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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass%20theorem | Several theorems are named after Karl Weierstrass. These include:
The Weierstrass approximation theorem, of which one well known generalization is the Stone–Weierstrass theorem
The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, which ensures compactness of closed and bounded sets in Rn
The Weierstrass extreme value theorem, which states that a continuous function on a closed and bounded set obtains its extreme values
The Weierstrass–Casorati theorem describes the behavior of holomorphic functions near essential singularities
The Weierstrass preparation theorem describes the behavior of analytic functions near a specified point
The Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem concerning the transcendental numbers
The Weierstrass factorization theorem asserts that entire functions can be represented by a product involving their zeroes
The Sokhatsky–Weierstrass theorem which helps evaluate certain Cauchy-type integrals
See also
List of topics named after Karl Weierstrass |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20tensor | In differential geometry, the Einstein tensor (named after Albert Einstein; also known as the trace-reversed Ricci tensor) is used to express the curvature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. In general relativity, it occurs in the Einstein field equations for gravitation that describe spacetime curvature in a manner that is consistent with conservation of energy and momentum.
Definition
The Einstein tensor is a tensor of order 2 defined over pseudo-Riemannian manifolds. In index-free notation it is defined as
where is the Ricci tensor, is the metric tensor and is the scalar curvature, which is computed as the trace of the Ricci Tensor by . In component form, the previous equation reads as
The Einstein tensor is symmetric
and, like the on shell stress–energy tensor, has zero divergence:
Explicit form
The Ricci tensor depends only on the metric tensor, so the Einstein tensor can be defined directly with just the metric tensor. However, this expression is complex and rarely quoted in textbooks. The complexity of this expression can be shown using the formula for the Ricci tensor in terms of Christoffel symbols:
where is the Kronecker tensor and the Christoffel symbol is defined as
and terms of the form represent its partial derivative in the μ-direction, i.e.:
Before cancellations, this formula results in individual terms. Cancellations bring this number down somewhat.
In the special case of a locally inertial reference frame near a point, the first derivati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive%20enzyme | Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption into the cells of the body. Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the tracts of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain cellular survival. Digestive enzymes of diverse specificities are found in the saliva secreted by the salivary glands, in the secretions of cells lining the stomach, in the pancreatic juice secreted by pancreatic exocrine cells, and in the secretions of cells lining the small and large intestines.
Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target substrates:
Lipases split fatty acids into fats and oils.
Proteases and peptidases split proteins into small peptides and amino acids.
Amylases split carbohydrates such as starch and sugars into simple sugars such as glucose.
Nucleases split nucleic acids into nucleotides.
In the human digestive system, the main sites of digestion are the mouth, stomach, and small intestine. Digestive enzymes are secreted by different exocrine glands including:
Salivary glands
Gastric glands in the stomach
Secretory cells (islets) in the pancreas
Secretory glands in the small intestine
Mouth
Complex food substances that are taken by animals and humans must be broken down into simple, soluble, and diffusible subs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-4-0 | 4-4-0 is a locomotive type with a classification that uses the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement and represents the arrangement: four leading wheels on two axles (usually in a leading bogie), four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and a lack of trailing wheels. Due to the large number of the type that were produced and used in the United States, the 4-4-0 is most commonly known as the American type, but the type subsequently also became popular in the United Kingdom, where large numbers were produced.
Almost every major railroad that operated in North America in the first half of the 19th century owned and operated locomotives of this type.
The first use of the name American to describe locomotives of this wheel arrangement was made by Railroad Gazette in April 1872. Prior to that, this wheel arrangement was known as a standard or eight-wheeler.
This locomotive type was so successful on railroads in the United States that many earlier and locomotives were rebuilt as 4-4-0s by the middle of the 19th century.
Several 4-4-0 tank locomotives were built, but the vast majority of locomotives of this wheel arrangement were tender engines.
Development
American development
Five years after new locomotive construction had begun at the West Point Foundry in the United States with the Best Friend of Charleston in 1831, the first 4-4-0 locomotive was designed by Henry R. Campbell, at the time the chief engineer for the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COP8 | The National Semiconductor COP8 is an 8-bit CISC core microcontroller. COP8 is an enhancement to the earlier COP400 4-bit microcontroller family. COP8 main features are:
Large amount of I/O pins
Up to 32 KB of Flash memory/ROM for code and data
Very low EMI (no known bugs)
Many integrated peripherals (meant as single chip design)
In-System Programming
Free assembler toolchain. Commercial C compilers available
Free Multitasking OS and TCP/IP stack
It has a machine cycle of up to 2M cycles per second, but most versions seem to be overclockable to up to 2.8M cycles per second (28 MHz clock).
Registers and memory map
The COP8 uses separate instruction and data spaces (Harvard architecture). Instruction address space is 15-bit (32 KiB maximum), while data addresses are 8-bit (256 bytes maximum, extended via bank-switching).
To allow software bugs to be caught, all invalid instruction addresses read as zero, which is a trap instruction. Invalid RAM above the stack reads as all-ones, which is an invalid address.
The CPU has an 8-bit accumulator and 15-bit program counter. 16 additional 8-bit registers (R0–R15) and an 8-bit program status word are memory mapped. There are special instructions to access them, but general RAM access instructions may also be used.
The memory map is divided into half RAM and half control registers as follows:
If RAM is not banked, then R15 (S) is just another general-purpose register. If RAM is banked, then the low half of the data ad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompactRISC | CompactRISC is a family of instruction set architectures from National Semiconductor.
The architectures are designed according to reduced instruction set computing principles, and are mainly used in microcontrollers.
The subarchitectures of this family are the 16-bit CR16 and CR16C and the 32-bit CRX.
Architectures
Features of CR16 family: compact implementations (less than 1 mm2 with 250 nm), addressing of 2 MB (2), frequencies up to 66 MHz, hardware multiplier for 16-bit integers.
It has complex instructions such as bit manipulation, saving/restoring and push/pop of several registers with single command.
CR16 has 16 general purpose registers of 16 bits, and address registers of 21 bits wide. There are 8 special registers: program counter, interrupt stack pointer ISP, interrupt vector address register INTBASE, status register PSR, configuration register and 3 debug registers. Status register implements flags: C, T, L, F, Z, N, E, P, I.
Instructions are encoded in two-address form in several formats, usually they have 16-bit encoding, but there are two formats for medium immediate instructions with length of 32-bit. Typical opcode length is 4 bits (bits 9–12 of most encoding types. Basic encoding formats are:
Register-to-register,
Short 5-bit immediate value to register,
Medium immediate of 16-bit value to register (32-bit encoding),
Load/store relative with short 5-bit displacement (2-bit opcode),
Load/store relative with medium 18-bit displacement (32-bit encoding, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casomorphin | Casomorphin is an opioid peptide (protein fragment) derived from the digestion of the milk protein casein.
Health
Digestive enzymes can break casein down into peptides that have some biological activity in cells and in laboratory animals though conclusive causal effects on humans have not been established.
Although research has shown high rates of use of complementary and alternative therapies for children with autism, including gluten and/or casein exclusion diets, there was a lack of evidence that these diets had any effect.
If opioid peptides breach the intestinal barrier, typically linked to permeability and constrained biosynthesis of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), they can attach to opioid receptors.
Elucidation requires a systemic framework that acknowledges that public-health effects of food-derived opioids are complex with varying genetic susceptibility and confounding factors, together with system-wide interactions and feedbacks.
List of known casomorphins (non-exhaustive)
β-Casomorphins 1–3
Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-OH
Chemical formula: C23H27N3O5
Molecular weight: 425.48 g/mol
Bovine β-casomorphins 1–4
Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-OH
Chemical formula: C28H35N4O6
Molecular weight: 522.61 g/mol
Bovine β-casomorphin 1–4, amide
Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-NH2
Chemical formula: C28H35N5O5
Molecular weight: 521.6 g/mol
Also known as morphiceptin
Bovine β-casomorphin 5
Structure: H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-OH
Chemical formula: C30H37N5O7
Molecular weight: 594 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20image%20velocimetry | Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an optical method of flow visualization used in education and research. It is used to obtain instantaneous velocity measurements and related properties in fluids. The fluid is seeded with tracer particles which, for sufficiently small particles, are assumed to faithfully follow the flow dynamics (the degree to which the particles faithfully follow the flow is represented by the Stokes number). The fluid with entrained particles is illuminated so that particles are visible. The motion of the seeding particles is used to calculate speed and direction (the velocity field) of the flow being studied.
Other techniques used to measure flows are laser Doppler velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry. The main difference between PIV and those techniques is that PIV produces two-dimensional or even three-dimensional vector fields, while the other techniques measure the velocity at a point. During PIV, the particle concentration is such that it is possible to identify individual particles in an image, but not with certainty to track it between images. When the particle concentration is so low that it is possible to follow an individual particle it is called Particle tracking velocimetry, while Laser speckle velocimetry is used for cases where the particle concentration is so high that it is difficult to observe individual particles in an image.
Typical PIV apparatus consists of a camera (normally a digital camera with a CCD chip in modern systems), a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CK722 | The CK722 was the first low-cost junction transistor available to the general public. It was a PNP germanium small-signal unit. Developed by Norman Krim, it was introduced by Raytheon in early 1953 for $7.60 each; the price was reduced to $3.50 in late 1954 and to $0.99 in 1956. Norm Krim selected Radio Shack to sell the CK721 and CK722 through their catalog. Krim had a long-standing personal and business relationship with Radio Shack. The CK722s were selected "fall out" from the Raytheon's premium-priced CK721 (which are fallouts from CK718 hearing-aid transistors). Raytheon actively encouraged hobbyists with design contests and advertisements.
In the 1950s and 1960s, hundreds of hobbyist electronics projects based around the CK722 transistor were published in popular books and magazines. Raytheon also participated in expanding the role of the CK721/CK722 as a hobbyist electronics device by publishing "Transistor Applications" and "Transistor Applications Volume 2" during the mid-1950s.
Construction
The original CK722 were direct fallouts from CK718 hearing-aid transistors that did not meet specifications. These fallouts were later stamped with CK721 or CK722 numbers based on gain, noise and other dynamic characteristics. Early CK722s were plastic-encapsulated and had a black body. As Raytheon improved its production of hearing-aid transistors with the introduction of the smaller CK78x series, the body of the CK721/CK722s was changed to a metal case. Raytheon, however, ke |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20spectrum | A harmonic spectrum is a spectrum containing only frequency components whose frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency; such frequencies are known as harmonics. "The individual partials are not heard separately but are blended together by the ear into a single tone."
In other words, if is the fundamental frequency, then a harmonic spectrum has the form
A standard result of Fourier analysis is that a function has a harmonic spectrum if and only if it is periodic.
See also
Fourier series
Harmonic series (music)
Periodic function
Scale of harmonics
Undertone series
References
Functional analysis
Acoustics
Sound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale%20Crover | Dale Crover (born October 23, 1967) is an American rock musician. Crover is best known as the drummer for Melvins and has also been the drummer for Men of Porn, Shrinebuilder, Crystal Fairy and, for a brief time, Nirvana. He is also guitarist and vocalist for Altamont. He has toured with Fantômas (filling in for Dave Lombardo), Off!, and Redd Kross. In 2016, Rolling Stone listed him as the 69th greatest drummer of all time.
Biography
Melvins recruited Crover on drums in 1984 from an Iron Maiden cover band, following original drummer Mike Dillard's departure. Crover has been one of the two constant members of the Melvins, along with frontman Buzz Osborne, and is the only band member besides Osborne to appear on all their studio albums. In late 1985, Crover played bass in Fecal Matter, a band he formed with Kurt Cobain and Greg Hokanson. After Hokanson left the band, Cobain and Crover recorded Illiteracy Will Prevail on a 4-track on Easter 1986 at Cobain's aunt's home in Seattle, Washington. Crover played bass and drums on the demo. "Spank Thru" from this demo appears on the Nirvana album Sliver: The Best of the Box. Fecal Matter disbanded in 1986.
Crover drummed on Nirvana's ten-song demo recorded January 23, 1988, at Reciprocal Recording Studios in Seattle. Nine of these songs have been officially released:
"Floyd the Barber", "Paper Cuts", and "Downer" – Bleach
"Beeswax", "Downer", "Hairspray Queen", "Mexican Seafood", and "Aero Zeppelin" – Incesticide
"If You Must" an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Zhihong | Sun Zhihong (, born October 16, 1965) is a Chinese mathematician, working primarily on number theory, combinatorics, and graph theory.
Sun and his twin brother Sun Zhiwei proved a theorem about what are now known as the Wall–Sun–Sun primes that guided the search for counterexamples to Fermat's Last Theorem.
External links
Zhi-Hong Sun's homepage
1965 births
Living people
Mathematicians from Jiangsu
20th-century Chinese mathematicians
21st-century Chinese mathematicians
Number theorists
Academic staff of Huaiyin Normal University
Scientists from Huai'an
Educators from Huai'an
Chinese twins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renascence | Renascence may refer to:
Renascence (comics) or Wind Dancer, a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
"Renascence" (poem), a 1912 poem by Edna St. Vincent Millay
Renascence (journal), an academic journal
See also
Renaissance, a historical period in Europe
Renascença, a municipality in Paraná, Brazil |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBK | BBK may refer to:
BBK Russian Library-Bibliographical Classification (Bibliotechno-Bibliograficheskaya Klassifikatsiya), a Russian library classification system
"B.B.K." (song), by the band Korn from their 1998 album Follow the Leader
BBK DAV College for Women, Amritsar, Punjab, India
BBK Electronics, a Chinese electronics producer
Barclays Bank of Kenya, a commercial bank
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait, a commercial bank
Bilbao Bizkaia Kutxa, a Basque-based Spanish bank
Birkbeck, University of London
Birkbeck Court, University of Strathclyde
Blåsuts BK, a bandy club in Sweden
Boy Better Know, a British grime crew and record label
Breakbeat Kaos, a British record label
Brønshøj BK, a Danish football club
Kasane Airport, Botswana
White Sea–Baltic Canal (Russian: , |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin | Neurotrophins are a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.
They belong to a class of growth factors, secreted proteins that can signal particular cells to survive, differentiate, or grow. Growth factors such as neurotrophins that promote the survival of neurons are known as neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophic factors are secreted by target tissue and act by preventing the associated neuron from initiating programmed cell death – allowing the neurons to survive. Neurotrophins also induce differentiation of progenitor cells, to form neurons.
Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain (for example, the hippocampus) retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells, a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.
Terminology
According to the United States National Library of Medicine's medical subject headings, the term neurotrophin may be used as a synonym for neurotrophic factor, but the term neurotrophin is more generally reserved for four structurally related factors: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4). The term neurotrophic factor generally refers to these four neurotrophins, the GDNF family of ligands, and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), among other biomolecules. Neurotrophin-6 and neurotrophin-7 also exis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%20disc | The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye.
The ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve after they leave the eye. The optic disc represents the beginning of the optic nerve and is the point where the axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. The optic disc is also the entry point for the major blood vessels that supply the retina. The optic disc in a normal human eye carries 1–1.2 million afferent nerve fibers from the eye toward the brain.
Structure
The optic disc is placed 3 to 4 mm to the nasal side of the fovea. It is a vertical oval, with average dimensions of 1.76mm horizontally by 1.92mm vertically. There is a central depression, of variable size, called the optic cup. This depression can be a variety of shapes from a shallow indentation to a bean pot—this shape can be significant for diagnosis of some retinal diseases.
Function
The optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc, it corresponds to a small blind spot in each eye.
Clinical significance
The eye is unique because of the transparency of its optical media. Almost all eye structures can be examined with appropriate optical equipment and lenses. Using a modern direct ophthalmoscope gives a view of the optic disc using the principle of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification%20Office%20%28New%20Zealand%29 | The Office of Film and Literature Classification (), branded as the Classification Office, is an independent Crown entity established under Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 responsible for censorship and classification of publications in New Zealand. A "publication" is defined broadly to be anything that shows an image, representation, sign, statement, or word. This includes films, video games, books, magazines, CDs, T-shirts, street signs, jigsaw puzzles, drink cans, and slogans on campervans. The Chief Censor, Caroline Flora, is the chair of the Office.
Films must be given a classification before they can be exhibited or supplied to the public. This is done either by the Film and Video Labelling Body or the Office.
Any person may submit any publication for classification by the Office, with the permission of the Chief Censor. However, the Secretary for Internal Affairs, the Comptroller of Customs, the Commissioner of Police, and the Film and Video Labelling Body may submit publications for classification without the Chief Censor's permission. The courts have no jurisdiction to classify publications. If the classification of a publication becomes an issue in any civil or criminal proceeding, the court must submit the publication to the Office.
Any person who is dissatisfied with a decision of the Office may have the relevant publication, but not the Office's decision, reviewed by the Film and Literature Board of Review.
The Office also has a role |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated%20Legendre%20polynomials | In mathematics, the associated Legendre polynomials are the canonical solutions of the general Legendre equation
or equivalently
where the indices ℓ and m (which are integers) are referred to as the degree and order of the associated Legendre polynomial respectively. This equation has nonzero solutions that are nonsingular on only if ℓ and m are integers with 0 ≤ m ≤ ℓ, or with trivially equivalent negative values. When in addition m is even, the function is a polynomial. When m is zero and ℓ integer, these functions are identical to the Legendre polynomials. In general, when ℓ and m are integers, the regular solutions are sometimes called "associated Legendre polynomials", even though they are not polynomials when m is odd. The fully general class of functions with arbitrary real or complex values of ℓ and m are Legendre functions. In that case the parameters are usually labelled with Greek letters.
The Legendre ordinary differential equation is frequently encountered in physics and other technical fields. In particular, it occurs when solving Laplace's equation (and related partial differential equations) in spherical coordinates. Associated Legendre polynomials play a vital role in the definition of spherical harmonics.
Definition for non-negative integer parameters and
These functions are denoted , where the superscript indicates the order and not a power of P. Their most straightforward definition is in terms
of derivatives of ordinary Legendre polynomials (m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeds%E2%80%93Sloane%20algorithm | The Reeds–Sloane algorithm, named after James Reeds and Neil Sloane, is an extension of the Berlekamp–Massey algorithm, an algorithm for finding the shortest linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) for a given output sequence, for use on sequences that take their values from the integers mod n.
References
External links
Reeds–Sloane Algorithm on MathWorld
Cryptanalytic algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Kac | Mark Kac ( ; Polish: Marek Kac; August 3, 1914 – October 26, 1984) was a Polish American mathematician. His main interest was probability theory. His question, "Can one hear the shape of a drum?" set off research into spectral theory, the idea of understanding the extent to which the spectrum allows one to read back the geometry. (In the end, the answer was "no", in general.)
Biography
He was born to a Polish-Jewish family; their town, Kremenets (Polish: "Krzemieniec"), changed hands from the Russian Empire (by then Soviet Ukraine) to Poland after the Peace of Riga, when Kac was a child.
Kac completed his Ph.D. in mathematics at the Polish University of Lwów in 1937 under the direction of Hugo Steinhaus. While there, he was a member of the Lwów School of Mathematics. After receiving his degree, he began to look for a position abroad, and in 1938 was granted a scholarship from the Parnas Foundation, which enabled him to go work in the United States. He arrived in New York City in November 1938.
With the onset of World War II in Europe, Kac was able to stay in America, while his parents and brother, who had remained in Kremenets, were murdered by the Germans in mass executions in August 1942.
From 1939 to 1961, Kac taught at Cornell University, first as an instructor, then from 1943 as an assistant professor and from 1947 as a full professor. While there, he became a naturalized US citizen in 1943. From 1943 to 1945, he also worked in the MIT Radiation Laboratory, together |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20encryption | Multiple encryption is the process of encrypting an already encrypted message one or more times, either using the same or a different algorithm. It is also known as cascade encryption, cascade ciphering, multiple encryption, and superencipherment. Superencryption refers to the outer-level encryption of a multiple encryption.
Some cryptographers, like Matthew Green of Johns Hopkins University, say multiple encryption addresses a problem that mostly doesn't exist: Modern ciphers rarely get broken... You’re far more likely to get hit by malware or an implementation bug than you are to suffer a catastrophic attack on AES. .... and in that quote lies the reason for multiple encryption, namely poor implementation. Using two different cryptomodules and keying processes from two different vendors requires both vendors' wares to be compromised for security to fail completely.
Independent keys
Picking any two ciphers, if the key used is the same for both, the second cipher could possibly undo the first cipher, partly or entirely. This is true of ciphers where the decryption process is exactly the same as the encryption process—the second cipher would completely undo the first. If an attacker were to recover the key through cryptanalysis of the first encryption layer, the attacker could possibly decrypt all the remaining layers, assuming the same key is used for all layers.
To prevent that risk, one can use keys that are statistically independent for each layer (e.g. independent RNG |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Electric%20LM2500 | The General Electric LM2500 is an industrial and marine gas turbine produced by GE Aviation. The LM2500 is a derivative of the General Electric CF6 aircraft engine.
As of 2004, the U.S. Navy and at least 29 other navies had used a total of more than one thousand LM2500/LM2500+ gas turbines to power warships. Other uses include hydrofoils, hovercraft and fast ferries.
In 2012, GE developed an FPSO version to serve the oil and gas industry's demand for a lighter, more compact version to generate electricity and drive compressors to send natural gas through pipelines.
Design and development
The LM2500 was first used on the US Navy in 1969, after the original FT-4 gas turbines experienced many technical problems. Later, they were used in US Navy warships in the of destroyers and the related , which were constructed from 1970. In this configuration it was rated to . This configuration was subsequently used into the 1980s in the s, and s. It was also used by one of People's Republic of China's Type 052 Luhu Class Missile Destroyer (Harbin 112) acquired before the embargo.
The LM2500 was uprated to for the s, which were initiated in the 1980s and started to see service in the early 1990s, and the T-AOE-6 class of fast combat tanker.
In 2001 the LM2500 (20 MW) was installed in a sound-proof capsule in the South African Navy (Meko A-200 SAN) frigates as part of a CODAG propulsion system with two MTU 16V 1163 TB93 Propulsion Diesels.
The current generation was uprated in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Electric%20LM6000 | The General Electric LM6000 is a turboshaft aeroderivative gas turbine engine. The LM6000 is derived from the CF6-80C2 aircraft turbofan. It has additions and modifications designed to make it more suitable for marine propulsion, industrial power generation, and marine power generation use. These include an expanded turbine section to convert thrust into shaft power, supports and struts for mounting on a steel or concrete deck, and reworked controls packages for power generation. It has found wide use including peaking power plants, fast ferries and high speed cargo ship applications.
Design and development
The LM6000 provides from either end of the low-pressure rotor system, which rotates at 3,600 rpm. This twin spool design with the low pressure turbine operating at 60 Hz, the dominant electrical frequency in North America, eliminates the need for a conventional power turbine. Its high efficiency and installation flexibility make it ideal also for a wide variety of utility power generation and industrial applications, especially peaker and cogeneration plants.
GE has several option packages for industrial LM6000s, including SPRINT (Spray Inter-Cooled Turbine), water injection (widely known as "NOx water"), STIG (Steam Injected Gas Turbine) technology and DLE (Dry Low Emissions) which utilizes a combustor with premixers to maximize combustion efficiency. The SPRINT option is designed to increase efficiency and power of the turbine, while the water injection, STIG and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCDSA | KCDSA (Korean Certificate-based Digital Signature Algorithm) is a digital signature algorithm created by a team led by the Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA). It is an ElGamal variant, similar to the Digital Signature Algorithm and GOST R 34.10-94. The standard algorithm is implemented over , but an elliptic curve variant (EC-KCDSA) is also specified.
KCDSA requires a collision-resistant cryptographic hash function that can produce a variable-sized output (from 128 to 256 bits, in 32-bit increments). HAS-160, another Korean standard, is the suggested choice.
Domain parameters
: a large prime such that for .
: a prime factor of such that for .
: a base element of order in .
The revised version of the spec additional requires either that be prime or that all of its prime factors are greater than .
User parameters
: signer's private signature key such that .
: signer's public verification key computed by where .
: a hash-value of Cert Data, i.e., .
The 1998 spec is unclear about the exact format of the "Cert Data". In the revised spec, z is defined as being the bottom B bits of the public key y, where B is the block size of the hash function in bits (typically 512 or 1024). The effect is that the first input block corresponds to y mod 2^B.
: the lower B bits of y.
Hash Function
: a collision resistant hash function with |q|-bit digests.
Signing
To sign a message :
Signer randomly picks an integer and computes
Then computes the first part:
Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serology | Serology is the scientific study of serum and other body fluids. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism),<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Washington JA | title = Principles of Diagnosis: Serodiagnosis. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology |veditors=Baron S, et al.| edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | chapter-url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.5462 | isbn = 978-0-9631172-1-2 | chapter = Principles of Diagnosis}}</ref> against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease). In either case, the procedure is simple.
Serological tests
Serological tests are diagnostic methods that are used to identify antibodies and antigens in a patient's sample. Serological tests may be performed to diagnose infections and autoimmune illnesses, to check if a person has immunity to certain diseases, and in many other situations, such as determining an individual's blood type. Serological tests may also be used in forensic serology to investigate crime scene evidence. Several methods can be used to detect antibodies and antigens, including ELISA, agglutination, precipitation, complement-fixation, and fluorescent antibodies and more recently chemiluminescence.
Applications
Micr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAS-160 | HAS-160 is a cryptographic hash function designed for use with the Korean KCDSA digital signature algorithm. It is derived from SHA-1, with assorted changes intended to increase its security. It produces a 160-bit output.
HAS-160 is used in the same way as SHA-1. First it divides input in blocks of 512 bits each and pads the final block. A digest function updates the intermediate hash value by processing the input blocks in turn.
The message digest algorithm consists of 80 rounds.
External links
HAS-160 specification.
A description of HAS-160, and some test vectors.
RHash, an open source command-line tool capable of calculating HAS-160.
Cryptographic hash functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90%20nm%20process | The 90 nm process is a level of MOSFET (CMOS) fabrication process technology that was commercialized by the 2003–2005 timeframe, by leading semiconductor companies like Toshiba, Sony, Samsung, IBM, Intel, Fujitsu, TSMC, Elpida, AMD, Infineon, Texas Instruments and Micron Technology.
The origin of the 90 nm value is historical; it reflects a trend of 70% scaling every 2–3 years. The naming is formally determined by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS).
The 193 nm wavelength was introduced by many (but not all) companies for lithography of critical layers mainly during the 90 nm node. Yield issues associated with this transition (due to the use of new photoresists) were reflected in the high costs associated with this transition.
Even more significantly, the 300 mm wafer size became mainstream at the 90 nm node. The previous wafer size was 200 mm diameter.
History
A 90nm silicon MOSFET was fabricated by Iranian engineer Ghavam Shahidi (later IBM director) with D.A. Antoniadis and H.I. Smith at MIT in 1988. The device was fabricated using X-ray lithography.
Toshiba, Sony and Samsung developed a 90nm process during 20012002, before being introduced in 2002 for Toshiba's eDRAM and Samsung's 2Gb NAND flash memory. IBM demonstrated a 90nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS process, with development led by Shahidi, in 2002. The same year, Intel demonstrated a 90nm strained-silicon process. Fujitsu commercially introduced its 90nm process in 2003 followed b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked%20list%20of%20French%20regions | The following are ranked lists of French regions.
Population figures are from the 2016 census, with the exception of Mayotte, whose statistics are as of 2017.
Region boundaries are as of 2018.
By population
These figures are from the census in 2016. Statistics for Mayotte are from 2017.
By area
The total area of France is 632,734 km², of which 543,940 km² (86.0%) is in Europe (Metropolitan France).
By density
In 2016, the official population of France had a density of 104.8 people per square kilometre, including the overseas regions, and 118.5 people per square kilometre excluding them.
See also
List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP
References
France
List ranked
Regions, ranked |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occurs%20check | In computer science, the occurs check is a part of algorithms for syntactic unification. It causes unification of a variable V and a structure S to fail if S contains V.
Application in theorem proving
In theorem proving, unification without the occurs check can lead to unsound inference. For example, the Prolog goal
will succeed, binding X to a cyclic structure which has no counterpart in the Herbrand universe.
As another example,
without occurs-check, a resolution proof can be found for the non-theorem
: the negation of that formula has the conjunctive normal form , with and denoting the Skolem function for the first and second existential quantifier, respectively; the literals and are unifiable without occurs check, producing the refuting empty clause.
Rational tree unification
Prolog implementations usually omit the occurs check for reasons of efficiency, which can lead to circular data structures and looping.
By not performing the occurs check, the worst case complexity of unifying a term
with term
is reduced in many cases from
to
;
in the particular, frequent case of variable-term unifications, runtime shrinks to
.
Modern implementations, based on Colmerauer's Prolog II,
use rational tree unification to avoid looping. However it is difficult to keep the complexity time linear in the presence of cyclic terms. Examples where Colmerauers algorithm becomes quadratic can be readily constructed, but refinement proposals exist.
See image for an example ru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20metabolism | Secondary metabolism (also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are involved in ecological interactions, but are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. These molecules are sometimes produced by specialized cells, such as laticifers in plants. Secondary metabolites commonly mediate antagonistic interactions, such as competition and predation, as well as mutualistic ones such as pollination and resource mutualisms. Examples of secondary metabolites include antibiotics, pigments and scents. The opposite of secondary metabolites are primary metabolites, which are considered to be essential to the normal growth or development of an organism.
Secondary metabolites are produced by many microbes, plants, fungi and animals, usually living in crowded habitats, where chemical defense represents a better option than physical escape. It is very hard to distinguish primary and secondary metabolites due to often overlapping of the intermediates and pathways of primary and secondary metabolism. As an example can serve sterols, that are products of secondary metabolism, and, at the same time, represent a base for a cell structure.
Important secondary metabolites
Antibiotics, such as streptomycin and penicillin
Pigments, such as delphinidin
Scents, such as ionone
See also
Plant secondary metabolism
Phytochemistry
References
External links
Secondary metabolism in plants
Evolution of plant specialized |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmos | Inmos International plc (trademark INMOS) and two operating subsidiaries, Inmos Limited (UK) and Inmos Corporation (US), was a British semiconductor company founded by Iann Barron, Richard Petritz, and Paul Schroeder in July 1978. Inmos Limited’s head office and design office were at Aztec West business park in Bristol, England.
Products
Inmos' first products were static RAM devices, followed by dynamic RAMs and EEPROMs. Despite early production difficulties, Inmos eventually captured around 60% of the world SRAM market. However, Barron's long-term aim was to produce an innovative microprocessor architecture intended for parallel processing, the transputer. David May and Robert Milne were recruited to design this processor, which went into production in 1985 in the form of the T212 and T414 chips.
The transputer achieved some success as the basis for several parallel supercomputers from companies such as Meiko (formed by ex-Inmos employees in 1985), Floating Point Systems, Parsytec and Parsys. It was used in a few workstations, the most notable probably being the Atari Transputer Workstation. Being a relatively self-contained design, it was also used in some embedded systems. However, the unconventional nature of the transputer and its native occam programming language limited its appeal. During the late 1980s, the transputer (even in its later T800 form) also struggled to keep up with the ever-increasing performance of its competitors.
Other devices produced by Inmos inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen%20Women | Thirteen Women is a 1932 American pre-Code psychological thriller film, produced by David O. Selznick and directed by George Archainbaud. It stars Myrna Loy, Irene Dunne and Ricardo Cortez. The film is based on the 1930 bestselling novel of the same name by Tiffany Thayer and was adapted for the screen by Bartlett Cormack and Samuel Ornitz.
Several characters were deleted from the film's final version, including those played by Leon Ames, Phyllis Fraser, and Betty Furness (in what would have been Furness's film debut at the age of 16). The film portrays only 11 women, not 13, with Fraser and Furness playing the two characters edited from the film.
The film premiered in October at the Roxy Theater in New York City on October 15, 1932, then released in Los Angeles, and a few other cities in November 1932. A limited national release came in 1933. Originally running 73 minutes, the studio edited 14 minutes from the picture before release. The film was re-released in 1935 (post-Code) by RKO, hoping to turn a profit by cashing on the growing popularity of stars Dunne and Loy. Thirteen Women has been cited as an early "female ensemble" film, as well as an early influence on the "slasher film" genre.
Plot
Thirteen women, who were sorority sisters at the all-girl's college St. Alban's, all write to a clairvoyant "swami" who by mail sends each a horoscope foreseeing swift doom. However, the clairvoyant is under the sway of Ursula Georgi, a half-Javanese Eurasian woman who was snubbe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylation | Prenylation (also known as isoprenylation or lipidation) is the addition of hydrophobic molecules to a protein or a biomolecule. It is usually assumed that prenyl groups (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to cell membranes, similar to lipid anchors like the GPI anchor, though direct evidence of this has not been observed. Prenyl groups (also called isoprenyl groups, having one hydrogen atom more than isoprene) have been shown to be important for protein–protein binding through specialized prenyl-binding domains.
Protein prenylation
Protein prenylation involves the transfer of either a farnesyl or a geranylgeranyl moiety to C-terminal cysteine(s) of the target protein. There are three enzymes that carry out prenylation in the cell, farnesyl transferase, Caax protease and geranylgeranyl transferase I.
Farnesylation is a type of prenylation, a post-translational modification of proteins by which an isoprenyl group is added to a cysteine residue. It is an important process to mediate protein–protein interactions and protein–membrane interactions.
Prenylation sites
There are at least 3 types of sites that are recognized by prenylation enzymes. The CaaX motif is found at the COOH-terminus of proteins, such as lamins or Ras. The motif consists of a cysteine (C), two aliphatic amino acids ("aa") and some other terminal amino acid ("X"). If the X position is serine, alanine, or methionine, the protein is farnesylated. For instance, in rhodopsin kinase the sequence is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigram | A bigram or digram is a sequence of two adjacent elements from a string of tokens, which are typically letters, syllables, or words. A bigram is an n-gram for n=2.
The frequency distribution of every bigram in a string is commonly used for simple statistical analysis of text in many applications, including in computational linguistics, cryptography, and speech recognition.
Gappy bigrams or skipping bigrams are word pairs which allow gaps (perhaps avoiding connecting words, or allowing some simulation of dependencies, as in a dependency grammar).
Applications
Bigrams, along with other n-grams, are used in most successful language models for speech recognition.
Bigram frequency attacks can be used in cryptography to solve cryptograms. See frequency analysis.
Bigram frequency is one approach to statistical language identification.
Some activities in logology or recreational linguistics involve bigrams. These include attempts to find English words beginning with every possible bigram, or words containing a string of repeated bigrams, such as logogogue.
Bigram frequency in the English language
The frequency of the most common letter bigrams in a large English corpus is:
th 3.56% of 1.17% io 0.83%
he 3.07% ed 1.17% le 0.83%
in 2.43% is 1.13% ve 0.83%
er 2.05% it 1.12% co 0.79%
an 1.99% al 1.09% me 0.79%
re 1.85% ar 1.07% de 0.76%
on 1.76% st 1.05% hi 0.76%
at 1.49% to 1.05% |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%20gas | An ideal Bose gas is a quantum-mechanical phase of matter, analogous to a classical ideal gas. It is composed of bosons, which have an integer value of spin, and abide by Bose–Einstein statistics. The statistical mechanics of bosons were developed by Satyendra Nath Bose for a photon gas, and extended to massive particles by Albert Einstein who realized that an ideal gas of bosons would form a condensate at a low enough temperature, unlike a classical ideal gas. This condensate is known as a Bose–Einstein condensate.
Introduction and examples
Bosons are quantum mechanical particles that follow Bose–Einstein statistics, or equivalently, that possess integer spin. These particles can be classified as elementary: these are the Higgs boson, the photon, the gluon, the W/Z and the hypothetical graviton; or composite like the atom of hydrogen, the atom of 16O, the nucleus of deuterium, mesons etc. Additionally, some quasiparticles in more complex systems can also be considered bosons like the plasmons (quanta of charge density waves).
The first model that treated a gas with several bosons, was the photon gas, a gas of photons, developed by Bose. This model leads to a better understanding of Planck's law and the black-body radiation. The photon gas can be easily expanded to any kind of ensemble of massless non-interacting bosons. The phonon gas, also known as Debye model, is an example where the normal modes of vibration of the crystal lattice of a metal, can be treated as effectiv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipore | Millipore may refer to:
Millipore Corporation, a biosciences company
Millipore filter, a nucleopore filter, nitrocellulose or polycarbonate membrane filter with a pore size 0.2 μm up to 20 µm
Millipore chamber, or Millipore Diffusion chamber, a round-shaped chamber widely used for in vivo research, sealed at each end with a cellulose cell-impenetrable filter to permit the growth of transplanted cells or tissue, while allowing nutrients through |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolipid | Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.
Structure
The essential feature of a glycolipid is the presence of a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide bound to a lipid moiety. The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have glycerol or a sphingosine backbones, respectively. Fatty acids are connected to this backbone, so that the lipid as a whole has a polar head and a non-polar tail. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane consists of two layers of lipids, with the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane made up of the polar head groups, and the inner part of the membrane made up of the non-polar fatty acid tails.
The saccharides that are attached to the polar head groups on the outside of the cell are the ligand components of glycolipids, and are likewise polar, allowing them to be soluble in the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. The lipid and the saccharide form a glycoconjugate through a glycosidic bond, which is a covalent bond. The anomeric carbon of the sugar binds to a free hydroxyl group on the lipid bac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate%20dehydrogenase | Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential.
In step 6 of the citric acid cycle, SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol. This occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane by coupling the two reactions together.
Structure
Subunits
Mitochondrial and many bacterial SQRs are composed of four structurally different subunits: two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic. The first two subunits, a flavoprotein (SdhA) and an iron-sulfur protein (SdhB), form a hydrophilic head where enzymatic activity of the complex takes place. SdhA contains a covalently attached flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor and the succinate binding site and SdhB contains three iron-sulfur clusters: [2Fe-2S], [4Fe-4S], and [3Fe-4S]. The second two subunits are hydrophobic membrane anchor subunits, SdhC and SdhD. Human mitochondria contain two distinct isoforms of SdhA (Fp subunits type I and type II), these isoforms are also found in Ascaris suum and Caenorhabditis elegans. The subunits form a membrane-bound cytochrome b complex with six transmembrane he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-keratin | Beta-keratin (β-keratin) is a member of a structural protein family found in the epidermis of reptiles and birds. Beta-keratins were named so because they are components of epidermal stratum corneum rich in stacked beta sheets, in contrast to alpha-keratins, intermediate-filament proteins also found in stratum corneum and rich in alpha helices. Because the accurate use of the term keratin is limited to the alpha-keratins, the term "beta-keratins" in recent works is replaced by "corneous beta-proteins" or "keratin-associated beta-proteins."
β-keratins add much more rigidity to reptilian skin than alpha-keratins alone do to mammalian skin. β-keratins are impregnated into the stratum corneum of the reptilian skin, providing waterproofing and the prevention of desiccation.
The scales, beaks, claws and feathers of birds contain β-keratin of the avian family. Phylogenetic studies of β-keratin sequences show that feather β-keratins evolved from scale β-keratins. The scale β-keratins form the basal group in avians. Duplication and divergence events then led to claw β-keratin genes, and further recombination resulted in new feather and feather-like avian β-keratin genes. Evidence for these duplication events comes from the correlation of feather β-keratin clade structure with their genomic loci.
Changes in β-keratins may have also influenced the development of powered flight. A recent study using molecular dating methods to link the evolution of avian β-keratin genes in gener |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C9 | C9, C09 or C-9 may refer to:
Biology, medicine, and chemistry
C9 (Complement component 9), a protein
ATC code C09, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
C09, ICD-10 code for malignant neoplasm of tonsil
Carbon-9 (C-9 or 9C), an isotope of carbon
Military and weapons
Hi-Point Models C9 and C9 Comp handguns
C9 LMG, Canadian light machine gun
C9, an ID for the German Nachtjagdgeschwader 5 air squadron in World War II
Music
C9, a note five octaves above Middle C
C9, a C ninth chord
Organizations
Cloud9, an American esports organization
C9 League, an association of Chinese universities
The Council of Cardinal Advisers, an advisory body to the pope, originally comprising nine members
C9 Entertainment, a South Korean entertainment company and record label
Transportation
Cierva C.9, a 1927 British experimental autogyro
HMS C9, a British submarine
Ford C-9, a US military designation for the Ford Trimotor aircraft
McDonnell Douglas C-9, a US Air Force transport aircraft based on the civilian DC-9
USS Montgomery (C-9), a US Navy cruiser
C9, the IATA code for Cirrus Airlines
Sauber C9, a Le Mans racing car
C9 engine, by Caterpillar Inc.
C-9 (Cercanías Madrid), a commuter rail line in Madrid
LNER Class C9, a class of 2 British steam locomotives rebuilt from C7s in 1931
Other uses
C9, an ISO 216 standard paper size
C9, a holiday light bulb size
C9, a sportswear line by Champion
See also
9C (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xola%20metro%20station | Xola () is a station on Line 2 of the Mexico City Metro system. It is located in the Colonia Moderna and Colonia Alamos districts of the Benito Juárez borough of Mexico City, directly south of the city centre on Calzada de Tlalpan. It is a surface station.
General information
The station logo shows a coconut palm tree. The name comes from the 19th century "Xola" hacienda that existed in the current site of the station. The hacienda housed an enormous specimen of coconut palm tree, of which some still stand on the sidewalk of the nearby Xola Avenue. The station opened on 1 August 1970.
Ridership
Exits
East: Calzada de Tlalpan between Juana de Arco street and Napoleón street, Colonia Moderna
West: Calzada de Tlalpan between Toledo street and Xola, Colonia Álamos
See also
List of Mexico City metro stations
References
External links
Xola
Railway stations opened in 1970
1970 establishments in Mexico
Mexico City Metro stations in Benito Juárez, Mexico City
Accessible Mexico City Metro stations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20death | Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part. Apoptosis or Type I cell-death, and autophagy or Type II cell-death are both forms of programmed cell death, while necrosis is a non-physiological process that occurs as a result of infection or injury.
Programmed cell death
Programmed cell death (PCD) is cell death mediated by an intracellular program. PCD is carried out in a regulated process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's life-cycle. For example, the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo occurs because cells between the fingers apoptose; the result is that the digits separate. PCD serves fundamental functions during both plant and metazoa (multicellular animals) tissue development.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the processor of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes (morphology) and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation. It is now thought that – in a developmental context – cells are induced to positively commit suicide whilst in a homeostatic context; the absence of cert |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20field%20excitation | Electronic transition between two orbitals of an atom that is situated in a crystal field environment. For example, dd-transitions on a copper atom that is surrounded by an octahedron of oxygen atoms.
Crystallography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20I%20hypersensitivity | Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity), in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. Type I is distinct from type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivities. The relevance of the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions has been questioned in the modern-day understanding of allergy, and it has limited utility in clinical practice.
Exposure may be by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or direct contact.
Pathophysiology
In type I hypersensitivity, B cells are stimulated (by CD4+ Th2 cells) to produce IgE antibodies specific to an antigen. The difference between a normal infectious immune response and a type 1 hypersensitivity response is that in type 1 hypersensitivity, the antibody is IgE instead of IgA, IgG, or IgM. During sensitization, the IgE antibodies bind to FcεRI receptors on the surface of tissue mast cells and blood basophils. Mast cells and basophils coated by IgE antibodies are "sensitized". Later exposure to the same allergen cross-links the bound IgE on sensitized cells, resulting in anaphylactic degranulation, which is the immediate and explosive release of pharmacologically active pre-formed mediators from storage granules and concurrent synthesis of inflammatory lipid mediators from arachidonic acid; some of these mediators include histamine, leukotriene (LTC4 and LTD4 and LTB4), and prostaglandin, which act |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superantigen | Superantigens (SAgs) are a class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system. Specifically they cause non-specific activation of T-cells resulting in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release. SAgs are produced by some pathogenic viruses and bacteria most likely as a defense mechanism against the immune system. Compared to a normal antigen-induced T-cell response where 0.0001-0.001% of the body's T-cells are activated, these SAgs are capable of activating up to 20% of the body's T-cells. Furthermore, Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 antibodies (CD28-SuperMAB) have also shown to be highly potent superantigens (and can activate up to 100% of T cells).
The large number of activated T-cells generates a massive immune response which is not specific to any particular epitope on the SAg thus undermining one of the fundamental strengths of the adaptive immune system, that is, its ability to target antigens with high specificity. More importantly, the large number of activated T-cells secrete large amounts of cytokines, the most important of which is Interferon gamma. This excess amount of IFN-gamma in turn activates the macrophages. The activated macrophages, in turn, over-produce proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha is particularly important as a part of the body's inflammatory response. In normal circumstances it is released locally in low levels and helps the immune system defeat pathogens. However, when it is system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%E2%80%93Speiser%20theorem | In mathematics, the Hilbert–Speiser theorem is a result on cyclotomic fields, characterising those with a normal integral basis. More generally, it applies to any finite abelian extension of , which by the Kronecker–Weber theorem are isomorphic to subfields of cyclotomic fields.
Hilbert–Speiser Theorem. A finite abelian extension has a normal integral basis if and only if it is tamely ramified over .
This is the condition that it should be a subfield of where is a squarefree odd number. This result was introduced by in his Zahlbericht and by .
In cases where the theorem states that a normal integral basis does exist, such a basis may be constructed by means of Gaussian periods. For example if we take a prime number , has a normal integral basis consisting of all the -th roots of unity other than . For a field contained in it, the field trace can be used to construct such a basis in also (see the article on Gaussian periods). Then in the case of squarefree and odd, is a compositum of subfields of this type for the primes dividing (this follows from a simple argument on ramification). This decomposition can be used to treat any of its subfields.
proved a converse to the Hilbert–Speiser theorem:
Each finite tamely ramified abelian extension of a fixed number field has a relative normal integral basis if and only if .
There is an elliptic analogue of the theorem proven by .
It is now called the Srivastav-Taylor theorem .
References
Cyclotomic fields
Theo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large%20Millimeter%20Telescope | The Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) (, or GTM) -officially Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano ()- is the world's largest single-aperture telescope in its frequency range, built for observing radio waves in the wave lengths from approximately 0.85 to 4 mm. It has an active surface with a diameter of and of collecting area.
It is located at an altitude of 4850 metres on top of the Sierra Negra, the fifth highest peak in Mexico and an extinct volcanic companion to Mexico's highest mountain, the Pico de Orizaba, inside the National Park Pico de Orizaba in the state of Puebla. It is a binational Mexican (70%) – American (30%) joint project of the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Millimetre wavelength observations using the LMT give astronomers a view of regions which are obscured by dust in the interstellar medium, thus increasing our knowledge of star formation. The telescope is also particularly fitted for observing solar system planetesimals and planets as well as extra-solar protoplanetary disks which are relatively cold and emit most of their radiation at millimetre wavelengths.
The mission of the LMT is to: 1) pursue pioneering research, 2) train the future generations of scientists and engineers and 3) develop new technology for the benefit of society. The LMT mainly studies thermally cold objects, most of which are associated with large amounts of cosmic dust and/or molecular gas. Amo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Best | Edna Clara Best (3 March 1900 – 18 September 1974) was a British actress.
Early life
Born in Hove, Sussex, England, she was educated in Brighton and later studied dramatic acting under Miss Kate Rorke who was the first professor of Drama at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London.
Career
Edna Best was known on the London stage before she entered films in 1921, having made her debut at the Grand Theatre, Southampton, in Charley's Aunt in 1917. She also won a silver swimming cup as the lady swimming champion of Sussex. She appeared with husband Herbert Marshall in John Van Druten's 1931 play There's Always Juliet on both Broadway and London.
For Gainsborough Pictures, she starred in the melodramas Michael and Mary and The Faithful Heart alongside her husband. She is best remembered for her role as the mother in the original 1934 film version of Alfred Hitchcock's The Man Who Knew Too Much. Her subsequent roles were a mixture of British and Hollywood productions. Her other film credits include Intermezzo: A Love Story (1939), Swiss Family Robinson (1940), The Late George Apley and The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (both 1947), and The Iron Curtain (1948).
Best received a nomination for an Emmy Award in 1957 for her role in This Happy Breed. She had appeared on television as early as 1938 in a live production of Love from a Stranger, adapted from the Agatha Christie short story "Philomel Cottage" by Frank Vosper.
Personal life
Best was married three times and divorced twice.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litopterna | Litopterna (from "smooth heel") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene-early Holocene around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene. They represent the second most diverse group of South American ungulates after Notoungulata. It is divided into nine families, with Proterotheriidae and Macraucheniidae being the most diverse and last surviving families.
Diversity
The body forms of many litopterns, notably in the limb and skull structure, are broadly similar to those of living ungulates, unlike other South American native ungulate groups, which are often strongly divergent from living ungulates. Paleocene and Eocene litopterns generally had small body masses, with Protolipterna (Protolipternidae) estimated to have had a body mass of , though the Eocene sparnotheriodontids were considerably larger, with estimated body masses of around . Most proterotheriids had body masses of around while many macraucheniids had body masses of around . Some of the last macraucheniids like Macrauchenia were considerably larger, with body masses around a ton. Adianthidae generally had small body masses, with members of the genus Adianthus estimated to weigh . Members of the proterotheriid subfamily Megadolodinae are noted for having bunodont (rounded cusp) molar teeth, which is largely unique to litopterns among South American native ungulates. Litopterns of the mid-late Ceno |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucarya | Eucarya may refer to:
Eukaryotes, organisms whose cells contain complex structures inside the membranes.
Eucarya, a formerly recognized genus of flowering plants that is now considered to be part of the genus Santalum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal%20distribution | In statistics, a multimodal distribution is a probability distribution with more than one mode. These appear as distinct peaks (local maxima) in the probability density function, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Categorical, continuous, and discrete data can all form multimodal distributions. Among univariate analyses, multimodal distributions are commonly bimodal.
Terminology
When the two modes are unequal the larger mode is known as the major mode and the other as the minor mode. The least frequent value between the modes is known as the antimode. The difference between the major and minor modes is known as the amplitude. In time series the major mode is called the acrophase and the antimode the batiphase.
Galtung's classification
Galtung introduced a classification system (AJUS) for distributions:
A: unimodal distribution – peak in the middle
J: unimodal – peak at either end
U: bimodal – peaks at both ends
S: bimodal or multimodal – multiple peaks
This classification has since been modified slightly:
J: (modified) – peak on right
L: unimodal – peak on left
F: no peak (flat)
Under this classification bimodal distributions are classified as type S or U.
Examples
Bimodal distributions occur both in mathematics and in the natural sciences.
Probability distributions
Important bimodal distributions include the arcsine distribution and the beta distribution (iff both parameters a and b are less than 1). Others include the U-quadratic distribution.
The ratio of two no |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%20of%20Kiev | Sylvestr () (–1123, aged 67-68) was a clergyman and a writer in Kievan Rus'.
Some sources name Sylvestr as a compiler of either the Primary Chronicle itself or its second edition. He was a hegumen of the Vydubetsky Monastery in Kiev, which had been founded by Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. In 1118, Sylvestr was sent to Pereiaslav as a bishop.
As a person close to Vsevolod's son Vladimir Monomakh, Sylvestr played a notable role in political and ecclesiastical affairs of Kievan Rus.
He is said to have continued the work of St Nestor the Chronicler and written nine Lives of the holy saints of the Kiev Caves. He is celebrated on September 28 and commemorated on January 2.
References
Russian religious leaders
Eastern Orthodox chroniclers
12th-century historians
Vydubychi Monastery
1050s births
1123 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Writers from Kievan Rus' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Pollard%20%28mathematician%29 | John M. Pollard (born 1941) is a British mathematician who has invented algorithms for the factorization of large numbers and for the calculation of discrete logarithms.
His factorization algorithms include the rho, p − 1, and the first version of the special number field sieve, which has since been improved by others.
His discrete logarithm algorithms include the rho algorithm for logarithms and the kangaroo algorithm. He received the RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics.
External links
John Pollard's web site
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Number theorists
Place of birth missing (living people)
1941 births |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VINSON | VINSON is a family of voice encryption devices used by U.S. and allied military and law enforcement, based on the NSA's classified Suite A SAVILLE encryption algorithm and 16 kbit/s CVSD audio compression. It replaces the Vietnam War-era NESTOR (KY-8/KY-28|28/KY-38|38) family.
These devices provide tactical secure voice on UHF and VHF line of sight (LOS), UHF SATCOM communication and tactical phone systems. These terminals are unclassified Controlled Cryptographic Items (CCI) when unkeyed and classified to the keymat of the key when going secure.
VINSON devices include:
KY-57
KY-58
KY-68
KY-99a (MINTERM)
KY-100 (AIRTERM)
KYV-2
FASCINATOR
VINSON is embedded into many modern military radios, such as SINCGARS. Many multi-algorithm COMSEC modules are also backwards-compatible with VINSON.
See also
Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal (ANDVT) system for low bandwidth secure voice communications that replaced VINSON.
References
National Security Agency encryption devices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAVILLE | SAVILLE is a classified NSA Type 1 encryption algorithm, developed in the late 1960s, jointly by the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) in the UK and the National Security Agency (NSA) in the US. It is used broadly, often for voice encryption, and implemented in many encryption devices.
Little is known publicly about the algorithm itself due to its classified nature and inclusion in the NSA's Suite A. Some documentation related to the KYK-13 fill device and statements made by military officials confirm that SAVILLE has a 128-bit key, which consists of 120 key bits and an 8-bit checksum. Furthermore, it is known that SAVILLE has two modes of operation: Autonomous Mode (also known as Key-Auto-KEY or KAK) and Autoclave Mode (also known as Cipher-Text Auto Key or CTAK). On the AIM microchip, it runs at 4% of the clock rate (compare DES at 76% and BATON at 129%). The Cypris chip mentions two modes; specifications for Windster and Indictor specify that they provide Saville I.
Some devices and protocols that implement SAVILLE:
Secure Telephone Equipment (STU)
The VINSON family (voice encryption)
UK Lamberton (BID/250)
APCO Project 25 (single-channel land mobile radios) (Saville has algorithm ID 04)
Versatile encryption chips: AIM, Cypris, Sierra I/II, Windster, Indictor, Presidio, Railman
Spendex 40
Spendex 50 (also known as DBT)
Elcrovox 1/4
References
External links
SAVILLE info at cryptomuseum.com
Block ciphers
Type 1 encryption algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emphasis | Emphasis or emphatic may refer to:
Communication
Emphasis (telecommunications), intentional alteration of the amplitude-vs.-frequency characteristics of the signal meant to reduce adverse effects of noise
Cultural emphasis, alleged tendency of a language's vocabulary to detail elements of the speakers' culture
Writing
Emphasis (typography), visual enhancement a part of a text to make it noticeable
Emphasis point, a typographic marking used in some east Asian languages to indicate emphasis
Linguistics
Emphatic consonant, member of a phonological category of consonants in Semitic languages
Prosodic stress, speaking an important word more loudly or slowly so that it stands out
Do-support, a way to using additional words to call attention to important words
Intensifier, a way to using additional words to call attention to important words
Music
Emphasis! (On Parenthesis), 2008 album by the Stanton Moore Trio
"Emphasis/Who Wants to Live Forever", 2002 single by After Forever
Emphatic (band), American rock band
Other uses
Emphatic Diaglott, 1864 Bible translation by Benjamin Wilson
ST Emphatic
See also
Prominence (disambiguation)
Stress (disambiguation)
Markedness, quality of a non-basic or less natural linguistic form |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BATON | BATON is a Type 1 block cipher in use since at least 1995 by the United States government to secure classified information.
While the BATON algorithm itself is secret (as is the case with all algorithms in the NSA's Suite A), the public PKCS#11 standard includes some general information about how it is used. It has a 320-bit key and uses a 128-bit block in most modes, and also supports a 96-bit electronic codebook mode. 160 bits of the key are checksum material. It supports a "shuffle" mode of operation, like the NSA cipher JUNIPER. It may use up to 192 bits as an initialization vector, regardless of the block size.
In response to a Senate question about encrypted video links, the NSA said that BATON could be used for encryption at speeds higher than those possible with Skipjack.
Usage
BATON is used in a variety of products and standards:
APCO Project 25 (Public standard for land mobile radio) (Algorithm IDs 01 and 41)
PKCS#11 (Public standard for encryption tokens)
CDSA/CSSM (Another public standard)
HAIPE-IS (NSA's version of IPsec)
FNBDT (Advanced flexible voice security protocol)
Thales Datacryptor 2000 (a British network-encryption box)
SecNet-11 (a crypto-secure 802.11b PC Card, based on the Sierra chip)
Fortezza Plus (a PC Card product, used in the STE)
SafeXcel-3340 (a HAIPIS network-encryption box)
Numerous embeddable encryption modules: AIM, CYPRIS, MYK-85, Sierra (microchip), etc.
See also
Advanced Encryption Standard
References
External links
PKCS docum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airway%20%28aviation%29 | In the United States, airways or air routes are defined by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in two ways:
"VOR Federal airways and Low/Medium Frequency (L/MF) (Colored) Federal airways"
These are designated routes which aeroplanes fly to aid in navigation and help with separation to avoid accidents. Airways are defined with segments within a specific altitude block, corridor width, and between fixed geographic coordinates for satellites navigation system, or between ground-based radio transmitter navigational aids (navaids; such as VORs or NDBs) or the intersection of specific radials of two navaids.
United States
To guide airmail pilots on their delivery routes, the United States Postal Service constructed the first airways in the United States, the Contract Air Mail routes. These airways were between major cities and identified at night by a series of flashing lights and beacons which pilots flew over in sequence to get from one city to the next. Intermediate fields were located every in case of emergencies, with at least 2 landing strips a minimum of in length, and in width. Rotating airways beacons were erected every . However, these visual airways required the pilots to be in visual contact with the ground which precluded flying in fog or clouds. Subsequently, the Department of Commerce funded the development of other means of airway navigation.
The first airways to be delineated by radiofrequency were based on the old Low-frequency radio range also call |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total%20derivative | In mathematics, the total derivative of a function at a point is the best linear approximation near this point of the function with respect to its arguments. Unlike partial derivatives, the total derivative approximates the function with respect to all of its arguments, not just a single one. In many situations, this is the same as considering all partial derivatives simultaneously. The term "total derivative" is primarily used when is a function of several variables, because when is a function of a single variable, the total derivative is the same as the ordinary derivative of the function.
The total derivative as a linear map
Let be an open subset. Then a function is said to be (totally) differentiable at a point if there exists a linear transformation such that
The linear map is called the (total) derivative or (total) differential of at . Other notations for the total derivative include and . A function is (totally) differentiable if its total derivative exists at every point in its domain.
Conceptually, the definition of the total derivative expresses the idea that is the best linear approximation to at the point . This can be made precise by quantifying the error in the linear approximation determined by . To do so, write
where equals the error in the approximation. To say that the derivative of at is is equivalent to the statement
where is little-o notation and indicates that is much smaller than as . The total derivative is the uniq |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnon | A magnon is a quasiparticle, a collective excitation of the spin structure of an electron in a crystal lattice. In the equivalent wave picture of quantum mechanics, a magnon can be viewed as a quantized spin wave. Magnons carry a fixed amount of energy and lattice momentum, and are spin-1, indicating they obey boson behavior.
Brief history
The concept of a magnon was introduced in 1930 by Felix Bloch in order to explain the reduction of the spontaneous magnetization in a ferromagnet. At absolute zero temperature (0 K), a Heisenberg ferromagnet reaches the state of lowest energy (so-called ground state), in which all of the atomic spins (and hence magnetic moments) point in the same direction. As the temperature increases, more and more spins deviate randomly from the alignment, increasing the internal energy and reducing the net magnetization. If one views the perfectly magnetized state at zero temperature as the vacuum state of the ferromagnet, the low-temperature state with a few misaligned spins can be viewed as a gas of quasiparticles, in this case magnons. Each magnon reduces the total spin along the direction of magnetization by one unit of (reduced Planck's constant) and the magnetization by , where is the gyromagnetic ratio. This leads to Bloch's law for the temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization:
where is the (material dependent) critical temperature, and is the magnitude of the spontaneous magnetization.
The quantitative theory of magnons, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s%20Literal%20Translation | Young's Literal Translation (YLT) is a translation of the Bible into English, published in 1862. The translation was made by Robert Young, compiler of Young's Analytical Concordance to the Bible and Concise Critical Comments on the New Testament. Young used the Textus Receptus (TR) and the Masoretic Text (MT) as the basis for his translation. He wrote in the preface to the first edition, "It has been no part of the Translator's plan to attempt to form a New Hebrew or Greek Text—he has therefore somewhat rigidly adhered to the received ones." Young produced a "Revised Version" of his translation in 1887, but he stuck with the Received Text. He wrote in the preface to the Revised Edition, "The Greek Text followed is that generally recognized as the 'Received Text,' not because it is thought perfect, but because the department of Translation is quite distinct from that of textual criticism, and few are qualified for both. If the original text be altered by a translator, (except he give his reasons for and against each emendation,) the reader is left in uncertainty whether the translation given is to be considered as that of the old or of the new reading." A new Revised Edition was released ten years after Robert Young's death on October 14, 1888. The 1898 version was based on the TR, easily confirmed by the word "bathe" in Revelation 1:5 and the word "again" in Revelation 20:5. The "Publishers' Note to the Third Edition" explains, "The work has been subjected to a fresh revision |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20cryptographic%20keys | This glossary lists types of keys as the term is used in cryptography, as opposed to door locks. Terms that are primarily used by the U.S. National Security Agency are marked (NSA). For classification of keys according to their usage see cryptographic key types.
40-bit key - key with a length of 40 bits, once the upper limit of what could be exported from the U.S. and other countries without a license. Considered very insecure. See key size for a discussion of this and other lengths.
authentication key - Key used in a keyed-hash message authentication code, or HMAC.
benign key - (NSA) a key that has been protected by encryption or other means so that it can be distributed without fear of its being stolen. Also called BLACK key.
content-encryption key (CEK) a key that may be further encrypted using a KEK, where the content may be a message, audio, image, video, executable code, etc.
crypto ignition key An NSA key storage device (KSD-64) shaped to look like an ordinary physical key.
cryptovariable - NSA calls the output of a stream cipher a key or key stream. It often uses the term cryptovariable for the bits that control the stream cipher, what the public cryptographic community calls a key.
data encryption key (DEK) used to encrypt the underlying data.
derived key - keys computed by applying a predetermined hash algorithm or key derivation function to a password or, better, a passphrase.
DRM key - A key used in Digital Rights Management to protect media
electronic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism%20%28architecture%29 | was a post-war Japanese biomimetic architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. It had its first international exposure during CIAM's 1959 meeting and its ideas were tentatively tested by students from Kenzo Tange's MIT studio.
During the preparation for the 1960 Tokyo World Design Conference a group of young architects and designers, including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki prepared the publication of the Metabolism manifesto. They were influenced by a wide variety of sources including Marxist theories and biological processes. Their manifesto was a series of four essays entitled: Ocean City, Space City, Towards Group Form, and Material and Man, and it also included designs for vast cities that floated on the oceans and plug-in capsule towers that could incorporate organic growth. Although the World Design Conference gave the Metabolists exposure on the international stage, their ideas remained largely theoretical.
Some smaller, individual buildings that employed the principles of Metabolism were built and these included Tange's Yamanashi Press and Broadcaster Centre and Kurokawa's Nakagin Capsule Tower. The greatest concentration of their work was to be found at the 1970 World Exposition in Osaka where Tange was responsible for master planning the whole site whilst Kikutake and Kurokawa designed pavilions. After the 1973 oil crisis, the Metabolists turned their attention away from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur%20classification | Dinosaur classification began in 1842 when Sir Richard Owen placed Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, and Hylaeosaurus in "a distinct tribe or suborder of Saurian Reptiles, for which I would propose the name of Dinosauria." In 1887 and 1888 Harry Seeley divided dinosaurs into the two orders Saurischia and Ornithischia, based on their hip structure. These divisions have proved remarkably enduring, even through several seismic changes in the taxonomy of dinosaurs.
The largest change was prompted by entomologist Willi Hennig's work in the 1950's, which evolved into modern cladistics. For specimens known only from fossils, the rigorous analysis of characters to determine evolutionary relationships between different groups of animals (clades) proved incredibly useful. When computer-based analysis using cladistics came into its own in the 1999s, paleontologists became among the first zoologists to almost wholeheartedly adopt the system. Progressive scrutiny and work upon dinosaurian interrelationships, with the aid of new discoveries that have shed light on previously uncertain relationships between taxa, have begun to yield a stabilizing classification since the mid-2000s. While cladistics is the predominant classificatory system among paleontology professionals, the Linnean system is still in use, especially in works intended for popular distribution.
Benton classification
As most dinosaur paleontologists have advocated a shift away from traditional, ranked Linnaean taxonomy in favor of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezo | Piezo is derived from the Greek πιέζω, which means to squeeze or press, and may refer to:
PIEZO1, a mechanosensitive ion protein
Piezoelectric pickups for guitars and other musical instruments
Piezoelectric sensor, a device that converts differences in physical force to generate voltage
Piezoelectric speaker, a type of small loudspeaker
Piezoelectricity, electrical charge built up in response to mechanical stress
Piezometer, a device that measures the pressure of groundwater at a certain point
Piezoresistive effect, a change in the electrical resistance of a material in response to mechanical stress
Piezorina, a genus of South American bird
Micro Piezo, a print head technology developed by Epson
Piezo ignition, an ignition method based on the piezoelectric effect
See also
Pez (disambiguation)
Pie (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20tank | A fuel tank (also called a petrol tank or gas tank) is a safe container for flammable fluids, often gasoline or diesel fuel. Though any storage tank for fuel may be so called, the term is typically applied to part of an engine system in which the fuel is stored and propelled (fuel pump) or released (pressurized gas) into an engine. Fuel tanks range in size and complexity from the small plastic tank of a butane lighter to the multi-chambered cryogenic Space Shuttle external tank.
Uses
Typically, a fuel tank must allow or provide the following:
Storage of fuel: the system must contain a given quantity of fuel and must avoid leakage and limit evaporative emissions.
Filling: the fuel tank must be filled in a secure way, without sparks.
Provide a method for determining level of fuel in tank, gauging (the remaining quantity of fuel in the tank must be measured or evaluated).
Venting (if over-pressure is not allowed, the fuel vapors must be managed through valves).
Feeding of the engine (through a pump).
Anticipate potentials for damage and provide safe survival potential.
Plastic (high-density polyethylene HDPE) as a fuel tank material of construction, while functionally viable in the short term, has a long term potential to become saturated as fuels such as diesel and gasoline permeate the HDPE material.
Considering the inertia and kinetic energy of fuel in a plastic tank being transported by a vehicle, environmental stress cracking is a definite potential. The flammab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna%20%28disambiguation%29 | Smyrna is the former name of Izmir, Turkey.
Smyrna may also refer to:
In Greek mythology
Myrrha, also known as Smyrna, mother of Adonis
Smyrna (Amazon), a mythical eponym of a quarter in Ephesus
Historical figures
Bion of Smyrna (c. 100 BC), Greek poet
Chaka of Smyrna, 11th century Turkish emir
Chrysostomos of Smyrna (Chrysostomos Kalafatis) (1867–1922), Greek Orthodox bishop of Izmir
Hermippus of Smyrna (3rd century BC), Peripatetic philosopher
Nymphidianus of Smyrna (4th century), Neoplatonist and sophist who lived in the time of the emperor Julian
Theon of Smyrna (c. 70–c. 135), Greek philosopher
Place names
Myrina (Aeolis), called Smyrna in antiquity
United States
Smyrna, Delaware, population 10,000.
New Smyrna Beach, Florida
Smyrna, Georgia, population 57,000.
Smyrna, Decatur County, Indiana, an unincorporated community in Salt Creek Township.
Smyrna, Jefferson County, Indiana, an unincorporated community also called Creswell.
Smyrna, Louisville, Kentucky, a neighborhood.
Smyrna, Maine
Smyrna, Michigan, an unincorporated community in Otisco Township.
Smyrna, Nebraska, an unincorporated community in Nuckolls County.
Smyrna (town), New York
Smyrna (village), New York
Smyrna, North Carolina, in Carteret County
Smyrna, South Carolina
Smyrna, Tennessee, population 50,000.
Smyrna Airport (Tennessee)
Smyrna High School (Tennessee)
Smyrna, Washington, an unincorporated community in Grant County.
Other uses
SmY RNA, a family of small nuclear RNAs found in some s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20%28disambiguation%29 | Median may refer to:
Mathematics and statistics
Median (statistics), in statistics, a number that separates the lowest- and highest-value halves
Median (geometry), in geometry, a line joining a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side
Median (graph theory), a vertex m(a,b,c) that belongs to shortest paths between each pair of a, b, and c
Median algebra, an algebraic triple product generalising the algebraic properties of the majority function
Median graph, undirected graph in which every three vertices a, b, and c have a unique median
Geometric median, a point minimizing the sum of distances to a given set of points
People
Median (rapper), a rapper from the U.S. city of Raleigh, North Carolina
Science and technology
Median (biology), an anatomical term of location, meaning at or towards the central plane of a bilaterally symmetrical organism or structure
Median filter, a nonlinear digital filtering technique used to reduce noise in images
Median nerve, a nerve in humans and other animals located in the upper limb, one of the five main nerves originating from the brachial plexus
Other
Median language, the extinct Northwestern Iranian language of the Medes people
Median Empire or Median Kingdom, an ancient Iranian empire predating the First Persian Empire
Median consonant, a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue
Median strip, the portion of a divided roadway used to separate opposing traf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20operation | In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve a physical change or chemical transformation such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, polymerization, isomerization, and other reactions. For example, in milk processing, the following unit operations are involved: homogenization, pasteurization, and packaging. These unit operations are connected to create the overall process. A process may require many unit operations to obtain the desired product from the starting materials, or feedstocks.
History
Historically, the different chemical industries were regarded as different industrial processes and with different principles. Arthur Dehon Little developed the concept of "unit operations" to explain industrial chemistry processes in 1916. In 1923, William H. Walker, Warren K. Lewis and William H. McAdams wrote the book The Principles of Chemical Engineering and explained that the variety of chemical industries have processes which follow the same physical laws. They summed up these similar processes into unit operations. Each unit operation follows the same physical laws and may be used in all relevant chemical industries. For instance, the same engineering is required to design a mixer for either napalm or porridge, even if the use, market or manufacturers are very different. The unit operations form the fundamental principles of chemical engineering.
Chemical Engineering
Chemical engine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic%20interference | Electromagnetic interference (EMI), also called radio-frequency interference (RFI) when in the radio frequency spectrum, is a disturbance generated by an external source that affects an electrical circuit by electromagnetic induction, electrostatic coupling, or conduction. The disturbance may degrade the performance of the circuit or even stop it from functioning. In the case of a data path, these effects can range from an increase in error rate to a total loss of the data. Both human-made and natural sources generate changing electrical currents and voltages that can cause EMI: ignition systems, cellular network of mobile phones, lightning, solar flares, and auroras (northern/southern lights). EMI frequently affects AM radios. It can also affect mobile phones, FM radios, and televisions, as well as observations for radio astronomy and atmospheric science.
EMI can be used intentionally for radio jamming, as in electronic warfare.
History
Since the earliest days of radio communications, the negative effects of interference from both intentional and unintentional transmissions have been felt and the need to manage the radio frequency spectrum became apparent.
In 1933, a meeting of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in Paris recommended the International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR) be set up to deal with the emerging problem of EMI. CISPR subsequently produced technical publications covering measurement and test techniques and recommended |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing%20%28disambiguation%29 | Routing is the process of path selection in a network, such as a computer network or transportation network.
Routing may also refer to:
Route of administration, the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body
Hollowing out an area of wood or plastic using a router (woodworking)
National Routeing Guide, a guide to trains over the United Kingdom's rail network
Routing (hydrology), a technique used to predict the changes in shape of a hydrograph
ABA routing transit number, a bank code used in the United States
Routing number (Canada)
Weather routing
In electronics and computer technologies:
Routing (electronic design automation), a step in the design of printed circuit boards and integrated circuits
The packet forwarding algorithm in a computer network
The role of a router hardware in a computer network
See also
Forwarding (disambiguation)
Route (disambiguation)
Router (disambiguation)
Rout
Vehicle routing problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Bogert | John Voorhis "Tim" Bogert III (August 27, 1944 – January 13, 2021) was an American musician. As a bass guitarist and vocalist he was best known for his powerful vocal ability and his fast runs, fluid agility and ground-breaking sound on his Fender Precision bass. He was one of the pioneers of using distortion with his bass to help it cut through the mix with the low-powered amps of his time which also imparted a very sharp-edged sound to it. He was a frequent collaborator with drummer Carmine Appice; the duo performed in such bands as Vanilla Fudge, Cactus and the power trio Beck, Bogert & Appice.
Early life
He graduated in 1963 from Ridgefield Memorial High School in his hometown of Ridgefield, New Jersey.
Career
Vanilla Fudge was formed by Tim Bogert along with Mark Stein, Vince Martell, and Carmine Appice. They recorded five albums during the years 1967–69, before disbanding in 1970. The band has reunited in various configurations over the years.
In 1970, Bogert formed the hard rock band Cactus with drummer Carmine Appice, guitarist Jim McCarty and lead vocalist Rusty Day. He then played with guitarist Jeff Beck, after the second Jeff Beck Group had disbanded in 1972 and eventually became a member of the power trio Beck, Bogert & Appice, late in 1972. As a member of the post-second Jeff Beck Group, also known as Jeff Beck Group, he toured Europe, Japan and the U.S. from January 1972 until January 1974. In late 1975, he played bass guitar on Bo Diddley's The 20th Anni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salter%20Path%2C%20North%20Carolina | Salter Path is an unincorporated community in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States. A Crystal Coast community, it lies on Bogue Banks as an enclave within Indian Beach.
History
The decline in the whaling industry in the mid-to-late 19th century and good fishing on Bogue Banks caused many settlers, mostly near Cape Lookout (Diamond City), to move toward the middle and western reaches of Bogue Banks. Many of the families who moved to Salter Path in the late 19th century and early 20th century established their residences without deeds before Bostonian John A. Royall purchased Salter Path. The area of Salter Path subsequently became known as a squatter's community.
Salter Path was passed from John A. Royall to Alice Green Hoffman, a distant relative of Theodore Roosevelt and daughter of Albert W. Green of Green-Joyce Company. Alice Hoffman developed an estate in present-day Pine Knoll Shores and sued the residents of Salter Path in 1923 because their cows were wandering onto her estate.
A subsequent court decision permitted the residents of Salter Path to remain, but the cows were not allowed to graze on the Hoffman Estate. The village was restricted to that the squatters occupied, and direct ownership of the beachfront was granted to the village to use collectively. This ruling further stated that only current residents and descendants could occupy the property, but it did not give any individuals title to the land. This ruling remained intact until 1979 when a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward%20algorithm | The forward algorithm, in the context of a hidden Markov model (HMM), is used to calculate a 'belief state': the probability of a state at a certain time, given the history of evidence. The process is also known as filtering. The forward algorithm is closely related to, but distinct from, the Viterbi algorithm.
The forward and backward algorithms should be placed within the context of probability as they appear to simply be names given to a set of standard mathematical procedures within a few fields. For example, neither "forward algorithm" nor "Viterbi" appear in the Cambridge encyclopedia of mathematics. The main observation to take away from these algorithms is how to organize Bayesian updates and inference to be efficient in the context of directed graphs of variables (see sum-product networks).
For an HMM such as this one:
this probability is written as . Here is the hidden state which is abbreviated as and are the observations to .
The backward algorithm complements the forward algorithm by taking into account the future history if one wanted to improve the estimate for past times. This is referred to as smoothing and the forward/backward algorithm computes for . Thus, the full forward/backward algorithm takes into account all evidence. Note that a belief state can be calculated at each time step, but doing this does not, in a strict sense, produce the most likely state sequence, but rather the most likely state at each time step, given the previous history. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown%27s%20representability%20theorem | In mathematics, Brown's representability theorem in homotopy theory gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a contravariant functor F on the homotopy category Hotc of pointed connected CW complexes, to the category of sets Set, to be a representable functor.
More specifically, we are given
F: Hotcop → Set,
and there are certain obviously necessary conditions for F to be of type Hom(—, C), with C a pointed connected CW-complex that can be deduced from category theory alone. The statement of the substantive part of the theorem is that these necessary conditions are then sufficient. For technical reasons, the theorem is often stated for functors to the category of pointed sets; in other words the sets are also given a base point.
Brown representability theorem for CW complexes
The representability theorem for CW complexes, due to Edgar H. Brown, is the following. Suppose that:
The functor F maps coproducts (i.e. wedge sums) in Hotc to products in Set:
The functor F maps homotopy pushouts in Hotc to weak pullbacks. This is often stated as a Mayer–Vietoris axiom: for any CW complex W covered by two subcomplexes U and V, and any elements u ∈ F(U), v ∈ F(V) such that u and v restrict to the same element of F(U ∩ V), there is an element w ∈ F(W) restricting to u and v, respectively.
Then F is representable by some CW complex C, that is to say there is an isomorphism
F(Z) ≅ HomHotc(Z, C)
for any CW complex Z, which is natural in Z in that for any morphism from Z to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton%20tensor | In differential geometry, the Cotton tensor on a (pseudo)-Riemannian manifold of dimension n is a third-order tensor concomitant of the metric. The vanishing of the Cotton tensor for is necessary and sufficient condition for the manifold to be conformally flat. By contrast, in dimensions ,
the vanishing of the Cotton tensor is necessary but not sufficient for the metric to be conformally flat; instead, the corresponding necessary and sufficient condition in these higher dimensions is the vanishing of the Weyl tensor, while the Cotton tensor just becomes a constant times
the divergence of the Weyl tensor. For the Cotton tensor is identically zero. The concept is named after Émile Cotton.
The proof of the classical result that for the vanishing of the Cotton tensor is equivalent to the metric being conformally flat is given by Eisenhart using a standard integrability argument. This tensor density is uniquely characterized by its conformal properties coupled with the demand that it be differentiable for arbitrary metrics, as shown by .
Recently, the study of three-dimensional spaces is becoming of great interest, because the Cotton tensor restricts the relation between the Ricci tensor and the energy–momentum tensor of matter in the Einstein equations and plays an important role in the Hamiltonian formalism of general relativity.
Definition
In coordinates, and denoting the Ricci tensor by Rij and the scalar curvature by R, the components of the Cotton tensor are
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%20space | Lebesgue space may refer to:
Lp space, a special Banach space of functions (or rather, equivalence classes of functions)
Standard probability space, a non-pathological probability space |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exergy | Exergy, often referred to as "available energy" or "useful work potential," is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics and engineering. It plays a crucial role in understanding and quantifying the quality of energy within a system and its potential to perform useful work. Exergy analysis has widespread applications in various fields, including energy engineering, environmental science, and industrial processes.
From a scientific and engineering perspective, second-law based exergy analysis is valuable because it provides a number of benefits over energy analysis alone. These benefits include the basis for determining energy quality (or exergy content), enhancing the understanding of fundamental physical phenomena, and improving design, performance evaluation and optimization efforts. In thermodynamics, the exergy of a system is the maximum useful work that can be produced as the system is brought into equilibrium with its environment by an ideal process. The specification of an 'ideal process' allows the determination of 'maximum work' production. From a conceptual perspective, exergy is the 'ideal' potential of a system to do work or cause a change as it achieves equilibrium with its environment. Exergy is also known as 'availability'. Exergy is non-zero when there is dis-equilibrium between the system and its environment, and exergy is zero when equilibrium is established (the state of maximum entropy for the system plus its environment).
Determining exergy w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactome | In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell. The term specifically refers to physical interactions among molecules (such as those among proteins, also known as protein–protein interactions, PPIs; or between small molecules and proteins) but can also describe sets of indirect interactions among genes (genetic interactions).
The word "interactome" was originally coined in 1999 by a group of French scientists headed by Bernard Jacq. Mathematically, interactomes are generally displayed as graphs. Though interactomes may be described as biological networks, they should not be confused with other networks such as neural networks or food webs.
Molecular interaction networks
Molecular interactions can occur between molecules belonging to different biochemical families (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.) and also within a given family. Whenever such molecules are connected by physical interactions, they form molecular interaction networks that are generally classified by the nature of the compounds involved. Most commonly, interactome refers to protein–protein interaction (PPI) network (PIN) or subsets thereof. For instance, the Sirt-1 protein interactome and Sirt family second order interactome is the network involving Sirt-1 and its directly interacting proteins where as second order interactome illustrates interactions up to second order of neighbors (Neighbors of neighbors). Another extensively studied t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome | The transcriptome is the set of all RNA transcripts, including coding and non-coding, in an individual or a population of cells. The term can also sometimes be used to refer to all RNAs, or just mRNA, depending on the particular experiment. The term transcriptome is a portmanteau of the words transcript and genome; it is associated with the process of transcript production during the biological process of transcription.
The early stages of transcriptome annotations began with cDNA libraries published in the 1980s. Subsequently, the advent of high-throughput technology led to faster and more efficient ways of obtaining data about the transcriptome. Two biological techniques are used to study the transcriptome, namely DNA microarray, a hybridization-based technique and RNA-seq, a sequence-based approach. RNA-seq is the preferred method and has been the dominant transcriptomics technique since the 2010s. Single-cell transcriptomics allows tracking of transcript changes over time within individual cells.
Data obtained from the transcriptome is used in research to gain insight into processes such as cellular differentiation, carcinogenesis, transcription regulation and biomarker discovery among others. Transcriptome-obtained data also finds applications in establishing phylogenetic relationships during the process of evolution and in in vitro fertilization. The transcriptome is closely related to other -ome based biological fields of study; it is complementary to the proteome an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressome | Expressome may refer to:
A supramolecular complex consisting of RNA polymerase and a trailing ribosome linked by a shared mRNA. The expressome complex mediates a mechanism of gene expression regulation termed transcription-translation coupling.
The whole set of gene expression in a cell, tissue, organ, organisms, and species. Expressome is a slightly larger concept than transcriptome. The transcriptome is the set of transcripts, while expressome includes transcripts, proteins and other ligands (abundance or concentration).
See also
Bioinformatics
DNA microarray
Gel electrophoresis
Mass spectrometry
Protein sequencing
Systems biology
Expressomics
List of omics topics in biology
External links
Bioinformatics Journal
Gene expression
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulome | Regulome refers to the whole set of regulatory components in a cell. Those components can be regulatory elements, genes, mRNAs, proteins, and metabolites. The description includes the interplay of regulatory effects between these components, and their dependence on variables such as subcellular localization, tissue, developmental stage, and pathological state.
Components
One of the major players in cellular regulation are transcription factors, proteins that regulate the expression of genes. Other proteins that bind to transcription factors to form transcriptional complexes might modify the activity of transcription factors, for example blocking their capacity to bind to a promoter.
Signaling pathways are groups of proteins that produce an effect in a chain that transmit a signal from one part of the cell to another part, for example, linking the presence of substance at the exterior of the cell to the activation of the expression of a gene.
Measuring
High-throughput technologies for the analysis of biological samples (for example, DNA microarrays, proteomics analysis) allow the measurement of thousands of biological components such as mRNAs, proteins, or metabolites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation of transcription factors can be used to map transcription factor binding sites in the genome.
Such techniques allow researchers to study the effects of particular substances and/or situations on a cellular sample at a genomic level (for example, by addition of a drug, or by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%E2%80%93Hahn%E2%80%93Saks%20theorem | In mathematics, the Vitali–Hahn–Saks theorem, introduced by , , and , proves that under some conditions a sequence of measures converging point-wise does so uniformly and the limit is also a measure.
Statement of the theorem
If is a measure space with and a sequence of complex measures. Assuming that each is absolutely continuous with respect to and that a for all the finite limits exist Then the absolute continuity of the with respect to is uniform in that is, implies that uniformly in Also is countably additive on
Preliminaries
Given a measure space a distance can be constructed on the set of measurable sets with This is done by defining
where is the symmetric difference of the sets
This gives rise to a metric space by identifying two sets when Thus a point with representative is the set of all such that
Proposition: with the metric defined above is a complete metric space.
Proof: Let
Then
This means that the metric space can be identified with a subset of the Banach space .
Let , with
Then we can choose a sub-sequence such that exists almost everywhere and . It follows that for some (furthermore if and only if for large enough, then we have that the limit inferior of the sequence) and hence Therefore, is complete.
Proof of Vitali-Hahn-Saks theorem
Each defines a function on by taking . This function is well defined, this is it is independent on the representative of the class due to the absolute continuity of wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahn%20embedding%20theorem | In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra dealing with ordered structures on abelian groups, the Hahn embedding theorem gives a simple description of all linearly ordered abelian groups. It is named after Hans Hahn.
Overview
The theorem states that every linearly ordered abelian group G can be embedded as an ordered subgroup of the additive group ℝΩ endowed with a lexicographical order, where ℝ is the additive group of real numbers (with its standard order), Ω is the set of Archimedean equivalence classes of G, and ℝΩ is the set of all functions from Ω to ℝ which vanish outside a well-ordered set.
Let 0 denote the identity element of G. For any nonzero element g of G, exactly one of the elements g or −g is greater than 0; denote this element by |g|. Two nonzero elements g and h of G are Archimedean equivalent if there exist natural numbers N and M such that N|g| > |h| and M|h| > |g|. Intuitively, this means that neither g nor h is "infinitesimal" with respect to the other. The group G is Archimedean if all nonzero elements are Archimedean-equivalent. In this case, Ω is a singleton, so ℝΩ is just the group of real numbers. Then Hahn's Embedding Theorem reduces to Hölder's theorem (which states that a linearly ordered abelian group is Archimedean if and only if it is a subgroup of the ordered additive group of the real numbers).
gives a clear statement and proof of the theorem. The papers of and together provide another proof. See also .
See al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%20mechanics | Wave mechanics may refer to:
the mechanics of waves
the application of the quantum wave equation, especially in position and momentum spaces.
See also
Quantum mechanics
Wave equation
Quantum state
Matter wave |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip%20Allen%20Sharp | Phillip Allen Sharp (born June 6, 1944) is an American geneticist and molecular biologist who co-discovered RNA splicing. He shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Richard J. Roberts for "the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence". He has been selected to receive the 2015 Othmer Gold Medal.
Sharp's current research focuses on small RNAs and other types of non-coding RNAs. His laboratory works to identify the target mRNAs of microRNAs (miRNAs), and has discovered a class of miRNAs that are produced from sequences adjacent to transcription start sites. His laboratory also studies how miRNA gene regulation functions in angiogenesis and cellular stress.
Biography
Sharp was born in Falmouth, Kentucky, the son of Kathrin (Colvin) and Joseph Walter Sharp. He married Ann Holcombe in 1964, and they have three daughters.
Sharp studied at Union College and majored in chemistry and mathematics, afterwards completing his Ph.D. in chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1969. Following his Ph.D., he did his postdoctoral training at the California Institute of Technology until 1971, where he studied plasmids. Later, he studied gene expression in human cells at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory as a senior scientist under James D. Watson.
In 1974, he was of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20sequencing | Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide. This may serve to identify the protein or characterize its post-translational modifications. Typically, partial sequencing of a protein provides sufficient information (one or more sequence tags) to identify it with reference to databases of protein sequences derived from the conceptual translation of genes.
The two major direct methods of protein sequencing are mass spectrometry and Edman degradation using a protein sequenator (sequencer). Mass spectrometry methods are now the most widely used for protein sequencing and identification but Edman degradation remains a valuable tool for characterizing a protein's N-terminus.
Determining amino acid composition
It is often desirable to know the unordered amino acid composition of a protein prior to attempting to find the ordered sequence, as this knowledge can be used to facilitate the discovery of errors in the sequencing process or to distinguish between ambiguous results. Knowledge of the frequency of certain amino acids may also be used to choose which protease to use for digestion of the protein. The misincorporation of low levels of non-standard amino acids (e.g. norleucine) into proteins may also be determined. A generalized method often referred to as amino acid analysis for determining amino acid frequency is as follows:
Hydrolyse a known quantity of protein into its constituent amino acids.
Se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympne | Lympne (), formerly also Lymne, is a village on the former shallow-gradient sea cliffs above the expansive agricultural plain of Romney Marsh in Kent. The settlement forms an L shape stretching from Port Lympne Zoo via Lympne Castle facing Lympne Industrial Park then via the main settlement to Newingreen in the north, centred west of Folkestone, west of Hythe and ESE of Ashford.
History
In Roman times Lympne was known as Portus Lemanis, from which (or from the British eponym of which) the English name is derived in identical written form to one of its Middle English written recorded forms. It lay at the end of the Roman road from Canterbury, known today as Stone Street. It had a Saxon Shore fort, and, according to a fifth-century source was garrisoned by a regiment originally raised in Tournai in northern Gaul. Its remains are at the bottom of the south-facing cliffs; they lie in private land but can be visited due to a public footpath crossing the area. In Anglo-Saxon times the fort was given the name "Stutfall", meaning "fold in which a stud, or herd, is kept". One of the oldest houses in the village is The Sanctuary; parts of the building date back to 1774.
From 1923 onwards Lympne Aerodrome was home to the Lympne light aircraft trials and air races. In the 1930s it was the starting point for several long-distance record flights, including a solo one to Cape Town by Amy Johnson in 1932, and also ones by her later-to-be husband Jim Mollison. Jean Batten later flew f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%20equation | In the theory of evolution and natural selection, the Price equation (also known as Price's equation or Price's theorem) describes how a trait or allele changes in frequency over time. The equation uses a covariance between a trait and fitness, to give a mathematical description of evolution and natural selection. It provides a way to understand the effects that gene transmission and natural selection have on the frequency of alleles within each new generation of a population. The Price equation was derived by George R. Price, working in London to re-derive W.D. Hamilton's work on kin selection. Examples of the Price equation have been constructed for various evolutionary cases. The Price equation also has applications in economics.
It is important to note that the Price equation is not a physical or biological law. It is not a concise or general expression of experimentally validated results. It is rather a purely mathematical relationship between various statistical descriptors of population dynamics. It is mathematically valid, and therefore not subject to experimental verification. In simple terms, it is a mathematical restatement of the expression "survival of the fittest" which is actually self-evident, given the mathematical definitions of "survival" and "fittest".
Statement
The Price equation shows that a change in the average amount of a trait in a population from one generation to the next () is determined by the covariance between the amounts of the trait for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPL | AMPL (A Mathematical Programming Language) is an algebraic modeling language to describe and solve high-complexity problems for large-scale mathematical computing (i.e., large-scale optimization and scheduling-type problems).
It was developed by Robert Fourer, David Gay, and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories.
AMPL supports dozens of solvers, both open source and commercial software, including CBC, CPLEX, FortMP, MOSEK, MINOS, IPOPT, SNOPT, KNITRO, and LGO. Problems are passed to solvers as nl files.
AMPL is used by more than 100 corporate clients, and by government agencies and academic institutions.
One advantage of AMPL is the similarity of its syntax to the mathematical notation of optimization problems. This allows for a very concise and readable definition of problems in the domain of optimization. Many modern solvers available on the NEOS Server (formerly hosted at the Argonne National Laboratory, currently hosted at the University of Wisconsin, Madison) accept AMPL input. According to the NEOS statistics AMPL is the most popular format for representing mathematical programming problems.
Features
AMPL features a mix of declarative and imperative programming styles. Formulating optimization models occurs via declarative language elements such as sets, scalar and multidimensional parameters, decision variables, objectives and constraints, which allow for concise description of most problems in the domain of mathematical optimization.
Procedures and control flow stat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona%20pellucida | The zona pellucida (: zonae pellucidae, also egg coat or pellucid zone) is a specialized extracellular matrix that surrounds the plasma membrane of mammalian oocytes. It is a vital constitutive part of the oocyte. The zona pellucida first appears in unilaminar primary oocytes. It is secreted by both the oocyte and the ovarian follicles. The zona pellucida is surrounded by the corona radiata. The corona is composed of cells that care for the egg when it is emitted from the ovary.
This structure binds spermatozoa, and is required to initiate the acrosome reaction. In the mouse (the best characterised mammalian system), the zona glycoprotein, ZP3, is responsible for sperm binding, adhering to proteins on the sperm plasma membrane. ZP3 is then involved in the induction of the acrosome reaction, whereby a spermatozoon releases the contents of the acrosomal vesicle. The exact characterisation of what occurs in other species has become more complicated as further zona proteins have been identified.
In humans, five days after the fertilization, the blastocyst performs zona hatching; the zona pellucida degenerates and decomposes, to be replaced by the underlying layer of trophoblastic cells.
The zona pellucida is essential for oocyte growth and fertilization.
Structure
The zona pellucida is a translucent matrix of cross-linked glycoprotein filaments that surrounds the mammalian oocyte and is 6.5–20 μm thick depending on the species. Its formation, which depends on a conserved Zona |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoprotein | A phosphoprotein is a protein that is posttranslationally modified by the attachment of either a single phosphate group, or a complex molecule such as 5'-phospho-DNA, through a phosphate group. The target amino acid is most often serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues (mostly in eukaryotes), or aspartic acid or histidine residues (mostly in prokaryotes).
Biological function
The phosphorylation of proteins is a major regulatory mechanism in cells.
Clinical significance
Phosphoproteins have been proposed as biomarkers for breast cancer.
See also
Protein phosphorylation
Phosphoserine
References
Phosphoproteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Hanoun | Beit Hanoun or Beit Hanun () is a city on the northeast edge of the Gaza Strip. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 52,237 in 2017. It is administered by the Hamas administration. It is located by the Hanoun stream, just away from the Israeli town of Sderot.
History
The Ayyubids defeated the Crusaders at a battle in Umm al-Nasser hill, just west of Beit Hanoun in 1239, and built the Umm al-Naser Mosque ("Mother of Victories Mosque") there in commemoration of the victory. A Mamluk post office was located in Beit Hanoun as well.
Ottoman era
Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with all of Israel, Beit Hanoun appeared in the 1596 tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Gaza, part of Gaza Sanjak. It had a population of 36 Muslim households and paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and/ or beehives; a total of 9,300 akçe.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the area of Beit Hanoun experienced a significant process of settlement decline due to nomadic pressures on local communities. The residents of abandoned villages moved to surviving settlements, but the land continued to be cultivated by neighboring villages. Beit Hanoun survived, and Pierre Jacotin named the village Deir Naroun on his map depicting Napoleon's Syrian campaign of 1799.
In 1838 Edward Robinson passed by, and described how "all were busy with the wheat harvest; the reapers were in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20classification | A medical classification is used to transform descriptions of medical diagnoses or procedures into standardized statistical code in a process known as clinical coding. Diagnosis classifications list diagnosis codes, which are used to track diseases and other health conditions, inclusive of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and heart disease, and infectious diseases such as norovirus, the flu, and athlete's foot. Procedure classifications list procedure code, which are used to capture interventional data. These diagnosis and procedure codes are used by health care providers, government health programs, private health insurance companies, workers' compensation carriers, software developers, and others for a variety of applications in medicine, public health and medical informatics, including:
statistical analysis of diseases and therapeutic actions
reimbursement (e.g., to process claims in medical billing based on diagnosis-related groups)
knowledge-based and decision support systems
direct surveillance of epidemic or pandemic outbreaks
There are country specific standards and international classification systems.
Classification types
Many different medical classifications exist, though they occur into two main groupings: Statistical classifications and Nomenclatures.
A statistical classification brings together similar clinical concepts and groups them into categories. The number of categories is limited so that the classification does not become too big. An e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killip%20class | The Killip classification is a system used in individuals with an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), taking into account physical examination and the development of heart failure in order to predict and stratify their risk of mortality. Individuals with a low Killip class are less likely to die within the first 30 days after their myocardial infarction than individuals with a high Killip class.
The study
The study was a case series with unblinded, unobjective outcomes, not adjusted for confounding factors, nor validated in an independent set of patients. The setting was the coronary care unit of a university hospital in the USA.
250 patients were included in the study (aged 28 to 94; mean 64, 72% male) with a myocardial infarction. Patients with a cardiac arrest prior to admission were excluded.
Patients were ranked by Killip class in the following way:
Killip class I includes individuals with no clinical signs of heart failure.
Killip class II includes individuals with rales or crackles in the lungs, an S3, and elevated jugular venous pressure.
Killip class III describes individuals with frank acute pulmonary edema.
Killip class IV describes individuals in cardiogenic shock or hypotension (measured as systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg), and evidence of peripheral vasoconstriction (oliguria, cyanosis or sweating).
Conclusions
The numbers below were accurate in 1967. Nowadays, they have diminished by 30 to 50% in every class.
Within a 95% confidence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEST%20Robotics | BEST (Boosting Engineering, Science, and Technology) is a national six-week robotics competition in the United States held each fall, designed to help interest middle school and high school students in possible engineering careers. The games are similar in scale to those of the FIRST Tech Challenge.
History
The idea for a BEST (Boosting Engineering, Science, and Technology) competition originated in 1993 when two Texas Instruments (TI) engineers, Ted Mahler and Steve Marum, were serving as guides for Engineering Day at their company site in Sherman, Texas. Together with a group of high school students, they watched a video of freshmen building a robot in Woodie Flowers's class at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The high school students were so interested that Mahler and Marum said, "Why don't we do this?"
With enthusiastic approval from TI management, North Texas BEST was born. The first competition was held in 1993 with 14 schools and 221 students (including one team from San Antonio).
After learning that a San Antonio group had formed a non-profit organization to support a BEST event, North Texas BEST mentored them in providing their own BEST competition. Thus, San Antonio BEST, the second BEST competition site (or "hub"), was started in 1994. The two groups - North Texas and San Antonio - decided to meet for Texas BEST, a state playoff at Howard Payne University in Brownwood, Texas. The competition has also been held at Texas A&M University, Southern Methodist Un |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbrand%E2%80%93Ribet%20theorem | In mathematics, the Herbrand–Ribet theorem is a result on the class group of certain number fields. It is a strengthening of Ernst Kummer's theorem to the effect that the prime p divides the class number of the cyclotomic field of p-th roots of unity if and only if p divides the numerator of the n-th Bernoulli number Bn
for some n, 0 < n < p − 1. The Herbrand–Ribet theorem specifies what, in particular, it means when p divides such an Bn.
Statement
The Galois group Δ of the cyclotomic field of pth roots of unity for an odd prime p, Q(ζ) with ζp = 1, consists of the p − 1 group elements σa, where . As a consequence of Fermat's little theorem, in the ring of p-adic integers we have p − 1 roots of unity, each of which is congruent mod p to some number in the range 1 to p − 1; we can therefore define a Dirichlet character ω (the Teichmüller character) with values in by requiring that for n relatively prime to p, ω(n) be congruent to n modulo p. The p part of the class group is a -module (since it is p-primary), hence a module over the group ring . We now define idempotent elements of the group ring for each n from 1 to p − 1, as
It is easy to see that and where is the Kronecker delta. This allows us to break up the p part of the ideal class group G of Q(ζ) by means of the idempotents; if G is the p-primary part of the ideal class group, then, letting Gn = εn(G), we have .
The Herbrand–Ribet theorem states that for odd n, Gn is nontrivial if and only if p divides the Ber |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit%20Lahia | Beit Lahia or Beit Lahiya () is a city in the Gaza Strip north of Jabalia, near Beit Hanoun and the 1949 Armistice Line with Israel. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 89,838 in 2017. The political party Hamas is still administering the city, together with the entire Gaza Strip, after winning the 2005 municipal elections.
Geography
The word "Lahia" is Syriac and means "desert" or "fatigue". It is surrounded by sand dunes, some of which rise to above sea level. The area is renowned for its many large sycamore fig trees. The city is known for its fresh, sweet water, berries and citrus trees. According to Edward Henry Palmer, "Lahia" was from "Lahi", a personal name.
History
Beit Lahia has an ancient hill and nearby lay abandoned village ruins. It has been suggested that it was Bethelia, home town of Sozomen, where there was a temple. Ceramics from the Byzantine period have been found.
A mihrab, or mosque alcove indicating the direction of salaah (prayer), is all that remains of an ancient mosque to the west of Beit Lahia dating to the end of the Fatimid period and beginning of the Ayyubid Dynasty of Saladin, and two other mosques dating to the Ottoman period.
Yaqut al-Hamawi (d. 1229) described "Bait Lihya" as being located "near Ghazzah", and he further noted that "it is a village with many fruit-trees".
Mamluk period
A marble slab, deposited in the maqam of Salim Abu Musallam in Beit Lahia is inscribed in late Mamluk n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%27s%20paradox | There are three different paradoxes called Bertrand's paradox or the Bertrand paradox:
Bertrand paradox (probability)
Bertrand paradox (economics)
Bertrand's box paradox
Not to be confused with the famous paradox discovered by Bertrand Russell. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isozyme | In biochemistry, isozymes (also known as isoenzymes or more generally as multiple forms of enzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction. Isozymes usually have different kinetic parameters (e.g. different KM values), or are regulated differently. They permit the fine-tuning of metabolism to meet the particular needs of a given tissue or developmental stage.
In many cases, isozymes are encoded by homologous genes that have diverged over time. Strictly speaking, enzymes with different amino acid sequences that catalyse the same reaction are isozymes if encoded by different genes, or allozymes if encoded by different alleles of the same gene; the two terms are often used interchangeably.
Introduction
Isozymes were first described by R. L. Hunter and Clement Markert (1957) who defined them as different variants of the same enzyme having identical functions and present in the same individual. This definition encompasses (1) enzyme variants that are the product of different genes and thus represent different loci (described as isozymes) and (2) enzymes that are the product of different alleles of the same gene (described as allozymes).
Isozymes are usually the result of gene duplication, but can also arise from polyploidisation or nucleic acid hybridization. Over evolutionary time, if the function of the new variant remains identical to the original, then it is likely that one or the other will be lost as mutations accumulate |
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