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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils%20J%C3%B6nsson%20%28Oxenstierna%29
Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna (1390s–1450s) was a Swedish nobleman. During the Kalmar Union, he was co-regent of Sweden, together with his brother Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna (1390s–1450s) from January to June 1448. He was a member of the Privy Council of Sweden in 1432, Castellan (hövitsman) at Borgholm Castle in 1436, Stäk...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire%20bonding
Wire bonding is the method of making interconnections between an integrated circuit (IC) or other semiconductor device and its packaging during semiconductor device fabrication. Although less common, wire bonding can be used to connect an IC to other electronics or to connect from one printed circuit board (PCB) to an...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Weinberg%20principle
In population genetics, the Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem, or law, states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences. These influences include genetic dr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumice
Pumice (), called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough-textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light-colored. Scoria is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd%E2%80%93Warshall%20algorithm
In computer science, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm (also known as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy–Warshall algorithm, the Roy–Floyd algorithm, or the WFI algorithm) is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a directed weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles). A single execution ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie%20Els
Theodore Ernest Els (; born 17 October 1969) is a South African professional golfer. A former , he is nicknamed "The Big Easy" due to his physical stature (he stands ) along with his fluid golf swing. Among his more than 70 career victories are four major championships: the U.S. Open in 1994 at Oakmont and in 1997 at C...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryde%27s%20whale
Bryde's whale ( ), or the Bryde's whale complex, putatively comprises three species of rorqual and maybe four. The "complex" means the number and classification remains unclear because of a lack of definitive information and research. The common Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei, Olsen, 1913) is a larger form that oc...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20hazard
A seismic hazard is the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time, and with ground motion intensity exceeding a given threshold. With a hazard thus estimated, risk can be assessed and included in such areas as building codes for standard buildings, designing lar...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper%20interconnects
In semiconductor technology, copper interconnects are interconnects made of copper. They are used in silicon integrated circuits (ICs) to reduce propagation delays and power consumption. Since copper is a better conductor than aluminium, ICs using copper for their interconnects can have interconnects with narrower dime...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Diderik%20van%20der%20Waals
Johannes Diderik van der Waals (; 23 November 1837 – 8 March 1923) was a Dutch theoretical physicist and thermodynamicist famous for his pioneering work on the equation of state for gases and liquids. Van der Waals started his career as a schoolteacher. He became the first physics professor of the University of Amsterd...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akra%E2%80%93Bazzi%20method
In computer science, the Akra–Bazzi method, or Akra–Bazzi theorem, is used to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the mathematical recurrences that appear in the analysis of divide and conquer algorithms where the sub-problems have substantially different sizes. It is a generalization of the master theorem for divide-a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic%20pump
A peristaltic pump, also commonly known as a roller pump, is a type of positive displacement pump used for pumping a variety of fluids. The fluid is contained in a flexible tube fitted inside a circular pump casing. Most peristaltic pumps work through rotary motion, though linear peristaltic pumps have also been made. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressing%20cavity%20pump
A progressing cavity pump is a type of positive displacement pump and is also known as a progressive cavity pump, progg cavity pump, eccentric screw pump or cavity pump. It transfers fluid by means of the progress, through the pump, of a sequence of small, fixed shape, discrete cavities, as its rotor is turned. This le...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20M%C3%B6ssbauer
Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (German spelling: Mößbauer; ; 31 January 1929 – 14 September 2011) was a German physicist best known for his 1957 discovery of 'recoilless nuclear resonance fluorescence', for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics. This effect, called the Mössbauer effect, is the basis for Mössbau...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-modulus%20prescaler
A dual modulus prescaler is an electronic circuit used in high-frequency synthesizer designs to overcome the problem of generating narrowly spaced frequencies that are nevertheless too high to be passed directly through the feedback loop of the system. The modulus of a prescaler is its frequency divisor. A dual-modulu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectivity%20%28radio%29
Selectivity is a measure of the performance of a radio receiver to respond only to the radio signal it is tuned to (such as a radio station) and reject other signals nearby in frequency, such as another broadcast on an adjacent channel. Selectivity is usually measured as a ratio in decibels (dB), comparing the signal ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC
PMC may refer to: Computing Pacific Microelectronics Centre, acquired by Sierra Semiconductor in 1994 to form PMC-Sierra Parallel model combination, a hidden Markov model-based method for speech recognition PCI Mezzanine Card, a printed circuit board Polymorphic containers, a feature of the Parrot virtual machine ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydranencephaly
Hydranencephaly is a condition in which the brain's cerebral hemispheres are absent to a great degree and the remaining cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. "Cephalic" is the scientific term for "head" or "head end of body". Hydranencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. These disorders are congenital c...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissencephaly
Lissencephaly (, meaning 'smooth brain') is a set of rare brain disorders whereby the whole or parts of the surface of the brain appear smooth. It is caused by defective neuronal migration during the 12th to 24th weeks of gestation resulting in a lack of development of brain folds (gyri) and grooves (sulci). It is a fo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle%20of%20attack
In fluid dynamics, angle of attack (AOA, α, or ) is the angle between a reference line on a body (often the chord line of an airfoil) and the vector representing the relative motion between the body and the fluid through which it is moving. Angle of attack is the angle between the body's reference line and the oncoming...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20radio
A crystal radio receiver, also called a crystal set, is a simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of radio. It uses only the power of the received radio signal to produce sound, needing no external power. It is named for its most important component, a crystal detector, originally made from a piece of crystall...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes. Most arise as superfluous copies of functional genes, either directly by gene duplication or indirectly by reverse transcription of an mRNA transcript. Pseudogenes are usually identified when genome sequence analysis finds gene-like sequences...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification
Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to a process which brings together like things and separates unlike things. Business, organiza...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OMD
OMD may stand for: Science Osteomodulin, extracellular matrix protein Organic matter digestibility Organic mental disorders Orofacial myological disorders, diseases affecting facial muscles Oromandibular dystonia, neurological disease 3-O-Methyldopa, metabolite and drug Occult macular dystrophy, a rare genetic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%27s%20postulate
In number theory, Bertrand's postulate is a theorem stating that for any integer , there always exists at least one prime number with A less restrictive formulation is: for every , there is always at least one prime such that Another formulation, where is the -th prime, is: for This statement was first conject...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele%20frequency
Allele frequency, or gene frequency, is the relative frequency of an allele (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population, expressed as a fraction or percentage. Specifically, it is the fraction of all chromosomes in the population that carry that allele over the total population or sample size. Microevolut...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spliceosome
A spliceosome is a large ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex found primarily within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The spliceosome is assembled from small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and numerous proteins. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules bind to specific proteins to form a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP, pro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate-monotonic%20scheduling
In computer science, rate-monotonic scheduling (RMS) is a priority assignment algorithm used in real-time operating systems (RTOS) with a static-priority scheduling class. The static priorities are assigned according to the cycle duration of the job, so a shorter cycle duration results in a higher job priority. These ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin%20scheduling
Round-robin (RR) is one of the algorithms employed by process and network schedulers in computing. As the term is generally used, time slices (also known as time quanta) are assigned to each process in equal portions and in circular order, handling all processes without priority (also known as cyclic executive). Round-...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SableCC
SableCC is an open-source compiler generator (or interpreter generator) in Java. Stable version is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Rewritten version 4 is licensed under Apache License 2.0. SableCC includes the following features: Deterministic finite automaton (DFA)-based lexers with full ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVA
PVA may refer to: Science and technology Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, a part of the brain Patterned vertical alignment, a thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display technology Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans, a skin disease Polyvinyl acetate, an adhesive used for porous materials like wood, paper,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HGP
HGP may refer to: Haryana Gana Parishad, a political party in India Holy Ghost Preparatory School, in Bensalem, Pennsylvania, United States Human Genome Project Progeria (Hutchinson–Gilford progeria) Homegrown Player in Major League Soccer; see Homegrown Player Rule (Major League Soccer)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20load
Viral load, also known as viral burden, is a numerical expression of the quantity of virus in a given volume of fluid, including biological and environmental specimens. It is not to be confused with viral titre or viral titer, which depends on the assay. When an assay for measuring the infective virus particle is done ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martensite
Martensite is a very hard form of steel crystalline structure. It is named after German metallurgist Adolf Martens. By analogy the term can also refer to any crystal structure that is formed by diffusionless transformation. Properties Martensite is formed in carbon steels by the rapid cooling (quenching) of the austen...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borwein%27s%20algorithm
In mathematics, Borwein's algorithm is an algorithm devised by Jonathan and Peter Borwein to calculate the value of . They devised several other algorithms. They published the book Pi and the AGM – A Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity. Ramanujan–Sato series These two are examples of a Ramanu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballard%20Power%20Systems
Ballard Power Systems Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell products for markets such as heavy-duty motive (consisting of bus and tram applications), portable power, material handling as well as engineering services. Ballard has designed and shipped over 400 MW of fuel cell pr...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yearbook
A yearbook, also known as an annual, is a type of a book published annually. One use is to record, highlight, and commemorate the past year of a school. The term also refers to a book of statistics or facts published annually. A yearbook often has an overarching theme that is present throughout the entire book. Many h...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20learning
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can effectively generalize and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. Recently, generative artificial neural networks have been able to surpass many previous approaches...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsupervised%20learning
Unsupervised learning is a paradigm in machine learning where, in contrast to supervised learning and semi-supervised learning, algorithms learn patterns exclusively from unlabeled data. Neural networks Tasks vs. methods Neural network tasks are often categorized as discriminative (recognition) or generative (imagi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Guldin
Paul Guldin (born Habakkuk Guldin; 12 June 1577 (Mels) – 3 November 1643 (Graz)) was a Swiss Jesuit mathematician and astronomer. He discovered the Guldinus theorem to determine the surface and the volume of a solid of revolution. (This theorem is also known as the Pappus–Guldinus theorem and Pappus's centroid theorem,...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20stability
In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis, numerical stability is a generally desirable property of numerical algorithms. The precise definition of stability depends on the context. One is numerical linear algebra and the other is algorithms for solving ordinary and partial differential equations by discrete a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External%20combustion%20engine
An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a reciprocating heat engine where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion and usable work. The f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threading
Threading may refer to: Thread (computing), a programming technique Threading (epilation), a hair removal method Threading (manufacturing), the process of making a screw thread Threading (protein sequence), a method for computational protein structure prediction Threaded code, another programming technique Threa...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregate%20pattern
An Aggregate pattern can refer to concepts in either statistics or computer programming. Both uses deal with considering a large case as composed of smaller, simpler, pieces. Statistics An aggregate pattern is an important statistical concept in many fields that rely on statistics to predict the behavior of large gro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20filter
A crystal filter allows some frequencies to 'pass' through an electrical circuit while attenuating undesired frequencies. An electronic filter can use quartz crystals as resonator components of a filter circuit. Quartz crystals are piezoelectric, so their mechanical characteristics can affect electronic circuits (see ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc%20finger
A zinc finger is a small protein structural motif that is characterized by the coordination of one or more zinc ions (Zn2+) which stabilizes the fold. It was originally coined to describe the finger-like appearance of a hypothesized structure from the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) transcription factor IIIA. Howe...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren%20photography
Schlieren photography is a process for photographing fluid flow. Invented by the German physicist August Toepler in 1864 to study supersonic motion, it is widely used in aeronautical engineering to photograph the flow of air around objects. Classical optical system The classical implementation of an optical schlieren ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games%20started
In baseball statistics, games started (denoted by GS) indicates the number of games that a pitcher has started for his team. A pitcher is credited with starting the game if he throws the first pitch to the first opposing batter. If a player is listed in the starting lineup as the team's pitcher, but is replaced before ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20rational%20functions
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of rational functions. Any rational function can be integrated by partial fraction decomposition of the function into a sum of functions of the form: which can then be integrated term by term. For other types of functions, see lists of integrals. Misce...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists%20of%20integrals
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus. While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful. This page lists some of the mo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20irrational%20functions
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of irrational functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see lists of integrals. Throughout this article the constant of integration is omitted for brevity. Integrals involving r = Integrals involving s = Assume x2 > a2 (for x2 < a2, see nex...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20trigonometric%20functions
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of trigonometric functions. For antiderivatives involving both exponential and trigonometric functions, see List of integrals of exponential functions. For a complete list of antiderivative functions, see Lists of integrals. For the special antiderivatives...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20inverse%20hyperbolic%20functions
The following is a list of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of expressions involving the inverse hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. In all formulas the constant is assumed to be nonzero, and denotes the constant of integration. For each inverse hyperbolic ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20inverse%20trigonometric%20functions
The following is a list of indefinite integrals (antiderivatives) of expressions involving the inverse trigonometric functions. For a complete list of integral formulas, see lists of integrals. The inverse trigonometric functions are also known as the "arc functions". C is used for the arbitrary constant of integrat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke%20%28disambiguation%29
A stroke or brain stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. Stroke or stroking may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Stroke (composition), a 2010 orchestral composition by Joan Tower Stroke (film), a 1992 Canadian short film Stroke (journal), a cardiolog...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20logarithmic%20functions
The following is a list of integrals (antiderivative functions) of logarithmic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. Note: x > 0 is assumed throughout this article, and the constant of integration is omitted for simplicity. Integrals involving only logarithmic functions ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20integrals%20of%20hyperbolic%20functions
The following is a list of integrals (anti-derivative functions) of hyperbolic functions. For a complete list of integral functions, see list of integrals. In all formulas the constant a is assumed to be nonzero, and C denotes the constant of integration. Integrals involving only hyperbolic sine functions Integrals ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse%20transcription%20polymerase%20chain%20reaction
Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20paternity%20testing
DNA paternity testing is the use of DNA profiles to determine whether an individual is the biological parent of another individual. Paternity testing can be especially important when the rights and duties of the father are in issue and a child's paternity is in doubt. Tests can also determine the likelihood of someone ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore
Sore may refer to: Ulcer (dermatology), a sore on the skin or a mucous membrane Sore, a mild pain or ache Sore (album), by Buzzov*en Sore (band), an Indonesian rock band Sore, Landes, a village in the Landes département of France Sore, a slang term for angry See also Cold sore Sores, a surname
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20analysis
In bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological databases, and others. Since the develo...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearman%27s%20rank%20correlation%20coefficient
In statistics, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient or Spearman's ρ, named after Charles Spearman and often denoted by the Greek letter (rho) or as , is a nonparametric measure of rank correlation (statistical dependence between the rankings of two variables). It assesses how well the relationship between two varia...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-term%20Ecosystem%20Observatory
The Long-term Ecological Observatory (LEO) is a project off the coast of New Jersey, United States, which monitors the processes in the ocean with online IT systems, spearheaded by the Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences at Rutgers University. Already installed are sensors for temperature, salinity, transmission, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersible%20pump
A submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem associated with a high elevation dif...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius%20Julius%20Solinus
Gaius Julius Solinus, better known simply as Solinus, was a Latin grammarian, geographer, and compiler who probably flourished in the early 3rd century AD. Historical scholar Theodor Mommsen dates him to the middle of the 3rd century. Solinus was the author of De mirabilibus mundi ("The wonders of the world") which ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20polymerase
A DNA polymerase is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of DNA molecules from nucleoside triphosphates, the molecular precursors of DNA. These enzymes are essential for DNA replication and usually work in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex. During this ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoisomerase
DNA topoisomerases (or topoisomerases) are enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA, interconverting relaxed and supercoiled forms, linked (catenated) and unlinked species, and knotted and unknotted DNA. Topological issues in DNA arise due to the intertwined nature of its double-helical structure, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unary%20coding
Unary coding, or the unary numeral system and also sometimes called thermometer code, is an entropy encoding that represents a natural number, n, with a code of length n + 1 ( or n ), usually n ones followed by a zero (if natural number is understood as non-negative integer) or with n − 1 ones followed by a zero (if n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20binary%20encoding
Truncated binary encoding is an entropy encoding typically used for uniform probability distributions with a finite alphabet. It is parameterized by an alphabet with total size of number n. It is a slightly more general form of binary encoding when n is not a power of two. If n is a power of two, then the coded value ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20diseases%20%28I%29
This is a list of diseases starting with the letter "I". I I cell disease Inverted Gentile Disorder Ib IBIDS syndrome Ic Icf ICF syndrome Ich Ichthyoallyeinotoxism Ichthyophobia Ichthyosiform erythroderma corneal involvement deafness Ichthyosis alopecia eclabion ectropion mental retardation Ichthyosis and...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm%20pump
A diaphragm pump (also known as a Membrane pump) is a positive displacement pump that uses a combination of the reciprocating action of a rubber, thermoplastic or teflon diaphragm and suitable valves on either side of the diaphragm (check valve, butterfly valves, flap valves, or any other form of shut-off valves) to pu...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20test
In statistics, Mood's median test is a special case of Pearson's chi-squared test. It is a nonparametric test that tests the null hypothesis that the medians of the populations from which two or more samples are drawn are identical. The data in each sample are assigned to two groups, one consisting of data whose values...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amortized%20analysis
In computer science, amortized analysis is a method for analyzing a given algorithm's complexity, or how much of a resource, especially time or memory, it takes to execute. The motivation for amortized analysis is that looking at the worst-case run time can be too pessimistic. Instead, amortized analysis averages the...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20chain%20Monte%20Carlo
In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods comprise a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution. By constructing a Markov chain that has the desired distribution as its equilibrium distribution, one can obtain a sample of the desired distribution by recording states from the chain. Th...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory
Sensory may refer to: Biology Sensory ecology, how organisms obtain information about their environment Sensory neuron, nerve cell responsible for transmitting information about external stimuli Sensory perception, the process of acquiring and interpreting sensory information Sensory receptor, a structure that re...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability-generating%20function
In probability theory, the probability generating function of a discrete random variable is a power series representation (the generating function) of the probability mass function of the random variable. Probability generating functions are often employed for their succinct description of the sequence of probabilitie...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest%20rate%20swap
In finance, an interest rate swap (IRS) is an interest rate derivative (IRD). It involves exchange of interest rates between two parties. In particular it is a "linear" IRD and one of the most liquid, benchmark products. It has associations with forward rate agreements (FRAs), and with zero coupon swaps (ZCSs). In its...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward%20rate%20agreement
In finance, a forward rate agreement (FRA) is an interest rate derivative (IRD). In particular it is a linear IRD with strong associations with interest rate swaps (IRSs). General description A forward rate agreement's (FRA's) effective description is a cash for difference derivative contract, between two parties, be...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest%20rate%20cap%20and%20floor
In finance, an interest rate cap is a type of interest rate derivative in which the buyer receives payments at the end of each period in which the interest rate exceeds the agreed strike price. An example of a cap would be an agreement to receive a payment for each month the LIBOR rate exceeds 2.5%. Similarly, an int...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes. The 1982 discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological cat...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%27s%20theorem
In mathematics, Abel's theorem for power series relates a limit of a power series to the sum of its coefficients. It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. Theorem Let the Taylor series be a power series with real coefficients with radius of convergence Suppose that the series converges. T...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20DNA
Circular DNA is DNA that forms a closed loop and has no ends. Examples include: Plasmids, mobile genetic elements cccDNA, formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei Circular bacterial chromosomes Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA), and that of other plastids Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) S...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20density
Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding any given point. It is a scalar quantity depending upon three spatial variables and is typically denoted as either or . The density is determined, through definition, b...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation%20%28music%29
In music, modulation is the change from one tonality (tonic, or tonal center) to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature (a key change). Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces, as well as add interest. Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phra...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20%28band%29
Protein was an American punk, alternative, post-grunge, metal band, formed in 1994 in San Francisco, California, United States. Forming their first band after they were kicked out of a San Francisco-area high school, vocalist/guitarist Josh Zee (the son of a professional folksinger) and drummer Dan Thompson, played f...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%20free%20energy
In thermodynamics, the Gibbs free energy (or Gibbs energy as the recommended name; symbol ) is a thermodynamic potential that can be used to calculate the maximum amount of work, other than pressure-volume work, that may be performed by a thermodynamically closed system at constant temperature and pressure. It also pro...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%27s%20inequality
In probability theory, Markov's inequality gives an upper bound for the probability that a non-negative function of a random variable is greater than or equal to some positive constant. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, although it appeared earlier in the work of Pafnuty Chebyshev (Markov's te...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20electrophoresis%20of%20nucleic%20acids
Nucleic acid electrophoresis is an analytical technique used to separate DNA or RNA fragments by size and reactivity. Nucleic acid molecules which are to be analyzed are set upon a viscous medium, the gel, where an electric field induces the nucleic acids (which are negatively charged due to their sugar-phosphate backb...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse%20pressure%20gradient
In fluid dynamics, an adverse pressure gradient is a pressure gradient in which the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as for a flow in the positive -direction. This is important for boundary layers. Increasing the fluid pressure is akin to increasing the potenti...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%28II%29%20nitrate
Lead(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Pb(NO3)2. It commonly occurs as a colourless crystal or white powder and, unlike most other lead(II) salts, is soluble in water. Known since the Middle Ages by the name plumbum dulce, the production of lead(II) nitrate from either metallic lead or lea...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrin
Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood. It is formed by the action of the protease thrombin on fibrinogen, which causes it to polymerize. The polymerized fibrin, together with platelets, forms a hemostatic plug or clot over a wound site. When the lining of a...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen (factor I) is a glycoprotein complex, produced in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates. During tissue and vascular injury, it is converted enzymatically by thrombin to fibrin and then to a fibrin-based blood clot. Fibrin clots function primarily to occlude blood vessels to stop bleeding...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meselson%E2%80%93Stahl%20experiment
The Meselson–Stahl experiment is an experiment by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958 which supported Watson and Crick's hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. In semiconservative replication, when the double-stranded DNA helix is replicated, each of the two new double-stranded DNA helices consi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptoglobin
Haptoglobin (abbreviated as Hp) is the protein that in humans is encoded by the HP gene. In blood plasma, haptoglobin binds with high affinity to free hemoglobin released from erythrocytes, and thereby inhibits its deleterious oxidative activity. Compared to Hp, hemopexin binds to free heme. The haptoglobin-hemoglobin ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20of%20a%20test
In statistics, the power of a binary hypothesis test is the probability that the test correctly rejects the null hypothesis () when a specific alternative hypothesis () is true. It is commonly denoted by , and represents the chances of a true positive detection conditional on the actual existence of an effect to detect...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP, α-fetoprotein; also sometimes called alpha-1-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoglobulin, or alpha fetal protein) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFP gene. The AFP gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 (4q13.3). Maternal AFP serum level is used to screen for Down syndrome, neural tube d...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSP
HSP may refer to: Biology, chemistry, and medicine Hansen solubility parameters Heat shock protein Henoch–Schönlein purpura Hereditary spastic paraplegia Highly sensitive person, with high sensory processing sensitivity Mathematics, software, and technology Hidden subgroup problem, in mathematics High Speed Photom...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backtracking
Backtracking is a class of algorithms for finding solutions to some computational problems, notably constraint satisfaction problems, that incrementally builds candidates to the solutions, and abandons a candidate ("backtracks") as soon as it determines that the candidate cannot possibly be completed to a valid solutio...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Practice%20Effect
The Practice Effect is a novel by David Brin, written in 1984. The story involves a world in which entropy works in reverse. Plot summary A scientist by the name of Dennis Nuel is working at, and attending, an institute of scientific research and pioneering work into the fictional scientific field of "Zievatronics", t...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability%20%28statistics%29
In statistics and psychometrics, reliability is the overall consistency of a measure. A measure is said to have a high reliability if it produces similar results under consistent conditions:"It is the characteristic of a set of test scores that relates to the amount of random error from the measurement process that mig...