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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA%20battery | The AAA battery (or triple-A battery) is a standard size of dry cell battery. One or more AAA batteries are commonly used in low-drain portable electronic devices. A zinc–carbon battery in this size is designated by IEC as R03, by ANSI C18.1 as 24, by old JIS standard as UM-4, and by other manufacturer and national standard designations that vary depending on the cell chemistry. The size was first introduced by The American Ever Ready Company in 1911. They're called #7 batteries in China, the name originating from the Burgess Battery Company designating his AAA batteries "Number 7".
An AAA battery is a single cell that measures in diameter and in length, including the positive terminal button, which is a minimum . The positive terminal has a maximum diameter of ; the flat negative terminal has a minimum diameter of . Alkaline AAA batteries weigh around , while primary lithium AAA batteries weigh about . Rechargeable nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) AAA batteries typically weigh .
Use
AAA batteries are most often used in small electronic devices, such as TV remote controls, MP3 players and digital cameras. Devices that require the same voltage, but have a higher current draw, are often designed to use larger batteries such as the AA battery type. AA batteries have about three times the capacity of AAA batteries. With the increasing efficiency and miniaturization of modern electronics, many devices that previously were designed for AA batteries (remote controls, cordless compu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniporter | A uniporter is a membrane transport protein that transports a single species of substrate (charged or uncharged) across a cell membrane. It may use either facilitated diffusion and transport along a diffusion gradient or transport against one with an active transport process. Uniporters include both carriers and ion channels, and are referred to as facilitated transporters, suggesting movement down a concentration or electrochemical gradient.
Uniporter carrier proteins work by binding to one molecule of substrate at a time. Uniporter channels open in response to a stimulus and allow the free flow of specific molecules.
There are several ways in which the opening of uniporter channels may be regulated:
Voltage – Regulated by the difference in voltage across the membrane
Stress – Regulated by physical pressure on the transporter (as in the cochlea of the ear)
Ligand – Regulated by the binding of a ligand to either the intracellular or extracellular side of the cell
Uniporters are found in mitochondria and neurons. The uniporter in the mitochondria is responsible for calcium uptake. The calcium channels are used for cell signaling and triggering apoptosis. The calcium uniporter transports calcium across the inner mitochondrial membrane and is activated when calcium rises above a certain concentration. Voltage-gated potassium channels are also uniporters that can be found in neurons and are essential for action potentials. This channel is activated by a voltage gradient c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiporter | An antiporter (also called exchanger or counter-transporter) is a cotransporter and integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions, one into the cell and one out of the cell. Na+/H+ antiporters have been reviewed.
In secondary active transport, one species of solute moves along its electrochemical gradient, allowing a different species to move against its own electrochemical gradient. This movement is in contrast to primary active transport, in which all solutes are moved against their concentration gradients, fueled by ATP.
Transport may involve one or more of each type of solute. For example, the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, found in the plasma membrane of many cells, moves three sodium ions in one direction, and one calcium ion in the other.
Role in Homeostatic Mechanisms
Na+/H+ Antiporters
Antiporters, such as Na+/H+ antiporter protein, allows ions H+ and Na+ to travel across a membrane in order to change a concentration gradient. When pH within a cell is higher or lower than the optimal range it can be detrimental, therefore, the Na+/H+ antiporter detects the pH level out of range and is activated to transport ions as a homeostatic mechanism to bring the pH level back to optimal range.
There are differences among the types of Na+/H+ antiporter families present in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Prokaryotic organisms contain antiporter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20Les%20Patterson | Sir Leslie Colin Patterson is a fictional character which was created and portrayed by Australian comedian Barry Humphries. Obese, lecherous and offensive, Patterson is Dame Edna Everage's exact opposite: she is female, refined, Protestant and from Melbourne; he is male, uncouth, Roman Catholic and from Sydney.
Character origins
By Humphries' own account, the character of Patterson first appeared in a one-man show that he performed at the St. George leagues club in Sydney in January 1974. Appearing in the guise of the boorish, loud-mouthed and uncultured Patterson, Humphries claimed to be that club's own entertainments officer as he introduced the next act, Dame Edna Everage. As Humphries recalled, "I understood later that many members of the audience thought Les was genuinely a club official, which says a lot for his charm and sincerity". Later that same year, the character (by now identified as Australia's cultural attaché to the Far East) was revived in a two-week cabaret appearance that Humphries performed at the Mandarin Hotel in Hong Kong. In Humphries' words, "The English merchant bankers and commodity brokers and Australian accountants there all recognised Les as someone they knew in the Australian diplomatic corps, and took him to their hearts." Patterson went on to play an even larger role in Humphries' next one-man show in London, Housewife, Superstar! (1976), delivering a lengthy monologue that was included on the original cast album.
Humphries (who gave up alco |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroitin | A chondroitin is a chondrin derivative.
Types include:
Chondroitin sulfate
Dermatan sulfate
Chondroitin as a supplement is now commonly used (often in combination with glucosamine) in treating the joint disease of osteoarthritis. In contrast to the symptomatic treatments, chondroitin can modify the progression of a disease process in the patient which it can be used as an alternative medicine. Chondroitin's effect toward the articular cartilage integrity as it is part of the proteoglycan molecules. The cartilage proteoglycan synthesis can speed up as chondroitin is going through the pathway of the alimentary canal. Research has been conducted to show the effectiveness of chondroitin and results indicate that it helps to manage pain in knee and hip, slow down the progression and also recovery. However, the effectiveness of the drugs is still doubtful.
References
Glycosaminoglycans |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotransporter | Cotransporters are a subcategory of membrane transport proteins (transporters) that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with its concentration gradient and unfavorable movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient. They enable coupled or cotransport (secondary active transport) and include antiporters and symporters. In general, cotransporters consist of two out of the three classes of integral membrane proteins known as transporters that move molecules and ions across biomembranes. Uniporters are also transporters but move only one type of molecule down its concentration gradient and are not classified as cotransporters.
Background
Cotransporters are capable of moving solutes either up or down gradients at rates of 1000 to 100000 molecules per second. They may act as channels or transporters, depending on conditions under which they are assayed. The movement occurs by binding to two molecules or ions at a time and using the gradient of one solute's concentration to force the other molecule or ion against its gradient. Some studies show that cotransporters can function as ion channels, contradicting the classical models. For instance the wheat HKT1 transporter shows two modes of transport by the same protein.
Cotransporters can be classified as antiporters and symporters. Both use electric potential and/or chemical gradients to move protons and ions against their concentration gradient. In plants the proton is considered a secondary substance an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinene | The retinenes (retinene1 and retinene2) are chemical derivatives of vitamin A (see retinol) formed through oxidation reactions.
Retinene1 is better known as retinal and is fundamental in the transduction of light into visual signals in the photoreceptor level of the retina (known as the visual cycle). Retinene2 is more formally known as dehydroretinal.
The energy of impinging photons will convert retinaldehyde from an 11-cis isomer into an all-trans form. In the retina, this conversion induces a conformational change in the surrounding opsin protein pigment, leading to signaling through the G protein transducin. Retinaldehyde also forms a part of bacteriorhodopsin, a light-induced proton pump found in some archaea.
Experimentally, it is possible to replace 11-cis retinaldehyde by perfusing retinal tissue preparations with retinaldehyde derivatives. Selective modification of the retinaldehyde structure, particularly the density of electrons in the π-orbitals, can lead to insights into the interaction between the retinaldehyde moiety and the surrounding pigment protein.
"The names of all these molecules have recently been changed ... vitamin A is now retinol, retinene is retinal; there is also retinoic acid"—George Wald (1967).
See also
Retinal
Visual cycle
References
Aldehydes
de:Retinal
pl:Retinal
zh:视黄醛 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torna | Torna may refer to:
Torna (Irish poet) (5th century)
Torna (moth), a synonym of Compsoctena
Torna County, county of the former Kingdom of Hungary
Torna Fort in Pune District, Maharashtra, India
Torna Hundred, administrative division of Skåne, Sweden
Torna Ó Maolconaire (died 1468), Irish poet and historian
Torna or torana, a free-standing ornamental or arched gateway in South and East Asia
See also
Turna (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative%20disease | Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time.
In neurodegenerative diseases, cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. An example of this is Alzheimer's disease. The other two common groups of degenerative diseases are those that affect circulatory system (e.g. coronary artery disease) and neoplastic diseases (e.g. cancers).
Many degenerative diseases exist and some are related to aging. Normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices (such as exercise or eating habits) may worsen degenerative diseases, but this depends on the disease. Sometimes the main or partial cause behind such diseases is genetic. Thus some are clearly hereditary like Huntington's disease. Sometimes the cause is viruses, poisons or other chemicals. The cause may also be unknown.
Some degenerative diseases can be cured. In those that can not, it may be possible to alleviate the symptoms.
Examples
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease)
Cancers
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease (CMT)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Cystic fibrosis
Some cytochrome c oxidase deficiencies (often the cause of degenerative Leigh syndrome)
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Friedreich's ataxia
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
Some cardiovascular diseases (e.g. atherosclerotic ones like coronary arter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolper%E2%80%93Samuelson%20theorem | The Stolper–Samuelson theorem is a basic theorem in Heckscher–Ohlin trade theory. It describes the relationship between relative prices of output and relative factor rewards—specifically, real wages and real returns to capital.
The theorem states that—under specific economic assumptions (constant returns to scale, perfect competition, equality of the number of factors to the number of products)—a rise in the relative price of a good will lead to a rise in the real return to that factor which is used most intensively in the production of the good, and conversely, to a fall in the real return to the other factor.
History
It was derived in 1941 from within the framework of the Heckscher–Ohlin model by Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson, but has subsequently been derived in less restricted models. As a term, it is applied to all cases where the effect is seen. Ronald W. Jones and José Scheinkman show that under very general conditions the factor returns change with output prices as predicted by the theorem. If considering the change in real returns under increased international trade a robust finding of the theorem is that returns to the scarce factor will go down, ceteris paribus. An additional robust corollary of the theorem is that a compensation to the scarce factor exists which will overcome this effect and make increased trade Pareto optimal.
The original Heckscher–Ohlin model was a two-factor model with a labor market specified by a single number. Therefore, the early v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet-derived%20growth%20factor | Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one among numerous growth factors that regulate cell growth and division. In particular, PDGF plays a significant role in blood vessel formation, the growth of blood vessels from already-existing blood vessel tissue, mitogenesis, i.e. proliferation, of mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts, osteoblasts, tenocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal stem cells as well as chemotaxis, the directed migration, of mesenchymal cells. Platelet-derived growth factor is a dimeric glycoprotein that can be composed of two A subunits (PDGF-AA), two B subunits (PDGF-BB), or one of each (PDGF-AB).
PDGF is a potent mitogen for cells of mesenchymal origin, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and glial cells. In both mouse and human, the PDGF signalling network consists of five ligands, PDGF-AA through -DD (including -AB), and two receptors, PDGFRalpha and PDGFRbeta. All PDGFs function as secreted, disulphide-linked homodimers, but only PDGFA and B can form functional heterodimers.
Though PDGF is synthesized, stored (in the alpha granules of platelets), and released by platelets upon activation, it is also produced by other cells including smooth muscle cells, activated macrophages, and endothelial cells
Recombinant PDGF is used in medicine to help heal chronic ulcers and in orthopedic surgery and periodontics as an alternative to bone autograft to stimulate bone regeneration and repair.
Types and classification
There are five di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Peter%20Luhn | Hans Peter Luhn (July 1, 1896 – August 19, 1964) was a German researcher in the field of computer science and Library & Information Science for IBM, and creator of the Luhn algorithm, KWIC (Key Words In Context) indexing, and Selective dissemination of information ("SDI"). His inventions have found applications in diverse areas like computer science, the textile industry, linguistics, and information science. He was awarded over 80 patents.
Life
Luhn was born in Barmen, Germany (now part of Wuppertal) on July 1, 1896. After he completed secondary school, Luhn moved to Switzerland to learn the printing trade so he could join the family business. His career in printing was halted by his service as a communications officer in the German Army during World War I. After the war, Luhn entered the textile field, which eventually led him to the United States, where he invented a thread-counting gauge (the Lunometer) still on the market. From the late 1920s to the early 1940s, during which time he obtained patents for a broad range of inventions, Luhn worked in textiles and as an independent engineering consultant. He joined IBM as a senior research engineer in 1941, and soon became manager of the information retrieval research division.
His introduction to the field of documentation/information science came in 1947 when he was asked to work on a problem brought to IBM by James Perry and Malcolm Dyson that involved searching for chemical compounds recorded in coded form. He came up |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Purser%20algorithm | The Cayley–Purser algorithm was a public-key cryptography algorithm published in early 1999 by 16-year-old Irishwoman Sarah Flannery, based on an unpublished work by Michael Purser, founder of Baltimore Technologies, a Dublin data security company. Flannery named it for mathematician Arthur Cayley. It has since been found to be flawed as a public-key algorithm, but was the subject of considerable media attention.
History
During a work-experience placement with Baltimore Technologies, Flannery was shown an unpublished paper by Michael Purser which outlined a new public-key cryptographic scheme using non-commutative multiplication. She was asked to write an implementation of this scheme in Mathematica.
Before this placement, Flannery had attended the 1998 ESAT Young Scientist and Technology Exhibition with a project describing already existing cryptographic techniques from the Caesar cipher to RSA. This had won her the Intel Student Award which included the opportunity to compete in the 1998 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in the United States. Feeling that she needed some original work to add to her exhibition project, Flannery asked Michael Purser for permission to include work based on his cryptographic scheme.
On advice from her mathematician father, Flannery decided to use matrices to implement Purser's scheme as matrix multiplication has the necessary property of being non-commutative. As the resulting algorithm would depend on multiplication it woul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion | Perfusion is the passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue, usually referring to the delivery of blood to a capillary bed in tissue. Perfusion may also refer to fixation via perfusion, used in histological studies. Perfusion is measured as the rate at which blood is delivered to tissue, or volume of blood per unit time (blood flow) per unit tissue mass. The SI unit is m3/(s·kg), although for human organs perfusion is typically reported in ml/min/g. The word is derived from the French verb "perfuser" meaning to "pour over or through". All animal tissues require an adequate blood supply for health and life. Poor perfusion (malperfusion), that is, ischemia, causes health problems, as seen in cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, and many other conditions.
Tests verifying that adequate perfusion exists are a part of a patient's assessment process that are performed by medical or emergency personnel. The most common methods include evaluating a body's skin color, temperature, condition (dry/soft/firm/swollen/sunken/etc), and capillary refill.
During major surgery, especially cardiothoracic surgery, perfusion must be maintained and managed by the health professionals involved, rather than left to the body's homeostasis alone. As the lead surgeons are often too busy to handle all hemodynamic control by themselves, specialists called perfusionists manage this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdalen | Älvdalen (Elfdalian: Övdaln or Tjyörtjbynn; literally meaning The River Valley) is a locality and the seat of Älvdalen Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 1,810 inhabitants in 2010.
The parish is widely known for being the place of manufacturing, in 1839, of the 4-meter granite vase (called Älvdalen Vase), installed in the Summer Garden in Saint Petersburg (a gift from Charles XIV John of Sweden to Nicholas I of Russia).
Nearby is the Hykjebergets Nature Reserve, inaugurated by Prince Carl Philip and Princess Sofia in 2016.
Language
The indigenous language of Älvdalen is Elfdalian. Although it contains many innovations it still preserves various Old Norse traits that have ceased to exist in most other North Germanic languages. The main spoken language in modern times is a Dalecarlian dialect of Swedish, which also is the dominant language in the local administration.
Climate
Älvdalen has a subarctic climate influenced by its location near the furthest interior position on the Scandinavian Peninsula. As a result, seasonal swings are large and the general climate has strong resemblances to Skellefteå much further north at sea level. Being in a river valley, the area is also prone to temperature inversion and harsh freezing. Compared to Mora about to its southeast, temperature differences are comparatively large since Mora is lower, further south and situated by the slightly moderating lake of Siljan.
See also
Scandinavian Mountains Airport
References
Municipa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lvdal | Älvdal can mean:
Älvdal Hundred, a district of Värmland in Sweden
Älvdalen Municipality, a municipality of Dalarna County in Sweden
Älvdalen Court District, a district of Dalarna in Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husby%20Court%20District | Husby Court District, or Husby tingslag, was a district of Dalarna in Sweden. The court district (tingslag) served as the basic division of the rural areas in Dalarna, except for one district that was a hundred (härad). The entire province had once been a single hundred, called Dala hundare.
See also
Husby, Hedemora
Administrative divisions of Sweden
Dalarna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tors%C3%A5ng | Torsång () is a locality situated in Borlänge Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 666 inhabitants in 2010.
It is situated on lakes Runnsjön and Osjön and the river Dalälven, which are connected with the canal Lillälven.
Torsång Court District, or Torsångs tingslag, was a district of Dalarna in Sweden. The court district (tingslag) served as the basic division of the rural areas in Dalarna, except for one district that was a hundred (härad). The entire province had once been a single hundred, called Dala hundare.
History
Swedish (then future) king Gustav I (Gustav Vasa) passed through in the year 1520, while a fugitive from Danish mercenaries. A memorial stone was erected to mark this important event in Swedish history. It can still be seen in Torsång's open-air museum.
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Borlänge Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedemora | Hedemora is a town in Dalarna County and the seat of Hedemora Municipality, Sweden, with 7,273 inhabitants in 2010.
Despite its small population, Hedemora is for historical reasons normally still referred to as a city, and as such the oldest in the county.
Jonas Nilsson comes from Hedemora, as well as Kerstin Thorborg, Martin Matsbo, Bertil Norman and Ulf Stenlund. The diesel engines from Hedemora Diesel can be found in many ships built by Kockums, such as , the Collins class submarines in the Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service and the Archer class submarines in the Republic of Singapore Navy.
Hedemora is the home of Clifftop Games, an independent game developer whose published works include Kathy Rain and Whispers of a Machine, and also of Killmonday Games, the independent game developer that produced the games Fran Bow and Little Misfortune.
History
The town Hedemora was chartered in 1446, which means it is the oldest and only medieval town in Dalarna.
In 1754 and 1849 the town was severely hit by fire. The fire in 1754 destroyed 90 out of the 110 house lots in the town, including all the grain storages. However, the massive destruction made it possible to modernize the town structure, with straighter blocks and streets.
Hedemora held Gustav I of Sweden's first mint, in use 1521–1524.
In 1958, a motor racing circuit laid out in the city hosted the first Swedish motorcycle Grand Prix of MotoGP.
See also
Hedemora gammelgård
Mas (Swedish term)
Old pharmacy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksand | Leksand () is a locality and the seat of Leksand Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 5,934 inhabitants in 2010. Leksand is situated on the southern branch of lake Siljan, where it flows into river Dalälven.
Sport
Leksand is famous for the Leksands IF ice hockey team, who have won four Swedish Championships, although the team is currently facing problems in performance when playing and they have received less funds. Leksand is also home to the Leksands Baseball and Softball Club, the oldest and one of the more successful baseball clubs in Sweden, having won 20 national championships in baseball and 7 in softball. The club was founded in the late 1950s and currently has about 130 members. Additionally, Leksand is home to the Baseball Academy Leksand, a Major League Baseball (MLB)-sponsored academy established in 2006. The academy is part of a broader drive by MLB to develop European talent through a system of baseball academies across the continent, and is the only such academy in Sweden. As of March 2010, Baseball Academy Leksand comprised 22 Swedish players and was managed by Tony Klarberg.
Climate
Leksand has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The influence of the Siljan lake is relatively minor on the local climate due to its modest size and freezing over every winter. However, some potential for lake-effect snow causing excessive accumulation is possible when there is open water. This resulted in a notable freak blizzard of the middle of May 2008 that l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malung | Malung is a locality and the seat of Malung-Sälen Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 5,126 inhabitants as of 2010.
Overview
Malung is home to Malungs Folkhögskola, two kilometers south of the town centre. Specialized courses include folk music, dance, mountaineering, blacksmithing and health. Malung is also where the first DreamHack event took place.
In the 29th week of every year, Malung is host to Svenska dansbandsveckan, an annual dance festival that regularly brings over 3000 caravans as well as more than 80 performing bands to the community. Every year around 50,000 tickets are sold.
History
The oldest written source mentioning Malung is the Sverre Saga from the 13th Century. The mill wheel manufacturing in the area is supposed to be centuries older than that.
The history of Malung as a village or settlement precedes local recorded history. It is however mentioned in the 13:th century tale "Sverres saga" that the Norwegian king Sverre Sigurdsson rode through a town named "Molung" while passing through Jarnberaland(swe: järnbäraland, "iron-bearing land", modern day Dalarna) in the year 1177. The locals were described as friendly and helpful although heathen due to their belief in Aesir faith or old Nordic religion. This makes Malung the first settlement in Dalarna to be recorded in text.
In addition to the locality's own history one of several millstone quarries can be found approximately five kilometers south-east of the town centre. The quarry is 1700 meter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttvik | Rättvik is a locality on the eastern shore of the lake Siljan and the seat of Rättvik Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 4,686 inhabitants in 2010. Its bandy club IFK Rättvik has reached the highest division Elitserien and has built an indoor arena. The local baseball team, Rättvik Butchers has won the Swedish cup once and the Swedish championship twice.
References
Municipal seats of Dalarna County
Swedish municipal seats
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Rättvik Municipality
Populated lakeshore places in Sweden
fi:Rättvikin kunta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoxin | A lipoxin (LX or Lx), an acronym for lipoxygenase interaction product, is a bioactive autacoid metabolite of arachidonic acid made by various cell types. They are categorized as nonclassic eicosanoids and members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) family of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites. Like other SPMs, LXs form during, and then act to resolve, inflammatory responses. Initially, two lipoxins were identified, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and LXB4, but more recent studies have identified epimers of these two LXs: the epi-lipoxins, 15-epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4 respectively.
History
LXA4 and LXB4 were first described by Serhan, Hamberg, and the Nobel laureate Samuelsson in 1984. They reported that human blood neutrophils, when stimulated, make these two lipoxins and that neutrophils, when stimulated by either of the LXs, mounted superoxide anion (O2−) generation and degranulation responses. Both responses are considered to be pro-inflammatory in that, while aimed at neutralizing invading pathogens and digesting foreign material, can contribute to damaging host tissues and thereby prolonging and promoting further inflammation. Subsequent studies, however, found that these lipoxins, as well as their epimers, epi-LXA4 and LXB4, act primarily to dampen and resolve inflammation, i.e. they are anti-inflammatory cell signaling agents.
Biochemistry
Lipoxins are derived enzymatically from arachidonic acid, an ω-6 fatty acid. Structurally, they are defined as arachid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grang%C3%A4rde | Grangärde is a locality situated in Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 351 inhabitants in 2010.
Grangärde Court District, or Grangärde tingslag, was a district of Dalarna in Sweden. The court district (tingslag) served as the basic division of the rural areas in Dalarna, except for one district that was a hundred (härad). The entire province had once been a single hundred, called Dala hundare.
Heavy metal musician, Peter Tägtgren, was born in Grangärde.
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Ludvika Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garpenberg | Garpenberg is a locality situated in Hedemora Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 518 inhabitants in 2010.
Hedemora and Garpenberg Court District, or Hedemora och Garpenbergs tingslag, was a district of Dalarna in Sweden. The court district (tingslag) served as the basic division of the rural areas in Dalarna, except for one district that was a hundred (härad). The entire province had once been a single hundred, called Dala hundare.
Mine
Mining in Garpenberg dates back to the 13th century, when the main mineral to be mined was iron. There are still active mining operations in Garpenberg today which produce zinc, lead and silver.
Culture
The International Random Film Festival was hosted in Garpenberg in December 2013.
References
External links
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Hedemora Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A5s | Nås is a locality situated in Vansbro Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 417 inhabitants in 2010.
It was the birthplace of Lewis Larsson and provided inspiration for Selma Lagerlöf's novel Jerusalem.
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Vansbro Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6derb%C3%A4rke | Söderbärke is a locality in Smedjebacken Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 924 inhabitants in 2010.
References
External links
www.soderbarke.nu - official website
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Smedjebacken Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4rna | Särna (Elfdalian: Sjär’n) is a locality situated in Älvdalen Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 719 inhabitants in 2010.
History
The two parishes Särna and Idre were originally part of Norway but were occupied by an expedition of Swedish peasants from Älvdalen in 1644. The 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro was ambiguous regarding the status of the parishes, but when the exact path of the border was to be decided in 1751, Norway accepted a border west of Idre and Särna.
In 1971, the three municipalities Särna, Idre (which itself had been split off from Särna in 1916) and Älvdalen were amalgamated to form the present municipality of Älvdalen.
Riksdag elections
Climate
Särna has a continentally-influenced subarctic climate with mild summers and cold winters. The cold extremes in winter are associated with the high altitude and being the Scandinavian spot farthest from the sea. This in turn also contributes to high diurnal temperature variation and significant frost has been recorded in all months of the year.
References
External links
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Älvdalen Municipality
Former Norwegian populated places |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strachey%20method%20for%20magic%20squares | The Strachey method for magic squares is an algorithm for generating magic squares of singly even order 4k + 2. An example of magic square of order 6 constructed with the Strachey method:
Strachey's method of construction of singly even magic square of order n = 4k + 2.
1. Divide the grid into 4 quarters each having n2/4 cells and name them crosswise thus
2. Using the Siamese method (De la Loubère method) complete the individual magic squares of odd order 2k + 1 in subsquares A, B, C, D, first filling up the sub-square A with the numbers 1 to n2/4, then the sub-square B with the numbers n2/4 + 1 to 2n2/4,then the sub-square C with the numbers 2n2/4 + 1 to 3n2/4, then the sub-square D with the numbers 3n2/4 + 1 to n2. As a running example, we consider a 10×10 magic square, where we have divided the square into four quarters. The quarter A contains a magic square of numbers from 1 to 25, B a magic square of numbers from 26 to 50, C a magic square of numbers from 51 to 75, and D a magic square of numbers from 76 to 100.
3. Exchange the leftmost k columns in sub-square A with the corresponding columns of sub-square D.
4. Exchange the rightmost k - 1 columns in sub-square C with the corresponding columns of sub-square B.
5. Exchange the middle cell of the leftmost column of sub-square A with the corresponding cell of sub-square D. Exchange the central cell in sub-square A with the corresponding cell of sub-square D.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidural%20hematoma | Epidural hematoma is when bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater) and the skull. Often there is loss of consciousness following a head injury, a brief regaining of consciousness, and then loss of consciousness again. Other symptoms may include headache, confusion, vomiting, and an inability to move parts of the body. Complications may include seizures.
The cause is typically head injury that results in a break of the temporal bone and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery. Occasionally it can occur as a result of a bleeding disorder or blood vessel malformation. Diagnosis is typically by a CT scan or MRI. When this condition occurs in the spine it is known as a spinal epidural hematoma.
Treatment is generally by urgent surgery in the form of a craniotomy or burr hole. Without treatment, death typically results. The condition occurs in one to four percent of head injuries. Typically it occurs in young adults. Males are more often affected than females.
Signs and symptoms
Many people with epidural hematomas experience a lucid period immediately following the injury, with a delay before symptoms become evident. Because of this initial period of lucidity, it has been called "Talk and Die" syndrome. As blood accumulates, it starts to compress intracranial structures, which may impinge on the third cranial nerve, causing a fixed and dilated pupil on the side of the injury. The eye will be positioned down and out due to unopposed inner |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20kinase%20deficiency | Pyruvate kinase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder of the enzyme pyruvate kinase which affects the survival of red blood cells. Both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance have been observed with the disorder; classically, and more commonly, the inheritance is autosomal recessive. Pyruvate kinase deficiency is the second most common cause of enzyme-deficient hemolytic anemia, following G6PD deficiency.
Signs and symptoms
Symptoms can be extremely varied among those suffering from pyruvate kinase deficiency. The majority of those suffering from the disease are detected at birth while some only present symptoms during times of great physiological stress such as pregnancy, or with acute illnesses (viral disorders). Symptoms are limited to or most severe during childhood. Among the symptoms of pyruvate kinase deficiency are:
Mild to severe hemolytic Anemia
Cholecystolithiasis
Tachycardia
Hemochromatosis
Icteric sclera
Splenomegaly
Leg ulcers
Jaundice
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
The level of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate is elevated: 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, a precursor of phosphoenolpyruvate which is the substrate for Pyruvate kinase, is increased and so the Luebering-Rapoport pathway is overactivated. This led to a rightward shift in the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin (i.e. it decreases the hemoglobin affinity for oxygen): In consequence, patients may tolerate anemia surprisingly well.
Cause
Pyruvate kinase deficiency is due to a mutation in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterCity | InterCity (commonly abbreviated IC on timetables and tickets) is the classification applied to certain long-distance passenger train services in Europe. Such trains (in contrast to regional, local, or commuter trains) generally call at major stations only.
An international variant of the InterCity trains are the EuroCity (EC) trains which consist of high-standard coaches and are run by a variety of operators.
History
The Inter-City Rapid Transit Company was an Ohio interurban company, which began operations in 1930 as it had purchased its route from the Northern Ohio Traction & Light Company. It remained in operation till 1940.
The use of Inter-City was reborn in the United Kingdom: A daily train of that name was introduced in 1950, running between the cities of London and Birmingham. This usage can claim to be the origin of all later usages worldwide.
In 1966 British Rail introduced the brand InterCity for all of its express train routes, and in 1986 the term was adopted by the InterCity sector of British Rail. Following the privatisation of the railways in Great Britain, the term is no longer in official use there although many people still refer to fast long-distance services as InterCity trains. The brand still exists though, and belongs to the Department for Transport.
In West Germany, the Deutsche Bundesbahn first used the name (then written Intercity) in 1968, denoting special first-class services on the F-Zug train network. Many of the Class VT 11.5 diesel mult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDE | DDE may refer to:
D.D.E. (band), a Norwegian rock band
Delay differential equation, a type of differential equation
Deep-dose equivalent, a measure of radiation absorbed by the body
Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, a chemical that results from the breakdown of DDT
Doctrine of double effect, a set of ethical criteria to evaluate the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause an effect one would normally be obliged to avoid
Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States
Dynamic Data Exchange, a Microsoft Windows and OS/2 inter-application data communication protocol
Escort destroyer, a US Navy classification used between 1945 and 1962
D.De., an abbreviation used for the United States District Court for the District of Delaware
Deepin Desktop Environment, a Desktop Environment used by several Linux Distributions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthill%E2%80%93McKee%20algorithm | In numerical linear algebra, the Cuthill–McKee algorithm (CM), named after Elizabeth Cuthill and James McKee, is an algorithm to permute a sparse matrix that has a symmetric sparsity pattern into a band matrix form with a small bandwidth. The reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm (RCM) due to Alan George and Joseph Liu is the same algorithm but with the resulting index numbers reversed. In practice this generally results in less fill-in than the CM ordering when Gaussian elimination is applied.
The Cuthill McKee algorithm is a variant of the standard breadth-first search
algorithm used in graph algorithms. It starts with a peripheral node and then
generates levels for until all nodes
are exhausted. The set is created from set
by listing all vertices adjacent to all nodes in . These
nodes are ordered according to predecessors and degree.
Algorithm
Given a symmetric matrix we visualize the matrix as the adjacency matrix of a graph. The Cuthill–McKee algorithm is then a relabeling of the vertices of the graph to reduce the bandwidth of the adjacency matrix.
The algorithm produces an ordered n-tuple of vertices which is the new order of the vertices.
First we choose a peripheral vertex (the vertex with the lowest degree) and set .
Then for we iterate the following steps while
Construct the adjacency set of (with the i-th component of ) and exclude the vertices we already have in
Sort ascending by minimum predecessor (the already-visited neighbor with the ear |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orust | Orust () is an island in western Sweden, and Sweden's third largest island. In 2014 Statistics Sweden declared it to instead be the fourth largest island, under a definition which adds artificial canals to the possible bodies of water surrounding an island. It has been noted that under this definition, all of Götaland would be the country's largest island, rendering Orust instead the fifth largest. The largest town on Orust is Henån, the municipal capital, where approximately 1,800 inhabitants live. Other communities, many of which are fishing villages, include Ellös, Edshultshall, Hälleviksstrand, Mollösund, Morlanda, Stocken, Svanesund, Svanvik and Varekil. Orust is home to approximately 15,160 inhabitants in the winter and many more in the summer. Its main industry is the shipyards, the two largest being Najadvarvet and Hallberg-Rassy.
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Orust is twinned with:
Aalborg, Denmark
See also
Orust Municipality
Orust Eastern Hundred
Orust Western Hundred
Haga dolmen
References
External links
Orust Municipality – Official site
Islands of Västra Götaland County
Islands on the Swedish West Coast |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20T.%20Odum | Howard Thomas Odum (September 1, 1924 – September 11, 2002), usually cited as H. T. Odum, was an American ecologist. He is known for his pioneering work on ecosystem ecology, and for his provocative proposals for additional laws of thermodynamics, informed by his work on general systems theory.
Biography
Odum was the third child of Howard W. Odum, an American sociologist, and his wife, Anna Louise (née Kranz) Odum (1888–1965). He was the younger brother of Eugene Odum. Their father "encouraged his sons to go into science and to develop new techniques to contribute to social progress". Howard learned his early scientific lessons about (a) birds from his brother, (b) fish and the philosophy of biology while working after school for marine zoologist Robert Coker, and (c) electrical circuits from The Boy Electrician (1929) by Alfred Powell Morgan.
Howard Thomas studied biology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he published his first paper while still an undergraduate. His education was interrupted for three years by his World War II service with the Army Air Force in Puerto Rico and the Panama Canal Zone, where he worked as a tropical meteorologist. After the war, he returned to the University of North Carolina and completed his B.S. in zoology (Phi Beta Kappa) in 1947.
In 1947, Odum married Virginia Wood, and they later had two children. After Wood's death in 1973, he married Elisabeth C. Odum (who had four children from her previous marriage) in 1974. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboseli%20National%20Park | Amboseli National Park, formerly Maasai Amboseli Game Reserve, is a national park in Kajiado South Constituency in Kajiado County, Kenya. It is in size at the core of an ecosystem that spreads across the Kenya-Tanzania border. The local people are mainly Maasai, but people from other parts of the country have settled there attracted by the successful tourist-driven economy and intensive agriculture along the system of swamps that makes this low-rainfall area, average , one of the best wildlife-viewing experiences in the world with 400 species of birds including water birds like pelicans, kingfishers, crakes, hamerkop and 47 raptor species.
The park protects two of the five main swamps, and includes a dried-up Pleistocene lake and semiarid vegetation.
History
In 1883, Jeremy Thompson was the first European to penetrate the feared Maasai region known as Empusel (meaning 'salty, dusty place' in Maa). He, too, was astonished by the fantastic array of wildlife and the contrast between the arid areas of the dry lake bed and the oasis of the swamps, a contrast that persists today.
Amboseli was set aside as the Southern Reserve for the Maasai in 1906, but returned to local control as a game reserve in 1948. Gazetted a national park in 1974 to protect the core of this unique ecosystem, it was declared a UNESCO site in 1991. The park earned $3.5 m (€2.9 m) in 2005. On 29 September 2005, Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki declared that control of the park should pass from the Kenya Wild |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%E2%80%93Kolchin%20theorem | In mathematics, the Lie–Kolchin theorem is a theorem in the representation theory of linear algebraic groups; Lie's theorem is the analog for linear Lie algebras.
It states that if G is a connected and solvable linear algebraic group defined over an algebraically closed field and
a representation on a nonzero finite-dimensional vector space V, then there is a one-dimensional linear subspace L of V such that
That is, ρ(G) has an invariant line L, on which G therefore acts through a one-dimensional representation. This is equivalent to the statement that V contains a nonzero vector v that is a common (simultaneous) eigenvector for all .
It follows directly that every irreducible finite-dimensional representation of a connected and solvable linear algebraic group G has dimension one. In fact, this is another way to state the Lie–Kolchin theorem.
The result for Lie algebras was proved by and for algebraic groups was proved by .
The Borel fixed point theorem generalizes the Lie–Kolchin theorem.
Triangularization
Sometimes the theorem is also referred to as the Lie–Kolchin triangularization theorem because by induction it implies that with respect to a suitable basis of V the image has a triangular shape; in other words, the image group is conjugate in GL(n,K) (where n = dim V) to a subgroup of the group T of upper triangular matrices, the standard Borel subgroup of GL(n,K): the image is simultaneously triangularizable.
The theorem applies in particular to a Borel s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling%20equation | The Starling principle holds that extracellular fluid movements between blood and tissues are determined by differences in hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic (oncotic) pressure between plasma inside microvessels and interstitial fluid outside them. The Starling Equation, proposed many years after the death of Starling, describes that relationship in mathematical form and can be applied to many biological and non-biological semipermeable membranes. The classic Starling principle and the equation that describes it have in recent years been revised and extended.
Every day around 8 litres of water (solvent) containing a variety of small molecules (solutes) leaves the blood stream of an adult human and perfuses the cells of the various body tissues. Interstitial fluid drains by afferent lymph vessels to one of the regional lymph node groups, where around 4 litres per day is reabsorbed to the blood stream. The remainder of the lymphatic fluid is rich in proteins and other large molecules and rejoins the blood stream via the thoracic duct which empties into the great veins close to the heart. Filtration from plasma to interstitial (or tissue) fluid occurs in microvascular capillaries and post-capillary venules. In most tissues the micro vessels are invested with a continuous internal surface layer that includes a fibre matrix now known as the endothelial glycocalyx whose interpolymer spaces function as a system of small pores, radius circa 5 nm. Where the endothelial glycocal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurasthenia | Neurasthenia (from the Ancient Greek νεῦρον neuron "nerve" and ἀσθενής asthenés "weak") is a term that was first used as early as 1829 for a mechanical weakness of the nerves. It became a major diagnosis in North America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries after neurologist George Miller Beard reintroduced the concept in 1869.
As a psychopathological term, the first to publish on neurasthenia was Michigan alienist E. H. Van Deusen of the Kalamazoo asylum in 1869. Also in 1868, New York neurologist George Beard used the term in an article published in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal to denote a condition with symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, headache, heart palpitations, high blood pressure, neuralgia, and depressed mood. Van Deusen associated the condition with farm wives made sick by isolation and a lack of engaging activity; Beard connected the condition to busy society women and overworked businessmen.
Neurasthenia was a diagnosis in the World Health Organization's ICD-10, but deprecated, and thus no more diagnosable, in ICD-11. It also is no longer included as a diagnosis in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The condition is, however, described in the Chinese Society of Psychiatry's Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders.
Americans were said to be particularly prone to neurasthenia, which resulted in the nickname "Americanitis" (popularized by William James). Another (albeit rarel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendroglioma | Oligodendrogliomas are a type of glioma that are believed to originate from the oligodendrocytes of the brain or from a glial precursor cell. They occur primarily in adults (9.4% of all primary brain and central nervous system tumors) but are also found in children (4% of all primary brain tumors).
Signs and symptoms
Oligodendroglioma arise mainly in the frontal lobe and in 50–80% of cases, the first symptom is the onset of seizure activity, without having any symptoms beforehand. Headaches combined with increased intracranial pressure are also a common symptom of oligodendroglioma. Depending on the location of the tumor, many different neurological and neuropsychological deficits can be induced, including, but not limited to, visual loss, motor weakness, cognitive decline, and anxiety. A computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan is necessary to characterize tumor size, location, and hetero- or homogeneity. Final diagnosis relies on biopsy and histopathologic examination of the tumor mass.
Cause
The cause of oligodendrogliomas is unknown. Some studies have linked oligodendroglioma with a viral cause. A 2009 Oxford Neurosymposium study illustrated a 69% correlation between NJDS gene mutation and the tumor initiation. A single case report has linked oligodendroglioma to irradiation of pituitary adenoma.
Diagnosis
Microscopic appearance
Oligodendrogliomas cannot currently be differentiated from other brain lesions solely by their clinical or radiog |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry | Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the most common application of immunostaining. It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens (proteins) in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the principle of antibodies binding specifically to antigens in biological tissues. IHC takes its name from the roots "immuno", in reference to antibodies used in the procedure, and "histo", meaning tissue (compare to immunocytochemistry). Albert Coons conceptualized and first implemented the procedure in 1941.
Visualising an antibody-antigen interaction can be accomplished in a number of ways, mainly either of the following:
Chromogenic immunohistochemistry (CIH), wherein an antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, such as peroxidase (the combination being termed immunoperoxidase), that can catalyse a colour-producing reaction.
Immunofluorescence, where the antibody is tagged to a fluorophore, such as fluorescein or rhodamine.
Immunohistochemical staining is widely used in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as those found in cancerous tumors. Specific molecular markers are characteristic of particular cellular events such as proliferation or cell death (apoptosis).
Immunohistochemistry is also widely used in basic research to understand the distribution and localization of biomarkers and differentially expressed proteins in different parts of a biological tissue.
Sample preparation
Preparation of the sample is critical to maintaining cell morphology, tissue architecture and the anti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small-cell%20carcinoma | Small-cell carcinoma is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract. Compared to non-small cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma is more aggressive, with a shorter doubling time, higher growth fraction, and earlier development of metastases.
Extensive stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is classified as a rare disorder. Ten-year relative survival rate (combined limited and extensive SCLC) is 3.5% (4.3% for women, 2.8% for men). Survival can be higher or lower based on a combination of factors including stage, age, sex and race. While all lung cancers are associated with tobacco smoking, SCLC is very strongly associated with tobacco smoking.
Types of SCLC
Small-cell lung carcinoma has long been divided into two clinicopathological stages, termed limited stage (LS) and extensive stage (ES). The stage is generally determined by the presence or absence of metastases, whether or not the tumor appears limited to the thorax, and whether or not the entire tumor burden within the chest can feasibly be encompassed within a single radiotherapy portal. In general, if the tumor is confined to one lung and the lymph nodes close to that lung, the cancer is said to be LS. If cancer has spread beyond that, it is said to be ES.
LS-SCLC
In cases of LS-SCLC, combination chemotherapy (usually cisplatin or carboplatin plus etoposide) is administered t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFB | IFB may refer to:
Illinois Farm Bureau
Independent Fundamental Baptist, Independent Baptist Christian congregations
Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Indian research agency
International Freedom Battalion in the Syrian Civil War started in 2011
Interruptible foldback (or interruptible feedback), electronic monitoring in TV and filmmaking
Instituto Federal de Brasília (Federal Institute of Brasília), an institute of technology in Brazil
Irish Film Board (now Fís Éireann/Screen Ireland), Irish film production agency
IFB Home Appliances, India
Independent Forward Bloc, a political party in Mauritius
Invitation for bid, a formal letter for generating competing proposals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4by | Täby () was previously a trimunicipal locality, with 66,292 inhabitants in 2013. However, as from 2016, Statistics Sweden has amalgamated this locality with the Stockholm urban area. It is the seat of Täby Municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden. It was also partly located in Danderyd Municipality (the Enebyberg area) and a very small part in Sollentuna Municipality.
Täby kyrkby in the northern part of Täby Municipality forms on the other hand part of the Vallentuna urban area.
References
Municipal seats of Stockholm County
Swedish municipal seats
Populated places in Danderyd Municipality
Populated places in Sollentuna Municipality
Populated places in Täby Municipality
Uppland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety%20%28universal%20algebra%29 | In universal algebra, a variety of algebras or equational class is the class of all algebraic structures of a given signature satisfying a given set of identities. For example, the groups form a variety of algebras, as do the abelian groups, the rings, the monoids etc. According to Birkhoff's theorem, a class of algebraic structures of the same signature is a variety if and only if it is closed under the taking of homomorphic images, subalgebras, and (direct) products. In the context of category theory, a variety of algebras, together with its homomorphisms, forms a category; these are usually called finitary algebraic categories.
A covariety is the class of all coalgebraic structures of a given signature.
Terminology
A variety of algebras should not be confused with an algebraic variety, which means a set of solutions to a system of polynomial equations. They are formally quite distinct and their theories have little in common.
The term "variety of algebras" refers to algebras in the general sense of universal algebra; there is also a more specific sense of algebra, namely as algebra over a field, i.e. a vector space equipped with a bilinear multiplication.
Definition
A signature (in this context) is a set, whose elements are called operations, each of which is assigned a natural number (0, 1, 2,...) called its arity. Given a signature and a set , whose elements are called variables, a word is a finite rooted tree in which each node is labelled by either a variable o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20algebra | In mathematics:
In abstract algebra and mathematical logic a derivative algebra is an algebraic structure that provides an abstraction of the derivative operator in topology and which provides algebraic semantics for the modal logic wK3.
In abstract algebra, the derivative algebra of a not-necessarily associative algebra A over a field F is the subalgebra of the algebra of linear endomorphisms of A consisting of the derivations.
In differential geometry a derivative algebra is a vector space with a product operation that has similar behaviour to the standard cross product of 3-vectors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vansbro | Vansbro () is a locality in Dalarna and the seat of Vansbro Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden. It had 2,026 inhabitants in 2010, out of a total municipal population of 7,000.
The town is situated by the end of the Vanån, or Van River, the main tributary of the Västerdal River.
History
The first time Vansbro was mentioned in writing was by Carl von Linné during early 18th century. The place have also been mentioned in different texts from the same era under the name - Wahnbro or Wansbro. The name is believed to stem from a bridge built across the Vanå river.
The railway between Kristinehamn and Mora was inaugurated in 1890 and the Vansbro railway station was constructed.
Industry
Vansbro's early industrial history was closely connected to timber and logging. The first sawmill in the area, Danielssågen, began operating soon after the railway was built. More sawmills were built in the following years: Dalasågen (the largest sawmill in Sweden at the time) in 1892, and Brosågen in 1893.
Events
Vansbro is known for the annual Vansbrosimningen ("The Vansbro Swim"). Inaugurated in 1950, the competitors swim 2,000 meters in Vanån and 1,000 meters in the Västerdal River.
Famous people from Vansbro
Vansbro is also known to be the home town of famous cross-country skier Gunde Svan, the band Svenne Rubins, the singer/songwriter Malin Jonsson, the progressive rock band Introitus, the progressive death metal-band In Mourning, the pop-singer Björn Skifs.
References
Populated plac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smedjebacken | Smedjebacken is a locality and the seat of Smedjebacken Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 5,100 inhabitants in 2010.
Geographically, the town Smedjebacken is situated by the lake Barken, with an area of , which in turn belongs to the Kolbäcksån stream-system, which drains into lake Mälaren to the south-east.
Notable people
Nils Ekholm, Swedish meteorologist, physicist and explorer
Hans Heyerdahl, Norwegian painter
Maria Keohane, Swedish soprano
Karl Edvard Laman, Swedish missionary and ethnographer
Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Smedjebacken:
Smedjebackens FK
See also
Furbo, Smedjebacken
References
External links
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Smedjebacken Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4ter | Säter is a locality and the seat of Säter Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden, with 11,161 inhabitants in 2020.
Säter is, despite its small population, for historical reasons normally still referred to as a city. Statistics Sweden, however, only counts localities with more than 10,000 inhabitants as cities.
History
At the location there was a royal mansion titled Säter's Royal Mansion.
Sweden's first copper mint was built at the location in 1624, influenced by its proximity to the copper mountain at Falun with its tannery that had been located in Säter a few years earlier.
The town Säter was founded in 1630, and much of its old town today has preserved wooden houses and street structure from that time, which few Swedish cities have. One of the oldest houses is the city hall.
On 8 May 1642, the town was chartered by Queen Christina of Sweden, making it one of the Cities in Sweden. The chosen coat of arms depicted a miner.
Today
The Säter hospital was opened in 1912 and was at the time Sweden's largest mental hospital which is usually associated with Säter in particular.
Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Säter:
Säters IF FK
The ITU Long Distance Triathlon World Championships has been held in Säter twice.
Travel
Säter has a railway station along the Dala Railway with trains to Mora, Falun, Arlanda Airport and Stockholm. Suitable airports for travelling to or from Säter are Borlänge Airport (20 km distance) and Arlanda Airport (177 km).
International |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvika | Ludvika () is a bimunicipal city and the seat of Ludvika Municipality, Dalarna County within the country of Sweden, with 14,498 inhabitants in 2010.
Overview
The conurbation of Ludvika extends over the border of Smedjebacken Municipality, where about 400 inhabitants live.
Ludvika is situated by Lake Väsman in the south-east part of the municipality.
Population of Ludvika as of 2005 distributed by municipalities:
Economy
A major employer in Ludvika is the power engineering conglomerate Hitachi, whose activities in the town include power transformers, capacitors, ac breakers and equipment for high-voltage direct current power transmission.
Notable natives
Stefan Anderson
Dan Andersson
Hypocrisy (band)
Anders Ilar
Christina Lampe-Önnerud
Kee Marcello
Charlie Norman
Birgit Ridderstedt
Jari Sillanpää
Fredrik Söderström
Anders Wendin
Anders Winroth
Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Ludvika:
Ludvika FK
Östansbo IS
Schools
Lorensberga
Kyrkskolan
Junibacken skola
Knutsbo skola
References
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Ludvika Municipality
Populated places in Smedjebacken Municipality
Municipal seats of Dalarna County
Swedish municipal seats |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falun | Falun () is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 37,291 inhabitants in 2010. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with just over 100,000 inhabitants.
Falun was originally famous for its copper mine, and is today an important service and industrial city even though the mine is closed (since 1992).
Faluån is a river, flowing through the city, separating it into two sides. Falu copper mine is located on one of the sides which during many centuries was one of Sweden's main business. This side of the river was usually called "the mining side", where not many plants grew due to the toxic smoke which contaminated the soil. On the other side of the river, where the smoke did not reach, set many large villas, which made this side to be called "the delightful side". The centre of Falun consists of classical pedestrian streets with small shops. In 1998, the city reclaimed the award of "the city centre of the year" in Sweden.
In 2001, the city, the copper mine, and mining areas of Falun were added to the list of world heritage sites by the United Nations, which means that the city is worth preserving, as it is considered to be of interest for all of humanity. Dalarna University, with its 18 000 students, has a campus located in Falun ― close to the national ski stadium where the ski world championship has taken place a number of times, including the last one in 2015.
The name of Falun h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagnef | Gagnef () is the second largest locality situated in Gagnef Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 1,049 inhabitants in 2010.
Gagnef consists of several small villages: The Church Village, Kyrkbyn, The Station Village, Stationsbyn, Moje, Moje, Tjaerna, Tjärna, Graev, Gräv, Gaersholn, Gärsholm, Gagnefs Grauda, Gagnefs Gråda, Osterfors, Österfors, Vaesterfors, Västerfors, Nordbaeck, Nordbäck, Gagnefsbyn, Gagnefsbyn, Nordauker, Nordåker and Pellesgaurdarna, Pellesgårdarna.
Actress Malin Levanon comes from Gagnef. The artist Ottilia Adelborg lived there for several decades, and there is now an Ottilia Adelborg Museum in Gagnef.
Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Gagnef:
Gagnefs IF
References
Oskar Lindberg (composer) was born in Gagnef.
Populated places in Dalarna County
Populated places in Gagnef Municipality |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borl%C3%A4nge | Borlänge () is a locality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 44,898 inhabitants as of 2020. It is the seat of the Borlänge Municipality with a total population of 51,604 inhabitants as of 2017.
History
Originally Borlänge was the name of a tiny village, and the first historical information about it is from 1390. The village was insignificant up until about 1870. In 1872 the construction of Domnarfvets Jernverk, the ironworks of neighbouring village Domnarvet started. In 1875 a railway between Falun and Ludvika, via Borlänge was inaugurated. Thanks to its railway station the village of Borlänge became highly important in servicing the ironworks.
In 1898, Borlänge was granted privileges by the national Swedish government as a market town (Swedish: köping) with about 1,300 inhabitants, but still today it belongs to the Church of Sweden's regionally historically dominant parish of Stora Tuna, centered on a large medieval church by that name (meaning great enclosed farmyards), now located in a rural district east of the city. In 1898, the Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag - the owner of the ironworks in Domnarvet at the time - built a papermill in an adjacent village to Borlänge called Kvarnsveden, upstream from Domnarvet. Many area residents emigrated to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In 1944, the City of Borlänge was incorporated after the market town joined the industrial towns of Domnarvet and Kvarnsveden. In 1971 the municipality of Borlänge was esta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesta%20%28locality%29 | Avesta () is a locality and the seat of Avesta Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 11,949 inhabitants in 2015.
The name is first found in 1303 as "Aghastadhum". Aghe is of similar origin as the word å, meaning stream, in this case the Avestafors, a tributary of the river Dalälven. Stadhum was dative plural of a word of similar origin as stead, or farm.
History
In the Scandinavian Middle Ages there was a blast furnace at the location. In 1636 the construction of a giant copper mine was initiated near the Avesta fors.
The town Avesta received partial privileges in 1641 as a town under the city of Falun, and in 1644 a copper mint was built. However, the privileges were withdrawn in 1688 due to complaints of competition from its neighbour, mainly Falun. Copper coins were continued to be minted until 1831, and the copper works was in function until 1869.
Full city rights were regranted in 1919. The designated coat of arms depict the signs for copper and iron.
Geography
The town is located by the Dalecarlia River (Dalälven).
The railway junction Krylbo is situated in Avesta.
Climate
Avesta has a humid continental climate with sizeable seasonal differences, although much less than would be expected for an interior climate north of 60°N. Being situated at the foot of the higher areas to its west, summer temperatures are warm because of the relatively low elevation of around above sea level. Precipitation is quite high by standards of Sweden's areas closer to the B |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mora%2C%20Sweden | Mora is a locality and the seat of Mora Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 10,896 inhabitants in 2010.
History
There are signs of human activity in the surroundings of Mora dating from 4000 BC. The earliest found buildings in Mora are from the 7th century. Some of the buildings can today be found in Mora's open-air museum Zorns gammelgård ("Zorn's old homestead").
Mora parish was established in the 13th century.
In late 1520, Gustav Vasa stopped in Mora, in order to organize a rebellion against the Danish troops which occupied Sweden. The citizens of Mora first declined to help Gustav Vasa, but later changed their minds and sought Gustav Vasa when he was about to cross the Norwegian border. According to the legend two men from Mora (Lars Jakobsson and Engelbrekt Jonsson) caught up with Gustav Vasa in Sälen and told him his people would now fight with him. The rebellion managed to overthrow the Danish government in Sweden and Gustav Vasa was installed as king of Sweden.
In the 17th century, it was the location of the famous Mora witch trial.
During the 18th century the area around Mora was struck by famine, and many citizens abandoned their homes. Most went to Stockholm and southern Sweden where they learnt new craftsman skills. Returning to Mora they used their new knowledge to build up new industries. During the end of the 18th century and the 19th, cottage industries of clocks, sewing machines, knives and water taps were important to the economy. Water taps a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20W.%20S.%20Craig | Frederick Walter Scott Craig (10 December 1929 – 23 March 1989) was a Scottish psephologist and compiler of the standard reference books covering United Kingdom Parliamentary election results. He originally worked in public relations, compiling election results in his spare time which were published by the Scottish Unionist Party. In the late 1960s he launched his own business as a publisher of reference books, and also compiled various other statistics concerning British politics.
Craig also had a political career of his own, initially as an election agent and then as a candidate. Efforts to get elected in his native Glasgow being unsuccessful, after he moved to Chichester in 1970 he was first elected to the District Council and later to West Sussex County Council. However he fell out with a faction in the local Conservative Party and launched a rebel group which led to his expulsion. Late in his life he suffered severe depression and he committed suicide at the age of 59.
Early life
Craig was a native of Glasgow. He became interested in election statistics while still at school. He was active in the Scottish Unionist Party Association, and in 1954 began to contribute the 'Scottish Parliamentary Election Manual' of election results to the Yearbook for Scotland, which the party published. Craig was unhappy with existing sources for election statistics and undertook research himself to correct the vote figures and discover the source of independent candidates, and his elect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative%20algebra%20%28abstract%20algebra%29 | In abstract algebra, a derivative algebra is an algebraic structure of the signature
<A, ·, +, ', 0, 1, D>
where
<A, ·, +, ', 0, 1>
is a Boolean algebra and D is a unary operator, the derivative operator, satisfying the identities:
0D = 0
xDD ≤ x + xD
(x + y)D = xD + yD.
xD is called the derivative of x. Derivative algebras provide an algebraic abstraction of the derived set operator in topology. They also play the same role for the modal logic wK4 = K + p∧?p → ??p that Boolean algebras play for ordinary propositional logic.
References
Esakia, L., Intuitionistic logic and modality via topology, Annals of Pure and Applied Logic, 127 (2004) 155-170
McKinsey, J.C.C. and Tarski, A., The Algebra of Topology, Annals of Mathematics, 45 (1944) 141-191
Algebras
Boolean algebra
Topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCM | WCM may stand for:
Warner Chappell Music, an American music publishing company and a subsidiary of the Warner Music Group
Wave characteristic method, a model used in fluid dynamics
WCM, a radio station operated by the University of Texas at Austin under that call sign from 1922 to 1925; now licensed to Houston as KTRH
WCMH-TV, an NBC-affiliated television station in Columbus, Ohio, United States
Web content management
West Coast Magazine, a Scottish literary publication
Wisden Cricket Monthly, a UK-based cricket magazine
Woman Candidate Master, a World Federation chess title
World Championship Motorsports, a Grand Prix motorcycle team
WCM (Wide DC electric mixed), a classification of Indian locomotives
See also
WC (disambiguation)
WCMS (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic%20Cholesky%20decomposition | In the mathematical subfield of numerical analysis the symbolic Cholesky decomposition is an algorithm used to determine the non-zero pattern for the factors of a symmetric sparse matrix when applying the Cholesky decomposition or variants.
Algorithm
Let
be a sparse symmetric positive definite matrix with elements from a field , which we wish to factorize as .
In order to implement an efficient sparse factorization it has been found to be necessary to determine the non zero structure of the factors before doing any numerical work. To write the algorithm down we use the following notation:
Let and be sets representing the non-zero patterns of columns and (below the diagonal only, and including diagonal elements) of matrices and respectively.
Take to mean the smallest element of .
Use a parent function to define the elimination tree within the matrix.
The following algorithm gives an efficient
symbolic factorization of :
Articles with example pseudocode
Matrix decompositions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill-in | Fill-in can refer to:
A puzzle, see Fill-In (puzzle)
In numerical analysis, the entries of a matrix which change from zero to a non-zero value in the execution of an algorithm; see Sparse matrix#Reducing fill-in
An issue of a comic book produced by a different creative team than the one regularly assigned to the series, published either to avoid missing a deadline or to give one or more of the series's regular creators a break
See also
Fill (disambiguation)
Filling-in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgers%27%20equation | Burgers' equation or Bateman–Burgers equation is a fundamental partial differential equation and convection–diffusion equation occurring in various areas of applied mathematics, such as fluid mechanics, nonlinear acoustics, gas dynamics, and traffic flow. The equation was first introduced by Harry Bateman in 1915 and later studied by Johannes Martinus Burgers in 1948.
For a given field and diffusion coefficient (or kinematic viscosity, as in the original fluid mechanical context) , the general form of Burgers' equation (also known as viscous Burgers' equation) in one space dimension is the dissipative system:
When the diffusion term is absent (i.e. ), Burgers' equation becomes the inviscid Burgers' equation:
which is a prototype for conservation equations that can develop discontinuities (shock waves). The previous equation is the advective form of the Burgers' equation. The conservative form is found to be more useful in numerical integration
Terms
There are 4 parameters in Burgers' equation: and . In a system consisting of a moving viscous fluid with one spatial () and one temporal () dimension, e.g. a thin ideal pipe with fluid running through it, Burgers' equation describes the speed of the fluid at each location along the pipe as time progresses. The terms of the equation represent the following quantities:
: spatial coordinate
: temporal coordinate
: speed of fluid at the indicated spatial and temporal coordinates
: viscosity of fluid
The viscosity is a con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP%20filter | HP filter has several meanings:
Hodrick-Prescott filter, an economical filter
High-Pass Filter, a frequency filter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinner%20at%20Eight | Dinner at Eight may refer to:
The play and its adaptations
Dinner at Eight (play), a 1932 Broadway play written by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber
Dinner at Eight (1933 film), a 1933 adaptation
Dinner at Eight (1989 film), a made-for-television adaptation starring Lauren Bacall
Dinner at Eight (opera) by William Bolcom
Television
Come Home Love: Dinner at 8, a 2016 Hong Kong sitcom
"Dinner at Eight" (Frasier), an episode of the American sitcom Frasier
"Dinner at Eight" (Falcon Crest), an episode of the American soap opera Falcon Crest
"Dinner at Eight", an episode of the Canadian sitcom The Newsroom
Other
"Dinner at Eight" (song), a song by Rufus Wainwright from his album Want One
Dinner at Eight (album), a 1986 album by American keyboardist and composer Wayne Horvitz
The Lady Is a Tramp song from Babes in Arms by Rodgers and Hart
See also
"Dinner at Eight-ish", an episode of the American sitcom Cheers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocytoma | Astrocytoma is a type of brain tumor. Astrocytomas (also astrocytomata) originate from a specific kind of star-shaped glial cell in the cerebrum called an astrocyte. This type of tumor does not usually spread outside the brain and spinal cord and it does not usually affect other organs. After glioblastomas, astrocytomas are the second most common glioma and can occur in most parts of the brain and occasionally in the spinal cord.
Within the astrocytomas, two broad classes are recognized in literature, those with:
Narrow zones of infiltration (mostly noninvasive tumors; e.g., pilocytic astrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma), that often are clearly outlined on diagnostic images
Diffuse zones of infiltration (e.g., high-grade astrocytoma), that share various features, including the ability to arise at any location in the central nervous system, but with a preference for the cerebral hemispheres; they occur usually in adults, and have an intrinsic tendency to progress to more advanced grades.
People can develop astrocytomas at any age. The low-grade type is more often found in children or young adults, while the high-grade type is more prevalent in adults. Astrocytomas in the base of the brain are more common in young people and account for roughly 75% of neuroepithelial tumors.
Pathophysiology
Astrocytoma causes regional effects by compression, invasion, and destruction of brain parenchyma, arterial and venous hypoxia, competition f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4 | Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) () is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine. It oxidizes small foreign organic molecules (xenobiotics), such as toxins or drugs, so that they can be removed from the body. It is highly homologous to CYP3A5, another important CYP3A enzyme.
While many drugs are deactivated by CYP3A4, there are also some drugs which are activated by the enzyme. Some substances, such as some drugs and furanocoumarins present in grapefruit juice, interfere with the action of CYP3A4. These substances will therefore either amplify or weaken the action of those drugs that are modified by CYP3A4.
CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of oxidizing enzymes. Several other members of this family are also involved in drug metabolism, but CYP3A4 is the most common and the most versatile one. Like all members of this family, it is a hemoprotein, i.e. a protein containing a heme group with an iron atom. In humans, the CYP3A4 protein is encoded by the CYP3A4 gene. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 7q22.1.
Function
CYP3A4 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids components.
The CYP3A4 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, and its expression is induced by glucocorticoids and some pharmacologi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%E2%80%93Proudman%20theorem | In fluid mechanics, the Taylor–Proudman theorem (after Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and Joseph Proudman) states that when a solid body is moved slowly within a fluid that is steadily rotated with a high angular velocity , the fluid velocity will be uniform along any line parallel to the axis of rotation. must be large compared to the movement of the solid body in order to make the Coriolis force large compared to the acceleration terms.
Derivation
The Navier–Stokes equations for steady flow, with zero viscosity and a body force corresponding to the Coriolis force, are
where is the fluid velocity, is the fluid density, and the pressure. If we assume that is a scalar potential and the advective term on the left may be neglected (reasonable if the Rossby number is much less than unity) and that the flow is incompressible (density is constant), the equations become:
where is the angular velocity vector. If the curl of this equation is taken, the result is the Taylor–Proudman theorem:
To derive this, one needs the vector identities
and
and
(because the curl of the gradient is always equal to zero).
Note that is also needed (angular velocity is divergence-free).
The vector form of the Taylor–Proudman theorem is perhaps better understood by expanding the dot product:
In coordinates for which , the equations reduce to
if . Thus, all three components of the velocity vector are uniform along any line parallel to the z-axis.
Taylor column
The Taylor column is an imag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20%28fluid%20mechanics%29 | In continuum mechanics, an ensemble is an imaginary collection of notionally identical experiments.
Each member of the ensemble will have nominally identical boundary conditions and fluid properties. If the flow is turbulent, the details of the fluid motion will differ from member to member because the experimental setup will be microscopically different; and these slight differences become magnified as time progresses. Members of an ensemble are, by definition, statistically independent of one another. The concept of ensemble is useful in thought experiments and to improve theoretical understanding of turbulence.
A good image to have in mind is a typical fluid mechanics experiment such as a mixing box. Imagine a million mixing boxes, distributed over the earth; at a predetermined time, a million fluid mechanics engineers each start one experiment, and monitor the flow. Each engineer then sends his or her results to a central database. Such a process would give results that are close to the theoretical ideal of an ensemble.
It is common to speak of ensemble average or ensemble averaging when considering a fluid mechanical ensemble.
For a completely unrelated type of averaging, see Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (the two types of averaging are often confused).
The idea of the ensemble is discussed further in the article Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics).
Continuum mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2D6 | Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene. CYP2D6 is primarily expressed in the liver. It is also highly expressed in areas of the central nervous system, including the substantia nigra.
CYP2D6, a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. In particular, CYP2D6 is responsible for the metabolism and elimination of approximately 25% of clinically used drugs, via the addition or removal of certain functional groups – specifically, hydroxylation, demethylation, and dealkylation. CYP2D6 also activates some prodrugs. This enzyme also metabolizes several endogenous substances, such as hydroxytryptamines, neurosteroids, and both m-tyramine and p-tyramine which CYP2D6 metabolizes into dopamine in the brain and liver.
Considerable variation exists in the efficiency and amount of CYP2D6 enzyme produced between individuals. Hence, for drugs that are metabolized by CYP2D6 (that is, are CYP2D6 substrates), certain individuals will eliminate these drugs quickly (ultrarapid metabolizers) while others slowly (poor metabolizers). If a drug is metabolized too quickly, it may decrease the drug's efficacy while if the drug is metabolized too slowly, toxicity may result. So, the dose of the drug may have to be adjusted to take into account of the speed at which it is metabolized by CYP2D6.
Other drugs may function as inhibitors of CYP2D6 a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2E1 | Cytochrome P450 2E1 (abbreviated CYP2E1, ) is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. This class of enzymes is divided up into a number of subcategories, including CYP1, CYP2, and CYP3, which as a group are largely responsible for the breakdown of foreign compounds in mammals.
While CYP2E1 itself carries out a relatively low number of these reactions (~4% of known P450-mediated drug oxidations), it and related enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 are responsible for the breakdown of many toxic environmental chemicals and carcinogens that enter the body, in addition to basic metabolic reactions such as fatty acid oxidations.
Function
CYP2E1 is a membrane protein expressed in high levels in the liver, where it composes nearly 50% of the total hepatic cytochrome P450 mRNA and 7% of the hepatic cytochrome P450 protein. The liver is therefore where most drugs undergo deactivation by CYP2E1, either directly or by facilitated excretion from the body.
CYP2E1 metabolizes mostly small, polar molecules, including toxic laboratory chemicals such as dimethylformamide, aniline, and halogenated hydrocarbons (see table below). While these oxidations are often of benefit to the body, certain carcinogens and toxins are bioactivated by CYP2E1, implicating the enzyme in the onset of hepatotoxicity caused by certain classes of drugs (see disease relevance section below).
CYP2E1 also plays a role in several important |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vy%20process | In probability theory, a Lévy process, named after the French mathematician Paul Lévy, is a stochastic process with independent, stationary increments: it represents the motion of a point whose successive displacements are random, in which displacements in pairwise disjoint time intervals are independent, and displacements in different time intervals of the same length have identical probability distributions. A Lévy process may thus be viewed as the continuous-time analog of a random walk.
The most well known examples of Lévy processes are the Wiener process, often called the Brownian motion process, and the Poisson process. Further important examples include the Gamma process, the Pascal process, and the Meixner process. Aside from Brownian motion with drift, all other proper (that is, not deterministic) Lévy processes have discontinuous paths. All Lévy processes are additive processes.
Mathematical definition
A Lévy process is a stochastic process that satisfies the following properties:
almost surely;
Independence of increments: For any , are mutually independent;
Stationary increments: For any , is equal in distribution to
Continuity in probability: For any and it holds that
If is a Lévy process then one may construct a version of such that is almost surely right-continuous with left limits.
Properties
Independent increments
A continuous-time stochastic process assigns a random variable Xt to each point t ≥ 0 in time. In effect it is a random func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20degree%20algorithm | In numerical analysis, the minimum degree algorithm is an algorithm used to permute the rows and columns of a symmetric sparse matrix before applying the Cholesky decomposition, to reduce the number of non-zeros in the Cholesky factor.
This results in reduced storage requirements and means that the Cholesky factor can be applied with fewer arithmetic operations. (Sometimes it may also pertain to an incomplete Cholesky factor used as a preconditioner—for example, in the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm.)
Minimum degree algorithms are often used in the finite element method where the reordering of nodes can be carried out depending only on the topology of the mesh, rather than on the coefficients in the partial differential equation, resulting in efficiency savings when the same mesh is used for a variety of coefficient values.
Given a linear system
where A is an real symmetric sparse square matrix. The Cholesky factor L will typically suffer 'fill in', that is have more non-zeros than the upper triangle of A. We seek a permutation matrix P, so that the matrix
, which is also symmetric, has the least possible fill in its Cholesky factor. We solve the reordered system
The problem of finding the best ordering is an NP-complete problem and is thus intractable, so heuristic methods are used instead. The minimum degree algorithm is derived from a method first proposed by Markowitz in 1959 for non-symmetric linear programming problems, which is loosely described as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds%20decomposition | In fluid dynamics and turbulence theory, Reynolds decomposition is a mathematical technique used to separate the expectation value of a quantity from its fluctuations.
Decomposition
For example, for a quantity the decomposition would be
where denotes the expectation value of , (often called the steady component/time, spatial or ensemble average), and , are the deviations from the expectation value (or fluctuations). The fluctuations are defined as the expectation value subtracted from quantity such that their time average equals zero.
The expected value, , is often found from an ensemble average which is an average taken over multiple experiments under identical conditions. The expected value is also sometime denoted , but it is also seen often with the over-bar notation.
Direct numerical simulation, or resolution of the Navier–Stokes equations completely in , is only possible on extremely fine computational grids and small time steps even when Reynolds numbers are low, and becomes prohibitively computationally expensive at high Reynolds' numbers. Due to computational constraints, simplifications of the Navier-Stokes equations are useful to parameterize turbulence that are smaller than the computational grid, allowing larger computational domains.
Reynolds decomposition allows the simplification of the Navier–Stokes equations by substituting in the sum of the steady component and perturbations to the velocity profile and taking the mean value. The resulting equation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%20equation | The Boltzmann equation or Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) describes the statistical behaviour of a thermodynamic system not in a state of equilibrium; it was devised by Ludwig Boltzmann in 1872.
The classic example of such a system is a fluid with temperature gradients in space causing heat to flow from hotter regions to colder ones, by the random but biased transport of the particles making up that fluid. In the modern literature the term Boltzmann equation is often used in a more general sense, referring to any kinetic equation that describes the change of a macroscopic quantity in a thermodynamic system, such as energy, charge or particle number.
The equation arises not by analyzing the individual positions and momenta of each particle in the fluid but rather by considering a probability distribution for the position and momentum of a typical particle—that is, the probability that the particle occupies a given very small region of space (mathematically the volume element ) centered at the position , and has momentum nearly equal to a given momentum vector (thus occupying a very small region of momentum space ), at an instant of time.
The Boltzmann equation can be used to determine how physical quantities change, such as heat energy and momentum, when a fluid is in transport. One may also derive other properties characteristic to fluids such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity (by treating the charge carriers in a material as a gas). See al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20tensor | In differential geometry, the Weyl curvature tensor, named after Hermann Weyl, is a measure of the curvature of spacetime or, more generally, a pseudo-Riemannian manifold. Like the Riemann curvature tensor, the Weyl tensor expresses the tidal force that a body feels when moving along a geodesic. The Weyl tensor differs from the Riemann curvature tensor in that it does not convey information on how the volume of the body changes, but rather only how the shape of the body is distorted by the tidal force. The Ricci curvature, or trace component of the Riemann tensor contains precisely the information about how volumes change in the presence of tidal forces, so the Weyl tensor is the traceless component of the Riemann tensor. This tensor has the same symmetries as the Riemann tensor, but satisfies the extra condition that it is trace-free: metric contraction on any pair of indices yields zero. It is obtained from the Riemann tensor by subtracting a tensor that is a linear expression in the Ricci tensor.
In general relativity, the Weyl curvature is the only part of the curvature that exists in free space—a solution of the vacuum Einstein equation—and it governs the propagation of gravitational waves through regions of space devoid of matter. More generally, the Weyl curvature is the only component of curvature for Ricci-flat manifolds and always governs the characteristics of the field equations of an Einstein manifold.
In dimensions 2 and 3 the Weyl curvature tensor vani |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adler%20%28surname%29 | Adler is a surname of German origin meaning eagle. and has a frequency in the United Kingdom of less than 0.004%, and of 0.008% in the United States.
In Christian iconography, the eagle is the symbol of John the Evangelist, and as such a stylized eagle was commonly used as a house sign/totem in German speaking areas. From the tenement the term easily moved to its inhabitants, particularly to those having only one name. This phenomenon can be easily seen in German and Austrian censuses from the 16th and 17th centuries.
Notable Adlers
Actors, writers and producers
Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Austrian doctor and psychotherapist
Allen Adler (1916–1964), American writer
Bill Adler (born 1951), American music journalist
Bruce Adler (1944–2008), American actor
Celia Adler (1891–1979), American Jewish actress
Charles Adler (broadcaster) (born 1954), Canadian broadcaster
Charlie Adler (born 1956), American voice actor
Cyrus Adler (1863–1940), American educator
David A. Adler (born 1947), Writer of children's books
Elizabeth Adler (born 1950), British author
Friedrich Adler (writer) (1857–1938), Czech-Austrian politician
H. G. Adler (1910–1988), German Jewish poet and novelist.
Jacob Pavlovich Adler (1855–1926), born Yankev P. Adler, Ukrainian-born Jewish actor and a star in Yiddish theater
Jay Adler (1896–1978), American actor in theater, television, and film
Jerry Adler (born 1929), American theatre director, production supervisor and television and film actor
Julius |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Qurna%20Field | West Qurna () is one of Iraq's largest oil fields, located north of Rumaila field, 65 km northwest of Basra. West Qurna is believed to hold of recoverable reserves – making it one of the biggest oil fields in the world. Until 2009, the field was closed to Western firms.
Phases
West Qurna Phase I
In November 2009, an ExxonMobil - Shell joint venture won a $50 billion contract to develop the West Qurna Phase I. As per Iraqi Oil Ministry estimates, the project will require a $25 billion investment and another $25 billion in operating fees creating approximately 100,000 jobs in the underdeveloped southern region. ExxonMobil is set to increase the current production of within seven years. The Iraqi government, in turn, will pay $1.90 per barrel produced by ExxonMobil-Shell alliance.
West Qurna Phase II
In December 2009, Russia's Lukoil and Norway's Statoil were awarded the rights to develop the West Qurna Phase II oil field. The Lukoil-Statoil alliance will receive $1.15 per barrel that they produce. In addition, they will work to raise output from West Qurna 2 to by 2012 and over a period of 13 years. In March 2012, Statoil sold its 18.75% stake in the field to Lukoil, giving the Russian firm a 75% stake, and leaving the Iraqi state oil company with 25%.
Water-injection project
A new joint multibillion-dollar water-injection project will be awarded to operator ExxonMobil. The project includes construction of a plant which will help 6 major oil-field development projec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20%28disambiguation%29 | Humans are a species of highly intelligent apes.
Human(s) may also refer to:
Science
Human, any member of the genus Homo (since c. 2.5 million years)
Human taxonomy, the classification of the species Homo sapiens
Archaic humans, since c. 200,000 years
Homo sapiens idaltu (c. 160,000 years ago), the name given to a number of around 160,000-year-old hominid fossils found in 1997 in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia
Homo sapiens sapiens, anatomically modern humans
Human appearance, the outward phenotype or look of human beings
Human variability, the range of possible values for any physical or mental characteristic of human beings
Human behavior, the range of behaviors exhibited by humans
Human condition, the unique features of being human
Human nature, the distinguishing characteristics that humans tend to have independent of the influence of culture
Human self-reflection, the capacity of humans to exercise introspection and the willingness to learn more about their fundamental nature
Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Films
Human (1976 film), a Mexican film directed by Gustavo Alatriste
Human (2015 film), a documentary by Yann Arthus Bertrand
TV series
Humans (TV series), an English-language science fiction TV series about artificial intelligence and robotics
Humans (2021 TV series), a 2021 Chinese remake
TV episodes
"Human" (Stargate Universe)
"Humans" (Zoboomafoo)
"Humans", a Series H episode of the television series QI (2010)
Characters
Human (Babylon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penman%20equation | The Penman equation describes evaporation (E) from an open water surface, and was developed by Howard Penman in 1948. Penman's equation requires daily mean temperature, wind speed, air pressure, and solar radiation to predict E. Simpler Hydrometeorological equations continue to be used where obtaining such data is impractical, to give comparable results within specific contexts, e.g. humid vs arid climates.
Details
Numerous variations of the Penman equation are used to estimate evaporation from water, and land. Specifically the Penman–Monteith equation refines weather based potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates of vegetated land areas. It is widely regarded as one of the most accurate models, in terms of estimates.
The original equation was developed by Howard Penman at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK.
The equation for evaporation given by Penman is:
where:
m = Slope of the saturation vapor pressure curve (Pa K−1)
Rn = Net irradiance (W m−2)
ρa = density of air (kg m−3)
cp = heat capacity of air (J kg−1 K−1)
δe = vapor pressure deficit (Pa)
ga = momentum surface aerodynamic conductance (m s−1)
λv = latent heat of vaporization (J kg−1)
γ = psychrometric constant (Pa K−1)
which (if the SI units in parentheses are used) will give the evaporation Emass in units of kg/(m2·s), kilograms of water evaporated every second for each square meter of area.
Remove λ to obviate that this is fundamentally an energy balance. Replace λv with L to get familiar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz%20Wa%C5%BCewski | Tadeusz Ważewski (24 September 1896 – 5 September 1972) was a Polish mathematician.
Ważewski made important contributions to the theory of ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, control theory and the theory of analytic spaces. He is most famous for applying the topological concept of retract, introduced by Karol Borsuk, to the study of the solutions of differential equations.
Biography
Ważewski was born in Galicia on the 24 September 1896 to parents Stanisław Ważewski and Anieli Kozlowskich. He would attend schools in Mielec and Przemyśl before attending the Tarnow secondary school in 1914. Ważewski went to, originally, study physics at the Jagiellonian University (Krakow), but after being convinced by Stanisław Zaremba, he would change his degree to mathematics.
Zaremba helped Tadeusz get a scholarship to study at the University of Paris from 1921 to 1923 where he would continue the study of topology and set theory which Zaremba had influenced him to study. In 1924 he attained his Doctorate based on his thesis On Jordan curves containing no simple closed Jordan curve (French). Then in 1927 he was awarded the Habilitation at the Jagiellonian University on the basis of the thesis Rectifiable Continuums in Relation to Absolutely Continuous Functions and Mappings (Polish).
Two of his advisors were Émile Borel and Arnaud Denjoy at the University of Paris.
In the years after his Habilitation he continued to work at the Jagiellonian University but h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%20semicircle%20distribution | The Wigner semicircle distribution, named after the physicist Eugene Wigner, is the probability distribution on [−R, R] whose probability density function f is a scaled semicircle (i.e., a semi-ellipse) centered at (0, 0):
for −R ≤ x ≤ R, and f(x) = 0 if |x| > R. The parameter R is commonly referred to as the "radius" parameter of the distribution.
The Wigner distribution also coincides with a scaled beta distribution. That is, if Y is a beta-distributed random variable with parameters α = β = 3/2, then the random variable X = 2RY – R exhibits a Wigner semicircle distribution with radius R.
The distribution arises as the limiting distribution of the eigenvalues of many random symmetric matrices, that is, as the dimensions of the random matrix approach infinity. The distribution of the spacing or gaps between eigenvalues is addressed by the similarly named Wigner surmise.
General properties
The Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind are orthogonal polynomials with respect to the Wigner semicircle distribution.
For positive integers n, the 2n-th moment of this distribution is
where X is any random variable with this distribution and Cn is the nth Catalan number
so that the moments are the Catalan numbers if R = 2. (Because of symmetry, all of the odd-order moments are zero.)
Making the substitution into the defining equation for the moment generating function it can be seen that:
which can be solved (see Abramowitz and Stegun §9.6.18)
to yield:
where is the modif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Zaremba%20%28mathematician%29 | Stanisław Zaremba (3 October 1863 – 23 November 1942) was a Polish mathematician and engineer. His research in partial differential equations, applied mathematics and classical analysis, particularly on harmonic functions, gained him a wide recognition. He was one of the mathematicians who contributed to the success of the Polish School of Mathematics through his teaching and organizational skills as well as through his research. Apart from his research works, Zaremba wrote many university textbooks and monographies.
He was a professor of the Jagiellonian University (since 1900), member of Academy of Learning (since 1903), co-founder and president of the Polish Mathematical Society (1919), and the first editor of the Annales de la Société Polonaise de Mathématique.
He should not be confused with his son Stanisław Krystyn Zaremba, also a mathematician.
Biography
Zaremba was born on 3 October 1863 in Romanówka, present-day Ukraine. The son of an engineer, he was educated at a grammar school in Saint Petersburg and studied at the Institute of Technology of the same city obtaining is diploma in engineering in 1886. The same year he left Saint Petersburg and went to Paris to study mathematics: he received his degree from the Sorbonne in 1889. He stayed in France until 1900, when he joined the faculty at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. His years in France enabled him to establish a strong bridge between Polish mathematicians and those in France.
He died on 23 November 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner%20distribution | Wigner distribution or Wigner function may refer to:
Wigner quasiprobability distribution (what is most commonly intended by term "Wigner function"): a quasiprobability distribution used in quantum physics, also known at the Wigner-Ville distribution
Wigner distribution function, used in signal processing, which is the time-frequency variant of the Wigner quasiprobability distribution
Modified Wigner distribution function, used in signal processing
Wigner semicircle distribution, a probability function used in mathematics
See also
Breit–Wigner distribution (disambiguation)
Wigner D-matrix, an irreducible representation of the rotation group SO(3) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic%20stem%20cell | Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days post fertilization, at which time they consist of 50–150 cells. Isolating the inner cell mass (embryoblast) using immunosurgery results in destruction of the blastocyst, a process which raises ethical issues, including whether or not embryos at the pre-implantation stage have the same moral considerations as embryos in the post-implantation stage of development.
Researchers are currently focusing heavily on the therapeutic potential of embryonic stem cells, with clinical use being the goal for many laboratories. Potential uses include the treatment of diabetes and heart disease. The cells are being studied to be used as clinical therapies, models of genetic disorders, and cellular/DNA repair. However, adverse effects in the research and clinical processes such as tumors and unwanted immune responses have also been reported.
Properties
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst stage of early mammalian embryos, are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into any embryonic cell type and by their ability to self-renew. It is these traits that makes them valuable in the scientific and medical fields. ESCs have a normal karyotype, maintain high telomerase activity, and exhibit remarkable long-term proliferative potential.
Pluripotent
Embryonic stem cells of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolomics | Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Specifically, metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind", the study of their small-molecule metabolite profiles. The metabolome represents the complete set of metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ, or organism, which are the end products of cellular processes. Messenger RNA (mRNA), gene expression data, and proteomic analyses reveal the set of gene products being produced in the cell, data that represents one aspect of cellular function. Conversely, metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous snapshot of the physiology of that cell, and thus, metabolomics provides a direct "functional readout of the physiological state" of an organism. There are indeed quantifiable correlations between the metabolome and the other cellular ensembles (genome, transcriptome, proteome, and lipidome), which can be used to predict metabolite abundances in biological samples from, for example mRNA abundances. One of the ultimate challenges of systems biology is to integrate metabolomics with all other -omics information to provide a better understanding of cellular biology.
History
The concept that individuals might have a "metabolic profile" that could be reflected in the makeup of their biological fluids was introduced by Roger Williams in the lat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20band%20replication | Spectral band replication (SBR) is a technology to enhance audio or speech codecs, especially at low bit rates and is based on harmonic redundancy in the frequency domain.
It can be combined with any audio compression codec: the codec itself transmits the lower and midfrequencies of the spectrum, while SBR replicates higher frequency content by transposing up harmonics from the lower and midfrequencies at the decoder. Some guidance information for reconstruction of the high-frequency spectral envelope is transmitted as side information.
When needed, it also reconstructs or adaptively mixes in noise-like information in selected frequency bands in order to faithfully replicate signals that originally contained no or fewer tonal components.
The SBR idea is based on the principle that the psychoacoustic part of the human brain tends to analyse higher frequencies with less accuracy; thus harmonic phenomena associated with the spectral band replication process needs only be accurate in a perceptual sense and not technically or mathematically exact.
History and use
A Swedish company Coding Technologies (acquired by Dolby in 2007) developed and pioneered the use of SBR in its MPEG-2 AAC-derived codec called aacPlus, which first appeared in 2001. This codec was submitted to MPEG and formed the basis of MPEG-4 High-Efficiency AAC (HE-AAC), standardized in 2003. Lars Liljeryd, Kristofer Kjörling, and Martin Dietz received the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award in 2013 for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC | PFC may refer to:
Science
Perfluorinated compounds, organofluorine compounds with hydrogen replaced by fluorine and other heteroatoms
Perfluorocarbons, hydrocarbon derivatives containing only carbon and fluorine atoms
Blood substitutes, some of which are made of perfluorocarbons
Plasma-facing components, in a fusion reactor
Power factor correction of electric loads
Prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain
Phonologie du Français Contemporain, French phonology research project
Physiological functional capacity
Economy
Power Finance Corporation, an Indian financial institution
PFC Energy, a global energy research and consultancy group
Price forward curve, a method to determine the forecasted price of a commodity.
Sports
Palace Fighting Championship, former US martial arts organization
Paris FC, France
Paulínia FC, São Paulo, Brazil
Persepolis F.C., Tehran, Iran
Pillow Fight Championship, US professional sports organization
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora
Port F.C., Thailand
Portsmouth F.C., England
Pacific FC, Vancouver Island, Canada
FK Partizan, Belgrade. Abbreviated from the name of the club in English.
Other uses
Passenger facility charge, a tax on air travelers
Pacific City State Airport (IATA airport code), near Pacific City, Oregon, U.S.
Playing for Change, a multimedia music project
Power foundation classes, computer libraries for PowerBuilder
Priority flow control, Ethernet technology
Private first class, a junior military rank
Struc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr%20Khinchin | Aleksandr Yakovlevich Khinchin (, ; July 19, 1894 – November 18, 1959) was a Soviet mathematician and one of the most significant contributors to the Soviet school of probability theory.
Due to romanization conventions, his name is sometimes written as "Khinchin" and other times as "Khintchine".
Life and career
He was born in the village of Kondrovo, Kaluga Governorate, Russian Empire. While studying at Moscow State University, he became one of the first followers of the famous Luzin school. Khinchin graduated from the university in 1916 and six years later he became a full professor there, retaining that position until his death.
Khinchin's early works focused on real analysis. Later he applied methods from the metric theory of functions to problems in probability theory and number theory. He became one of the founders of modern probability theory, discovering the law of the iterated logarithm in 1924, achieving important results in the field of limit theorems, giving a definition of a stationary process and laying a foundation for the theory of such processes.
Khinchin made significant contributions to the metric theory of Diophantine approximations and established an important result for simple real continued fractions, discovering a property of such numbers that leads to what is now known as Khinchin's constant. He also published several important works on statistical physics, where he used the methods of probability theory, and on information theory, queuing theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o%20Pedro%2C%20S%C3%A3o%20Paulo | São Pedro is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is of 35,980 (2020) in an area of .
Geography
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification São Pedro has a tropical savanna climate.
Parks and recreation
Infrastructure
Transportation
The city is served by São Pedro Airport.
Utilities
Water is provided by the Autonomous Service of Water and Sewage of São Pedro (SAAESP).
References
External links
Prefeitura de São Pedro The official website of São Pedro.
Câmara Municipal de São Pedro São Pedro City Council website.
Estância Turística de São Pedro A tourism website about São Pedro.
Municipalities in São Paulo (state) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%20generator | A key generator is a protocol or algorithm that is used in many cryptographic protocols to generate a sequence with many pseudo-random characteristics. This sequence is used as an encryption key at one end of communication, and as a decryption key at the other. One can implement a key generator in a system that aims to generate, distribute, and authenticate keys in a way that without the private key, one cannot access the information in the public end.
Examples of key generators include linear-feedback shift registers (LFSR) and the Solitaire (or Pontifex) cipher.
References
Key management |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuji%20Nakamura | is a Japanese-born American electronic engineer and inventor specializing in the field of semiconductor technology, professor at the Materials Department of the College of Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), and is regarded as the inventor of the blue LED, a major breakthrough in lighting technology.
Together with Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano, he is one of the three recipients of the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physics "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources". In 2015, his input into commercialization and development of energy-efficient white LED lighting technology was recognized by the Global Energy Prize. In 2021, Nakamura, along with Akasaki, Nick Holonyak, M. George Craford and Russell D. Dupuis were awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering "for the creation and development of LED lighting, which forms the basis of all solid state lighting technology".
Careers
Nakamura graduated from the University of Tokushima in 1977 with a B.Eng. degree in electronic engineering, and obtained an M.Eng. degree in the same subject two years later, after which he joined the Nichia Corporation, also based in Tokushima. It was while working for Nichia that Nakamura invented the method for producing the first commercial high brightness gallium nitride (GaN) LED whose brilliant blue light, when partially converted to yellow by a phosphor coating, is the key to white LED lighti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Meyer%27s%20water%20fuel%20cell | The water fuel cell is a technical design of a "perpetual motion machine" created by Stanley Allen Meyer (August 24, 1940 – March 20, 1998). Meyer claimed that a car retrofitted with the device could use water as fuel instead of gasoline. Meyer's claims about his "Water Fuel Cell" and the car that it powered were found to be fraudulent by an Ohio court in 1996.
Description
The water fuel cell purportedly split water into its component elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen gas was then burned to generate energy, a process that reconstituted the water molecules. According to Meyer, the device required less energy to perform electrolysis than the minimum energy requirement predicted or measured by conventional science. The mechanism of action was alleged to involve "Brown's gas", a mixture of oxyhydrogen with a ratio of 2:1, the same composition as liquid water; which would then be mixed with ambient air (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, etc). The resultant hydrogen gas was then burned to generate energy, which reconstituted the water molecules in another unit separate from the unit in which water was separated. If the device worked as specified, it would violate both the first and second laws of thermodynamics, allowing operation as a perpetual motion machine.
The term "fuel cell"
Throughout his patents Meyer used the terms "fuel cell" or "water fuel cell" to refer to the portion of his device in which electricity is passed through water to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Meyer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal%20web | Esophageal webs are thin membranes occurring anywhere along the esophagus.
Presentation
Its main symptoms are pain and difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia).
Esophageal webs are thin membranes of normal esophageal tissue consisting of mucosa and submucosa that can partially protrude/obstruct the esophagus. They can be congenital or acquired. Congenital webs commonly appear in the middle and inferior third of the esophagus, and they are more likely to be circumferential with a central or eccentric orifice. Acquired webs are much more common than congenital webs and typically appear in the cervical area (postcricoid).
Clinical symptoms of this condition are selective (solid more than liquids) dysphagia, thoracic pain, nasopharyngeal reflux, aspiration, perforation and food impaction (the last two are very rare).
Causes
They are mainly observed in the Plummer–Vinson syndrome, which is associated with chronic iron deficiency anemia. One in 10 patients with Plummer-Vinson syndrome will eventually develop squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, but it is unclear if esophageal webs in and of themselves are a risk factor.
Esophageal webs are associated with bullous diseases (such as epidermolysis bullosa, pemphigus, and bullous pemphigoid), with graft versus host disease involving the esophagus, and with celiac disease.
Esophageal webs are more common in white individuals and in women (with a ratio of 2:1). The literature describes relations between these webs and Plummer-Vin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerfer%20Ariete | The Aerfer Ariete (Italian for Ram or Aries) was a prototype fighter aircraft built in Italy in 1958. It was a refined derivative of the Aerfer Sagittario 2, and was an attempt to bring that aircraft up to a standard where it could be mass-produced as a viable combat aircraft.
Retaining most of the Sagittario 2's layout with a nose intake and ventral exhaust for the main Derwent engine, the Ariete added a Rolls-Royce Soar RS.2 auxiliary turbojet engine to provide additional power for climbing and sprinting. This used a dorsal, retractable intake with its exhaust at the tail.
No production ensued; a proposed version with a de Havilland Spectre rocket engine instead of the auxiliary turbojet, the Aerfer Leone (Lion or Leo), was abandoned before a prototype could be built.
Operators
Italian Air Force operated two aircraft for evaluation test
Specifications (Ariete)
See also
References
Bibliography
Buttler, Tony. X-Planes of Europe II: Military Prototype Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946–1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2015.
Swanborough, Gordon. Air Enthusiast, Volume One. London: Pilot Press, 1971. .
Ariete
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Italy
1950s Italian fighter aircraft
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1958 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocytosis | In cellular biology, pinocytosis, otherwise known as fluid endocytosis and bulk-phase pinocytosis, is a mode of endocytosis in which small molecules dissolved in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane, resulting in their containment within a small vesicle inside the cell. These pinocytotic vesicles then typically fuse with early endosomes to hydrolyze (break down) the particles.
Pinocytosis is variably subdivided into categories depending on the molecular mechanism and the fate of the internalized molecules.
Function
In humans, this process occurs primarily for absorption of fat droplets. In endocytosis the cell plasma membrane extends and folds around desired extracellular material, forming a pouch that pinches off creating an internalized vesicle. The invaginated pinocytosis vesicles are much smaller than those generated by phagocytosis. The vesicles eventually fuse with the lysosome, whereupon the vesicle contents are digested. Pinocytosis involves a considerable investment of cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Pinocytosis and ATP
Pinocytosis is used primarily for clearing extracellular fluids (ECF) and as part of immune surveillance. In contrast to phagocytosis, it generates very small amounts of ATP from the wastes of alternative substances such as lipids (fat). Unlike receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances that it transport: the cell takes in surrounding fluids, including all s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO%20nomenclature | UNESCO Nomenclature (more properly UNESCO nomenclature for fields of science and technology) is a system developed by UNESCO for classification of research papers and doctoral dissertations. There are three versions of the system, offering different levels of refinement through 2-, 4-, and 6-digit codes.
Two-digit system
11 Logic
12 Mathematics
21 Astronomy, Astrophysics
22 Physics
23 Chemistry
24 Life Sciences
25 Earth and space science
31 Agricultural Sciences
32 Medical Sciences
33 Technological Sciences
51 Anthropology
52 Demography
53 Economic Sciences
54 Geography
55 History
56 Juridical Science and Law
57 Linguistics
58 Pedagogy
59 Political Science
61 Psychology
62 Sciences of Arts and Letters
63 Sociology
71 Ethics
72 Philosophy
See also
UNESCO Standard Classification of Education
References
External links
Original document (from 1988) – full 6-digit nomenclature
Academic literature
Classification systems
International classification systems
Library cataloging and classification
UNESCO |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glauconite | Glauconite is an iron potassium phyllosilicate (mica group) mineral of characteristic green color which is very friable and has very low weathering resistance.
It crystallizes with a monoclinic geometry. Its name is derived from the Greek () meaning 'bluish green', referring to the common blue-green color of the mineral; its sheen (mica glimmer) and blue-green color. Its color ranges from olive green, black green to bluish green, and yellowish on exposed surfaces due to oxidation. In the Mohs scale it has hardness of 2. The relative specific gravity range is 2.4 - 2.95. It is normally found as dark green rounded concretions with the dimensions of a sand grain. It can be confused with chlorite (also of green color) or with a clay mineral. Glauconite has the chemical formula .
Glauconite particles are one of the main components of greensand, glauconitic siltstone and glauconitic sandstone. Glauconite has been called a marl in an old and broad sense of that word. Thus references to "greensand marl" sometimes refer specifically to glauconite. The Glauconitic Marl formation is named after it, and there is a glauconitic sandstone formation in the Mannville Group of Western Canada.
Occurrence
At the broadest level, glauconite is an authigenic mineral and forms exclusively in marine settings. It is commonly associated with low-oxygen conditions.
Normally, glauconite is considered a diagnostic mineral indicative of continental shelf marine depositional environments with slow rat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemokine | Chemokines (), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. In addition to playing a major role in the activation of host immune responses, chemokines are important for biological processes, including morphogenesis and wound healing, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases like cancers.
Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape.
These proteins have historically been known under several other names including the SIS family of cytokines, SIG family of cytokines, SCY family of cytokines, Platelet factor-4 superfamily or intercrines. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria, but none have been found in other invertebrates.
Chemokines have been classified into four main subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline%20assembler | In computer programming, an inline assembler is a feature of some compilers that allows low-level code written in assembly language to be embedded within a program, among code that otherwise has been compiled from a higher-level language such as C or Ada.
Motivation and alternatives
The embedding of assembly language code is usually done for one of these reasons:
Optimization: Programmers can use assembly language code to implement the most performance-sensitive parts of their program's algorithms, code that is apt to be more efficient than what might otherwise be generated by the compiler.
Access to processor specific instructions: Most processors offer special instructions, such as Compare and Swap and Test and Set instructions which may be used to construct semaphores or other synchronization and locking primitives. Nearly every modern processor has these or similar instructions, as they are necessary to implement multitasking. Examples of specialized instructions are found in the SPARC VIS, Intel MMX and SSE, and Motorola Altivec instruction sets.
Access to special calling conventions not yet supported by the compiler.
System calls and interrupts: High-level languages rarely have a direct facility to make arbitrary system calls, so assembly code is used. Direct interrupts are even more rarely supplied.
To emit special directives for the linker or assembler, for example to change sectioning, macros, or to make symbol aliases.
On the other hand, inline assembler p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor%20Schwann | Theodor Schwann (; 7 December 181011 January 1882) was a German physician and physiologist. His most significant contribution to biology is considered to be the extension of cell theory to animals. Other contributions include the discovery of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, the discovery and study of pepsin, the discovery of the organic nature of yeast, and the invention of the term "metabolism".
Early life and education
Theodor Schwann was born in Neuss on 7 December 1810 to Leonard Schwann and Elisabeth Rottels. Leonard Schwann was a goldsmith and later a printer. Theodor Schwann studied at the Dreikönigsgymnasium (also known as the Tricoronatum or Three Kings School), a Jesuit school in Cologne. Schwann was a devout Roman Catholic. In Cologne his religious instructor , a priest and novelist, emphasized the individuality of the human soul and the importance of free will.
In 1829, Schwann enrolled at the University of Bonn in the premedical curriculum. He received a bachelor of philosophy in 1831. While at Bonn, Schwann met and worked with physiologist Johannes Peter Müller.
Müller is considered to have founded scientific medicine in Germany, publishing his Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen für Vorlesungen in 1837–1840. It was translated into English as Elements of Physiology in 1837–1843 and became the leading physiology textbook of the 1800s.
In 1831, Schwann moved to the University of Würzburg for clinical training in medicine. In 1833, he went |
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