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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Kac%20theorem
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In number theory, the Erdős–Kac theorem, named after Paul Erdős and Mark Kac, and also known as the fundamental theorem of probabilistic number theory, states that if ω(n) is the number of distinct prime factors of n, then, loosely speaking, the probability distribution of
is the standard normal distribution. ( is sequence A001221 in the OEIS.) This is an extension of the Hardy–Ramanujan theorem, which states that the normal order of ω(n) is log log n with a typical error of size .
Precise statement
For any fixed a < b,
where is the normal (or "Gaussian") distribution, defined as
More generally, if f(n) is a strongly additive function () with for all prime p, then
with
Kac's original heuristic
Intuitively, Kac's heuristic for the result says that if n is a randomly chosen large integer, then the number of distinct prime factors of n is approximately normally distributed with mean and variance log log n. This comes from the fact that given a random natural number n, the events "the number n is divisible by some prime p" for each p are mutually independent.
Now, denoting the event "the number n is divisible by p" by , consider the following sum of indicator random variables:
This sum counts how many distinct prime factors our random natural number n has. It can be shown that this sum satisfies the Lindeberg condition, and therefore the Lindeberg central limit theorem guarantees that after appropriate rescaling, the above expression will be Gaussian.
The actua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysyl%20hydroxylase
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Lysyl hydroxylases (or procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) are alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine. Lysyl hydroxylases require iron and vitamin C as cofactors for their oxidation activity. It takes place (as a post-translational modification) following collagen synthesis in the cisternae (lumen) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There are three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) encoded in the human genome, namely: PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3. From PLOD2 two splice variant can be expressed (LH2a and LH2b), where LH2b differs from LH2a by incorporating the small exon 13A. LH1 and LH3 hydroxylate lysyl residues in the collagen triple helix, whereas LH2b hydroxylates lysyl residues in the telopeptides of collagen. In addition to its hydroxylation activity, LH3 has glycosylation activity that produces either monosaccharide (Gal) or disaccharide (Glc-Gal) attached to collagen hydroxylysines.
Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen pyridinoline cross-linking, that is necessary for the stabilization of collagen.
Pathology
Mutations in the PLOD1 gene have been linked to kyphoscoliotic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (kEDS, in the past EDS VI).
Mutations in the PLOD2 gene have been linked to Bruck syndrome in humans.
A deficiency in its cofactor vitamin C is associated with scurvy.
References
External links
Human 2OG oxygenases
EC 1.14.11
Extracellular matrix remodeling enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidar%20Nisja
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Vidar Nisja (born 21 August 1986) was a Norwegian midfielder who retired 18 December 2018.
Career statistics
Personal
Nisja has actively participated in KRIK work and has studied at Stavanger Mission College.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
People from Hå
Norwegian men's footballers
Norway men's youth international footballers
Norway men's under-21 international footballers
Bryne FK players
Viking FK players
Sandnes Ulf players
Norwegian First Division players
Eliteserien players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Rogaland
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenecteplase
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Tenecteplase, sold under the trade names TNKase, Metalyse and Elaxim, is an enzyme used as a thrombolytic drug.
Tenecteplase is a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) produced by recombinant DNA technology using an established mammalian cell line (Chinese hamster ovary cells). Tenecteplase is a 527 amino acid glycoprotein developed by introducing the following modifications to the complementary DNA for natural human tPA: a substitution of threonine 103 with asparagine, and a substitution of asparagine 117 with glutamine, both within the kringle 1 domain, and a tetra-alanine substitution at amino acids 296–299 in the protease domain.
Tenecteplase is a recombinant fibrin-specific plasminogen activator that is derived from native t-PA by modifications at three sites of the protein structure. It binds to the fibrin component of the thrombus (blood clot) and selectively converts thrombus-bound plasminogen to plasmin, which degrades the fibrin matrix of the thrombus. Tenecteplase has a higher fibrin specificity and greater resistance to inactivation by its endogenous inhibitor (PAI-1) compared to native t-PA.
The abbreviation TNK is common for referring to tenecteplase, but abbreviating drug names is not best practice in medicine, and in fact "TNK" is one of the examples given on the Institute for Safe Medication Practices do-not-use list.
Research
Researchers at Newcastle University in Australia say they have had a significant breakthrough in treating stroke patients using the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenprocoumon
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Phenprocoumon (marketed under the brand names Marcoumar, Marcumar and Falithrom) is a long-acting blood thinner drug to be taken by mouth, and a derivative of coumarin. It acts as a vitamin K antagonist and inhibits blood clotting (coagulation) by blocking synthesis of coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X. It is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders such as heart attacks and pulmonary (lung) embolism. The most common adverse effect is bleeding. The drug interacts with a large number of other medications, including aspirin and St John's Wort. It is the standard coumarin used in Germany, Austria, and other European countries.
Medical uses
Phenprocoumon is used for the prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic disorders after heart bypass surgery and myocardial infarction (heart attack), long-term treatment of myocardial infarction with increased risk of thromboembolism, thrombophilia (abnormal blood clotting), antithrombin III deficiency, atrial fibrillation (a kind of abnormal heart rhythm) with artery embolisms, after venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and artificial heart valve surgery, as well as chronic ventricular aneurysm (bulging of the heart wall) and congestive cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart).
Dosing
When phenprocoumon therapy is started, the clotting tendency of the blood is measured daily by determining the prothrombin time, more specifically the international normalized ratio (INR). After the desired INR has been reached, which
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepirudin
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Lepirudin is an anticoagulant that functions as a direct thrombin inhibitor.
Brand name: Refludan, Generic: Lepirudin rDNA for injection.
Lepirudin is a recombinant hirudin derived from yeast cells. Lepirudin is almost identical to hirudin extracted from Hirudo medicinalis, having the amino acid sequence LTYTDCTESGQNLCLCEGSNVCGQGNKCILGSDGEKNQCVTGEGTPKPQSHNDGDFEEIPEEYLQ with disulfide bridges at Cys6-Cys14, Cys16-Cys28 and Cys22-Cys39, and differs from by the substitution of leucine for isoleucine at the N-terminal end of the molecule and the absence of a sulfate group on the tyrosine at position 63.
Lepirudin may be used as an anticoagulant when heparins (unfractionated or low-molecular-weight) are contraindicated because of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Market withdrawal
Bayer announced that it ceased the production of lepirudin (Refludan) on May 31, 2012. At the time of the announcement, the company expected that supply from wholesalers was going to be depleted by mid-2013.
References
Further reading
External links
Direct thrombin inhibitors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acenocoumarol
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Acenocoumarol is an anticoagulant that functions as a vitamin K antagonist (like warfarin). It is a derivative of coumarin and is generic, so is marketed under many brand names worldwide.
References
External links
Vitamin K antagonists
Nitrobenzenes
Coumarin drugs
4-Hydroxycoumarins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Independent%20School%20District
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Edna Independent School District is a public school district based in Edna, Texas (USA).
In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
Schools
Edna High School (grades 9-12)
Meadie Pumphrey Junior High (grades 6-8)
Edna Elementary School (grades PK-5)
References
External links
School districts in Jackson County, Texas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perflubron
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Perflubron (INN/USAN, or perfluorooctyl bromide; brand name Imagent) is a contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging, computer tomography and sonography. It was approved for this use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration in 1993.
Experimental research
Perflubron has also been tested experimentally for use in liquid breathing in premature infants with respiratory distress.
References
MRI contrast agents
Organofluorides
Orphan drugs
Organobromides
Haloalkanes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average%20and%20over
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Average and over, often abbreviated A&O, refers to two baseball statistics used in the 1850s and 1860s by the National Association of Base Ball Players. They referred to a player's average performance over a number of games, and were among the first baseball statistics ever reported and tracked. The term and the reporting method were borrowed from cricket.
The basic statistic was presented as a whole number (the "average") and a remainder (the "over").
Average and over (runs) was the average number of runs a player scored per game, expressed as a whole number and a remainder. If a player scored 29 runs in nine games, his average runs per game would be three, with two left over. This would be written as 3,2.
Average and over (hands lost) was the number of times a player was called out, divided by the number of games he played, once again expressed as a whole number and a remainder. If a player was called out 17 times in eight games, his average and over for hands lost would be 2,1.
When statistics for hits and total bases were introduced in 1868, their totals were expressed in the same way.
In 1870, most teams began presenting these statistics in decimal form. Continuing the examples above, the player with 29 runs in nine games would have this reported as an average of 3.22 Runs per game. The man called out 17 times in eight games would have an average Hands Lost of 2.12.
References
Wright, Marshall. D. "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857-1870." Jeffe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typecell
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Typecell (real name Guido Hoppe) is a producer of drum and bass / dubstep music and D.J. presently residing in Germany.
Career
He started his career around 1992, performing under the alias DJ P.M.C. In 1996, he started producing. His first official releases were put out on his own label, Genetic Rhythm Records, and were subsequently followed by more releases on such labels as Bonzai Records / N.E.W.S., Red Alert Records, Thunderdom House Nation, as well as many others. In 2000, he created a new alter ego for himself under the name Typecell for his more experimental tracks; fusing techno and drum and bass. His reputation was built in the underground scene by utilizing a series of mix tapes and numerous innovative releases on vinyl, CDs and mp3. About 2002, he started up his long-cultivated drum and bass record label, Protogen Records, which was aimed at a more forward-thinking, club-friendly drum and bass sound.
External links
Official site
Official Label site
Official MySpace site
Drum and bass musicians
German electronic music groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirithromycin
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Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic.
Dirithromycin (Dynabac) is a more lipid-soluble prodrug derivative of 9S-erythromycyclamine prepared by condensation of the latter with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. The 9N, 11O-oxazine ring thus formed is a hemi-aminal that is unstable under both acidic and alkaline aqueous conditions and undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to form erythromycyclamine. Erythromycyclamine is a semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin in which the 9-ketogroup of the erythronolide ring has been converted to an amino group. Erythromycyclamine retains the antibacterial properties of erythromycin oral administration. The prodrug, dirithromycin, is provided as enteric coated tablets to protect it from acid catalyzed hydrolysis in the stomach.
Orally administered dirithromycin is absorbed rapidly into the plasma, largely from the small intestine. Spontaneous hydrolysis to erythromycyclamine occurs in the plasma. Oral bioavailability is estimated to be about 10%, but food does not affect absorption of the prodrug.
Discontinuation
Dirithromycin is no longer available in the United States. Since the production of dirithromycin is discontinued in the U.S, National Institutes of Health recommend that people taking dirithromycin should consult their physicians to discuss switching to another treatment. However, dirithromycin is still available in many European countries.
References
Macrolide antibiotics
Prodrugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netilmicin
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Netilmicin (1-N-ethylsisomicin) is a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic, and a derivative of sisomicin, produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. Aminoglycoside antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion. It is only used in the treatment of serious infections particularly those resistant to gentamicin.
It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1981. It was approved for medical use in the UK in December 2019, for the treatment of external infections of the eye. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Comparison with drugs
According to the British National Formulary (BNF), netilmicin has similar activity to gentamicin, but less ototoxicity in those needing treatment for longer than 10 days. Netilmicin is active against a number of gentamicin-resistant Gram-negative bacteria but is less active against ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa than gentamicin or tobramycin.
References
Further reading
External links
Aminoglycoside antibiotics
Micromonosporaceae
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoxuridine
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Idoxuridine is an anti-herpesvirus antiviral drug.
It is a nucleoside analogue, a modified form of deoxyuridine, similar enough to be incorporated into viral DNA replication, but the iodine atom added to the uracil component blocks base pairing. It is used only topically due to cardiotoxicity. It was synthesized by William Prusoff in the late 1950s. Initially developed as an anticancer drug, idoxuridine became the first antiviral agent in 1962.
Clinical use
Idoxuridine is mainly used topically to treat herpes simplex keratitis. Epithelial lesions, especially initial attacks presenting with a dendritic ulcer, are most responsive to therapy, while infection with stromal involvement are less responsive. Idoxuridine is ineffective against herpes simplex virus type 2 and varicella-zoster.
Side effects
Common side effects of the eye drops include irritation, blurred vision and photophobia. Corneal clouding and damage of the corneal epithelium may also occur.
Formulations and dosage
Idoxuridine is available as either a 0.5% ophthalmic ointment or as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution. The dosage of the ointment is every 4 hours during day and once before bedtime. The dosage of the solution is 1 drop in the conjunctival sac hourly during the day and every 2 hours during the night until definitive improvement, then 1 drop every 2 hours during the day and every 4 hours during the night. Therapy is continued for 3–4 days after healing is complete, as demonstrated by fluorescein staining.
S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyprylon
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Methyprylon, or Noludar, is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family first developed by Hoffmann-La Roche.
This medicine was used for treating insomnia, but is now rarely used as it has been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects, such as benzodiazepines.
Methyprylon was withdrawn from the US market in June 1975 and the Canadian market in September 1990.
Some other trade names are Noctan and Dimerin.
Adverse effects
Side effects can include skin rash, fever, depression, ulcers or sores in mouth or throat, unusual bleeding or bruising, confusion, fast heartbeat, respiratory depression, swelling of feet or lower legs, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, double vision, clumsiness, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, unusual weakness.
Pharmacokinetics
A study of single oral doses of 300 mg in healthy volunteers found that the zero-order absorption model fit the data best. Mean (+/- SD) values for the half-life (9.2 +/- 2.2 h), apparent clearance, (11.91 +/- 4.42 mL/h/kg) and apparent steady-state volume of distribution, (0.97 +/- 0.33 L/kg) were found.
A case report found that the pharmacokinetics of methyprylon were not concentration dependent in an overdose case; explanations included saturation or inhibition of metabolic pathways. The generally accepted half-life for a therapeutic dose was not found appropriate in intoxicated patients and would underestimate the time required to reach a safe concentration of the drug.
See also
Pyrithyldione
Piperi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexobarbital
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Hexobarbital or hexobarbitone, sold both in acid and sodium salt forms as Citopan, Evipan, and Tobinal, is a barbiturate derivative having hypnotic and sedative effects. It was used in the 1940s and 1950s as an agent for inducing anesthesia for surgery, as well as a rapid-acting, short-lasting hypnotic for general use, and has a relatively fast onset of effects and short duration of action. It was also used to murder women prisoners at Ravensbrück concentration camp. Modern barbiturates (such as Thiopental) have largely supplanted the use of hexobarbital as an anesthetic, as they allow for better control of the depth of anesthesia. Hexobarbital is still used in some scientific research.
History
The chemical class of barbiturates are one of the oldest sedative-hypnotic agents known, dating back from the introduction of barbital in the early 20th century. In Eastern Europe, hexobarbital (and other barbiturates) have been regularly used as drugs by pregnant women attempting suicide. Hexobarbital was long thought to have potentially teratogenic and fetotoxic effects. The FDA has classified them as Pregnancy Category D or C. Some research however, indicate that ingestion of Hexobarbital might cause congenital abnormalities.
During World War II, Herta Oberheuser was a Nazi physician and convicted war criminal, investigating the effects of hexobarbital. The experiments were mostly performed on woman prisoners in the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
Application in research
Hexob
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromone
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Chromone (or 1,4-benzopyrone) is a derivative of benzopyran with a substituted keto group on the pyran ring. It is an isomer of coumarin.
Derivatives of chromone are collectively known as chromones. Most, though not all, chromones are also phenylpropanoids.
Examples
6,7-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydrochromone has been isolated from Sarcolobus globosus.
Eucryphin, a chromone rhamnoside, can be isolated from the bark of Eucryphia cordifolia.
Cromolyn (disodium cromoglicate) was found to inhibit antigen challenge as well as stress induced symptoms. Cromoglicate is used as a mast cell stabilizer in allergic rhinitis, asthma and allergic conjunctivitis.
Nedocromil sodium was found to have a somewhat longer half-life than cromolyn; however, production was discontinued in the US in 2008.
Xanthone with a second aromatic ring.
See also
Coumarin – a structural isomer
Furanochromones
References
External links
– "4-chromone"
Synthesis at organic-chemistry.org
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20difference%20method
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In numerical analysis, finite-difference methods (FDM) are a class of numerical techniques for solving differential equations by approximating derivatives with finite differences. Both the spatial domain and time interval (if applicable) are discretized, or broken into a finite number of steps, and the value of the solution at these discrete points is approximated by solving algebraic equations containing finite differences and values from nearby points.
Finite difference methods convert ordinary differential equations (ODE) or partial differential equations (PDE), which may be nonlinear, into a system of linear equations that can be solved by matrix algebra techniques. Modern computers can perform these linear algebra computations efficiently which, along with their relative ease of implementation, has led to the widespread use of FDM in modern numerical analysis.
Today, FDM are one of the most common approaches to the numerical solution of PDE, along with finite element methods.
Derive difference quotient from Taylor's polynomial
For a n-times differentiable function, by Taylor's theorem the Taylor series expansion is given as
where n! denotes the factorial of n, and Rn(x) is a remainder term, denoting the difference between the Taylor polynomial of degree n and the original function. We will derive an approximation for the first derivative of the function f by first truncating the Taylor polynomial plus remainder:
Dividing across by h gives:
Solving for :
Assuming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20M2-PK
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Tumor M2-PK is a synonym for the dimeric form of the pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme within tumor metabolism. Tumor M2-PK can be elevated in many tumor types, rather than being an organ-specific tumor marker such as PSA. Increased stool (fecal) levels are being investigated as a method of screening for colorectal tumors, and EDTA plasma levels are undergoing testing for possible application in the follow-up of various cancers.
Sandwich ELISAs based on two monoclonal antibodies which specifically recognize Tumor M2-PK (the dimeric form of M2-PK) are available for the quantification of Tumor M2-PK in stool and EDTA-plasma samples respectively. As a biomarker, the amount of Tumor M2-PK in stool and EDTA-plasma reflects the specific metabolic status of the tumors.
Early detection of colorectal tumors and polyps
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer. When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. Its specificity is 95%.
The M2-PK test is not dependent on occult blood (ELISA method), so it can detect bleeding or non-bleeding bowel cancer and also polyps with high sensitivity and high specificity with no false negative, but false positives may occur.
Most people are more willing to accept non-invasive preventive medical check-ups. Therefore, the me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20analysis
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Scale analysis may refer to:
Scale analysis (mathematics)
Scale analysis (statistics)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C8-Dihydroxyadenine
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2,8-Dihydroxyadenine is a derivative of adenine which accumulates in 2,8 dihydroxy-adenine urolithiasis. The poorly soluble purine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine is excreted in the urine because of a deficiency in the adenine salvage enzyme adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The defect is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; the homozygous state is associated with high urinary levels of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine and with crystalluria, calculus formation, and potential nephrotoxicity. The condition primarily presents as renal obstructive disease, but some patients have presented with advanced kidney failure. Allopurinol therapy appears to be effective. 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine formation can be easily controlled with allopurinol, which is administered in a dose of 300 mg/day in adults (10 mg/kg/day in children) in the absence of kidney failure.
References
Purines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth%20extension
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Bandwidth extension of signal is defined as the deliberate process of expanding the frequency range (bandwidth) of a signal in which it contains an appreciable and useful content, and/or the frequency range in which its effects are such. Its significant advancement in recent years has led to the technology being adopted commercially in several areas including psychacoustic bass enhancement of small loudspeakers and the high frequency enhancement of coded speech and audio.
Bandwidth extension has been used in both speech and audio compression applications. The algorithms used in G.729.1 and Spectral Band Replication (SBR) are two of many examples of bandwidth extension algorithms currently in use. In these methods, the low band of the spectrum is encoded using an existing codec, whereas the high band is coarsely parameterized using fewer parameters. Many of these bandwidth extension algorithms make use of the correlation between the low band and the high band in order to predict the wider band signal from extracted lower-band features. Others encode the high band using very few bits. This is often sufficient since the ear is less sensitive to distortions in the high band compared to the low band.
Bass enhancement of small loudspeakers
Most often small loudspeakers are physically incapable of reproducing low frequency material. Using a psycho-acoustical phenomenon like the missing fundamental, perception of low frequencies can be greatly increased. By generating harmonics of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale%20analysis%20%28statistics%29
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In statistics, scale analysis is a set of methods to analyze survey data, in which responses to questions are combined to measure a latent variable. These items can be dichotomous (e.g. yes/no, agree/disagree, correct/incorrect) or polytomous (e.g. disagree strongly/disagree/neutral/agree/agree strongly). Any measurement for such data is required to be reliable, valid, and homogeneous with comparable results over different studies.
Constructing scales
The item-total correlation approach is a way of identifying a group of questions whose responses can be combined into a single measure or scale. This is a simple approach that works by ensuring that, when considered across a whole population, responses to the questions in the group tend to vary together and, in particular, that responses to no individual question are poorly related to an average calculated from the others.
Measurement models
Measurement is the assignment of numbers to subjects in such a way that the relations between the objects are represented by the relations between the numbers (Michell, 1990).
Traditional models
Likert scale
Semantic differential (Osgood) scale
Reliability analysis, see also Classical test theory and Cronbach's alpha
Factor analysis
Modern models based on Item response theory
Guttman scale
Mokken scale
Rasch model
(Circular) Unfolding analysis
Circumplex model
Other models
Latent class analysis
Multidimensional scaling
NOMINATE (scaling method)
References
Michell, J (
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP%20deaminase
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AMP deaminase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMPD1 gene.
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase is an enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to inosine monophosphate (IMP), freeing an ammonia molecule in the process.
Function
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP in skeletal muscle and plays an important role in the purine nucleotide cycle. Two other genes have been identified, AMPD2 and AMPD3, for the liver- and erythrocyte-specific isoforms, respectively. Deficiency of the muscle-specific enzyme is apparently a common cause of exercise-induced myopathy and probably the most common cause of metabolic myopathy in the human.
A research report shows that the widely prescribed diabetes medication metformin works on AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) by directly inhibiting AMP deaminase, thereby increasing cellular AMP.
Regulation
It has been shown that in environments with high potassium concentrations, AMP-deaminase is regulated by ATP and ADP through a “Km-type” mechanism. In low potassium ion concentrations, a mixed “Km V-type” of the regulation is observed.
Pathology
AMPD1 deficiency, also known as myoadenylate deaminase deficiency, is a disorder in which the body produces insufficient AMP deaminase.
References
Further reading
External links
EC 3.5.4
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acatalasia
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Acatalasia is an autosomal recessive peroxisomal disorder caused by absent or very low levels of the enzyme catalase. Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells into water and oxygen. Low levels of catalase can cause hydrogen peroxide to build up, causing damage to cells.
Presentation
The disorder is relatively benign, although it causes an increased incidence of oral ulcers, and can under rare circumstances lead to gangrene. Symptoms primarily affect children.
Genetic
Acatalasia is often the result of mutations in both copies of the CAT gene which codes for the enzyme catalase. There are multiple types of mutation that can cause this condition. Inheriting a single CAT mutation results in hypocatalasia, in which catalase levels are reduced, but still at functional levels.
Diagnosis
This disorder is commonly diagnosed pouring hydrogen peroxide on the patient's blood sample. Instead of a very bubbling reaction, blood turns brown-colored, which means the patient suffers from acatalasia.
Management
Epidemiology
In parts of Japan, this condition has been found in approximately 1.4% of people. Researchers estimate that the condition occurs in 1 in 20,000 people in Hungary and Switzerland.
History
In 1948, Dr. Shigeo Takahara (1908–1994), a Japanese otolaryngologist first reported this new disease. He had examined a patient with an oral ulcer. He had spread hydrogen peroxide on the diseased part, but oxygen was not generated due to the lack of catalase.
See also
List o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactosylceramidase
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Galactosylceramidase (or galactocerebrosidase), , is an enzyme that removes galactose from ceramide derivatives (galactosylceramides) by catalysing the hydrolysis of galactose ester bonds of galactosylceramide, galactosylsphingosine, lactosylceramide, and monogalactosyldiglyceride.
It is a lysosomal protein, encoded in humans by the GALC gene. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Krabbe disease, also known as galactosylceramide lipidosis.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Krabbe disease
OMIM entries on Krabbe disease
PDBe-KB provides an overview of all the structure information available in the PDB for Mlouse Galactocerebrosidase
EC 3.2.1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylsulfatase%20A
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Arylsulfatase A (or cerebroside-sulfatase) is an enzyme that breaks down sulfatides, namely cerebroside 3-sulfate into cerebroside and sulfate. In humans, arylsulfatase A is encoded by the ARSA gene.
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with metachromatic leukodystrophy, an autosomal recessive disease.Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD) is also associated with the ARSA gene.
Biochemistry
Enzyme regulation
Arylsulfatase A is inhibited by phosphate, which forms a covalent bond with the active site 3-oxoalanine.
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Arylsulfatase A Deficiency - Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
OMIM entries on ARSA Deficiency
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebroside-sulfatase
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Cerebroside-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.8, arylsulfatase A, cerebroside sulfate sulfatase) is an enzyme with systematic name cerebroside-3-sulfate 3-sulfohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
a cerebroside 3-sulfate + H2O a cerebroside + sulfate
This enzyme hydrolyses galactose-3-sulfate residues in a number of lipids.
See also
Arylsulfatase A
References
External links
EC 3.1.6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecithin%E2%80%93cholesterol%20acyltransferase
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Lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT, also called phosphatidylcholine–sterol O-acyltransferase) is an enzyme, in many animals including humans, that converts free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester (a more hydrophobic form of cholesterol), which is then sequestered into the core of a lipoprotein particle, eventually making the newly synthesized HDL spherical and forcing the reaction to become unidirectional since the particles are removed from the surface. The enzyme is bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) (alpha-LCAT) and LDLs (beta-LCAT) in the blood plasma. LCAT deficiency can cause impaired vision due to cholesterol corneal opacities, anemia, and kidney damage. It belongs to the family of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases.
Interactive pathway map
See also
Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)
References
Further reading
External links
Enzymes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iduronidase
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Iduronidase (, L-iduronidase, α-L-iduronidase, laronidase), sold as Aldurazyme, is an enzyme with the systematic name glycosaminoglycan α-L-iduronohydrolase. It catalyses the hydrolysis of unsulfated α-L-iduronosidic linkages in dermatan sulfate.
It is a glycoprotein enzyme found in the lysosomes of cells. It is involved in the degeneration of glycosaminoglycans such as dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate. The enzyme acts by hydrolyzing the terminal α-L-iduronic acid residues of these molecules, degrading them. The protein is reported as having a mass of approximately 83 kDa.
Pathology
A deficiency in the IDUA protein is associated with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). MPS, a type of lysosomal storage disease, is typed I through VII. Type I is known as Hurler syndrome and type I,S is known as Scheie syndrome, which has a milder prognosis compared to Hurler's. In this syndrome, glycosaminoglycans accumulate in the lysosomes and cause substantial disease in many different tissues of the body. IDUA mutations result in the MPS 1 phenotype, which is inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion.
The defective α-L-iduronidase results in an accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfate within phagocytes, endothelium, smooth muscle cells, neurons, and fibroblasts. Under electron microscopy these structures present as laminated structures called Zebra bodies.
Prenatal diagnosis of this enzyme deficiency is possible.
Aldurazyme
General
Aldurazyme is the name of the commercialized vari
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol%20reductase
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7-Dehydrocholesterol reductase, also known as DHCR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DHCR7 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is an enzyme catalyzing the production of cholesterol from 7-Dehydrocholesterol using NADPH.
The DHCR7 gene encodes delta-7-sterol reductase (EC 1.3.1.21), the ultimate enzyme of mammalian sterol biosynthesis that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) to cholesterol. This enzyme removes the C(7-8) double bond introduced by the sterol delta8-delta7 isomerases. In addition, its role in drug-induced malformations is known: inhibitors of the last step of cholesterol biosynthesis such as AY9944 and BM15766 severely impair brain development.
Pathology
A deficiency is associated with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome.
All house cats and dogs have higher-than-usual activity of this enzyme, causing an inability to synthesize vitamin D due to the lack of 7-dehydrocholesterol.
Interactive pathway map
See also
Steroidogenic enzyme
References
Further reading
External links
GeneReviews/NIH/NCBI/UW entry on Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome
EC 1.3.1
Human proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlekamp%27s%20algorithm
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In mathematics, particularly computational algebra, Berlekamp's algorithm is a well-known method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also known as Galois fields). The algorithm consists mainly of matrix reduction and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by Elwyn Berlekamp in 1967. It was the dominant algorithm for solving the problem until the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm of 1981. It is currently implemented in many well-known computer algebra systems.
Overview
Berlekamp's algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial (i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree with coefficients in a finite field and gives as output a polynomial with coefficients in the same field such that divides . The algorithm may then be applied recursively to these and subsequent divisors, until we find the decomposition of into powers of irreducible polynomials (recalling that the ring of polynomials over a finite field is a unique factorization domain).
All possible factors of are contained within the factor ring
The algorithm focuses on polynomials which satisfy the congruence:
These polynomials form a subalgebra of R (which can be considered as an -dimensional vector space over ), called the Berlekamp subalgebra. The Berlekamp subalgebra is of interest because the polynomials it contains satisfy
In general, not every GCD in the above product will be a non-trivial factor of , but some are, providing the factors we seek.
Berlekamp's algorithm finds polynomi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroid%20sulfatase
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Steroid sulfatase (STS), or steryl-sulfatase (EC 3.1.6.2), formerly known as arylsulfatase C, is a sulfatase enzyme involved in the metabolism of steroids. It is encoded by the STS gene.
Reactions
This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one 3-sulfate + H2O 3β-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one + sulfate
Also acts on some related steryl sulfates.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the conversion of sulfated steroid precursors to the free steroid. This includes DHEA sulfate, estrone sulfate, pregnenolone sulfate, and cholesterol sulfate, all to their unconjugated forms (DHEA, estrone, pregnenolone, and cholesterol, respectively). The encoded protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is present as a homodimer.
Clinical significance
A congenital deficiency in the enzyme is associated with X-linked ichthyosis, a scaly-skin disease affecting roughly 1 in every 2,000 to 6,000 males. The excessive skin scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by a lack of breakdown and thus accumulation of cholesterol sulfate, a steroid that stabilizes cell membranes and adds cohesion, in the outer layers of the skin.
Genetic deletions including STS are associated with an increased risk of developmental and mood disorders (and associated traits), and of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in males. Both steroid sulfatase deficiency and common genetic risk variants within STS may confer increased atrial fibrillation risk. Blood-clot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatase
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In biochemistry, sulfatases are a class of enzymes of the esterase class that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate esters into an alcohol and a bisulfate:
These may be found on a range of substrates, including steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Sulfate esters may be formed from various alcohols and amines. In the latter case the resultant N-sulfates can also be termed sulfamates.
Sulfatases play important roles in the cycling of sulfur in the environment, in the degradation of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids in the lysosome, and in remodelling sulfated glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular space. Together with sulfotransferases, sulfatases form the major catalytic machinery for the synthesis and breakage of sulfate esters.
Occurrence and importance
Sulfatases are found in lower and higher organisms. In higher organisms they are found in intracellular and extracellular spaces. Steroid sulfatase is distributed in a wide range of tissues throughout the body, enabling sulfated steroids synthesized in the adrenals and gonads to be desulfated following distribution through the circulation system. Many sulfatases are localized in the lysosome, an acidic digestive organelle found within the cell. Lysosomal sulfatases cleave a range of sulfated carbohydrates including sulfated glycosaminoglycans and glycolipids. Genetic defects in sulfatase activity can arise through mutations in individual sulfatases and result in certain lysosomal storage disorders with a spectru
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmadhudu
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Manmadhudu is a 2002 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by K. Vijaya Bhaskar from a story written by Trivikram Srinivas. Produced by Nagarjuna on Annapurna Studios, the film stars Nagarjuna, Sonali Bendre and Anshu, with music composed by Devi Sri Prasad.
Released on 20 December 2002, the film became an All Time Blockbuster. The film received Nandi Award for Best Feature Film for that year. The film was later remade as Aishwarya (2006) in Kannada, and as Priyotoma (2006) in Bengali. A spiritual successor titled Manmadhudu 2 was released in 2019.
Plot
Abhiram is a manager in an ad agency. He despises women and expresses his hatred every minute of the day. However, his workplace is populated by women, and he has to deal with it. Prasad, the chairman of the company and Abhiram's paternal uncle, appoints Harika as the new assistant manager, and Abhiram hates that yet another female employee has joined his office. He places a bug under her desk and uses it to steal her idea for a lipstick ad. He later accuses her of plagiarism, belittling her and questioning her originality. Eventually, Harika gets fed up with Abhi's verbal abuse and goes to Prasad to submit her resignation. Prasad asks her to think about it and tells her about Abhiram's past and why he despises women.
Abhi lost his parents when he was only two years old and his grandfather raises him. Abhi is the only heir to their family business and he enjoys life in his carefree way. He meets and falls in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcein
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Calcein, also known as fluorexon, fluorescein complex, is a fluorescent dye with excitation and emission wavelengths of 495 and 515 nm, respectively, and has the appearance of orange crystals. Calcein self-quenches at concentrations above 70 mM and is commonly used as an indicator of lipid vesicle leakage. It has also been traditionally used as a complexometric indicator for titration of calcium ions with EDTA, and for fluorometric determination of calcium.
Applications
The non-fluorescent acetomethoxy derivate of calcein (calcein AM, AM = acetoxymethyl) is used in biology as it can be transported through the cellular membrane into live cells, which makes it useful for testing of cell viability and for short-term labeling of cells. Alternatively, Fura-2 , Furaptra , Indo-1 and aequorin may be used. An acetomethoxy group obscures the part of the molecule that chelates Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and other ions. After transport into the cells, intracellular esterases remove the acetomethoxy group, the molecule gets trapped inside and gives out strong green fluorescence. As dead cells lack active esterases, only live cells are labeled and counted by flow cytometry.
Calcein is now rarely used as a Ca2+ or Mg2+ indicator because its fluorescence is directly sensitive to these ions only at strongly alkaline pH, and thus it is not particularly useful for measuring Ca2+ or Mg2+ in cells. Fluorescence of calcein is quenched strongly by Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ and appreciably by Fe3+ and Mn2+ at p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20echocardiography
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Doppler echocardiography is a procedure that uses Doppler ultrasonography to examine the heart. An echocardiogram uses high frequency sound waves to create an image of the heart while the use of Doppler technology allows determination of the speed and direction of blood flow by utilizing the Doppler effect.
An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce accurate assessment of the direction of blood flow and the velocity of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. One of the limitations is that the ultrasound beam should be as parallel to the blood flow as possible. Velocity measurements allow assessment of cardiac valve areas and function, any abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, any leaking of blood through the valves (valvular regurgitation), calculation of the cardiac output and calculation of E/A ratio (a measure of diastolic dysfunction). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound-using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related medical measurements.
An advantage of Doppler echocardiography is that it can be used to measure blood flow within the heart without invasive procedures such as cardiac catheterization.
In addition, with slightly different filter/gain settings, the method can measure tissue velocities by tissue Doppler echocardiography. The combination of flow and tissue velocities can be used for estimating left ventricular filling pressure, although on
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempe
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Kempe may refer to:
Kempe baronets, a title in the Baronetage of England
Kempe chain, part of the four-colour theorem
Kempe Fjord, King Christian X Land, Greenland
Kempe Glacier, Antarctica
Kempe Hill, former name of Camp Hill, West Midlands, England
People with the surname
Adrian Kempe (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player
Alfred Kempe (1849–1922), English mathematician
Arnold E. Kempe (born 1927), American lawyer and politician
Carl Kempe (1884–1967), Swedish paper producer
Charles Eamer Kempe (1837–1907), English stained glass designer
C. Henry Kempe (1922–1984), American pediatrician who identified the Battered child syndrome
Kempe Gowda I (1513–69), Yelahanka chieftain, founded the city of Bangalore
Margery Kempe (c. 1373–after 1438), English autobiographer, religious pilgrim
Raymond J. Kempe (born 1931), American lawyer and politician
Rudolf Kempe (1910–76), German conductor
William Kempe (died c. 1603), English actor and morris dancer
See also
Kemp (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor%E2%80%93Zassenhaus%20algorithm
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In computational algebra, the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm is a method for factoring polynomials over finite fields (also called Galois fields).
The algorithm consists mainly of exponentiation and polynomial GCD computations. It was invented by David G. Cantor and Hans Zassenhaus in 1981.
It is arguably the dominant algorithm for solving the problem, having replaced the earlier Berlekamp's algorithm of 1967. It is currently implemented in many computer algebra systems.
Overview
Background
The Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm takes as input a square-free polynomial (i.e. one with no repeated factors) of degree n with coefficients in a finite field whose irreducible polynomial factors are all of equal degree (algorithms exist for efficiently factoring arbitrary polynomials into a product of polynomials satisfying these conditions, for instance, is a squarefree polynomial with the same factors as , so that the Cantor–Zassenhaus algorithm can be used to factor arbitrary polynomials). It gives as output a polynomial with coefficients in the same field such that divides . The algorithm may then be applied recursively to these and subsequent divisors, until we find the decomposition of into powers of irreducible polynomials (recalling that the ring of polynomials over any field is a unique factorisation domain).
All possible factors of are contained within the factor ring
. If we suppose that has irreducible factors , all of degree d, then this factor ring is isomorphic to
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau%20tumor%20suppressor
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The Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor also known as pVHL is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VHL gene. Mutations of the VHL gene are associated with Von Hippel–Lindau disease, which is characterized by hemangioblastomas of the brain, spinal cord and retina. It is also associated with kidney and pancreatic lesions.
Function
The protein encoded by the VHL gene is the substrate recognition component of a protein complex that includes elongin B, elongin C, and cullin-2, and possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. This complex is involved in the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are transcription factors that play a central role regulating gene expression in response to changing oxygen levels. RNA polymerase II subunit POLR2G/RPB7 is also reported to be a target of this protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been observed.
The resultant protein is produced in two forms, an 18 kDa and a 30 kDa protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. The main action of the VHL protein is thought to be its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity that results in specific target proteins being 'marked' for degradation.
The most researched of these targets is hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF1a), a transcription factor that induces the expression of a number of angiogenesis related factors.
HIFs are necessary for tumor growth because most cancers demand high metabolic activity and are only suppli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansys%20HFSS
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Ansys HFSS (high-frequency structure simulator), is a commercial finite element method solver for electromagnetic (EM) structures from Ansys that offers multiple state-of-the-art solver technologies. Each solver in ANSYS HFSS is an automated solution processor for which the user dictates the geometry, properties of the material and the required range of solution frequencies.
Engineers use Ansys HFSS primarily to design and simulate high-speed, high-frequency electronics in radar systems, communication systems, satellites, ADAS, microchips, printed circuit boards, IoT products, and other digital devices and RF devices. The solver has also been used to simulate the electromagnetic behavior of objects such as automobiles and aircraft. ANSYS HFSS allows system and circuit designers to simulate EM issues such as losses due to attenuation, coupling, radiation and reflection.
The benefits of simulating a circuit's high frequency behavior with high accuracy on a computer reduces the final testing and verification effort of the system as well as mitigating the necessity of building costly multiple prototypes, saving both time and money in product development.
HFSS captures and simulates objects in 3D, accounting for materials composition and shapes/geometries of each object. HFSS is one of several commercial tools used for antenna design, and the design of complex radio frequency electronic circuit elements including filters, transmission lines, and packaging.
History
HFSS was
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbenzimide
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Bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342) is an organic compound used as a fluorescent stain for DNA in molecular biology applications. Several related chemical compounds are used for similar purposes and are collectively called Hoechst stains.
Application
Bisbenzimide tends to bind to adenine–thymine-rich regions of DNA and can decrease its density. Bisbenzimide mixed with DNA samples can then be used to separate DNA according to their AT percentage using a cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient centrifugation.
References
External links
Fluorescence Spectra: http://www.fluorophores.tugraz.at/substance/463
DNA-binding substances
Fluorescent dyes
Benzimidazoles
Piperazines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20coding
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Universal coding may refer to one of two concepts in data compression:
Universal code (data compression), a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function, has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code
Universal source coding, a data compression method that asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tether%20%28disambiguation%29
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A tether is a cord, fixture, or flexible attachment that secures something movable to something else.
Tether may also refer to:
Science and technology
Tether (cell biology), an elongated cylinder of the membrane of a cell bond to a substrate
Molecular tether
Computing
Tethering, sharing a mobile device's internet connection
Tether (cryptocurrency), a cryptocurrency
Tethered jailbreak, in iOS jailbreaking
Space
Space tether, use of tethers to propel or stabilize objects in space
Electrodynamic tether, a conductive space tether which generates current and acts against a planetary magnetic field
Momentum exchange tether, a kind of space tether
Skyhook (structure), or a tidal stabilized tether
Space elevator, a geostationary orbital tether
Songs
"Tether" (song), by Eric Prydz, 2015
"Tether", by Chvrches from The Bones of What You Believe, 2013
"Tether", by Damien Jurado from Where Shall You Take Me?, 2003
"Tether", by Dreamers of the Ghetto from Enemy/Lover, 2011
"Tether", by the Indigo Girls from All That We Let In, 2004
"Tether", by On Broken Wings from Number One Beautiful, 2001
"Tether", by Plaid from Reachy Prints, 2014
"Tether", by Sarah Harmer from All of Our Names, 2004
"Tether", by Tantric from Mercury Retrograde, 2018
Other uses
Ankle monitor or tether, used to track parolees' whereabouts and/or alcohol use
Tether (hieroglyph), an alphabetic uniliteral sign of ancient Egypt
Anthony Tether (born ca. 1941), Director of the Defense Advanced Rese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%E2%80%93structure%20interaction
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Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) is the interaction of some movable or deformable structure with an internal or surrounding fluid flow. Fluid–structure interactions can be stable or oscillatory. In oscillatory interactions, the strain induced in the solid structure causes it to move such that the source of strain is reduced, and the structure returns to its former state only for the process to repeat.
Examples
Fluid–structure interactions are a crucial consideration in the design of many engineering systems, e.g. automobile, aircraft, spacecraft, engines and bridges. Failing to consider the effects of oscillatory interactions can be catastrophic, especially in structures comprising materials susceptible to fatigue. Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940), the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, is probably one of the most infamous examples of large-scale failure. Aircraft wings and turbine blades can break due to FSI oscillations. A reed actually produces sound because the system of equations governing its dynamics has oscillatory solutions. The dynamic of reed valves used in two strokes engines and compressors is governed by FSI. The act of "blowing a raspberry" is another such example. The interaction between tribological machine components, such as bearings and gears, and lubricant is also an example of FSI. The lubricant flows between the contacting solid components and causes elastic deformation in them during this process. Fluid–structure interactions also occur in moving containers,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydropyrimidine%20dehydrogenase%20deficiency
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Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency is an autosomal recessive
metabolic disorder in which there is absent or significantly decreased activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of uracil and thymine.
Individuals with this condition may develop life-threatening toxicity following exposure to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapy drug that is used in the treatment of cancer. Beside 5-FU, widely prescribed oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine (Xeloda) could put DPD-deficient patients at risk of experiencing severe or lethal toxicities as well.
Genetics
DPD deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
Diagnosis
Detecting DPD deficiency
A small number of genetic variants have been repeatedly associated with DPD deficiency, such as IVS14+1G>A mutation in intron 14 coupled with exon 14 deletion (a.k.a. DPYD*2A), 496A>G in exon 6; 2846A>T in exon 22 and T1679G (a.k.a. DPYD*13) in exon 13. However, testing patients for these allelic variants usually show high specificity (i.e., bearing the mutation means that severe toxicity will occur indeed)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-amping%20and%20tri-amping
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Bi-amping and tri-amping is the practice of using two or three audio amplifiers respectively to amplify different audio frequency ranges, with the amplified signals being routed to different speaker drivers, such as woofers, subwoofers and tweeters. With bi-amping and tri-amping, an audio crossover is used to divide a sound signal into different frequency ranges, each of which is then separately amplified and routed to separate speaker drivers. In Powered speakers using bi-amping, multiple speaker drivers are in the same speaker enclosure. In some bi-amp set-ups, the drivers are in separate speaker enclosures, such as with home stereos that contain two speakers and a separate subwoofer.
Description
Bi-amping is the use of two channels of amplification to power each loudspeaker within an audio system. Tri-amping is the practice of connecting three channels of amplification to a loudspeaker unit: one to power the bass driver (woofer), one to power the mid-range and the third to power the treble driver (tweeter). The terms derive from the prefix bi- meaning 'two', tri- meaning 'three', and amp the abbreviation for amplifier.
Crossover
It differs from the conventional arrangement in which each channel of amplification powers a single speaker. Bi-amping typically consists of a crossover network and two or more drivers. With ordinary loudspeakers, a single amplifier can power the woofer, mid-range and tweeter through an audio crossover, which filters the signal into high- mediu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPN11
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Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 (PTPN11) also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1D (PTP-1D), Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), or protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTP-2C) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN11 gene. PTPN11 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2.
PTPN11 is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains two tandem Src homology-2 domains, which function as phospho-tyrosine binding domains and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is widely expressed in most tissues and plays a regulatory role in various cell signaling events that are important for a diversity of cell functions, such as mitogenic activation, metabolic control, transcription regulation, and cell migration. Mutations in this gene are a cause of Noonan syndrome as well as acute myeloid leukemia.
Structure and function
This phosphatase, along with its paralogue, Shp1, possesses a domain structure that consists of two tandem SH2 domains in its N-terminus followed by a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain. In the inactive state, the N-terminal SH2 domain binds the PTP domain and blocks access of potential substrates to the active site. Thus, Shp2 is auto-inhibited.
Upon binding to target phospho-t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noonan%20syndrome%20with%20multiple%20lentigines
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Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML) which is part of a group called Ras/MAPK pathway syndromes, is a rare autosomal dominant, multisystem disease caused by a mutation in the protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 gene (PTPN11). The disease is a complex of features, mostly involving the skin, skeletal and cardiovascular systems, which may or may not be present in all patients. The nature of how the mutation causes each of the condition's symptoms is not well known; however, research is ongoing. It is a RASopathy.
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines is caused by a different missense mutation of the same gene. Noonan syndrome is fairly common (1:1,000 to 1:2,500 live births), and neurofibromatosis 1 (which was once thought to be related to NSML) is also common (1:3500); however, no epidemiological data exists for NSML.
Signs and symptoms
An alternative name of the condition, LEOPARD syndrome, is a mnemonic, originally coined in 1969, as the condition is characterized by some of the following seven conditions, the first letters of which spell LEOPARD, along with the characteristic "freckling" of the skin, caused by the lentigines that is reminiscent of the large cat.
Lentigines — Reddish-brown to dark brown macules (surface skin lesion) generally occurring in a high number (10,000+) over a large portion of the skin, at times higher than 80% coverage. These can even appear inside the mouth (buccal), or on the surface of the eye (scleral). These have
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosan
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Nicosan, also known as Hemoxin, Niprisan, or Nix-0699, is a phytochemical which was studied in sickle-cell disease (SCD). As of 2017 it does not appear to be commercially available, as the only manufacturer, which was in Nigeria, has stopped producing it due to financial problems.
Medical uses
There is tentative evidence that it may be useful in sickle-cell disease. It however does not appear to affect overall complications or rates of anemia.
Chemistry
It is an ethanol/water extract of Piper guineense seeds, Pterocarpus osum stem, Eugenia caryophyllus fruit, and Sorghum bicolor leaves.
History
It was developed at the Nigerian National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) (U.S. Patent # 5,800,819 - September 1, 1998). NIPRD has conducted Phase III clinical trials in Nigeria which showed unclear benefits but have not been published as of 2010.
In August 2002, a Nigerian subsidiary of the American company Xechem International, acquired the rights to Nicosan. On July 6, 2006, the drug was announced in Nigeria, with the president of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo, in attendance.
In 2008, a fraud complaint alleged that Nigerian public money was spent on the drug. Xechem International went bankrupt in 2008 and production of the drug stopped.
Footnotes
Antioxidants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20descriptive%20statistics
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Spatial descriptive statistics is the intersection of spatial statistics and descriptive statistics; these methods are used for a variety of purposes in geography, particularly in quantitative data analyses involving Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Types of spatial data
The simplest forms of spatial data are gridded data, in which a scalar quantity is measured for each point in a regular grid of points, and point sets, in which a set of coordinates (e.g. of points in the plane) is observed. An example of gridded data would be a satellite image of forest density that has been digitized on a grid. An example of a point set would be the latitude/longitude coordinates of all elm trees in a particular plot of land. More complicated forms of data include marked point sets and spatial time series.
Measures of spatial central tendency
The coordinate-wise mean of a point set is the centroid, which solves the same variational problem in the plane (or higher-dimensional Euclidean space) that the familiar average solves on the real line — that is, the centroid has the smallest possible average squared distance to all points in the set.
Measures of spatial dispersion
Dispersion captures the degree to which points in a point set are separated from each other. For most applications, spatial dispersion should be quantified in a way that is invariant to rotations and reflections. Several simple measures of spatial dispersion for a point set can be defined using the covarianc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20%28physics%29
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In physics a null is a point in a field where the field quantity is zero as the result of two or more opposing quantities completely cancelling each other. The field may be scalar, vector or tensor in nature. Common situations where nulls arise are in the polar patterns of microphones and antennae, and nulls caused by reflections of waves.
Microphones
A common polar pattern for microphones is the cardioid. This has a single direction in which the microphone does not respond to impinging sound waves. Highly directional (shotgun) microphones have more complex polar patterns. These microphones have a large, narrow lobe in the main direction of sound reception but also a smaller lobe in the opposite direction and usually also several other smaller lobes. This pattern is achieved by wave cancellation inside the body of the microphone. Between each of these lobes is a null direction where no sound at all is detected.
Antennae
A common, and basic, radio antenna is the dipole. This has a figure-of-eight polar pattern with two nulls on opposite sides. Highly directional antennae, such as the Yagi have polar patterns very similar to highly directional microphones and for similar reasons. That is, they have multiple small lobes off the main direction with nulls between them.
Standing waves
Standing waves can be caused by a wave being reflected back through the transmission medium in which it arrived. If the incident and reflected waves are transmitted without loss then
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GARP
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GARP may refer to:
Acronyms
Generalised Axiom of Revealed Preference
Generic Attribute Registration Protocol, a communications protocol
Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production, to determine ecological niches
Global Atmospheric Research Programme, 1967-1982
Global Association of Risk Professionals, a globally recognized membership association for risk managers.
Gratuitous Address Resolution Protocol announcement
GARP Study (Genetics, osteoARthritis and Progression Study), an observational study
Other uses
Monkey D. Garp, a character in the Japanese anime One Piece
The World According to Garp, a 1978 novel by John Irving
The World According to Garp (film), a 1982 film based on Irving's novel
Torkild Garp (1883–1976), Danish gymnast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihtiman
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Ihtiman ( ) is a town in western Bulgaria, part of Sofia Province. It is located in the Ihtimanska Sredna Gora mountains and lies in a valley 48 km from Sofia and 95 km from Plovdiv, close to the Trakiya motorway.
Formerly a Roman defensive station guarding the important roads to the Bosphorus, Ihtiman was then called Stipon. It continued to play this role under the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire, which however shifted its main defensive centre in the region to the Gate of Trajan hill pass.
Following the Ottoman domination in the 14th century, the town's name was changed to Ihtiman, which is thought to be of Ottoman Turkish origin.
The traditional and dominant religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Ihtiman Hook on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Ihtiman.
Climate
Ihtiman has a temperate continental climate with very cold and snowy winters and not too hot, relatively short summers. The average annual temperature is 8.9C.
Municipality
Ihtiman is also the seat of Ihtiman municipality (part of Sofia Province), which includes the following 27 villages:
Twin-towns
Klimovsk
Ílhavo
Notes
External links
Information portal for IHTIMAN
Portal of IHTIMAN municipality
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible-jump%20Markov%20chain%20Monte%20Carlo
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In computational statistics, reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo is an extension to standard Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology, introduced by Peter Green, which allows simulation of the posterior distribution on spaces of varying dimensions.
Thus, the simulation is possible even if the number of parameters in the model is not known.
Let
be a model indicator and the parameter space whose number of dimensions depends on the model . The model indication need not be finite. The stationary distribution is the joint posterior distribution of that takes the values .
The proposal can be constructed with a mapping of and , where is drawn from a random component
with density on . The move to state can thus be formulated as
The function
must be one to one and differentiable, and have a non-zero support:
so that there exists an inverse function
that is differentiable. Therefore, the and must be of equal dimension, which is the case if the dimension criterion
is met where is the dimension of . This is known as dimension matching.
If then the dimensional matching
condition can be reduced to
with
The acceptance probability will be given by
where denotes the absolute value and is the joint posterior probability
where is the normalising constant.
Software packages
There is an experimental RJ-MCMC tool available for the open source BUGs package.
The Gen probabilistic programming system automates the acceptance probability computation for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Fitting
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Hans Fitting (13 November 1906 in München-Gladbach (now Mönchengladbach) – 15 June 1938 in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad))
was a mathematician who worked in group theory. He proved Fitting's theorem and Fitting's lemma, and defined the Fitting subgroup
in finite group theory and the Fitting decomposition for Lie algebras and Fitting ideals in ring theory.
After finishing his undergraduate work in 1931, he wrote his dissertation with the help of Emmy Noether, who helped him secure a grant from the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaften (Emergency Society for German Sciences). He died at the age of 31 from a sudden bone disease.
References
External links
Biography (in German)
1906 births
1938 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
Group theorists
People from the Rhine Province
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterna%20del%20R%C3%ADo
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Paterna del Río is a municipality of Almería province, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.
Demographics
References
External links
Paterna del Río - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Paterna del Río - Diputación Provincial de Almería
Municipalities in the Province of Almería
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation
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Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes. In biochemistry, it is narrowly defined as the extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. In food production, it may more broadly refer to any process in which the activity of microorganisms brings about a desirable change to a foodstuff or beverage. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
In microorganisms, fermentation is the primary means of producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the degradation of organic nutrients anaerobically.
Humans have used fermentation to produce foodstuffs and beverages since the Neolithic age. For example, fermentation is used for preservation in a process that produces lactic acid found in such sour foods as pickled cucumbers, kombucha, kimchi, and yogurt, as well as for producing alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer. Fermentation also occurs within the gastrointestinal tracts of all animals, including humans.
Industrial fermentation is a broader term used for the process of applying microbes for the large-scale production of chemicals, biofuels, enzymes, proteins and pharmaceuticals.
Definitions and etymology
Below are some definitions of fermentation ranging from informal, general usages to more scientific definitions.
Preservation methods for food via microorganisms (general use).
Any large-scale microbial process occurring with or without air (common definition used in industry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental%20equation
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In applied mathematics, a transcendental equation is an equation over the real (or complex) numbers that is not algebraic, that is, if at least one of its sides describes a transcendental function.
Examples include:
A transcendental equation need not be an equation between elementary functions, although most published examples are.
In some cases, a transcendental equation can be solved by transforming it into an equivalent algebraic equation.
Some such transformations are sketched below; computer algebra systems may provide more elaborated transformations.
In general, however, only approximate solutions can be found.
Transformation into an algebraic equation
Ad hoc methods exist for some classes of transcendental equations in one variable to transform them into algebraic equations which then might be solved.
Exponential equations
If the unknown, say x, occurs only in exponents:
applying the natural logarithm to both sides may yield an algebraic equation, e.g.
transforms to , which simplifies to , which has the solutions
This will not work if addition occurs "at the base line", as in
if all "base constants" can be written as integer or rational powers of some number q, then substituting y=qx may succeed, e.g.
transforms, using y=2x, to which has the solutions , hence is the only real solution.
This will not work if squares or higher power of x occurs in an exponent, or if the "base constants" do not "share" a common q.
sometimes, substituting y=xex may obtai
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20entry
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Viral entry is the earliest stage of infection in the viral life cycle, as the virus comes into contact with the host cell and introduces viral material into the cell. The major steps involved in viral entry are shown below. Despite the variation among viruses, there are several shared generalities concerning viral entry.
Reducing cellular proximity
How a virus enters a cell is different depending on the type of virus it is. A virus with a nonenveloped capsid enters the cell by attaching to the attachment factor located on a host cell. It then enters the cell by endocytosis or by making a hole in the membrane of the host cell and inserting its viral genome.
Cell entry by enveloped viruses is more complicated. Enveloped viruses enter the cell by attaching to an attachment factor located on the surface of the host cell. They then enter by endocytosis or a direct membrane fusion event. The fusion event is when the virus membrane and the host cell membrane fuse together allowing a virus to enter. It does this by attachment – or adsorption – onto a susceptible cell; a cell which holds a receptor that the virus can bind to. The receptors on the viral envelope effectively become connected to complementary receptors on the cell membrane. This attachment causes the two membranes to remain in mutual proximity, favoring further interactions between surface proteins. This is also the first requisite that must be satisfied before a cell can become infected. Satisfaction of this r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-67
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Ki-67 may refer to:
Mitsubishi Ki-67, a Japanese bomber used during World War II
Ki-67 (protein), Proliferation marker
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Gibbs
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Martin Gibbs (November 11, 1922 – July 24, 2006) was an American biochemist and educator who worked in the field of carbon metabolism. The Martin Gibbs Medal, an award honoring individuals in plant sciences, is named in his honor.
Career
Gibbs was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and educated at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1947. Gibbs went on to work as a scientist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory that same year.
In 1957, he returned to academia as professor of biochemistry at Cornell University. In 1962, in the midst of his research, he accepted the role as editor-in-chief of Plant Physiology. As editor he focused his strong inclination toward biochemistry on journal manuscripts and was able to significantly grow the journal. He eventually moved on to Brandeis University becoming the Abraham S. and Gertrude Berg Professor of Biology and served as chair of the Department of Biology for three years.
In 1993, the Martin Gibbs Medal, awarded to those who have provided significant contributions in the field of plant sciences, was created by the American Society of Plant Biologists to honor his retirement.
Career related
Consultant National Science Foundation, 1961–64, 1969–1972
National Institutes of Health, 1966–69
Cosmos Club, 1984
Marine Biological Laboratory, 1970
RESA lecturer, 1969
NATO consultant fellowship board, 1968–70
Council International Exchange of Scholars, 1976–82
Chairman of selection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCRE
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CCRE may refer to:
CCRE-CEMR, Council of European Municipalities and Regions
Canadian Council for Research in Education
Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems Program
See also
ccREL
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyaskovets
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Lyaskovets ( ) is a town in central northern Bulgaria, located in homonymous municipality of Veliko Tarnovo Province, 10 km northeast of Veliko Tarnovo, 2 km southeast of Gorna Oryahovitsa and 5 km south of the Yantra River, north of the Balkan Mountains. Its name comes from the word leska ('hazel') or leshnik ('hazelnut'), because the tree was abundant in the area. As of December 2009, the town has a population of 10,314 inhabitants.
Lyaskovets Peak, in the sub-Antarctic, is named after the town.
Geography
Lyaskovets Monastery (Petropavlovski monastery) is located on a hill southwest of town.
History
The area around the town has been inhabited since the 4th millennium BC, but grew as an important Bulgarian settlement in the Middle Ages, during the Second Bulgarian Empire, because of its proximity to the capital fortress of Veliko Tarnovo. The SS Peter and Paul Monastery helped its development as a religious centre, and Lyaskovets took the form of five neighbourhoods named after their respective churches (for which the town is still famous): St Athanasius, St Basil, St George, St Demetrius and St Nicholas. These neighbourhoods were established at different time by settlers, and grew to merge as one.
After the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria in the 14th century, Lyaskovets, together with the neighbouring villages of Gorna Oryahovitsa, Dolna Oryahovitsa and Arbanasi, was formally regarded as autonomous (i.e. not part of the rayah) according to a 1538 decree of Selim II. Though
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush%20border
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A brush border (striated border or brush border membrane) is the microvillus-covered surface of simple cuboidal and simple columnar epithelium found in different parts of the body. Microvilli are approximately 100 nanometers in diameter and their length varies from approximately 100 to 2,000 nanometers. Because individual microvilli are so small and are tightly packed in the brush border, individual microvilli can only be resolved using electron microscopes; with a light microscope they can usually only be seen collectively as a fuzzy fringe at the surface of the epithelium. This fuzzy appearance gave rise to the term brush border, as early anatomists noted that this structure appeared very much like the bristles of a paintbrush.
Brush border cells are found mainly in the following organs:
The small intestine tract: This is where absorption takes place. The brush borders of the intestinal lining are the site of terminal carbohydrate digestions. The microvilli that constitute the brush border have enzymes for this final part of digestion anchored into their apical plasma membrane as integral membrane proteins. These enzymes are found near to the transporters that will then allow absorption of the digested nutrients.
The kidney: Here the brush border is useful in distinguishing the proximal tubule (which possesses the brush border) from the distal convoluted tubule (which does not).
The large intestine also has microvilli on the surface of its enterocytes.
The brush bor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioclesian
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Dioclesian (The Prophetess: or, The History of Dioclesian) is an English tragicomic semi-opera in five acts by Henry Purcell to a libretto by Thomas Betterton based on the play The Prophetess, by John Fletcher and Philip Massinger, which in turn was based very loosely on the life of the Emperor Diocletian. It was premiered in late May 1690 at the Queen's Theatre, Dorset Garden. The play was first produced in 1622. Choreography for the various dances was provided by Josias Priest, who worked with Purcell on several other semi-operas.
Betterton reworked the play extensively, making room for a great deal of Purcell's music, notably in the 'monster' scene at the end of Act II and the final Masque about the victory of Love, which remained popular until well into the eighteenth century.
The premier production had a Prologue written by John Dryden that was suppressed after only one performance; it was far too critical of King William's military campaign in Ireland.
Synopsis
The story is ostensibly about the struggle for power in Ancient Rome, but actually about the universal struggle between love and duty. Delphia, a prophetess, foretells that Diocles, a footsoldier, will become emperor after he kills a "mighty boar" and marry Delphia's niece Drusilla, who is in love with him. Diocles takes the prophecy seriously, and starts slaughtering pigs. As it turns out, a soldier called Volutius Aper (Aper=boar) has murdered the old emperor, and Diocles kills Aper in revenge. As a reward
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharitonov%27s%20theorem
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Kharitonov's theorem is a result used in control theory to assess the stability of a dynamical system when the physical parameters of the system are not known precisely. When the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial are known, the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion can be used to check if the system is stable (i.e. if all roots have negative real parts). Kharitonov's theorem can be used in the case where the coefficients are only known to be within specified ranges. It provides a test of stability for a so-called interval polynomial, while Routh–Hurwitz is concerned with an ordinary polynomial.
Definition
An interval polynomial is the family of all polynomials
where each coefficient can take any value in the specified intervals
It is also assumed that the leading coefficient cannot be zero: .
Theorem
An interval polynomial is stable (i.e. all members of the family are stable) if and only if the four so-called Kharitonov polynomials
are stable.
What is somewhat surprising about Kharitonov's result is that although in principle we are testing an infinite number of polynomials for stability, in fact we need to test only four. This we can do using Routh–Hurwitz or any other method. So it only takes four times more work to be informed about the stability of an interval polynomial than it takes to test one ordinary polynomial for stability.
Kharitonov's theorem is useful in the field of robust control, which seeks to design systems that will work well despite unce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG%20Display
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LG Display (Korean: LG 디스플레이) is one of the world's largest manufacturers and supplier of thin-film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) panels, OLEDs and flexible displays. LG Display is headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, and currently operates nine fabrication facilities and seven back-end assembly facilities in Korea, China, Poland and Mexico.
LG Display has manufactured displays used in products such as the iPhone 14 Pro and Sony's OLED TVs.
History
LG Display was originally formed as a joint venture by the Korean electronics company LG Electronics and the Dutch company Philips in 1999 to manufacture active matrix liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and was formerly known as LG.Philips LCD, but Philips sold off all its shares in late 2008. Both companies also had another joint venture, called LG.Philips Displays, dedicated to manufacturing cathode ray tubes, deflection yokes, and related materials such as glass and phosphors.
On 12 December 2008, LG.Philips LCD announced its plan to change its corporate name to LG Display upon receiving approval at the company's annual general meeting of shareholders on 29 February. The company claimed the name change reflected changes following the reduction of Philips' equity stake.
The company has eight manufacturing plants in Gumi and Paju, South Korea. It also has a module assembly plant in Nanjing and Guangzhou in China and Wroclaw in Poland.
LG Display became an independent company in July 2004 when it was concurrently li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navia%20de%20Suarna
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Navia de Suarna is a municipality in Lugo province in Galicia in north-west Spain.
Municipalities in the Province of Lugo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivotal%20quantity
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In statistics, a pivotal quantity or pivot is a function of observations and unobservable parameters such that the function's probability distribution does not depend on the unknown parameters (including nuisance parameters). A pivot quantity need not be a statistic—the function and its value can depend on the parameters of the model, but its distribution must not. If it is a statistic, then it is known as an ancillary statistic.
More formally, let be a random sample from a distribution that depends on a parameter (or vector of parameters) . Let be a random variable whose distribution is the same for all . Then is called a pivotal quantity (or simply a pivot).
Pivotal quantities are commonly used for normalization to allow data from different data sets to be compared. It is relatively easy to construct pivots for location and scale parameters: for the former we form differences so that location cancels, for the latter ratios so that scale cancels.
Pivotal quantities are fundamental to the construction of test statistics, as they allow the statistic to not depend on parameters – for example, Student's t-statistic is for a normal distribution with unknown variance (and mean). They also provide one method of constructing confidence intervals, and the use of pivotal quantities improves performance of the bootstrap. In the form of ancillary statistics, they can be used to construct frequentist prediction intervals (predictive confidence intervals).
Examples
Normal distribu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krayt
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There are three usages for the word Krayt in the Star Wars universe:
Darth Krayt, ruler of the Legacy-era Sith at 140 A.B.Y.
Krayt pearl, a powerful lightsaber focusing crystal
Krayt dragon, a massive behemoth that is indigenous to Tatooine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephos
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Psephos: Adam Carr's Electoral Archive is an online archive of election statistics, and claims to be the world's largest online resource of such information. Psephos is maintained by Dr Adam Carr, of Melbourne, Australia, a historian and former aide to Australian MP Michael Danby and Senator David Feeney. It includes detailed statistics for presidential and legislative elections from 182 countries, with at least some statistics for every country that has what Carr considers to be genuine national elections.
"Psephos" is a Greek word meaning "pebble", a reference to the Ancient Greek method of voting by dropping pebbles into urns, and is the root of the word psephology, the study of elections.
Carr began accumulating Australian election statistics in the mid-1980s, with the intention of publishing a complete print edition of Australian national elections statistics dating back to 1901. With the advent of the World Wide Web, Carr abandoned this idea and began to place election statistics at his personal website. In 2001 he founded Psephos, and began to include statistics from other countries. He has also included historical statistics, such as figures for all U.S. presidential elections and for British House of Commons elections since 1900.
In 2015 Carr added a complete archive of election statistics for the Australian state of Victoria, dating back to 1843.
Psephos is more noted, however, for locating less easily accessible statistics and placing them online. These include
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th%20radio%20centre%20of%20Moscow
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The 9th radio centre of Moscow was a high power shortwave and medium wave broadcasting facility at Elektrostal near Moscow. Its broadcasting frequency was 873 kHz with a transmission power of up to 1200 kilowatts. It was also used as radio jammer of "unwanted" stations (VOA, BBC and others).
It used a system of four guyed masts each 217 metres tall, as the antenna system.
References
.
Buildings and structures in Moscow Oblast
Radio in Russia
Mass media in Moscow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive%20indexing
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Recursive indexing is an algorithm used to represent large numeric values using members of a relatively small set.
Recursive indexing writes the successive differences of the number after extracting the maximum value of the alphabet set from the number, and continuing recursively till the difference falls in the range of the set.
Recursive indexing with a 2-letter alphabet is called unary code.
Encoding
To encode a number N, keep reducing the maximum element of this set (Smax) from N and output Smax for each such difference, stopping when the number lies in the half closed half open
range [0 – Smax).
Example
Let S = [0 1 2 3 4 … 10], be an 11-element set, and we have to recursively index the value N=49.
According to this method, subtract 10 from 49 and iterate until the difference is a number in the 0–10 range.
The values are 10 (N = 49 – 10 = 39), 10 (N = 39 – 10 = 29), 10 (N = 29 – 10 = 19), 10 (N = 19 – 10 = 9), 9. The recursively indexed sequence for N = 49 with set S, is 10, 10, 10, 10, 9.
Decoding
Compute the sum of the index values.
Example
Decoding the above example involves 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 9 = 49.
Uses
This technique is most commonly used in run-length encoding systems to encode longer runs than the alphabet sizes permit.
References
Khalid Sayood, Introduction to Data Compression 3rd ed, Morgan Kaufmann.
Coding theory
Data compression
Lossless compression algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20McRae
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Timothy McRae (born August 4, 1970) is a former Olympic weightlifter for the United States. His coach was Dragomir Cioroslan. He currently coaches Weightlifting at New Smyrna Beach High School.
Weightlifting achievements
Olympic Team member (1992 and 1996)
Senior American record holder in snatch, clean and jerk, and total (1993–1997)
On April 24, 2010, he coached the New Smyrna Beach Barracudas Boys Weightlifting team to their first state title in school history. They are the only team in the school to win a state title. Since, New Smyrna Beach Boys Weightlifting have won two more titles (2014, 2015).
External links
Tim McRae - Hall of Fame at Weightlifting Exchange
1970 births
Living people
American male weightlifters
Olympic weightlifters for the United States
Weightlifters at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Weightlifters at the 1995 Pan American Games
Weightlifters at the 1999 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in weightlifting
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games
20th-century American people
21st-century American people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20mitt%20hj%C3%A4rta
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I mitt hjärta is a compilation album from Kikki Danielsson, released in Norway in 1999 and in Sweden in 2002. Twelve of the songs were recorded with Roosarna between 1994-1997. The album also contains two tracks which were new back then, and "Jag trodde änglarna fanns" on the album was sung together with Norwegian dansband Ole Ivars, whose songwriter, bassist and second vocalist, William Kristoffersen, wrote the tracks.
Track listing
"I mitt hjärta brinner lågan" - 3.22 (duet: Kikki Danielsson-Tore Halvorsen)
"All min kärlek" - 3:15
"Har du glömt" - 2:45
"I morgondagens ljus" - 3:19
"Ung, blåögd och blyg" - 3:10
"Jag trodde änglarna fanns" - 3:18 (duet: Kikki Danielsson-Tore Halvorsen)
"Ta en dag i taget" - 2:46
"Ett vänligt ord" - 3:09
"Jag älskar dig" - 3:12
"Den enda sanna mannen" - 2:30
"Dagar som kommer och går" - 3:30
"Min egen väg" - 3:20
"Et hus med många rum" - 3:07
"Tjejer" - 3:10
References
1999 compilation albums
Kikki Danielsson compilation albums
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20settlement
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In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community of people living in a particular place. The complexity of a settlement can range from a minuscule number of dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding urbanized areas. Settlements may include hamlets, villages, towns and cities. A settlement may have known historical properties such as the date or era in which it was first settled, or first settled by particular people. The process of settlement involves human migration.
In the field of geospatial predictive modeling, settlements are "a city, town, village or other agglomeration of buildings where people live and work".
A settlement conventionally includes its constructed facilities such as roads, enclosures, field systems, boundary banks and ditches, ponds, parks and woodlands, wind and water mills, manor houses, moats and churches.
An unincorporated area is a related designation used in the United States.
History
The earliest geographical evidence of a human settlement was Jebel Irhoud, where early modern human remains of eight individuals date back to the Middle Paleolithic around 300,000 years ago.
The oldest remains that have been found of constructed dwellings are remains of huts that were made of mud and branches around 17,000 BC at the Ohalo site (now underwater) near the edge of the Sea of Galilee. The Natufians built houses, also in the Levant, around 10,000 BC. Remains of settlements suc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Valley%20High%20School
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Silver Valley High School is a public high school in Yermo, California, in the High Desert of Southern California. The school is in the Silver Valley Unified School District.
Academic statistics
The school serves an area of approximately , equivalent in size to the combined states of Rhode Island and Delaware. It provides educational services to the communities of Calico, Daggett, Fort Irwin, Ludlow, Newberry Springs and Yermo. Many of the families who live in the valley work in agriculture, railroading, trucking, local businesses, or on military bases. Sixty-five percent of the families are military or military-related.
General information
Total students (as of 2009): 533
Full-time teachers: 27
Student/teacher ratio: 18:1
Race distribution
Asian: 5%
Black: 18%
Hispanic: 20%
Native American: 1%
White/Other: 53%
Hall of Fame
Johntavious "Jay" Jones # 7 Football C'15
Brian Ili #2 Football
Dauntarius "Will" Williams #8 Football, Track
Student graduation data (2005-2006)
Number of 12th grade graduates: 59
Number of 12th grade graduates who also completed UC/CSU courses: 18
Student dropouts (2005-2006)
Number of dropouts: 4
Staff (2006-2007)
Number of full-time paraprofessional staff: 5
Number of full-time office/clerical staff: 5
Number of full-time other staff: 4
Number of part-time other staff: 5
Select enrollment (2006-2007 data)
Enrollment in algebra or algebra II: 78
Enrollment in advanced math course: 121
Enrollment in first-year chemistry: 73
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Geographic
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New Zealand Geographic is a bi-monthly magazine founded in 1989 and published by Kōwhai Media of Auckland, New Zealand. In the format popularised by National Geographic, it focuses on the biodiversity, geography, and culture of New Zealand, Antarctica, and nearby Pacific Islands. The magazine showcases documentary and editorial photography, and each year runs a national Photographer of the Year competition.
History
New Zealand Geographic was founded in 1988 by Kennedy Warne and John Woods, and the first issue was Jan-Feb 1989. Warne, who served as editor for 15 years, had a Master's degree in marine biology, which informed the magazine's early focus on conservation and natural history. He was followed in 2004 by Warren Judd as editor.
In the July–August 2008 issue the editor announced the formation of a New Zealand Geographic Society, renamed in the next issue to the New Zealand Geographic Trust, with all subscribers counted as members. It announced its first research award in the November–December 2008 issue.
Warren Judd was followed as editor by James Frankham, who co-founded Kōwhai Media Ltd in 2012.
In 2014 the magazine marked 25 years in print by digitising its entire back catalogue and making it available free to subscribers. It was also licensed by the Ministry of Education and supplied free to teachers, students, and many public libraries. Those institutional subscriptions were soon supplying 20% of the magazine's revenue. In 2016, a metered paywall was introduced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Para%20River
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The South Para River is a river located in the Mount Lofty Ranges northeast of Adelaide in the Australian state of South Australia.
The river's name is based directly on the Kaurna word pari which means river. The "south" descriptor distinguishes it from the North Para River with which it merges.
Course and features
The South Para River rises in the Mount Lofty Ranges near Mount Crawford and Kersbrook and flows northwest through the Mount Lofty Ranges, passing through the Warren Reservoir and the South Para Reservoir, before reaching its confluence with the North Para River in Gawler to form the Gawler River. The South Para River descends over its course.
The South Para River catchment is one of the key watersheds in the northern Mount Lofty Ranges. It plays an important role in the functioning of South Australia, providing much of the water used by Adelaide's domestic supply in the Northern Adelaide area. The rainfall in the South Para River catchment varies from per annum in the north-east of the catchment to per annum near Williamstown. Its waters are also used for livestock production, cereal cropping and recreation.
See also
Hundred of Barossa
Hundred of Para Wirra
Hundred of Yatala
References
South Para River
Adelaide Hills
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olle%20Kullinger
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Olle Kullinger (born 5 August 1974) is a Swedish retired footballer.
He was born in Uppsala in 1974, and started his career in IF Vindhemspojkarna. Later on he represented Enköpings SK in Superettan, Halmstads BK in Allsvenskan, IF Brommapojkarna in Superettan and IK Sirius. He retired from football in 2007.
External links
SVFF profile
1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Uppsala
Men's association football forwards
Swedish men's footballers
IF Brommapojkarna players
Halmstads BK players
Allsvenskan players
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release%20factor
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A release factor is a protein that allows for the termination of translation by recognizing the termination codon or stop codon in an mRNA sequence. They are named so because they release new peptides from the ribosome.
Background
During translation of mRNA, most codons are recognized by "charged" tRNA molecules, called aminoacyl-tRNAs because they are adhered to specific amino acids corresponding to each tRNA's anticodon. In the standard genetic code, there are three mRNA stop codons: UAG ("amber"), UAA ("ochre"), and UGA ("opal" or "umber"). Although these stop codons are triplets just like ordinary codons, they are not decoded by tRNAs. It was discovered by Mario Capecchi in 1967 that, instead, tRNAs do not ordinarily recognize stop codons at all, and that what he named "release factor" was not a tRNA molecule but a protein. Later, it was demonstrated that different release factors recognize different stop codons.
Classification
There are two classes of release factors. Class 1 release factors recognize stop codons; they bind to the A site of the ribosome in a way mimicking that of tRNA, releasing the new polypeptide as it disassembles the ribosome. Class 2 release factors are GTPases that enhance the activity of class 1 release factors. It helps the class 1 RF dissociate from the ribosome.
Bacterial release factors include RF1, RF2, and RF3 (or PrfA, PrfB, PrfC in the "peptide release factor" gene nomenclature). RF1 and RF2 are class 1 RFs: RF1 recognizes UAA and UAG
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BALL
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BALL (Biochemical Algorithms Library) is a C++ class framework and set of algorithms and data structures for molecular modelling and computational structural bioinformatics, a Python interface to this library, and a graphical user interface to BALL, the molecule viewer BALLView.
BALL has evolved from a commercial product into free-of-charge open-source software licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). BALLView is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) license.
BALL and BALLView have been ported to the operating systems Linux, macOS, Solaris, and Windows.
The molecule viewer BALLView, also developed by the BALL project team, is a C++ application of BALL using Qt, and OpenGL with the real-time ray tracer RTFact as render back-ends. For both, BALLView offers three-dimensional and stereoscopic visualizing in several different modes, and applying directly the algorithms of the BALL library via its graphical user interface.
The BALL project is developed and maintained by groups at Saarland University, Mainz University, and University of Tübingen. Both the library and the viewer are used for education and research. BALL packages have been made available in the Debian project.
Key features
Interactive molecular drawing and conformational editing
Reading and writing of molecular file formats (PDB, MOL2, MOL, HIN, XYZ, KCF, SD, AC)
Reading secondary data sources e.g. (DCD, DSN6, GAMESS, JCAMP, SCWRL, TRR)
Generating molecules from and matching
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlacherna
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Vlacherna () is a village and a former municipality in the Arta regional unit, Epirus, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Arta, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 76.142 km2. Population 2,941 (2011). The seat of the municipality was in Grammenitsa.
References
Populated places in Arta (regional unit)
Arta, Greece
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20the%20busiest%20airports%20in%20the%20Nordic%20countries
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This is a list of the 100 busiest airports in the Nordic countries by passengers per year, aircraft movements per year and freight and mail tonnes per year.
The list also includes yearly statistics for the busiest metropolitan airport systems and the busiest air-routes for 2012.
This transport-related list is intended to be regularly updated as new statistics become available from the relevant official authorities.
Nordic countries
The Nordic countries make up a region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden and their associated territories which include the Faroe Islands, Greenland and Åland. "Scandinavia" is sometimes used as a synonym for the Nordic countries, although within the Nordic countries the terms are considered distinct, especially since Scandinavia is by definition made up of the countries Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
The region's five sovereign states and three autonomous regions share much common history as well as common traits in their respective societies, such as political systems and the Nordic model.
Politically, Nordic countries do not form a separate entity, but they co-operate in the Nordic Council. Linguistically, the area is heterogeneous, with three unrelated language groups, the North Germanic branch of Indo-European languages and the Finnic and Sami branches of Uralic languages as well as the Eskimo–Aleut language Greenlandic spoken in Greenland.
The Nordic countries have a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamyl%20alcohol
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Cinnamyl alcohol or styron is an organic compound that is found in esterified form in storax, Balsam of Peru, and cinnamon leaves. It forms a white crystalline solid when pure, or a yellow oil when even slightly impure. It can be produced by the hydrolysis of storax.
Cinnamyl alcohol has a distinctive odour described as "sweet, balsam, hyacinth, spicy, green, powdery, cinnamic" and is used in perfumery and as a deodorant.
Cinnamyl alcohol is naturally occurrent only in small amount, so its industrial demand is usually fulfilled by chemical synthesis starting from cinnamaldehyde.
Properties
The compound is a solid at room temperature, forming colourless crystals that melt upon gentle heating. As is typical of most higher-molecular weight alcohols, it is sparingly soluble in water at room temperature, but highly soluble in most common organic solvents.
Safety
Cinnamyl alcohol has been found to have a sensitising effect on some people and as a result is the subject of a Restricted Standard issued by IFRA (International Fragrance Association).
Glycosides
Rosarin and rosavin are cinnamyl alcohol glycosides isolated from Rhodiola rosea.
References
Merck Index, 11th Edition, 2305.
Flavors
Primary alcohols
Phenylpropanoids
Perfume ingredients
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoncia%20velloziana
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Mendoncia velloziana is a plant native to Atlantic Coast restingas vegetation which is an ecosystem of Atlantic Forest biome. In addition, this plant grows either in Cerrado vegetation of Brazil. This plant grows in following states of Brazil: Bahia, Ceará Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, and it is usually visited by the hummingbirds.
References
Mendoncia velloziana is cited in the following research articles:
ABREU, C. R. M.; VIEIRA, M. F.. (2004) Hummingbirds and their floral resources in a forest fragment in Viçosa, southeastern Brazil with have the abstract in English.
BRAZ, D. M; CARVALHO-OKANO, R. M.; KAMEYAMA, C. (2002) Acanthaceae of Mata do Paraíso Forest Reserve, Viçosa, Minas Gerais with have the abstract in English.
External links
Mendoncia velloziana
Mendoncia velloziana
velloziana
Endemic flora of Brazil
Flora of the Atlantic Forest
Flora of the Cerrado
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Nekrasov
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Aleksandr Ivanovich Nekrasov (; – 21 May 1957) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician known for his mathematical contributions to hydromechanics and aeromechanics. The Nekrasov integral equation describing surface waves is named for him.
Biography
Nekrasov was born in Moscow, Russian Empire where he would remain for the rest of his life. He went to school and graduated from the University of Moscow in 1906. Nekrasov graduated with a first class diploma.
Nekrasov earned a gold medal for work of his essay, Theory of the Satellites of Jupiter.
References
External links
Nekrasov biography hosted by the University of St Andrews
1883 births
1957 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Mathematicians from Moscow
Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Academic staff of Moscow Aviation Institute
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Mathematicians from the Russian Empire
Russian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Burials at Pyatnitskoye Cemetery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove%20railway%20station
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Bromsgrove Railway Station serves the town of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, England. It is located at the foot of the two-mile Lickey Incline which ascends at a gradient of 1-in-37.7 towards Barnt Green on the line between Birmingham and Worcester. Bromsgrove is managed by West Midlands Railway. The current station opened on 12 July 2016, replacing an older station located slightly to the north.
History
The station opened as part of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway (later part of the Midland Railway) on 24 June 1840.
On 10 November of that year, an experimental steam locomotive named 'Surprise' burst its boiler at the station, killing the driver, Thomas Scaife, and fireman, Joseph Rutherford (some authorities say the incident happened on the Lickey Incline but this is due to an erroneous early report in the Worcestershire Chronicle which was later corrected.). They are buried in Bromsgrove churchyard.
In June 1969 the station was rebuilt with a single platform on the up (northbound) side, which required stopping down (southbound) trains to cross to the up line and back again after calling at Bromsgrove station. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the service frequency had decreased to a small number of trains in the peak hours. A new platform on the down side was opened in May 1990.
On 4 May 2007, Network Rail announced that a new station will be built, to replace the existing structure. This was to be in a brownfield site adjacent to the current site, and would allow six
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai%20Kochin
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Nikolai Yevgrafovich Kochin (; 19 May 1901, St Petersburg – 31 December 1944, Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet mathematician specialising in applied mathematics, and especially fluid and gas mechanics.
Biography
Kochin graduated from Petrograd University in 1923. He taught mathematics and mechanics at Leningrad State University from 1924 to 1934.
In 1925 Kochin married Pelageya Polubarinova. They had two daughters.
In 1928 Kochin spent a semester in Göttingen, where he helped Gamow to solve the alpha decay problem through quantum tunneling.
Kochin moved to Moscow 1934. He taught mathematics and mechanics at Moscow State University from 1934 until his death, and was the head of the mechanics section of the Mechanics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1939 to 1944.
In 1943 Kochin became ill with sarcoma and died in 1944.
Research interests
Kochin's research was on meteorology, gas dynamics and shock waves in compressible fluids. He gave the solution to the problem of small amplitude waves on the surface of an uncompressed liquid in Towards a Theory of Cauchy-Poisson Waves in 1935.
He also worked on the pitch and roll of ships. In aerodynamics he introduced formulae for aerodynamic force and for the distribution of pressure.
Bibliography
Kochin wrote textbooks on hydromechanics and vector analysis:
Theoretical hydromechanics, by N. E. Kochin, I. A. Kibel, and N. V. Roze. Translated from the fifth Russian ed. by D. Boyanovitch. Edited by J. R. M. Radok. Publis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav%20Lopatynskyi
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Yaroslav Borysovych Lopatynskyi (1906–1981) was a Soviet mathematician. Born in Tbilisi, Lopatinskii acquired wide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of differential equations. He is especially known for his condition of stability for boundary-value problems in elliptic equations and for initial boundary-value problems in evolution PDEs.
See also
Lev Lopatinsky
References
http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Lopatynsky.html
1906 births
1981 deaths
Mathematical analysts
Soviet mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Anast%C3%A1cio%20da%20Cunha
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José Anastácio da Cunha (1744 – January 1, 1787) was a Portuguese mathematician. He is best known for his work on the theory of equations, algebraic analysis, plain and spherical trigonometry, analytical geometry, and differential calculus.
References
External links
1744 births
1787 deaths
18th-century Portuguese mathematicians
People from Lisbon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lundqvist
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Lundqvist (and its variant Lundkvist) is a Swedish surname.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 88.7% of all known bearers of the surname Lundqvist were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:726), 3.8% of Denmark (1:9,699), 3.5% of Finland (1:10,236) and 1.4% of Norway (1:24,030).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:726) in the following counties:
Västerbotten County (1:257)
Norrbotten County (1:350)
Västernorrland County (1:434)
Uppsala County (1:593)
Gävleborg County (1:631)
Västmanland County (1:631)
Södermanland County (1:689)
Östergötland County (1:693)
In Denmark, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:9,699) in the following regions:
Capital Region of Denmark (1:4,826)
Region Zealand (1:8,154)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:10,236) in the following regions:
Åland (1:587)
Ostrobothnia (1:1,910)
Southwest Finland (1:6,333)
Uusimaa (1:6,401)
Lapland (1:10,193)
People
Alex Lundqvist (born 1972), Swedish male supermodel and professional paintball player
Anja Lundqvist (born 1971), actress
Cecilia Lundqvist (born 1971), Swedish videoartist
Erik Lundqvist (1908 – 1963), Swedish Olympic gold medalist in javelin throw
Gösta Lundquist (1892 – 1944), Swedish Olympic gold medalist in sailing
Gösta Lundqvist (geologist) (1894 – 1967), Swedish geologist, father of Jan and Thomas
Hanna Lundqvist (born 1990), Swedish footballer
Henrik Lundqvist (born
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Walter%20Graystone%20Wyckoff
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Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff, Sr. (August 9, 1897, in Geneva, New York – November 3, 1994, in Tucson, Arizona) was an American scientist and pioneer of X-ray crystallography. He was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1949 and Foreign member of the Royal Society, on April 19, 1951.
Biography
He was the son of judge Abram Ralph Wyckoff and Ethel Agnes Catchpole. He studied at Hobart College, where he made Bachelor of Science in 1916, continued at Cornell University, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1919. In 1916, he published his first scientific paper (of more than 400) at the age of nineteen in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. Under Shoji Nishikawa, he presented his thesis about the crystallographic resolution of the structures of NaNO3 and CsICl2 in 1919.
He continued working in X-ray crystallography and wrote several books about the topic. Wyckoff's 1922 book, The Analytical Expression of the Results of the Theory of Space Groups, contained tables with the positional coordinates, both general and special, permitted by the symmetry elements. This book was the forerunner of International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, which first appeared in 1935. Both general and special positions are also called Wyckoff positions in his honor.
He moved to the Rockefeller University (then called The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research) in 1927, to take up studies of bacteria and, especially, viruses. While there, he photographed the growth of li
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Wegman
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Edward Wegman is an American statistician and was a professor of statistics at George Mason University until his retirement in 2018. He holds a Ph.D. in mathematical statistics and is a Fellow of the American Statistical Association, a Senior Member of the IEEE, and past chair of the National Research Council Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics. In addition to his work in the field of statistical computing, Wegman contributed a report to a Congressional hearing on climate change at the request of Republican Rep. Joe Barton. Wegman's report supported criticisms of the methodology of two specific paleoclimate studies into the temperature record of the past 1000 years, and argued that climate scientists were excessively isolated from the statistical mainstream. Subsequently, significant portions of Wegman's report were found to have been copied without attribution from a variety of sources, including Wikipedia, and a publication based on the report was retracted.
Career
Wegman, a St. Louis, Missouri native, received a B.S. in mathematics from Saint Louis University in 1965. He then went to graduate school at the University of Iowa, where he earned an M.S. in 1967 and a Ph.D. in 1968, both in mathematical statistics. He held a faculty position at the University of North Carolina for ten years. In 1978, Wegman joined the Office of Naval Research, in which he headed the Mathematical Sciences Division. Later, Wegman served as the first program director of the Ultra Hi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic%20derivative
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An exotic derivative, in finance, is a derivative which is more complex than commonly traded "vanilla" products. This complexity usually relates to determination of payoff; see option style.
The category may also include derivatives with a non-standard subject matter - i.e., underlying - developed for a particular client or a particular market.
The term "exotic derivative" has no precisely defined meaning, being a colloquialism that reflects how common a particular derivative is in the marketplace. As such, certain derivative instruments have been considered exotic when conceived of and sold, but lost this status when they were traded with significant enough volume. Examples of this phenomenon include interest rate- and currency-swaps.
As regards valuation, given their complexity, exotic derivatives are usually modelled using specialized simulation- or lattice-based techniques. Often, it is possible, to "manufacture" the exotic derivative out of standard derivatives. For example, a knockout call can be "manufactured" out of standard options; see . This latter approach may then be preferred, and also allows for a benchmark against which the more specialized models may be verified.
See also
Exotic option
Financial engineering
Financial innovation
Structured product
References
External links
Understanding derivative contracts: types of derivatives, HM Revenue & Customs
Exotic Derivatives and Structured Products, Sébastien Bossu, University of Chicago
Exotic Derivatives
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20Information%20File
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Crystallographic Information File (CIF) is a standard text file format for representing crystallographic information, promulgated by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). CIF was developed by the IUCr Working Party on Crystallographic Information in an effort sponsored by the IUCr Commission on Crystallographic Data and the IUCr Commission on Journals. The file format was initially published by Hall, Allen, and Brown and has since been revised, most recently versions 1.1 and 2.0. Full specifications for the format are available at the IUCr website. Many computer programs for molecular viewing are compatible with this format, including Jmol.
mmCIF
Closely related is mmCIF, macromolecular CIF, which is intended as an successor to the Protein Data Bank (PDB) format. It is now the default format used by the Protein Data Bank.
Also closely related is Crystallographic Information Framework, a broader system of exchange protocols based on data dictionaries and relational rules expressible in different machine-readable manifestations, including, but not restricted to, Crystallographic Information File and XML.
References
External links
International Union of Crystallography
Chemical file formats
Computer file formats
Crystallography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit%20theorem
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Limit theorem may refer to:
Central limit theorem, in probability theory
Edgeworth's limit theorem, in economics
Plastic limit theorems, in continuum mechanics
Mathematics disambiguation pages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantities%20of%20information
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The mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information. The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used. The most common unit of information is the bit, or more correctly the shannon, based on the binary logarithm. Although "bit" is more frequently used in place of "shannon", its name is not distinguished from the bit as used in data-processing to refer to a binary value or stream regardless of its entropy (information content) Other units include the nat, based on the natural logarithm, and the hartley, based on the base 10 or common logarithm.
In what follows, an expression of the form is considered by convention to be equal to zero whenever is zero. This is justified because for any logarithmic base.
Self-information
Shannon derived a measure of information content called the self-information or "surprisal" of a message :
where is the probability that message is chosen from all possible choices in the message space . The base of the logarithm only affects a scaling factor and, consequently, the units in which the measured information content is expressed. If the logarithm is base 2, the measure of information is expressed in units of shannons or more often simply "bits" (a bit in other contexts is rather defined as a "binary digit", whose average information content is at most 1 shannon).
Informati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20chain%20mixing%20time
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In probability theory, the mixing time of a Markov chain is the time until the Markov chain is "close" to its steady state distribution.
More precisely, a fundamental result about Markov chains is that a finite state irreducible aperiodic chain has a unique stationary distribution π and, regardless of the initial state, the time-t distribution of the chain converges to π as t tends to infinity. Mixing time refers to any of several variant formalizations of the idea: how large must t be until the time-t distribution is approximately π? One variant, total variation distance mixing time, is defined as the smallest t such that the total variation distance of probability measures is small:
.
Choosing a different , as long as , can only change the mixing time up to a constant factor (depending on ) and so one often fixes and simply writes .
This is the sense in which proved that the number of riffle shuffles needed to mix an ordinary 52 card deck is 7. Mathematical theory focuses on how mixing times change as a function of the size of the structure underlying the chain. For an -card deck, the number of riffle shuffles needed grows as . The most developed theory concerns randomized algorithms for #P-Complete algorithmic counting problems such as the number of graph colorings of a given vertex graph. Such problems can, for sufficiently large number of colors, be answered using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method and showing that the mixing time grows only as . This ex
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