by Richard Dashut
Tonic (band) songs
2000 singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Hand%20News |
WVKS (92.5 FM) also known as 92.5 KISS-FM is an iHeartMedia-owned station serving Toledo, Ohio with a Top 40 (CHR) format; it is the most popular Toledo station in this format.
WVKS' studios and offices are located at Superior and Lafayette in downtown Toledo. The station's transmitter is located on Neiderhouse Road in Perrysburg Township, Ohio.
Inception and early usage
92.5 went on the air in the Toledo area as WMHE on October 14, 1957. The station was founded by William A. Hillebrand (1917–2005). Though FM broadcasting was still in its infancy at the time, Hillebrand saw FM radio, with its superior sound quality for musical recordings, as an investment that would prove viable in the long run. "He foresaw something that he thought was going to be successful and he was right," his widow, Marvel Hillebrand, told The Toledo Blade after his death in 2005. The call letters stood for "Wired Music Hillebrand Electronics".
WMHE's initial format consisted of "fine arts" music programming, including classical, jazz, and big band music. But, another important reason why Mr. Hillebrand created WMHE was to transmit the new Muzak subscription service to businesses and restaurants in the Toledo area. FM radio has a second audio channel, a subcarrier channel, that's only received through special receivers and used to distribute Muzak. The transmitter was located behind the studio building on Bancroft St. next to an electronics store also owned and operated by Mr. Hillebrand (Hillebrand Electronics).
In the early 1970s, Mr. Hillebrand wanted to expand his Muzak coverage area and constructed a much larger transmitter at a new site near Perrysburg, Ohio. The tower was 550 feet tall and the transmitter generated 50,000 watts of Muzak power. With his new transmitter, Mr. Hillebrand could now offer Muzak to places as far away as Lima, Ohio and Fort Wayne, Indiana. The programming on the regular FM channel remained beautiful music.
But, in 1975, Mr. Hillebrand decided to capitalize on the popularity of rock and roll so a new staff was hired to launch the new station. It consisted of Dave Deppish (mornings), Mark Howell (middays), Mike O'Mara (evenings), and Larry Weseman (nights). In the spring of 1975, Toledo's newest album oriented rock (AOR) station debuted with The Doobie Brothers "Listen to the Music". Within a year, more jocks were hired including Timm Morrison (later of WWWM-FM and WMJC in Detroit) and Bob Crowley.
WMHE, with its unique blend of rock and roll, became a very popular Toledo station garnishing the highest Toledo ratings during middays, and because of the large coverage area, it became very popular throughout a good portion of Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana. The station gained in popularity when many of the stores that carried Muzak, would switch over to the main audio channel in order to pull in WMHE. Its primary competition was WIOT, and some of the WIOT jocks joined the WMHE airstaff over the next few years. They included Dorien Pastor (founder of WIOT), John Fisher as the new morning man and program director (now at KHTP-Seattle), and Bob Thomas. Toledo jock Buddy Carr was also part of the airstaff in 1976. Rick Bird was news director for a time with other news personalities Tom Waniewski and Chris O'Connor both from the University of Toledo.
Because of Mr. Hillebrand's fascination with new radio technology, WMHE was partially automated. The automation consisted of a bank of six cartridge "carousels" each holding 24 tape cartridges. All of the music was on these cartridges or "carts" (similar to 8-track tapes), but only one item (a song, a voicetrack, or a commercial) was on each cart. The jocks would record their announcements on individual carts, usually introducing a song or back-announcing a few songs that had just played in the carousel. Portions of the morning and evening shows were performed 'live'.
WMHE operated in this fashion (promoting itself "turn MHE [me] on") through 1978 at which time the format was briefly changed to disco. Following much anger from its listeners (and major damage to the station's sign out front) disco was dumped and the format was changed back to rock. By 1981, the station changed to an equally successful Adult contemporary format. In the early 1980s, WMHE was named one of the 500 most-listened-to stations in the country.
Hillebrand finally sold WMHE to Osborn Communications in 1986, and then to Noble Broadcasting in 1988. In the face of the changes, WMHE switched to Top 40/CHR. To compete better with then rival WRQN, 93Q, the station dropped the call letters WMHE in favor of WVKS and moved to an Adult Top 40 presentation. Their slogan was "The Right Music, Right Now." The new "92.5 KISS FM" became a ratings powerhouse in Toledo (especially after WRQN left the CHR format to flip to Oldies in October 1991), consistently racking up 12+ shares in the double digits and challenging the market's longtime ratings leaders, country-formatted WKKO (K100) and rocker (and future sister station) WIOT. The ratings boom came largely as a result of station manager Andy Stewart's decision to hire DJ's Denny Schaffer (mornings), Johny D (Afternoon Drive) and Billy Michaels (nights).
In the mid-'90s the station was sold to Jacor Communications, and its dominance continued. WVKS left its original studio on Bancroft Street and moved downtown to the Superior Street studios of sister stations WRVF and WSPD in 1998 when iHeartMedia (then Clear Channel Communications) took over operations. Shortly thereafter 92.5 KISS FM lost its individual identity and became part of Clear Channel's standard issue KISS format. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the station got more competition in the form of urban stations WJUC and WJZE in (March 2005) as well as another CHR station, Cumulus Media's WTWR-FM (Tower 98-3), which moved from Monroe, Michigan to achieve better coverage of the market; WTWR has since switched to adult contemporary music and re-focused on Monroe as "My 98-3" WMIM, leading WVKS to once again have the CHR format all to itself in Toledo. While no longer the ratings giant it was in the 1990s, 92.5 KISS FM remains among Toledo's top five most listened-to stations among all (12+) listeners.
HD Radio
On September 15, 2014, WVKS-HD2 began simulcasting on 94.9 W235BH, a former simulcast of WSPD. After a one-day stunt of Christmas music, it began to broadcast urban contemporary music as "94.9, The Beat". Previous to this, WVKS-HD2 aired a canned EDM format provided by iHeartRadio.
References
External links
92.5 KISS-FM
WVKS FM 92.5 at Michiguide
VKS
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1957
IHeartMedia radio stations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVKS |
Thingyan is the Myanmar New Year festival that usually occurs in middle of April. It is a Buddhist festival celebrated over a period of four to five days, culminating in the New Year. The dates of the Thingyan Festival are calculated according to the Burmese calendar. The dates of the festival are observed as public holidays throughout Myanmar, and are part of the summer holidays at the end of the school year. Water-throwing or dousing one another from any shape or form of vessel or device that delivers water is the distinguishing feature of this festival and may be done on the first four days of the festival. The New Year takes place at virtually the same time as the new year celebrations of many countries in South Asia like China (Dai People of Yunnan Province), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka.
Thingyan is comparable to other festivities in the region such as the Songkran in Laos, the Songkran in Thailand, the Cambodian New Year, the Sinhalese New Year and the festivals like Vaisakhi (Punjab), Puthandu (Tamil Nadu), Vishu (Kerala) and Bihu (Assam) in India.
Names
The name "Thingyan" (, ; Arakanese: ) is derived from the Sanskrit word saṁkrānti, which means the "transit [of the Sun from Pisces to Aries].". The holiday is known as Sangkran () in Mon and as Sangkyan in Shan ().
Origin & History
The story about Thingyan is a Buddhist version of Hindu mythology. The King of Brahmas called Arsi (), lost a wager to the King of Devas, Śakra (), who decapitated Arsi as agreed. Still, the head of an elephant was put onto the Brahma's body which then became Ganesha. The Brahma was so powerful that if the head were thrown into the sea it would dry up immediately. If it were thrown onto land it would be scorched. If it were thrown up into the air the sky would burst into flames. Sakra, therefore, ordained that the Brahma's head be carried by one goddess after another taking turns for a year each. The new year henceforth has come to signify the changing of hands of the Brahma's head.
Although there's no evidence of when the Thingyan Festival was started, many historians said that it was established during the Tagaung Kingdom, also known as the Pyu Era, but once the Bagan Kingdom was established, Thingyan becomes one of the most famous festivals in Myanmar. The earliest stone inscription about Thingyan is found at Saw Hla Wun pagoda which dates back to 1291 AD.
Thingyan Eve
The eve of Thingyan, the first day of the festival is called Pre-day (in Myanmar, ), and is the start of a variety of religious activities. Buddhists are expected to observe the Eight Precepts, more than the basic Five Precepts, including having only one meal before noon. Thingyan is a time when uposatha observance days, similar to the Christian sabbath, are held. Alms and offerings are laid before monks in their monasteries and offerings of a green coconut with its stalk intact encircled by bunches of green bananas (, nga pyaw pwè oun pwè) and sprigs of thabyay (Syzygium cumini) before the Buddha images over which scented water is poured in a ceremonial washing from the head down. In ancient times, Burmese kings had a hair-washing ceremony with clear pristine water from Gaungsay Kyun (lit. Head Washing Island), a small rocky outcrop of an island in the Gulf of Martaban near Mawlamyine.
Nightfall brings music, song and dance, and merrymaking in anticipation of the water festival. In neighbourhoods, pavilions with festive names constructed from bamboo, wood and beautifully decorated papier mache, are assembled overnight. Local girls rehearse for weeks and even years, in the run-up to the great event in song and dance in chorus lines. Each band of girls are uniformly dressed in colourful tops and skirts and wears garlands of flowers and tinsel. They wear fragrant thanaka - a paste of the ground bark of Murraya paniculata which acts as both sunblock and astringent - on their faces, and sweet-scented yellow padauk (Pterocarpus macrocarpus) blossoms in their hair. Padauk blooms only one day each year during Thingyan and is popularly known as the "Thingyan flower". Large crowds of revellers, on foot, on bicycles and motorbikes, and in trucks, will do the rounds of all the mandat, some making their own music and most of the women wearing thanaka and padauk. Floats, decorated and lit up, also with festive names and carrying an orchestra as well as dozens of young men on each of them, will roam the streets stopping at every mandat exchanging songs specially written for the festival including Thingyan classics, and performing than gyat (similar to rapping but one man leads and the rest bellows at the top of their voices making fun of and criticising whatever is wrong in the country today such as fashion, consumerism, runaway inflation, crime, drugs, AIDS, corruption, inept politicians etc.). Accidents and incidents from drunk or reckless driving in crowded streets, as well as drunkenness, arguments and brawling are problems that typically occur. Generally, however friendliness and goodwill prevail.
Water Festival
The next day called a-kya nei () is when Thingyan fully arrives as Thagyamin makes his descent from his celestial abode to Earth. At a given signal, a cannon (Thingyan a-hmyauk) is fired and people come out with pots of water and sprigs of thabyay, then pour the water onto the ground with a prayer. A prophecy for the new year (, Thingyan sa) will have been announced by the brahmins (ponna) and this is based on what animal Thagya Min will be riding on his way down and what he might carry in his hand. Children are told that if they have been good Thagya Min will take their names down in a golden book but if they have been naughty their names will go into a dog book.
Serious water throwing does not begin until a-kya nei in most of the country although there are exceptions to the rule. Traditionally, Thingyan involved the sprinkling of scented water in a silver bowl using sprigs of thabyay (Jambul), a practice that continues to be prevalent in rural areas. The sprinkling of water was intended to metaphorically "wash away" one's sins of the previous year. In major cities such as Yangon, garden hoses, huge syringes made of bamboo, brass or plastic, water pistols and other devices from which water can be squirted are used in addition to the gentler bowls and cups. Water balloons and even fire hoses have been employed. It is the hottest time of the year in the country and a good dousing is welcomed by most. All able-bodied individuals are included in this game, except for monks. Some overenthusiastic young lads may get captured by women, who often are their main target, and become kids of a practical joke with soot from cooking pots smeared on their faces. Maidens from mandat's with dozens of garden hoses exchange hundreds of gallons of water with throngs of revellers and one floats after another. Many revellers carry towels to block water from getting into their ears and for modesty as they get thoroughly soaked in their light summer clothes. The odd prankster might use ice water and a drive-by splash with this would be taken humorously. Pwè (performances) by puppeteers, orchestras, yein dance troupes, comedians, film stars and singers including modern pop groups are commonplace during this festival.
Modern-day celebrations
During the Water Festival, the Myanmar government relaxed restrictions on gatherings. In the former capital, Yangon, the government permits crowds to gather on the Kandawgyi Pat Lann and Kabaraye Roads. Temporary water-spraying stations, known as pandals, are set up and double as dance floors. Many of these pavilions are sponsored by rich and powerful families and businesses
The third day is known as a-kyat nei () and there may be two of them, as an extra day is added in certain years. The fourth day is known as a-tet nei () when Thagya Min returns to the heavens, the last day of the water festival. Some would throw water at people late into the day making an excuse such as "Thagya Min left his pipe and has come back for it"! Over the long festive holiday, a time-honoured tradition is mont lone yay baw (), glutinous rice balls with jaggery (palm sugar) inside thrown into boiling water in a huge wok and served as soon as they resurface which gave it the name. Young men and women help in making it and all are welcome, some have put a birdseye chilli inside instead of jaggery as a trick. Mont let saung () is another Thingyan snack, made of bits of sticky rice with toasted sesame in jaggery syrup and coconut milk. They are both served with grated coconut. In major cities such as Yangon and Mandalay, Rakhine Thingyan can also be experienced as Rakhine residents of the city celebrate in their own tradition. Water is scooped from a long boat (, laung hlei) to throw at revellers and Rakhine Mont di is served.
New Year's Day
The following is New Year's Day (, hnit hsan ta yet nei). At this time Burmese visit elders and pay obeisance by gadaw (also called shihko) with a traditional offering of water in a terracotta pot and shampoo. Young people perform hairwashing for the elderly often in the traditional manner with shampoo beans (Acacia rugata) and bark. New year's resolutions are made, generally in the mending of ways and doing meritorious deeds for their karma. Releasing fish (, nga hlut pwè) is another time-honoured tradition on this day; fish are rescued from lakes and rivers that are drying up, then the fish are kept in huge glazed earthen pots and jars before being released into larger lakes and rivers with a prayer and a wish saying "I release you once, you release me ten times". Thingyan (, a-hka dwin) is also a common time for shinbyu, novitiation ceremonies for boys in the tradition of Theravada Buddhism when they will join the monks (Sangha) and spend a short time in a monastery immersed in the teachings of the Buddha, the Dhamma. It is akin to rites of passage or coming of age ceremonies in other religions.
On New Year's Day, people offer food donations called satuditha () at various places. They typically provide free food to those participating in the New Year's celebrations. Many Burmese wash their heads with Tayaw, kinpun on Burmese New Year's Day so as to leave behind all the impurities and bad omens from the past.
Regional traditions
Rakhine State - The Rakhine people have three unique customs that form Thingyan, namely the nantha grinding ceremony, the nantha pouring ceremony and the water festival. On the evening of New Year's Eve, Rakhine girls assemble to grind blocks of nantha sandalwood (used as a traditional cosmetic in Burma) on a kyaukpyin (a flat, circular stone used to grind sandalwood), as part of a competition. The following morning, the Rakhine visit monasteries and pagodas to offer the ground nantha to Buddha statues, as a gesture of ushering the new year.
Mon State - As part of Thingyan traditions, the Mon people offer a festive dish called Thingyan rice, which consists of rice, dried snakehead fish, a generous sprinkle of fried onions, a few flakes of beeswax and served alongside a salad of unripe green mangoes.
Tanintharyi Region - The Bamar of Dawei and Myeik pay respects to elders and provide free meals to accompany Thaman Kyar dance performances.
Shan State - The Shan people call Thingyan "Sangkyan" () and prepare a steamed sweetmeat called khaw mun haw (), made of glutinous rice flour and jaggery, wrapped in banana leaf. This is offered to neighbors as a gift of goodwill.
Chittagong Hill Tracts in Southeastern Bangladesh - Marma people organize water pouring stages in their villages. The main participants are young boys and girls. Apart from water pouring, they also visit a monastery to make special offerings and pray for well-being in the coming year. Marmas commonly follow the Burmese calendar.
See also
Water Festival
List of Buddhist festivals
South and Southeast Asian New Year
References
Notes
External links
Thingyan 2004 photos by Gerry Haines
Thingyan Fun and Games
Old Thingyan photo of a float by Goto Osami
Thingyan Photos by Goto Osami
Thingyan Time - When Fun-Loving Burmese Douse Their Disappointments Yeni, The Irrawaddy, April 11, 2007
Thangyat: Traditional Songs Hard to Suppress The Irrawaddy, April 2008
April observances
Buddhist holidays
Buddhist festivals in Myanmar
Observances set by the Burmese calendar
New Year celebrations
Public holidays in Myanmar | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thingyan |
Prudential station is an underground light rail station on the MBTA Green Line E branch, located below Huntington Avenue next to the Prudential Tower complex near Belvidere Street in Boston, Massachusetts. Prudential station is accessible, featuring low raised platforms and elevator service to the Huntington Arcade of the Prudential Center shopping mall at the base of the Prudential Tower.
History
The first tracks on Huntington Avenue east of Brigham Circle were laid at least as far as Massachusetts Avenue around 1883. By the time the line was electrified in 1894, tracks were in place on Huntington Avenue all the way to Copley Square. Surface cars were rerouted into the Public Garden Portal when the Tremont Street subway opened in 1897. By 1903, a service from Park Street to Arborway – the E branch as it would run for eight decades – was fully in place. Service was shifted to the Boylston Street Portal in 1914.
By the 1930s, auto traffic through Copley Square and Boylston Street (which, unlike Huntington Avenue, lacked dedicated medians for trolleys) caused major delays to streetcars. Mechanics station (named for nearby Mechanics Hall) and Symphony station were opened on February 16, 1941, as the two new stations of the Huntington Avenue subway project. The project was constructed by the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression and allowed streetcars from Huntington Avenue to go underground through Copley Square, cutting 15 minutes off trip times.
Mechanics station was renamed Prudential on December 3, 1964 upon completion of the Prudential Tower. In the 1970s, the headhouse on the inbound side was replaced during a widening of Huntington Avenue. The station was closed on Sundays for some time beginning on February 1, 1981 due to budget cuts. The station was made accessible in 2002–2003 as part of the construction of 111 Huntington Avenue nearby.
For many years, Prudential and were MBTA standard fare control stations like other underground stations in the system. However, as a cost-cutting measure they were changed to be the only two underground stops on the Green Line where riders paid upon boarding the train, rather than when entering the station. This was changed again in June 2006, when the MBTA installed the Charlie Card electronic fare collection system at Prudential and Symphony, allowing fares to be paid at the station entrances as with other underground stations on the system.
References
External links
MBTA – Prudential
Newton Street / Belvidere Street entrance from Google Maps Street View
Green Line (MBTA) stations
Prudential Financial
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1941
Railway stations located underground in Boston
Back Bay, Boston | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential%20station |
In the United States Government, the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR) is part of the United States Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in Europe and Eurasia (which it defines as being Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, the Caucasus Region, and Russia), as well as advising the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs.
From 1949 to 1983, European affairs were within the purview of the Bureau of European Affairs.
Organization
The offices of the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.
Front Office
Joint Executive Office – Oversees the bureau's human resources; shared with the Bureau of International Organization Affairs
Office of the Coordinator for U.S. Assistance to Europe and Eurasia – Coordinates policy regarding the European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Parliament, and the Council of Europe
Office of the Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues
Office of European Union and Regional Affairs
Office of Caucasus Affairs and Regional Conflicts – Responsible for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, and supports the U.S. Co-Chair of the OSCE Minsk Group
Office of Central European Affairs – Responsible for Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland
Office of Nordic and Baltic Affairs – Responsible for Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden
Office of Policy and Global Issues – Responsible for policy formulation and substantive expertise about global issues within the EUR region; strategic planning; and Congressional relations
Office of Press and Policy Outreach – Coordinates media engagement and public outreach, and prepares press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs
Office of Public Diplomacy – Coordinates public diplomacy strategies at U.S. posts in the EUR region
Office of Policy and Regional Affairs – Coordinates policy on nonproliferation and security issues, nuclear and strategic issues, missile defense, arms control, security assistance, sanctions, Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) policy and implementation, and international space cooperation
Office of Regional Security and Political Military Affairs – Coordinates policy on U.S. security interests, as well as policy regarding NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and European contributions to multinational military operations
Office of Russian Affairs – Responsible for Russia. Formerly the Office of Soviet Union Affairs - Responsible for the Soviet Union
Office of South Central European Affairs – Responsible for Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia
Office of Southern European Affairs – Responsible for Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey
Office of Eastern European Affairs – Responsible for Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine
Office of Western European Affairs – Responsible for Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, the Holy See/Vatican City, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain and the United Kingdom
References
External links
EUR
United States diplomacy
United States and NATO
Government agencies established in 1983
United States–European Union relations
United States–European relations
Albania–United States relations
Andorra–United States relations
Armenia–United States relations
Austria–United States relations
Azerbaijan–United States relations
Belarus–United States relations
Belgium–United States relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations
Bulgaria–United States relations
Croatia–United States relations
Cyprus–United States relations
Czech Republic–United States relations
Denmark–United States relations
Estonia–United States relations
France–United States relations
Finland–United States relations
Georgia (country)–United States relations
Greece–United States relations
Germany–United States relations
Holy See–United States relations
Hungary–United States relations
Iceland–United States relations
Ireland–United States relations
Italy–United States relations
Kosovo–United States relations
Latvia–United States relations
Liechtenstein–United States relations
Lithuania–United States relations
Luxembourg–United States relations
Malta–United States relations
Moldova–United States relations
Monaco–United States relations
Montenegro–United States relations
Netherlands–United States relations
North Macedonia–United States relations
Norway–United States relations
Poland–United States relations
Portugal–United States relations
Romania–United States relations
Russia–United States relations
San Marino–United States relations
Serbia–United States relations
Slovakia–United States relations
Slovenia–United States relations
Soviet Union–United States relations
Spain–United States relations
Sweden–United States relations
Switzerland–United States relations
Turkey–United States relations
Ukraine–United States relations
United Kingdom–United States relations | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20European%20and%20Eurasian%20Affairs |
Hohoe Municipal is one of the 25 administrative districts of the Volta Region of Ghana. It was carved out of the former Kpando District. It was established by the Legislative Instrument (L.I. 2072) of 2012. The Municipality has a total land area of 1,172 km2, which is 5.6 per cent of the land area of the region. It shares borders with the Republic of Togo on the east, forming part of Ghana's international border; on the southeast by the Afadzato district and southwest by Kpando Municipality; on the north with Jasikan district; and on the northwest with the Biakoye districts. Its capital, Hohoe, is about 78 km from Ho, the regional capital and 220 km from Accra, the national capital. The population of Hohoe Municipality, according to the 2010 Population and Housing Census, is 167,016 representing 7.9 per cent of the total population of the Volta Region. It comprises 52.1 per cent females and 47.9 percent males.
Major areas
Alavanyo-Dzogbedze, Alavanyo-Deme, Alavanyo Agorme, Alavanyo-Kpeme, Alavanyo-Wudidi, Alavanyo-Agorxoe, Alavanyo-Abehenase, Gbi-Bla, Gbi-Kpeme, Gbi-Godenu Gbi-Abansi, Gbi-Wegbe, Kpoeta, Gbi-Atabu, Gbi-Kledzo, Gborxome, Blave, Kitikpa, Lowcost, Segbedeme, Likpe, Lolobi, Bayika, Fodome, Torkorni.
Education
There are many private and public basic schools in Hohoe. A list of educational institutions in Hohoe are as follows:
Tertiary institutions
University of Health and Allied Sciences
St. Theresa's Training College
St. Francis College of Education
Hohoe Midwifery Training College
Secondary education
Hohoe EP Senior High School.
Likpe Senior High School
Alavanyo Senior High Technical School
Akpafu Senior High Technical School
Agate Senior High School
Afadjato Senior High Technical School
St. Mary's Seminary/Senior High School
Tourism
The Hohoe Municipality is a home of tourism potential capable of transforming its economy, as well as its overall contribution to national income when fully harnessed. It has beautiful landscapes, numerous eco-tourism sites that make it one of the most important tourist areas in the country. The Hohoe Municipality has the following marked tourism features:
i. The highest peak in Ghana Mount Afadja (Afadjato) located between Liati Wote and Gbledi communities
ii. The highest waterfall in West Africa – Wli Waterfall located at Wli.
iii. Tsatsadu Waterfall located at Alavanyo
iv. Tagbo Waterfall at Liati Wote
v. Wadjakli Waterfall located at Likpe Todome
vi. The most wonderful ancient old iron mines at Akpafu –Todzi
vii. The four ancestral caves located at Likpe-Todome
References
External links
Ghana-Pedia webpage – Hohoe
Ghana Ministry of Food & Agriculture
Populated places in the Volta Region
Education in Volta Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohoe |
Ronald MacLean-Abaroa (born in La Paz, 11 March 1949) is a former Bolivian politician and leading international expert in decentralization, devolution of government powers to local citizens, and anti-corruption strategies.
Biography
MacLean-Abaroa was the first democratically elected mayor of La Paz, Bolivia, and was reelected four times between 1985 and 1991 to this office.
Appointed the youngest minister at age 29, he has held five national cabinet positions including planning, foreign affairs, communications, finance, sustainable development and environment, under three different Bolivian presidents. He was Minister of Finance in 2000.
In the late 1990s, he spent three years with the Harvard Institute for International Development as a senior research fellow on governance, leading research on institutional reform and governance, and working on issues of decentralization, devolution of government powers to local citizens and anti-corruption strategies. He also lectures at Harvard Kennedy School.
In March 2002, MacLean-Abaroa won his party's first-ever primary election and the nomination as the presidential candidate of the right wing Nationalist Democratic Action or A.D.N (Acción Democrática Nacionalista), the party founded by former Bolivian Dictator General Hugo Banzer). The June 2002 elections marked his first unsuccessful bid for the presidency of Bolivia. Shortly after, he joined the World Bank as a Lead Public Sector Management specialist on governance, decentralization and poverty reduction.
A founding member of Transparency International, he is on their advisory council and served as the first chairman of TI-Latin America.
MacLean-Abaroa has served as a consultant and advisor on governance and anti-corruption issues to different international organizations and governments. He chaired both the Economic and Social Council of the Andean Pact Countries (1977) and the board of directors of the Andean Development Corporation (2000).
In the private sector, he helped launch, and managed the largest gold mining company in Bolivia, and other mining ventures, before entering politics.
MacLean-Abaroa received his master's degree in public administration (1980) from Harvard Kennedy School, where he became a research fellow, and his bachelor's degree in development economics (1971) from the University of Maryland.
Bibliography
He is the author of several articles and books, notably Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention (2000), coauthored with Robert Klitgaard and Lindsey Parris, that has been published in five languages.
See also
Politics of Bolivia
References
External links
1949 births
Living people
Mayors of La Paz
Foreign ministers of Bolivia
Finance ministers of Bolivia
Bolivian expatriates in the United States
Bolivian people of British descent
Candidates in the 2002 Bolivian presidential election
People from La Paz
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
Nationalist Democratic Action politicians
Mayors of places in Bolivia
Harvard Institute for International Development
Bolivian diplomats
Candidates for President of Bolivia | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20MacLean%20Abaroa |
Regat Germans or Old Kingdom Germans ( or ) are an ethnic German group of the eastern and southern parts of Romania. The Regat is a Romanian-language term ascribed for the initial territorial extent of the Kingdom of Romania before World War I, roughly the regions of the current state of Romania to the south and east of Transylvania.
Consequently, this territory includes Western Moldavia, Northern Dobruja, Muntenia, Oltenia, and the Hertsa region (now in Chernivtsi Oblast, southwestern Ukraine). Most of the Regat German population was re-settled in the mid 20th century during World War II through the Heim ins Reich national socialist population transfer policy. Nowadays, the remaining Regat Germans, as all other German groups in Romania, are represented in local and central politics by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR). The Regat Germans are part of the Romanian Germans.
Population transfers to Nazi Germany
As part of the Nazi-Soviet population transfers and the Heim ins Reich ("Home into the Empire") population transfer policy, Nazi Germany called ethnic Germans abroad to settle in the former Polish territories. Consequently, 77,000 Regat Germans were resettled in those regions in 1940.
Ethnic Germans from Romania resettled by Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944
See also
Dobrujan Germans
References
Further reading
Hans Liebhart, Deutsche in Bukarest - Zwei-drei Jahrhunderte erlebter Geschichte, ADZ Verlag, Bukarest 2003
Hans Liebhart, In Bukarest und Altrumänien - Deutsche Spuren noch und noch, ADZ Verlag, Bukarest 2006
„Aus fünf Jahrzehnten. Geschichte der Deutsch-Evangelischen Gemeinde Turn-Severin 1861-1911“, Tip. E.J. Knoll, Turnu – Severin, 1911 in Evangelisches Zentralarchiv in Berlin (ZA 5091 / 107), Signatur: EZA Bibl. 81/154 in „Echo der Vortragsreihe“, Nummer 12/2007, Reschitz, 2007
Zentralarchiv der Evangelischen Kirche A.B. in Rumänien in Kultur- und Begegnungszentrums "Friedrich Teutsch", Hermannstadt, Abtl. Kirchengemeinden, Bestand 179, Turn – Severin
Dănescu, Constantin, „Şantierul Naval din Turnu Severin”, Band 1, (1851 – 1950), Prier Verlag, Turn – Severin, 2004
Klein, Karl Kurt, Urkunden zur Geschichte evangelisch deutscher Diasporagemeinden im 19. Jahrhundert, Hermannstadt, Krafft & Drotleff, 1927
Klein, Karl Kurt, Geschichte der Jassyer deutsch-evangelischen Gemeinde (mit einem Überblick über den Protestantismus in der Moldau im XVI. u. XVII. Jahrhundert), Hermannstadt, 1924
Hering, Julius, Annalen der römisch-katholischen Pfarrei von Turn - Severin, in „Echo der Vortragsreihe“, Nummer 12/2006, Reschitz, 2006
Louie, de Bie, „Die Römisch – Katholische Gemeinde zu Turn – Severin, ist sie oder nicht unabhängig?“, Tip. E.J. Knoll, Turnu – Severin, 1889
Raymund Netzhammer: Bischof in Rumänien. Im Spannungsfeld zwischen Staat und Vatikan. Bd. I. und II. Hrsg. von Nikolaus Netzhammer in Verbindung mit Krista Zach, München 1996
Povești din folclorul germanilor din România by Roland Schenn, Corint publishing house, 2014 (in Romanian)
External links
Die Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung
The Romanian Government's Department for Inter-Ethnic Relations
Dobruja
Ethnic German groups in Romania | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regat%20Germans |
Blissard is the fifth full-length studio album by the Norwegian band Motorpsycho. It was the first where the band tried to bring some more focused and pre-written songs to tape, as opposed to their earlier working technique of doing lot of experimentation and brainstorming in the studio. It is often ranked among their best works by fans and critics.
Track listing
LP track listing
Blissard was also released on heavy-weight double vinyl to be played at 45 rpm. The track listing was as follows.
Track listing 2012 4-CD reissue
A 4-disc deluxe edition was released 23. November 2012 by Rune Grammofon, and includes the original album, the KiT-sessions, an additional mix of the original album with different track listing, as well as a fourth disc with B-sides and rarities.
Disc 1: The Original Album
Sinful, Wind-borne
"Drug Thing"
Greener
's Numbness
The Nerve Tattoo
True Middle
S.T.G.
Manmower
Fool's Gold
Nathan Daniel's Tune From Hawaii
Disc 2: When the World Sleeps (The KiT-sessions, 1994)
Stalemate
Flick of the Wrist
When the World Sleeps
Black W'abbit
The Ballad of Patrick & Putrick
7th Dream
Mad Sun
Disc 3: The Pidah Mixes
Sinful, Wind-borne
"Drug Thing"
Greener
The Matter With Her
's Numbness
The Nerve Tattoo
Manmower
Like Always
True Middle
S.T.G.
Stalemate
Disc 4: The Ones That Got Away B-sides, rehearsal tapes, the Atlantis psychosis files...
The Nerve Tattoo
Of Beacons & Beams
The Wheel
Pale Day
Mad Sun (short version)
A Saw Sage Full of Secretion
Heaven and Hell
Sterling Says
Never Judge
Baby Scooter
In the Midst of All That
Silver Tongue
Dave Gave Up
That Dying Breed
"Drug Thing"
A Shortcut to the Stars
La Luna
Atlantis Swing
Familjen tar plats i studion/Fyra kvällar session
Jazz på trøndska
Personnel
Bent Sæther: vocals, bass, guitars, taurus,
Hans Magnus Ryan: lead and rhythm guitars, vocals, taurus, banjo
Håkon Gebhardt: drums
Morten Fagervik: rhythm guitars, mellotron, clavinette, viscount organ, piano, vibraphone, vocals
with:
Helge Sten (Deathprod): samples, echoplex, oscillator, theremin
Ole Henrik Moe (Ohm): saw, violins
Bitten Forsudd: backing vocals
Rolf Yngve Uggen: backing vocals
Matt Burt: voice
M. Banto: pandeiro
Book
The deluxe edition released in 2012 was accompanied by a 330-page book about the album, written by Norwegian author Johan Harstad. The book was released in both hardback (limited to 980 copies) and pocket editions. The book was published by Falck forlag, as a part of an ongoing series of books related to Morgenbladets list of the hundred best Norwegian albums.
1996 albums
Motorpsycho albums | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blissard |
The Pfinz is a right tributary of the Rhine in Baden-Württemberg. Its origin is located at the northern edge of the Black Forest near the Straubenhardt borough of Pfinzweiler. Near Durlach it enters the Upper Rhine Plain and continues, splitting into several beds and canals, in northwesterly direction through several towns and villages north of Karlsruhe for example Staffort. The Pfinz discharges into the Rhine near Dettenheim-Rußheim. Over the course of its path the Pfinz crosses underneath two canals: one near the Karlsruhe borough of Hagsfeld and one by Dettenheim-Rußheim.
The river flows through Pfinztal and lent its name to the town of Pfinztal. The town was created by combining four previously independent villages on or near the Pfinz during the Baden-Württemberg district reform in the 1970s.
The area along the river is traditionally referred to as the Pfinzgau.
References
External links
Photos and information about the irrigation system in the Hardt north of Karlsruhe
Rivers of Baden-Württemberg
Rivers of Germany | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfinz |
Ali Abdul Saoud Mohamed () (born June 3, 1952) is a double agent who worked for both the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Egyptian Islamic Jihad simultaneously, reporting on the workings of each for the benefit of the other.
He came to the United States working as a translator for Ayman al-Zawahiri who toured California in 1993 following the World Trade Centre bombing, hoping to raise money for al-Jihad from the numerous Islamic charities that still existed from the days of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. While there, Zawahiri encouraged him to infiltrate the United States, claiming to be defecting to the United States. When he simply walked into the CIA office in Cairo and asked to speak to the station chief to offer his services, the Americans assumed he was an Egyptian spy, but nevertheless recruited him to be a junior intelligence agent. When tasked to infiltrate a mosque with ties to Hezbollah, he instead informed the imam he was an American spy intending to collect information. Another loyal American spy was also in the congregation and he reported Mohamed to the CIA, which dismissed him and sought to ban him from entering the United States. However, he later enlisted in the U.S. Army Special Forces, who sent him to the Special Warfare school and encouraged him to pursue a doctorate in Islamic Studies to teach courses on the Middle East.
In the 1980s, Mohamed trained anti-Soviet fighters en route to Afghanistan. FBI special agent Jack Cloonan called him "bin Laden's first trainer". Mohamed was charged with the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Nairobi, Kenya, and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. In October 2000, he pleaded guilty to five counts of conspiracy to kill nationals of the United States and to destroy U.S. property.
Mohamed was a major in the Egyptian Army's military intelligence, until being discharged for suspected fundamentalism in 1984. He enlisted in the U.S. Army and used U.S. military information to train al-Qaeda and other Muslim militants, and write al-Qaeda's multivolume terrorist training guide.
In Afghanistan
During the 1980s, Mohamed was involved in the training of the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen. Mohamed conducted training during the war to small classes that included Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri, later leaders of al-Qaeda, and the terrorist members responsible for the bombings of the two U.S. embassies in Africa. His training took place in training camps in Afghanistan. He also spent much time fighting in Afghanistan himself against the Soviet forces.
After moving to the United States and joining the U.S. Army, Mohamed gathered intelligence about the Army and U.S. infrastructure during his time as a drill instructor and support sergeant. In 1988, he returned to Afghanistan to fight the Soviet Union. During this time, it is widely believed that he continued to train cells of terrorists using the information learned while living in the U.S. After a month he returned to the United States.
In 1990, Mohamed returned to Afghanistan, and once more, trained terrorists in the art of guerrilla and unconventional warfare which include hijacking, suicide bombing, kidnapping, and IED bombs.
During this time, it is also known that he began planning the embassy bombings with Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri. Later, Mohamed was key in assisting the movement of al-Qaeda from Afghanistan to Sudan. He moved back and forth, assisting in key movements of camps.
In 1992, Mohamed made several trips to Afghanistan as part of the training of terrorist cells. During that year he made at least 58 trips whilst under CIA surveillance. He fought and trained in the civil war among the Afghan mujahideen that ensued after the defeat of the Soviet forces. In this time he trained the al-Qaeda generals in the art of intelligence warfare. This included surveillance, counter-surveillance, assassinations, kidnapping, codes, and ciphering codes.
The system of cell structures and groups within a terrorist faction was developed by Ali around this time as a means of making it harder to destroy terrorism by spreading members out.
Bin Laden and Ali Mohamed worked closely to create cells in Tanzania and Kenya to help prepare for the bombings of the embassies. After planning ended, Ali moved to Nairobi where he helped set up a terrorist cell. He funded the cell by creating companies in the fishing and car business. After setting up, he moved back to Afghanistan where bin Laden and other members of al-Qaeda discussed plans for the bombings and other information.
In the United States
Mohamed was an Egyptian Army intelligence colonel until 1984. He served with Khalid al-Islambouli, an Islamist terrorist who carried out the assassination of Anwar el-Sadat in 1981. After the assassination Mohamed was discharged on suspicion of fundamentalism. In 1984, Mohamed offered his services to the CIA in Cairo station, which believed he was sent by Egypt as a mole but informed other stations of his interest. He was ultimately transferred to the station dedicated to espionage on Iran in Frankfurt, West Germany, and was stationed to infiltrate a Hezbollah-affiliated mosque in Hamburg. According to Lawrence Wright he "immediately told the Iranian cleric in charge that he was an American spy assigned to infiltrate the community." The mosque had already been penetrated and his announcement was passed on to the CIA, which "terminated Mohamed" and "sent out cables labeling him highly untrustworthy." By this "time, however, Mohamed was already in California on a visa-waiver program that was sponsored by the agency itself, one designed to shield valuable assets or those who have performed important services for the country."
In America he married an American woman from Santa Clara, California, after a 6-week courtship and became a U.S. citizen. He enlisted in the U.S. Army and managed to get stationed at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, until 1989. "His awed superiors found him 'beyond reproach' and 'consistently accomplished'."
According to Cooperative Research, Mohamed was a drill sergeant at Fort Bragg, and was hired to teach courses on Arabic culture at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School. During his time he was open about his religious beliefs, cooking his own meals to ensure they were halal and listening to the Quran on his Walkman during morning runs.
In 1988, Mohamed informed his superior officers in the U.S. Army that he was taking some leave time to fight Soviets in Afghanistan. "A month later, he returned, boasting that he had killed two Soviet soldiers and giving away as souvenirs what he claimed were their uniform belts."
Mohamed's commanding officer, Lt. Col. Robert Anderson, said he wrote detailed reports aimed at getting the Military Intelligence Corps to investigate Mohamed—and have him court-martialed—but the reports were ignored.
"I think you or I would have a better chance of winning Powerball, than an Egyptian major in the unit that assassinated Sadat would have getting a visa, getting to California ... getting into the Army and getting assigned to a Special Forces unit," he said. "That just doesn't happen."
It was equally unthinkable that an ordinary American GI would go unpunished after fighting in a foreign war, he said.
Anderson said all this convinced him that Mohamed was "sponsored" by a U.S. intelligence service. "I assumed the CIA," he said.
Mohamed also took maps and training manuals off base to downsize and copy at Kinko's and used them to write al-Qaeda's multivolume terrorist training guide.
In 1989, he transferred from active duty to the U.S. Army Reserve, taking a job as a security guard at a defense contractor manufacturing components of Trident missiles.
Mohamed also conducted clandestine military and demolition training through the Al Kifah Refugee Center in Brooklyn and Jersey City. While in the United States, he helped train a number of jihadis, including El Sayyid Nosair, who went on in November 1990 to assassinate militant Rabbi Meir Kahane in New York, and Mahmud Abouhalima, who assisted Ramzi Yousef in his 1993 terrorist truck bomb attack on the World Trade Center in New York.
In the early 1990s, Mohamed returned to Afghanistan, where "he trained the first al-Qaeda volunteers in techniques of unconventional warfare including kidnappings, assassinations, and hijacking planes, which he had learned from the American Special Forces." According to FBI special agent Jack Cloonan, in one of Mohamed's first classes were Osama bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and other al-Qaeda leaders.
In 1993, Mohamed escorted Ayman al-Zawahiri, posing as a Kuwaiti Red Crescent representative, on a speaking tour across the United States. He also traveled to Africa to survey embassies in Africa such as the Nairobi, Kenya, embassy which Al-Qaeda later bombed. In May, he became an FBI informant after being approached by John Zent in San Jose, informing U.S. Department of Defense counterintelligence analysts about the existence of al-Qaeda's training camp network in Afghanistan. It is believed that Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had not yet formally merged with al-Qaeda, authorized the leak on al-Qaeda in order to gain access to American intelligence information in return. Although the meeting with Mohamed proved to provide the United States with some of the most valuable intelligence on al-Qaeda for years, the FBI did not act on Zent's report and the DOD did not take notes on the meeting.
In 1994, al-Qaeda operative Mohammed Atef refused to allow Mohamed to know which name and passport he would be traveling under, expressing concerns that Mohamed could be working with the American authorities.
In a televised interview Mohamed explained his rationale for his efforts: "Islam without political dominance cannot survive."
1993 Vancouver airport incident
Mohamed was detained in early 1993 by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) at Vancouver International Airport to which Mohamed had come to meet an associate of Osama bin Laden, who was caught there upon arriving from Damascus with two forged Saudi passports. The RCMP was about to arrest Mohamed but he told the RCMP that he was an FBI asset and was released immediately by the RCMP at the request of the FBI.
Arrest and trial
In 1998, two weeks after the bombings, FBI agents searched Ali's apartment. They found evidence of terrorist activities which included plans and scripts of Al-Qaeda training. Ali Mohamed had made plans to leave the country to meet with Osama bin Laden. However he was subpoenaed to testify in the trial of the other suspects. The same day of the trial, Mohamed was arrested as a key suspect in the embassy bombings.
Just before the trial, the FBI ordered that a polygraph test to be conducted on Mohamed but it later was discarded after Mohamed struck a guilty plea to receive life sentence without parole. The deal between Mohamed and the government was struck on October 13, 2000. He was charged with 5 counts of conspiracy. The sentencing trial as shown below identified the specific counts that Ali Mohamed was to be indicted.
The first count charges a violation of title 18, under the United States code, section 2332(b) which is the conspiracy to kill nationals of the United States of America wherever they are in the world. In such case, the citizens were located at the embassy of the United States of America in Kenya and Tanzania.
The second count was conspiracy to murder, kidnap and maim outside the United States. This would include the conspiracy to kill US nationals employed by American military in the embassies.
Count three was conspiracy to murder, through violating sections 1114 or 1116. Under section 1116, Ali sought to kill United States government employees under their roles as employees of the United States of America.
Count four charges a conspiracy to destroy buildings or property owned or leased by the United States government. The government proved that Ali attempted and planned to destroy or damage buildings or property owned or leased by the United States government.
Finally, count five is the conspiracy to destroy national defense utilities of the United States government. Ali told the court that he had been involved with the Egyptian Islamic Jihad in the 1980s and was introduced to Osama bin Laden in the 1990s. “In 1992, I conducted military and basic explosives training for al Qaeda in Afghanistan. Among the people I trained were Harun Fadhl and Abu Jihad. I also conducted intelligence training for al Qaeda. I taught my trainees how to create cell structures that could be used for operations”. Ali then included information in the events leading up to the embassy bombings; “In the early 1990s, I assisted al Qaeda in creating a presence in Nairobi, Kenya, and worked with several others on this project. Abu Ubaidah was in charge of al Qaeda in Nairobi until he drowned. Khalid al Fawwaz set up al Qaeda’s office in Nairobi. A car business was set up to create income. Wadih el Hage created a charity organization that would help provide al Qaeda members with identity documents”. Ali then told the court that he was asked by bin Laden to identify possible targets of which he conducted surveillance on the American Embassy building.
Speculated cooperation with U.S. intelligence
In October 2001, the Raleigh News & Observer noted that Ali Mohamed may be cooperating with the U.S. government. "Defense lawyers and many other observers believe that Mohamed, who has not yet been sentenced, is now cooperating with the United States, though the government has never confirmed this. When he is sentenced he could receive as little as 25 years under his plea agreement." In his book The Mission, The Men, and Me: Lessons from a Former Delta Force Commander, former Delta Force commander Pete Blaber indicates he met Ali Mohamed who gave him information on how to infiltrate Afghanistan, find al-Qaeda commanders, and operate in country undetected in late 2001.
Further news sources in 2001 seem to suggest that Ali Mohamed is providing information on al-Qaeda in an attempt to reduce his sentence, and that his sentencing "has been postponed indefinitely." In 2006, Mohamed's wife, Linda Sanchez, was reported in 2006 as saying, "He's still not sentenced yet, and without him being sentenced I really can't say much. He can't talk to anybody. Nobody can get to him. They have Ali pretty secretive...it's like he just kinda vanished into thin air."
In 2011, former FBI agent Ali Soufan confirmed that Mohammed is still awaiting sentencing.
References
"By The Book", 60 Minutes II, CBS News, February 20, 2002
External links
Williams, Lance and Erin McCormick. "Al Qaeda terrorist worked with FBI, Ex-Silicon Valley resident plotted embassy attacks",San Francisco Chronicle, November 4, 2001. Accessed April 4, 2006
Aita, Judy. "Ali Mohamed: The Defendant Who Did Not Go to Trial, Pled guilty to conspiracy in African embassy bombing case", International Information Programs, US Dept of State, May 15, 2001. Accessed April 4, 2006
1952 births
American al-Qaeda members
American spies
Egyptian emigrants to the United States
Egyptian al-Qaeda members
United States Army soldiers
Egyptian military officers
Living people
American Sunni Muslims
Place of birth missing (living people)
American Muslims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Mohamed%20%28double%20agent%29 |
"Halloween" is the fifth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's eleventh episode overall. It was written by executive producer and showrunner Greg Daniels and was directed by Paul Feig. The episode first aired on NBC in the United States on October 18, 2005. Guest stars in this episode included Devon Abner, Hugh Dane, George Gaus, Annabelle Kopack, Ava Nisbet and Alec Zbornak.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, the employees at Dunder Mifflin celebrate Halloween at the office. Michael Scott (Steve Carell) struggles with making the decision of whom to fire. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) post Dwight Schrute's (Rainn Wilson) resume on the internet.
Due to the Halloween concept of the episode, the cast members of The Office were allowed to wear costumes rather than their "usual, realistically plain suits". B. J. Novak, writer for the series as well as actor, called the experience "fun". The episode features the last on-screen appearance of the background character Devon until the series finale. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 4.1 in the 18–49 demographic and was viewed by 8 million viewers.
Plot
Although informed early in October that he must fire somebody by the end of the month, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) waits until the last day of the month, Halloween, and still has not fired anyone. Meanwhile, Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) post Dwight Schrute's (Rainn Wilson) résumé on the internet, and when a prospective employer (Cumberland Mills in Maryland) calls, Jim pretends to be Michael and gives Dwight a great reference. When the company calls Dwight to set up an interview, Dwight immediately ruins his chances by arguing with the caller over the importance and relevance of martial arts on his résumé. Later in the day, Pam suggests that Jim should apply for the Cumberland Mills position. Jim is quietly hurt by the suggestion that Pam would not miss him if he left.
After several failed attempted firings of other employees, Michael calls Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) into his office to fire him. Creed, in turn, convinces Michael to let Devon (Devon Abner) go. After Michael fires Devon, Devon angrily rebuffs Michael's attempts to save their friendship, and invites everyone in the office (except Michael, Creed, Dwight and Angela) to join him at a local bar. As Jim leaves, Pam apologizes for pushing him into taking the Cumberland job and assures him that she would "blow her brains out" if he ever left. Jim admits to the camera that Pam is the only thing keeping him there. When the group leaves the office, Devon smashes a pumpkin over Michael's car in revenge.
At the end of the episode, Michael is alone at his home in front of the television, upset over firing Devon. When trick-or-treaters come, Michael cheerfully gives them a generous amount of candy.
Production
"Halloween" is the third episode written by the series developer, executive producer, and show runner Greg Daniels. The episode was directed by Paul Feig, his second credit after "Office Olympics". This episode is the only episode to date to have a quote to play over the Deedle-Dee Productions title card in the closing credits. The quote features Dwight Schrute exclaiming "Quiet, you!"
Daniels came up with the idea of an episode centered on an employee getting fired, but wanted to focus on the perspective of a boss having to deal with the dilemma of letting an employee go. Since Daniels could not fire a series regular due to their contracts, he narrowed down the decision to either Creed or Devon, who at the time were both background characters. Daniels did not initially know which character would ultimately be fired but decided on Devon once discovering that the actor, Devon Abner, had an upcoming theatre contract that conflicted with the series' production.
During the pre-production for the episode, the cast and crew realized that the Halloween concept would allow the various cast members to wear costumes, rather than their "usual, realistically plain suits". B. J. Novak called the dress-up experience "fun", noting that "seeing the most serious of our plotlines play out alongside such silly and bizarre visuals was, I think, one of the most inspired ideas of the episode's writer, Greg Daniels." The idea for Pam to be dressed as a cat was inspired by several unused stories, created by Gene Stupnitsky, in which "Pam Beesley must disguise herself as a cat". The plot lines were vetoed by the show's writers, but Stupnitsky successfully petitioned to allow Pam to wear a cat costume.
"Halloween" marks the last appearance of Devon in an episode until the series finale, seven seasons later. Although Devon was only a background character, he is mentioned during "The Dundies", seen in the background of "The Fire", and is seen in a deleted scene during "Diversity Day". Devon is later seen in a deleted scene on "Valentine's Day", when Michael passes by a homeless Devon in New York. Devon then chases Michael, presumably still angry over the events of "Halloween". Guest stars in this episode included Devon Abner, Hugh Dane, George Gaus, Annabelle Kopack, Ava Nisbet and Alec Zbornak. Lisa Malone was uncredited in her speaking role as Jan's assistant, Sherry.
Cultural references
Due to the presence of Halloween, many of the employees costumes reflect movie and literary characters. Kelly is dressed as Dorothy Gale, but Michael makes an insensitive remark about Bend It Like Beckham. Dwight is dressed as a Sith, one of the characters in the Star Wars universe capable of using the "dark side of the Force". Phyllis, however, confuses him for "some sort of monk". Kevin is dressed as a Dunder Mifflin super hero, with a costume design similar to Mr. Incredible. Creed is dressed like a vampire and Devon is dressed like a hobo. Pam, Phyllis, and Angela are all dressed up as cats. Oscar is dressed in drag, and Michael asks him if he is "flying his true colors", to which Oscar reacts defensively.
Reception
"Halloween" was originally broadcast on NBC in the United States on October 18, 2005. The episode was viewed by 8 million viewers and received a 4.1 rating/10% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. This means that it was seen by 4.1% of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 10% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode was the number one ranked episode among adults, men, and women in the 18–34 demographic, and achieved its highest 18–49 rating since the season's premiere. "Halloween" retained 73 percent of its lead-in My Name Is Earl audience, its best lead-in retention at the time.
Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a "B+". He felt that the plot revolving around downsizing was "fitting", because the episode takes place on "Halloween", and that this plot returned Michael to the role of villain. Adams also felt that "director Paul Feig and credited writer Greg Daniels had a lot of fun dressing the show up for “Halloween,” framing Dwight like a shrouded Emperor Palpatine and making John Krasinski step into Steve Carell's shoes for a couple of great punchlines."
The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics. Michael Sciannamea of TV Squad gave the episode a relatively positive review and noted that he "could certainly relate to [the] episode." Sciannamea also said that "great moment" in the episode was when "Michael tells Creed, who is dressed as a vampire, that he can spread his wings and fly to wherever he wants." "Miss Alli" of Television Without Pity rated "Halloween" a B+. Entertainment Weekly named Michael Scott's line, "I just hope that you and I can remain friends," one of "TV's funniest lines" for the week ending October 24, 2005.
References
External links
"Halloween" at NBC.com
Halloween television episodes
The Office (American season 2) episodes
2005 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Paul Feig
Television episodes written by Greg Daniels | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween%20%28The%20Office%29 |
Steven Anita "Steve" Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's 14-year-old son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters.
Steve only has three human geeky friends that always stand by his side no matter what crazy scenario is going on. However, he has the strongest friendship with the family alien Roger, as they frequently go on wild adventures together.
The character was initially voiced by Ricky Blitt and was designed as geeky and physically gawky. Halfway through production of the first season, Grimes replaced Blitt and Steve's design was made to be more physically attractive, so he would be less comparable to Neil Goldman from Family Guy.
Personality
At 14 years old, Steve is the youngest member of the Smith family. He is and is approximately which is relatively short for his age. Upon the series’ 2005 premiere, Steve was 13 years old and has since turned 14 years old (technically, Steve should be 15 by timeline, but was reverted back to 14), placing his year of birth around 1992. Steve is portrayed as an enthusiastic, ambitious, and wimpy nerd. In the official series, he is not presented as nerdy as he is in the show's unaired precursory pilot when his appearance, voice and manner greatly contrasted from what they would eventually become. In the precursory pilot, Steve was also gawkier, scrawnier and voiced by Ricky Blitt (as opposed to Scott Grimes). In the official series, he's become emphasized as soft, emotional, cute and endearing. As part of his emotional and sensitive character, Steve is combined with a screechy wail. Despite his wimpy and nerdy characteristics, Steve sometimes displays conceited and obnoxious behavior. He is all too often a showman, always ready to put on a performance and show off his "talents", typically his singing dancing. Steve attends Pearl Bailey High School and is usually accompanied by his equally uncool friends: "Snot", Steve's closest friend with whom he shares a bromance, the two once even having shared in a kiss together (in the episode "License to Till"); Toshi, who is an Asian American and only speaks Japanese; and Barry, who is morbidly obese with an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. Steve possesses a keen, yet shallow and lustful interest in the opposite sex, though he has had an obese girlfriend, Debbie, to which Stan disapproved. Steve's relationship with his father is strained with Stan often behaving judgmentally and intolerantly over Steve's nerdiness, immaturity and sensitivity. Steve has been known to cop attitude, sometimes rightfully so at Stan over his offensive acts.
Steve is portrayed as a stereotypical geek. He is a bit of a social outcast, wears thick, black frame glasses and harbors a strong academic interest in science, especially chemistry. More typically geeky traits of Steve's include his interests in Dungeons & Dragons, Harry Potter and Star Wars. Like most unpopular students, Steve is often physically and verbally picked on by the bullies of the more popular social circle. Steve's father, Stan, is often frustrated with Steve, as he would prefer that Steve engage in activities that would improve his social standing, like sports, a conflict that was first explored in the first-season episode "All About Steve". Stan sometimes attempts to change Steve, usually unsuccessfully, as when he once gave Steve an experimental performance enhancer. The steroid caused Steve to grow female breasts but also ironically made him more popular at school. Steve looks up to his dad as a role model but his naïvete often leads him to follow his dad's advice or convictions, seemingly blindly. This led him to once openly display homophobia. Another time Steve received a failing grade on a presentation about fossils using information he got from Stan because he thought his dad was intelligent, despite Roger's attempts to convince him otherwise.
Steve's mother, Francine, does not care that Steve is a geek, and is more protective of him, seeing him as her "baby", a status she once attempted to prolong by using a special drug to keep him from reaching puberty.
Steve does not share many interests with his sister, Hayley, who often chastises him for his poor savvy, showman attitude, and general objectification towards women. In turn, Steve also enjoys teasing Hayley for fun because of her sensible nature, which Hayley does not take very well to. But the two have occasionally collaborated with each other on schemes, such as when they tried to break up a young couple so Hayley could get the guy and Steve the girl, which ended up backfiring on both of the couple getting horrifically injured. They have also tried to teach both of their parents individual lessons, like when they tried to teach Francine not to be racist, only to learn that she was actually prejudiced against left-handed people, or when they exacted revenge against Stan for turning a homeless shelter into a bumfight business.
Roger and Steve have a close sibling-like friendship, as they often play video games together, get advice from each other and come up with schemes together. Several episodes subplots resolves around them, most notably Wheels and the Legman episodes. For example, he once planned to make a Girls Gone Wild-type video and market it in order to generate money to buy a video game console. In another scheme, Steve and Roger ran away to New York City to make their fortunes, while the rest of the family thought they were killed when lightning set the family's treehouse on fire. The two have a love-hate relationship, in which they constantly quarrel and insult each other, mostly because of Steve's tendency to inflate his own ego, combined with Roger's easily irritated and vindictive nature, often leads the latter to physically abuse or play a prank on Steve because of a real or perceived teasing or insult. Occasionally, Steve gets even, like when he once conned Roger out of $50,000. Steve also enjoys teasing Roger from time to time and while Roger is more tolerable about it than Hayley, he also seems to be easily annoyed by Steve. However, Steve and Roger have shown a brotherly affection for each other several times, with Steve even once intervening to rescue the alien from an abusive relationship. In the same episode, it is revealed that Roger was Steve's 5th birthday gift.
Klaus and Steve tend to get along consistently well, in contrast with other members of the family. With the possible exception of Roger, Klaus is the most frequently present member of the main cast in storylines concerning Steve and his friends, playing announcer for them when they wrestle, helping Snot deck out a basement, and telling Steve and Snot German stories. Like Roger, he is often critical of Steve's effeminate mannerisms, at one point asking him if he's "allergic to vaginas".
A freshman at Pearl Bailey High School, Steve is a highly capable musician, having taken up the cello to once impress a girl. In a later episode, however, Steve says that he has been playing the cello since he was nine. Steve also plays guitar and sings, which he did as part of a band in the episode "American Dream Factory." In fact, both of the songs Steve's band rehearses ("Livin' on the Run" and "Sunset Blvd"), were originally recorded by Scott Grimes, who voices Steve. Among Steve's other talents are being able to read Elvish, use Morse code, and communicate with dolphins. Steve is also an accomplished master of disguise through assistance of Roger; and has occasionally relied on the use of Roger's wigs, highly convincing prosthetic masks and wearing other's clothing to escape difficult situations unnoticed.
While academically skilled, Steve is also quite naïve and not socially savvy. For example, he knows more about the New York Stock Exchange than about prostitution. As a result, he can sometimes be tricked into believing outrageously implausible lies. Roger typically takes advantage of this, especially when he is upset with Steve or when he is simply bored. Once Roger made Steve believe he was not really Stan and Francine's biological child. Another time Roger tricked Steve into believing he was an adolescent wizard, and took him to a drug dealer's house, telling him it was secretly a wizard's school, and the drug lab inside a Potions class.
Although normally even-tempered and relatively tolerant, Steve cries when he is notably upset, but he has also had uncontrolled bursts of rage, during which he breaks nearby objects and screams very loudly. If pressed hard enough, Steve will also hit or attack people, such as when he beat up Beauregard La Fontaine for insulting his father, even though he is generally not aggressive or an adept fighter, as he was unable to even make a fist in "Bully for Steve", for example. He also uses childhood paraphernalia that teenagers have typically outgrown, such as the teddy bear he is implied to sleep with in "Live and Let Fry", and the Care Bears towel he is revealed to use in "Camp Refoogee". In the episode Stan & Francine & Connie & Ted, he twice demonstrates an extreme form of rage which is referred to as 'going bananas', where his face turns bright red, he screams gibberish, flails around, breaks things, and even attacks anyone nearby. His neighbours and friends are well aware of this, as at the end of the first tantrum Greg is seen across the street calmly listening and commenting on it while Barry warns him not to go bananas before he does the second time.
Steve has also been shown to occasionally struggle with both substance abuse and an addiction to power. In "An Apocalypse to Remember", Steve claims to be hooked on "hallucinogenic berries", which ultimately turn out to be poisonous. In a later episode, Steve develops an addiction to the energy drink Cougar Boost, at one point going as far as to defraud his friends with fake tickets in order to obtain money to procure more of the beverage. In the episode Virtual In-Stanity, Francine derides Stan for picking up a drug bunny as a last minute gift, in the process reminding Stan that they just barely got Steve off the heroin from Stan's previous last second gift. In both the pilot episode and You Debt Your Life, Steve demonstrates an addiction to power; in the former case by taking over the school after being turned down by a girl he was trying to impress, in the latter case due to his obsession with making the morning announcements and deciding what is worth broadcasting to the high school. Furthermore, as shown in the episode "Jenny Fromdabloc", it is revealed that among his four friends Steve is considered to be the leader of the group going as far back as elementary school, prompting Roger to call Steve the "King of the Nerds". In most cases when his role as the leader of the group is threatened Steve's drive to maintain this position of power results in erratic behavior such as humiliating his friends with personal or compromising information or threats of physical violence against himself or others. In nearly every case outside of his immediate circle of friends, Steve's position of power or authority ends up stripped or removed from him, or in rare cases, remains with him in a curtailed capacity, as was the case in "I am the Walrus".
In "Hurricane!", it appeared that Steve might have a fetish for Asians and pregnant women, either separately or even both, when Francine found multiple magazines in Steve's bedroom. "Stanny Slickers II: The Legend of Ollie's Gold" and "Stan Time" also imply that Steve has a fetish for robotic women (in the former episode, he tried to build a date out of a vacuum cleaner and was shown to have a fully functioning female robot in Stan's vision of the future where Stan is famous after death, but everyone makes rude comments about his children being freaks. In the later episode, one of Steve's porno movie ideas depicts two women making out and turning into robots in a hot tub). Steve has pursued many women but he is said to become "super gay" in the future in the episode "Roger Passes the Bar". Steve enjoys going on strolls every Sunday. He calls them his "Sunday Stolls."
Friends
Aside from Roger, Steve has a small group of friends from school that he regularly spends time with. The boys frequently engage in activities which most teenage boys have outgrown, such as slumber parties. The group includes:
Snot, a teenager with curly hair, a wispy moustache and acne, he is Steve's best friend. His name and appearance is based on Booger from Revenge of the Nerds; with Curtis Armstrong playing both characters. Snot who is Jewish, once had an affair with Steve's then-girlfriend, Gretchen. It is implied in "Roger Passes The Bar" that Snot has joined the army and turned gay, marrying his commanding officer, LT Randall Santana.
Barry, a morbidly obese and apparently simple-minded boy, he has an inarticulate, strident, and sloppy vocal quality. In the episode "With Friends Like Steve's" he is revealed to be a maniacal, demonic genius made to take special "vitamins" to inhibit these evil tendencies, and cause mental retardation. Without taking the pills, he also speaks in an English accent. It is implied in "Roger Passes The Bar" that he grows up to become a gay poet working at Ithaca College, dating his male students.
Toshi, a multilingual Japanese teenager. Although he seems to understand English, he has yet to speak it, with the exception of "Finances with Wolves", in which he yells "Werewolf!" in unison with Snot and Barry, and "Francine's Flashback", in which he yells "Godzilla!". When he speaks Japanese (generally with a very condescending tone), Steve believes he can understand him, though he really does not. In the season 9 episode "Independent Movie" he says "Go on without me" in Japanese, then saying "please go" in perfect English. Toshi has spoken Russian and speaks Spanish when talking on the phone to Francine (though that could be Francine ignorantly thinking Toshi's Japanese is Spanish). Though they are friends, Toshi's greatest wish is to one day kill Steve. Toshi's parents speak perfect English, as does his younger sister, Akiko, who acts as Toshi's translator in episodes such as "Weiner of Our Discontent" and "The Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls". Toshi apparently knows of Roger Smith being an alien as he once called him "that alien in the wig". It is implied in "Roger Passes The Bar", that he has moved to Kyoto, Japan to become an exotic dancer.
References
External links
Steve Smith at Fox.com
American Dad! characters
Teenage characters in television
Television characters introduced in 2005
Animated characters introduced in 2005
Animated human characters
Male characters in animated series
Fictional characters from Virginia
Characters created by Seth MacFarlane
de:American Dad#Steve Smith | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Smith%20%28American%20Dad%21%29 |
W12 may refer to:
Automobiles
McCormick W-12, a farm tractor
Mercedes-AMG F1 W12 E Performance, a racing car
Volkswagen W12, a concept car
Other uses
Amangu language
British NVC community W12, a woodland community in the British National Vegetation Classification system
Cierva W.12, a British helicopter proposal
Hansa-Brandenburg W.12, a fighter floatplane
Icosidodecahedron
London Buses route W12
W12 engine, a twelve-cylinder engine
W12 nuclear warhead, an American nuclear weapon design
West 12, a shopping centre in London
W12, a postcode district in London, England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W12 |
(Conrad) Gordon Walton, Jr. (born 1956) is an American video game developer and executive producer who has worked with many North American online game companies, from Maxis to Electronic Arts to Sony Online to BioWare. Since 1977 he has personally developed over thirty games, and overseen development of hundreds more, working as a producer, vice-president or executive producer. He is currently Executive Producer of the Kickstarter-backed MMORPG Crowfall.
Biography
Walton was born on March 2, 1956, in Houston, Texas, to Conrad G. Walton, Sr., an architect, and Rilda Akin, an artist. Roberta Agnes (Robin) Hensley and Evelyn Coleman (Eve) Lowey are his siblings. He attended Spring Woods High School in Houston, and then enlisted in the U.S. Army from 1974 to 1977, attaining the rank of Sergeant. He was stationed at Fort Ord, Fort Gordon, Fort Hood, Fort Chaffee, and Kaiserslautern, Germany. In 1977 he left the army to enroll at Texas A&M University, and continued serving in the U.S. National Guard until 1979. In 1981, he received his BS degree in computer science. From 1990 to 1992 he also served briefly in the US Army Reserve.
Game developer
He played his first computer game in 1977 on the PLATO system, and published his first computer game, Trek-X, in 1978 on the Commodore PET 2001. In 1984, he co-founded Applied Computing (later called Digital Illusions) with Don Gilman, and he was development manager for both Three-Sixty Pacific and Konami of America, Inc.
Though his work had been exclusively in the single-player game industry up until that point, in 1995 he joined the growing online game industry, managing games such as Air Warrior and Multiplayer Battletech at Kesmai. After Kesmai, Walton moved on to managing Ultima Online at Origin Systems, and then at Sony Online Entertainment in Austin, he worked on Star Wars Galaxies. At Maxis, he was an executive producer on The Sims Online. He worked on the MMOG Star Wars: The Old Republic at BioWare's studio in Austin until January 2011. He was last employed at the social gaming company Playdom and started his own company in 2013.
He is a frequent speaker at industry conferences such as E3, GDC, and the Austin Games Conference, and attained fame in 2003 for a talk entitled, "Ten Great Reasons You Don't want to Make a Massively Multiplayer Game." He is also active in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences and IGDA, and has been on the steering committee of the IGDA's Online Games SIG. He is on the advisory boards for the Full Sail University, University of Texas at Austin, and Austin Community College Game Programs, while informally advising other educational programs.
Walton currently lives in Austin, Texas with his wife, Laura Ann Miskines Walton, and children John and Katherine.
Selected projects
The following is a brief list of games which Walton either managed, produced, or developed:
Crowfall (2021), ArtCraft
Star Wars: The Old Republic (2011), BioWare
Star Wars: Galaxies - Jump to Light Speed (2004), LucasArts
The Sims (2003), Electronic Arts Inc.
The Sims Online (2002), Electronic Arts Inc.
Ultima Online: Third Dawn (2001), Electronic Arts Inc.
Ultima Online: Renaissance (2000), Electronic Arts Inc.
Air Warrior II (1997), iEntertainment Network
Air Warrior III (1997), iEntertainment Network
Harpoon Classic '97 (1996), iEntertainment Network
Harpoon (1989), Three Sixty Pacific
PT-109 (1987), Spectrum Holobyte, Inc.
Sub Battle Simulator (1987), Epyx, Inc.
Orbiter (1986), Spectrum Holobyte, Inc.
Reader Rabbit
NFL Challenge, (1987) XOr
The Playroom
References
MobyGames bio
1956 births
American video game designers
Living people
People from Austin, Texas
People from Houston
Texas A&M University alumni
United States Army soldiers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon%20Walton |
Only Theatre of Pain is the debut studio album by the American rock band Christian Death, released on March 24, 1982, by the Frontier record label.
It is considered by most critics to be the harbinger of the deathrock style of music, as well as being highly influential on the American gothic music scene.
Content
Describing the album's themes, The A.V. Club said the record is "relentless in its morbid embrace of Christian eschatology. Williams was raised in a Southern Baptist family, which makes his adversarial appropriation of Catholic imagery more nuanced than simple blasphemy; he’s approaching the cross from the perspective of both Protestantism and what one can only assume to be either atheism or Satanism".
Critical reception
Only Theatre of Pain was praised by critics on its release. Mick Mercer of Melody Maker called it the "gothic album to out-gothic all others".
Around the time of its release, a presenter on a religious TV program, in a special on "Satanic influences", reportedly broke a copy of the album on air.
In its retrospective review, Record Collector wrote, "Only Theatre of Pain's influence should not be underestimated." The A.V. Club wrote that, of the group's musical peers, "none had exemplified the nascent subgenre [gothic rock] with as much sinew, vision, and iconoclasm", calling it "a depraved masterpiece".
Alex Ogg, writing in The Rough Guide to Rock, was less favourable, calling the album "self-aggrandizing doom rock redeemed only by strong musicianship".
Anniversary concert
On April 13, 2007, the remaining members of the Only Theatre of Pain line-up of Christian Death reunited as Christian Death 1334 to perform the album in full at the Henry Fonda Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The addition of "1334" to the end of the band's name was reportedly to make a distinction from the Valor Kand-led version of the band, which includes none of the group's original members; "1334" was also Rozz Williams' "signature number". At the time, it was reported by Blabbermouth that the band was working on new songs and was to begin the recording of a new album later in the year, but this never materialized.
Track listing
Personnel
Christian Death
Rozz Williams – lead vocals, production, sleeve drawings, cover concept
Rikk Agnew – guitars, production
James McGearty – bass guitars, production
George Belanger – drums, production
Additional personnel
Eva O – backing vocals
Ron Athey – backing vocals
Technical
Thom Wilson – production
Ed Colver – sleeve photography
References
External links
1982 debut albums
Christian Death albums
Frontier Records albums
Albums produced by Thom Wilson | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only%20Theatre%20of%20Pain |
Instinctive drift, alternately known as instinctual drift, is the tendency of an animal to revert to unconscious and automatic behaviour that interferes with learned behaviour from operant conditioning. Instinctive drift was coined by Keller and Marian Breland, former students of B.F. Skinner at the University of Minnesota, describing the phenomenon as "a clear and utter failure of conditioning theory." B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist and father of operant conditioning (or instrumental conditioning), which is learning strategy that teaches the performance of an action either through reinforcement or punishment. It is through the association of the behaviour and the reward or consequence that follows that depicts whether an animal will maintain a behaviour, or if it will become extinct. Instinctive drift is a phenomenon where such conditioning erodes and an animal reverts to its natural behaviour.
B.F. Skinner
B.F. Skinner was an American behaviourist inspired by John Watson's philosophy of behaviorism. Skinner was captivated with systematically controlling behaviour to result in desirable or beneficial outcomes. This passion led Skinner to become the father of operant conditioning. Skinner made significant contributions to the research concepts of reinforcement, punishment, schedules of reinforcement, behaviour modification and behaviour shaping. The mere existence of the instinctive drift phenomenon challenged Skinner's initial beliefs on operant conditioning and reinforcement.
Operant conditioning
Skinner described operant conditioning as strengthening behaviour through reinforcement. Reinforcement can consist of positive reinforcement, in which a desirable stimulus is added; negative reinforcement, in which an undesirable stimulus is taken away; positive punishment, in which an undesirable stimulus is added; and negative punishment, in which a desirable stimulus is taken away. Through these practices, animals shape their behaviour and are motivated to perform said learned behaviour to optimally benefit from rewards or to avoid punishment. Through operant conditioning, the presence of instinctive drift was discovered.
The Brelands
The term instinctive drift was coined by married couple Keller and Marian Breland Bailey, former psychology graduate students of B.F. Skinner at the University of Minnesota. Keller and Marian were recruited to work with B.F. Skinner on a project to train pigeons to pilot bombs towards targets to aid with World War II efforts. This project was terminated when the development of the atom bomb took precedence. The Brelands, however, still enthralled with the application of animal behaviour, adopted Skinner's principles and began a life of training animals. They profited from these animals performing complex and amusing behaviours for the public's entertainment. They coined their successful business, "Animal Behaviour Enterprises" in 1943. Their business soon gained nationwide attention and even had a partnership with General Mills to train chickens, via operant conditioning, for business promotion.
Discovery
Keller and Marian Breland were the discoverers of instinctive drift. They first noted this behavioural pattern when animals they had been training for years interrupted their learned behaviours to satisfy innate patterns of feeding behaviours. This discovery debunked the once assumed ideas that animals are a "tabula rasa" prior to purposeful training and that all responses are equally conditionable. The Breland's described their first exposure to this phenomenon when working with their chickens that had been trained to appear as if they were turning on a jukebox and subsequently dancing. The breakdown in operant conditioning appeared when over half the chickens they had trained to stand on a platform developed an unplanned scratching or pecking pattern. The scratching pattern was subsequently used to create the "dancing chicken" performance.
In raccoons
The Breland's had their second, and more perplexing, encounter with instinctive drift when working with raccoons. They were training racoons to perform a captivating sequence of events to aid with the advertisement of a bank. This project involved teaching raccoons to deposit money into a bank slot. The Breland's were successful at yet another animal training project as raccoons were initially very successful at the task of depositing coins into the bank. The Brelands then noticed that over time and as the reinforcement schedule was spaced out, the raccoons began to dip the coins in and out of the bank and rub them with their paws rather than depositing them. They concluded that this was an instinct that was interfering with the raccoons’ performance on the task. In nature, raccoons dip their food in water several times in order to wash it. This is an instinct which was seemingly triggered by the similar action sequence involved in retrieving and depositing coins into a bank. Instinctive behaviour is usually automatic and unplanned and is a natural reaction which often is preferred by the animal over learned and unnatural actions. This instinctual drift was successfully avoided when they instead taught the raccoons to place a basketball into a basket. Because of the size of the ball and the different body position involved in this action, the raccoons did not experience instinctual drift (they did not dip the balls in and out of the basket).
In pigs
A similar training regimen was applied on pigs, animals who are known to condition rapidly. These pigs were trained to insert wooden coins into a piggy bank. Over time, the pigs stopped depositing the coins and instead began to drop it in the dirt, push it down with their noses, drag it back out, and fling it into the air. This is a series of actions which are part of a behaviour known as rooting. It is an instinctual pattern of behaviour which pigs use to dig for food and to communicate. The pigs chose to engage in rooting rather than performing their trained action (depositing the coin) and therefore, this is yet another clear example of instinctive drift interfering with operant conditioning.
Nature vs. nurture
The nature vs. nurture controversy is a major topic discussed in psychology and pertains to animal training as well. Both sides of the nature vs. nurture debate have valid points and this controversy is one of the most debated in psychology. A common question asked today by many experts in various fields is if behaviour is due to life experiences or if it is predisposed in DNA. Today, partial credit is given to both sides and in many cases nature and nurture are given equal weight. With animal training it is often questioned if the training and shaping is the cause of a behaviour exhibited by an animal (nurture), or if the behaviour is actually innate to the species (nature). Instinctive drift centers around the nature of behaviour more so than learning being the sole cause of a behaviour. Species are obviously capable of learning behaviours, this is not denied in instinctive drift. Instinctive drift says that animals often revert to innate (nature) behaviours that can interfere with conditioned responses (nurture).
Relationship with evolution
Instinctive drift can be discussed in association with evolution. Evolution is commonly classified as change occurring over a period of time. Instinctive drift says that animals will behave in accordance with evolutionary contingencies, as opposed to operant contingencies of their specific training. Evolutionary roots of instinct exist. Evolution of traits and behaviours occur over time and it is by means of evolution and natural selection that adaptive traits and behaviours are passed on to the next generation and maladaptive traits are weaned out. It is the adaptive traits of species over time that is exhibited in instinctive drift and that species revert to that interferes with operant conditioning. Much knowledge on the topic of evolution and natural selection can be credited to Charles Darwin. Darwin developed and proposed the theory of evolution and it was through this knowledge that other subjects could be better understood, such as instinctive drift.
References
Behavior
Ethology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instinctive%20drift |
Below is a list of newspapers published in San Marino.
Current newspapers
L'Informazione di San Marino
Lo Sportivo.sm
La Serenissima - Il Giornale dei Sammarinesi
Former newspapers
Il Popolo Sammarinese, newspaper of Sammarinese Fascist Party
La Tribuna Sammarinese
Italian newspaper published in San Marino
Il Resto del Carlino
La Voce di Romagna
See also
List of newspapers
External links
San Marino
Newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20San%20Marino |
Below is a list of newspapers published in Monaco or with news of Monaco.
The Riviera Times, monthly, English, published in Nice, France,
NEWS.MC, Monaco Daily News, online only
Riviera-Côte d'Azur Zeitung, monthly, German, published in Nice, sister publication to The Riviera Times
Monaco Life, 10 times yearly, English, published in Wellington, Somerset, England
L'Observateur de Monaco, monthly news magazine
Monaco Hebdo, weekly newspaper
Monaco-Matin, daily newspaper
Monaco Times, Monaco Daily News
Monaco Madame, first women's magazine in Monaco
See also
List of newspapers
Monaco
Newspapers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Monaco |
Ala ud-Din Masud Shah (died 10 June 1246, ) was the seventh sultan of the Delhi Sultanate.
Life
He was the son of Rukn ud-Din Firuz (1236), son of Sultan Illtutmish and Shah Turkan and the nephew of Sultan Raziyyat (1236–40). After his predecessor and uncle Muiz ud-Din Bahram was murdered by the army in 1242 after years of disorder, the chiefs chose for him to become the next ruler of Delhi. However, he was more of a puppet for the chiefs and did not actually have much power or influence in the government. Instead, he became infamous for his fondness for entertainment and wine. Like his predecessor, he was considered "incompetent and worthless." By 1246, the chiefs became upset with his increasing hunger for more power in the government, and executed him, replacing him with Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah.
Coins
Gold, Silver and Billon coins are known for Ala ud-Din Masud Shah. Gold and silver coins were issued from Lakhnau and Delhi. Billon coins were struck from Budaun and Delhi.
See also
Mamluk dynasty of Delhi
History of India
Islamic history
List of Indian monarchs
References
External links
India Through the Ages
Delhi Sultanat Coin Gallery
Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)
Indian Sunni Muslims
13th-century Indian monarchs
13th-century Indian Muslims | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-ud-Din%20Masud%20Shah |
Tonight Tonight may refer to:
"Tonight, Tonight", a song by The Mello-Kings, 1957
"Tonight, Tonight" (The Smashing Pumpkins song), 1996
"Tonight Tonight" (Hot Chelle Rae song), 2011
"Tonight Tonight", a song by The Rasmus from the album Hell of a Tester
"Tonight Tonight", a song by Rascal Flatts from the album Nothing Like This
"Tonight Tonight", a song by John King
"Tonight Tonight", a song by Celeste from the album Not Your Muse
See also
"Tonight, Tonight, Tonight", a song by Genesis
Tonight (disambiguation)
Tonite (disambiguation) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight%20Tonight |
"Songbird" is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac. The song first appeared on the band's 1977 album Rumours and was released as the B-side of the single "Dreams". It is one of four songs written solely by Christine McVie on the album. McVie frequently sang the song at the end of Fleetwood Mac concerts.
Background
McVie wrote "Songbird" in half an hour around midnight, but didn't have anyone around to record it. To ensure she did not forget the chord structure and melody, McVie remained awake the entire night. The next day, McVie played the song for producer Ken Caillat at the Sausalito Record Plant.
Caillat loved the track and suggested she record it alone in a concert style approach. Their first venue of choice, the Berkeley Community Theatre, was unavailable, so the band instead booked the Zellerbach Auditorium for March 3, 1976. To create the appropriate ambience, Caillat ordered a bouquet of flowers to place on McVie's piano. He then requested three spotlights to illuminate the flowers from above. When McVie arrived at the auditorium, the house lights were dimmed so her attention was brought to the illuminated flowers on the piano.
For the recording session, 15 microphones were placed around the auditorium to capture the performance. The recording session went into the next morning due to the difficulty of recording the song live in one take. Lindsey Buckingham strummed an acoustic guitar offstage to keep the tempo.
Personnel
Christine McVie – piano, vocals
Lindsey Buckingham – acoustic guitar
Charts
Weekly charts
Certifications
Cover versions
Rita Coolidge covered "Songbird" on her 1978 album Love Me Again (album).
Eva Cassidy version
Eva Cassidy's version was released in 1998 on her posthumous compilation album of the same name Songbird. Despite being released two years after her death from melanoma, the album eventually reached number 1 in the UK in 2001. "Songbird" finally entered the UK Singles chart in September 2009 at number 56, after a contestant (Shanna Goodhead) performed the song on The X Factor.
Willie Nelson covered "Songbird" on his own 2006 album Songbird, making it the second album to be named after the song. The album peaked at number 87 on the Billboard 200.
References
1977 songs
2006 singles
Fleetwood Mac songs
Willie Nelson songs
Songs written for films
Songs written by Christine McVie
Song recordings produced by Ken Caillat
Song recordings produced by Richard Dashut
Warner Records singles | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird%20%28Fleetwood%20Mac%20song%29 |
John "Beau" Billingslea (born 1944) is an American actor, known as the voice of Jet Black in the critically acclaimed anime Cowboy Bebop, Ogremon in Digimon and Homura and Ay, the Fourth Raikage in Naruto Shippuden. In addition to voice acting, he appeared in many television shows and some films including North and South Book II: Love and War, Just Jordan, The Hannah Montana Movie and Star Trek Into Darkness.
Biography
Early life and career
Billingslea was born in Charleston, South Carolina. His mother was from Malensis, South Carolina, near Charleston, and his father was from Macon, Georgia. His family moved to Meriden, Connecticut, where he grew up. At Maloney High School, he lettered in football, basketball and baseball and was offered a contract with the Kansas City Athletics, but at the advice of his father, went to University of Connecticut, where he played football and co-captained in his senior year. He graduated with a Bachelor's in Political Science in 1966. He was involved in ROTC and had to turn down entering the NFL in order to fulfill his military service, however, his commitment was deferred so that he could attend UConn Law School, where he graduated and passed the Connecticut bar in 1969. He became an officer in the Army's Judge Advocate General's Corps and had tours in Germany and Europe, working on a number of cases. In Germany, he also taught criminal law for the University of Maryland's extension program.
Acting career
While in college, Billingslea was encouraged by his fraternity brother to perform the lead role in a production of The Emperor Jones. This inspired him to go into acting, and he started getting involved professionally while he was in law school. After moving to Los Angeles, he was involved in a number of action shows, including TJ Hooker, Hunter, The Fall Guy and The A-Team. Billingslea mentioned in an interview that it was probably because of his military background that he was often cast as an officer. He portrayed Ezra in the TV miniseries North and South and was involved in a number of shows including Who's the Boss?, Murphy Brown and Married... with Children. On the Nick series Just Jordan he played Jordan's maternal grandfather Grant. In the TV sitcom Franklin & Bash he portrayed Judge Douglas. He also acted in films such as Night Shift, The American President, Hannah Montana: The Movie, Halloween H20: 20 Years Later and a remake of The Blob. In 2013, he portrayed Captain Abbot of the Starship Bradbury in the feature film Star Trek Into Darkness. He continues to act in stage plays such as Driving Miss Daisy where he was nominated for a Los Angeles Ovation Award in 2005.
Voice-over career
Billingslea's voice-over work started with radio spots for various businesses and organizations, including Honda, Hood and California Highway Patrol. He worked on several cartoons and anime, his most notable being Jet Black in Cowboy Bebop, which was broadcast on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block. He also voiced starring characters Captain Michael Heartland in Argento Soma; Oji Tanaka in The Legend of Black Heaven, which was broadcast on International Channel and was the voice of Ogremon and various "mons" in Digimon. In Naruto, he voices Homura and Ay, the Fourth Raikage. He attended several anime conventions, including the 2016 Anime Expo, which united the Cowboy Bebop English voice cast. He has also been involved in narrating shows on The History Channel including Hero Ships, Modern Marvels, and Suicide Missions.
Personal life
Billingslea lives in the Los Angeles area. He is married to Cecelia Billingslea; they have a son and a daughter together. In 1987, Billingslea was inducted into the Meriden Hall of Fame. In 2014, he gave the keynote address at a UConn Law School reunion.
Filmography
Live-action filmography
Television
Feature films
Voice-over filmography
Anime
Animation
Direct-to-video and television films
Feature films
Video games
References
Book sources
External links
Beau Billingslea at Crystal Acids Voice Actor Database
1944 births
Living people
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
Male actors from Charleston, South Carolina
Male actors from Los Angeles
People from Meriden, Connecticut
UConn Huskies football players
University of Connecticut alumni
University of Connecticut School of Law alumni
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau%20Billingslea |
Kpando is a town and capital of Kpando Municipal District in the northern Volta Region of Ghana. It is near the north eastern arm of Lake Volta and the Togo border. Kpando is the fifty-fourth most populous place in Ghana, in terms of population, with a population of 28,334 people. Kpando is connected by ferry and road to Gbefi, Hohoe, Ho and Dambai. It is about a 4-hour journey from Accra. The Kpando Municipality is a district in the Volta Region, and one of the oldest administrative districts in Ghana.
History
The peoples of Kpando, also called the Akpini people are Ewes believed to have been a part of the third wave of migrations from Notsie, which was located in present-day Togo and or the Benin Area, while escaping from the rule of the tyrant Togbe Agorkoli about 450 years ago.
References
Populated places in the Volta Region | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpando |
Subsets and Splits
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