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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefftz%20method | In mathematics, the Trefftz method is a method for the numerical solution of partial differential equations named after the German mathematician Erich Trefftz(de) (1888–1937). It falls within the class of finite element methods.
Introduction
The hybrid Trefftz finite-element method has been considerably advanced since its introduction about 30 years ago. The conventional method of finite element analysis involves converting the differential equation that governs the problem into a variational functional from which element nodal properties – known as field variables – can be found. This can be solved by substituting in approximate solutions to the differential equation and generating the finite element stiffness matrix which is combined with all the elements in the continuum to obtain the global stiffness matrix. Application of the relevant boundary conditions to this global matrix, and the subsequent solution of the field variables rounds off the mathematical process, following which numerical computations can be used to solve real life engineering problems.
An important aspect of solving the functional requires us to find solutions that satisfy the given boundary conditions and satisfy inter-element continuity since we define independently the properties over each element domain.
The hybrid Trefftz method differs from the conventional finite element method in the assumed displacement fields and the formulation of the variational functional. In contrast to the conventio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeneCalling | In the field of genomics, GeneCalling is an open-platform mRNA transcriptional profiling technique. The GeneCalling protocol measures levels of cDNA, which are correlated with gene expression levels of specific transcripts. Differences between gene expression in healthy tissues and disease or drug responsive tissues are examined and compared in this technology. The technique has been applied to the study of human tissues and plant tissues.
Method
In the GeneCalling protocol, mRNAs are first isolated from a given sample and processed into fragments for analysis. This usually involves the synthesis and subdivision of double-stranded cDNAs from polyA RNA. Distinct sets of restriction enzymes can then be used to digest sets of the divided cDNAs and resulting fragments ligated to labelled adapters to be amplified by PCR. PCR products are then purified and subjected to gel electrophoresis on a mounted platform employing stationary laser excitation and a multi-colour charge-coupled device imaging system. A fluorescent label at the 5' end of one of the PCR primers allows for visualization of the PCR fragments, and the cDNAs are subjected to several isolated and identical restriction digests to generate a merged profile based on peak height and variance. The merged digestion profiles from the cDNA preparations are then compared to locate differentially expressed fragments (such as between normal tissue and diseased or drug responsive tissue); these profiles are compared by mean |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF%20Follow-On%20satellite | Ultra High Frequency Follow-On (UFO) satellite system is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) program sponsored and operated by the United States Space Force to provide communications for airborne, ship, submarine and ground forces. The UFO constellation replaced the U.S. DoD Fleet Satellite Communications System (FLTSATCOM) constellation and consisted of eleven satellites. The ground terminal segment consists of equipment and resident personnel at existing satellite communication stations. The satellites are controlled by the 10th Space Operations Squadron (Space Delta 8) located at the Naval Base Ventura County, Point Mugu, California.
Satellite description
The Ultra high frequency (UHF) satellites primarily served tactical users. UFO provided almost twice as many channels as FLTSATCOM and has about 10% more power per channel. The Extremely high frequency (EHF) package on satellites four through eleven have an Earth coverage beam and a steerable five-degree spot beam that enhances its tactical use. The EHF capability also allows the UFO network to connect to the strategic Milstar system. Satellites eight, nine and ten also carry the Global Broadcast Service antennas that operate in the Ka-band. The Atlas was the launch vehicle of choice; however, space shuttle compatibility existed. The UFO bus and payload weigh . The solar panels spans and produces 2,500 watts at the end of the planned 14-year lifetime. The UHF system supports stationary and mobile users includin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%20secretase | Alpha secretases are a family of proteolytic enzymes that cleave amyloid precursor protein (APP) in its transmembrane region. Specifically, alpha secretases cleave within the fragment that gives rise to the Alzheimer's disease-associated peptide amyloid beta when APP is instead processed by beta secretase and gamma secretase. The alpha-secretase pathway is the predominant APP processing pathway. Thus, alpha-secretase cleavage precludes amyloid beta formation and is considered to be part of the non-amyloidogenic pathway in APP processing. Alpha secretases are members of the ADAM ('a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain') family, which are expressed on the surfaces of cells and anchored in the cell membrane. Several such proteins, notably ADAM10, have been identified as possessing alpha-secretase activity. Upon cleavage by alpha secretases, APP releases its extracellular domain - a fragment known as APPsα - into the extracellular environment in a process known as ectodomain shedding.
ADAM10 consists of two protein domains, a disintegrin domain and a prodomain; however, only the prodomain is required for APP processing. Other ADAM proteins, ADAM17 (also called TACE, tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme), ADAM9, and ADAM19 have also been identified as alpha secretases; extracellular expression of mutant ADAM9 (also known as MDC9 or meltrin gamma) lacking the membrane anchor domain has been suggested as one of many possible means of Alzheimer's prevention and treatment exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female%20condom | An internal condom (also known as a femidom or female condom) is a barrier device that is used during sexual intercourse as a barrier contraceptive to reduce the probability of pregnancy or a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Meant as an alternative to the condom, it was invented by Danish MD Lasse Hessel and designed to be worn internally by the woman during vaginal sex to prevent exposure to semen or other body fluids. His invention was launched in Europe in 1990 and approved by the FDA for sale in the US in 1993. Its protection against STIs is inferior to that of male condoms. Internal condoms can be used by the receptive partner during anal sex.
Description
The female condom is a thin, soft, loose-fitting sheath with a flexible ring/frame or ring/foam disc at the closed end. They typically come in various sizes. For most vaginas, a moderately sized condom is adequate; women who have recently given birth should try a large size first. The inner ring or foam disc at the closed end of the sheath is used to insert the condom inside the vagina and to hold it in place during intercourse. The rolled outer ring or poly frame at the open end of the sheath remains outside the vagina and covers part of the external genitalia.
The female condom was developed in the late 20th century (male condoms have been used for centuries). A primary motive for its creation is the well-documented refusal of some men to use a condom because of loss of sensation and the resulting impact on th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conic%20optimization | Conic optimization is a subfield of convex optimization that studies problems consisting of minimizing a convex function over the intersection of an affine subspace and a convex cone.
The class of conic optimization problems includes some of the most well known classes of convex optimization problems, namely linear and semidefinite programming.
Definition
Given a real vector space X, a convex, real-valued function
defined on a convex cone , and an affine subspace defined by a set of affine constraints , a conic optimization problem is to find the point in for which the number is smallest.
Examples of include the positive orthant , positive semidefinite matrices , and the second-order cone . Often is a linear function, in which case the conic optimization problem reduces to a linear program, a semidefinite program, and a second order cone program, respectively.
Duality
Certain special cases of conic optimization problems have notable closed-form expressions of their dual problems.
Conic LP
The dual of the conic linear program
minimize
subject to
is
maximize
subject to
where denotes the dual cone of .
Whilst weak duality holds in conic linear programming, strong duality does not necessarily hold.
Semidefinite Program
The dual of a semidefinite program in inequality form
minimize
subject to
is given by
maximize
subject to
References
External links
MOSEK Software capable of solving conic optimization problems.
Convex optimization |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie%20Eaves | Connie Jean Eaves, CorrFRSE (née Constance Halperin; born May 22, 1944), is a Canadian biologist with significant contributions to cancer and stem cell research. Eaves is a professor generics of genetics at the University of British Columbia and is also the co-founder with Allen C Eaves of Terry Fox Laboratory (Vancouver, Canada).
Education and career
In high school, Eaves was interested in becoming a physician but later decided to pursue into research due to gender discrimination in medical school acceptance rates.
Eaves received a BA in Biology and Chemistry and in 1964 and 1966 an MSc in biology (Genetics) working on oncogenic viruses from Queen's University. She then pursued doctoral training at the Paterson Laboratories of the Christie Hospital and Holt Radium Institute and obtained a PhD from the University of Manchester in Great Britain in 1969.
She did postdoctoral work on hematopoiesis at the Ontario Cancer Institute in Toronto, Canada, as a member of the research team of James Till and Ernest McCulloch.
After completing her studies, moved to British Columbia because she was offered an academic position at the University of British Columbia.
Her contributions to the professional and scholarly community include acting as the editor-in-chief of the journal Experimental Hematology, in addition to serving as the president of the National Cancer Institute (Canada), the associate scientific director of the Canadian Stem Cell Network, and president of the Internation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulton%20plane | In incidence geometry, the Moulton plane is an example of an affine plane in which Desargues's theorem does not hold. It is named after the American astronomer Forest Ray Moulton. The points of the Moulton plane are simply the points in the real plane R2 and the lines are the regular lines as well with the exception that for lines with a negative slope, the slope doubles when they pass the y-axis.
Formal definition
The Moulton plane is an incidence structure , where denotes the set of points, the set of lines and the incidence relation "lies on":
is just a formal symbol for an element . It is used to describe vertical lines, which you may think of as lines with an infinitely large slope.
The incidence relation is defined as follows:
For and we have
Application
The Moulton plane is an affine plane in which Desargues' theorem does not hold. The associated projective plane is consequently non-desarguesian as well. This means that there are projective planes not isomorphic to for any (skew) field F. Here is the projective plane determined by a 3-dimensional vector space over the (skew) field F.
Notes
References
Richard S. Millman, George D. Parker: Geometry: A Metric Approach with Models. Springer 1991, , pp. 97-104
Incidence geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusporangiate%20fern | Eusporangiate ferns are vascular spore plants, whose sporangia arise from several epidermal cells and not from a single cell as in leptosporangiate ferns. Typically these ferns have reduced root systems and sporangia that produce large amounts of spores (up to 7000 spores per sporangium in Christensenia).
There are four extant eusporangiate fern families, distributed among three classes. Each family is assigned to its own order.
Class Psilotopsida
Order Psilotales, family Psilotaceae – Whisk ferns (2 genera, about 17 species)
Order Ophioglossales, family Ophioglossaceae – Adder's-tongues (5 genera, about 80 species)
Class Equisetopsida
Order Equisetales, family Equisetaceae – Horsetails (1 genus, about 15 species)
Class Marattiopsida
Order Marattiales, family Marattiaceae – Marattoid ferns (6 genera, about 500 species)
The following diagram shows a likely phylogenic placement of eusporangiate fern classes within the vascular plants.
Cladistics
While it is generally accepted that the leptosporangiate ferns are monophyletic, it is considered to be likely that the eusporangiate ferns, as a group, are paraphyletic. In each of the three examples from recently published studies, shown in the following table, it can be seen that, together, the four eusporangiate fern families do not form a single clade.
References
Hogan, C.Michael. 2010. Fern. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment. topic ed. Saikat Basu
Sporne, K. R. 1962. The morphology of p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Blakers | Andrew Blakers is a Professor of renewable energy engineering at the Australian National University. He has contributed to several innovations in solar photovoltaic technology, including PERC solar cells. Blakers has secured many research grants and won several awards.
Solar research group at ANU
Blakers founded the solar research group at ANU in 1991. It comprises about 60 staff and students who work on silicon, perovskite and tandem solar cells.
PERC solar cells
PERC solar photovoltaic technology is used in about 80% of solar panels deployed around the globe. Cumulative PERC solar panel sales are about US$130 billion. PERC solar panels are mitigating about 2% of global emissions through displacement of coal generation.
Sliver cells
Sliver Cell photovoltaic technology uses one tenth of the silicon used in conventional solar panels. Blakers invented the technology with colleague Prof Klaus Weber and developed it with funding from energy supplier Origin Energy and the Australian Research Council.
100% renewable energy futures
Blakers and colleagues work on 100% renewable energy futures. This entails hour-by-hour modelling over decades of supply of energy (mostly from solar and wind) and demand for energy. Sufficient solar, wind, storage and transmission is added to the model to ensure sufficient supply of energy at all times. The levelized cost of a balanced 100% renewable energy system (dollars per Megawatt-hour) can then be calculated. National energy systems have b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute%20Zero%20%28disambiguation%29 | Absolute zero is the temperature at which entropy reaches its minimum value.
Absolute Zero may also refer to:
Absolute Zero (novel), a 1978 children's novel by Helen Cresswell
Absolute Zero (video game), a 1995 computer game for MS-DOS and Macintosh
Absolute Zero, a 2000 compilation album released by UK record label Charrm
Absolute Zero, a 2013 album by Little Green Cars
Absolute Zero, a Japanese bonus track from the Faith No More album King for a Day
"Gone Sovereign"/"Absolute Zero", a song by Stone Sour
Absolute Zero, a hero in the card game Sentinels of the Multiverse
Absolute Zero, a webcomic prequel to the film Interstellar
Absolute Zero, a 2019 album by Bruce Hornsby
See also
Kjærlighetens kjøtere (Zero Kelvin), a 1995 Norwegian film |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMKT | KMKT (branded as Katy Country) is an FM radio station playing a country format and operating on frequency 93.1 MHz.
History
KMKT got its start on frequency 104.9 FM in the North Texas region after its sister station KLAK moved to Durant, Oklahoma 1987.
It was first branded as "Katy Klassics" (the initials are a reference to the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad, commonly called the "Katy" railroad), then "Katy Oldies" a year later. Then in 1990, KMKT moved to Bells, Texas and changed format to country music. The 104.9 frequency was dark for 6 years, but later reestablished as KZMP.
The KMKT studios, production facilities and business offices are located at One Grand Centre, 1800 Teague Drive (Suite 300) in Sherman, TX.
External links
93.1 Katy Country's Official Site
Country radio stations in the United States
Alpha Media radio stations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi%20Amano%20%28footballer%29 | is a Japanese football player who currently plays for the J3 League team Nagano Parceiro.
Career statistics
Updated to 23 February 2017.
J-League Firsts
Appearance: April 14, 2007. Yokohama F Marinos 5 vs 0 Ōita Trinita, Nissan Stadium
Honours
Yokohama F. Marinos
Emperor's Cup: 2013
References
External links
Profile at Yokohama F. Marinos
Profile at Nagano Parceiro
1986 births
Living people
Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese men's footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
J3 League players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
JEF United Chiba players
AC Nagano Parceiro players
Men's association football defenders |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneous%20textures | Igneous textures include the rock textures occurring in igneous rocks. Igneous textures are used by geologists in determining the mode of origin of igneous rocks and are used in rock classification. The six main types of textures are phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, pyroclastic, and pegmatitic.
Aphanitic (a = not, phaner = visible) rocks, in contrast to phaneritic rocks, typically form from lava which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth's surface. When extrusive rocks make contact with the atmosphere they cool quickly, so the minerals do not have time to form large crystals. The individual crystals in an aphanitic igneous rock are not distinguishable to the naked eye. Examples of aphanitic igneous rock include basalt, andesite, and rhyolite.
Glassy or vitreous textures occur during some volcanic eruptions when the lava is quenched so rapidly that crystallization cannot occur. The result is a natural amorphous glass with few or no crystals. Examples include obsidian.
Pegmatitic texture occurs during magma cooling when some minerals may grow so large that they become massive (the size ranges from a few centimetres to several metres). This is typical of pegmatites. Pegmatites are most commonly formed as coarse-grained igneous rocks of granitic composition, containing large clasts of gemstones such as amazonite, garnet, and topaz.
Phaneritic (phaner = visible) textures are typical of intrusive igneous rocks, these rocks crystallized slowly below Earth's surface. A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAIR%20School | FAIR School Crystal (Fine Arts Interdisciplinary Resource) is a magnet school located in Crystal, Minnesota, that specializes in the Fine Arts and educates students in the 4th through 8th grades. FAIR is part of the Robbinsdale Area Schools School District, with its partner school FAIR School Downtown, located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, which is K-12. It was once part of its own independent school district called WMEP (West Metro Education Program) that came under fire around 2013 surrounding several controversies. Of the school's 550 students, 218 come from Minneapolis Public Schools, 74 come from Robbinsdale Area Schools, 49 come from Wayzata Public Schools, and the remainder come from other metro districts and a few other school districts.
In 2008, the school was recognized by the United States Department of Education as one of six schools nationwide that should serve as models for magnet schools. These six schools were chosen for strong student achievement, continued success, and the ability to bring white and minority students together.
The current building, at 3915 Adair Ave. N., was built on the site of a previous school, Jeannette A. Fair Elementary School. The elementary school was part of the Robbinsdale Area Schools and was built in 1952. It was originally named Adair Elementary.
Departments
FAIR School extends its reach to a wide variety of arts, including:
Theatre
The Theatre department at FAIR school works with Stages Theater Company to produce two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfotiamine | Benfotiamine (rINN, or S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate) is a synthetic, fat-soluble, S-acyl derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) that is approved in some countries as a medication or dietary supplement to treat diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Benfotiamine was developed in late 1950s in Japan.
Uses
Benfotiamine is primarily marketed as an over-the-counter drug to treat diabetic polyneuropathy. A 2021 review described two clinical trials with positive results for diabetic polyneuropathy and concluded that more research is needed.
As of 2017, benfotiamine was marketed as a pharmaceutical drug in many countries under the following brand names: Benalgis, Benfogamma, Benforce, Benfotiamina, Biotamin, Biotowa, Milgamma, and Vilotram. It was also marketed in some jurisdictions as a combination drug with cyanocobalamin as Milgamma, in combination with pyridoxine as Milgamma, in combination with metformin as Benforce-M, and with thiamine as Vitafos.
Adverse effects
There is little published data on adverse effects. In one study of a combination of benfotiamine, pyridoxine, and cyanocobalamin, around 8% of people taking the drug experienced nausea, dizziness, stomach ache and weight gain.
Pharmacology
Benfotiamine is dephosphorylated to S-benzoylthiamine by ecto-alkaline phosphatases present in the intestinal mucosa, and is then hydrolyzed to thiamine by thioesterases in the liver. Benfotiamine is more bioavailable than thiamine salts, providing higher levels of thiamine in m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20stack%20automaton | In automata theory, a nested stack automaton is a finite automaton that can make use of a stack containing data which can be additional stacks.
Like a stack automaton, a nested stack automaton may step up or down in the stack, and read the current symbol; in addition, it may at any place create a new stack, operate on that one, eventually destroy it, and continue operating on the old stack. This way, stacks can be nested recursively to an arbitrary depth; however, the automaton always operates on the innermost stack only.
A nested stack automaton is capable of recognizing an indexed language, and in fact the class of indexed languages is exactly the class of languages accepted by one-way nondeterministic nested stack automata.
Nested stack automata should not be confused with embedded pushdown automata, which have less computational power.
Formal definition
Automaton
A (nondeterministic two-way) nested stack automaton is a tuple where
Q, Σ, and Γ is a nonempty finite set of states, input symbols, and stack symbols, respectively,
[, ], and ] are distinct special symbols not contained in Σ ∪ Γ,
[ is used as left endmarker for both the input string and a (sub)stack string,
] is used as right endmarker for these strings,
] is used as the final endmarker of the string denoting the whole stack.
An extended input alphabet is defined by Σ' = Σ ∪ {[,]}, an extended stack alphabet by Γ' = Γ ∪ {]}, and the set of input move directions by D = {-1,0,+1}.
δ, the finite contro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornstein%E2%80%93Zernike%20equation | In statistical mechanics the Ornstein–Zernike (OZ) equation is an integral equation introduced by Leonard Ornstein and Frits Zernike that relates different correlation functions with each other. Together with a closure relation, it is used to compute the structure factor and thermodynamic state functions of amorphous matter like liquids or colloids.
Context
The OZ equation has practical importance as a foundation for approximations for computing the
pair correlation function of molecules or ions in liquids, or of colloidal particles. The pair correlation function is related via Fourier transform to the static structure factor, which can be determined experimentally using X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction.
The OZ equation relates the pair correlation function to the direct correlation function. The direct correlation function is only used in connection with the OZ equation, which can actually be seen as its definition.
Besides the OZ equation, other methods for the computation of the pair correlation function include the virial expansion at low densities, and the Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon (BBGKY) hierarchy. Any of these methods must be combined with a physical approximation: truncation in the case of the virial expansion, a closure relation for OZ or BBGKY.
The equation
To keep notation simple, we only consider homogeneous fluids. Thus the pair correlation function only depends on distance, and therefore is also called the radial distribution function |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20function | In probability theory and statistics, the covariance function describes how much two random variables change together (their covariance) with varying spatial or temporal separation. For a random field or stochastic process Z(x) on a domain D, a covariance function C(x, y) gives the covariance of the values of the random field at the two locations x and y:
The same C(x, y) is called the autocovariance function in two instances: in time series (to denote exactly the same concept except that x and y refer to locations in time rather than in space), and in multivariate random fields (to refer to the covariance of a variable with itself, as opposed to the cross covariance between two different variables at different locations, Cov(Z(x1), Y(x2))).
Admissibility
For locations x1, x2, …, xN ∈ D the variance of every linear combination
can be computed as
A function is a valid covariance function if and only if this variance is non-negative for all possible choices of N and weights w1, …, wN. A function with this property is called positive semidefinite.
Simplifications with stationarity
In case of a weakly stationary random field, where
for any lag h, the covariance function can be represented by a one-parameter function
which is called a covariogram and also a covariance function. Implicitly the C(xi, xj) can be computed from Cs(h) by:
The positive definiteness of this single-argument version of the covariance function can be checked by Bochner's theorem.
Parametric famili |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20Cell%20%28journal%29 | Eukaryotic Cell was an academic journal published by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM). The journal published findings from basic research studies of simple eukaryotic microorganisms. In January 2016, EC was merged into the cross-disciplinary ASM journal mSphere. It is indexed/abstracted in: Agricola, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS Previews, CAB Abstracts, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Current Contents Life Sciences Illustrata, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index Expanded, Summon, and more.
External links
Eukaryotic Cell
Biology journals
Delayed open access journals
American Society for Microbiology academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea%20%28disambiguation%29 | An idea is an image existing or formed in the mind.
Idea or IDEA or similar may also refer to:
Computing and software
International Data Encryption Algorithm, a block cipher
IntelliJ IDEA, a development application for the Java programming language
IdeaPad, a line of consumer-oriented laptop computers from Lenovo
Government organizations
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, an international intergovernmental organization
Local Government Improvement and Development, a United Kingdom local government organization previously known as the Improvement and Development Agency (IDEA)
Politics
Diversity, equity, inclusion and access
Idea (political party), a political party in Slovakia
Identity and Action (IDEA), a political party in Italy
Ieros Desmos Ellinon Axiomatikon (ΙΔΕΑ, Sacred Bond of Greek Officers), a right-wing group of officers in the Greek army in the 1940s–1960s whose members led the Greek military junta of 1967–74
Megali Idea, an irredentist concept of Greek nationalism
Szeged Idea, refers to the proto-fascist ideology that developed among anti-communist counter-revolutionaries in Szeged, Hungary in 1919
Law
IDEA (journal), a law review published by an independent student organization at the Franklin Pierce Center for Intellectual Property at the University of New Hampshire School of Law
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, a U.S. federal law on the education of primary school students with disabilities
Wisconsin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-wandering-domain%20theorem | In mathematics, the no-wandering-domain theorem is a result on dynamical systems, proven by Dennis Sullivan in 1985.
The theorem states that a rational map f : Ĉ → Ĉ with deg(f) ≥ 2 does not have a wandering domain, where Ĉ denotes the Riemann sphere. More precisely, for every component U in the Fatou set of f, the sequence
will eventually become periodic. Here, f n denotes the n-fold iteration of f, that is,
The theorem does not hold for arbitrary maps; for example, the transcendental map has wandering domains. However, the result can be generalized to many situations where the functions naturally belong to a finite-dimensional parameter space, most notably to transcendental entire and meromorphic functions with a finite number of singular values.
References
Lennart Carleson and Theodore W. Gamelin, Complex Dynamics, Universitext: Tracts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993,
Dennis Sullivan, Quasiconformal homeomorphisms and dynamics. I. Solution of the Fatou-Julia problem on wandering domains, Annals of Mathematics 122 (1985), no. 3, 401–18.
S. Zakeri, Sullivan's proof of Fatou's no wandering domain conjecture
Ergodic theory
Limit sets
Theorems in dynamical systems
Complex dynamics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20transform | In statistics, a power transform is a family of functions applied to create a monotonic transformation of data using power functions. It is a data transformation technique used to stabilize variance, make the data more normal distribution-like, improve the validity of measures of association (such as the Pearson correlation between variables), and for other data stabilization procedures.
Power transforms are used in multiple fields, including multi-resolution and wavelet analysis, statistical data analysis, medical research, modeling of physical processes, geochemical data analysis, epidemiology and many other clinical, environmental and social research areas.
Definition
The power transformation is defined as a continuously varying function, with respect to the power parameter λ, in a piece-wise function form that makes it continuous at the point of singularity (λ = 0). For data vectors (y1,..., yn) in which each yi > 0, the power transform is
where
is the geometric mean of the observations y1, ..., yn. The case for is the limit as approaches 0. To see this, note that - using Taylor series. Then , and everything but becomes negligible for sufficiently small.
The inclusion of the (λ − 1)th power of the geometric mean in the denominator simplifies the scientific interpretation of any equation involving , because the units of measurement do not change as λ changes.
Box and Cox (1964) introduced the geometric mean into this transformation by first including th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Natural%20Bears%20Classification%20System | The Natural Bears Classification System (NBCS), also called the bear code, is a set of symbols using letters, numbers and other characters commonly found on modern, Western computer keyboards, and used for the self-identification of "bears" in the sense of a mature gay or bisexual man with facial or substantial body hair. These codes are used in email, Usenet, and Internet forum postings to identify the physical type and preferences of the poster.
History
A posting to the Usenet newsgroup in 1991 re-produced the NBCS version 1.9, though the document originated before that date (1989), according to its author. This classification scheme was created by Bob Donahue and Jeff Stoner, and was based on the way in which star and galaxy classification systems used characteristics of an object to derive a classifying identifier. This classification scheme has an almost identical syntactic structure to the Geek Code, which was introduced in 1993, though the meanings of the symbols are different.
Format
The format of the NBCS is a sequence of space-separated descriptions that each take the form, "XMme" where X is a letter indicating some trait; M is an optional magnitude indicated by either a number or a sequence of + or - characters (the former are used for rankings that have a broad, but discrete range while the latter is used for more comparative measurements); m is an optional modifier such as "v" which indicates variability of the trait; and e is any extra (such as a parenthesize |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Biodiversity%20Information%20Forum | Pacific Biodiversity Information Forum or PBIF, is a regional, non-governmental, scholarly organization that seeks to provide a multilateral venue to support knowledge transfer and information access in the Pacific Islands.
Establishment
PBIF was established in 2003 under the auspices of the Pacific Science Association. Preliminary discussions to create the forum began in 2001 at the third Global Biodiversity Information Facility meeting and an initial planning session convened in 2002. In 2004, a workshop took place to 1) further refine the PBIF concept as a vehicle for collaboration and innovation; 2) explore ways to make biodiversity data more fully available to the Pacific Basin and rim nations; and 3) to identify potential pilot projects that would further biodiversity efforts in the Pacific. The workshop attendees, Asia/Oceania-based governmental, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations, embraced PBIF as a vehicle to provide access to credible scientific information that is both easy to find and targeted to specific needs of the people in the region.
Activities
Whereas many current regional informatics initiatives focus much of their attention on information management of non-living resources, PBIF invests wholly in the information management of Pacific island organisms. PBIF is designed to aggregate, organize, and disseminate available biodiversity data in an electronically accessible information system. The PBIF effort is not intended to replace a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Land%20Surface%20Scheme | The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) is a land surface parametrization scheme for use in large scale climate models. It is a state-of-the-art model, using physically based equations to simulate the energy and water balances of vegetation, snow and soil. CLASS is being developed in a research project led by D. Verseghy at the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service.
See also
CCCma - CLASS is used in CGCM3.1
References
D. L. Verseghy, "The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS): its history and future," Atmosphere-Ocean, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2000.
D. L. Verseghy, "CLASS--A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMS: I. Soil Model," International Journal of Climatology IJCLEU, vol. p 111-133, p. 44, 1991.
D. L. Verseghy, N. A. McFarlane, and M. Lazare, "CLASS-A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS, II. Vegetation model and coupled runs," Int. J. Climatol., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 347-370, 1993.
External links
CLASS
Land Surface Processes
Numerical climate and weather models
Hydrology models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Couette | Maurice Marie Alfred Couette (9 January 1858, Tours – 18 August 1943, Angers) was a French physicist known for his studies of fluidity.
Couette is best known for his contributions to rheology and the theory of fluid flow. He designed a concentric cylinder viscometer that he used to accurately measure the viscosity of fluids. The laminar flow observed in the gap between the two cylinders is known as Couette flow. He studied the boundary conditions of a fluid and showed that the "no slip" condition was satisfied for the fluids and wall materials tested.
Early life and career
Couette was born in Tours, France, as the only child of Alfred Ernest Couette, a cloth merchant.
Finishing his education with the Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes he obtained a baccalauréat in humanities and in science, both in 1874, as well as bachelor's degrees in mathematics and physical science (delivered by the Faculté de Science in Poitiers) in 1877 and 1879 respectively. Following a short spell as a lecturer in Angers, he joined the 12th Artillery Regiment at Vincennes for one year of voluntary military service.
In 1881 he settled in Paris and enrolled in the Sorbonne, studying physical science in preparation for the agrégation, a French teaching diploma. Couette later taught in Arcueil and the École Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. At the Sorbonne he studied under Joseph Boussinesq and from 1887 onwards worked at the Physics Research Laboratory under Gabriel Lippmann( who would later receive the Nobel P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Purcell | Patrick Douglas Purcell (born 17 March 1947) is an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Bulimba from 1992 to 2009.
Early life
Purcell was born in the New South Wales town of Cowra. Prior to election to parliament he was the secretary of the Australian Building Construction Employees' and Builders Labourers' Federation (Queensland Branch).
Politics
Purcell entered parliament at the 1992 state election as the member for Bulimba. He held the seat until his retirement in 2009.
Purcell served as the Minister for Emergency Services from July 2005 to July 2007 in the Beattie Ministry. Before that he was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Public Works, Housing and Racing. On 4 July 2007, Pat Purcell announced he would resign as Minister after allegations arose that he assaulted two public servants. The subsequently proven allegations forced the then Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told him "he had no choice but to resign". Those charges were subsequently withdrawn following mediation.
Purcell did not contest the 2009 Queensland state election.
References
1947 births
Living people
Members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
People from Cowra
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Queensland
21st-century Australian politicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repressilator | The repressilator is a genetic regulatory network consisting of at least one feedback loop with at least three genes, each expressing a protein that represses the next gene in the loop. In biological research, repressilators have been used to build cellular models and understand cell function. There are both artificial and naturally-occurring repressilators. Recently, the naturally-occurring repressilator clock gene circuit in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) and mammalian systems have been studied.
Artificial Repressilators
Artificial repressilators were first engineered by Michael Elowitz and Stanislas Leibler in 2000, complementing other research projects studying simple systems of cell components and function. In order to understand and model the design and cellular mechanisms that confers a cell’s function, Elowitz and Leibler created an artificial network consisting of a loop with three transcriptional repressors. This network was designed from scratch to exhibit a stable oscillation that acts like an electrical oscillator system with fixed time periods. The network was implemented in Escherichia coli (E. coli) via recombinant DNA transfer. It was then verified that the engineered colonies did indeed exhibit the desired oscillatory behavior.
The repressilator consists of three genes connected in a feedback loop, such that each gene represses the next gene in the loop and is repressed by the previous gene. In the synthetic insertion into E. Coli, green fluorescent p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil%20extracellular%20traps | Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are networks of extracellular fibers, primarily composed of DNA from neutrophils, which bind pathogens. Neutrophils are the immune system's first line of defense against infection and have conventionally been thought to kill invading pathogens through two strategies: engulfment of microbes and secretion of anti-microbials. In 2004, a novel third function was identified: formation of NETs. NETs allow neutrophils to kill extracellular pathogens while minimizing damage to the host cells. Upon in vitro activation with the pharmacological agent phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), Interleukin 8 (IL-8) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), neutrophils release granule proteins and chromatin to form an extracellular fibril matrix known as NET through an active process.
Structure and composition
High-resolution scanning electron microscopy has shown that NETs consist of stretches of DNA and globular protein domains with diameters of 15-17 nm and 25 nm, respectively. These aggregate into larger threads with a diameter of 50 nm. However, under flow conditions, NETs can form much larger structures, reaching hundreds of nanometers in length and width.
Analysis by immunofluorescence corroborated that NETs contain proteins from azurophilic granules (neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and myeloperoxidase), specific granules (lactoferrin), tertiary granules (gelatinase), and the cytoplasm; however, CD63, actin, tubulin and various other cytoplasmatic proteins are not |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rfam | Rfam is a database containing information about non-coding RNA (ncRNA) families and other structured RNA elements. It is an annotated, open access database originally developed at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in collaboration with Janelia Farm, and currently hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute. Rfam is designed to be similar to the Pfam database for annotating protein families.
Unlike proteins, ncRNAs often have similar secondary structure without sharing much similarity in the primary sequence. Rfam divides ncRNAs into families based on evolution from a common ancestor. Producing multiple sequence alignments (MSA) of these families can provide insight into their structure and function, similar to the case of protein families. These MSAs become more useful with the addition of secondary structure information. Rfam researchers also contribute to Wikipedia's RNA WikiProject.
Uses
The Rfam database can be used for a variety of functions. For each ncRNA family, the interface allows users to: view and download multiple sequence alignments; read annotation; and examine species distribution of family members. There are also links provided to literature references and other RNA databases.
Rfam also provides links to Wikipedia so that entries can be created or edited by users.
The interface at the Rfam website allows users to search ncRNAs by keyword, family name, or genome as well as to search by ncRNA sequence or EMBL accession number.
The database inform |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20diffusivity | Diffusivity, mass diffusivity or diffusion coefficient is usually written as the proportionality constant between the molar flux due to molecular diffusion and the negative value of the gradient in the concentration of the species. More accurately, the diffusion coefficient times the local concentration is the proportionality constant between the negative value of the mole fraction gradient and the molar flux. This distinction is especially significant in gaseous systems with strong temperature gradients. Diffusivity derives its definition from Fick's law and plays a role in numerous other equations of physical chemistry.
The diffusivity is generally prescribed for a given pair of species and pairwise for a multi-species system. The higher the diffusivity (of one substance with respect to another), the faster they diffuse into each other. Typically, a compound's diffusion coefficient is ~10,000× as great in air as in water. Carbon dioxide in air has a diffusion coefficient of 16 mm2/s, and in water its diffusion coefficient is 0.0016 mm2/s.
Diffusivity has dimensions of length2 / time, or m2/s in SI units and cm2/s in CGS units.
Temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient
Solids
The diffusion coefficient in solids at different temperatures is generally found to be well predicted by the Arrhenius equation:
where
D is the diffusion coefficient (in m2/s),
D0 is the maximal diffusion coefficient (at infinite temperature; in m2/s),
EA is the activation energy for dif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic%20translation%20termination%20factor%201 | Eukaryotic translation termination factor 1 (eRF1), also known as TB3-1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETF1 gene.
In eukaryotes and archaea, this is the sole class 1 release factor (eRF) which recognizes all three stop codons. The overall process of termination is similar in bacteria, but in the latter 2 separate codon-recognizing release factors exist, RF1 and RF2.
Function
Termination of protein biosynthesis and release of the nascent polypeptide chain are signaled by the presence of an in-frame stop codon at the aminoacyl site of the ribosome. The process of translation termination is universal and is mediated by protein release factors (RFs) and GTP. A class 1 RF recognizes the stop codon and promotes the hydrolysis of the ester bond linking the polypeptide chain with the peptidyl site tRNA, a reaction catalyzed at the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. Class 2 RFs, which are not codon specific and do not recognize codons, stimulate class 1 RF activity and confer GTP dependency upon the process. In bacteria, both class 1 RFs, RF1 and RF2, recognize UAA; however, UAG and UGA are decoded specifically by RF1 and RF2, respectively. In eukaryotes, eRF1, or ETF1, the functional counterpart of RF1 and RF2, functions as an omnipotent RF, decoding all 3 stop codons.
References
Further reading
External links
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20MC4 | British NVC community MC4 (Brassica oleracea maritime cliff-ledge community) is one of the maritime cliff communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of five communities categorised as maritime cliff crevice and ledge communities.
This community is found locally on the south coast of England. There are two subcommunities.
Community composition
Four constant species are found in this community:
Red Fescue (Festuca rubra)
Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea)
Cock's-foot (Dactylis glomerata)
Sea Carrot (Daucus carota ssp. gummifer)
Three rare species are associated with this community, Wild Cabbage itself, Early Spider-orchid (Ophrys sphegodes) and Nottingham Catchfly (Silene nutans).
Distribution
This community is found on the south coast of Britain, in west Cornwall, Dorset and Kent.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima subcommunity
the Rayed Ononis repens subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (2000) British Plant Communities Volume 5 - Maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats (hardback), (paperback)
MC04 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley%20Alpine%20Resort | Kimberley Alpine Resort is a ski resort in southwestern Canada, located in Kimberley, British Columbia.
In the Purcell Mountains on the northeast face of North Star Hill, Kimberley's vertical drop is with a summit elevation of above sea level. The ski season commonly starts in mid-December and runs until early April.
The resort maintains 80 runs (with 20% beginner, 42% intermediate, and 38% advanced trails) and five lifts: a high-speed quad chairlift (the North Star Express), a triple chair (the Easter), a double chair (the Tamarack), a T-bar (the Owl) and a magic carpet, leading to an hourly lift capacity of 6,452.
The ski area opened in 1948 as North Star with a rope tow; a T-bar installed a decade later was over in length, vertically climbing in eleven minutes.
Management
The ski resort is operated by Resorts of the Canadian Rockies Inc., which also owns Fernie Alpine Resort, Nakiska, Mont Sainte-Anne, and Stoneham; the latter two are back east in Quebec.
References
External links
Ski areas and resorts in British Columbia
East Kootenay |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Gatheral | Jim Gatheral is a researcher in the field of mathematical finance, who has contributed to the study of volatility as applied to the pricing and risk management of derivatives. A recurrent subject in his books and papers is the volatility smile, and he published in 2006 a book The Volatility Surface based on a course he taught for six years at New York University, along with Nassim Taleb. More recently his work has moved in the direction of market microstructure, especially as applied to algorithmic trading. He is the author of The Volatility Surface: A Practitioner's Guide. (2006, New Jersey: Wiley. )
In March 2010, Jim Gatheral left his position at Merrill Lynch to assume a tenured full professor position at the Financial Engineering Masters Program at Baruch College, where he is teaching volatility surface modeling and market microstructure. Prior to this, he worked at Bank of America and Bankers Trust before heading the Equity Quantitative Analytics group at Merrill Lynch in 1996, where he was a managing director for 17 years. In 1998 he became a fellow of the Masters Program of Mathematics in Finance at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University, where he was an adjunct professor for 12 years.
In April 2013, Jim Gatheral was named Presidential Professor at Baruch College. In February 2021, together with Professor Mathieu Rosenbaum of École Polytechnique, Jim Gatheral was named 2021 Quant of the Year by Risk.net.
He received his PhD in theor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot%20element | The pivot or pivot element is the element of a matrix, or an array, which is selected first by an algorithm (e.g. Gaussian elimination, simplex algorithm, etc.), to do certain calculations. In the case of matrix algorithms, a pivot entry is usually required to be at least distinct from zero, and often distant from it; in this case finding this element is called pivoting. Pivoting may be followed by an interchange of rows or columns to bring the pivot to a fixed position and allow the algorithm to proceed successfully, and possibly to reduce round-off error. It is often used for verifying row echelon form.
Pivoting might be thought of as swapping or sorting rows or columns in a matrix, and thus it can be represented as multiplication by permutation matrices. However, algorithms rarely move the matrix elements because this would cost too much time; instead, they just keep track of the permutations.
Overall, pivoting adds more operations to the computational cost of an algorithm. These additional operations are sometimes necessary for the algorithm to work at all. Other times these additional operations are worthwhile because they add numerical stability to the final result.
Examples of systems that require pivoting
In the case of Gaussian elimination, the algorithm requires that pivot elements not be zero.
Interchanging rows or columns in the case of a zero pivot element is necessary. The system below requires the interchange of rows 2 and 3 to perform elimination.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Mazia | Daniel Mazia (December 18, 1912 – June 9, 1996) was an American cell biologist, best known for his research that isolated the cell structures responsible for mitosis. His research was the gateway for many later discoveries about the cell cycle, cell division, and many other areas in cell biology.
Biography
Mazia grew up in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in a Russian-Jewish family. He earned a bachelor's degree in 1933 and a Ph.D. in 1937 from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1937–38, he was a National Research Council fellow at Princeton University and at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Here, he worked with sea urchins which were the organism he focused on in his doctoral research. He then joined the zoology faculty of the University of Missouri, where he taught from 1938 to 1950. During the first few months of his job there, he served in the United States Army throughout World War II. In 1938, he married Gertrude Greenblatt and had two children, Judith and Rebecca.
From 1951 until his retirement in 1979, he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he taught Physical Chemical Biology for much of his stint as a professor at Berkeley. Due to his profound research in Woods Hole, many graduate students as well as postdoctoral students flooded his laboratory in California.
After leaving Berkeley until his death in 1996, Mazia was an emeritus professor at Stanford University. He died of heart failure and complications due to can |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route%20nationale%20177 | The RN177 is a trunk road (nationale) in France linking Pont-l'Évêque and Trouville-sur-Mer. The road is in fact a section of the former RN834. The RN177 was until the 1972 reclassification scheme a link between Villers-Bocage and Redon.
The old RN177 was declassified into RD577 in Calvados, RD977 in Manche and RD177 in Ille-et-Vilaine. The RN177 has since 2006 been declassified into the RD677.
In a strange move by the Calvados DDE, drivers wishing to reach Deauville and the Côte Fleurie are advise not to use the trunk road but to use the single carriageway RD27A that follows a similar course along the Lisieux-Deauville railway line. Weekend tourists are often caught in traffic jams on the A132 while wanting to join the RN177 as well as at Bonneville-sur-Touques roundabout where several départementales converge. It is also at that location that the gendarmerie sets up speed cameras and alcohol control.
Route
The road is bypassed by the A132 between Pont-l'Évêque and Canapville where the RN177 crosses several départementales and two level crossings. The section between the Bonneville-sur-Touques roundabout (where it meets the RD17 to Caen) and Deauville is a dual carriageway. The RN177 ends at a roundabout next to the gare de Trouville-Deauville where it meets the RD513.
It traverses the following communes:
Pont-l'Évêque
Coudray-Rabut
Canapville
Touques
Trouville-sur-Mer
References
177
Transport in Normandy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20X-STR%20markers | The following X-STR markers are used in genealogical DNA testing and other forms of relationship testing.
See also
Short Tandem Repeat
X-STR
List of Y-STR markers
DNA
Genetic genealogy
X-STR
Human evolution
Human population genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20of%20Sinai | Gregory of Sinai, or in Serbian and Bulgarian Grigorije Sinaita ( 1260s – 27 November 1346), was a Greek Christian monk and writer from Smyrna. He was instrumental in the emergence of hesychasm on Mount Athos in the early 14th century.
Biography
Born in Smyrna, he was captured by Seljuk Turks as a young man, and eventually ransomed to Cyprus, whence he became a monk at Saint Catherine's Monastery in the Sinai Peninsula. Later, he moved to Crete, where he learned the practices of hesychasm from a monk named Arsenios. In 1310, he went to Mount Athos, where he remained until 1335. At Mount Athos, he was a monk at the Skete of Magoula near Philotheou Monastery. Increasing Muslim raids on Athos pushed Gregory and some disciples into the Bulgarian Empire, where he would find protection under Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander. He went on to found a monastery near Paroria, located in the Strandzha Mountains of southeast Bulgaria.
Gregory's disciples also included Nicodemus of Tismana, Patriarch Kallistos I of Constantinople (who wrote a life of Gregory c.1351), Romylos of Vidin, Theodosius of Tarnovo, Gregory of Sinai the Younger, and Gerasimos of Euripos.
He died on 27 November 1346 in the mountains of Paroria, near present-day Zabernovo, Bulgaria.
Philokalia
The Philokalia includes five works in Greek by Gregory:
On Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions, and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts
Further Texts
On the Signs of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium%20%2899mTc%29%20nofetumomab%20merpentan | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Technetium (99mTc) nofetumomab merpentan}}
Technetium (99mTc) nofetumomab merpentan (trade name Verluma) is a mouse monoclonal antibody derivative used in the diagnosis of lung cancer, gastrointestinal, breast, ovary, pancreas, kidney, cervix, and bladder carcinoma. The antibody part, nofetumomab, is attached to the chelator merpentan, which links it to the radioisotope technetium-99m (99mTc).
Nofetumomab
Nofetumomab is an antibody fragment that recognises the pancarcinoma glycoprotein antigen EpCAM. and/or CD20/MS4A1
It is the Fab part of murine MAb NR-LU-10.
Merpentan
The chelator part : merpentan is a phenthioate ligand, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl-4,5-bis-5-[1-ethoxyethyl]-thioacetoamidopentanoate.
Phenthioate
Phenthioate is an insecticide (Cidial) = O,o-dimethyl-S-(carbethoxy-phenylmethyl)dithiophosphate
References
Technetium compounds
Technetium-99m
Monoclonal antibodies for tumors
Antibody-drug conjugates
Radiopharmaceuticals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD70 | CD70 (Cluster of Differentiation 70) is a protein that in humans is encoded by CD70 gene. CD70 is also known as a ligand for CD27.
Expression
In physiological condition the expression of CD70 on immune cells is transient and tightly controlled. It is primarily expressed on highly activated T cells and B cells, as well as on NK cells and mature dendritic cells. CD70 expression on T and B cells is stimulated through triggering of T and B cell receptors and can be upregulated by cytokines such as IL-1α, IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF and TNF-α, while IL-4 and IL-10 can decrease CD70 expression. Expression of CD70 on mDCs and pDCs is induced with Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering and CD40 ligation. Also, CD70 can be induced on NK cells upon stimulation with IL-15.
Functions
CD70 acts as a costimulatory molecule and plays an important role in the regulation of the immune system activation, specifically by improving T-cell and B-cell activation, proliferation and survival, leading to a more efficient immune response.
CD70 on activated antigen presenting cells (APC) including dendritic cells and B cells binds to CD27 on T lymphocytes and provides costimulatory signals. The interaction between CD27 and CD70 leads to the recruitment of intracellular adaptor proteins, such as TRAF2 and TRAF5, which then activate signaling pathways, including the NF-κB and JNK pathway. CD27 signaling stimulates naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes to differentiate into Th1 cells by activation the transcription factor T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD153 | CD153 (cluster of differentiation 153) also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF8 gene.
CD153 is a cytokine ligand for the TNF receptor CD30. It plays a role in the T cell-dependent anti-mycobacterial immune response.
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eicosanoid%20receptor | Most of the eicosanoid receptors are integral membrane protein G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that bind and respond to eicosanoid signaling molecules. Eicosanoids are rapidly metabolized to inactive products and therefore are short-lived. Accordingly, the eicosanoid-receptor interaction is typically limited to a local interaction: cells, upon stimulation, metabolize arachidonic acid to an eicosanoid which then binds cognate receptors on either its parent cell (acting as an Autocrine signalling molecule) or on nearby cells (acting as a Paracrine signalling molecule) to trigger functional responses within a restricted tissue area, e.g. an inflammatory response to an invading pathogen. In some cases, however, the synthesized eicosanoid travels through the blood (acting as a hormone-like messenger) to trigger systemic or coordinated tissue responses, e.g. prostaglandin (PG) E2 released locally travels to the hypothalamus to trigger a febrile reaction (see ). An example of a non-GPCR receptor that binds many eicosanoids is the PPAR-γ nuclear receptor.
The following is a list of human eicosanoid GPCRs grouped according to the type of eicosanoid ligand that each binds:
Leukotriene
Leukotrienes:
BLT1 (Leukotriene B4 receptor) – ; BLT1 is the primary receptor for leukotriene B4. Relative potencies in binding to and stimulating BLT1 are: leukotriene B4>20-hydroxy-leukotriene B4>>12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (R isomer) (http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ObjectDispla |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4dda%20Barnen | Rädda Barnen (Save the Children Sweden) is the name of the Swedish section of the Save the Children International.
The Swedish section was founded on November 19, 1919, by Ellen Palmstierna (chairman) together with writer Elin Wägner and Gerda Marcus (both active board members). Anna Kleman was also a founding member of the board and she would go on to lead the board.
See also
Social Venture Network
Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom
References
External links
http://www.raddabarnen.se
Organizations established in 1919
Child-related organizations in Sweden
Humanist associations
Save the Children |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEA1 | The gene EEA1 encodes for the 1400 amino acid protein, Early Endosome Antigen 1.
EEA1 localizes exclusively to early endosomes and has an important role in endosomal trafficking. EEA1 binds directly to the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate through its C-terminal FYVE domain and forms a homodimer through a coiled coil. EEA1 acts as a tethering molecule that couples vesicle docking with SNAREs such as N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein, bringing the endosomes physically closer and ultimately resulting in the fusion and delivery of endosomal cargo.
Function
EEA1 is a RAB5A effector protein which binds via an N-terminal zinc finger domain and is required for fusion of early and late endosomes and for sorting at the early endosome level.
EEA1 plays a role in endocytosis and is recruited by Rab5-GTP to endosomal membranes. EEA1 may be regulated through monoubiquination, affecting endosome fusion and trafficking. Ubiquitin selective segregase p97 may regulate EEA1's tethering ability, affecting its endosome trafficking and morphplogy.
Involvement in pathogenesis
Due to the proteins importance in vesicular trafficking, a number of intracellular bacteria prevent EEA1 recruitment to the vacuole. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to inhibit the recruitment of EEA1 to the phagosomal membrane through CamKII. Legionella pneumophila also prevents EEA1 recruitment through a currently unknown mechanism. The related pathogen Legionella longbeachae recruits EEA1 and ap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol%204-phosphate | Phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P, PI-4-P, PI4P, or PIP) is a precursor of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate. PtdIns4P is prevalent in the membrane of the Golgi apparatus.
In the Golgi apparatus, PtdIns4P binds to the GTP-binding protein ARF and to effector proteins, including four-phosphate-adaptor protein 1 and 2 (PLEKHA3 and PLEKHA8). This three molecule complex recruits proteins that need to be carried to the cell membrane.
There is now evidence that PI-4-P is capable of deforming lipid systems into tightly curved assemblies, this is consistent with similar behaviour observed in phosphatidylinositol.
See also
Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
References
Phospholipids
Signal transduction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAS3 | NPAS3 or Neuronal PAS domain protein 3 is a brain-enriched transcription factor belonging to the bHLH-PAS superfamily of transcription factors, the members of which carry out diverse functions, including circadian oscillations, neurogenesis, toxin metabolism, hypoxia, and tracheal development. NPAS3 contains basic helix-loop-helix structural motif and PAS domain, like the other proteins in the superfamily.
Function
NPAS3 is also known as human accelerated region 21. It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes.
NPAS1 and NPAS3-deficient mice display behavioral abnormalities typical to the animal models of schizophrenia.
According to the same study, NPAS1 and NPAS3 disruption leads to reduced expression of reelin, which is also consistently found to be reduced in the brains of human patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. Among the 49 genomic regions that undergone rapid changes in humans compared with their evolutionary ancestors, NPAS3 was found to be located in the region 21.
Clinical significance
Disruption of NPAS3 was found in one family affected by schizophrenia and NPAS3 gene is thought to be associated with psychiatric illness and learning disability. In a genetic study of several hundred subjects conducted in 2008, interacting haplotypes at the NPAS3 locus were found to affect the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
In a pharmacogenetical study, polymorphisms in NPAS3 gene were highly associated w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor%20of%20cytokine%20signalling | SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins) refers to a family of genes involved in inhibiting the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
Genes
CISH
SOCS1
SOCS2
SOCS3
SOCS4
SOCS5
SOCS6
SOCS7
Structure
All SOCS have certain structures in common. This includes a varying N-terminal domain involved in protein-protein interactions, a central SH2 domain, which can bind to molecules that have been phosphorylated by tyrosine kinases, and a SOCS box located at the C-terminal that enables recruitment of E3 ligases and ubiquitin signaling molecules.
Discovery
The first protein to be classified as a suppressor of cytokine signaling, CIS (cytokine-inducible SH2), was discovered in 1995, when it was found to have a unique ability to regulate cytokine signal transduction.
Function
SOCS are negative regulators of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. SOCS have also been implicated in the regulation of cytokines, growth factors, and tumor suppression.
Role in Disease
It has been suggested that SOCS can help prevent cytokine-mediated apoptosis in diabetes through negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by immune cells, such as IFNγ, TNFα and IL-15. Improper functioning of one specific SOCS, SOCS3 may lead to type 2 diabetes, as it has been found that SOCS3 plays an important role in proper leptin signaling.
References
External links
Cell signaling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20inhibitor%20of%20activated%20STAT | Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS), also known as E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS, is a protein that regulates transcription in mammals. PIAS proteins act as transcriptional co-regulators with at least 60 different proteins in order to either activate or repress transcription. The transcription factors STAT, NF-κB, p73, and p53 are among the many proteins that PIAS interacts with.
The seven proteins that belong to the mammalian PIAS family are encoded by four genes: PIAS1, PIAS2 (PIASx), PIAS3, and PIAS4 (PIASy). Apart from PIAS1, each gene encodes two protein isoforms. Homologues of PIAS proteins have been found in other eukaryotes, including Zimp/dPIAS in Drosophila melanogaster and zfPIAS4a in zebrafish. SIZ1 and SIZ2 were two homologues identified in yeast.
PIAS proteins contain each conserved domain and motif of the PIAS protein family, with a few exceptions. The known functions of these domains and motifs are similar among all PIAS protein family members. These functions include acting as E3 SUMO-protein ligases during SUMOylation, which is an important process in transcriptional regulation. Presently, less is known about the higher order structure of PIAS proteins. The three-dimensional protein structures of PIAS2, PIAS3, and SIZ1 have only recently been solved.
PIAS proteins have potential applications in cancer treatment and prevention. They may also play an important role in regulating immune system responses.
Discovery
The discovery of PIAS3 was fir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20QH181 | , also written as 2006 QH181, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) in the scattered disc. Its orbit is currently too poorly determined (U=6) to know whether it is in a resonance with Neptune.
Distance
It came to perihelion around 1858. It is currently 83.8 AU from the Sun and moving away from the Sun at . The only large objects currently farther from the Sun are Eris (96.1 AU), (90.9 AU), (~89 AU), Gonggong (88.0 AU), Sedna (85.1 AU), (84.8 AU), and (84.7 AU). Because it is so far from the Sun, it only has an apparent magnitude of 23.6.
Orbit
It has been observed 15 times over only three oppositions and thus currently has a somewhat poorly known orbit. JPL ranks orbital quality from 0 to 9 (0 being best), and is currently listed with an orbit quality of 6.
See also
List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun
References
External links
Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)
20060821 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRNA | KRNA (94.1 FM) is a classic rock-formatted radio station licensed to Iowa City, Iowa. The station is currently owned by Townsquare Media. KRNA's studios located in the Alliant Energy Building in Downtown Cedar Rapids, and their transmitter is located west of Oxford.
History
In 1971, a group of University of Iowa students formed a company known as Communicators Inc. of Iowa that aimed "to put together a radio station with a major market sound in what was basically a small-to-medium market." At the time, FM radio stations in Iowa were primarily used for beautiful music formats or repeater signals for co-owned AM stations while popular music was played on AM stations. By 1974, Communicators Inc. of Iowa had been renamed KRNA, Inc., and the company was granted FCC approval to begin broadcasting. KRNA began broadcasting at 93.5 FM on October 4, 1974. (KRNA later moved to 93.9 FM in 1979 before moving to its present 94.1 FM at 9 a.m. on October 14, 1991.) By January 1975, Arbitron telephone surveys showed that nearly half of local radio listeners were tuned into KRNA. As part of its "major market sound", KRNA pre-recorded its commercial announcements during a time when most commercials were read live on the air, and it also broadcast 24 hours a day while other radio stations signed off during the overnight hours for equipment maintenance.
When the early 1980s rolled along, KRNA began tweaking its Top 40 format with a more rock connection. In June 1985, the station dropped its roc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular%20ferrite | Acicular ferrite is a microstructure of ferrite in steel that is characterised by needle-shaped crystallites or grains when viewed in two dimensions. The grains, actually three-dimensional in shape, have a thin lenticular shape. This microstructure is advantageous over other microstructures for steel because of its chaotic ordering, which increases toughness.
Acicular ferrite is formed in the interior of the original austenitic grains by direct nucleation on the inclusions, resulting in randomly oriented short ferrite needles with a 'basket weave' appearance. Acicular ferrite is also characterised by high angle boundaries between the ferrite grains. This further reduces the chance of cleavage, because these boundaries impede crack propagation.
In C-Mn steel weld metals, it is reported that nucleation of various ferrite morphologies is aided by non-metallic inclusion; in particular oxygen-rich inclusions of a certain type and size are associated with the intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite, as observed, for example, by,. Acicular ferrite is a fine Widmanstätten constituent, which is nucleated by an optimum intragranular dispersion of oxide/sulfide/silicate particles. The interlocking nature of acicular ferrite, together with its fine grain size (0.5 to 5 μm with aspect ratio from 3:1 to 10:1), provides maximum resistance to crack propagation by cleavage.
Composition control of weld metal is often performed to maximise the volume fraction of acicular ferrite due to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tude%20Op.%2025%2C%20No.%201%20%28Chopin%29 | Étude Op. 25, No. 1 in A-flat major is a solo piano work composed by Frédéric Chopin in 1836, and published in 1837. The work consists entirely of rapid arpeggios and harmonic modulations based on A-flat major.
Robert Schumann praised this work in a dissertation on the Études; calling it "a poem rather than a study", he coined for it the alternate name "Aeolian Harp". It is also sometimes known as "The Shepherd Boy," following an unsupported tale by Kleczyński that Chopin advised a pupil to picture a shepherd boy taking refuge in a grotto to avoid a storm playing the melody on his flute.
Structure
This étude comprises a right-hand melody and supportive bass line, the accompaniment consisting of broken chords, provided by the inner voices of both hands, usually in semiquaver-tuplets. The left hand introduces polyrhythms from time to time. The principal melody is presented by the right hand on the first note of each group of sextuplets, with occasional counter-melodies provided by the inner voices.
The distinctive theme is presented in A-flat major. Through metamorphic modulations to closely related keys, it eventually arrives at a brief episode in the remote key of A major, but culminates with an intense climax in the home key, and a momentary reference to the original thematic material, which flows easily into the coda.
Technique
Technically, the piece requires dexterity to play the six-tuples fast enough, and to be able to move the hand across intervals as large as a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weipa%20Airport | Weipa Airport is an airport in Weipa, Queensland, Australia. The airport is southeast of the town.
Airlines and destinations
Statistics
Weipa Airport was ranked 55th in Australia for the number of revenue passengers served in financial year 2010–2011.
See also
List of airports in Queensland
References
External links
Airport Guide
Airports in Queensland
Weipa Town |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarna%20Mallawarachchi | Swarna Mallawarachchi (born 1 August 1948: ), is an actress in Sri Lankan cinema. Often known as the "Golden star of Sinhalese cinema", Swarna began her acting career whilst still a schoolgirl, starring in the 1966 blockbuster film Sath Samudura directed by Siri Gunasinghe. During a career that spanning over 40 years, Swarna has won the 'Best Actress Award' 26 times, most by a Sri Lankan actress.
Personal life
She was born on 1 August 1948 in Kosgas Junction, Grandpass, Colombo. She completed education at Vijayaba Maha Vidyalaya, Grandpass.
In a Colombo municipal election, Swarna, along with other communist leaders such as Peter Kehnemann and K. P. de Silva, fielded Abeysena, a candidate from his party in the Northern Grandpass division.
Career
In school times, she collaborated her friend Kanthi Kalyani Atugoda for the Handwritten school magazine "Pipena Kumudu". Through the magazine, she showcased her abilities.
Swarna left Sri Lankan cinema for a brief period in the 1970s to live abroad. When she returned after a four-year absence there was an influx of new actresses. Swarna accepted supporting roles from directors during this period however obtained the Best Actress awards for these roles during these years.
In 1983, she played the main role 'Ranmali' in the thriller drama film Dadayama directed by Vasantha Obeysekera. After receiving positive reviews by the critics, she won the Best Actress award at Sarasaviya Awards for the role.
She was appointed the UNHCR ambass |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Boor | de Boor may refer to:
Carl R. de Boor (born 1937), German-American mathematician and professor emeritus
De Boor's algorithm, a fast and numerically stable algorithm for evaluating spline curves in B-spline form
Carl Gotthard de Boor (1848–1923), German scholar of Byzantine studies
Helmut de Boor, German scholar of Germanic studies
See also
De Boer (disambiguation)
Boor (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squared%20deviations%20from%20the%20mean | Squared deviations from the mean (SDM) result from squaring deviations. In probability theory and statistics, the definition of variance is either the expected value of the SDM (when considering a theoretical distribution) or its average value (for actual experimental data). Computations for analysis of variance involve the partitioning of a sum of SDM.
Background
An understanding of the computations involved is greatly enhanced by a study of the statistical value
, where is the expected value operator.
For a random variable with mean and variance ,
Therefore,
From the above, the following can be derived:
Sample variance
The sum of squared deviations needed to calculate sample variance (before deciding whether to divide by n or n − 1) is most easily calculated as
From the two derived expectations above the expected value of this sum is
which implies
This effectively proves the use of the divisor n − 1 in the calculation of an unbiased sample estimate of σ2.
Partition — analysis of variance
In the situation where data is available for k different treatment groups having size ni where i varies from 1 to k, then it is assumed that the expected mean of each group is
and the variance of each treatment group is unchanged from the population variance .
Under the Null Hypothesis that the treatments have no effect, then each of the will be zero.
It is now possible to calculate three sums of squares:
Individual
Treatments
Under the null hypot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Mandanne | Christophe Mandanne (born 7 February 1985) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker.
Career statistics
Honours
Guingamp
Coupe de France: 2013–14
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
French people of Réunion descent
Footballers from Toulouse
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
UAE Pro League players
Le Havre AC players
Tours FC players
Dijon FCO players
Stade de Reims players
En Avant Guingamp players
Fujairah FC players
AS Nancy Lorraine players
LB Châteauroux players
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Black French sportspeople |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick%20Somerset%20Macnutt | Derrick Somerset Macnutt (1902–1971) was a British crossword compiler who provided crosswords for The Observer newspaper under the pseudonym Ximenes. His main oeuvre was blocked-grid and "specialty" puzzles. Even though he only provided conventional blocked puzzles once a week for the Observer Everyman series for about two years his strong views on clueing, expressed in his 1966 book, have been a source of debate in the cryptic crossword world ever since.
Career
Macnutt was born at Eastbourne in Sussex and was educated at Marlborough College before achieving a Double First in classics at Jesus College, Cambridge. Between 1928 and 1963 he held the position of Head of Classics at Christ's Hospital near Horsham, West Sussex, as well as being a housemaster. The historian Norman Longmate wrote that he was the "James Boyer of his day, a notable teacher of the classics, respected, even liked, by his older pupils, dreaded by the younger boys, a bully and a brute". At the school he was widely known for the pleasure he obtained from caning the boys in his charge.
In 1939 he took over the position of crossword compiler for The Observer on the death of Edward Powys Mathers, who had written under the name of "Torquemada". Macnutt selected the name Ximenes after Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, one of Torquemada's successors as Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition. He pronounced 'Ximenes' in an Anglicised fashion, .
His crossword style was initially in imitation of Torquemada, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX3C%20motif%20chemokine%20receptor%201 | CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), also known as the fractalkine receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 13 (GPR13), is a transmembrane protein of the G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPCR1) family and the only known member of the CX3C chemokine receptor subfamily.
As the name suggests, this receptor binds the inflammatory chemokine CX3CL1 (also called neurotactin in mice or fractalkine in humans). This endogenous ligand solely binds to CX3CR1 receptor. Interaction of CX3CR1 with CX3CL1 can mediate migration, adhesion and retention of leukocytes, because Fractalkine exists as membrane-anchored protein (mCX3CL1) as well as cleaved soluble molecule (sCX3CL1) due to proteolysis by metalloproteinases (MPPs). The shedded form carries out typical function of conventional chemokines, the chemotaxis, while the membrane-bound protein behaves as adhesion molecule for facilitation of diapedesis.
Both partners of CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis are present on numerous cell types from hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells throughout the body. Moreover, their distinct cell expression is dependent on specific tissues and organs, which provides broad sphere of biological activity. Hence, considering their various functional activity, they are also linked with multiple neurodegenerative and inflammatory disorders as well as with tumorigenesis.
Genetics
The coding gene for CX3CR1 is now officially called identically to its protein: CX3CR1 gene, but may be still referred to by other older names su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCR1 | The "C" sub-family of chemokine receptors contains only one member: XCR1, the receptor for XCL1 and XCL2 (or lymphotactin-1 and -2).
XCR1 is also known as GPR5.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a chemokine receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The family members are characterized by the presence of 7 transmembrane domains and numerous conserved amino acids. This receptor is most closely related to RBS11 and the MIP1-alpha/RANTES receptor. It transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular calcium ions level. The viral macrophage inflammatory protein-II is an antagonist of this receptor and blocks signaling. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Cross-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen develop into XCR1+ DCs in the small intestine, T cell zones of Peyer's patches, and T cell zones and sinuses of mesenteric lymph nodes. XCR1+ DCs specialize in cross-presentations of orally applied antigens. The integrin SIRPα is also a differentiating factor for the XCR1+ DCs. The development transcription factor Batf3 helps develop the differences between XCR1+ DCs and CD103+ CD11b- DCs.
XCL1 contributes to chemotaxis only in CD8+ murine cells, but not other DC types, B cells, T cells, or NK cells. Only some of these CD8+ murine cells expressed XCR1 receptors. NK cells release XCL1 along with IFN-γ and some other chemokines upon encountering certain bacteria such as Li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXC%20chemokine%20receptors | CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family of G protein-linked receptors that are known as seven transmembrane (7-TM) proteins, since they span the cell membrane seven times. There are currently six known CXC chemokine receptors in mammals, named CXCR1 through CXCR6.
CXCR1 and CXCR2
CXCR1 and CXCR2 are closely related receptors that recognize CXC chemokines that possess an E-L-R amino acid motif immediately adjacent to their CXC motif. CXCL8 (otherwise known as interleukin-8) and CXCL6 can both bind CXCR1 in humans, while all other ELR-positive chemokines, such as CXCL1 to CXCL7 bind only CXCR2. They are both expressed on the surface of neutrophils in mammals.
CXCR3
CXCR3 is expressed predominantly on T cells (T lymphocytes), and also on other lymphocytes [some B cells (B lymphocytes) and NK cells] and is highly induced following cell activation. There are two isoforms, CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B. It has three highly related ligands in mammals, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11.
CXCR4
CXCR4 (also known as fusin) is the receptor for a chemokine known as CXCL12 (or SDF-1) and, as with CCR5, is utilized by HIV-1 to gain entry into target cells. This receptor has a wide cellular distribution, with expression on most immature and mature hematopoietic cell types (e.g. neutrophils, monocytes, T and B cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CC%20chemokine%20receptors | CC chemokine receptors (or beta chemokine receptors) are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family of G protein-linked receptors that are known as seven transmembrane (7-TM) proteins since they span the cell membrane seven times. To date, ten true members of the CC chemokine receptor subfamily have been described. These are named CCR1 to CCR10 according to the IUIS/WHO Subcommittee on Chemokine Nomenclature.
Mechanism
The CC chemokine receptors all work by activating the G protein Gi.
Types
Overview table
CCR1
CCR1 was the first CC chemokine receptor identified and binds multiple inflammatory/inducible (see inducible gene) CC chemokines (including CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16 and CCL23). In humans, this receptor can be found on peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. There is some suggestion that this chemokine receptor is restricted to memory T-cells within the lymphocyte pool. This receptor is also designated cluster of differentiation marker CD191.
CCR2
CCR2 can interact with CCL2, CCL8 and CCL16 and has been identified on the surface of monocytes, activated memory T cells, B cells, and basophils in humans, and also in peritoneal macrophages in mice. CCR2 is also designated CD192.
CCR3
CCR3 is a receptor for multiple inflammatory/inducible CC chemokines, including CCL11, CCL26, CCL7, CCL13, CCL15, CCL24 and CCL5 that att |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomax | Infomax is an optimization principle for artificial neural networks and other information processing systems. It prescribes that a function that maps a set of input values I to a set of output values O should be chosen or learned so as to maximize the average Shannon mutual information between I and O, subject to a set of specified constraints and/or noise processes. Infomax algorithms are learning algorithms that perform this optimization process. The principle was described by Linsker in 1988.
Infomax, in its zero-noise limit, is related to the principle of redundancy reduction proposed for biological sensory processing by Horace Barlow in 1961, and applied quantitatively to retinal processing by Atick and Redlich.
One of the applications of infomax has been to an independent component analysis algorithm that finds independent signals by maximizing entropy. Infomax-based ICA was described by Bell and Sejnowski, and Nadal and Parga in 1995.
See also
FastICA
References
Artificial neural networks
Computational neuroscience |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF%20beta%20receptor%201 | Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound TGF beta receptor protein of the TGF-beta receptor family for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands. TGFBR1 is its human gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene forms a heteromeric complex with type II TGF-β receptors when bound to TGF-β, transducing the TGF-β signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The encoded protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Loeys–Dietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDS, LDAS).
Interactions
TGF beta receptor 1 has been shown to interact with:
Caveolin 1,
Endoglin,
FKBP1A,
FNTA,
Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7,
PPP2R2A,
STRAP,
TGF beta 1, and
TGF beta receptor 2.
Inhibitors
GW-788,388
LY-2109761
Galunisertib (LY-2157299)
SB-431,542
SB-525,334
Repsox
Animal studies
Defects are observed when the TGFBR-1 gene is either knocked-out or when a constitutively active TGFBR-1 mutant (that is active in the presence or absence of ligand) is knocked-in.
In mouse TGFBR-1 knock-out models, the female mice were sterile. They developed oviductal diverticula and defective uterine smooth muscle, meaning that uterine smooth muscle layers were poorly formed. Oviductal diverticula are small, bulging pouches located on the oviduct, which is the tube that transports the ovum from the ovary to th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme-linked%20receptor | An enzyme-linked receptor, also known as a catalytic receptor, is a transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side. Hence a catalytic receptor is an integral membrane protein possessing both catalytic, and receptor functions.
They have two important domains, an extra-cellular ligand binding domain and an intracellular domain, which has a catalytic function; and a single transmembrane helix. The signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the outside of the cell and causes a conformational change on the catalytic function located on the receptor inside the cell.
Examples of the enzymatic activity include:
Receptor tyrosine kinase, as in fibroblast growth factor receptor. Most enzyme-linked receptors are of this type.
Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein
Guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor
Types
The following is a list of the five major families of catalytic receptors:
References
External links
Diagram at scq.ubc.ca
Pharmacology and subcategories
Single-pass transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane receptors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csepel%20SC | Csepel SC () is a Hungarian sports club based in Csepel, the XXI district of Budapest, which is on an island in the Danube in the south of the city. The club was formed in 1912 as Csepeli Torna Klub ("gymnastics club").
The Csepel SC football department
Csepel SC have won the Hungarian football championship four times. They became champions of the following seasons; 1941/42, 1942/43, 1947/48 and 1958/59.
The football department of the club was dissolved after 2001/02 season. The team then played in the second division. Its homeground is the Béke téri Stadion, which has a capacity of 12.000.
Until its relegation at the end of the 1996/97 season Csepel SC spent 51 season in the first division and remains to-date (2007), eighth in the all-time table of the first division.
Details to the History of Csepel SC
In its only participation in European Champions' Cup (in 1960) Csepel SC was eliminated in the qualification round by Fenerbahçe SK of Istanbul. In 1981 Csepel was runner-up in the Mitropa Cup behind Tatran Presov. The last notable success was fourth place in the national league in 1982/83.
In 2000 the football department of the club was merged with the first team of the second division club III. Kerületi TVE from Óbuda in the III. district in the north of Budapest. The joint team played for the next two seasons under the name of Csepel SC in Csepel. The junior teams remained separated.
At the end of the 2001/02 season the football department of Csepel SC was dissolved |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Creamery | Crystal Creamery was founded in 1901 by George Knox in Modesto, California as Crystal Cream & Butter. In 1921, Crystal Cream & Butter was purchased by Carl Hansen, a Danish immigrant. The Hansen family led the company for the next 86 years and pioneered many new technologies, growing Crystal Cream & Butter into one of the largest independent dairy processors in the state of California. In 2007, Crystal Cream & Butter was acquired by HP Hood, who sold it later that year to Foster Dairy Farms, which had been founded in 1941 by Max and Verna Foster, a venture that followed the 1939 founding of their Foster Farms. Today, Crystal Creamery claims to be the "largest privately owned dairy in California."
In 2009, Foster Farms Dairy acquired Humboldt Creamery, based in Fernbridge, California (near Eureka). In 2010, Foster Dairy Farms re-branded itself as Crystal Creamery. Crystal Creamery's 120th Anniversary was celebrated in 2021.
See also
Dairy farming
References
External links
Dairy products companies in California
Agriculture in California
Companies based in Stanislaus County, California
Food and drink companies established in 1941
1941 establishments in California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%20Farms%20%28disambiguation%29 | Foster Farms is a poultry company based in Livingston, California.
Foster Farms may also refer to:
Crystal Creamery, based in Modesto, California, formerly known as Foster Farms Dairy
Foster Farms Bowl, a post-season college football bowl game sponsored by the Foster Farms poultry company
See also
Foster Farm, a neighbourhood in Ottawa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric%20G%20protein | Heterotrimeric G protein, also sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins (as opposed to the subclass of smaller, monomeric small GTPases) are membrane-associated G proteins that form a heterotrimeric complex. The biggest non-structural difference between heterotrimeric and monomeric G protein is that heterotrimeric proteins bind to their cell-surface receptors, called G protein-coupled receptors, directly. These G proteins are made up of alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) subunits. The alpha subunit is attached to either a GTP or GDP, which serves as an on-off switch for the activation of G-protein.
When ligands bind a GPCR, the GPCR acquires GEF (guanine nucleotide exchange factor) ability, which activates the G-protein by exchanging the GDP on the alpha subunit to GTP. The binding of GTP to the alpha subunit results in a structural change and its dissociation from the rest of the G-protein. Generally, the alpha subunit binds membrane-bound effector proteins for the downstream signaling cascade, but the beta-gamma complex can carry out this function also. G-proteins are involved in pathways such as the cAMP/PKA pathway, ion channels, MAPK, PI3K.
There are four main families of G proteins: Gi/Go, Gq, Gs, and G12/13.
Alpha subunits
Reconstitution experiments carried out in the early 1980s showed that purified Gα subunits can directly activate effector enzymes. The GTP form of the α subunit of transducin (Gt) activates the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase from retinal rod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations%20in%20published%20cricket%20statistics | Variations in published cricket statistics have come about because there is no official view of the status of cricket matches played in Great Britain prior to 1895 or in the rest of the world prior to 1947. As a result, historians and statisticians have compiled differing lists of matches that they recognise as (unofficially) first-class. The problem is significant where it touches on some of the sport's first-class records, especially in regards to the playing career of W. G. Grace.
Concept and definition of first-class cricket
The concept of a "first-class standard" was formalised in May 1894 at a meeting of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) committee and the secretaries of the 14 clubs in the official County Championship, which had begun in 1890. As a result, these 14 clubs became officially first-class from 1895 along with MCC, Cambridge University, Oxford University, the main international touring teams and other teams designated as such by MCC (e.g., North v South, Gentlemen v Players, occasional XIs, etc).
First-class cricket was formally defined by the then Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC) in May 1947 as a match of three or more days' duration between two sides of eleven players officially adjudged first-class, with the governing body in each country to decide the status of teams. Significantly, it was stated that the definition does not have retrospective effect.
The absence of any ruling about matches played prior to 1947 (or prior to 1895 in Great Britain) has |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanosine%20nucleotide%20dissociation%20inhibitor | In molecular biology, the Guanosine dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) constitute a family of small GTPases that serve a regulatory role in vesicular membrane traffic. GDIs bind to the GDP-bound form of Rho and Rab small GTPases and not only prevent exchange (maintaining the small GTPase in an off-state), but also prevent the small GTPase from localizing at the membrane, which is their place of action. This inhibition can be removed by the action of a GDI displacement factor. GDIs also inhibit cdc42 by binding to its tail and preventing its insertion into membranes; hence it cannot trigger WASPs and cannot lead to nucleation of F-actin.
The GDIs' C-terminal geranylgeranylation is crucial for their membrane association and function. This post-translational modification is catalysed by Rab geranylgeranyl transferase (Rab-GGTase), a multi-subunit enzyme that contains a catalytic heterodimer and an accessory component, termed Rab escort protein (REP)-1. REP-1 presents newly synthesised Rab proteins to the catalytic component, and forms a stable complex with the prenylated proteins following the transfer reaction. The mechanism of REP-1-mediated membrane association of Rab5 is similar to that mediated by Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI). REP-1 and Rab GDI also share other functional properties, including the ability to inhibit the release of GDP and to remove Rab proteins from membranes.
The crystal structure of the bovine alpha-isoform of Rab GDI has been determined to a resolu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa%20Sign%20Language | Hausa Sign Language (HSL) or Maganar Hannu is the indigenous sign language of the Deaf community in northern Nigeria.
Overview
There are no statistics on the number of deaf people in northern Nigeria or in Nigeria in general or on the number of people who use Hausa Sign Language. Estimates as to the number of signers using this language "vary greatly, from 70,000 to five million".
There is no information on the origin of Hausa Sign Language, but it is believed that deaf people have always used HSL for communication. Hausa Sign Language is not taught formally in schools but is handed down from one generation to the next. Deaf children learn it from their parents, from their peers or other members of the deaf community. HSL is constantly enriched whenever deaf people meet, whether informally or in schools, associations or other groups.
Linguistic structure
Hausa Sign Language is a language in its own right with its own lexicon and grammar. It can be analysed linguistically like other spoken and sign languages. The HSL lexicon does, however, include loanwords from spoken Hausa, the surrounding major spoken language. Even though HSL grammar differs from spoken Hausa language grammar, there are influences from the spoken language in some users.
HSL signs are articulated by the hands. Each sign is composed of a number of components that are called the manual parameters, i.e. handshape, orientation, movement, and location. A sign may be articulated by one hand or both. Body po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%20harmonic%20triangle | The Leibniz harmonic triangle is a triangular arrangement of unit fractions in which the outermost diagonals consist of the reciprocals of the row numbers and each inner cell is the cell diagonally above and to the left minus the cell to the left. To put it algebraically, (where is the number of the row, starting from 1, and is the column number, never more than r) and
Values
The first eight rows are:
The denominators are listed in , while the numerators are all 1s.
Terms
The terms are given by the recurrences
and explicitly by
where is a binomial coefficient.
Relation to Pascal's triangle
Whereas each entry in Pascal's triangle is the sum of the two entries in the above row, each entry in the Leibniz triangle is the sum of the two entries in the row below it. For example, in the 5th row, the entry (1/30) is the sum of the two (1/60)s in the 6th row.
Just as Pascal's triangle can be computed by using binomial coefficients, so can Leibniz's: . Furthermore, the entries of this triangle can be computed from Pascal's: "The terms in each row are the initial term divided by the corresponding Pascal triangle entries." In fact, each diagonal relates to corresponding Pascal Triangle diagonals: The first Leibniz diagonal consists of 1/(1x natural numbers), the second of 1/(2x triangular numbers), the third of 1/(3x tetrahedral numbers) and so on.
Moreover, each entry in the Harmonic triangle is equal to the reciprocal of the respective entry in Pascal's triangle multipli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTP-binding%20protein%20regulators | GTP-binding protein regulators regulate G proteins in several different ways. Small GTPases act as molecular switches in signaling pathways, which act to regulate functions of other proteins. They are active or 'ON' when it is bound to GTP and inactive or 'OFF' when bound to GDP. Activation and deactivation of small GTPases can be regarded as occurring in a cycle, between the GTP-bound and GDP-bound form, regulated by other regulatory proteins.
Exchangers
The inactive form of GTPases (GDP-form) are activated by a class of proteins called Guanosine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). GEFs catalyse nucleotide exchange by encouraging the release of GDP from the small GTPase (by displacement of the small GTPase-associated Mg2+ ion) and GDP's replacement by GTP (which is in at least a 10-fold excess within the cell) . Inactivation of the active small GTPase is achieved through hydrolysis of the GTP by the small GTPase's intrinsic GTP hydrolytic activity.
Stimulators
The rate of GTP hydrolysis for small GTPases is generally too slow to create physiologically relevant transient signals, and thus requires another class of regulatory proteins to accelerate this activity, the GTPase activating proteins (GAPs).
Inhibitors
Another class of regulatory proteins, the Guanosine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), bind to the GDP-bound form of Rho and Rab small GTPases and not only prevent exchange (maintaining the small GTPase in an off-state), but also prevent the small GTPase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malkinia | Malkinia can refer to:
Malkinia (genus), a genus of bush crickets or katydids in the family Tettigoniidae, subfamily Phaneropterinae
Three villages in Poland, located in Małkinia Górna Commune (Gmina Małkinia Górna):
Małkinia Dolna
Małkinia Górna
Małkinia Mała-Przewóz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras-GRF1 | Ras-GRF1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Its function is to release guanosine diphosphate, GDP, from the signaling protein RAS, thus increasing the activity of RAS by allowing it to bind to guanosine triphosphate, GTP, returning it to its active state. In this way, Ras-GRF1 has a key role in regulating the RAS signaling pathway. Ras-GRF1 mediates the activation of RAS via Ca2+ bound calmodulin protein.
Function
Ras-GRF1 knockout mice have been shown to have learning and memory deficits associated with dysregulation of this pathway. Ras-GRF1 has also been shown to be upstream from IGF1, allowing it to control growth in mice. Although it is sometimes known as CDC25, it should not be confused with Cdc25. Ras-GRF1 is a paternally expressed imprinted gene, meaning that only the paternal allele of the gene is translated into protein. Disruption of this epigenetic imprinting also produces learning and memory deficits in neonatal mice.
Ras-GRF1 has been shown to mediate long term potentiation (LTP), affecting memory and learning. A signaling pathway involving Ras-GRF1/p38 MAP/CP -AMPAR has been shown to affect LTP. Ras-GRF1 knockout mice, induced with high frequency stimulation to induce LTP (HFS-LTP), displayed the inability to retain memory and distinguish similar concepts. A Ras-GRF1/ERK pathway has also been found to affect the activity of LTP in medium spiny neuron (MSN) pathways. Ras-GRF1 knockout mice treated with HFS-LTP have exhibited the inability to induce LT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Proteinpedia | Human Proteinpedia, which is closely associated with Institute of Bioinformatics (IOB), Bangalore and Johns Hopkins University, is a portal for sharing and integration of human proteomic data. It allows research laboratories to contribute and maintain protein annotations. Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) integrates data, that is deposited in Human Proteinpedia along with the existing literature curated information at the context of an individual protein. In essence, researchers can add new data to HPRD by registering to Human Proteinpedia. The data deposited in Human Proteinpedia is freely available for download. Emphasizing the importance of proteomics data disposition to public repositories, Nature Methods recommends Human Proteinpedia in their editorial. More than 70 labs participate in this effort.
Data types
Data pertaining to post-translational modifications, protein–protein interactions, tissue expression, expression in cell lines, subcellular localization and enzyme substrate relationships can be submitted to Human Proteinpedia.
Experimental platforms
Protein annotations present in Human Proteinpedia are derived from a number of platforms such as
Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry-based protein–protein interaction
Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blotting based protein–protein interaction
Fluorescence based experiments
Immunohistochemistry
Mass spectrometric analysis
Protein and peptide microarrays
Western blotting
Yeast two-hybrid base |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Axenfeld | Karl Theodor Paul Polykarpus Axenfeld (24 June 1867 – 29 July 1930) was a German ophthalmologist born in Smyrna (İzmir) in the Ottoman Empire to a German minister, who was a Jewish convert to Christianity and served as missionary in Asia Minor. As a child his family moved back to Germany, settling in the town of Godesberg.
He received his medical doctorate in 1890 from the University of Marburg. In 1896 he became an assistant to Wilhelm Uhthoff (1853–1927) at Breslau, and during the following year, was appointed director of the university eye clinic in Rostock. In 1901 he attained the chair of ophthalmology in Freiburg, where he remained until his death in 1930. In 1925 he was chosen as president of the German Ophthalmological Society (Deutsche ophthalmologische Gesellschaft).
Publications and research
Axenfeld was involved in all aspects of ophthalmology and is associated with almost 200 written works involving the eye, including an important textbook of ophthalmology titled Lehrbuch und Atlas der Augenheilkunde (1909). The seventh edition of the textbook was translated into several languages, including English. He published numerous articles on glaucoma, retinal disorders, trachoma and other eye maladies. Axenfeld was particularly interested in bacterial infections of the eye.
In 1909 he was awarded the Graefe Medal by the German Ophthalmological Society for his research of sympathetic ophthalmia. With Otto von Schjerning (1853-1921), he collaborated on the Handbuch der |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreal%20ecosystem | A boreal ecosystem is an ecosystem with a subarctic climate located in the Northern Hemisphere, approximately between 50° to 70°N latitude. These ecosystems are commonly known as taiga and are located in parts of North America, Europe, and Asia. The ecosystems that lie immediately to the south of boreal zones are often called hemiboreal. There are a variety of processes and species that occur in these areas as well.
The Köppen symbols of boreal ecosystems are Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, and Dwd.
Boreal ecosystems are some of the most vulnerable to climate change. Both loss of permafrost, reductions in cold weather and increases in summer heat cause significant changes to ecosystems, displacing cold-adapted species, increasing forest fires, and making ecosystems vulnerable to changing to other ecosystem types. These changes can cause Climate change feedback cycles, where thawing permafrost and changing ecosystems release more greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere causing more climate change.
Boreal Species
The species within boreal ecosystems varies as it consists of both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The species composition include many generalized and less specialized feeders. From the equator to the poles, species richness decreases, and there is a negative relationship with species richness changes as climate changes.
However, despite not being as biodiverse as tropical systems, this area has a variety of species. Boreal ecosystems are filled with a multitude of flo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstitial%20defect | In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small atoms in some crystals may occupy interstitial sites, such as hydrogen in palladium. Interstitials can be produced by bombarding a crystal with elementary particles having energy above the displacement threshold for that crystal, but they may also exist in small concentrations in thermodynamic equilibrium. The presence of interstitial defects can modify the physical and chemical properties of a material.
History
The idea of interstitial compounds was started in the late 1930s and they are often called Hagg phases after Hägg. Transition metals generally crystallise in either the hexagonal close packed or face centered cubic structures, both of which can be considered to be made up of layers of hexagonally close packed atoms. In both of these very similar lattices there are two sorts of interstice, or hole:
Two tetrahedral holes per metal atom, i.e. the hole is between four metal atoms
One octahedral hole per metal atom, i.e. the hole is between six metal atoms
It was suggested by early workers that:
the metal lattice was relatively unaffected by the interstitial atom
the electrical conductivity was comparable to that of the pure metal
there was a range of comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%E2%80%93compact%20algorithm | In computer science, a mark–compact algorithm is a type of garbage collection algorithm used to reclaim unreachable memory. Mark–compact algorithms can be regarded as a combination of the mark–sweep algorithm and Cheney's copying algorithm. First, reachable objects are marked, then a compacting step relocates the reachable (marked) objects towards the beginning of the heap area. Compacting garbage collection is used by modern JVMs, Microsoft's Common Language Runtime and by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler.
Algorithms
After marking the live objects in the heap in the same fashion as the mark–sweep algorithm, the heap will often be fragmented. The goal of mark–compact algorithms is to shift the live objects in memory together so the fragmentation is eliminated. The challenge is to correctly update all pointers to the moved objects, most of which will have new memory addresses after the compaction. The issue of handling pointer updates is handled in different ways.
Table-based compaction
A table-based algorithm was first described by Haddon and Waite in 1967. It preserves the relative placement of the live objects in the heap, and requires only a constant amount of overhead.
Compaction proceeds from the bottom of the heap (low addresses) to the top (high addresses). As live (that is, marked) objects are encountered, they are moved to the first available low address, and a record is appended to a break table of relocation information. For each live object, a record in the break |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorant-binding%20protein | Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are small (10 to 30 kDa) soluble proteins secreted by auxiliary cells surrounding olfactory receptor neurons, including the nasal mucus of many vertebrate species and in the sensillar lymph of chemosensory sensilla of insects. OBPs are characterized by a specific protein domain that comprises six α-helices joined by three disulfide bonds. Although the function of the OBPs as a whole is not well established, it is believed that they act as odorant transporters, delivering the odorant molecules to olfactory receptors in the cell membrane of sensory neurons.
The olfactory receptors of terrestrial animals exist in an aqueous environment, yet detect odorants that are primarily hydrophobic. The aqueous solubility of hydrophobic odorants is greatly enhanced via odorant-binding proteins, which exist in the extracellular fluid surrounding the odorant receptors. This family is composed of pheromone binding proteins (PBP), which are male-specific and associate with pheromone-sensitive neurons and general-odorant-binding proteins (GOBP).
These proteins were initially identified on the basis of their ability to bind with moderate-affinity radioactively labeled odorants.
Structure
OBPs are small proteins on the order of 14 kDa in size. All odorant binding proteins are believed to have a common structure despite their genetic diversity and highly variable primary structures. In vertebrates, OBPs are a part of the lipocalin family. They are structurally ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBG%20%28time%20signal%29 | HBG was a low frequency time signal transmitter for the Swiss time reference system. It transmitted on 75 kHz with 20 kW power, and was located in Prangins, Switzerland.
Due to the cost of urgently needed renovation for the ageing antennas, and the ease with which all existing users could switch to the DCF77 time signal, the Swiss Federal Government decided to shut down HBG at the end of 2011.
HBG transmission ceased on New Year’s Day 2012 at 07:00:13.2 UTC.
On 6 September 2012 at 12:02:00 UTC both antenna towers were demolished by controlled explosives.
The HBG transmission format was very similar to DCF77. At the beginning of each second (with the exception of the 59th), the carrier signal was interrupted for a period of 0.1 s or 0.2 s, which corresponded to a binary "0" or "1". The transmission of the minute, hour, calendar date, day of the week, month and current year was achieved by means of a BCD code identical to that of DCF77.
Like DCF77, the carrier was not interrupted during the last second of each minute.
Differences from the DCF77 time code:
The carrier frequency.
Phase modulation was not included.
Amplitude modulation was done by disabling the transmitter (0% amplitude) rather than reducing it to 15% amplitude as DCF77 does.
Announcement bits warning of impending time zone changes or leap seconds were sent 12 hours in advance, rather than 1 hour.
The first pulse of each minute was not a standard 0 bit as DCF77 sends. Instead, it was a double pulse, two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82kinia%20G%C3%B3rna | Małkinia Górna is a large village in Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is the seat of the administrative district called Gmina Małkinia Górna.
Małkinia is a railway junction. There, the main line between Warsaw and Białystok crosses with the less important line between Ostrołęka and Siedlce. During World War II the Treblinka extermination camp was located nearby. Prisoners were often held in locked trains at the Małkinia railway station awaiting transport into the camp.
References
External links
Jewish Community in Małkinia Górna on Virtual Shtetl
Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Holocaust locations in Poland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patching%20and%20Capping | The aggregation of fluorescently tagged antibodies that are associated with proteins on membranes of living cells. The aggregation appears as a cap or a patch in the fluorescence microscope and is due to the bivalent nature of antibodies. Patching and capping were critical in demonstrating the fluid nature of plasma membranes.
Variations in density within the specimen are amplified to enhance contrast in unstained cells which is especially useful for examining living unpigmented cells. In other words, phase contrast is a contrast-enhancing optical technique that can be used to produce high contrast images such as living cells and subcellular including nuclei and other organelles. One of the major advantages of using phase contrast microscopy is that living cells can be examined in their natural state without being killed, fixed, or especially stained. As a result, biological processes in the cell can be observed and recorded in high contrast with sharp clarity of minute specimen details.
When the ligand binds to its specific receptor, the ligand-receptor complex accumulates in the coated pits. In many cells these pits and complexes begin to concentrate in one area of a cell. Cytochemically, this appears as patches of label on the cell surface (patching). Eventually, the patches coalesce to form a cap at one pole of the cell (capping). Not all cells form caps, but most do form patches. The pre-concentration process minimizes the amount of fluid that is taken up in the vesicle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cydia%20pomonella%20granulovirus | Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is a granulovirus belonging to the family Baculoviridae. It has a double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 123,500 base pairs in length with 143 ORFs. The virus forms small bodies called granules containing a single virion. CpGV is a virus of invertebrates – specifically Cydia pomonella, commonly known as the Codling moth. CpGV is highly pathogenic, it is known as a fast GV – that is, one that will kill its host in the same instar as infection; thus, it is frequently used as a biological pesticide.
In pest control
C. pomonella has proved to be a problematic pest on several fruit trees, including apples and pears. The caterpillars burrow into the fruit, rendering it unfit for sale. Traditional insecticides are of limited use, as some strains have acquired resistance to several insecticides.
CpGV has been shown to kill many of the larvae of C. pomonella in trials without having adverse effects on humans or other animals, thanks to the specific nature of the virus.
The first CpGV strain, isolated in Mexico, has been commercially formulated into biological pesticides such as Madex (Andermatt Biocontrol AG), Carpovirusine (NPP/Arysta LifeScience) and Cyd-X (Certis). Due to the continued use of CpGV in the field, C. pomonella populations resistant to the Mexican strain have been identified. New strains which are able to manage resistant codling moth populations have been developed. These strains are commercialized by BioTEPP inc. into |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20A%20receptor | Vitamin A receptor, Stimulated by retinoic acid 6 or STRA6 protein was originally discovered as a transmembrane cell-surface receptor for retinol-binding protein. STRA6 is unique as it functions both as a membrane transporter and a cell surface receptor, particularly as a cytokine receptor. In fact, STRA6 may be the first of a whole new class of proteins that might be known as "cytokine signaling transporters." STRA6 is primarily known as the receptor for retinol binding protein and for its relevance in the transport of retinol to specific sites such as the eye (Vitamin A). It does this through the removal of retinol (ROH) from the holo-Retinol Binding Protein (RBP) and transports it into the cell to be metabolized into retinoids and/or kept as a retinylester. As a receptor, after holo-RBP is bound, STRA6 activates the JAK/STAT pathway, resulting in the activation of transcription factor, STAT5. These two functions—retinol transporter and cytokine receptor—while using different pathways, are processes that depend on each other.
Mechanism of action
Overview
In the first step, holo-retinol binding protein (holo-RBP; simply means RBP bound to retinol, i.e. the RBP-ROH complex) binds to the extracellular portion of STRA6. This facilitates the release of retinol through the transporter. ROH is then transferred to cellular retinol binding protein 1 (CRBP1), an intracellular acceptor of retinol that attaches to the CRBP Binding Loop (or CBL) on STRA6. This transport of ROH, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinol%20binding%20protein%204 | Retinol binding protein 4, also known as RBP4, is a transporter protein for retinol (vitamin A alcohol). RBP4 has a molecular weight of approximately 21 kDa and is encoded by the RBP4 gene in humans. It is mainly, though not exclusively, synthesized in the liver and circulates in the bloodstream as a hepatokine bound to retinol in a complex with transthyretin. RBP4 has been a drug target for ophthalmology research due to its role in vision. RBP4 may also be involved in metabolic diseases as suggested by recent studies.
Function
This protein belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A) in the blood. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli. A deficiency of vitamin A blocks secretion of the binding protein posttranslationally and results in defective delivery and supply to the epidermal cells.
Structure
RBP4 is a single polypeptide chain with a hydrophobic pocket where retinol binds. The RBP4-retinol complex then binds transthyretin in circulation to prevent renal filtration of RBP4.
In serum, TTR and RBP4 bind in a 1 to 1 stoichiometry (two molecules of TTR combine with two molecules of RBP4 to form a complex with a total molecular weight of approximately 80,000 Daltons).
Clinical significance
Retinol-binding protein 4 has been a drug target for eye diseases as RBP4 is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20kinase%20inhibitor | A protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) is a type of enzyme inhibitor that blocks the action of one or more protein kinases. Protein kinases are enzymes that phosphorylate (add a phosphate, or PO4, group) to a protein and can modulate its function.
The phosphate groups are usually added to serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acids on the protein: most kinases act on both serine and threonine, the tyrosine kinases act on tyrosine, and a number (dual-specificity kinases) act on all three. There are also protein kinases that phosphorylate other amino acids, including histidine kinases that phosphorylate histidine residues.
Phosphorylation regulates many biological processes, and protein kinase inhibitors can be used to treat diseases due to hyperactive protein kinases (including mutant or overexpressed kinases in cancer) or to modulate cell functions to overcome other disease drivers.
Clinical use
Kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib are often used in the treatment of cancer and inflammation.
Some of the kinase inhibitors used in treating cancer are inhibitors of tyrosine kinases.
The effectiveness of kinase inhibitors on various cancers can vary from patient to patient.
Examples
There are several drugs launched or in development that target protein kinases and the receptors that activate them:
Comparison of available agents
Note:
AD = Approval date.
MS = Myelosuppression.
D = Diarrhoea.
FR = Fluid retention.
As far as myelosuppression, diarrhoea and fluid retention goes: +++ m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptojanin | Synaptojanin is a protein involved in vesicle uncoating in neurons. This is an important regulatory lipid phosphatase. It dephosphorylates the D-5 position phosphate from phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) and Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate(PIP2). It belongs to family of 5-phosphatases, which are structurally unrelated to D-3 inositol phosphatases like PTEN. Other members of the family of 5'phosphoinositide phosphatases include OCRL, SHIP1, SHIP2, INPP5J, INPP5E, INPP5B, INPP5A and SKIP.
Synaptojanin Family
The synaptojanin family comprises proteins that are key players in the synaptic vesicle recovery at the synapse. In general, vesicles containing neurotransmitters fuse with the presynaptic cell in order to release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. It is the release of neurotransmitters that allows neuron to neuron communication in the nervous system. The recovery of the vesicle is referred to as endocytosis and is important to reset the presynaptic cell with new neurotransmitter.
Synaptojanin 1 and Synaptojanin 2 are the two main proteins in the synaptojanin family. Synaptojanin 2 can be further subdivided into synaptojanin 2a and synaptojanin 2b.
The mechanism by which vesicles are recovered is thought to involve the synaptojanin attracting the protein clathrin, which coats the vesicle and initiates vesicle endocytosis.
Synaptojanins are composed to three domains. The first is a central inositol 5-phosphatase domain, which can act on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosome | A thermosome is a group II chaperonin protein complex that functions in archaea. It is the homolog of eukaryotic CCT. This group II chaperonin is an ATP-dependent chaperonin that is responsible for folding or refolding of incipient or denatured proteins. A thermosome has two rings, each consisting of eight subunits, stacked together to form a cylindrical shape with a large cavity at the center. The thermosome is also defined by its heterooligomeric nature. The complex consists of that alternate location within its two rings.
Being a Group II chaperonin, the thermosome has a similar structure to group I chaperonins. The main difference, however, lies in the existence of a helical protrusion in the thermosome which composes of a built-in lid of the hydrophilic cavity. Not only is thermosome ATP-dependent, but the mechanism in which thermosome shifts from open to close conformation is also temperature-dependent. The open conformation of the ATP-thermosome exists mainly at low temperatures. Whereas, the closed conformation of the thermosome occurs when heating to physiological temperature.
Similar to the GroEL chaperonins in bacteria, the thermosome shows negative cooperativity since the two rings of the thermosome show different affinities for the binding of ATP. However, unlike the GroEL system, the thermosome is less affected by the concentration of ATP. In the absence of ATP, the thermosome does not have a preference for the T-state over the R-state. There is, however, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Belov%20%28geochemist%29 | Nikolay Vasilyevich Belov (; December 14, 1891 – March 6, 1982) was a Soviet and Russian crystallographer, geochemist, academician (1953), and Hero of Socialist Labour (1969). Belov founded the field of polychromatic symmetry.
Honours and awards
Hero of Socialist Labour (1969)
Four Orders of Lenin (1961, 1969, 1971, 1981)
Order of the October Revolution (1975)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1953)
Medal "For the Defence of Moscow" (1944)
Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1946)
Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow" (1948)
Medal "For Labour Valour" (1967)
Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1970)
Stalin Prize, 1st class (1952)
Lenin Prize (1974)
First Prize Fedorov (USSR, 1948)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1965)
Gold Medal Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR (1962)
Medal K. Ohridski (Sofia University K. Ohridski, Bulgaria, 1971)
Honorary member of the All-Union Mineralogical Society (1964)
First chairman of the National Committee of Soviet crystallographers (1955-1982)
Member of the Board (1954), Vice-President (1957-1963), president (1966-1969) of the International Union of Crystallography
Foreign member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1978)
Honorary Doctor of University of Wrocław B. Bierut (Poland, 1975)
Honorary member of the Mineralogical Society USA (1960), England, Society of Mineralogy and Crystallography, France (1969), Geol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabelle%20Whitestone | Annabelle Whitestone, Baroness Weidenfeld (born October 1944),daughter of Cmdr. Nicholas Whitestone RN and Lorna Birkenshaw Whitestone, is an English former concert manager working with classical music impresarios including Ingpen & Williams, Ibbs and Tillett, Wilfrid Van Wyck, the English Bach Festival and Conciertos Daniel in Madrid
The Polish-American pianist Arthur Rubinstein credited Whitestone with assisting the careers of two of his protégés, François-René Duchâble and Janina Fialkowska.
In 1977, the 90-year-old Rubinstein left his wife Nela Młynarska after 45 years of marriage for Whitestone and lived with her in Geneva, Switzerland, until he died in 1982. Whitestone helped Rubinstein to write the second volume of his autobiography, My Many Years, which he dedicated to her. Rubinstein's original collaborator, Tony Madigan, whom he met in Marbella, transcribed the first phase of the book.
Whitestone convened Remembering Rubinstein, a day of talks and concerts at the Royal Academy of Music on 22 January 2008, to honour the pianist "who once sold as many records as rock stars and was as much at ease in the White House as he was with his chums Picasso and Charlie Chaplin."
Lady Weidenfeld is a member of the advisory board of the Jerusalem Music Centre and the Jerusalem Foundation, a member of the board of directors of the Arthur Rubinstein International Music Society, and a member of the Honorary Advisory Board of the Jewish Music Institute SOAS. Lady Weidenfeld was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sperm is the male reproductive cell, or gamete, in anisogamous forms of sexual reproduction.
Sperm may also refer to:
Reproduction
Spermatozoon (zoosperm), a sperm cell propelled by a single flagellum, found in most animals
Semen ("sperma"), the bodily fluid containing spermatozoa
Related uses
Sperm bank
Sperm competition
Sperm donation
Sperm granuloma
Sperm guidance
Sperm heteromorphism
Sperm motility
Sperm precedence
Sperm sorting
Sperm theft
Sperm washing
Other uses
Catch the Sperm, computer game
The Sperm, a 2007 Thai film
Sperm, a 1994 album by Oomph!
Sperm Bluff, Victoria Land, Antarctica
Sperm whale, a large toothed whale
Sperm oil, substance obtained from sperm whales
Sperm Wars, book by Robin Baker
Spermine an Chemical
See also
Spèrme, a 2016 book by Michel Polnareff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAG%20InnoVision | MAG Innovision is a Taiwan-headquartered manufacturer and provider of visual technology, specifically CRT monitors, liquid crystal displays, projectors, plasma displays, and HDTV technology. The company was founded by William Wang when he was 26 years old.
In the early to mid-1990s, its products were one of the top-rated in the market for computer CRT monitors in the North American market, alongside Sony, NEC, and Panasonic. Since the late 1990s and 2000s, these companies have been displaced by ViewSonic, and more recently by Samsung and LG, as the latter were at the forefront of fledgling LCD technology.
References
Companies of Taiwan
Display technology companies
Electronics companies of Taiwan
Taiwanese brands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara%20no%20Tameie | was a Japanese poet and compiler of Imperial anthologies of poems.
Tameie was the second son of poet Teika and married Abutsu-ni. He was the central figure in a circle of Japanese poets after the Jōkyū War in 1221. His three sons were Nijō Tameuji, Kyōgoku Tamenori and Reizei Tamesuke. They each established rival families of poets—the Nijō, the Kyōgoku and the Reizei.
Starting in 1250, Tameie was among those who held the ritsuryō office of . In 1256, he abandoned public life to become a Buddhist monk, taking the name Minbukyō-nyūdō.
Biography
The poet Fujiwara no Tameie was born in 1198. He was a member of the Nagaie lineage of the Northern Branch of the Fujiwara clan, the second son of Acting Middle Counsellor Fujiwara no Teika. His mother was a daughter of Great Minister of the Centre .
Peerage was conferred on the young Tameie at the age of five, by Japanese reckoning, in Kennin 2 (1202). The same year, he accompanied his father on a visit to Emperor Go-Toba and the crown prince (the later Emperor Juntoku).
He died on the first day of the fifth month of Kenji 1, or 27 May 1275 in the Julian calendar. He was 78 years old by Japanese reckoning.
Names
Tameie's was Mimyō (三名). His art name was Naka-no-in (中院), and upon entering religious orders he took the dharma name Yūgaku (融覚).
Selected work
Tameie's published writings encompass 23 works in 28 publications in 1 language and 124 library holdings.
2002 —
References
Citations
Works cited
Nussbaum, Louis Fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Chambers | Jerome Purcell "Jerry" Chambers (born July 18, 1943) is a retired American professional basketball player. At 6'5" and 185 pounds, he played as a forward.
Early life
Chambers attended Spingarn High School in Washington, D.C., transferring to Eastern High School after being cut from the basketball team.
College career
Chambers then attended the University of Utah from 1963–1966, winning the NCAA basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player award in 1966, despite his Runnin' Utes finishing fourth at the 1966 Final Four.
Chambers is the only player to ever earn MOP for a fourth-place team (the 3rd place game was eliminated in 1981). His 143 points in four games remains an NCAA Tournament record, with 70 of them coming in the Final Four—38 against eventual national champion Texas-Western, and 32 more in the third-place game against the Duke Blue Devils.
For his career at Utah Chambers averaged a double-double, 24.6 points and 11.2 rebounds. As a senior in 1965–1966, he averaged 28.8 points and 11.6 rebounds. His 892 points in 1965–1966 remains second all time at Utah.
Professional career
He played four professional seasons in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Los Angeles Lakers (1966–1967), Phoenix Suns (1969–1970), Atlanta Hawks (1970–1971) and Buffalo Braves (1971–1972). Chambers then played two seasons in the American Basketball Association as a member of the San Diego Conquistadors (1972–1973) and the San Antonio Spurs (1973–1974).
His best seaso |
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