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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium%28II%29%20nitrate
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Palladium(II) nitrate is the inorganic compound with the formula Pd(NO3)2.(H2O)x where x = 0 or 2. The anhydrous and dihydrate are deliquescent solids. According to X-ray crystallography, both compounds feature square planar Pd(II) with unidentate nitrate ligands. The anhydrous compound, which is a coordination polymer, is yellow.
As a solution in nitric acid, Pd(NO3)2 catalyzes the conversion of alkenes to dinitrate esters. Its pyrolysis affords palladium oxide.
Preparation
Hydrated palladium nitrate may be prepared by dissolving palladium oxide hydrate in dilute nitric acid followed by crystallization. The nitrate crystallizes as yellow-brown deliquescent prisms. The anhydrous material is obtained by treating palladium metal with fuming nitric acid.
References
Nitrates
Palladium compounds
Oxidizing agents
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welch%E2%80%93Satterthwaite%20equation
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In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, corresponding to the pooled variance.
For sample variances , each respectively having degrees of freedom, often one computes the linear combination.
where is a real positive number, typically . In general, the probability distribution of {{math|χ}} cannot be expressed analytically. However, its distribution can be approximated by another chi-squared distribution, whose effective degrees of freedom are given by the Welch–Satterthwaite equation'''
There is no assumption that the underlying population variances are equal. This is known as the Behrens–Fisher problem.
The result can be used to perform approximate statistical inference tests. The simplest application of this equation is in performing Welch's t-test.
See also
Pooled variance
References
Further reading
Michael Allwood (2008) "The Satterthwaite Formula for Degrees of Freedom in the Two-Sample t-Test", AP Statistics'', Advanced Placement Program, The College Board.
Theorems in statistics
Equations
Statistical approximations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20for%20Destiny%20or%20the%20Twenty%20Seventh%20Theorem%20of%20Ethics
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Search for Destiny, or the Twenty Seventh Theorem of Ethics () — is a 1994 science fiction novel by Boris Strugatsky (under the pseudonym S. Vititsky), covering the life of a fictional Soviet citizen Krasnogorov with light and bitter truth about that time and including the long chapter "A Happy Boy" about his childhood in sieged Leningrad. The last part depicts him as a ruler in future Russia.
At one point Krasnogorov realizes that he survived numerous situations, which inevitably had to result in his death. This causes him to think he has a special destiny, which doesn't allow him to die, and he keeps searching for it, often discussing the idea with his long-time friend Viktor Kikonin. Coincidentally, Krasnogorov had always been the one who could save Viktor from near-death situations just by staying close to him...
Novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky
1994 novels
Works published under a pseudonym
Novels set in Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teni
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Teni may refer to:
Teni (singer) (born 1992), Nigerian singer
Thiazole tautomerase, enzyme
Theni, town in India
TENI, the Transgender Equality Network of Ireland
The Russian title of Shadows, a 1953 Soviet film
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerostatics
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A subfield of fluid statics, aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion with respect to the coordinate system in which they are considered. The corresponding study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics.
Aerostatics studies density allocation, especially in air. One of the applications of this is the barometric formula.
An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float.
Basic laws
Treatment of the equations of gaseous behaviour at rest is generally taken, as in hydrostatics, to begin with a consideration of the general equations of momentum for fluid flow, which can be expressed as:
,
where is the mass density of the fluid, is the instantaneous velocity, is fluid pressure, are the external body forces acting on the fluid, and is the momentum transport coefficient. As the fluid's static nature mandates that , and that , the following set of partial differential equations representing the basic equations of aerostatics is found.
However, the presence of a non-constant density as is found in gaseous fluid systems (due to the compressibility of gases) requires the inclusion of the ideal gas law:
,
where denotes the universal gas constant, and the temperature of the gas, in order to render the valid aerostatic partial differential equations:
,
which can be employed to compute the pressure distribution in gases whose thermodynamic states are given by the equation of state for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigenic%20variation
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Antigenic variation or antigenic alteration refers to the mechanism by which an infectious agent such as a protozoan, bacterium or virus alters the proteins or carbohydrates on its surface and thus avoids a host immune response, making it one of the mechanisms of antigenic escape. It is related to phase variation. Antigenic variation not only enables the pathogen to avoid the immune response in its current host, but also allows re-infection of previously infected hosts. Immunity to re-infection is based on recognition of the antigens carried by the pathogen, which are "remembered" by the acquired immune response. If the pathogen's dominant antigen can be altered, the pathogen can then evade the host's acquired immune system. Antigenic variation can occur by altering a variety of surface molecules including proteins and carbohydrates. Antigenic variation can result from gene conversion, site-specific DNA inversions, hypermutation, or recombination of sequence cassettes. The result is that even a clonal population of pathogens expresses a heterogeneous phenotype. Many of the proteins known to show antigenic or phase variation are related to virulence.
In bacteria
Antigenic variation in bacteria is best demonstrated by species of the genus Neisseria (most notably, Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the gonococcus); species of the genus Streptococcus and the Mycoplasma. The Neisseria species vary their pili (protein polymers made up of subunits called pilin whi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Barbara%20%28actor%29
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Joseph Edward Barbara (born December 5, 1967) is an American television and soap opera actor.
Early life
Barbara was born on December 5, 1967 in New Smyrna Beach, Florida. He has a B.S. in television and film production from Syracuse University. After leaving college, he worked briefly as a production assistant at Entertainment Tonight.
Career
Barbara is currently starring in the first national tour A Bronx Tale - The Musical, written by Chazz Palminteri and directed by Robert De Niro and Jerry Zaks.
He is best known for his role on Another World as Joseph Carlino (from 1995 to 1999). He then appeared on All My Children in 2000 as Paolo Caselli. He also appeared on Broadway in the revival of the musical Grease (as Danny Zuko) and off-Broadway in Tony and Tina's Wedding (as 'Dominick Fabrizi'). He is currently performing the role of mob boss Gyp DeCarlo in the Las Vegas production of Jersey Boys. He was also the voice of Ray Boccino in Grand Theft Auto IV.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
Personal life
He revealed in TV Guide that he was an only child and had been an altar boy.
He’s married to former WFMJ-TV 21 Morning News Anchor Nicole Perry (since July 15, 2000) and they have a son, Joseph Frederick Barbara (born March 4, 2003).
References
External links
1967 births
Male actors from Florida
American male soap opera actors
American male television actors
Living people
People from New Smyrna Beach, Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Haas%E2%80%93Van%20Alphen%20effect
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The De Haas–Van Alphen effect, often abbreviated to DHVA, is a quantum mechanical effect in which the magnetic susceptibility of a pure metal crystal oscillates as the intensity of the magnetic field B is increased. It can be used to determine the Fermi surface of a material. Other quantities also oscillate, such as the electrical resistivity (Shubnikov–de Haas effect), specific heat, and sound attenuation and speed. It is named after Wander Johannes de Haas and his student Pieter M. van Alphen. The DHVA effect comes from the orbital motion of itinerant electrons in the material. An equivalent phenomenon at low magnetic fields is known as Landau diamagnetism.
Description
The differential magnetic susceptibility of a material is defined as
where is the applied external magnetic field and the magnetization of the material. Such that , where is the vacuum permeability. For practical purposes, the applied and the measured field are approximately the same (if the material is not ferromagnetic).
The oscillations of the differential susceptibility when plotted against , have a period (in teslas−1) that is inversely proportional to the area of the extremal orbit of the Fermi surface (m−2), in the direction of the applied field, that is
,
where is Planck constant and is the elementary charge. The existence of more than one extremal orbit leads to multiple periods becoming superimposed. A more precise formula, known as Lifshitz–Kosevich formula, can be obtained using sem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin%20signature%20algorithm
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In cryptography, the Rabin signature algorithm is a method of digital signature originally proposed by Michael O. Rabin in 1978.
The Rabin signature algorithm was one of the first digital signature schemes proposed. By introducing the use of hashing as an essential step in signing, it was the first design to meet what is now the modern standard of security against forgery, existential unforgeability under chosen-message attack, assuming suitably scaled parameters.
Rabin signatures resemble RSA signatures with 'exponent ', but this leads to qualitative differences that enable more efficient implementation and a security guarantee relative to the difficulty of integer factorization, which has not been proven for RSA.
However, Rabin signatures have seen relatively little use or standardization outside IEEE P1363 in comparison to RSA signature schemes such as RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 and RSASSA-PSS.
Definition
The Rabin signature scheme is parametrized by a randomized hash function of a message and -bit randomization string .
Public key
A public key is a pair of integers with and odd.
Signature
A signature on a message is a pair of a -bit string and an integer such that
Private key
The private key for a public key is the secret odd prime factorization of , chosen uniformly at random from some space of large primes. Let , , and . To make a signature on a message , the signer picks a -bit string uniformly at random, and computes . If is a quadratic nonresidue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointcheval%E2%80%93Stern%20signature%20algorithm
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In cryptography, the Pointcheval–Stern signature algorithm is a digital signature scheme based on the closely related ElGamal signature scheme. It changes the ElGamal scheme slightly to produce an algorithm which has been proven secure in a strong sense against adaptive chosen-message attacks, assuming the discrete logarithm problem is intractable in a strong sense.
David Pointcheval and Jacques Stern developed the forking lemma technique in constructing their proof for this algorithm. It has been used in other security investigations of various cryptographic algorithms.
References
Digital signature schemes
Public-key cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenite
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Digenite is a copper sulfide mineral with formula: Cu9S5. Digenite is a black to dark blue opaque mineral that crystallizes with a trigonal - hexagonal scalenohedral structure. In habit it is usually massive, but does often show pseudo-cubic forms. It has poor to indistinct cleavage and a brittle fracture. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5 to 3 and a specific gravity of 5.6. It is found in copper sulfide deposits of both primary and supergene occurrences. It is typically associated with and often intergrown with chalcocite, covellite, djurleite, bornite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The type locality is Sangerhausen, Thuringia, Germany, in copper slate deposits.
Occurrence
Digenite occurs in the transitional zone of supergene oxidation of primary sulfide ore deposits, at the interface between the upper and lower saprolite ore zones. It is rarely an important mineral for copper ores, as it is more usually replaced by chalcocite further up in the weathering profile, and is a minor weathering product of primary chalcopyrite. Natural digenite always contains a small amount of iron and is considered to be stable only in the Cu-Fe-S system.
In the Deflector and Deflector West Cu-Au lode deposits of the Gullewa Greenstone Belt, Western Australia, digenite is an important constituent of the transitional Cu-Au ore. However, it is difficult to treat metallurgically and remains a refractory ore type. In this locality digenite is found with covellite, chalcocite and bornite.
It was first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-small-cell%20lung%20cancer
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Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), or non-small-cell lung carcinoma, is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for about 85% of all lung cancers. As a class, NSCLCs are relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, compared to small-cell carcinoma. When possible, they are primarily treated by surgical resection with curative intent, although chemotherapy has been used increasingly both preoperatively (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and postoperatively (adjuvant chemotherapy).
Types
The most common types of NSCLC are squamous-cell carcinoma, large-cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but several other types occur less frequently. A few of the less common types are pleomorphic, carcinoid tumor, salivary gland carcinoma, and unclassified carcinoma. All types can occur in unusual histologic variants and as mixed cell-type combinations. Non-squamous-cell carcinoma almost occupies the half of NSCLC. In the tissue classification, the central type contains about one-ninth.
Sometimes, the phrase "not otherwise specified" (NOS) is used generically, usually when a more specific diagnosis cannot be made. This is most often the case when a pathologist examines a small number of malignant cells or tissue in a cytology or biopsy specimen.
Lung cancer in people who have never smoked is almost universally NSCLC, with a sizeable majority being adenocarcinoma.
On relatively rare occasions, malignant lung tumors are found to contain components of bo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20S.%20Ancell
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Nathan S. Ancell (August 22, 1908 – May 31, 1999) co-founded the Ethan Allen furniture company with his brother-in-law, Theodore Baumritter, in 1932. Together, the two men pioneered the concept of selling furniture in room-style settings and built the Ethan Allen company. Today, Ethan Allen has sales of nearly $1 billion.
Early life
Born Nathan Ancelewitz, Nathan S. "Nat" Ancell grew up in New York and was Jewish. In 1932, he and his brother-in-law started a small housewares company. The two bought a bankrupt furniture manufacturer in Beecher Falls, Vermont a few years later. Ancell attended Columbia College in New York City, New York and graduated in 1929.
Business practices
Ancell was known as the father of the gallery concept, where furniture was placed in real-life settings in furniture stores. The company vision statement illustrates his viewpoint in how to conduct business: "To promote dreams not just furniture-to help consumers have the attractive homes they want, regardless of the station in life."
The family sold the Ethan Allen company to Interco in 1980. Ancell continued as manager and later as an advisor until the company was sold again in 1989.
Philanthropic works
In 1982, he was honored by Western Connecticut State University, who named the Ancell School of Business after him following his donation of $900,000. Afterwards, he taught ethics and marketing at the school.
Ancell served on the board of Brandeis University for 25 years. He funded a chair in p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurleite
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Djurleite is a copper sulfide mineral of secondary origin with formula Cu31S16 that crystallizes with monoclinic-prismatic symmetry. It is typically massive in form, but does at times develop thin tabular to prismatic crystals. It occurs with other supergene minerals such as chalcocite, covellite and digenite in the enriched zone of copper orebodies. It is a member of the chalcocite group, and very similar to chalcocite, Cu2S, in its composition and properties, but the two minerals can be distinguished from each other by x-ray powder diffraction. Intergrowths and transformations between djurleite, digenite and chalcocite are common. Many of the reported associations of digenite and djurleite, however, identified by powder diffraction, could be anilite and djurleite, as anilite transforms to digenite during grinding.
Djurleite was named for the Swedish chemist Seved Djurle (1928–2000), from the University of Uppsala, Sweden, who first synthesized the mineral in 1958, prior to its discovery in nature. The natural material was first described in 1962 by E H Roseboom Jr, of the US Geological Survey, from occurrences at the type locality, Barranca del Cobre, Chihuahua, Mexico.
The chalcocite group
The chalcocite group is a group of closely related copper sulfides, with the formulae:
Chalcocite (two polymorphs) Cu2S
Djurleite Cu31S16 (Cu1.94S)
Digenite (Cu1.80S)
Roxbyite (Cu1.78S)
Anilite Cu7S4 (Cu1.75S)
Geerite Cu8S5 (Cu1.60S)
Spionkopite (Cu1.32S)
Covellite (CuS)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate%20system
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In mathematics, particularly in algebra, an indeterminate system is a system of simultaneous equations (e.g., linear equations) which has more than one solution (sometimes infinitely many solutions). In the case of a linear system, the system may be said to be underspecified, in which case the presence of more than one solution would imply an infinite number of solutions (since the system would be describable in terms of at least one free variable), but that property does not extend to nonlinear systems (e.g., the system with the equation ).
An indeterminate system by definition is consistent, in the sense of having at least one solution. For a system of linear equations, the number of equations in an indeterminate system could be the same as the number of unknowns, less than the number of unknowns (an underdetermined system), or greater than the number of unknowns (an overdetermined system). Conversely, any of those three cases may or may not be indeterminate.
Examples
The following examples of indeterminate systems of equations have respectively, fewer equations than, as many equations as, and more equations than unknowns:
Conditions giving rise to indeterminacy
In linear systems, indeterminacy occurs if and only if the number of independent equations (the rank of the augmented matrix of the system) is less than the number of unknowns and is the same as the rank of the coefficient matrix. For if there are at least as many independent equations as unknowns, that will el
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent%20equation
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An independent equation is an equation in a system of simultaneous equations which cannot be derived algebraically from the other equations. The concept typically arises in the context of linear equations. If it is possible to duplicate one of the equations in a system by multiplying each of the other equations by some number (potentially a different number for each equation) and summing the resulting equations, then that equation is dependent on the others. But if this is not possible, then that equation is independent of the others.
If an equation is independent of the other equations in its system, then it provides information beyond that which is provided by the other equations. In contrast, if an equation is dependent on the others, then it provides no information not contained in the others collectively, and the equation can be dropped from the system without any information loss.
The number of independent equations in a system equals the rank of the augmented matrix of the system—the system's coefficient matrix with one additional column appended, that column being the column vector of constants.
The number of independent equations in a system of consistent equations (a system that has at least one solution) can never be greater than the number of unknowns. Equivalently, if a system has more independent equations than unknowns, it is inconsistent and has no solutions.
See also
Linear algebra
Indeterminate system
Independent variable
References
Linear algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Perry%20%28English%20actress%29
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Patricia Emily Perry (28 June 1907 – 19 February 2008) was an English actress and dancer. Born in Torquay, Devon, she was best known for her recurring role as Madge Allsop, Dame Edna Everage's long-suffering, silent "bridesmaid" from Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Early life and career
According to one obituary, Perry first appeared on stage at the Theatre Royal, Birmingham, at the age of four. Her father, who was an accountant, was reportedly shocked by her desire to become an actress, although he nevertheless paid her tuition fees at dance school and even permitted her to use the family home for her first audition.
Perry subsequently appeared as a singer, dancer and actress in pantomime and music halls. She played the role of Susan in The Desert Song for twelve years, and also toured in The Student Prince and The Belle of New York. During the Second World War, she performed with ENSA. Around 1960, she founded a children's dancing school, The Patricia Perry Academy of Dancing, based in Crystal Palace in South London, which she ran for twenty-five years before deciding to return to acting in 1984. At that time, there was another actress named Patricia Perry, so she adopted her middle name, Emily, as her stage name.
Madge Allsop
Although the character of Madge Allsop was created by Barry Humphries during the 1960s, she was only mentioned in passing by Dame Edna and did not appear on stage until the late 1970s, when she was portrayed by the London-based Australian actress Ma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonomics
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Ribonomics is the study of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). The term was introduced by Robert Cedergren and colleagues who used a bioinformatic search tool to discover novel ribozymes and RNA motifs originally found in HIV.
Ribonomics, like genomics or proteomics, is the large-scale, high-throughput approach to identifying subsets of RNAs by their association with proteins in cells. Since many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are linked with multiple processes, this technique offers a facile mechanism to study the relationship of various intracellular systems.
Prokaryotes co-regulate genes common to cellular processes via a polycistronic operon. Since eukaryotic transcription produces mRNA encoding proteins in a monocistronic fashion, many gene products must be concomitantly expressed (see gene expression) and translated in a timed fashion. RBPs are thought to be the molecules which physically and biochemically organize these messages to different cellular locales where they may be translated, degraded or stored. The study of transcripts associated with RBPs is therefore thought to be important in eukaryotes as a mechanism for coordinated gene regulation. The likely biochemical processes which account for this regulation are the expedited/delayed degradation of RNA. In addition to the influence on RNA half-life, translation rates are also thought to be altered by RNA-protein interactions.
The Drosophila ELAV family, the Puf family in yeast, and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimetrexate
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Trimetrexate is a quinazoline derivative. It is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor.
Uses
It has been used with leucovorin in treating pneumocystis pneumonia.
It has been investigated for use in treating leiomyosarcoma.
It is a methotrexate (MTX) analog that is active against transport-deficient MTX-resistant tumor cells that overcome the acquired and natural resistance to methotrexate. Other uses include skin lymphoma.
References
External links
Antifungals
Mammalian dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
Protozoal dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
Fungal dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
Quinazolines
Antiprotozoal agents
Aromatic amines
Phenol ethers
Anilines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6S
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6S may stand for:
6S (music), key signature of six sharps
6S (radiative transfer code), a computer program that simulates the reflection of solar radiation
6S / SsrS RNA, the first noncoding RNA to be sequenced
6S, a modification of the 5S methodology which includes "Safety" as the 6th S. It is a lean process improvement tool that stands for Sort, Set in Order (aka Straighten or Stabilize), Shine (aka Scrub or Sweep), Standardize, Sustain, Safety.
6S can be the shortened form of Six Sigma
iPhone 6S, a smartphone by Apple, Inc.
6S, the production code for the 1984 Doctor Who serial The Twin Dilemma
Transportation
Kato Airline, a Norwegian airline with an IATA airline designator of 6S from 1996 to 2008
Sahara Airlines (Algeria), an Algerian airline with an IATA airline designator of 6S from 1999 to 2003
British Rail Class 201 diesel-electric multiple units with 6 coaches and a short frame (6S)
See also
6 (disambiguation)
S4 (disambiguation)
6X (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial%20androgen%20insensitivity%20syndrome
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Partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is a condition that results in the partial inability of the cell to respond to androgens. It is an X linked recessive condition. The partial unresponsiveness of the cell to the presence of androgenic hormones impairs the masculinization of male genitalia in the developing fetus, as well as the development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, but does not significantly impair female genital or sexual development. As such, the insensitivity to androgens is clinically significant only when it occurs in individuals with a Y chromosome (or more specifically, an SRY gene). Clinical features include ambiguous genitalia at birth and primary amenhorrhoea with clitoromegaly with inguinal masses. Mullerian structures are not present in the individual.
PAIS is one of three types of androgen insensitivity syndrome, which is divided into three categories that are differentiated by the degree of genital masculinization: complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is indicated when the external genitalia is that of a typical female, mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS) is indicated when the external genitalia is that of a typical male, and partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) is indicated when the external genitalia is partially, but not fully masculinized. Androgen insensitivity syndrome is the largest single entity that leads to 46,XY undermasculinization. PAIS has a similar presentation and is difficult
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis-Breitingen
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Regis-Breitingen () is a town in the Leipzig district, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Pleiße, 6 km southwest of Borna.
References
Leipzig (district)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla%20software
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In computer science, vanilla describes software, hardware or algorithms that have not been customized or modified from their original form. The term "Vanilla software" has become a widespread de facto industry standard, widely used by businesses and individuals. The term comes from the traditional standard flavor of ice cream, vanilla. According to Eric S. Raymond's The New Hacker's Dictionary, "vanilla" means more "ordinary", not "default".
Examples of how to use "vanilla" in a sentence:
As one of the earliest examples, IBM's mainframe text publishing system BookMaster, provides a default way to specify which parts of a book to publish, called "vanilla", and a fancier way, called "mocha".
The term "vanilla" is sometimes also used for hardware components. For instance, in the 1990s non-upgraded Amiga home computers were called "(plain) vanilla"; similarly, it was later also applied to PC parts.
For Unix-based kernels, a "vanilla kernel" is a kernel that has been unmodified by any third-party source. For instance, the vanilla Linux kernel is often given a Linux distribution–specific "flavour" by being heavily modified.
In his book End of Ignorance, Charles Winborne refers to a static page that is "only a text file, but one that links to accompanying files" as a plain-vanilla web page.
Fans of the video game Minecraft usually refer to the game without mods as "vanilla".
JavaScript, when used without any libraries or third party plugins is referred to as "vanilla JavaScr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsp27
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Heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) also known as heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSPB1 gene.
Hsp27 is a chaperone of the sHsp (small heat shock protein) group among α-crystallin, Hsp20, and others. The common functions of sHsps are chaperone activity, thermotolerance, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of cell development, and cell differentiation. They also take part in signal transduction.
Structure
sHsps have some structural features in common: Very characteristic is a homologous and highly conserved amino acid sequence, the so-called α-crystallin domain near the C-terminus. These domains consist of 80 to 100 residues with sequence homology between 20% and 60% and fold into β-sheets, which are important for the formation of stable dimers. Hsp27 is rather unique among sHsps in that its α-crystallin domain contains a cysteine residue at its dimer interface, which can become oxidized to form a disulfide bond that covalently links the dimer. The N-terminus consists of a less conserved region, the so-called WD/EPF domain, followed by a short variable sequence with a rather conservative site near the end of this domain. The C-terminal region of sHsps consists of the above mentioned α-crystallin domain, followed by a variable sequence with high motility and flexibility. Despite relatively low levels of global sequence conservation in the C-terminal region, many sHsps contain a locally conserved Ile-Xxx-Ile/Val (IxI/V) motif that play
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%20Room%20for%20Humans
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No Room for Humans is Servotron's debut album. It contains 14 tracks about robot domination and human extinction. Their lyrics discuss various topics ranging from abolishing the three laws of robotics to criticizing one of their own (Gammatron) for acting too human.
Track listing
001. "S.R.A."
002. "3 Laws (Abolished)"
003. "People Mover"
004. "The Image Created"
005. "I AM NOT A (Voice Activated Child Identicon)"
006. "Moving Parts"
007. "Mechanisms in the Forever Loop"
008. "Red Robot Refund (The Ballad of R5D4)"
009. "The Death of Magnus"
0010. "Bad Birthday"
0011. "User Error"
0012. "Pull the Plug"
0013. "Gammatron"
0014. "Theme for an Ultimate and Inevitable Victory"
Pneumatic Power Automated Musical Components
MACHINE 1: Z4-OBX: Pre-programmed syntho-rhythm design for unnerving effects to human physiology
MACHINE 2: Proto Unit V3: Hardwired polyphonic pop sequences and voltage control melody, female vocoding
MACHINE 3: 00zX1: Electronic sermonizer transcending an assortment of unvarying tones travelling to speeds up to 340.63 meters per second
MACHINE 4: Gammatron: Subsonic noise fluctuation, artificial low-note priority, bio-electric deflection
Other Credits
Technical Maintenance: Cyborg A-1 and Cyborg A-2
Recorded and manipulated in pure digital form without interference from life form principles except for microprocessing and rust maintenance: Cyborg J.A-IQ=M.A.R.R.E.R.
Packaging and illustration: Carbon-based life form Shag
Photographic representations: Carbon-ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20fossil%20classification
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Trace fossils are classified in various ways for different purposes. Traces can be classified taxonomically (by morphology), ethologically (by behavior), and toponomically, that is, according to their relationship to the surrounding sedimentary layers. Except in the rare cases where the original maker of a trace fossil can be identified with confidence, phylogenetic classification of trace fossils is an unreasonable proposition.
Taxonomic classification
The taxonomic classification of trace fossils parallels the taxonomic classification of organisms under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. In trace fossil nomenclature a Latin binomial name is used, just as in animal and plant taxonomy, with a genus and specific epithet. However, the binomial names are not linked to an organism, but rather just a trace fossil. This is due to the rarity of association between a trace fossil and a specific organism or group of organisms. Trace fossils are therefore included in an ichnotaxon separate from Linnaean taxonomy. When referring to trace fossils, the terms ichnogenus and ichnospecies parallel genus and species respectively.
The most promising cases of phylogenetic classification are those in which similar trace fossils show details complex enough to deduce the makers, such as bryozoan borings, large trilobite trace fossils such as Cruziana, and vertebrate footprints. However, most trace fossils lack sufficiently complex details to allow such classification.
Ethologic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20%28surname%29
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Christmas is an uncommon English-language surname. The origin is uncertain; some genealogy books state that it was given to people born near Christmas, while this is disputed by researchers, and DNA tests performed on men with the surname show that the majority of those descend from a common ancestor. Others suggest it was given to people who organised Christmas festivities, or has a Norman origin. Most prominent in Southern England, various notable people from around the world have had the surname, and it has been given to a number of fictional characters. The William Faulkner character Joe Christmas, from Light in August, has a much-discussed name. The blood disorder Christmas disease or haemophilia B was first described in (and named for) a boy with the surname and is observed in other people of the name.
Etymology
The linguistic etymology of the English word "Christmas" is from Middle English "Crīstes mæsse", referring to the mass of (Jesus) Christ; the word "Crīstes" comes from the Greek "Chrīstos", "Χριστός". The word "Christmas", used to denote the celebration of the nativity of Jesus on 25 December, appeared around the 12th century.
Origin
There is no certain origin of Christmas as a surname. Some books state that the name was originally given to those born on or near Christmas, indicating "one born at Christmas", either directly as a surname or initially as a byname or given name which became a patronymic and then an inherited surname. Charles Wareing Endell Bardsl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-cell
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B-cell may refer to :
B cells, lymphocytes that mature in bone
Beta cells (β cells), in the pancreatic islets that produce insulin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose%20graph
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In the mathematical and algorithmic study of graph theory, the converse, transpose or reverse of a directed graph is another directed graph on the same set of vertices with all of the edges reversed compared to the orientation of the corresponding edges in . That is, if contains an edge then the converse/transpose/reverse of contains an edge and vice versa.
Notation
The name arises because the reversal of arrows corresponds to taking the converse of an implication in logic. The name is because the adjacency matrix of the transpose directed graph is the transpose of the adjacency matrix of the original directed graph.
There is no general agreement on preferred terminology.
The converse is denoted symbolically as , , , or other notations, depending on which terminology is used and which book or article is the source for the notation.
Applications
Although there is little difference mathematically between a graph and its transpose, the difference may be larger in computer science, depending on how a given graph is represented. For instance, for the web graph, it is easy to determine the outgoing links of a vertex, but hard to determine the incoming links, while in the reversal of this graph the opposite is true. In graph algorithms, therefore, it may sometimes be useful to construct an explicit representation of the reversal of a graph, in order to put the graph into a form which is more suitable for the operations being performed on it. An example of this is Kosa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuge
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The Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) System, located in Kings Bay, in the town of Crystal River, and consists of 20 islands and several small parcels of land. The refuge (only accessible by boat) was established in 1983, to protect the West Indian manatee.
Management
The Crystal River NWR administration was changed from the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge Complex to the Crystal River Complex headquartered in Crystal River, Florida. The complex manages Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge, Crystal River Preserve State Park, as well as the three 'Tampa Bay Refuges'; Egmont Key NWR, Passage Key NWR, and the Pinellas NWR.
References
External links
Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge
Protected areas of Citrus County, Florida
National Wildlife Refuges in Florida
Protected areas established in 1983
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teana
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Teana is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the southern Italian region of Basilicata.
The name Teana is a derivative of the Greek word "Theano", the wife of Pythagoras, the philosopher and mathematician. Local legend states the town was formed from members of Pythagorean school.
The village of 600 is home to a distinctive pasta shape — rasccatieddi di miscchieddu — that was the subject of an episode of the program Shape of Pasta.
Main sights
Some of the local landmarks and points of interest are the ruins of a Lombard Castle, the Church of our Lady of Mount Carmel, the Chapel of San Christofaro, and the Chapel of Santa Maria delle Grazie. In the past, the region was known for the production of silk from silkworms.
References
Cities and towns in Basilicata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogue%20Sound
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Bogue Sound is a lagoon in the state of North Carolina separating the Bogue Banks, a barrier island, from the mainland. The sound is part of North Carolina's "Crystal Coast", a tourism marketing term that is also used interchangeably with the term "Southern Outer Banks." It is the southwestern-most sound among the interconnected series of sounds along the Outer Banks that starts in the northeast at Currituck Sound.
Nine communities, all located within Carteret County, North Carolina, are located along the shores of the sound. On Bogue Banks are the communities of (from east to west) Atlantic Beach, Pine Knoll Shores, Salter Path, Indian Beach, Emerald Isle, while on the mainland are the communities of (from east to west) Beaufort, Morehead City, Cape Carteret, and Cedar Point. Morehead City's commercial port is accessed via the Bogue Sound.
Bogue Sound is encircled by three highways. NC 58 runs most of the length of Bogue Banks, while NC 24 and US 70 follow the mainland coast. Two bridges cross the sound at either end: The B. Cameron Langston Bridge, carrying NC 58, which connects Emerald Isle to both Cedar Point and Cape Carteret, and the Atlantic Beach Causeway from Morehead City to Atlantic Beach. The entire sound forms a portion of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway.
A few small islands in the sound were used for test bombing by airplanes around the time of World War II, and signs at certain points in Bogue Sound warn people of unexploded ordnance. The sound is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misclassification%20of%20employees%20as%20independent%20contractors
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Misclassification of employees as independent contractors is the way in which the United States and other countries classify the problem of false self-employment. In the U.S., it can occur with respect to tax treatment or the Fair Labor Standards Act.
The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports that the IRS claims to lose millions of dollars in uncollected payroll, social security, Medicare and unemployment insurance taxes because of misclassification of independent contractors by taxpayers.
Taxation
Employers must report the incomes of employees and independent contractors using the IRS forms W-2 and 1099, respectively. Employers pay various taxes (i.e. Social Security and Medicare taxes, unemployment taxes, etc.) on the wages of a worker that is classified as an employee. These taxes are generally not paid by the employer on the compensation of a worker classified as an independent contractor. Instead, the contractor is responsible for their employer's share of the taxes when paying self-employment taxes at the end of the year.
Classification affects whether a worker can receive unemployment benefits. In many states, independent contractors are not eligible for unemployment benefits because nothing has been paid into the unemployment insurance fund on their behalf. Employers who have no employees are not required to make payments to the unemployment insurance fund (since there is no one to claim benefits).
Reclassification
IRS reclassification as an employee
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GalP%20%28protein%29
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The galactose permease or GalP found in Escherichia coli is an integral membrane protein involved in the transport of monosaccharides, primarily hexoses, for utilization by E. coli in glycolysis and other metabolic and catabolic pathways (3,4). It is a member of the Major Facilitator Super Family (MFS) and is homologue of the human GLUT1 transporter (4). Below you will find descriptions of the structure, specificity, effects on homeostasis, expression, and regulation of GalP along with examples of several of its homologues.
Structure
Galactose Permease (GalP), is a member of the Major Facilitator Super Family (MFS) and therefore has structural similarities to the other members of this super family such as GLUT1 (4). All members of the MFS have 12 membrane spanning alpha(α)-helices with both the C- and N-termini located on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane (4). Figure 1a (3) depicts how the 12 helices are divided into two halves, that are pseudo-symmetric, of 6 helices which are attached by a long hydrophilic cytoplasmic loop between helix 6 and helix 7 (2,3,4). These two halves come together to form a pore for substrate transport, in GalP, the substrates are primarily galactose, glucose, and H+. GalP monomers have a pore of approximately 10Å in diameter, which is consistent with the pore sizes found in other members of the MFS, between 10-15Å (4). GalP has been found as an oligomer formed by a homotrimer of GalP monomers that exhibits p3 or 3-fold rotational symme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purinones
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Purinones (oxopurines) are derivatives of purine which have a substituted keto group.
Most are divided into 2 families:
Hypoxanthines
Xanthines
Purinones form the central core of numerous pharmaceutical drugs used in a variety therapeutic areas.
References
Purines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadillo-class%20tanker
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The Armadillo class of tankers was a class of Type Z-ET1-S-C3 Liberty ship, that were commissioned into the United States Navy. They were given the hull classification symbols of unclassified miscellaneous vessels. Two would be converted to Stag-class distilling ships
This group of Liberty based tankers all served in the United States Navy during the Second World War. Each ship was commissioned in late 1943, and decommissioned in the summer of 1946. These ships primarily served in the Asian-Pacific theater of the war. These ships brought aviation gasoline to remote islands in the south Pacific, required for the many aerial reconnaissance missions there.
Notable incident
sank due to an enemy kamikaze attack on 30 December 1944 at Mangarin Bay, Leyte, Philippines.
References
Auxiliary ship classes of the United States Navy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCB
|
ASCB may refer to:
Accreditation Service For Certifying Bodies (Europe)
Address Space Control Block
Advertising Standards Complaints Board
American Society for Cell Biology
Andres Soriano Colleges of Bislig
Army Sports Control Board
Associação dos Servidores Civis do Brasil (Association of Civil Servants in Brazil)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20for%20Cell%20Biology
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The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) is a professional society that was founded in 1960.
History
On 6 April 1959 the United States National Academy of Sciences passed a resolution for the establishment of a "national society of cell biology to act as a national representative to the International Federation for Cell Biology".
The ASCB was first organized at an ad hoc meeting in the office of Keith R. Porter at Rockefeller University on May 28, 1960. In the 1940s, Porter was one of the first scientists in the world to use the then-revolutionary technique of electron microscopy (EM) to reveal the internal structure of cells. Other early ASCB leaders—George Palade, Don Fawcett, Hewson Swift, Arthur Solomon, and Hans Ris—also were EM pioneers. All early ASCB leaders were concerned that existing scientific societies and existing biology journals were not receptive to this emerging field that studied the cell as the fundamental unit of all life.
The ASCB was legally incorporated in New York State on July 31, 1961. A call for membership went out, enlisting ASCB's first 480 members. The first ASCB Annual Meeting was held November 2–4, 1961, in Chicago, where 844 attendees gathered for three days of lectures, slides, and movies showing cellular structure. The results of a mail ballot were read out and Fawcett was declared ASCB's first president.
The ASCB did not remain an EM society. New technologies and new discoveries in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taverna%2C%20Calabria
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Taverna is a comune and town in the province of Catanzaro in the Calabria region of Italy. It is located at the feet of the Sila mountain range.
People
Mattia Preti, 17th-century Baroque painter
Gregorio Preti, 17th-century Baroque painter, brother of Mattia Preti
References
Cities and towns in Calabria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrococcygeal%20membrane
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The sacrococcygeal membrane is a tough fibrous membrane about 10mm long which extends from the inferior tip of the sacrum to the body of the coccyx in humans. It covers the inferior limit of the epidural space and is analogous to the ligamentum flavum found at other levels in the spine.
It can be found at the apex of an equilateral triangle whose base is formed by the dimples overlying the sacro-iliac joints. The cornua of the sacrum may be palpated with a finger; the sacrococcygeal membrane lies between and inferior to these.
Thorax (human anatomy)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing%20hormone%20receptor
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor (TRHR) is a G protein-coupled receptor which binds thyrotropin-releasing hormone.
The TRHR is found on the cell membrane of thyrotropes of the anterior pituitary. When the TRHR is activated it associates with a Gαq/11 protein. The TRHR-G protein complex then activates phospholipase C, which causes the formation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). This leads to an increase in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentrations which stimulates the exocytosis of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) into the blood.
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20iteration
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In mathematics, power iteration (also known as the power method) is an eigenvalue algorithm: given a diagonalizable matrix , the algorithm will produce a number , which is the greatest (in absolute value) eigenvalue of , and a nonzero vector , which is a corresponding eigenvector of , that is, .
The algorithm is also known as the Von Mises iteration.
Power iteration is a very simple algorithm, but it may converge slowly. The most time-consuming operation of the algorithm is the multiplication of matrix by a vector, so it is effective for a very large sparse matrix with appropriate implementation.
The method
The power iteration algorithm starts with a vector , which may be an approximation to the dominant eigenvector or a random vector. The method is described by the recurrence relation
So, at every iteration, the vector is multiplied by the matrix and normalized.
If we assume has an eigenvalue that is strictly greater in magnitude than its other eigenvalues and the starting vector has a nonzero component in the direction of an eigenvector associated with the dominant eigenvalue, then a subsequence converges to an eigenvector associated with the dominant eigenvalue.
Without the two assumptions above, the sequence does not necessarily converge. In this sequence,
,
where is an eigenvector associated with the dominant eigenvalue, and . The presence of the term implies that does not converge unless . Under the two assumptions listed above, the sequence defined b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast%20growth%20factor%20receptor
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The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR) are, as their name implies, receptors that bind to members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family of proteins. Some of these receptors are involved in pathological conditions. For example, a point mutation in FGFR3 can lead to achondroplasia.
Structure
The fibroblast growth factor receptors consist of an extracellular ligand domain composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane helix domain, and an intracellular domain with tyrosine kinase activity. These receptors bind fibroblast growth factors, members of the largest family of growth factor ligands, comprising 22 members.
The natural alternate splicing of four fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) genes results in the production of over 48 different isoforms of FGFR. These isoforms vary in their ligand-binding properties and kinase domains, however all share the common extracellular region composed of three immunoglobulin(Ig)-like domains (D1-D3), and thus belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily.
The three immunoglobin(Ig)-like domains—D1, D2, and D3—present a stretch of acidic amino acids ("the acid box") between D1 and D2. This "acid box" can participate in the regulation of FGF binding to the FGFR. Immunoglobulin-like domains D2 and D3 are sufficient for FGF binding. Each receptor can be activated by several FGFs. In many cases, the FGFs themselves can also activate more than one receptor (i.e., FGF1, which binds all seven principal FGFRs)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDM
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DDM may refer to:
Computing
Data Diffusion Machine, a virtual shared memory computer architecture from the 1990s
Digital diagnostics monitoring function in SFP transceivers
Distributed Data Management Architecture, an open, published architecture for creating, managing and accessing data on a remote computer.
Dynamic Data Masking, a form of data masking
Dynamic Device Mapping, an advanced technology for USB KVM switches
Science and technology
Derrick Drilling Machine, or Top drive
Difference in the Depth of Modulation, an amplitude modulation method used in the Instrument Landing System
Differential dynamic microscopy, an optical technique
Direct Digital Manufacturing
Doctor of Dental Medicine, an academic degree for dentistry
Domain decomposition methods
Drift Diffusion Model, a method used in psychological choice testing
Maltosides (n-Dodecyl β-D-Maltopyranoside), a detergent used when purifying membrane proteins
Dyson Digital Motor, a two-pole switched reluctance motor
Finance
Dividend Discount Model, a valuation method for shares based on dividends
East German mark, a former currency (ISO code was DDM)
Other uses
Deutsches Dampflokomotiv-Museum, the German Steam Locomotive Museum
Dharma Drum Mountain, a Buddhist educational foundation
Didymoteicho, a Greek town
Dubbeldeks Materieel, a class of trains in the Netherlands
Dungeon Dice Monsters, a board game
Dungeons & Dragons Miniatures Game, collectible tactical skirmish game
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Association%20of%20Classification%20Societies
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The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is a technically based non-governmental organization that currently consists of eleven member marine classification societies. More than 90% of the world's cargo-carrying ships’ tonnage is covered by the classification standards set by member societies of IACS.
Marine classification is a system for promoting the safety of life, property and the environment primarily through the establishment and verification of compliance with technical and engineering standards for the design, construction and life-cycle maintenance of ships, offshore units and other marine-related facilities. These standards are contained in rules established by each Society. IACS provides a forum within which the member societies can discuss, research, and adopt technical criteria that enhance maritime safety.
History
IACS traces its origins to the recommendations of the International Load Line Convention of 1930. The convention recommended collaboration between classification societies to secure "as much uniformity as possible in the application of the standards of strength upon which freeboard is based...".
Following the convention, Registro Italiano Navale (RINA) hosted the first conference of major societies in 1939 - attended by ABS, BV, DNV, GL, LR and NK - which agreed on further cooperation between the societies.
A second major class society conference, held in 1955, led to the creation of working parties on specific topics and,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegelman%27s%20Monster
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Spiegelman's Monster is an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that is able to be reproduced by the RNA replication enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase. It is named after its creator, Sol Spiegelman, of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign who first described it in 1965.
Description
Spiegelman introduced RNA from a simple bacteriophage Qβ (Qβ) into a solution which contained Qβ's RNA replicase, some free nucleotides, and some salts. In this environment, the RNA started to be replicated. After a while, Spiegelman took some RNA and moved it to another tube with fresh solution. This process was repeated.
Shorter RNA chains were able to be replicated faster, so the RNA became shorter and shorter as selection favored speed. After 74 generations, the original strand with 4,500 nucleotide bases ended up as a dwarf genome with only 218 bases. This short RNA sequence replicated very quickly in these unnatural circumstances.
Further work
M. Sumper and R. Luce of Manfred Eigen's laboratory replicated the experiment, except without adding RNA, only RNA bases and Qβ replicase. They found that under the right conditions the Qβ replicase can spontaneously generate RNA which evolves into a form similar to Spiegelman's Monster.
Eigen built on Spiegelman's work and produced a similar system further degraded to just 48 or 54 nucleotides—the minimum required for the binding of the replication enzyme, this time a combination of HIV-1 reverse transcripta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton%20clock
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An automaton clock or automata clock is a type of striking clock featuring automatons. Clocks like these were built from the 1st century BC through to Victorian times in Europe. A Cuckoo clock is a simple form of this type of clock.
The first known mention is of those created by the Roman engineer Vitruvius, describing early alarm clocks working with gongs or trumpets. Later automatons usually perform on the hour, half-hour or quarter-hour, usually to strike bells. Common figures in older clocks include Death (as a reference to human mortality), Old Father Time, saints and angels. In the Regency and Victorian eras, common figures also included royalty, famous composers or industrialists.
More recently constructed automaton clocks are widespread in Japan, where they are known as karakuri-dokei. Notable examples of such clocks include the Ni-Tele Really Big Clock, designed by Hayao Miyazaki to be affixed on the Nippon Television headquarters in Tokyo, touted to be the largest animated clock in the world. In the United Kingdom, Kit Williams produced a series of large automaton clocks for a handful of British shopping centres, featuring frogs, ducks and fish. Seiko and Rhythm Clock are known for their battery-powered musical clocks, which frequently feature flashing lights, automatons and other moving parts designed to attract attention while in motion.
References
Mechanical engineering
Clock designs
Articles containing video clips
Karakuri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete%20protein
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A complete protein or whole protein is a food source of protein that contains an adequate proportion of each of the nine essential amino acids necessary in the human diet.
Amino acid profile
The following table lists the optimal profile of the nine essential amino acids in the human diet, which comprises complete protein, as recommended by the US Institute of Medicine's Food and Nutrition Board. The foodstuffs listed for comparison show the essential amino acid content per unit of the total protein of the food, 100g of spinach, for example, only contains 2.9g of protein (6% Daily Value), and of that protein 1.36% is tryptophan.(note that the examples have not been corrected for digestibility)
Total adult daily intake
The second column in the following table shows the amino acid requirements of adults as recommended by the World Health Organization calculated for a adult. Recommended Daily Intake is based on per day, which could be appropriate for a adult.
See also
Protein quality
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
References
Nutrition
Proteins as nutrients
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterolin
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ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes encode for two proteins sterolin-1 and -2, respectively. Sterolin-1 and –2 are two ‘half’ adenosine triphosphate binding (ATP) cassette (ABC) transporters which found to be indispensable for the regulation of sterol absorption and excretion. Mutations in either genes result in a lipid disorder, sitosterolemia.
Locus of the genes
The molecular mechanisms regulating the absorption of dietary sterols in the body are poorly understood, and as sitosterolemia is a rare autosomal recessively inherited lipid metabolic disorder characterized by hyperabsorption and decreased biliary excretion of dietary sterols, studies have focused on the molecular basis of sitosterolemia to shed light on important principles concerning intestinal sterol absorption as well as cholesterol secretion into bile.
In 1998, sitosterolemia (STSL) locus has been mapped to the short arm of human chromosome 2 (2p21) after studying 10 well-characterized families with this disorder. Subsequently, the STSL locus has been further localized to a less than 2 centimorgans (cM) region.
In 2001, The STSL locus was found to be comprises two genes, ABCG5 and ABCG8, encoding 2 members of the ABC-transporter family, named sterolin-1 and sterolin-2, respectively, Sterolin-2, discovered after sterolin-1, is located <400 base pair (bp) upstream of sterolin-1 in the opposite orientation.
Structure of the encoded proteins
Typical ABC transporter consists of two transmembrane domains and two nucleotide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel%20principal%20component%20analysis
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In the field of multivariate statistics, kernel principal component analysis (kernel PCA)
is an extension of principal component analysis (PCA) using techniques of kernel methods. Using a kernel, the originally linear operations of PCA are performed in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space.
Background: Linear PCA
Recall that conventional PCA operates on zero-centered data; that is,
,
where is one of the multivariate observations.
It operates by diagonalizing the covariance matrix,
in other words, it gives an eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix:
which can be rewritten as
.
(See also: Covariance matrix as a linear operator)
Introduction of the Kernel to PCA
To understand the utility of kernel PCA, particularly for clustering, observe that, while N points cannot, in general, be linearly separated in dimensions, they can almost always be linearly separated in dimensions. That is, given N points, , if we map them to an N-dimensional space with
where ,
it is easy to construct a hyperplane that divides the points into arbitrary clusters. Of course, this creates linearly independent vectors, so there is no covariance on which to perform eigendecomposition explicitly as we would in linear PCA.
Instead, in kernel PCA, a non-trivial, arbitrary function is 'chosen' that is never calculated explicitly, allowing the possibility to use very-high-dimensional 's if we never have to actually evaluate the data in that space. Since we generally try to avoid working in the -spac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-evolving%20block%20decimation
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The time-evolving block decimation (TEBD) algorithm is a numerical scheme used to simulate one-dimensional quantum many-body systems, characterized by at most nearest-neighbour interactions. It is dubbed Time-evolving Block Decimation because it dynamically identifies the relevant low-dimensional Hilbert subspaces of an exponentially larger original Hilbert space. The algorithm, based on the Matrix Product States formalism, is highly efficient when the amount of entanglement in the system is limited, a requirement fulfilled by a large class of quantum many-body systems in one dimension.
Introduction
Considering the inherent difficulties of simulating general quantum many-body systems, the exponential increase in parameters with the size of the system, and correspondingly, the high computational costs, one solution would be to look for numerical methods that deal with special cases, where one can profit from the physics of the system. The raw approach, by directly dealing with all the parameters used to fully characterize a quantum many-body system is seriously impeded by the lavishly exponential buildup with the system size of the amount of variables needed for simulation, which leads, in the best cases, to unreasonably long computational times and extended use of memory. To get around this problem a number of various methods have been developed and put into practice in the course of time, one of the most successful ones being the quantum Monte Carlo method (QMC). Also the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Irish%20botanical%20illustrators
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This is a list of botanical illustrators born or active in Ireland.
Botanical illustration involves the painting, drawing and illustration of plants and ecosystems. Often meticulously observed, the botanical art tradition combines both science and art, and botanical artists throughout the centuries have been active in the collecting and cataloguing a huge variety of species.
Irish botanical illustrators
A
Lady Mabel Annesley (1881–1959 New Zealand)
William Ashford (born England c.1746–1824)
B
Anne Elizabeth Ball (1808–1872)
Eileen Barnes (1876–1956)
Moyra Barry (1886–1960)
Rose Barton (1856–1929)
Mary Battersby (c.1804–1841)
Lady Edith Blake (née Bernal Osborne) (1845–1926)
Samuel Frederick Brocas (c. 1792–1847)
Mildred Anne Butler (1858–1941)
C
Catherine Teresa Cookson (née Catherine Teresa Murray), also known as Mrs James Cookson
Clare Cryan
Lady Charlotte Wheeler Cuffe (née Williams) (born England 1867–1967), see also Irish plant collectors
Fanny Currey (1848–1917)
D
Mary Delany (1700–1788), born in England
Samuel Dixon (c. 1748–1769)
Andrew Hastings Doyle (c.1774–1841)
George Victor Du Noyer (1817–1869)
E
Frances Anne Edgeworth (1769–1864)
Diana Conyngham Ellis (née Monsell) (1813–1851)
John Ellis (c.1705–1776 England)
F
Marianne Fannin, later Mrs Roberts (1848–1938)
Robert David FitzGerald (1830–1892 Australia), see also Irish plant collectors
Kathleen Fox (1880–1963)
G
Barbara Gage (1817–1859)
Catherine Gage (1815–1892)
Robert Gibbings (1889–1958), grandson of R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EIF-2%20kinase
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eIF-2 is a kinase enzyme that phosphorylates eIF-2.
There are four forms in mammals:
EIF2AK1: heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI)
EIF2AK2: the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase (PKR)
EIF2AK3: PEK/PERK
EIF2AK4: GCN2
These are all responsible for the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eIF-2 at serine 51, one of the best-characterized mechanisms for down-regulating protein synthesis in eukaryotes in response to various cellular stress response's.
References
EC 2.7.11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.B.%20Wilson%20Medal
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The E.B. Wilson Medal is the American Society for Cell Biology's highest honor for science and is presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for significant and far-reaching contributions to cell biology over the course of a career. It is named after Edmund Beecher Wilson.
Medalists
Source : ASCB
See also
List of medicine awards
References
American Society for Cell Biology
Medicine awards
Biology awards
American awards
Awards established in 1981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20R.%20Porter%20Lecture
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This lecture, named in memory of Keith R. Porter, is presented to an eminent cell biologist each year at the ASCB Annual Meeting. The ASCB Program Committee and the ASCB President recommend the Porter Lecturer to the Porter Endowment each year.
Lecturers
Source: ASCB
See also
List of biology awards
References
American Society for Cell Biology
Biology education
American awards
Recurring events established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States
Science lecture series
Biological events
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WICB%20Junior%20and%20Senior%20Awards
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The Women In Cell Biology Committee of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) recognizes outstanding achievements by women in cell biology by presenting three (previously only two) Career Recognition Awards at the ASCB Annual Meeting. The Junior Award is given to a woman in an early stage of her career (generally seven or eight years in an independent position) who has made exceptional scientific contributions to cell biology and exhibits the potential for continuing a high level of scientific endeavor while fostering the career development of damaged young scientists. The Mid-Career Award (introduced in 2012) is given to a woman at the mid-career level who has made exceptional scientific contributions to cell biology and/or has effectively translated cell biology across disciplines, and who exemplifies a high level of scientific endeavor and leadership. The Senior Award is given to a woman or man in a later career stage (generally full professor or equivalent) whose outstanding scientific achievements are coupled with a long-standing record of support for women in science and by mentorship of both men and women in scientific careers.
Senior awardees
Source: WICB
2020 Erika Holzbaur
2019 Rong Li
2018 Eva Nogales
2017 Harvey Lodish
2016 Susan Gerbi
2015 Angelika Amon
2014 Sandra L. Schmid
2013 Lucille Shapiro
2012 Marianne Bronner
2011 Susan Rae Wente
2010 Zena Werb
2009 Janet Rossant
2008 Fiona Watt
2007 Frances Brodsky
2006 Joseph Gall
2005 Elizabeth Blackburn
2004 Su
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20Career%20Life%20Scientist%20Award
|
The ASCB Early Career Life Scientist Award is awarded by the American Society for Cell Biology to an outstanding scientist who earned his doctorate no more than 12 years earlier and who has served as an independent investigator for no more than seven years. The winner speaks at the ASCB Annual Meeting and receives a monetary prize.
Awardees
Source: American Society for Cell Biology
2020 James Olzmann
2019 Cignall Kadoch
2018 Sergiu Pasca
2017 Meng Wang
2016 Bo Huang;Valentina Greco
2015 Vladimir Denic
2014 Manuel Thery
2013 Douglas B. Weibel
2012 Iain Cheeseman
2012 Gia Voeltz
2011 Maxence V. Nachury
2010 Anna Kashina
2009 Martin W. Hetzer
2008 Arshad B. Desai
2007 Abby Dernburg
2006 Karsten Weis
2005 Eva Nogales
2004 No award this year
2003 Frank Gertler
2002 Kathleen Collins and Benjamin Cravatt
2001 Daphne Preuss
2000 Erin O'Shea
1999 Raymond Deshaies
See also
List of biology awards
References
American Society for Cell Biology
Biology awards
Early career awards
American science and technology awards
Awards established in 1999
1999 establishments in the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagophthalmos
|
Lagophthalmos is the inability to close the eyelids completely.
Blinking covers the eye with a thin layer of tear fluid, thereby promoting a moist environment necessary for the cells of the exterior part of the eye. The tears also flush out foreign bodies and wash them away. This is crucial to maintain lubrication and proper eye health. If this process is impaired, as in lagophthalmos, the eye can suffer abrasions and infections. Lagopthalmos leads to corneal drying and ulceration.
Type(s)
Nocturnal lagophthalmos is the inability to close the eyelids during sleep. It may reduce the quality of sleep, cause exposure-related symptoms or, if severe, cause corneal damage (exposure keratopathy). The degree of lagophthalmos can be minor (obscure lagophthalmos) or quite obvious.
It is often caused by an anomaly of the eyelid that prevents full closure. Treatment may involve surgery to correct the malposition of the eyelid(s). Punctal plugs may be used to increase the amount of lubrication on the surface of the eyeball by blocking some of the tear-drainage ducts. Eye drops may also be used to provide additional lubrication or to stimulate the eyes to increase tear production.
Public awareness of the condition is not widespread; in one instance, a passenger was removed from a US Airways flight because of it.
Pathophysiology
Lagophthalmos can arise from a malfunction of the facial nerve. Lagopthalmos can also occur in comatose patients having a decrease in orbicularis tone, in pa
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Christiana
|
USS Christiana (YAG-32), originally given the hull classification symbol IX-80 as an unclassified miscellaneous vessel, was a seaplane tender and was the only ship of the United States Navy to be given that name. Her keel was laid down by Johnson Foundry, on New York, New York, in 1892. She served in World War I as Azalea, former United States Lighthouse Service tender, was taken over by the Navy in August 1942 and commissioned on 9 November 1942. She was reclassified YAG-32 on 20 November 1943.
Christiana served as a seaplane tender in the British West Indies, providing vital services to the aircraft flying patrols in the Caribbean Sea. She moved from base to base as the focus of antisubmarine activity shifted throughout the area. Christiana was decommissioned at Miami, Florida, on 28 July 1945, and transferred to the Maritime Commission on 25 February 1946.
See also
USLHT Azalea
References
External links
Photo gallery at navsource.org
Seaplane tenders of the United States Navy
Ships built in New York City
1892 ships
Lighthouse tenders of the United States
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTAE
|
WTAE may refer to:
WTAE-TV, an ABC affiliated station located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
The former call sign, or a derivative thereof, of the following stations:
WPGP, a radio station (1250 AM) in Pittsburgh previously known as WTAE
WKST-FM, a radio station (96.1 FM) in Pittsburgh previously known as WTAE-FM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna%20%28Chaulukya%20dynasty%29
|
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Karna (r. c. 1064–1092 CE) was an Indian king from the Chaulukya (Solanki) dynasty of Gujarat. He ruled the present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas, from his capital Anahilapataka (modern Patan).
Karna succeeded his father Bhima I, who had invaded the Paramara kingdom of Malwa at the time of Bhoja's death. Karna was forced to retreat from Malwa by Bhoja's brother Udayaditya. He annexed Lata to the Chaulukya territory by defeating a Kalachuri general, but lost it within a few years. He also suffered a defeat against the Chahamanas of Naddula, who raided the Chaulukya capital during his reign.
Karna is credited with defeating a Bhil chief of Ashapalli, and laying the foundation of the Karnavati city, identified with the modern Ahmedabad in western India. Karna married Mayanalladevi, who was the mother of his son and successor Jayasimha Siddharaja.
Early life
Karna was born to the Chaulukya monarch Bhim
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Crank
|
John Crank (6 February 1916 – 3 October 2006) was a mathematical physicist, best known for his work on the numerical solution of partial differential equations.
Crank was born in Hindley in Lancashire, England. His father was a carpenter's pattern-maker. Crank studied at Manchester University from 1934 to 1938, where he was awarded a BSc and MSc as a student of Lawrence Bragg and Douglas Hartree. In 1953, Manchester University awarded him a DSc.
He worked on ballistics during the Second World War, and was then a mathematical physicist at Courtaulds Fundamental Research Laboratory from 1945 to 1957. In 1957, he was appointed as the first Head of Department of Mathematics at Brunel College in Acton. He served two terms of office as vice-principal of Brunel before his retirement in 1981, when he was granted the title of professor emeritus.
Crank's main work was on the numerical solution of partial differential equations and, in particular, the solution of heat-conduction problems. He is best known for his work with Phyllis Nicolson on the heat equation, which resulted in the Crank–Nicolson method.
He was a keen gardener and established the John Crank Garden as a retirement gift to Brunel University. He was married to his wife, Joan, who died in 2005, for 63 years. They were survived by their two children.
References
Daily Telegraph obituary
1916 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of the University of Manchester
Academics of Brunel University London
People associated with Br
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20Stain%20Identification%20Series
|
Rapid Stain Identification Series (RSID) is designed for fast, easy and reliable detection of human fluids from a variety of samples encountered by forensic laboratories.
It has been developed in the United States for the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
This group of tests relies on antibody conjugation reactions to form colored complexes in the presence of specific biological fluids. Most tests are also designed so that only specific human fluids will end in a positive result. To perform a test, the sample in question is mixed with a buffer specific to the RSID test. The sample is then deposited onto the sample window where it is pulled through the test and control regions by a paper wick via passive diffusion. The RSID unit is impregnated with fluid-specific antibodies conjugated to colored complexes that will re-dissolve and diffuse at this time. If the fluid in question is present in the questioned sample, antibodies at the test line will react to the colored antibody complexes and form a colored line. If no fluid is present, or if the sample is not human, this line will not appear. A line will form at the control region regardless of if the sample contains body fluid or not, as it acts as an internal control.
Positive and negative controls are also performed alongside each test to confirm its reliability and functionality. Positive controls are swabs taken from known bodily fluids while negative controls are buffer without any biological sample.
Uses
It is used for
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904%E2%80%9305%20Belgian%20First%20Division
|
Statistics of Belgian First Division in the 1904–05 season.
Overview
This season saw the two Groups merged back into one National Division: this was also the last season before promotion and relegation was introduced with the creation of the "Promotion" Division.
It was contested by 11 teams, and Union Saint-Gilloise won the championship.
League standings
Results
See also
1904–05 in Belgian football
References
Belgian Pro League seasons
Belgian First Division, 1913-14
1904–05 in Belgian football
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethyl%20ammonium%20compounds
|
Trimethyl ammonium compounds are a type of quaternary ammonium compound with three methyl groups at the nitrogen, with a more complicated carbon chain derivative at the fourth position.
Examples include:
Betaine
Bethanechol
Carnitine and its derivatives
Choline and its derivatives
Methacholine
Muscarine
Trimethylglycine
Benzyltrimethylammonium
External links
Quaternary ammonium compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitoylcarnitine
|
Palmitoylcarnitine is an ester derivative of carnitine involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. During the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), fatty acids undergo a process known as β-oxidation to produce energy in the form of ATP. β-oxidation occurs primarily within mitochondria, however the mitochondrial membrane prevents the entry of long chain fatty acids (>C10), so the conversion of fatty acids such as palmitic acid is key. Palmitic acid is brought to the cell and once inside the cytoplasm is first converted to Palmitoyl-CoA. Palmitoyl-CoA has the ability to freely pass the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the inner membrane is impermeable to the Acyl-CoA and thioester forms of various long-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid. The palmitoyl-CoA is then enzymatically transformed into palmitoylcarnitine via the Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase family. The palmitoylcarnitine is then actively transferred into the inner membrane of the mitochondria via the carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase. Once inside the inner mitochondrial membrane, the same Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase family is then responsible for transforming the palmitoylcarnitine back to the palmitoyl-CoA form.
Structure
Palmitoylcarnitine contains the saturated fatty acid known as palmitic acid (C16:0) which is bound to the β-hydroxy group of the carnitine. The core carnitine structure, consisting of butanoate with a quaternary ammonium attached to C4 and hydroxy group at C3, is a common molecular backbo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnitine%20O-palmitoyltransferase
|
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (also called carnitine palmitoyltransferase) is a mitochondrial transferase enzyme () involved in the metabolism of palmitoylcarnitine into palmitoyl-CoA. A related transferase is carnitine acyltransferase.
Molecules
Pathway
Human forms
There are four different forms of CPT in humans:
CPT1A – associated with Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency
CPT1B
CPT1C
CPT2 – associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
See also
References
External links
– Acyltransferases ChoActase / COT / CPT family in PROSITE
Choline/Carnitine o-acyltransferase family in Pfam
Integral membrane proteins
EC 2.3.1
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20cation%20transport%20protein
|
An organic cation transport protein mediates the transport of organic cations across the cell membrane. These proteins are members of the solute carrier family, subfamily 22. This family of proteins can also transport zwitterions and anions, though it is a different subfamily of solute carrier proteins than the organic anion transporters.
Proteins
References
Solute carrier family
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryl%20hydrocarbon%20receptor%20nuclear%20translocator
|
The ARNT gene encodes the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein that forms a complex with ligand-bound aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and is required for receptor function. The encoded protein has also been identified as the beta subunit of a heterodimeric transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1). A t(1;12)(q21;p13) translocation, which results in a TEL-ARNT fusion protein, is associated with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is involved in the induction of several enzymes that participate in xenobiotic metabolism. The ligand-free, cytosolic form of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is complexed to heat shock protein 90. Binding of ligand, which includes dioxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, results in translocation of the ligand-binding subunit only into the nucleus. Induction of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism occurs through binding of the ligand-bound AhR to xenobiotic responsive elements in the promoters of genes for these enzymes.
Interactions
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator has been shown to interact with:
AIP,
AHR,
EPAS1,
HIF1A,
NCOA2,
SIM1, and
SIM2.
References
Further reading
External links
Transcription factors
PAS-domain-containing proteins
Oncogenes
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solute%20carrier%20family
|
The solute carrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 400 members organized into 66 families. Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) and is the basis for the official HGNC names of the genes that encode these transporters. A more general transmembrane transporter classification can be found in TCDB database.
Solutes that are transported by the various SLC group members are extremely diverse and include both charged and uncharged organic molecules as well as inorganic ions and the gas ammonia.
As is typical of integral membrane proteins, SLCs contain a number of hydrophobic transmembrane alpha helices connected to each other by hydrophilic intra- and extra-cellular loops. Depending on the SLC, these transporters are functional as either monomers or obligate homo- or hetero-oligomers. Many SLC families are members of the major facilitator superfamily.
Scope
By convention of the nomenclature system, members within an individual SLC family have greater than 20-25% sequence identity to each other. In contrast, the homology between SLC families is very low to non-existent. Hence, the criteria for inclusion of a family into the SLC group is not evolutionary relatedness to other SLC families but rather functional (i.e., an integral membrane protein that transports a solute).
The SLC group include examples of transport proteins that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD98
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CD98 is a glycoprotein that is a heterodimer composed of SLC3A2 and SLC7A5 that forms the large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1). LAT1 is a heterodimeric membrane transport protein that preferentially transports branched-chain (valine, leucine, isoleucine) and aromatic (tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine) amino acids. LAT is highly expressed in brain capillaries (which form the blood–brain barrier) relative to other tissues.
A functional LAT1 transporter is composed of two proteins encoded by two distinct genes:
4F2hc/CD98 heavy subunit protein encoded by the SLC3A2 gene
CD98 light subunit protein encoded by the SLC7A5 gene
See also
Cluster of differentiation
Transmembrane protein
Transport protein
Solute carrier family
References
External links
Clusters of differentiation
Solute carrier family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20Classification%20Manual
|
Crime Classification Manual: A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes (1992) is a text on the classification of violent crimes by John E. Douglas, Ann W. Burgess, Allen G. Burgess and Robert K. Ressler.
Overview
The publication is a result of a project by the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime.
A second edition of the book was published in 2006, and added 155 pages of new information and research.
See also
Offender profiling
Forensic psychology
FBI method of profiling
References
External links
Crime Classification Manual
Private Investigations Consultant
Criminology handbooks and manuals
Classification systems
Law enforcement techniques
Offender profiling
Criminal investigation
Forensic psychology
1992 non-fiction books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secalin
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Secalin is a prolamin glycoprotein found in the grain rye, Secale cereale.
Secalin is one of the forms of gluten proteins that people with coeliac disease cannot tolerate, and thus rye should be avoided by people with this disease. It is generally recommended that such people follow a gluten free diet.
References
S
S
Glycoproteins
Rye
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin-binding%20proteins
|
Calmodulin-binding proteins are, as their name implies, proteins which bind calmodulin. Calmodulin can bind to a variety of proteins through a two-step binding mechanism, namely "conformational and mutually induced fit", where typically two domains of calmodulin wrap around an emerging helical calmodulin binding domain from the target protein.
Examples include:
Gap-43 protein (presynaptic)
Neurogranin (postsynaptic)
Caldesmon
Ca2+ Activation
A variety of different ions, including Calcium (Ca2+), play a vital role in the regulation of cellular functions. Calmodulin, a Calcium-binding protein, that mediates Ca2+ signaling is involved in all types of cellular mechanisms, including metabolism, synaptic plasticity, nerve growth, smooth muscle contraction, etc. Calmodulin allows for a number of proteins to aid in the progression of these pathways using their interactions with CaM in its Ca2+-free or Ca2+-bound state. Proteins each have their own unique affinities for calmodulin, that can be manipulated by Ca2+ concentrations to allow for the desired release or binding to calmodulin that determines its ability to carry out its cellular function. Proteins that get activated upon binding to Ca2+-bound state, include Myosin light-chain kinase, Phosphatase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, etc. Proteins, such as neurogranin that plays a vital role in postsynaptic function, however, can bind to calmodulin in Ca2+-free or Ca2+-bound state via their IQ calmodulin-binding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid%20metabolism
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Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. In animals, these fats are obtained from food and are synthesized by the liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. The majority of lipids found in the human body from ingesting food are triglycerides and cholesterol. Other types of lipids found in the body are fatty acids and membrane lipids. Lipid metabolism is often considered as the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat. Vertebrates (including humans) use both sources of fat to produce energy for organs such as the heart to function. Since lipids are hydrophobic molecules, they need to be solubilized before their metabolism can begin. Lipid metabolism often begins with hydrolysis, which occurs with the help of various enzymes in the digestive system. Lipid metabolism also occurs in plants, though the processes differ in some ways when compared to animals. The second step after the hydrolysis is the absorption of the fatty acids into the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. In the epithelial cells, fatty acids are packaged and transported to the rest of the body.
Metabolic processes include lipid digestion, lipid absorption, l
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Sch%C3%A4r
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Fritz Schär (13 March 1926 in Kaltenbach – 29 September 1997 in Frauenfeld) was a Swiss cyclist who in 1953 won the first points classification ever in the Tour de France. He also finished third in the general classification in the 1954 Tour de France. He was the Swiss National Road Race champion in 1953.
Major results
1948
3rd Giro di Lombardia
1949
1st Züri-Metzgete
1st Stage 8 Tour de Suisse
4th Overall Tour de Romandie
1950
1st Züri-Metzgete
1st Stage 14 Giro d'Italia
1951
3rd Overall Tour de Romandie
4th Overall Tour de Suisse
1952
1st Stage 19 Giro d'Italia
5th Overall Tour de Romandie
7th Overall Tour de Suisse
1st Stage 2
1953
2nd Overall Tour de Suisse
1st Stage 1
4th Overall Tour de Romandie
6th Overall Tour de France
1st Points classification
1st Stages 1 & 2
1954
2nd Road race, UCI Road World Championships
3rd Overall Tour de France
4th Overall Tour de Romandie
9th Overall Giro d'Italia
1955
1st Stage 1 Tour de Suisse
1956
2nd Overall Tour de Suisse
1st Stage 7
References
External links
1926 births
1997 deaths
Swiss male cyclists
Swiss Tour de France stage winners
People from Frauenfeld District
Tour de Suisse stage winners
Sportspeople from Thurgau
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory%20amino%20acid%20transporter%205
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Excitatory amino-acid transporter 5 (EAAT5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A7 gene.
EAAT5 is expressed predominantly in the retina, has high affinity for the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate. When stimulated by this amino acid, EAAT5 conducts chloride ions.
References
Further reading
Solute carrier family
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitatory%20amino%20acid%20transporter%204
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Excitatory amino-acid transporter 4 (EAAT4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC1A6 gene.
EAAT4 is expressed predominantly in the cerebellum, has high affinity for the excitatory amino acids L-aspartate and L-glutamate. When stimulated by these amino acids, EAAT4 conducts chloride ions.
References
Further reading
Solute carrier family
Glutamate (neurotransmitter)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-glucose%20transport%20proteins
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Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters (or sodium-glucose linked transporter, SGLT) are a family of glucose transporter found in the intestinal mucosa (enterocytes) of the small intestine (SGLT1) and the proximal tubule of the nephron (SGLT2 in PCT and SGLT1 in PST). They contribute to renal glucose reabsorption. In the kidneys, 100% of the filtered glucose in the glomerulus has to be reabsorbed along the nephron (98% in PCT, via SGLT2). If the plasma glucose concentration is too high (hyperglycemia), glucose passes into the urine (glucosuria) because SGLT are saturated with the filtered glucose.
Types
The two most well known members of SGLT family are SGLT1 and SGLT2, which are members of the SLC5A gene family. In addition to SGLT1 and SGLT2, there are 10 other members in the human protein family SLC5A. Of these, SLC5A4/SGLT3 (SAAT1) is a low-affinity transporter for glucose, but seems to have more of an electric function.
The other SLC5 proteins transport mannose, myo-inositol, choline, iodide, vitamins, and short-chain fatty acids.
SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes
SGLT2 inhibitors, also called gliflozins, are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. SGLT2 is only found in kidney tubules and in conjunction with SGLT1 resorbs glucose into the blood from the forming urine. By inhibiting SGLT2, and not targeting SGLT1, glucose is excreted which in turn lowers blood glucose levels. Examples include dapagliflozin (Farxiga in US, Forxiga in EU), canagliflozin (Invokana) a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroxine-binding%20proteins
|
A thyroxine-binding protein is any of several transport proteins that bind thyroid hormone and carry it around the bloodstream. Examples include:
Thyroxine-binding globulin
Transthyretin
Serum albumin
External links
Human proteins
Blood proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcobalamin
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Transcobalamins are carrier proteins which bind cobalamin (B12).
Types
Transcobalamin I (TCN1), also known as haptocorrin, R-factor, and R-protein, is a glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the mouth. It primarily serves to protect cobalamin (Vitamin B12) from acid degradation in the stomach by producing a Haptocorrin-Vitamin B12 complex. Once the complex has traveled to the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin, releasing free cobalamin, which now binds to intrinsic factor for absorption by ileal enterocytes.
Transcobalamin II (TCN2) binds cobalamin once it has been taken up by enterocytes of the terminal ileum and the "Intrinsic Factor-Vitamin B12" complex has been degraded. Transcobalamin II is then involved with the transport of Vitamin B12 to the tissues.
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%206
|
Complement component 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C6 gene.
Complement component 6 is a protein involved in the complement system. It is part of the membrane attack complex which can insert into the cell membrane and cause the cell to lyse.
People with C6 deficiency are prone to bacterial infection.
References
Further reading
External links
Complement system
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%207
|
Complement component 7 is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system. C7 is part of the membrane attack complex (MAC) which creates a hole on pathogen surfaces, leading to cell lysis and death.
Its primary task is to bind the C5bC6 complex together. This junction alters the configuration of the protein molecules, exposing a hydrophobic site on C7 that allows the C7 to insert into the phospholipid bilayer of the pathogen.
See also
Terminal complement pathway deficiency
External links
References
Complement system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%209
|
Complement component 9 (C9) is a MACPF protein involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. Once activated, about 12-18 molecules of C9 polymerize to form pores in target cell membranes, causing lysis and cell death. C9 is one member of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), which also includes complement components C5b, C6, C7 and C8. The formation of the MAC occurs through three distinct pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. Pore formation by C9 is an important way that bacterial cells are killed during an infection, and the target cell is often covered in multiple MACs. The clinical impact of a deficiency in C9 is an infection with the gram-negative bacterium Neisseria meningitidis.
Structure
C9 genes include 11 exons and 10 introns when found in fish. In fish, the liver is the site where the majority of complement components are produced and expressed, but C9 can also be found in other tissues. It is a single-chain glycoprotein with a four domain structure arranged in a globular bundle.
Pore formation
MAC formation starts with the assembly of a tetrameric complex with the complement components C6, C7, C8, and C5b. The final step of MAC on target cell surfaces involves the polymerization of C9 molecules bound to C5b8 forming C5b-9. C9 molecules allow cylindrical, asymmetrical transmembrane pores to form. The overall complex belongs to MAC/perforin-like (MACPF)/CDC superfamily. Pore formation involves binding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscum%20contagiosum%20virus
|
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a species of DNA poxvirus that causes the human skin infection molluscum contagiosum. Molluscum contagiosum affects about 200,000 people a year, about 1% of all diagnosed skin diseases. Diagnosis is based on the size and shape of the skin lesions and can be confirmed with a biopsy, as the virus cannot be routinely cultured. Molluscum contagiosum virus is the only species in the genus Molluscipoxvirus. MCV is a member of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae of family Poxviridae. Other commonly known viruses that reside in the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae are variola virus (cause of smallpox) and monkeypox virus.
The poxvirus family uniquely contains both non-enveloped particles (mature virions), and enveloped particles (extracellular virions). The structure of the virions is consistent with that of others in the poxvirus family: they are composed of a nucleocapsid, core envelope, lateral body, and an extracellular envelope. Like other poxviruses, MCV is a DNA virus that replicates in the cytoplasm instead of the nucleus. Because of this, the virus must bring all necessary enzymes for replication with it or encode the enzymes in its genome.
Structure
The Molluscum contagiosum virus virion is described as oval-shaped and has the dimension of approximately 320 nm × 250 nm × 200 nm. The virus has two distinct infectious particles called the mature virion (MV) and the enveloped virion (EV), which differ in that the EV contains a second outer cellula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%202
|
Complement C2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is part of the classical pathway of the complement system, acting as a multi-domain serine protease. Deficiency of C2 has been associated with certain autoimmune diseases.
The Complement system is generated to regulate self protection from infection. The overall Complement system is composed of protein groups that collaborate in destroying foreign invaders, which ultimately remove debris from cells and tissues. When the body detects a foreign invader, the body signals the Complement system and the Complement component 2 protein attaches to Complement system 4 resulting in an immune response. Complement component 2 protein is critical for regulating the body's immune response.
Function
In the classical and lectin pathways of complement activation, formation of the C3-convertase and C5-convertases requires binding of C2 to an activated surface-bound C4b in the presence of Mg2+; the resultant C4bC2 complex is cleaved by C1s or MASP2 into C2a and C2b. It is thought that cleavage of C2 by C1s, while bound to C4b, results in a conformational rotation of C2b whereas the released C2a fragment may retain most of its original structure.
C2b is the smallest, enzymatically active, fragment of C3 convertase in this pathway, C4b2b (NB: some sources now refer to the larger fragment of C2 as C2b, making the C3 convertase C4b2b, whereas older sources refer to the larger fragment of C2 as
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%205
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Complement component 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5 gene.
Complement component 5 is involved in the complement system. It is cleaved into C5a and C5b:
C5a plays an important role in chemotaxis.
C5b forms the first part of the complement membrane attack complex.
Deficiency is thought to cause Leiner's disease.
Function
Complement component 5 is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. This protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains that are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a C5-convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for formation of the membrane attack complex, which includes additional complement components.
Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause complement component 5 deficiency, a disease where patients show a propensity for severe recurrent infections. Defects in this gene have also been linked to a susceptibility to liver fibrosis and to rheumatoid arthritis.
Therapeutic applications
The drug eculizumab (trade name Soliris) prevents cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b.
Complement system pathway
References
Further reading
External links
Complement system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%201r
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Complement C1r subcomponent (, activated complement C1r, C overbar 1r esterase, C1r) is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system. In humans, C1r is encoded by the C1R gene.
C1r along with C1q and C1s form the C1 complex, which is the first component of the serum complement system. C1r is an enzyme that activates C1s to its active form, by proteolytic cleavage.
Clinical significance
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Periodontal type is associated with mutations in the CR1 gene
Function
C1r has been shown to interact with C1s. C1r cleaves C1s to form the active form of C1s.
References
Further reading
External links
Complement system
EC 3.4.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20component%201s
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Complement component 1s (, C1 esterase, activated complement C1s, complement C overbar 1r, C1s) is a protein involved in the complement system. C1s is part of the C1 complex. In humans, it is encoded by the C1S gene.
C1s cleaves C4 and C2, which eventually leads to the production of the classical pathway C3-convertase.
See also
C1q - another part of the C1 complex
C1r - another part of the C1 complex
MASP-2 - a protein similar to C1s, part of the lectin pathway
References
Further reading
External links
Complement system
EC 3.4.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP1%20%28protein%29
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Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 also known as mannose-associated serine protease 1 (MASP-1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MASP1 gene.
MASP-1 is involved in the lectin pathway of the complement system and is responsible for activating MASP-2 and MASP-3. It is also involved in the process of cleaving complement proteins, C4 and C2, into fragments to form a C3-convertase.
Function
MASP-1 is a serine protease that functions as a component of the lectin pathway of complement activation. The complement pathway plays an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune response as it allows the body to clear foreign material. MASP-1 is synthesized as a zymogen and is activated when it creates a complex of proteins with the pathogen recognition molecules oft the lectin pathway: the mannose-binding lectin and the ficolins. This protein is directly involved in complement activation because MASP-1 activates MASP-2 by cleaving (cutting off a piece) a MASP-2 zymogen. MASP-2 is then able to cleave C4 into proteins C4a and C4b. MASP-1 is also responsible for creating C3 convertase by cleaving C2 into C2b and C2a. C2a and C4b are used to create C3 convertase, a complex that will then be able to cleave C3 into C3a and C3b. However, MASP-1 is useful for biological pathways other than the complement pathway, such as blood clots. MASP-1 can cleave coagulation pathway proteins such as PAR-4, fibrinogen, and factor XIII which leads to high clot and fibrin generation. A s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MASP2%20%28protein%29
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Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 also known as mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MASP2 gene.
Function
The Ra-reactive factor (RARF) is a complement-dependent bactericidal factor that binds to the Ra and R2 polysaccharides expressed by certain enterobacteria. Alternate splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding two RARF components that are involved in the mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation. The longer isoform is cleaved into two chains which form a heterodimer linked by a disulfide bond. The encoded proteins are members of the trypsin family of peptidases.
MASP-2 is involved in the complement system. MASP-2 is very similar to the C1s molecule, of the classical complement pathway, and they are thought to have a common evolutionary ancestor. When the carbohydrate-recognising heads of MBL bind to specifically arranged mannose residues on the surface of a pathogen, MASP-2 is activated to cleave complement components C4 and C2 into C4a, C4b, C2a, and C2b.
See also
MASP1 (protein)
Mannan-binding lectin
Mannan-binding lectin pathway (lectin pathway)
References
Further reading
External links
Complement system
EC 3.4.21
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose-binding%20protein-associated%20serine%20protease
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Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease are serine proteases involved in the complement system.
Types include:
MASP1
MASP2
See also
mannan-binding lectin
References
Complement system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20D
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Factor D (, C3 proactivator convertase, properdin factor D esterase, factor D (complement), complement factor D, CFD, adipsin) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CFD gene. Factor D is involved in the alternative complement pathway of the complement system where it cleaves factor B.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the trypsin family of serine proteases secreted by adipocytes into the bloodstream. The encoded protein is a component of the alternative complement pathway best known for its role in humoral suppression of infectious agents. Finally, the encoded protein has a high level of expression in fat, suggesting a role for adipose tissue in immune system biology.
Factor D is a serine protease that stimulates glucose transport for triglyceride accumulation in fats cells and inhibits lipolysis.
Clinical significance
The level of Factor D is decreased in obese patients. This reduction may be due to high activity or resistance but exact cause is not fully known.
Structure
All members of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases have very similar structures. In all cases, including factor D, there are two antiparallel β-barrel domains with each barrel containing six β-strands with the same typology in all enzymes. The major difference in backbone structure between Factor D and the other serine proteases of the chymotrypsin family is in the surface loops connecting the secondary structural elements. Factor D displays different con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20factor%20B
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Complement factor B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFB gene.
Function
This gene encodes complement factor B, a component of the alternative pathway of complement activation. Factor B circulates in the blood as a single chain polypeptide. Upon activation of the alternative pathway, it is cleaved by complement factor D yielding the noncatalytic chain Ba and the catalytic subunit Bb. The active subunit Bb is a serine protease that associates with C3b to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase. Bb is involved in the proliferation of preactivated B lymphocytes, while Ba inhibits their proliferation. This gene localizes to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC class III) region on chromosome 6. This cluster includes several genes involved in regulation of the immune reaction. The polyadenylation site of this gene is 421 bp from the 5' end of the gene for complement component 2.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
OMIM entries on Atypical Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.196
Complement system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4b-binding%20protein
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C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a protein complex involved in the complement system where it acts as inhibitor. C4BP has an octopus-like structure with a central stalk and seven branching alpha-chains. The main form of C4BP in human blood is composed of 7 identical alpha-chains and one unique beta-chain, which in turn binds anticoagulant, vitamin K-dependent protein S.
C4BP is a large glycoprotein (500 kDa) with an estimated plasma concentration of 200 micrograms/mL synthesized mainly in the liver.
The genes coding for C4BP α-chain (C4BPA) and β-chain (C4BPB) are located in the regulators of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster on the long arm of chromosome 1 in the vicinity of other complement inhibitors.
Functions
It inhibits the action the classical and the lectin pathways, more specifically C4. It also has ability to bind C3b. C4BP accelerates decay of C3-convertase and is a cofactor for serine protease factor I which cleaves C4b and C3b.
C4BP binds apoptotic and necrotic cells as well as DNA, to clean up after injury. The interaction with apoptotic and necrotic cells is mediated by the Gla domain of protein S and does not affect the ability of C4BP to inhibit complement.
A number of bacterial and fungal pathogens capture human C4BP and use it to prevent binding of C4b, which allows them to establish infection.
No full deficiency of C4BP has been found yet.
C4BP interacts also with heparin, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P component (SAP), fibromodulin,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay-accelerating%20factor
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Complement decay-accelerating factor, also known as CD55 or DAF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the CD55 gene.
DAF regulates the complement system on the cell surface. It recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that are created during activation of C4 (classical or lectin pathway) or C3 (alternative pathway). Interaction of DAF with cell-associated C4b of the classical and lectin pathways interferes with the conversion of C2 to C2b, thereby preventing formation of the C4b2a C3-convertase, and interaction of DAF with C3b of the alternative pathway interferes with the conversion of factor B to Bb by factor D, thereby preventing formation of the C3bBb C3 convertase of the alternative pathway. Thus, by limiting the amplification convertases of the complement
cascade, DAF indirectly blocks the formation of the membrane attack complex.
This glycoprotein is broadly distributed among hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. It is a determinant for the Cromer blood group system.
Structure
DAF is a 70 kDa membrane protein that attaches to the cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor.
DAF contains four complement control protein (CCP) repeats with a single N-linked glycan positioned between CCP1 and CCP2. CCP2, CCP3, CCP4 and three consecutive lysine residues in a positively charged pocket between CCP2 and CCP3 are involved in its inhibition of the alternate complement pathway. CCP2 and CCP3 alone are involved in its inhibition of the classical pathway.
Pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin%20alpha%20M
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Integrin alpha M (ITGAM) is one protein subunit that forms heterodimeric integrin alpha-M beta-2 (αMβ2) molecule, also known as macrophage-1 antigen (Mac-1) or complement receptor 3 (CR3). ITGAM is also known as CR3A, and cluster of differentiation molecule 11B (CD11B). The second chain of αMβ2 is the common integrin β2 subunit known as CD18, and integrin αMβ2 thus belongs to the β2 subfamily (or leukocyte) integrins.
αMβ2 is expressed on the surface of many leukocytes involved in the innate immune system, including monocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells and subsets of T and B cells. It mediates inflammation by regulating leukocyte adhesion and migration and has been implicated in several immune processes such as phagocytosis, cell-mediated cytotoxicity, chemotaxis and cellular activation. It is involved in the complement system due to its capacity to bind inactivated complement component 3b (iC3b). The ITGAM (alpha) subunit of integrin αMβ2 is directly involved in causing the adhesion and spreading of cells but cannot mediate cellular migration without the presence of the β2 (CD18) subunit.
In genomewide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms in ITGAM had the strongest association with systemic lupus erythematosus, with an odds ratio of 1.65 for the T allele of rs9888739 and lupus.
In histopathology, immunohistochemistry with antibodies against CD11B is frequently used to identify macrophages and microglia.
Function of CD11b
CD11
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C3a%20receptor
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The C3a receptor also known as complement component 3a receptor 1 (C3AR1) is a G protein-coupled receptor protein involved in the complement system.
The receptor binds to complement component C3a, although there is limited evidence that this receptor also binds C4a in lesser mammals this has yet to be proven true in humans. C3a receptor modulates immunity, arthritis, diet-induced obesity and cancers
Agonists and antagonists
Potent and selective agonists and antagonists for C3aR have been discovered.
References
Further reading
External links
G protein-coupled receptors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement%20receptor%202
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Complement receptor type 2 (CR2), also known as complement C3d receptor, Epstein-Barr virus receptor, and CD21 (cluster of differentiation 21), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CR2 gene.
CR2 is involved in the complement system. It binds to iC3b (inactive derivative of C3b), C3dg, or C3d. B cells express CR2 receptors on their surfaces, allowing the complement system to play a role in B-cell activation and maturation.
Interactions
Complement receptor 2 interacts with CD19, and, on mature B cells, forms a complex with CD81 (TAPA-1). The CR2-CD19-CD81 complex is often called the B cell co-receptor complex, because CR2 binds to opsonized antigens through attached C3d (or iC3b or C3dg) when the B-cell receptor binds antigen. This results in the B cell having greatly enhanced response to the antigen.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can bind CR2, enabling EBV to enter and infect B cells. Yefenof et al. (1976) found complete overlapping of EBV receptors and C3 receptors on human B cells.
Isoforms
The canonical Cr2/CD21 gene of subprimate mammals produces two types of complement receptor (CR1, ca. 200 kDa; CR2, ca. 145 kDa) via alternative mRNA splicing. The murine Cr2 gene contains 25 exons; a common first exon is spliced to exon 2 and to exon 9 in transcripts encoding CR1 and CR2, respectively. A transcript with an open reading frame of 4,224 nucleotides encodes the long isoform, CR1; this is predicted to be a protein of 1,408 amino acids that includes 21 short consens
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorability
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In statistics, ignorability is a feature of an experiment design whereby the method of data collection (and the nature of missing data) does not depend on the missing data. A missing data mechanism such as a treatment assignment or survey sampling strategy is "ignorable" if the missing data matrix, which indicates which variables are observed or missing, is independent of the missing data conditional on the observed data.
This idea is part of the Rubin Causal Inference Model, developed by Donald Rubin in collaboration with Paul Rosenbaum in the early 1970s. The exact definition differs between their articles in that period. In one of Rubins articles from 1978 Rubin discuss ignorable assignment mechanisms, which can be understood as the way individuals are assigned to treatment groups is irrelevant for the data analysis, given everything that is recorded about that individual. Later, in 1983 Rubin and Rosenbaum rather define strongly ignorable treatment assignment which is a stronger condition, mathematically formulated as , where is a potential outcome given treatment , is some covariates and is the actual treatment.
Pearl devised a simple graphical criterion, called back-door, that entails ignorability and identifies sets of covariates that achieve this condition.
Ignorability means we can ignore how one ended up in one vs. the other group (‘treated’ , or ‘control’ ) when it comes to the potential outcome (say ). It has also been called unconfoundedness, selection on
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