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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostacyclin%20synthase | Prostaglandin-I synthase () also known as prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase (PTGIS) or CYP8A1 is an enzyme involved in prostanoid biosynthesis that in humans is encoded by the PTGIS gene. This enzyme belongs to the family of cytochrome P450 isomerases.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. However, this protein is considered a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily on the basis of sequence similarity rather than functional similarity. This endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H2 to prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2), a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation. An imbalance of prostacyclin and its physiological antagonist thromboxane A2 contribute to the development of myocardial infarction, stroke, and atherosclerosis.
Unlike most P450 enzymes, PGIS does not require molecular oxygen (O2). Instead it uses its heme cofactor to catalyze the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostacyclin. Prostaglandin H2 is produced by cyclooxygenase in the first committed step of prostaglandin biosynthesis.
Nomenclature
The systematic name of this enzyme class is (5Z,13E)-(15S)-9alpha,11alpha-epidioxy-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoate 6-isomerase. Other names in common use include prostacyclin synthase, prostacyclin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shigeo%20Hirose | (born 1947 in Tokyo) is a pioneer of robotics technology and a professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Born in Tokyo and attending Hibiya High School, he graduated from Yokohama National University in 1971 and received a Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1976 where he later took professorship.
His works includes designs for robots capable of various types of movement such as walking, crawling, swimming and slithering. Specific designs include a "ninja-robot" capable of climbing buildings and a seven-ton robot capable of climbing mountainous slopes with the aim of installing bolts in the ground so as to prevent landslides. Hirose is also involved in work with the United Nations to develop a remotely controlled robot capable of clearing landmines.
Positions held
1976–1979 Research Associate
1979–1992 Associate Professor
1992–2013 Professor, Tokyo Institute of Technology
2002– Honorary Professor, Shengyang Institute of Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Fellow of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
2003– Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Books
“Snake Inspired Robots” (Kogyo-chosakai Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, in Japanese)
“Robotics” (Shokabo Publishing Co. Ltd., 1987, 1996 revised edition, in Japanese)
“Biologically Inspired Robots” (Oxford University Press, 1993).
Awards
Hirose has been awarded about thirty academic prizes including:
Medal with Purple Ribbon in spring 2006.
The first Pioneer in Roboti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-chain-fatty-acid%E2%80%94CoA%20ligase | The long chain fatty acyl-CoA ligase (or synthetase) is an enzyme () of the ligase family that activates the oxidation of complex fatty acids. Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the formation of fatty acyl-CoA by a two-step process proceeding through an adenylated intermediate. The enzyme catalyzes the following reaction,
Fatty acid + CoA + ATP ⇌ Acyl-CoA + AMP + PPi
It is present in all organisms from bacteria to humans. It catalyzes the pre-step reaction for β-oxidation of fatty acids or can be incorporated in phospholipids.
Function
Long chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, LC-FACS, plays a role in the physiological regulation of various cellular functions via the production of long chain fatty acyl-CoA esters, which reportedly have affected protein transport, enzyme activation, protein acylation, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. The formation of fatty acyl-CoA is catalyzed in two steps: a stable intermediate of fatty acyl-AMP molecule and then the product is formed—fatty acid acyl-CoA molecule.
Fatty acyl CoA synthetase catalyzes the activation of a long fatty acid chain to a fatty acyl CoA, requiring the energy of 1 ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate. This step uses 2 "ATP equivalents" because pyrophosphate is cleaved into 2 molecules of inorganic phosphate, breaking a high-energy phosphate bond.
Mechanism and active site
The mechanism for Long Chain Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase is a “bi uni uni bi ping-pong” mechanism. The uni and bi prefixes refer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neprilysin | Neprilysin (), also known as membrane metallo-endopeptidase (MME), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10), and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MME gene. Neprilysin is a zinc-dependent metalloprotease that cleaves peptides at the amino side of hydrophobic residues and inactivates several peptide hormones including glucagon, enkephalins, substance P, neurotensin, oxytocin, and bradykinin. It also degrades the amyloid beta peptide whose abnormal folding and aggregation in neural tissue has been implicated as a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Synthesized as a membrane-bound protein, the neprilysin ectodomain is released into the extracellular domain after it has been transported from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface.
Neprilysin is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and is particularly abundant in kidney. It is also a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen that is an important cell surface marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). This protein is present on leukemic cells of pre-B phenotype, which represent 85% of cases of ALL.
Hematopoietic progenitors expressing CD10 are considered "common lymphoid progenitors", which means they can differentiate into T, B or natural killer cells. CD10 is of use in hematological diagnosis since it is expressed by early B, pro-B and pre-B lymphocytes, and by lymph node germinal centers. Hematologic diseases in which |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20McIntosh | Robert McIntosh or derivatives may refer to:
Bert McIntosh (1892–1952), Scottish footballer
Bobby McIntosh, rapper
Robbie McIntosh (born 1957), English guitarist
Robert McIntosh (cricketer) (1907–1988), English cricketer
Robbie McIntosh (drummer) (1950–1974), Scottish drummer
Robert A. McIntosh (born 1943), United States Air Force general
Robert J. McIntosh (1922–2008), United States Representative from Michigan
Robert "Say" McIntosh (1943–2023), restaurateur and political activist from Little Rock, Arkansas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB-binding%20protein | CREB-binding protein, also known as CREBBP or CBP or KAT3A, (where CREB is cAMP response element-binding protein) is a coactivator encoded by the CREBBP gene in humans, located on chromosome 16p13.3. CBP has intrinsic acetyltransferase functions; it is able to add acetyl groups to both transcription factors as well as histone lysines, the latter of which has been shown to alter chromatin structure making genes more accessible for transcription. This relatively unique acetyltransferase activity is also seen in another transcription enzyme, EP300 (p300). Together, they are known as the p300-CBP coactivator family and are known to associate with more than 16,000 genes in humans; however, while these proteins share many structural features, emerging evidence suggests that these two co-activators may promote transcription of genes with different biological functions.
For example, CBP alone has been implicated in a wide variety of pathophysiologies including colorectal cancer as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In these diseases, association of CBP with β-catenin has been shown to promote cancer cell proliferation and disease aggressiveness, whereas p300/ β-catenin leads to cell differentiation and/ or apoptosis. CBP has also been shown to help modulate liver function via maintenance of energy homeostasis in response to changes in cell nutrition conditions by regulating the activity of transcription factors and genes responsible for lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiOC6 | DiOC6 (3,3′-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide) is a fluorescent dye used for the staining of a cell's endoplasmic reticulum, vesicle membranes and mitochondria. Binding to these structures occurs via the dye's hydrophilic groups. DiOC6 can be used to label living cells, however they are quickly damaged due to the dye's extreme phototoxicity, so cells stained with this dye can only be exposed to light for short periods of time. When exposed to blue light, the dye fluoresces green.
See also
DiI
References
Cyanine dyes
Vital stains
Benzoxazoles
Quaternary ammonium compounds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZP3 | Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 3, also known as zona pellucida glycoprotein 3 (Zp-3) or the sperm receptor, is a ZP module-containing protein that in humans is encoded by the ZP3 gene. ZP3 is the glycoprotein in the zona pellucida most important for inducting the acrosome reaction of sperm cells at the beginning of fertilization.
Function
The zona pellucida (ZP) is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the oocyte and early embryo. It is composed of three or four glycoproteins (ZP1-4) with various functions during oogenesis, fertilization and preimplantation development. The protein encoded by this gene is a major structural component of the ZP and functions in primary binding and stimulation of the sperm acrosome reaction. The nascent protein contains a N-terminal signal peptide sequence, a conserved "ZP domain" module, a consensus furin cleavage site (CFCS), a polymerization-blocking external hydrophobic patch (EHP), and a C-terminal transmembrane domain. Cleavage at the CFCS separates the mature protein from the EHP, allowing it to incorporate into nascent ZP filaments. A variation in the last exon of this gene has previously served as the basis for an additional ZP3 locus; however, sequence and literature review reveals that there is only one full-length ZP3 locus in the human genome. Another locus encoding a bipartite transcript designated POMZP3 contains a duplication of the last four exons of ZP3, including the above described variation, and maps cl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication%20theory | In fluid dynamics, lubrication theory describes the flow of fluids (liquids or gases) in a geometry in which one dimension is significantly smaller than the others. An example is the flow above air hockey tables, where the thickness of the air layer beneath the puck is much smaller than the dimensions of the puck itself.
Internal flows are those where the fluid is fully bounded. Internal flow lubrication theory has many industrial applications because of its role in the design of fluid bearings. Here a key goal of lubrication theory is to determine the pressure distribution in the fluid volume, and hence the forces on the bearing components. The working fluid in this case is often termed a lubricant.
Free film lubrication theory is concerned with the case in which one of the surfaces containing the fluid is a free surface. In that case, the position of the free surface is itself unknown, and one goal of lubrication theory is then to determine this. Examples include the flow of a viscous fluid over an inclined plane or over topography. Surface tension may be significant, or even dominant. Issues of wetting and dewetting then arise. For very thin films (thickness less than one micrometre), additional intermolecular forces, such as Van der Waals forces or disjoining forces, may become significant.
Theoretical basis
Mathematically, lubrication theory can be seen as exploiting the disparity between two length scales. The first is the characteristic film thickness, , and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem%20affinity%20purification | Tandem affinity purification (TAP) is an immunoprecipitation-based purification technique for studying protein–protein interactions. The goal is to extract from a cell only the protein of interest, in complex with any other proteins it interacted with. TAP uses two types of agarose beads that bind to the protein of interest and that can be separated from the cell lysate by centrifugation, without disturbing, denaturing or contaminating the involved complexes. To enable the protein of interest to bind to the beads, it is tagged with a designed piece, the TAP tag.
The original TAP method involves the fusion of the TAP tag to the C-terminus of the protein under study. The TAP tag consists of three components: a calmodulin binding peptide (CBP), TEV protease cleavage site, and two Protein A domains, which bind tightly to IgG (making a TAP tag a type of epitope tag).
Many other tag/bead/eluent combinations have been proposed since the TAP principle was first published.
Variant tags
This tag is also known as the C-terminal TAP tag because an N-terminal version is also available. However, the method to be described assumes the use of a C-terminal tag, although the principle behind the method is still the same.
History
TAP tagging was invented by a research team working in the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in the late 1990s (Rigaut et al., 1999, Puig et al.,2001) and proposed as a new tool for proteome exploration. It was used by the team to characterize several protei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20radio-frequency%20channel%20number | In GSM cellular networks, an absolute radio-frequency channel number (ARFCN) is a code that specifies a pair of physical radio carriers used for transmission and reception in a land mobile radio system, one for the uplink signal and one for the downlink signal. ARFCNs for GSM are defined in Specification 45.005 Section 2. There are also other variants of the ARFCN numbering scheme that are in use for other systems that are not GSM. One such example is the TETRA system that has 25 kHz channel spacing and uses different base frequencies for numbering.
Different frequencies (ARFCNs) are used for the frequency-based component of GSMs multiple access scheme (FDMA — frequency-division multiple access). Uplink/downlink channel pairs in GSM are identified by ARFCN. Together with the time-based component (TDMA — time-division multiple access) the physical channel is defined by selecting a certain ARFCN and a certain time slot. Note not to confuse this physical channel with the logical channels (e.g. BCCH — Broadcast Control Channel) that are time-multiplexed onto it under the rules of GSM Specification 05.03.
ARFCN table for common GSM systems
This table shows the common channel numbers and corresponding uplink and downlink frequencies associated with a particular ARFCN, as well as the way to calculate the frequency from the ARFCN number and vice versa.
Observe this table only deals with GSM systems. There are other mobile telecommunications systems that do use ARFCN to number th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHES%20%28buffer%29 | CHES (N-cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a buffering agent. CHES buffers have a useful range of pH 8.6–10.
It typically appears as a white crystalline powder.
Effect of impurities
Commercial prep of CHES (and other sulfonylethyl buffers like MES, BES, and PIPES) can contain a contaminant oligo(vinylsulfonic acid) (OVS), which is a polyanionic mimic of RNA, and can be a potent (pM) inhibitor of RNA binding proteins and enzymes.
References
External links
Buffer solutions
Sulfonic acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sphinx%20%28British%20Columbia%29 | The Sphinx is a mountain in the southernmost Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It is southeast of Garibaldi Lake.
Climate
Based on the Köppen climate classification, The Sphinx is located in a marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel east toward the Coast Mountains where they are forced upward by the range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall. As a result, the Coast Mountains experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.
References
The Sphinx in the Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia
External links
Two-thousanders of British Columbia
Garibaldi Ranges
New Westminster Land District |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidylate%20synthase | Thymidylate synthase (TS) () is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) to deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP). Thymidine is one of the nucleotides in DNA. With inhibition of TS, an imbalance of deoxynucleotides and increased levels of dUMP arise. Both cause DNA damage.
Function
The following reaction is catalyzed by thymidylate synthase:
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP dihydrofolate + dTMP
By means of reductive methylation, deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) and N5,N10-methylene tetrahydrofolate are together used to form dTMP, yielding dihydrofolate as a secondary product.
This provides the sole de novo pathway for production of dTMP and is the only enzyme in folate metabolism in which the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is oxidised during one-carbon transfer. The enzyme is essential for regulating the balanced supply of the 4 DNA precursors in normal DNA replication: defects in the enzyme activity affecting the regulation process cause various biological and genetic abnormalities, such as thymineless death. The enzyme is an important target for certain chemotherapeutic drugs. Thymidylate synthase is an enzyme of about 30 to 35 kDa in most species except in protozoan and plants where it exists as a bifunctional enzyme that includes a dihydrofolate reductase domain. A cysteine residue is involved in the catalytic mechanism (it covalently binds the 5,6-dihydro-dUMP intermediate). The sequence around the active site of this enzy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XRCC1 | DNA repair protein XRCC1, also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC1 gene. XRCC1 is involved in DNA repair, where it complexes with DNA ligase III.
Function
XRCC1 is involved in the efficient repair of DNA single-strand breaks formed by exposure to ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. This protein interacts with DNA ligase III, polymerase beta and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase to participate in the base excision repair pathway. It may play a role in DNA processing during meiogenesis, i.e. during the induction of meiosis and recombination in germ cells. A rare microsatellite polymorphism in this gene is associated with cancer in patients of varying radiosensitivity.
The XRCC1 protein does not have enzymatic activity, but acts as a scaffolding protein that interacts with multiple repair enzymes. The scaffolding allows these repair enzymes to then carry out their enzymatic steps in repairing DNA. XRCC1 is involved in single-strand break repair, base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair.
As reviewed by London, XRCC1 protein has three globular domains connected by two linker segments of ~150 and 120 residues. The XRCC1 N-terminal domain binds to DNA polymerase beta, the C-terminal BRCT domain interacts with DNA ligase III alpha and the central domain contains a poly(ADP-ribose) binding motif. This central domain allows recruitment of XRCC1 to polymeric ADP-ribose that forms on PARP1 after P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20repair%20protein%20XRCC4 | DNA repair protein XRCC4 also known as X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 or XRCC4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the XRCC4 gene. In addition to humans, the XRCC4 protein is also expressed in many other metazoans, fungi and in plants. The X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 is one of several core proteins involved in the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway to repair DNA double strand breaks (DSBs).
NHEJ requires two main components to achieve successful completion. The first component is the cooperative binding and phosphorylation of artemis by the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). Artemis cleaves the ends of damaged DNA to prepare it for ligation. The second component involves the bridging of DNA to DNA Ligase IV (LigIV), by XRCC4, with the aid of Cernunnos-XLF. DNA-PKcs and XRCC4 are anchored to Ku70 / Ku80 heterodimer, which are bound to the DNA ends.
Since XRCC4 is the key protein that enables interaction of LigIV to damaged DNA and therefore ligation of the ends, mutations in the XRCC4 gene were found to cause embryonic lethality in mice and developmental inhibition and immunodeficiency in humans. Furthermore, certain mutations in the XRCC4 gene are associated with an increased risk of cancer.
Double strand breaks
DSBs are mainly caused by free radicals generated from ionizing radiation in the environment and from by-products released continually during cellular metabolism. DSBs that are not efficient |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartman%E2%80%93Grobman%20theorem | In mathematics, in the study of dynamical systems, the Hartman–Grobman theorem or linearisation theorem is a theorem about the local behaviour of dynamical systems in the neighbourhood of a hyperbolic equilibrium point. It asserts that linearisation—a natural simplification of the system—is effective in predicting qualitative patterns of behaviour. The theorem owes its name to Philip Hartman and David M. Grobman.
The theorem states that the behaviour of a dynamical system in a domain near a hyperbolic equilibrium point is qualitatively the same as the behaviour of its linearization near this equilibrium point, where hyperbolicity means that no eigenvalue of the linearization has real part equal to zero. Therefore, when dealing with such dynamical systems one can use the simpler linearization of the system to analyse its behaviour around equilibria.
Main theorem
Consider a system evolving in time with state that satisfies the differential equation for some smooth map . Now suppose the map has a hyperbolic equilibrium state : that is, and the Jacobian matrix of at state has no eigenvalue with real part equal to zero. Then there exists a neighbourhood of the equilibrium and a homeomorphism ,
such that and such that in the neighbourhood the flow of is topologically conjugate by the continuous map to the flow of its linearisation .
Even for infinitely differentiable maps , the homeomorphism need not to be smooth, nor even locally Lipschitz. However, it turns ou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babanki%20virus | Babanki virus (BBKV) is a member of the virus family Togaviridae of Class IV of the Baltimore classification system and the genus Alphavirus.
Genome and Structure
It has an unsegmented, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is approximately 11.7kb long. In general, members of the Togaviridae have genomes which are able to be used directly as mRNA and the genome of BBKV can code for both structural and non-structural proteins. Currently, the genome of BBKV has only been partially sequenced. It has a spherical nucleocapsid which is approximately 40 nm in diameter and shows icosahedral symmetry of T=4. This nucleocapsid core is surrounded by a lipid envelope covered with glycoprotein spikes and virion particles are approximately 70 nm in diameter in total .
Disease
BBKV was first isolated in Babanki in Northwest Cameroon, Africa in 1969 and the disease is also known in Senegal and Madagascar . It is closely related to another Alphavirus, Sindbis virus and causes similar symptoms in humans like fever, arthralgia or joint pain and a rash. It is spread by an arthropod vector, typically mosquitoes of the genus Culex and in this way, may be described as an Arbovirus . Its normal host is birds .
References
ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 3.
Alphaviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofolic%20acid | Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA), or tetrahydrofolate, is a folic acid derivative.
Metabolism
Human synthesis
Tetrahydrofolic acid is produced from dihydrofolic acid by dihydrofolate reductase. This reaction is inhibited by methotrexate.
It is converted into 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate by serine hydroxymethyltransferase.
Bacterial synthesis
Many bacteria use dihydropteroate synthetase to produce dihydropteroate, a molecule without function in humans. This makes it a useful target for sulfonamide antibiotics, which compete with the PABA precursor.
Functions
Tetrahydrofolic acid is a cofactor in many reactions, especially in the synthesis (or anabolism) of amino acids and nucleic acids. In addition, it serves as a carrier molecule for single-carbon moieties, that is, groups containing one carbon atom e.g. methyl, methylene, methenyl, formyl, or formimino. When combined with one such single-carbon moiety as in 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, it acts as a donor of a group with one carbon atom. Tetrahydrofolate gets this extra carbon atom by sequestering formaldehyde produced in other processes. These single-carbon moieties are important in the formation of precursors for DNA synthesis. A shortage in tetrahydrofolic acid (FH4) can cause megaloblastic anemia.
Methotrexate acts on dihydrofolate reductase, like pyrimethamine or trimethoprim, as an inhibitor and thus reduces the amount of tetrahydrofolate made. This may result in megaloblastic anemia.
Tetrahydrofolic acid is involved |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydrofolic%20acid | Dihydrofolic acid (conjugate base dihydrofolate) (DHF) is a folic acid (vitamin B9) derivative which is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid by dihydrofolate reductase. Since tetrahydrofolate is needed to make both purines and pyrimidines, which are building blocks of DNA and RNA, dihydrofolate reductase is targeted by various drugs to prevent nucleic acid synthesis.
Interactive pathway map
Further reading
References
Folates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech%20camp | A tech camp is a summer camp which focuses on technology education, sometimes referred to as a computer camp. These camps often include programs such as video game design, robotics, and programming. These camps first began to appear in the United States in the late 1970s. National Computer Camps was the first computer camp established in 1977.
U.S. News & World Report April 23, 2001, p. 41.
Computer World, No 16, April 17, 1978, p. 16.
References
Computing and society
Summer camps |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank | MycoBank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations. It is run by the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute in Utrecht.
Each novelty, after being screened by nomenclatural experts and found in accordance with the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), is allocated a unique MycoBank number before the new name has been validly published. This number then can be cited by the naming author in the publication where the new name is being introduced. Only then, this unique number becomes public in the database.
By doing so, this system can help solve the problem of knowing which names have been validly published and in which year.
MycoBank is linked to other important mycological databases such as Index Fungorum, Life Science Identifiers, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other databases. MycoBank is one of three nomenclatural repositories recognized by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi; the others are Index Fungorum and Fungal Names.
References
Further reading
External links
Mycology
Online taxonomy databases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gephyrin | Gephyrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPHN gene.
This gene encodes a neuronal assembly protein that anchors inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors to the postsynaptic cytoskeleton via high affinity binding to a receptor subunit domain and tubulin dimers. In nonneuronal tissues, the encoded protein is also required for molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis. Mutations in this gene may be associated with the neurological condition hyperekplexia and also lead to molybdenum cofactor deficiency.
Gene
Numerous alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described; however, the full-length nature of all transcript variants is not currently known. The production of alternatively spliced variants is affected by noncoding regions within the gene. A ‘yin-yang’ noncoding sequence pair encompassing gephyrin has been identified. These sequences are opposites of each other - consisting of hundreds of divergent nucleotide states. Both of these patterns are uniquely human and evolved rapidly after splitting from their ancestral DNA pattern. The gephyrin yin and yang sequences are prevalent today in populations representing every major human ancestry.
Function
Gephyrin is a 93kDa multi-functional protein that is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses. It consists of 3 domains: N terminal G domain, C terminal E domain, and a large unstructured linker domain which connects the two. Although there are structure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliskiren | Aliskiren (brand names Tekturna and Rasilez) is the first in a class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors. It is used for essential (primary) hypertension. While used for high blood pressure, other better studied medications are typically recommended due to concerns of higher side effects and less evidence of benefit.
In December 2011, Novartis halted a trial of the drug after discovering increased nonfatal stroke, kidney complications, high blood potassium, and low blood pressure in people with diabetes and kidney problems.
As a result, in 2012:
A new contraindication was added to the product label concerning the use of aliskiren with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) in patients with diabetes because of the risk of kidney impairment, low blood pressure, and high levels of potassium in the blood.
A warning to avoid use of aliskiren with ARBs or ACEIs was also added for patients with moderate to severe kidney impairment (i.e., where glomerular filtration rate is less than 60 ml/min).
Novartis decided to stop marketing Valturna (aliskiren/valsartan).
Aliskiren was co-developed by the Swiss pharmaceutical companies Novartis and Speedel.
Medical uses
While used for high blood pressure, other better-studied medications are typically recommended. Prescrire has stated that aliskiren is potentially more harmful than beneficial and thus list it as a drug to avoid (as of 2014).
Adverse effects
Angioedema - The ADE of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkylating%20antineoplastic%20agent | An alkylating antineoplastic agent is an alkylating agent used in cancer treatment that attaches an alkyl group (CnH2n+1) to DNA.
The alkyl group is attached to the guanine base of DNA, at the number 7 nitrogen atom of the purine ring.
Since cancer cells, in general, proliferate faster and with less error-correcting than healthy cells, cancer cells are more sensitive to DNA damage—such as being alkylated. Alkylating agents are used to treat several cancers. However, they are also toxic to normal cells (cytotoxic), particularly cells that divide frequently, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow, testicles and ovaries, which can cause loss of fertility. Most of the alkylating agents are also carcinogenic.
History
Before their use in chemotherapy, alkylating agents were better known for their use as sulfur mustard, ("mustard gas") and related chemical weapons in World War I. The nitrogen mustards were the first alkylating agents used medically, as well as the first modern cancer chemotherapies. Goodman, Gilman, and others began studying nitrogen mustards at Yale in 1942, and, following the sometimes dramatic but highly variable responses of experimental tumors in mice to treatment, these agents were first tested in humans late that year. Use of methyl bis (B-chloroethyl)emine hydrochloride (mechlorethamine, mustine) and tris (B-chloroethy) amine hydrochloride for Hodgkin's disease lymphosarcoma, leukemia, and other malignancies resulted in striking but te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynex%20Semiconductor | Dynex Semiconductor based in Lincoln, England, United Kingdom is a global supplier of products and services specialising in the field of power semiconductor devices and silicon on sapphire integrated circuit products. The power products they manufacture include IGBTs, various types of thyristor and GTOs.
Research partnerships
Along with several other industry partners, Dynex is a member of the National Microelectronics Institute of the University of Surrey Dynex also supports research in power conversion electronics for hybrid vehicles with two other British universities, Durham University and the University of Warwick
History
The Dynex power semiconductor business was originally established in Lincoln over 50 years ago when it was known as AEI Semiconductors Ltd. At that time, the business introduced some of the first silicon-based power semiconductor components in the world. Since then it acquired the power semiconductor interests, technologies and products from some major names such as GEC, SGS-Thomson, Alstom and Marconi Electronic Devices (MEDL).
Chinese takeover
In 2008, 75% of Dynex Power shares were acquired by Chinese manufacturer Zhuzhou CSR Times Electric Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of CSR Corporation Limited. A 2018 report in The Sunday Times asked if this acquisition led to China using British technology to build a railgun.
References
External links
Official website
Semiconductor companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Lincoln, England
CRRC Group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Hayes%20%28serial%20killer%29 | Robert Tyrone Hayes (born March 12, 1982) is an American serial killer who has been convicted of three murders in the Daytona Beach, Florida, area between December 2005 and February 2006. DNA tests have also linked him to a fourth murder committed in March 2016. In addition, he remains the prime suspect in the murder of another woman in December 2007.
The first three murders that were committed in Daytona Beach, Florida, garnered high media attention, and before Hayes' identification, the perpetrator was nicknamed The Daytona Beach Killer. Investigators were not able to close in on a suspect in time. In December 2007, the murder of a woman in the same area caused a re-investigation to be brought forward, but again, Hayes remained elusive. In December 2016, DNA tests on a woman found murdered in Palm Beach County in March 2016 matched DNA found on the original three murdered women.
On September 15, 2019, authorities charged Hayes with one count of first-degree murder based upon DNA tests. On September 16, he was charged on three additional counts of first-degree murder. Additional testing after his arrest confirmed the link. Investigators had identified Hayes after identifying his family members through genetic genealogy, a tactic that has been used to solve numerous cold cases, most infamously the Golden State Killer. In February 2022, Hayes was convicted on three counts of first-degree murder and the following month was sentenced to three consecutive life sentences without |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilicutes | Gracilicutes (Latin: gracilis, slender, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) is a clade in bacterial phylogeny.
Traditionally gram staining results were most commonly used as a classification tool, consequently until the advent of molecular phylogeny, the Kingdom Monera (as the domains Bacteria and Archaea were known then) was divided into four phyla,
Gracilicutes (gram-negative, it is split in many groups, but some authors still use it in a narrower sense)
Firmacutes [sic] (gram-positive, subsequently corrected to Firmicutes, today it excludes the Actinomycetota)
Mollicutes (gram variable, later renamed Tenericutes and now Mycoplasmatota, e.g. Mycoplasma)
Mendosicutes (uneven gram stain, "methanogenic bacteria" now known as methanogens and classed as Archaea)
This classification system was abandoned in favour of the three-domain system based on molecular phylogeny started by C. Woese.
Using hand-drawn schematics rather than standard molecular phylogenetic analysis, Gracilicutes was revived in 2006 by Cavalier-Smith as an infrakindgom containing the phyla Spirochaetota, Sphingobacteria (FCB), Planctobacteria (PVC), and Proteobacteria. It is a gram-negative clade that branched off from other bacteria just before the evolutionary loss of the outer membrane or capsule, and just after the evolution of flagella. Most notably, this author assumed an unconventional tree of life placing Chloroflexota near the origin of life and Archaea as a close relative of Actinomyce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfolded%20protein%20response | The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It has been found to be conserved between mammalian species, as well as yeast and worm organisms.
The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. In this scenario, the UPR has three aims: initially to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signalling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. If these objectives are not achieved within a certain time span or the disruption is prolonged, the UPR aims towards apoptosis.
Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases, and inhibiting the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases. Diseases amenable to UPR inhibition include Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum
Protein synthesis
The term protein folding incorporates all the processes involved in the production of a protein after the nascent polypeptides have become synthesized by the ribosomes. The proteins destined to be secreted or sorted to other cell organelles carry an N-terminal signal sequence that will interact with a signal recognition particle (SRP). The S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna%20Muirhead | Dame Lorna Elizabeth Muirhead (née Fox) is a past President of the Royal College of Midwives and from 2006 until her retirement in 2017 she served as the Lord Lieutenant of Merseyside.
In 1992 she became a member of the Council of the Royal College of Midwives (RCM) and, in 1997, was elected as President. She served two terms of office, until 2004. Throughout this time she continued to work as a clinical midwife.
During her presidency she represented the RCM in, among other venues:
Council of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG)
Joint RCM/RCOG committee
Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee (SNMAC)
Women's National Commission
Council of the International Confederation of Midwives
Specialist Register of the English National Board
Benevolent Fund Committee of the Royal College of Midwives Trust
Council of the Kings Fund
National Service Framework for Midwifery
Other affiliations
Muirhead was a midwifery adviser on Baby Lifeline; a member of the Council of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; national midwifery adviser for St John Ambulance; and served as Lord Lieutenant of Merseyside.
She is also currently (June 2011) President of Merseyside County Scout Council, a County of The Scout Association in the United Kingdom. Dame Lorna is a long-standing Co-President (with eminent obstetrician Professor James Drife) of the national charity Baby Lifeline. She is also a Patron of the Birkenhead Choral Society. She is an Honorary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal%20s6%20kinase | In molecular biology, ribosomal s6 kinase (rsk) is a family of protein kinases involved in signal transduction. There are two subfamilies of rsk, p90rsk, also known as MAPK-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPKAP-K1), and p70rsk, also known as S6-H1 Kinase or simply S6 Kinase. There are three variants of p90rsk in humans, rsk 1-3. Rsks are serine/threonine kinases and are activated by the MAPK/ERK pathway. There are two known mammalian homologues of S6 Kinase: S6K1 and S6K2.
Substrates
Both p90 and p70 Rsk phosphorylate ribosomal protein s6, part of the translational machinery, but several other substrates have been identified, including other ribosomal proteins. Cytosolic substrates of p90rsk include protein phosphatase 1; glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); L1 CAM, a neural cell adhesion molecule; Son of Sevenless, the Ras exchange factor; and Myt1, an inhibitor of cdc2.
RSK phosphorylation of SOS1 (Son of Sevenless) at Serines 1134 and 1161 creates 14-3-3 docking site. This interaction of phospho SOS1 and 14-3-3 negatively regulates Ras-MAPK pathway.
p90rsk also regulates transcription factors including cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB); estrogen receptor-α (ERα); IκBα/NF-κB; and c-Fos.
Genomics
p90 Rsk-1 is located at 1p.
p90 Rsk-2 is located at Xp22.2 and contains 22 exons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Coffin–Lowry syndrome, a disease characterised by severe psychomotor retardation and other developmental abnormalities.
p90 Rsk-3 is l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakazu%20Tashiro | Masakazu Tashiro (, born June 26, 1988) is a Japanese football player who currently plays for the Iwate Grulla Morioka in J3 League.
Club statistics
Updated to 1 March 2019.
References
External links
Profile at V-Varen Nagasaki
Profile at Yokohama F. Marinos
1988 births
Living people
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Japan Football League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
FC Machida Zelvia players
JEF United Chiba players
Montedio Yamagata players
V-Varen Nagasaki players
Yokohama FC players
Omiya Ardija players
Iwate Grulla Morioka players
Men's association football defenders
People from Meguro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yota%20Akimoto | is a Japanese footballer. He currently plays for Ehime FC on loan from Shonan Bellmare.
Career statistics
Club
Updated to 18 January 2019.
1Includes Japanese Super Cup.
References
External links
Profile at Shonan Bellmare
Profile at FC Tokyo
1987 births
Living people
Association football people from Tokyo
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Ehime FC players
Shonan Bellmare players
FC Tokyo players
FC Machida Zelvia players
Men's association football goalkeepers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding%20protein | A binding protein is any protein that acts as an agent to bind two or more molecules together.
Examples include:
DNA-binding protein
Single-strand binding protein
Telomere-binding protein
RNA-binding protein
Poly(A)-binding protein
Nuclear cap-binding protein complex
CREB-binding protein
Calcium-binding protein
Calcium-binding protein 1
S100 calcium-binding protein A1
TATA-binding protein
Actin-binding protein
Most actin binding proteins bind on the actin surface, despite having different functions and structures.
Penicillin binding proteins
Retinol binding protein
Retinol binding protein 4
EP300
Binding immunoglobulin protein
Odorant binding protein
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
C4b-binding protein
Rap GTP-binding protein
Calmodulin-binding proteins
Iron-binding proteins
Thyroxine-binding proteins
Folate-binding protein
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein
GTP-binding protein
Retinaldehyde-binding protein 1
Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins
Androgen-binding protein
Maltose-binding protein
Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1
Syntaxin binding protein 3
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
Methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2
Growth hormone-binding protein
Vitamin D-binding protein
Syntaxin binding protein 2
Oxysterol-binding protein
E3 binding protein
Iron-responsive element-binding protein
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein
Fatty acid-binding protein
Myosin binding protein C, cardiac
CPE binding protein
See also
4EGI-1, a binding inhibitor
Refer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL6 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2). As its former name suggests, CXCL6 is a chemoattractant for neutrophilic granulocytes. It elicits its chemotactic effects by interacting with the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. The gene for CXCL6 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster with other CXC chemokine genes.
References
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20point%20vortex%20gas | The two-dimensional point vortex gas is a discrete particle model used to study turbulence in two-dimensional ideal fluids. The two-dimensional guiding-center plasma is a completely equivalent model used in plasma physics.
General setup
The model is a Hamiltonian system of N points in the two-dimensional plane executing the motion
(In the confined version of the problem, the logarithmic potential is modified.)
Interpretations
In the point-vortex gas interpretation, the particles represent either point vortices in a two-dimensional fluid, or parallel line vortices in a three-dimensional fluid. The constant ki is the circulation of the fluid around the ith vortex. The Hamiltonian H is the interaction term of the fluid's integrated kinetic energy; it may be either positive or negative. The equations of motion simply reflect the drift of each vortex's position in the velocity field of the other vortices.
In the guiding-center plasma interpretation, the particles represent long filaments of charge parallel to some external magnetic field. The constant ki is the linear charge density of the ith filament. The Hamiltonian H is just the two-dimensional Coulomb potential between lines. The equations of motion reflect the guiding center drift of the charge filaments, hence the name.
See also
List of plasma (physics) articles
Notes
References
Turbulence models
Plasma physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iryna%20Movchan | Iryna Pavlivna Movchan (; born 26 June 1990 in Dnipropetrovsk) is a Ukrainian former competitive figure skater. She is the 2008 Crystal Skate of Romania champion and a two-time (2009, 2011) Ukrainian national champion. She qualified to the free skate at three ISU Championships — 2007 Europeans in Warsaw, Poland; 2009 Europeans in Helsinki, Finland; and 2011 Worlds in Moscow, Russia.
Programs
Competitive highlights
JGP: Junior Grand Prix
References
External links
Ukrainian female single skaters
1990 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Dnipro
Competitors at the 2011 Winter Universiade |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der%E2%80%93Bernstein%20theorems%20for%20operator%20algebras | The Schröder–Bernstein theorem from set theory has analogs in the context operator algebras. This article discusses such operator-algebraic results.
For von Neumann algebras
Suppose M is a von Neumann algebra and E, F are projections in M. Let ~ denote the Murray-von Neumann equivalence relation on M. Define a partial order « on the family of projections by E « F if E ~ F' ≤ F. In other words, E « F if there exists a partial isometry U ∈ M such that U*U = E and UU* ≤ F.
For closed subspaces M and N where projections PM and PN, onto M and N respectively, are elements of M, M « N if PM « PN.
The Schröder–Bernstein theorem states that if M « N and N « M, then M ~ N.
A proof, one that is similar to a set-theoretic argument, can be sketched as follows. Colloquially, N « M means that N can be isometrically embedded in M. So
where N0 is an isometric copy of N in M. By assumption, it is also true that, N, therefore N0, contains an isometric copy M1 of M. Therefore, one can write
By induction,
It is clear that
Let
So
and
Notice
The theorem now follows from the countable additivity of ~.
Representations of C*-algebras
There is also an analog of Schröder–Bernstein for representations of C*-algebras. If A is a C*-algebra, a representation of A is a *-homomorphism φ from A into L(H), the bounded operators on some Hilbert space H.
If there exists a projection P in L(H) where P φ(a) = φ(a) P for every a in A, then a subrepresentation σ of φ can be defined in a natural way |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Output%20Radio%20Frequency%20Spectrum | ORFS stands for Output RF Spectrum, where 'RF' stands for Radio Frequency.
The acronym ORFS is used in the context of mobile communication systems, e.g., GSM. It stands for the relationship between (a) the frequency offset from the carrier and (b) the power, measured in a specific bandwidth and time, produced by the mobile station due to effects in modulation and power ramping and switching. ORFS measurements are defined and required in order to prove conformance by various institutions, e.g., the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) or ETSI.
References
See also
ORFS - O-Ring Face Seal: Hydraulic sealing system for hoses and fittings.
Mobile technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC5 | British NVC community MC5 (Armeria maritima - Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum maritime therophyte community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is widespread on the western coasts of Britain, and localised on coasts elsewhere. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition
Six constant species are found in this community:
Thrift (Armeria maritima)
Buck's-horn Plantain (Plantago coronopus)
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Sea Mouse-ear (Cerastium diffusum ssp. diffusum)
English Stonecrop (Sedum anglicum)
Biting Stonecrop (Sedum acre)
The following rare species are associated with this community:
Chives (Allium schoneoprasum)
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea var. capitatum)
Hairy Greenweed (Genista pilosa)
Fringed Rupturewort (Herniaria ciliolata)
Hairy bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus hispidus)
Early Sand-grass (Mibora minima)
Spring Sandwort (Minuartia verna)
Small Restharrow (Ononis reclinata)
Orange Bird's-foot (Ornithopus pinnatus)
Bulbous Meadow-grass (Poa bulbosa)
Early Meadow-grass (Poa infirma)
Four-leaved Allseed (Polycarpon tetraphyllum)
Sand Crocus (Romulea columnae)
Autumn Squill (Scilla autumnalis)
Spring Squill (Scilla verna)
Field Fleawort (Senecio integrifolius ssp. maritimus)
Western Clover (Tri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last%20Hero%20in%20China | Last Hero in China (released in the Philippines as Once Upon a Time in China-2) is a 1993 Hong Kong martial arts film written and directed by Wong Jing. It is a derivative of the Once Upon a Time in China film series, and unlike other imitations, it can be considered a spin-off or parody to some extent. It was released after the first three films in the Once Upon a Time in China franchise. The film starred Jet Li as Chinese martial arts master and folk hero of Cantonese ethnicity, Wong Fei-hung and the action choreography was done by Yuen Woo-ping. However Last Hero in China differs greatly in tone from the Once Upon a Time in China films as it contains stronger elements of violence and broader, more slapstick, comedy. The film contains some Easter eggs, such as a Lifebuoy poster in the 19th century, a staff of the Monkey King, a guandao and Ne Zha's Universe Ring.
Alternative titles
Claws of Steel (DVD release 22 Jan. 2003)
Deadly China Hero (DVD release 27 Jan. 2004)
Iron Rooster vs. Centipede (DVD release 7 Jan. 2005)
Plot
Wong Fei-Hung now has his own school of Kung fu, but its premises have become too small for his numerous students. Two of his disciples, Leung Foon and "Bucktooth" So succeed in finding an agreement with the owner of a vacant house. The school thus changes location. Unfortunately, Wong Fei-Hung's new school building is next to a "love hotel", which is unacceptable for the Master, although less so for his young students. What's worse, a new general want |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial%20transcription | Bacterial transcription is the process in which a segment of bacterial DNA is copied into a newly synthesized strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) with use of the enzyme RNA polymerase.
The process occurs in three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination; and the end result is a strand of mRNA that is complementary to a single strand of DNA. Generally, the transcribed region accounts for more than one gene. In fact, many prokaryotic genes occur in operons, which are a series of genes that work together to code for the same protein or gene product and are controlled by a single promoter. Bacterial RNA polymerase is made up of four subunits and when a fifth subunit attaches, called the σ-factor, the polymerase can recognize specific binding sequences in the DNA, called promoters. The binding of the σ-factor to the promoter is the first step in initiation. Once the σ-factor releases from the polymerase, elongation proceeds. The polymerase continues down the double stranded DNA, unwinding it and synthesizing the new mRNA strand until it reaches a termination site. There are two termination mechanisms that are discussed in further detail below. Termination is required at specific sites for proper gene expression to occur. Gene expression determines how much gene product, such as protein, is made by the gene. Transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase but its specificity is controlled by sequence-specific DNA binding proteins called transcription factors. Transcription fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20transcription | Eukaryotic transcription is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. Gene transcription occurs in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Unlike prokaryotic RNA polymerase that initiates the transcription of all different types of RNA, RNA polymerase in eukaryotes (including humans) comes in three variations, each translating a different type of gene. A eukaryotic cell has a nucleus that separates the processes of transcription and translation. Eukaryotic transcription occurs within the nucleus where DNA is packaged into nucleosomes and higher order chromatin structures. The complexity of the eukaryotic genome necessitates a great variety and complexity of gene expression control.
Eukaryotic transcription proceeds in three sequential stages: initiation, elongation, and termination.
The RNAs transcribed serve diverse functions. For example, structural components of the ribosome are transcribed by RNA polymerase I. Protein coding genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II into messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that carry the information from DNA to the site of protein synthesis. More abundantly made are the so-called non-coding RNAs account for the large majority of the transcriptional output of a cell. These non-coding RNAs perform a variety of important cellular functions.
RNA polymerase
Eukaryotes have three nuclear RNA polymerases, each with distinct roles and properties.
RNA p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20factor%20Jun | Transcription factor Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene. c-Jun, in combination with protein c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. It was first identified as the Fos-binding protein p39 and only later rediscovered as the product of the JUN gene. c-jun was the first oncogenic transcription factor discovered. The proto-oncogene c-Jun is the cellular homolog of the viral oncoprotein v-jun (). The viral homolog v-jun was discovered in avian sarcoma virus 17 and was named for ju-nana, the Japanese word for 17. The human JUN encodes a protein that is highly similar to the viral protein, which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. This gene is intronless and is mapped to 1p32-p31, a chromosomal region involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies.
Function
Regulation
Both Jun and its dimerization partners in AP-1 formation are subject to regulation by diverse extracellular stimuli, which include peptide growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative and other forms of cellular stress, and UV irradiation. For example, UV irradiation is a potent inducer for elevated c-jun expression.
c-jun transcription is autoregulated by its own product, Jun. The binding of Jun (AP-1) to a high-affinity AP-1 binding site in the jun promoter region induces jun transcription. This positive autoregulation by stimulating its own transcription may be a mechanism for prolonging the si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1%20transcription%20factor | Activator protein 1 (AP-1) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression in response to a variety of stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors, stress, and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 controls a number of cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The structure of AP-1 is a heterodimer composed of proteins belonging to the c-Fos, c-Jun, ATF and JDP families.
History
AP-1 was first discovered as a TPA-activated transcription factor that bound to a cis-regulatory element of the human metallothionein IIa (hMTIIa) promoter and SV40. The AP-1 binding site was identified as the 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response element (TRE) with the consensus sequence 5’-TGA G/C TCA-3’. The AP-1 subunit Jun was identified as a novel oncoprotein of avian sarcoma virus, and Fos-associated p39 protein was identified as the transcript of the cellular Jun gene. Fos was first isolated as the cellular homologue of two viral v-fos oncogenes, both of which induce osteosarcoma in mice and rats. Since its discovery, AP-1 has been found to be associated with numerous regulatory and physiological processes, and new relationships are still investigated.
Structure
AP-1 transcription factor is assembled through the dimerization of a characteristic bZIP domain (basic region leucine zipper) in the Fos and Jun subunits. A typical bZIP domain consists of a “leucine zipper” region, and a “basic region”. The leucine zipper is responsible fo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20mean | In mathematics and statistics, a circular mean or angular mean is a mean designed for angles and similar cyclic quantities, such as times of day, and fractional parts of real numbers.
This is necessary since most of the usual means may not be appropriate on angle-like quantities. For example, the arithmetic mean of 0° and 360° is 180°, which is misleading because 360° equals 0° modulo a full cycle. As another example, the "average time" between 11 PM and 1 AM is either midnight or noon, depending on whether the two times are part of a single night or part of a single calendar day.
The circular mean is one of the simplest examples of directional statistics and of statistics of non-Euclidean spaces.
This computation produces a different result than the arithmetic mean, with the difference being greater when the angles are widely distributed. For example, the arithmetic mean of the three angles 0°, 0°, and 90° is (0° + 0° + 90°) / 3 = 30°, but the vector mean is arctan(1/2) = 26.565°. Moreover, with the arithmetic mean the circular variance is only defined ±180°.
Definition
Since the arithmetic mean is not always appropriate for angles, the following method can be used to obtain both a mean value and measure for the variance of the angles:
Convert all angles to corresponding points on the unit circle, e.g., to . That is, convert polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates. Then compute the arithmetic mean of these points. The resulting point will lie within the unit disk but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938%20Swiss%20Grand%20Prix | The 1938 Swiss Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at Bremgarten, Switzerland on 21 August 1938.
Classification
References
Swiss Grand Prix
Swiss Grand Prix
Grand Prix
August 1938 sports events |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiper%20seal | A wiper seal is an axial seal that creates a seal while allowing a reciprocating shaft to pass through the seal's inner bore. Wiper seals are often used for fluid containment and to prevent dirt from entering a reciprocating shaft mechanism.
Wiper seals are typically used on hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, as well as telescopic suspension forks for motorcycles and bicycles.
See also
Gland (engineering)
Stuffing box
References
Seals (mechanical) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITK%20%28gene%29 | Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK also known as interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase or simply ITK, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITK gene. ITK is a member of the TEC family of kinases and is highly expressed in T cells.
Function
This gene encodes an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in T-cells. The protein is thought to play a role in T-cell proliferation and differentiation. ITK is functionally important for the development and effector function of Th2 and Th17 cells.
Mice lacking ITK were shown to not be susceptible to asthma.
Structure
This protein contains the following domains, which are often found in intracellular kinases:
N-terminus – PH (pleckstrin homology domain)
TH – Tec family homology domain (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase Cys-rich motif and Proline rich region)
SH3 – (Src homology 3)
SH2 – (Src homology 2)
C-terminus – tyrosine kinase, catalytic domain
Interactions
ITK (gene) has been shown to interact with:
FYN,
Grb2 and
KHDRBS1,
KPNA2,
LAT,
LCP2,
PLCG1,
PPIA, and
WAS.
References
Further reading
Tyrosine kinases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20torture | White torture, often referred to as white room torture, is a type of psychological torture technique aimed at complete sensory deprivation and isolation. A prisoner is held in a cell that deprives them of all senses and identity. It is particularly used in Iran; however, there is also evidence of its use by the Venezuelan and the United States intelligence services.
Methodology
Visually, the prisoner is deprived of all colour. Their cell is completely white: the walls, floor and ceiling, as well as their clothes and food. Neon tubes are positioned above the occupant in such a way that no shadows appear.
Auditorily, the cell is soundproof, and void of any sound, voices or social interaction. Guards stand in silence, wearing padded shoes to avoid making any noise. Prisoners cannot hear anything but themselves.
In terms of taste and smell, the prisoner is fed white food—classically, unseasoned rice—to deprive them of these senses. Further, all surfaces are smooth, robbing them of the variability of touch sensations.
Detainees are often held for months, or even years. The effects of white torture are well-documented in a number of testimonials. Typically, prisoners will become depersonalized by losing personal identity for extended periods of isolation. Other effects include hallucinations, or even psychotic breaks.
Allegations of use
Iran
In Iran, white torture () has been practiced on political prisoners. Most political prisoners who experience this type of torture are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediator%20%28coactivator%29 | Mediator is a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes. It was discovered in 1990 in the lab of Roger D. Kornberg, recipient of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Mediator complexes interact with transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. The main function of mediator complexes is to transmit signals from the transcription factors to the polymerase.
Mediator complexes are variable at the evolutionary, compositional and conformational levels. The first image shows only one "snapshot" of what a particular mediator complex might be composed of, but it certainly does not accurately depict the conformation of the complex in vivo. During evolution, mediator has become more complex. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a simple eukaryote) is thought to have up to 21 subunits in the core mediator (exclusive of the CDK module), while mammals have up to 26.
Individual subunits can be absent or replaced by other subunits under different conditions. Also, there are many intrinsically disordered regions in mediator proteins, which may contribute to the conformational flexibility seen both with and without other bound proteins or protein complexes. A more realistic model of a mediator complex without the CDK module is shown in the second figure.
The mediator complex is required for the successful transcription by RNA polymerase II. Mediator has been shown to make contacts with the polymerase in the transcription preinitiation complex. A rec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathia%20Rodriguez | Kathia J. Rodriguez Rosario (born July 9, 1980) is an actress with a key role in Miguel Coyula's latest film Memorias del Desarrollo.
She was raised by her mother and grandmother, Myrna Rosario and Nilda Galarza. Kathia has a Master's in Biology from University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. She is married to Harry Santiago-Perez, CPA and both have lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, since 2004.
Biography
Rodriguez was born in Barceloneta, Puerto Rico, and attended high school there. Since childhood, she has been involved in the arts. She attended the modeling agency, Refine, and was a member of a talent show company that performed shows throughout the island. She has won awards for her impersonations of Madonna and Cuban singer, Lissette. However, her family stressed the importance of a college education.
After graduation, Rodriguez decided to enroll at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez to pursue a degree in biology. Her goal was to attend medical school and become a cardiologist. However, her dream and passion was to be an actress. She then combined her studies in biology with elective classes in the school's theater department.
During her senior year, Rodriguez married her best friend, Harry Santiago-Perez. The following year, she began her master's degree in microbiology. In 2003, her thesis, titled Eficacia del hongo Pleurotus ostreatus como biorremediador de suelos contaminados con metales pesados was published.
Later that year, Rodriguez joined her husband i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20F.C.%20%281861%29 | Crystal Palace F.C. was an amateur football club formed in 1861 who contributed to the development of association football during its formative years. They were founder members of the Football Association in 1863, and competed in the first ever FA Cup competition in 1871–72.
The club disbanded around 1876, its last entry listing in the Football Annual appeared in the 1875 edition. However, the current professional Crystal Palace F.C. claims to be a continuation of the original club, although this has been disputed by football historians.
History
Formation
In 1854, Queen Victoria opened the new Crystal Palace Exhibition building in South London near to Sydenham Hill. The building had gained fame in 1851 when it housed the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, London. The Crystal Palace Park, which surrounded the site of the exhibition building, officially opened in 1856, and incorporated various sports facilities including a cricket ground. The first Crystal Palace football club was formed here in 1861. Many of its original players were members of Crystal Palace Cricket Club founded in 1857.
Grounds
The club initially played in Crystal Palace Park using the cricket field. The first game recorded as being played at the Crystal Palace was on 5 April 1862 against Forest Football Club (who later became Wanderers F.C.). For the 1864–65 and 1865–66 seasons, the club moved and played on a field behind the Crooked Billet pub in Penge. In 1866–67 they were homeless, and only three games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20fat%20index | Solid fat index (SFI) is a measure of the percentage of fat in crystalline (solid) phase to total fat (the remainder being in liquid phase) across a temperature gradient. The SFI of a fat is measured using a dilatometer that measures the expansion of a fat as it is heated; density measurements are taken at a series of standardized temperature check points. The resulting SFI/temperature curve is related to melting qualities and flavor. For example, butter has a sharp SFI curve, indicating that it melts quickly and that it releases flavor quickly.
References
Food analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele%20des%20Pins%20Airport | Île des Pins Airport () is an airport on Île des Pins in New Caledonia .
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
Airports in New Caledonia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouanaham%20Airport | Ouanaham Airport is an airport serving Lifou, Lifou Island, New Caledonia.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
Lifou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%A9%20Airport | Maré Airport is an airport in Maré, New Caledonia.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
References
Airports in New Caledonia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20pathology | Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline.
It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease. A key consideration is that more accurate diagnosis is possible when the diagnosis is based on both the morphologic changes in tissues (traditional anatomic pathology) and on molecular testing.
It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human diseases, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop disorders.
Molecular pathology is commonly used in diagnosis of cancer and infectious diseases. Techniques are numerous but include quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), multiplex PCR, DNA microarray, in situ hybridization, in situ RNA sequencing, DNA sequencing, antibody based immunofluorescence tissue assays, molecular profiling of pathogens, and analysis of bacterial genes for antimicrobial resistance.
Integration of "molecular pathology" and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Phone%20%28film%29 | Cell Phone () is a 2003 Chinese comedy-drama film directed by Feng Xiaogang and starring Ge You, Zhang Guoli, Xu Fan and Fan Bingbing. It was first released on 18 December 2003 in mainland China and was subsequently screened at the Cleveland International Film Festival on 18 March 2005. With box office earnings of over ¥50 million, Cell Phone became the highest-grossing domestic film in 2003.
Written by Liu Zhenyun, based on his own novel of the same title, the film revolves around two successful men whose marriages were wrecked when their wives uncovered their extramarital affairs through traces left in their cell phones. More broadly, the film explores the role of cellphones in interpersonal complex relationships in modern China, where rapidly expanding use of information technology impacts the way people communicate.
Plot
Yan Shouyi is a TV host who has an affair with Wu Yue (Fan Bingbing), a young and attractive woman working in publishing. Yan diligently erases all text messages and call records between him and Wu on his cellphone before he gets home everyday, in order to avoid detection by his wife Yu Wenjuan (Lu Zhang). One night, after telling Yu that he has a work meeting with Fei Mo (Zhang Guoli), a TV producer and Yan's superior, Yan rendezvous with Wu and switches off his cellphone. Not being able to reach Yan a while later, Yu calls Fei, who has been in the know of Yan's affair.
Cast
Ge You as Yan Shouyi (S: 严守一, T: 嚴守一, P: Yán Shǒuyī), a TV host
Zhang Guoli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20C%2B%2B%20Parallel%20Programming%20System | The Sieve C++ Parallel Programming System is a C++ compiler and parallel runtime designed and released by Codeplay that aims to simplify the parallelization of code so that it may run efficiently on multi-processor or multi-core systems. It is an alternative to other well-known parallelisation methods such as OpenMP, the RapidMind Development Platform and Threading Building Blocks (TBB).
Introduction
Sieve is a C++ compiler that will take a section of serial code, which is annotated with sieve markers, and parallelize it automatically. The programmer wraps code they wish to parallelise inside a lexical scope, which is tagged as 'sieve'. Inside this scope, referred to commonly as a 'sieve block', certain rules apply :
All side-effects within the sieve block are delayed until the end of the scope.
Side-effects are defined to be any modifications to data declared outside the sieve block scope.
Only functions annotated with sieve or immediate can be called.
Delaying side-effects removes many small dependencies which would usually impede automatic parallelization. Reads and writes can be safely reordered by the compiler as to allow better use of various data movement mechanisms, such as Direct Memory Access(DMA). In addition, alias analysis and dataflow analysis can be simplified . The compiler can then split up code within the sieve block much easier, to exploit parallelism.
Memory Configuration
This separation of scopes also means the Sieve System can be used in non-unif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldolase%20B | Aldolase B also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B or liver-type aldolase is one of three isoenzymes (A, B, and C) of the class I fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme (EC 4.1.2.13), and plays a key role in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The generic fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase enzyme catalyzes the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) as well as the reversible cleavage of fructose 1-phosphate (F1P) into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. In mammals, aldolase B is preferentially expressed in the liver, while aldolase A is expressed in muscle and erythrocytes and aldolase C is expressed in the brain. Slight differences in isozyme structure result in different activities for the two substrate molecules: FBP and fructose 1-phosphate. Aldolase B exhibits no preference and thus catalyzes both reactions, while aldolases A and C prefer FBP.
In humans, aldolase B is encoded by the ALDOB gene located on chromosome 9. The gene is 14,500 base pairs long and contains 9 exons. Defects in this gene have been identified as the cause of hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI).
Mechanism
The generic fructose bisphosphate aldolase enzyme cleaves a 6-carbon fructose sugar into two 3-carbon products in a reverse aldol reaction. This reaction is typified by the formation of a Schiff base intermediate with a lysine residue (lysine 229) in the active site of the enzyme; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC12 | British NVC community MC12 (Festuca rubra – Hyacinthoides non-scripta maritime bluebell community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime sea-cliff grasslands.
This community is found locally in western coastal areas of Britain. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Red fescue, Festuca rubra
Bluebell, Hyacinthoides non-scripta
Common sorrel, Rumex acetosa
Yorkshire-fog, Holcus lanatus
One rare species, spring squill (Scilla verna), is associated with this community.
Distribution
This community is found locally in coastal areas in the west of Britain from Devon and Cornwall north to Skye.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Armeria maritima subcommunity
the Ranunculus ficaria subcommunity
References
John S. Rodwell (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC12 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phospholipase%20A1 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Phospholipase A1}}
Phospholipase A1 (EC 3.1.1.32; systematic name: phosphatidylcholine 1-acylhydrolase) encoded by the PLA1A gene is a phospholipase enzyme which removes the 1-acyl group:
phosphatidylcholine + H2O ⇌ 2-acylglycerophosphocholine + a carboxylate
It is an enzyme that resides in a class of enzymes called phospholipase that hydrolyze phospholipids into fatty acids. There are four classes, separated according to the type of reaction they catalyze. In particular, phospholipase A1 (PLA1) specifically catalyzes the cleavage at the sn-1 position of phospholipids, forming a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid.
Function
PLA1's are present in numerous species including humans, and have a variety of cellular functions that include regulation and facilitation of the production of lysophospholipid mediators, and acting as digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for fast turnover rates of cellular phospholipids. In addition to this, the products of the reaction catalyzed by PLA1 which are a fatty acid and a lysophospholipid are important in various biological functions such as platelet aggregation and smooth muscle contraction. In addition, lysophospholipids can be found as surfactants in food techniques and cosmetics, and can be used in drug delivery. Since PLA1 is found in many species, it has been found that there are different classes of this one specific enzyme based on the organism being studied.
Species and tissue distribution
There |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL12 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 12 (CCL12) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that has been described in mice. It is also known as monocyte chemotactic protein 5 (MCP-5) and, due to its similarity with the human chemokine MCP-1, sometimes it is called MCP-1-related chemokine. CCL12 specifically attracts eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. This chemokine is found predominantly in lymph nodes and thymus under normal conditions, and its expression can be hugely induced in macrophages. It is thought to coordinate cell movements during early allergic reactions, and immune response to pathogens. The gene for CCL12 is found in a cluster of CC chemokines on mouse chromosome 11.
References
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL9 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 9 (CCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. It is also called macrophage inflammatory protein-1 gamma (MIP-1γ), macrophage inflammatory protein-related protein-2 (MRP-2) and CCF18, that has been described in rodents. CCL9 has also been previously designated CCL10, although this name is no longer in use. It is secreted by follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) such as that found around Peyer's patches, and attracts dendritic cells that possess the cell surface molecule CD11b and the chemokine receptor CCR1. CCL9 can activate osteoclasts through its receptor CCR1 (the most abundant chemokine receptor found on osteoclasts) suggesting an important role for CCL9 in bone resorption. CCL9 is constitutively expressed in macrophages and myeloid cells. The gene for CCL9 is located on chromosome 11 in mice.
CCL9 is a chemokine involved in the process of signaling an antileukemic response and is a potential form of immunotherapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). CML is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells. This is caused by chromosomal translocation, a mutation in which the abnormal gene BCR-ABL, is turned into a CML cell. CML starts off as a myeloproliferative for example in sickle cell anemia or extreme granulocytosis but if left untreated, it could transform into an acute form of leukemia. In order to treat CML, alpha and beta interferons (INFs) are used to regulate the process of bin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep%20Hope%20Alive | "Keep Hope Alive" is a single featured on the studio album Vegas by the electronica group The Crystal Method. The single was released on October 1, 1996, on the City of Angels label, and received 4.5 out of five stars in a review from AllMusic. The single was re-released on July 10, 2001, on the Moonshine Music label. Vocal samples for the song are taken from a 1992 speech by Jesse Jackson titled "You Do Not Stand Alone".
In popular culture
"Keep Hope Alive" is used in an early action sequence, and found on the soundtrack, for the movie The Replacement Killers. It is also heard in a disco scene in the 1995 film Species. It is used as the theme song for the TV show Third Watch and is frequently heard on Ninja Warrior. The song is featured in the video games FIFA: Road to World Cup 98, Project Gotham Racing 4 and Motor Mayhem. A live version of the song is featured on the Family Values Tour 1999 CD.
The Third Watch episode "True Love" as well as FIFA: Road to World Cup 98 also used their earlier song "Now Is the Time".
"Keep Hope Alive" is a selectable song to play while aboard the Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit roller coaster at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando, Florida.
It was the main theme for the now defunct brazilian Cyberscript IRC client, playing during startup.
1996 track listing
"Keep Hope Alive" (There Is Hope Mix)
"Keep Hope Alive" (Trip Hope Mix)
"More"
"Now Is the Time" (The Olympic Mix)
"The Dubeliscious Groove" (Fly Spanish Version)
2001 track listing
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring%20algorithm | Scoring algorithm, also known as Fisher's scoring, is a form of Newton's method used in statistics to solve maximum likelihood equations numerically, named after Ronald Fisher.
Sketch of derivation
Let be random variables, independent and identically distributed with twice differentiable p.d.f. , and we wish to calculate the maximum likelihood estimator (M.L.E.) of . First, suppose we have a starting point for our algorithm , and consider a Taylor expansion of the score function, , about :
where
is the observed information matrix at . Now, setting , using that and rearranging gives us:
We therefore use the algorithm
and under certain regularity conditions, it can be shown that .
Fisher scoring
In practice, is usually replaced by , the Fisher information, thus giving us the Fisher Scoring Algorithm:
..
Under some regularity conditions, if is a consistent estimator, then (the correction after a single step) is 'optimal' in the sense that its error distribution is asymptotically identical to that of the true max-likelihood estimate.
See also
Score (statistics)
Score test
Fisher information
References
Further reading
Maximum likelihood estimation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Queens%20of%20Comedy | The Queens of Comedy is a 2000 American stand-up comedy film directed by Steve Purcell that is a spin-off film of The Original Kings of Comedy, both of which were produced by Walter Latham. The film follows the performances and behind-the-scenes conversations of four black, female stand-up comedians at Memphis, Tennessee's Orpheum Theatre.
Laura Hayes opens the show and serves as MC. She tells family stories about her grandchildren, her mother, and her sisters. Adele Givens urges her audience to celebrate their flaws; she comments on this crazy world, her 92-year-old grandmother, and the need to take care when naming a baby.
Sommore, recently released from jail, talks about children, men, marriage, and why mothers give their eight-year old daughters a hula-hoop. Lastly, Mo'Nique celebrates big women and contrasts blacks and whites. She tries to give big women hope, that it is ok to be a big woman, and it is ok to dislike skinny women.
The film also cuts to footage of the queens on the town having fun. For one night only, eight years later, the ladies returned for a comeback on The Mo'Nique Show, which aired on October 29, 2009.
Airing
The Queens of Comedy premiered on Showtime in the United States. It has aired internationally in Europe, the United Kingdom and Ireland, and it has been subtitled in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. In Africa, it aired in South Africa, Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria.
References
External links
2001 films
2001 comedy films
American doc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal%20sac | A fecal sac (also spelled faecal sac) is a mucous membrane, generally white or clear with a dark end, that surrounds the feces of some species of nestling birds. It allows parent birds to more easily remove fecal material from the nest. The nestling usually produces a fecal sac within seconds of being fed; if not, a waiting adult may prod around the youngster's cloaca to stimulate excretion. Young birds of some species adopt specific postures or engage in specific behaviors to signal that they are producing fecal sacs. For example, nestling curve-billed thrashers raise their posteriors in the air, while young cactus wrens shake their bodies. Other species deposit the sacs on the rim of the nest, where they are likely to be seen (and removed) by parent birds.
Not all species generate fecal sacs. They are most prevalent in passerines and their near relatives, which have altricial young that remain in the nest for longer periods. In some species, the fecal sacs of small nestlings are eaten by their parents. In other species, and when nestlings are older, sacs are typically taken some distance from the nest and discarded. Young birds generally stop producing fecal sacs shortly before they fledge.
Removal of fecal material helps to improve nest sanitation, which in turn helps to increase the likelihood that nestlings will remain healthy. It also helps to reduce the chance that predators will see it or smell it and thereby find the nest. Experiments on starling nests suggest th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylaminoethyl%20cellulose | Diethylaminoethyl cellulose (DEAE-C) is a positively charged resin used in ion-exchange chromatography, a type of column chromatography, for the separation and purification of proteins and nucleic acids. Gel matrix beads are derivatized with diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) and lock negatively charged proteins or nucleic acids into the matrix. The proteins are released from the resin by increasing the salt concentration of the solvent or changing the pH of the solution as to change the charge on the protein.
Preparation
DEAE-C is synthesized by an alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose (obtained from cotton fabric) with 2-chlorotriethylamine, illustrated as following :
Types
Common resins
DEAE-C is commonly commercially available as DE52 and DE53. These resins are prepared preswollen although cellulose exchangers swell in a strong basic environment to increase access to binding sites.
DE52 has a pKa of 11.5. The buffering range for diethanolamine is 8.4-8.8, though the range for DEAE-C varies between manufacturers.
DEAE-D
DEAE-Dextran (DEAE-D) is a positively charged dextran derivative that can be used for vaccine production, gene therapy, protein stabilization, dyslipidemia prevention, flocculating agents, and many other applications. DEAE-D is also used for transfecting animal cells with foreign DNA. It is added to solution containing DNA meant for transfection. It binds and interacts with negatively charged DNA molecules and via an unknown mechanism brings about the up |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate%20classification | Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a biome classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. One of the most used is the Köppen climate classification scheme first developed in 1884.
There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally, climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and empiric methods, which focus on the effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances. Examples of empiric classifications include climate zones defined by plant hardiness, evapotranspiration, or associations with certain biomes, as in the case of the Köppen climate classification. A common shortcoming of these classification schemes is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature.
Types of climate
Alpine climate
Desert climate or arid climate
Humid continental climate
Humid subtropical climate
Ice cap climate
Oceanic climate
Subarctic climate
Semi-arid climate
Mediterranean climate
Tropical monsoon climate
Tropical rainforest climate
Tropical savanna climate
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SD17 | NVC community SD17 (Potentilla anserina - Carex nigra dune-slack community) is one of the 16 sand-dune communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
It is one of five communities associated with dune slacks.
It is a very localised community. There are four subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Creeping Bent (Agrostis stolonifera)
Common Sedge (Carex nigra)
Silverweed (Potentilla anserina)
Pointed Spear-moss (Calliergon cuspidatum)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is found in two areas - on the east coast, from Spurn Point to northwest Norfolk, and on the dunes of Liverpool Bay.And north Wales.
Subcommunities
There are three subcommunities:
the Festuca rubra - Ranunculus repens subcommunity
the Carex flacca subcommunity
the Caltha palustris subcommunity
the Hydrocotyle vulgaris - Ranunculus flammula subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SD17 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami%20Essid | Sami bin Khamis bin Salih Essid ()
a.k.a. Essid Sami Ben Khemais was the head of al-Qaeda's Italian cell until his arrest outside Milan in April 2001. He received a five-year sentence for trafficking in arms, explosives, and chemicals. Essid remains under embargo by the United Nations Security Council Committee 1267 as an affiliate of al-Qaeda, and by the US Treasury for his terrorist activity. Around 1 July 2007, fresh charges against Sami Essid were read in Italy, where he was still in custody.
According to the UN he was born on 10 February 1968 in Menzel Jemil, Bizerte Governorate, Tunisia.
He phoned a cell phone held by Saber Mohammed - believed to have been acting as a messenger for Mosa Zi Zemmori and Driss Elatellah.
Guantanamo connection
Following the United States Supreme Court ruling in Rasul v. Bush, the United States Department of Defense was forced to conduct reviews of the combatant status of the captives held in extrajudicial detention in its Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba.
The allegations that Guantanamo counter-terror analysts offered to justify the detention of several of these captives assert that they had an association with Sami Essid, or the Sami Essid Network.
References
1968 births
Living people
Tunisian al-Qaeda members
People designated by the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee
Islamic terrorism in Italy
People from Bizerte Governorate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observed%20information | In statistics, the observed information, or observed Fisher information, is the negative of the second derivative (the Hessian matrix) of the "log-likelihood" (the logarithm of the likelihood function). It is a sample-based version of the Fisher information.
Definition
Suppose we observe random variables , independent and identically distributed with density f(X; θ), where θ is a (possibly unknown) vector. Then the log-likelihood of the parameters given the data is
.
We define the observed information matrix at as
Since the inverse of the information matrix is the asymptotic covariance matrix of the corresponding maximum-likelihood estimator, the observed information is often evaluated at the maximum-likelihood estimate for the purpose of significance testing or confidence-interval construction. The invariance property of maximum-likelihood estimators allows the observed information matrix to be evaluated before being inverted.
Alternative definition
Andrew Gelman, David Dunson and Donald Rubin define observed information instead in terms of the parameters' posterior probability, :
Fisher information
The Fisher information is the expected value of the observed information given a single observation distributed according to the hypothetical model with parameter :
.
Comparison with the expected information
The comparison between the observed information and the expected information remains an active and ongoing area of research and debate. Efron and Hinkley provi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20shock%20protein%2047 | Heat shock protein 47, also known as SERPINH1 is a serpin which serves as a human chaperone protein for collagen.
Function
This protein is a member of the serpin superfamily of serine proteinase inhibitors. Its expression is induced by heat shock. HSP47 is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum. These cells synthesize and secrete type I and type II collagen. The protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen and binds collagen; thus it is thought to be a molecular chaperone involved in the maturation of collagen molecules. Autoantibodies to this protein have been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Interactions
Heat shock protein 47 has been shown to interact with collagens I, II, III, IV and V.
Research on role in preventing deep vein thrombosis
Research published in 2023 indicates a potential role of HSP47 regarding deep vein thrombosis. This initial research will be followed by additional studies.
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.035
Molecular chaperones |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination%20Calabria | "Destination Calabria" is a song by Italian music producer Alex Gaudino with vocals by Crystal Waters. It is the first single released from his debut album My Destination. The track is a mashup, taking the instrumental from Rune RK's "Calabria" and the vocals from Gaudino's and Waters' "Destination Unknown", both originally released in 2003. It was produced with the help of Maurizio Nari and Ronnie Milani (Nari & Milani), matching the saxophone riff from "Calabria" to Waters' voice.
In 2006, "Destination Calabria" was released in Italy as a 12-inch single by Rise Records. In the United Kingdom, a CD and 12-inch single were issued on 19 March 2007 by Data Records. The song was also successful in several other countries, including Australia, Belgium, France, Ireland, Spain, and the United Kingdom.
Music video
The music video is directed by Eran "Rani" Creevy, produced by Ben Pugh for Ministry of Sound and choreographed by David Leighton. It features eight female dancers (Natasha Payne, Jessica Fox, Emma Warton and more) in sexualized green marching band costumes, playing various instruments in a seductive manner, and dancing inside an infinity cove. In some scenes, seemingly hundreds of the dancers are seen at once, but these are simply the original eight replicated many times using digital imagery.
Waters herself does not appear in the video, but members of the marching band lip sync her lyrics at various points.
Track listings
Italian 12-inch single (2006)
A1. "Destinati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipeptidyl%20peptidase | Dipeptidyl peptidase is a type of enzyme classified under EC 3.4.14.
Types include:
Cathepsin C, dipeptidyl peptidase-1
Dipeptidyl-peptidase II
DPP3, dipeptidyl peptidase-3
DPP4, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
DPP6, dipeptidyl peptidase-6
DPP7, dipeptidyl peptidase-7
DPP8, dipeptidyl peptidase-8
DPP9, dipeptidyl peptidase-9
DPP10, dipeptidyl peptidase-10
See also
Tripeptidyl peptidase
References
Proteases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga%20%28musical%29 | Saratoga is a musical with a book by Morton DaCosta, lyrics by Johnny Mercer, and music by Harold Arlen.
Based on Edna Ferber's sprawling novel Saratoga Trunk, it focuses on Clio Dulaine, an "illegitimate" Creole woman who seeks revenge on the New Orleans family who exiled her mother when she became impregnated by their son. Posing as a countess raised in France, she joins forces with Montana cowboy Clint Maroon, whose family's property was appropriated by railroad tycoon Bart Van Steed. Clint persuades Clio to seduce Bart into proposing marriage, but the conspirators soon find themselves falling in love while scheming to settle old scores.
The success of the musical adaptation of Ferber's Show Boat convinced her lightning could strike twice. She first approached Rodgers and Hammerstein with her proposal, and when they opted to write Pipe Dream instead, she turned to Lerner and Loewe, who agreed to compose the score but lost interest after My Fair Lady opened. DaCosta wrote a first draft of the book, which Ferber disliked, and when her offer to adapt the book herself was declined, she backed out of the project.
The bulk of the financing was provided by NBC and RCA Victor, which released the original cast recording. Rock Hudson and Jeanmaire originally were announced as the leads, but ultimately neither participated in the show.
The Broadway production, directed by DaCosta and choreographed by Ralph Beaumont, opened on December 7, 1959 at the Winter Garden Theatre, where i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20inhibitory%20polypeptide%20receptor | The gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIP-R), also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GIPR gene.
GIP-R is a member of the class B family of G protein coupled receptors. GIP-R is found on beta-cells in the pancreas where it serves as the receptor for the hormone Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP).
Function
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid polypeptide synthesized by K cells of the duodenum and small intestine. It was originally identified as an activity in gut extracts that inhibited gastric acid secretion and gastrin release, but subsequently was demonstrated to stimulate insulin release potently in the presence of elevated glucose. The insulinotropic effect on pancreatic islet beta-cells was then recognized to be the principal physiologic action of GIP. Together with glucagon-like peptide-1, GIP is largely responsible for the secretion of insulin after eating. It is involved in several other facets of the anabolic response.
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary%20pathology | Veterinary pathologists are veterinarians who specialize in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided into two branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Other than the diagnosis of disease in food-producing animals, companion animals, zoo animals and wildlife, veterinary pathologists also have an important role in drug discovery and safety as well as scientific research.
Veterinary anatomical pathology
Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross examination, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (necropsy). The Indian, European, Japanese and American Colleges of Veterinary Pathologists certify veterinary pathologists through a certifying exam. The American College of Veterinary Pathologist certification exam consists of four parts - gross pathology, microscopic pathology, veterinary pathology, and general pathology. Only the general pathology section is shared between the anatomic and clinical pathology examinations. Anatomic pathologists are employed in a number of different positions, including diagnostics, teaching, research, and the pharmaceutical industry.
Veterinary clinical pathology
Clinical pathology is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, urine or cavitary effusions, or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1595%20in%20music |
Events
March 6 – Estacio de la Serna resigns from his post as organist at the collegiate church of San Salvador in Seville, in order to accept the position of organist of the royal chapel at Lisbon, starting on 1 April 1595.
April 28 – Sebastian Raval is appointed maestro di cappella at the viceregal chapel in Palermo.
Asprilio Pacelli is appointed maestro di capella at the Collegio Germanico
Publications
Gregor Aichinger – Second book of motets (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
Giammateo Asola – (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
Johann Avianus – Delphica & vera pennae literatae nobilitas for four voices (Erfurt: G. Baumann)
Adriano Banchieri – for eight voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
Paolo Bellasio – Fifth book of madrigals for five voices (Verona: Francesco Dalle Donne), published posthumously
Giulio Belli – First book of masses and (motets) for eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
Joachim a Burck – for four voices (Erfurt: Georg Baumann), includes settings of texts by Cyriakus Schneegass
Giovanni Antonio Cirullo – Il primo libro de madrigali, for five voices (Venice)
Camillo Cortellini – Psalms for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
Giovanni Croce
Second book of motets for eight voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
(Musical antidote) for four, five, six, and seven voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), a collection of capriccios
Christoph Demantius
(New German Secular Songs) in five parts for voices and instruments (Nuremberg: Paul Kauffmann for Andreas Wolken)
for five vo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juegos%20de%20verano | Juegos de verano (Summer Games) is a 1973 Argentine erotic film directed by Juan Antonio Serna and starring Linda Peretz and
Ricardo Morán.
Plot
Five girls from different Latin American countries join young people in a house in Delta del Tigre. The troupe of young girls is headed by actress Linda Peretz.
Cast
Linda Peretz
Ricardo Morán
Irma Ferrazzi
Hilda Blanco
Alberto Mazzini
Alfredo Zemma
Alcira Moro
Susana Maraldino
Susana Villafañe as Narcisa
Virginia Faiad
Rosa Aroza
Susana Maldy
Xunta Malek
Javier Luis Pressa
Julio Sanchez Paz
Cristian Shell
Production
The film was made in 1969 but not released until 1973. It is described as a soft core porn film with lesbian scenes which was made pornographic with added scenes when released overseas. These sex scenes caused legal problems and had to be censored for the Argentine market, which significantly delayed the release of the film.
Reception
La Prensa opined that "All the elements have been played with awkwardness and memorable lack of imagination". Raúl Manrupe and Maria Portela in their book Un diccionario de films argentinos (1930-1995) wrote: "Forgotten incursion of 70s erotic cinema to which some porn scenes were added for its exhibition abroad".
References
External links
1973 films
Argentine erotic films
1970s erotic films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oragene | Oragene is the trade name for DNA Genotek's non-invasive DNA self-collection kit. Oragene allows the collection, stabilization and long-term storage of DNA from saliva at ambient temperature. Oragene first became available to the genetic research community in 2004. Oragene is available in a variety of formats for various markets. In 2011, Oragene•Dx received 510(k) clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
History
Oragene was invented by Dr. H. Chaim Birnboim. The basis for Oragene is outlined in his 1979 paper which described the widely used method of alkaline extraction of plasmid DNA from bacteria. For the first time, genetic researchers had access to a mechanism to collect large amounts of high quality DNA through non-invasive sampling. Prior to this discovery, the only option for those with this requirement was to use blood samples. Oragene allows donors to spit into a plastic tube to provide a reliable, high quality DNA sample in a non-invasive way.
Features
Oragene is used by academic research institutions, bone marrow donor registries, hospitals, clinical testing laboratories, and direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies who require large amounts of high quality DNA from a large number of donors. The non-invasive collection method offered by Oragene allows collection of DNA from those who might be unwilling to provide a blood sample. In addition, Oragene can be sent via the standard postal system providing the ability for customers to scale the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20SM24 | British NVC community SM24 (Elymus pycnanthus salt-marsh community) is one of the salt-marsh communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
This community is found in a number of coastal areas, but is not recorded from Scotland. There are no subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Sea Couch (Elymus pycnanthus)
No rare species are associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is found primarily in four coastal areas: The Wash/north Norfolk, Essex/Suffolk, along the English South Coast, and in Northwest England, although in this latter area, stands are small. It is also recorded from the Bristol Channel, the Isle of Man and in northeast England.
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
SM24 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticata | Corticata ("one with a cortex"), in the classification of eukaryotes (living organisms with a cell nucleus), is a clade suggested by Thomas Cavalier-Smith
to encompass the eukaryote supergroups of the following two groups:
Plantae, or Archaeplastida (plants, red algae, green algae, and glaucophytes)
Chromalveolata (a group including kelp, water moulds, ciliates, dinoflagellates, and other organisms)
Cavalier-Smith currently includes Rhizaria as well, resulting in an equivalency to Diaphoretickes.
See also
Bikont
Cabozoa
References
Bikont unranked clades
Diaphoretickes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20scanning%20interferometry | Frequency scanning interferometry (FSI) is an absolute distance measurement technique, for measuring the distance between a pair of points, along a line-of-sight.
The power of the FSI technique lies in its ability to make many such distance measurements, simultaneously.
For each distance to be measured, a measurement interferometer is built using optical components placed at each end of a line-of-sight.
The optical path of each measurement interferometer is compared to the optical path in a reference interferometer, by scanning the frequency of a laser (connected to all interferometers in the system) and counting fringe cycles produced in the return signals from each interferometer.
The length of each measurement interferometer is given in units of reference length by the ratio of measurement interferometer to reference interferometer fringes.
To give an example: A frequency scan might produce 100 fringe cycles in the measurement interferometer and 50 in the reference interferometer. The measured interferometer is therefore twice the length of reference interferometer, to first order (ignoring systematic errors - see below).
Reference interferometer precautions
A typical reference interferometer is held at a stable length in a controlled environment, to reduce the dominant systematic errors which arise from changes in optical path which occur during the laser frequency scan.
Uses
The great strength of the FSI technique is the ability to simultaneously compare an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitiviridae | Partitiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Plants, fungi, and protozoa serve as natural hosts. It has been suggested that they can also infect bacteria. The name comes from the Latin partitius, which means divided, and refers to the segmented genome of partitiviruses. There are five genera and 60 species in the family, 15 of which are unassigned to a genus.
Structure
Viruses in the family Partitiviridae are non-enveloped with icosahedral geometries and T=1 symmetry. The diameter of partitiviruses is around 25–43 nm.
Genome
Partitiviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes divided into two genomic segments, and there may be additional subgenomic segments. The two genome segments are packaged in separate virus particles. They code for two separate proteins. The first segment codes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and the second segment codes for the coat protein. The segments are around 1.4–3.0 kbp in length, while the total genome length is around 3.0–4.8 kbp.
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Fungi and plants serve as the natural host. Cryspoviruses infect apicomplexian protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium, while viruses of the other genera infect plants and fungi. It |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khintchine%20inequality | In mathematics, the Khintchine inequality, named after Aleksandr Khinchin and spelled in multiple ways in the Latin alphabet, is a theorem from probability, and is also frequently used in analysis. Heuristically, it says that if we pick complex numbers , and add them together each multiplied by a random sign , then the expected value of the sum's modulus, or the modulus it will be closest to on average, will be not too far off from .
Statement
Let be i.i.d. random variables
with for ,
i.e., a sequence with Rademacher distribution. Let and let . Then
for some constants depending only on (see Expected value for notation). The sharp values of the constants were found by Haagerup (Ref. 2; see Ref. 3 for a simpler proof). It is a simple matter to see that when , and when .
Haagerup found that
where and is the Gamma function.
One may note in particular that matches exactly the moments of a normal distribution.
Uses in analysis
The uses of this inequality are not limited to applications in probability theory. One example of its use in analysis is the following: if we let be a linear operator between two Lp spaces and , , with bounded norm , then one can use Khintchine's inequality to show that
for some constant depending only on and .
Generalizations
For the case of Rademacher random variables, Pawel Hitczenko showed that the sharpest version is:
where , and and are universal constants independent of .
Here we assume that the are non-negative and non |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIC | TRIC may refer to:
TRiC (complex), a multiprotein complex of eukaryotic cells involved in protein folding
Tahoe Reno Industrial Center, an industrial and manufacturing park in Storey County, Nevada
Television and Radio Industries Club, a UK industry association
Tric, a fictional nightclub from the television series One Tree Hill |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottschalk%20v.%20Benson | Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63 (1972), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a process claim directed to a numerical algorithm, as such, was not patentable because "the patent would wholly pre-empt the mathematical formula and in practical effect would be a patent on the algorithm itself." That would be tantamount to allowing a patent on an abstract idea, contrary to precedent dating back to the middle of the 19th century. The ruling stated "Direct attempts to patent programs have been rejected [and] indirect attempts to obtain patents and avoid the rejection ... have confused the issue further and should not be permitted." The case was argued on October 16, 1972, and was decided November 20, 1972.
Prior history
The case revolves around a patent application filed by inventors Gary Benson and Arthur Tabbot, for a method for converting binary-coded decimal (BCD) numerals into pure binary numerals on a general-purpose digital computer. The patent examiner at the United States Patent Office, now called the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or PTO, rejected the patent application as being directed to a mathematical expression. Pure mathematical expressions had been held to be unpatentable under earlier patent laws in Mackay Co. v. Radio Corp. The applicant appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, which affirmed the examiner's rejection. The applicant further appealed to the Court of Customs and Patent Appeals. The Court rever |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample%20mean%20and%20covariance | The sample mean (sample average) or empirical mean (empirical average), and the sample covariance or empirical covariance are statistics computed from a sample of data on one or more random variables.
The sample mean is the average value (or mean value) of a sample of numbers taken from a larger population of numbers, where "population" indicates not number of people but the entirety of relevant data, whether collected or not. A sample of 40 companies' sales from the Fortune 500 might be used for convenience instead of looking at the population, all 500 companies' sales. The sample mean is used as an estimator for the population mean, the average value in the entire population, where the estimate is more likely to be close to the population mean if the sample is large and representative. The reliability of the sample mean is estimated using the standard error, which in turn is calculated using the variance of the sample. If the sample is random, the standard error falls with the size of the sample and the sample mean's distribution approaches the normal distribution as the sample size increases.
The term "sample mean" can also be used to refer to a vector of average values when the statistician is looking at the values of several variables in the sample, e.g. the sales, profits, and employees of a sample of Fortune 500 companies. In this case, there is not just a sample variance for each variable but a sample variance-covariance matrix (or simply covariance matrix) showing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbered%20highways%20in%20Indiana | The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is responsible for the establishment and classification of a state highway network which includes Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, and State Roads. There is no rule preventing the same numbering between state roads, U.S. routes, and Interstate highways, although traditionally, INDOT has avoided state road numbers which are the same as those on U.S. routes within the state.
Indiana has a mileage cap of for its highway system.
History
Business Routes in Indiana
Many Indiana cities have business routes, but by law they are maintained by local governments, not INDOT.
County Roads in Indiana
Most Indiana counties use a numbering system for designating county roads based on a grid. The system is similar to latitude and longitude on the globe, where numbering begins at the Equator and Greenwich Prime Meridian, respectively.
Typically, the north–south road that divides the county into east and west parts is named "Meridian Road", or "Base Road", and the east–west road that divides the county into north and south parts is named "Division Road", just as the north–south street that divides Indianapolis between "east" and "west" is named Meridian Street. However, roads along the baselines are given a variety of names in different counties. For example, Rush County designates them both as Base Road. Howard County designates the east–west baseline road as 00 NS. Some Counties, like Gibson, use state roads or other highways as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk%20loading | In fluid dynamics, disk loading or disc loading is the average pressure change across an actuator disk, such as an airscrew. Airscrews with a relatively low disk loading are typically called rotors, including helicopter main rotors and tail rotors; propellers typically have a higher disk loading. The V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft has a high disk loading relative to a helicopter in the hover mode, but a relatively low disk loading in fixed-wing mode compared to a turboprop aircraft.
Rotors
Disc loading of a hovering helicopter is the ratio of its weight to the
total main rotor disc area. It is determined by dividing
the total helicopter weight by the rotor disc area, which is the area swept by the blades of a rotor. Disc area can be found by using the span of one rotor blade as the radius of a circle and then determining the area the blades encompass during a complete rotation. When a helicopter is being maneuvered, its disc loading changes. The higher the loading, the more power needed to maintain rotor speed. A low disc loading is a direct indicator of high lift thrust efficiency.
Increasing the weight of a helicopter increases disk loading. For a given weight, a helicopter with shorter rotors will have higher disk loading, and will require more engine power to hover. A low disk loading improves autorotation performance in rotorcraft. Typically, an autogyro (or gyroplane) has a lower rotor disc loading than a helicopter, which provides a slower rate of descent in autorota |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki%20Iikura | Hiroki Iikura (, born June 1, 1986, in Aomori, Japan) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper club for Yokohama F. Marinos.
Club statistics
.
Honours
Vissel Kobe
Emperor's Cup: 2019
Japanese Super Cup: 2020
References
External links
Profile at Yokohama F-Marinos
1986 births
Living people
Association football people from Aomori Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
Japan Football League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Roasso Kumamoto players
Vissel Kobe players
Men's association football goalkeepers
People from Aomori (city) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium%20montefiorense | Mycobacterium montefiorense is a species of bacteria which cause granulomatous skin disease of moray eels. Sequence analysis, of the 16S rRNA gene reveals M. montefiorense is most closely related to Mycobacterium triplex, an opportunistic pathogen of humans.
M. montefiorense was named after the Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, N.Y., the medical institution where it was isolated.
Description
M. montefiorense are acid-fast rods which grow on Middlebrook 7H10 media at 25 °C to form small, transparent, slow-growing colonies.
M. montefiorense do not grow at temperatures above 30 °C.
The strain ATCC BAA-256 = CCUG 51898 = DSM 44602.
Pathogenesis
M. montefiorense has been demonstrated to cause granulomatous skin disease of moray eels.
References
External links
Type strain of Mycobacterium montefiorense at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
Acid-fast bacilli
montefiorense
Bacteria described in 2003 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basigin | Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. There are three known antigens in the Ok system; the most common being Oka (also called OK1), OK2 and OK3. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The common isoform of basigin (basigin-2) has two immunoglobulin domains, and the extended form basigin-1 has three.
Function
Basigin is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, with a structure related to the putative primordial form of the family. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily play fundamental roles in intercellular recognition involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, basigin is thought also to play a role in intercellular recognition (Miyauchi et al., 1991; Kanekura et al., 1991).
It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter and the responsiveness of lymphocytes.
Basigin is a type I integral membrane receptor that has many ligands, including the cyclophilin (CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrins. Basigin also serves as a receptor for S100A9 and platelet glycoprotein VI, and ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZO | LZO may refer to:
Lempel–Ziv–Oberhumer, a data compression algorithm
Luzhou Yunlong Airport (IATA code), a military and civilian airport, Luzhou, China
Luzhou Lantian Airport (former IATA code), a military airport, Luzhou, China |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolseley%20Viper | The Wolseley Viper is a British-built, high-compression derivative of the Hispano Suiza HS-8 liquid-cooled V-8 engine, built under licence by Wolseley Motors during World War I.
It powered later models of the S.E.5a, SPAD VII and other British or British-built aircraft designed for the Hispano-Suiza.
Variants
Wolseley W.4A Python I
Wolseley W.4A Python II
Wolseley W.4A Viper
Wolseley W.4B Adder I
Wolseley W.4B Adder II
Wolseley W.4B Adder III
Wolseley W.4A Python
Applications
Airco DH.9
Avro 552
Bristol M.R.1
Bristol Tourer
Cierva C.8
Martinsyde F.6
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a
Sopwith Antelope
Sopwith Cuckoo
Survivors
A Wolseley Viper powered Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a is owned by, and on display at The Shuttleworth Collection, Old Warden Aerodrome in the UK.
Engines on display
A preserved Wolseley Viper is on public display at the Science Museum, London.
A preserved Wolseley Viper is on public display at the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina
Specifications (W.4A Viper)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .
Viper
1910s aircraft piston engines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyserth | Dyserth () is a village, community and electoral ward in Denbighshire, Wales. Its population at the 2011 United Kingdom census was 2,269 and was estimated by the Office for National Statistics as 2,271 in 2019. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Flintshire. Features include quarrying remains, waterfalls and the mountain Moel Hiraddug. Its railway line, once part of the London and North Western Railway, finally closed in 1973 and is now a footpath.
Overview
Dyserth is mentioned in the Domesday book of 1086, listed in the Hundred of Ati's Cross and within Cheshire:
Dyserth also had a nearby castle, which suffered at the hands of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; destroyed after a six-week siege in 1263. The remains of the castle were quarried away during World War I.
The oldest industry in the village and surrounding area is mining, with lead, copper and limestone just some of the minerals being mined locally in the past. These quarries are still visible and form a major part of the village's geography, though mining ceased when Dyserth Quarry closed in 1981.
Traditionally, there has been a strong Welsh language speaking community in the village and until recent times many families and village folk knew, or knew of, each other. This is typical of a rural community whose life often centred on its many churches and chapels. Many of the village's families have their roots in agriculture, with many notable farms in or around Dyserth, including Hottia, Bryn Cnewyllyn and Ty Ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Raptors%20all-time%20roster | The following is a list of players, both past and current, who appeared on the roster for the Toronto Raptors NBA franchise.
Players
Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the season.
A to B
-
|align="left" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"|x || align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Memphis || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 128 || 2,865 || 801 || 132 || 1,172 || 22.4 || 6.3 || 1.0 || 9.2 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| ||align="center"|F/C || align="left"|Baylor || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 36 || 403 || 92 || 15 || 135 || 11.2 || 2.6 || 0.4 || 3.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Arizona || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 12 || 52 || 7 || 1 || 11 || 4.3 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 0.9 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|F/C || align="left"| HTV || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 24 || 265 || 61 || 8 || 114 || 11.0 || 2.5 || 0.3 || 4.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|C || align="left"|Florida State || align="center"|2 || align="center"|– || 26 || 181 || 61 || 5 || 39 || 7.0 || 2.3 || 0.2 || 1.5 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|G || align="left"|Fresno State || align="center"|2 || align="center"| || 127 || 3,697 || 386 || 706 || 1,502 || 29.1 || 3.0 || 5.6 || 11.8 || align=center|
|-
|align="left"| || align="center"|C || align="left"| Virtus Bologna || align="center"|1 || align="center"| || 11 || 150 || 34 || 7 || 56 || 13.6 || 3.1 || 0.6 || 5.1 || align=cent |
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