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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977%20Italian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1977 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on September 11, 1977.
Qualifying
Qualifying classification
Race
Report
The fact that it was Ferrari's home race did not deter James Hunt who took pole, whereas Carlos Reutemann cheered the home fans by starting second in front of Jody Scheckter. Scheckter took the lead after a brilliant start, and in second place was Clay Regazzoni's Ensign who got an even better one. Regazzoni however did not have the pace and soon dropped down the order, whereas Mario Andretti was on the move, passing Hunt on the second lap, and Scheckter a few laps later to take the lead. Hunt dropped back with brake troubles as the race progressed, and Scheckter retired when his engine failed, leaving Reutemann and Niki Lauda in second and third. Lauda was soon past Reutemann, and the latter had to retire when he spun off on oil on the track left by the car of debutant Bruno Giacomelli, handing third to Alan Jones. The race finished in that order; with Andretti taking a dominant victory from Lauda, who closed in on the championship, and Jones who took his second podium in three races. By finishing 2nd, Ferrari won the Constructor's Championship with three races left.
Classification
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 8 results from the first 9 races and the best 7 res |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Austrian%20Grand%20Prix | The 1979 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 12 August 1979 at Österreichring.
Qualifying
Qualifying classification
Race
Classification
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 4 results from the first 7 races and the best 4 results from the last 8 races counted towards the Drivers' Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
References
Austrian Grand Prix
Grand Prix
Austrian Grand Prix
Austrian Grand Prix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth%20government%20of%20Jordi%20Pujol | The colors indicate the political party affiliation of each member:
So the statistics of the Government composition are:
Cabinets of Catalonia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LME | LME may stand for:
LME, Inc., a Minnesota-based trucking company
Labour Movement for Europe, a socialist society affiliated to the UK Labour Party
Large marine ecosystem
Late Middle English
Liquid metal embrittlement, of solid metals in the presence of some liquid metals
London Metal Exchange, futures exchange, England |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutive%20heterochromatin | Constitutive heterochromatin domains are regions of DNA found throughout the chromosomes of eukaryotes. The majority of constitutive heterochromatin is found at the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes, but is also found at the telomeres and throughout the chromosomes. In humans there is significantly more constitutive heterochromatin found on chromosomes 1, 9, 16, 19 and Y. Constitutive heterochromatin is composed mainly of high copy number tandem repeats known as satellite repeats, minisatellite and microsatellite repeats, and transposon repeats. In humans these regions account for about 200Mb or 6.5% of the total human genome, but their repeat composition makes them difficult to sequence, so only small regions have been sequenced.
Visualization of constitutive heterochromatin is possible by using the C-banding technique. The regions that stain darker are regions of constitutive heterochromatin. The constitutive heterochromatin stains darker because of the highly condensed nature of the DNA.
Constitutive heterochromatin is not to be confused with facultative heterochromatin, which is less condensed, less stable, and much less polymorphic, and which does not stain when using the C-banding technique.
Function
Constitutive heterochromatin is found more commonly in the periphery of the nucleus attached to the nuclear membrane. This concentrates the euchromatic DNA in the center of the nucleus where it can be actively transcribed. During mitosis it is believed that const |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett%20Rogers | Everett M. "Ev" Rogers (March 6, 1931 – October 21, 2004) was an American communication theorist and sociologist, who originated the diffusion of innovations theory and introduced the term early adopter. He was distinguished professor emeritus in the department of communication and journalism at the University of New Mexico.
Education and career
Rogers was born on his family's Pinehurst Farm in Carroll, Iowa, in 1931. His father loved electromechanical farm innovations, but was highly reluctant to utilize biological–chemical innovations, so he resisted adopting the new hybrid seed corn, even though it yielded 25% more crop and was resistant to drought. During the Iowa drought of 1936, while the hybrid seed corn stood tall on the neighbor's farm, the crop on the Rogers' farm wilted. Rogers' father was finally convinced.
Rogers had no plans to attend university until a school teacher drove him and some classmates to Ames to visit Iowa State University. Rogers decided to pursue a degree there. He received a B.S. in agriculture in 1952. He then served in the Korean War for two years (1952–1954). He returned to Iowa State University to earn a M.S. in 1955 and a Ph.D. in 1957 both in rural sociology.
Rogers held faculty positions at Ohio State University (1957–63), Michigan State University (1964–1973), and the University of Michigan (1973–1975). He was the Janet M. Peck Professor of International Communication at Stanford University (1975–1985) and the Walter H. Annenberg Prof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion%20of%20innovations | Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread. The theory was popularized by Everett Rogers in his book Diffusion of Innovations, first published in 1962. Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among the participants in a social system. The origins of the diffusion of innovations theory are varied and span multiple disciplines.
Rogers proposes that five main elements influence the spread of a new idea: the innovation itself, adopters, communication channels, time, and a social system. This process relies heavily on social capital. The innovation must be widely adopted in order to self-sustain. Within the rate of adoption, there is a point at which an innovation reaches critical mass. In 1989, management consultants working at the consulting firm Regis Mckenna Inc. theorized that this point lies at the boundary between the early adopters and the early majority. This gap between niche appeal and mass (self-sustained) adoption was originally labeled "the marketing chasm"
The categories of adopters are innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. Diffusion manifests itself in different ways and is highly subject to the type of adopters and innovation-decision process. The criterion for the adopter categorization is innovativeness, defined as the degree to which an individual adopts a new idea.
History
The concept of diffus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkes%20disease | Menkes disease (MNK), also known as Menkes syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein ATP7A, leading to copper deficiency. Characteristic findings include kinky hair, growth failure, and nervous system deterioration. Like all X-linked recessive conditions, Menkes disease is more common in males than in females. The disorder was first described by John Hans Menkes in 1962.
Onset occurs during infancy, with incidence of about 1 in 100,000 to 250,000 newborns; affected infants often do not live past the age of three years, though there are rare cases in which less severe symptoms emerge later in childhood.
Signs and symptoms
Affected infants may be born prematurely. Signs of the disease appear during infancy, typically after a two- to three-month period of normal or slightly slowed development that is followed by a loss of early developmental skills and subsequent developmental delay. Patients exhibit hypotonia (weak muscle tone), failure to thrive, hypothermia (subnormal body temperature), sagging facial features, seizures, and metaphyseal widening. Hair appears strikingly peculiar: kinky, colorless or silvery, and brittle. There can be extensive neurodegeneration in the gray matter of the brain. Arteries in the brain can also be twisted with frayed and split inner walls. This can lead to rupture or blockage of the arteries. Weakened bones (osteoporosis) may result in fractures.
Occipital horn syndrome ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malate%20dehydrogenase | Malate dehydrogenase () (MDH) is an enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate using the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. This reaction is part of many metabolic pathways, including the citric acid cycle. Other malate dehydrogenases, which have other EC numbers and catalyze other reactions oxidizing malate, have qualified names like malate dehydrogenase (NADP+).
Isozymes
Several isozymes of malate dehydrogenase exist. There are two main isoforms in eukaryotic cells. One is found in the mitochondrial matrix, participating as a key enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the oxidation of malate. The other is found in the cytoplasm, assisting the malate-aspartate shuttle with exchanging reducing equivalents so that malate can pass through the mitochondrial membrane to be transformed into oxaloacetate for further cellular processes.
Humans and most other mammals express the following two malate dehydrogenases:
Protein families
The malate dehydrogenase family contains L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-2-hydroxyisocaproate dehydrogenases. L-lactate dehydrogenases catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate, the last step in anaerobic glycolysis. The N-terminus is a Rossmann NAD-binding fold and the C-terminus is an unusual alpha+beta fold.
Evolution and structure
In most organisms, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) exists as a homodimeric molecule and is closely related to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in structure. It is a large protein molecule wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis | In molecular biology, biosynthesis is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides. Biosynthesis is usually synonymous with anabolism.
The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may need coenzymes (e.g. NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.
Properties of chemical reactions
Biosynthesis occurs due to a series of chemical reactions. For these reactions to take place, the following elements are necessary:
Precursor compounds: these compounds are the starting molecules or substrates in a reaction. These may also be viewed as the reactants in a given chemical process.
Chemical energy: chemical energy can be found in the form of hig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting%20method%20%28computer%20science%29 | In the field of analysis of algorithms in computer science, the accounting method is a method of amortized analysis based on accounting. The accounting method often gives a more intuitive account of the amortized cost of an operation than either aggregate analysis or the potential method. Note, however, that this does not guarantee such analysis will be immediately obvious; often, choosing the correct parameters for the accounting method requires as much knowledge of the problem and the complexity bounds one is attempting to prove as the other two methods.
The accounting method is most naturally suited for proving an O(1) bound on time. The method as explained here is for proving such a bound.
The method
A set of elementary operations which will be used in the algorithm is chosen and their costs are arbitrarily set to 1. The fact that the costs of these operations may differ in reality presents no difficulty in principle. What is important is that each elementary operation has a constant cost.
Each aggregate operation is assigned a "payment". The payment is intended to cover the cost of elementary operations needed to complete this particular operation, with some of the payment left over, placed in a pool to be used later.
The difficulty with problems that require amortized analysis is that, in general, some of the operations will require greater than constant cost. This means that no constant payment will be enough to cover the worst case cost of an operation, in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connexin | Connexins (Cx) (TC# 1.A.24), or gap junction proteins, are structurally related transmembrane proteins that assemble to form vertebrate gap junctions. An entirely different family of proteins, the innexins, form gap junctions in invertebrates. Each gap junction is composed of two hemichannels, or connexons, which consist of homo- or heterohexameric arrays of connexins, and the connexon in one plasma membrane docks end-to-end with a connexon in the membrane of a closely opposed cell. The hemichannel is made of six connexin subunits, each of which consist of four transmembrane segments. Gap junctions are essential for many physiological processes, such as the coordinated depolarization of cardiac muscle, proper embryonic development, and the conducted response in microvasculature. Connexins also have non-channel dependant functions relating to cytoskeleton and cell migration. For these reasons, mutations in connexin-encoding genes can lead to functional and developmental abnormalities.
Nomenclature
Connexins are commonly named according to their molecular weights, e.g. Cx26 is the connexin protein of 26 kDa. A competing nomenclature is the gap junction protein system, where connexins are sorted by their α (GJA) and β (GJB) forms, with additional connexins grouped into the C, D and E groupings, followed by an identifying number, e.g. GJA1 corresponds to Cx43. Following a vote at the Gap Junction Conference (2007) in Elsinore the community agreed to use the GJ nomenclature syste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20South%20Africa | Statistics South Africa (frequently shortened to Stats SA) is the national statistical service of South Africa with the goal of producing timely, accurate and official statistics, in order to advance economic growth, development and democracy. To this end, Statistics South Africa produces official demographic, economic and social censuses and surveys. To date Statistics South Africa has produced three censuses, in 1996, 2001 , 2011and 2022. Stats SA was previously known as the "Central Statistical Service", shortly after the end of apartheid and also it absorbed the statistical services of the former Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda and Ciskei.
Surveys conducted
1999 Survey of Activities of Young People, or the SAYP.
South African National Census of 2001
2007 Community Survey
South African National Census of 2011
South African National Census of 2022
References
External links
Statistics Act, no. 6 of 1999 from polity.org.za
Government departments of South Africa
Scientific organisations based in South Africa
South Africa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn%20errors%20of%20metabolism | Inborn errors of metabolism form a large class of genetic diseases involving congenital disorders of enzyme activities. The majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances (substrates) into others (products). In most of the disorders, problems arise due to accumulation of substances which are toxic or interfere with normal function, or due to the effects of reduced ability to synthesize essential compounds. Inborn errors of metabolism are now often referred to as congenital metabolic diseases or inherited metabolic disorders. To this concept it's possible to include the new term of Enzymopathy. This term was created following the study of Biodynamic Enzymology, a science based on the study of the enzymes and their derivated products. Finally, inborn errors of metabolism were studied for the first time by British physician Archibald Garrod (1857–1936), in 1908. He is known for work that prefigured the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis, based on his studies on the nature and inheritance of alkaptonuria. His seminal text, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, was published in 1923.
Classification and symptoms of metabolic diseases
Traditionally the inherited metabolic diseases were classified as disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, organic acid metabolism, or lysosomal storage diseases. In recent decades, hundreds of new inherited disorders of metabolism have been discovered and the categories ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAT | ASAT can mean:
Anti-satellite weapon
ASM-135 ASAT, an air-launched anti-satellite multi-stage missile
Aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme in amino acid metabolism
Association for Science in Autism Treatment, an organization promoting applied behavior analysis and other autism therapies
G&L ASAT, an electric guitar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem | Photosystems are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis. Together they carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. Photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. These membranes are located inside the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria. There are two kinds of photosystems: PSI and PSII.
PSII will absorb red light, and PSI will absorb far-red light. Although photosynthetic activity will be detected when the photosystems are exposed to either red or far-red light, the photosynthetic activity will be the greatest when plants are exposed to both wavelengths of light. Studies have actually demonstrated that the two wavelengths together have a synergistic effect on the photosynthetic activity, rather than an additive one.
Each photosystem has two parts: a reaction center, where the photochemistry occurs, and an antenna complex, which surrounds the reaction center. The antenna complex contains hundreds of chlorophyll molecules which funnel the excitation energy to the center of the photosystem. At the reaction center, the energy will be trapped and transferred to produce a high energy molecule.
The main function of PSII is to efficiently split water into oxygen molecules and protons. PSII will provide a steady stream of electrons to PSI, which will boost these in ene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosystem%20II | Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis. It is located in the thylakoid membrane of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Within the photosystem, enzymes capture photons of light to energize electrons that are then transferred through a variety of coenzymes and cofactors to reduce plastoquinone to plastoquinol. The energized electrons are replaced by oxidizing water to form hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen.
By replenishing lost electrons with electrons from the splitting of water, photosystem II provides the electrons for all of photosynthesis to occur. The hydrogen ions (protons) generated by the oxidation of water help to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. The energized electrons transferred to plastoquinone are ultimately used to reduce to NADPH or are used in non-cyclic electron flow. DCMU is a chemical often used in laboratory settings to inhibit photosynthesis. When present, DCMU inhibits electron flow from photosystem II to plastoquinone.
Structure of complex
The core of PSII consists of a pseudo-symmetric heterodimer of two homologous proteins D1 and D2. Unlike the reaction centers of all other photosystems in which the positive charge sitting on the chlorophyll dimer that undergoes the initial photoinduced charge separation is equally shared by the two monomers, in intact PSII the charge is mostly localized on one chlorophy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarna%20I | Labarna I was the traditional first king of the Hittites, (middle chronology), the most accepted chronology nowadays. He was the traditional founder of the Hittite Old Kingdom (fl. c. 1680(?)-1650 BC). His wife was Tawannanna.
The existence of Labarna I is questioned by some modern scholars. Labarna was also a title of early Hittite rulers, such as Hattusili I. Given the relatively few contemporaneous references to Labarna I personally, some scholars have suggested that pioneering Hittitologists may have erred in assuming that Labarna was the personal name of a king. According to this theory, the first Labarna (in the sense of a title) was Hattusili I, who is normally regarded as the second Labarna.
Tabarna, a variant of Labarna, is mentioned often in Hattian, Hittite, Hurrian and Akkadian texts from the Hittite archives.
Biography
Labarna was not the first in line to the throne. PU-Sarruma designated Labarna as his successor after his own sons revolted against him. Upon PU-Sarruma's death, Labarna and Papahdilmah, one of PU-Sarruma's sons, contended for the throne, with Labarna emerging victorious.
What little is known about him is culled mainly from the Telepinu Proclamation, which states that he overwhelmed his enemies and "made them borders of the sea", a statement which may refer to conquests as far as the Mediterranean coast in the south, and the Black Sea in the north.
Labarna installed his sons as governors in several cities including Tuwanuwa, Hupisna, Landa, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20pulse%20voltammetry | Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) (also differential pulse polarography, DPP) is a voltammetry method used to make electrochemical measurements and a derivative of linear sweep voltammetry or staircase voltammetry, with a series of regular voltage pulses superimposed on the potential linear sweep or stairsteps. The current is measured immediately before each potential change, and the current difference is plotted as a function of potential. By sampling the current just before the potential is changed, the effect of the charging current can be decreased.
By contrast, in normal pulse voltammetry the current resulting from a series of ever larger potential pulses is compared with the current at a constant 'baseline' voltage. Another type of pulse voltammetry is squarewave voltammetry, which can be considered a special type of differential pulse voltammetry in which equal time is spent at the potential of the ramped baseline and potential of the superimposed pulse.
Electrochemical cell
The system of this measurement is usually the same as that of standard voltammetry. The potential between the working electrode and the reference electrode is changed as a pulse from an initial potential to an interlevel potential and remains at the interlevel potential for about 5 to 100 milliseconds; then it changes to the final potential, which is different from the initial potential. The pulse is repeated, changing the final potential, and a constant difference is kept between the initia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimization%20problem | In mathematics, engineering, computer science and economics, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions.
Optimization problems can be divided into two categories, depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete:
An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a discrete optimization, in which an object such as an integer, permutation or graph must be found from a countable set.
A problem with continuous variables is known as a continuous optimization, in which an optimal value from a continuous function must be found. They can include constrained problems and multimodal problems.
Continuous optimization problem
The standard form of a continuous optimization problem is
where
is the objective function to be minimized over the -variable vector ,
are called inequality constraints
are called equality constraints, and
and .
If , the problem is an unconstrained optimization problem. By convention, the standard form defines a minimization problem. A maximization problem can be treated by negating the objective function.
Combinatorial optimization problem
Formally, a combinatorial optimization problem is a quadruple , where
is a set of instances;
given an instance , is the set of feasible solutions;
given an instance and a feasible solution of , denotes the measure of , which is usually a positive real.
is the goal function, and is either or .
The goal is then to find for som |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporally%20ordered%20routing%20algorithm | The Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) is an algorithm for routing data across Wireless Mesh Networks or Mobile ad hoc networks.
It was developed by Vincent Park and Scott Corson at the University of Maryland and the Naval Research Laboratory. Park has patented his work, and it was licensed by Nova Engineering, who are marketing a wireless router product based on Park's algorithm.
Operation
The TORA attempts to achieve a high degree of scalability using a "flat", non-hierarchical routing algorithm. In its operation the algorithm attempts to suppress, to the greatest extent possible, the generation of far-reaching control message propagation. In order to achieve this, the TORA does not use a shortest path solution, an approach which is unusual for routing algorithms of this type.
TORA builds and maintains a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) rooted at a destination. No two nodes may have the same height.
Information may flow from nodes with higher heights to nodes with lower heights. Information can therefore be thought of as a fluid that may only flow downhill. By maintaining a set of totally ordered heights at all times, TORA achieves loop-free multipath routing, as information cannot 'flow uphill' and so cross back on itself.
The key design concepts of TORA is localization of control messages to a very small set of nodes near the occurrence of a topological change. To accomplish this, nodes need to maintain the routing information about adjacent (one hop) nodes. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Rodbell | Martin Rodbell (December 1, 1925 – December 7, 1998) was an American biochemist and molecular endocrinologist who is best known for his discovery of G-proteins. He shared the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alfred G. Gilman for "their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
Biography
Rodbell was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Shirley (née Abrams) and Milton Rodbell, a grocer. His family was Jewish. After graduating from the Baltimore City College high school, he entered Johns Hopkins University in 1943, with interests in biology and French existential literature. In 1944, his studies were interrupted by his military service as a U.S. Navy radio operator during World War II. He returned to Hopkins in 1946 and received his B.S. in biology in 1949. In 1950, he married Barbara Charlotte Ledermann, a former friend of Margot Frank, diarist Anne Frank's older sister. Martin and Barbara had four children. Rodbell received his Ph.D. in biochemistry at the University of Washington in 1954. He did post-doctoral work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1954 to 1956. In 1956, Rodbell accepted a position as a research biochemist at the National Heart Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland. In 1985, Rodbell became Scientific Director of the NIH's National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina where he worked until h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antaboga | Antaboga is the world serpent of traditional pre-Islamic Javanese mythology (before the era of Demak kingdom). It is a derivative from Shiva-Hinduism Ananta Shesha combined with Javanism. After the fall of the kingdom of Majapahit and the ascent of Islam in Java, the centre for Hinduism shifted to Bali.
These days many of the old myths and legends are celebrated in the wayang performance that became a vehicle to combine the syncretic philosophies from outside with those philosophies and ideas already rooted within the local cultures and traditions.
At the beginning of time, only Antaboga existed. Antaboga meditated and created the world turtle Bedawang from which all other creations sprang. According to Sundanese myth, Antaboga was also responsible for the birth of Dewi Sri, the rice goddess of Java and Bali. According to "Wawacan Sulanjana", Dewi Sri emerges from the tears that turned into an egg, shed by Antaboga.
Etymology
The name Antaboga derived from the Sanskrit term ananta (endless) and boga (food, possession or wealth). As resulting, Antaboga could be translated as "endless food" or "endless wealth".
Notes
Javanese mythology
Legendary serpents
Nāgas
World-bearing animals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s%20law%20of%20inertia | Sylvester's law of inertia is a theorem in matrix algebra about certain properties of the coefficient matrix of a real quadratic form that remain invariant under a change of basis. Namely, if is the symmetric matrix that defines the quadratic form, and is any invertible matrix such that is diagonal, then the number of negative elements in the diagonal of is always the same, for all such ; and the same goes for the number of positive elements.
This property is named after James Joseph Sylvester who published its proof in 1852.
Statement
Let be a symmetric square matrix of order with real entries. Any non-singular matrix of the same size is said to transform into another symmetric matrix , also of order , where is the transpose of . It is also said that matrices and are congruent. If is the coefficient matrix of some quadratic form of , then is the matrix for the same form after the change of basis defined by .
A symmetric matrix can always be transformed in this way into a diagonal matrix
which has only entries , , along the diagonal. Sylvester's law of inertia states that the number of diagonal entries of each kind is an invariant of , i.e. it does not depend on the matrix used.
The number of s, denoted , is called the positive index of inertia of , and the number of s, denoted , is called the negative index of inertia. The number of s, denoted , is the dimension of the null space of , known as the nullity of . These numbers satisfy an obvious relation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Originality | Originality is the aspect of created or invented works that distinguish them from reproductions, clones, forgeries, or substantially derivative works. The modern idea of originality is according to some scholars tied to Romanticism, by a notion that is often called romantic originality. The validity of "originality" as an operational concept has been questioned. For example, there is no clear boundary between "derivative" and "inspired by" or "in the tradition of."
The concept of originality is both culturally and historically contingent. For example, unattributed reiteration of a published text in one culture might be considered plagiarism but in another culture might be regarded as a convention of veneration. At the time of Shakespeare, it was more common to appreciate the similarity with an admired classical work, and Shakespeare himself avoided "unnecessary invention". It wasn't until the start of the 18th century that the concept of originality became an ideal in Western culture.
Originality in law
In law, originality has become an important legal concept with respect to intellectual property, where creativity and invention have manifest as protectable or copyrightable works.
In the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886) that has been adapted by 181 countries and city-states, "original work" gives a creator exclusive rights; protection for creative works are automatically in force upon their creation without being asserted or decl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufotenin | Bufotenin (5-HO-DMT, bufotenine) is a tryptamine derivative, more specifically, a DMT analog, related to the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is an alkaloid found in some species of mushrooms, plants and toads, especially the skin.
The name bufotenin originates from the toad genus Bufo, which includes several species of psychoactive toads, most notably Incilius alvarius, that secrete bufotoxins from their parotoid glands. Bufotenin is similar in chemical structure to the psychedelics psilocin (4-HO-DMT), 5-MeO-DMT and DMT, chemicals which also occur in some of the same fungus, plant and animal species as bufotenin.
Nomenclature
Bufotenin (bufotenine) is also known by the chemical names 5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-HO-DMT), N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxytryptamine, dimethyl serotonin, and mappine.
History
Bufotenin was isolated from toad skin, and named by the Austrian chemist Handovsky at the University of Prague during World War I. The structure of bufotenine was confirmed in 1934 by Heinrich Wieland's laboratory in Munich, and the first reported synthesis of bufotenine was by Toshio Hoshino and Kenya Shimodaira in 1935.
Sources
Toads
Bufotenin is found in the skin and eggs of several species of toads belonging to the genus Bufo, but is most concentrated in the Colorado River toad (formerly Bufo alvarius, now Incilius alvarius), the only toad species with enough bufotenin for a psychoactive effect. Extracts of toad toxin, containing bufotenin and other bioactive compounds, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoschizomer | Isoschizomers are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence. For example, SphI (CGTAC/G) and BbuI (CGTAC/G) are isoschizomers of each other. The first enzyme discovered which recognizes a given sequence is known as the prototype; all subsequently identified enzymes that recognize that sequence are isoschizomers. Isoschizomers are isolated from different strains of bacteria and therefore may require different reaction conditions.
In some cases, only one out of a pair of isoschizomers can recognize both the methylated as well as unmethylated forms of restriction sites. In contrast, the other restriction enzyme can recognize only the unmethylated form of the restriction site.
This property of some isoschizomers allows identification of methylation state of the restriction site while isolating it from a bacterial strain.
For example, the restriction enzymes HpaII and MspI are isoschizomers, as they both recognize the sequence 5'-CCGG-3' when it is unmethylated. But when the second C of the sequence is methylated, only MspI can recognize it while HpaII cannot.
An enzyme that recognizes the same sequence but cuts it differently is a neoschizomer. Neoschizomers are a specific type (subset) of isoschizomer. For example, SmaI (CCC/GGG) and XmaI (C/CCGGG) are neoschizomers of each other. Similarly KpnI (GGTAC/C) and Acc65I (G/GTACC) are neoschizomers of each other.
An enzyme that recognizes a slightly different sequence, but produces the same ends is an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrior%20caste | Warrior caste may refer to;
Historical
Kshatriya, a member of the military or reigning order, the second-ranking caste of the Indian varna system
Samoa's Toa class in the Fa'amatai system, which used a warrior code known as fa'aaloalo (respect) that is still in existence today;
Szlachta - the gentry of the Polish Crown and of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Knights - in their role as the apex fighting force of the Age of Chivalry
Spartiate - the warrior-citizen body of ancient Sparta
Samurai caste in Japan
Eso Ikoyi, war chiefs amongst the Yoruba people
Jaguar warriors - an Aztec military élite
Gallowglass - medieval Norse-Gaelic mercenaries
Maryannu - chariot-mounted nobility in the ancient Middle East
Janissary - a member of a class of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire
Gurkhas - soldiers from the area of Nepal
Equites - Roman knights
Streltsy - Muscovite/Russian military class
Fictional
Minbari Warrior Caste, in the fictional Babylon 5 universe, the Warrior Caste is one of three castes in Minbari society
See also
Caste
Social class
Social stratification
Warrior code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20jumping | Chromosome jumping is a tool of molecular biology that is used in the physical mapping of genomes. It is related to several other tools used for the same purpose, including chromosome walking.
Chromosome jumping is used to bypass regions difficult to clone, such as those containing repetitive DNA, that cannot be easily mapped by chromosome walking, and is useful in moving along a chromosome rapidly in search of a particular gene. Unlike chromosome walking, chromosome jumping is able to start on one point of the chromosome in order to traverse potential distant point of the same chromosome without cloning the intervening sequences. The ends of a large DNA fragment is the target cloning section of the chromosome jumping while the middle section gets removed by sequences of chemical manipulations prior to the cloning step.
Process
Chromosome jumping enables two ends of a DNA sequence to be cloned without the middle section. Genomic DNA may be partially digested using restriction endonuclease and with the aid of DNA ligase, the fragments are circularized at low concentration. From a known sequence, a primer is designed to sequence across the circularized junction. This primer is used to jump 100 kb-300 kb intervals: a sequence 100 kb away would have come near the known sequence on circularization, it permits jumping and sequencing in an alternative manner. Thus, sequences not reachable by chromosome walking can be sequenced. Chromosome walking can also be used from the new ju |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20XB-33%20Super%20Marauder | The Martin XB-33 Super Marauder was a proposed World War II American bomber aircraft. It was designed by the Glenn L. Martin Company as the Martin Model 190 and was a high-altitude derivative of the company's B-26 Marauder. Two different designs were developed, first as a twin-engined aircraft and then as a four-engined aircraft. The four-engined version was ordered by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) , but the program was cancelled before any aircraft were built.
Design and development
XB-33
The first version of the B-33 design, the XB-33, was a twin-tailed medium bomber with two Wright R-3350 engines and pressurised crew compartments; its design began in 1940. It would carry around 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) of bombs. Soon after design of the XB-33 began it became clear that a twin-engined aircraft would not achieve the performance requested by the army. The company moved on to developing a larger four-engined design, the XB-33A.
XB-33A
Following the abandonment of the original twin-engined design, the company continued to design a larger four-engined aircraft, and two prototypes were ordered by the USAAF as the XB-33A; its bombload was to have been 12,000 lb (5,443 kg), as much as that of the B-24 Liberator, the heaviest US bomber flown in combat prior to the B-29.
The original XB-33 design was to have been powered by the R-3350, the redesigned XB-33A was to have used Wright R-2600 engines. The main reason for this was the demand for R-3350s for the B-29, one of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%28II%29%20oxide | Lead(II) oxide, also called lead monoxide, is the inorganic compound with the molecular formula PbO. PbO occurs in two polymorphs: litharge having a tetragonal crystal structure, and massicot having an orthorhombic crystal structure. Modern applications for PbO are mostly in lead-based industrial glass and industrial ceramics, including computer components. It is an amphoteric oxide.
Types
Lead oxide exists in two types:
Red tetragonal (α-PbO), obtained at lower temperatures than the β-PbO
Yellow orthorhombic (β-PbO), which is obtained temperatures higher than
Synthesis
PbO may be prepared by heating lead metal in air at approximately . At this temperature it is also the end product of decomposition of other oxides of lead in air:
PbO2->[{293 °C}] Pb12O19 ->[{351 °C}] Pb12O17 ->[{375 °C}] Pb3O4 ->[{605 °C}] PbO
Thermal decomposition of lead(II) nitrate or lead(II) carbonate also results in the formation of PbO:
2 → 2 PbO + 4 +
→ PbO +
PbO is produced on a large scale as an intermediate product in refining raw lead ores into metallic lead. The usual lead ore is galena (lead(II) sulfide). At a temperature of around the sulfide is converted to the oxide:
2 PbS + 3 → 2 PbO + 2
From lead
There are two principal methods to make lead monoxide both of which resemble combustion of the lead at high temperature:
Barton pot method.
The refined molten lead droplets are oxidized in a vessel under a forced air flow which carries them out to the separation system (e.g. cycl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-plate%20potential | End plate potentials (EPPs) are the voltages which cause depolarization of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called "end plates" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.4mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.
Neuromuscular junction
The neuromuscular junction is the synapse that is formed between an alpha motor neuron (α-MN) and the skeletal muscle fiber. In order for a muscle to contract, an action potential is first propagated down a nerve until it reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron. The motor neuron then innervates the muscle fibers to contraction by causing an action potential on the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction.
Acetylcholine
En |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated%20protein%20kinase | A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase). MAPKs are involved in directing cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli, such as mitogens, osmotic stress, heat shock and proinflammatory cytokines. They regulate cell functions including proliferation, gene expression, differentiation, mitosis, cell survival, and apoptosis.
MAP kinases are found in eukaryotes only, but they are fairly diverse and encountered in all animals, fungi and plants, and even in an array of unicellular eukaryotes.
MAPKs belong to the CMGC (CDK/MAPK/GSK3/CLK) kinase group. The closest relatives of MAPKs are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).
Discovery
The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 (MAPK3) in mammals. Since ERK1 and its close relative ERK2 (MAPK1) are both involved in growth factor signaling, the family was termed "mitogen-activated". With the discovery of other members, even from distant organisms (e.g. plants), it has become increasingly clear that the name is a misnomer, since most MAPKs are actually involved in the response to potentially harmful, abiotic stress stimuli (hyperosmosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage, low osmolarity, infection, etc.). Because plants cannot "flee" from stress, terrestrial plants have the highest number of MAPK genes per organism ever found. Thus the role of mammalian ERK1/2 ki |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical%20density | Critical density may refer to:
Critical density (cosmology), the matter density of a spatially flat Universe
Critical density (thermodynamics), the density of a substance at its thermodynamic critical point
Critical plasma density, the density at which the plasma frequency equals the frequency of an electromagnetic electron wave in plasma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth%20root%20of%20two | The twelfth root of two or (or equivalently ) is an algebraic irrational number, approximately equal to 1.0594631. It is most important in Western music theory, where it represents the frequency ratio (musical interval) of a semitone () in twelve-tone equal temperament. This number was proposed for the first time in relationship to musical tuning in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It allows measurement and comparison of different intervals (frequency ratios) as consisting of different numbers of a single interval, the equal tempered semitone (for example, a minor third is 3 semitones, a major third is 4 semitones, and perfect fifth is 7 semitones). A semitone itself is divided into 100 cents (1 cent = ).
Numerical value
The twelfth root of two to 20 significant figures is . Fraction approximations in increasing order of accuracy include , , , , and .
, its numerical value has been computed to at least twenty billion decimal digits.
The equal-tempered chromatic scale
A musical interval is a ratio of frequencies and the equal-tempered chromatic scale divides the octave (which has a ratio of 2:1) into twelve equal parts. Each note has a frequency that is 2 times that of the one below it.
Applying this value successively to the tones of a chromatic scale, starting from A above middle C (known as A4) with a frequency of 440 Hz, produces the following sequence of pitches:
The final A (A5: 880 Hz) is exactly twice the frequency of the lower A (A4: 440 Hz), that is, o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasomatism | Metasomatism (from the Greek μετά metá "change" and σῶμα sôma "body") is the chemical alteration of a rock by hydrothermal and other fluids. It is the replacement of one rock by another of different mineralogical and chemical composition. The minerals which compose the rocks are dissolved and new mineral formations are deposited in their place. Dissolution and deposition occur simultaneously and the rock remains solid.
Synonyms of the word metasomatism are metasomatosis and metasomatic process. The word metasomatose can be used as a name for specific varieties of metasomatism (for example Mg-metasomatose and Na-metasomatose).
Metasomatism can occur via the action of hydrothermal fluids from an igneous or metamorphic source. In the igneous environment, metasomatism creates skarns, greisen, and may affect hornfels in the contact metamorphic aureole adjacent to an intrusive rock mass. In the metamorphic environment, metasomatism is created by mass transfer from a volume of metamorphic rock at higher stress and temperature into a zone with lower stress and temperature, with metamorphic hydrothermal solutions acting as a solvent. This can be envisaged as the metamorphic rocks within the deep crust losing fluids and dissolved mineral components as hydrous minerals break down, with this fluid percolating up into the shallow levels of the crust to chemically change and alter these rocks.
This mechanism implies that metasomatism is open system behaviour, which is different from |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingomyelin | Sphingomyelin (SPH, ) is a type of sphingolipid found in animal cell membranes, especially in the membranous myelin sheath that surrounds some nerve cell axons. It usually consists of phosphocholine and ceramide, or a phosphoethanolamine head group; therefore, sphingomyelins can also be classified as sphingophospholipids. In humans, SPH represents ~85% of all sphingolipids, and typically make up 10–20 mol % of plasma membrane lipids.
Sphingomyelin was first isolated by German chemist Johann L.W. Thudicum in the 1880s. The structure of sphingomyelin was first reported in 1927 as N-acyl-sphingosine-1-phosphorylcholine. Sphingomyelin content in mammals ranges from 2 to 15% in most tissues, with higher concentrations found in nerve tissues, red blood cells, and the ocular lenses. Sphingomyelin has significant structural and functional roles in the cell. It is a plasma membrane component and participates in many signaling pathways. The metabolism of sphingomyelin creates many products that play significant roles in the cell.
Physical characteristics
Composition
Sphingomyelin consists of a phosphocholine head group, a sphingosine, and a fatty acid. It is one of the few membrane phospholipids not synthesized from glycerol. The sphingosine and fatty acid can collectively be categorized as a ceramide. This composition allows sphingomyelin to play significant roles in signaling pathways: the degradation and synthesis of sphingomyelin produce important second messengers for sign |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphingosine | Sphingosine (2-amino-4-trans-octadecene-1,3-diol) is an 18-carbon amino alcohol with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, which forms a primary part of sphingolipids, a class of cell membrane lipids that include sphingomyelin, an important phospholipid.
Functions
Sphingosine can be phosphorylated in vivo via two kinases, sphingosine kinase type 1 and sphingosine kinase type 2. This leads to the formation of sphingosine-1-phosphate, a potent signaling lipid.
Sphingolipid metabolites, such as ceramides, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate, are lipid signaling molecules involved in diverse cellular processes.
Biosynthesis
Sphingosine is synthesized from palmitoyl CoA and serine in a condensation required to yield dihydrosphingosine.
Dehydrosphingosine is then reduced by NADPH to dihydrosphingosine (sphinganine), acylated to dihydroceramide finally oxidized by FAD to ceramide. Sphingosine is then solely formed via degradation of sphingolipid in the lysosome.
Gallery
See also
Dimethylsphingosine
Fingolimod
Literature
article
External links
Biomolecules
Diols
Amines
Alkene derivatives |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoplast | The apoplast is the extracellular space outside of plant cell membranes, especially the fluid-filled cell walls of adjacent cells where water and dissolved material can flow and diffuse freely. Fluid and material flows occurring in any extracellular space are called apoplastic flow or apoplastic transport. The apoplastic pathway is one route by which water and solutes are transported and distributed to different places through tissues and organs, contrasting with the symplastic pathway.
To prevent uncontrolled leakage to unwanted places, in certain areas there are barriers to the apoplastic flow:
in roots the Casparian strip has this function
Outside the plant epidermis of aerial plant parts is a protective waxy film called plant cuticle that protects against drying out, but also waterproofs the plant against external water.
The apoplast is important for all the plant's interaction with its environment:
The main carbon source (carbon dioxide) needs to be solubilized, which happens in the apoplast, before it diffuses through the cell wall and across the plasma membrane, into the cell's inner content, the cytoplasm, where it diffuses in the symplast to the chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
In the roots, ions diffuse into the apoplast of the epidermis before diffusing into the symplast, or in some cases being taken up by specific ion channels, and being pulled by the plant's transpiration stream, which also occurs completely within the boundaries of the apoplast. Similar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplast | The symplast of a plant is the region enclosed by the cell membranes, within which water and solutes can diffuse freely.
By contrast the apoplast is any fluid-filled space within the cell wall and extracellular space. Neighbouring cells are interconnected by microscopic channels known as plasmodesmata that traverse the cell walls. These channels, allow the flow of small molecules such as sugars, amino acids, and ions between cells (from the inner part of one cell to the inner part of the next cell). Larger molecules, including transcription factors and plant viruses, can also be transported through with the help of actin structures. The symplast allows direct cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm flow of water and other nutrients along concentration gradients. In particular, symplastic flow is used in the root systems to bring in nutrients from soil. Nutrient solutes move in this way through three skin layers of the roots: from cells of the epidermis, the outermost layer, through the cortex into the endodermis.
Once solutes in the soil water reach the endodermal cells through apoplastic flow, they are forced into the symplastic pathway due to the presence of the Casparian strip. Once the solutes are passively filtered, they eventually reach the pericycle, where they can be moved into the xylem for long-distance transport.
History
Symplastic transport was first realized by Eduard Tangl in 1879, who also discovered plasmodesmata, a term coined by Eduard Strasburger, 1901. In 1880, Hanstei |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinorganic%20chemistry | Bioinorganic chemistry is a field that examines the role of metals in biology. Bioinorganic chemistry includes the study of both natural phenomena such as the behavior of metalloproteins as well as artificially introduced metals, including those that are non-essential, in medicine and toxicology. Many biological processes such as respiration depend upon molecules that fall within the realm of inorganic chemistry. The discipline also includes the study of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the behaviour of metalloproteins.
As a mix of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry, bioinorganic chemistry is important in elucidating the implications of electron-transfer proteins, substrate bindings and activation, atom and group transfer chemistry as well as metal properties in biological chemistry. The successful development of truly interdisciplinary work is necessary to advance bioinorganic chemistry.
Composition of living organisms
About 99% of mammals' mass are the elements carbon, nitrogen, calcium, sodium, chlorine, potassium, hydrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. The organic compounds (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen and most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water. The entire collection of metal-containing biomolecules in a cell is called the metallome.
History
Paul Ehrlich used organoarsenic (“arsenicals”) for the treatment of syphilis, demonstrating the relevance of metals, or at least metalloids, to med |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation%20index | The modulation index (or modulation depth) of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme.
Amplitude modulation index
Frequency modulation index
Phase modulation index |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20252 | Class 252 was the classification allocated to the prototype High Speed Train (HST) unit, numbered 252001.
History
When originally built, in 1972, the prototype High Speed Train (HST) units were considered to be formed of two locomotives at either end of a rake of carriages. As a result, the power cars were designated Class 41 and numbered 41001/41002, while the carriages were given numbers in the new Mark 3 carriage number series.
Shortly after their introduction, it was decided to classify the unit as a Diesel Electric Multiple Unit. It was allocated Class 252, and the whole formation was renumbered into a new carriage number series for HST and Advanced Passenger Train vehicles (4xxxx). Two coaches were not included in the renumbering (one Trailer First and one Trailer Second), as these were transferred for use in the Royal Train as part of its upgrade before the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II. The power cars were allocated numbers in the 43xxx series, and the two prototype cars took the numbers 43000/43001. Thus, the production-run cars were numbered from 43002 onwards.
Ironically, the situation reversed again in the 1980s, and the production power cars were then considered to be class 43, as this time around no power car or carriage was renumbered. By this time, the prototype cars had been transferred into departmental (non-revenue earning) service and had taken numbers in the departmental carriage 975xxx series, so they were not involved in this redesignation, and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%20partitioning%20in%20hierarchical%20trees | Set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) is an image compression algorithm that exploits the inherent similarities across the subbands in a wavelet decomposition of an image. The algorithm was developed by Brazilian engineer Amir Said with William A. Pearlman in 1996.
General description
The algorithm codes the most important wavelet transform coefficients first, and transmits the bits so that an increasingly refined copy of the original image can be obtained progressively.
See also
Embedded Zerotrees of Wavelet transforms (EZW)
Wavelet
References
Image compression
Wavelets
Brazilian inventions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czernina | Czernina (, from czarny – "black"; also spelled czarnina or czarna polewka – "black soup") is a Polish soup traditionally made of duck blood and clear poultry broth. Rabbit or pig blood can also be used as alternatives. In English it can be called "duck blood soup".
Flavours
Generally the sweet and sour taste of the soup comes from the balance of sugar and vinegar. However, there are hundreds of recipes popular in different parts of Poland, Belarus and Lithuania. Among the ingredients used are plum or pear syrup, dried pears, plums or cherries, apple vinegar and honey. Like most Polish soups, czernina is usually served with kluski, fine noodles, macaroni, boiled potatoes, or dumplings.
Symbol
Until the 19th century czernina was also a symbol in Polish culture. It was served to young men applying for the hand of their beloved. If the suitor was rejected, he would be served czernina. It is a plot element in Pan Tadeusz, a famous Polish epic poem by Adam Mickiewicz.
It is also a regional dish in Kashubia, Masuria and Poznań.
Czernina is very similar to Swedish svartsoppa.
See also
Blood as food
Duck blood and vermicelli soup
Chicken and duck blood soup
List of duck dishes
List of soups
Polish cuisine
Tiết canh, a Vietnamese dish of raw duck blood
References
Polish soups
Blood soups
Duck dishes
Pomeranian cuisine
Polish cuisine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20rectifier | A metal rectifier is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide, germanium or selenium. They were used in power applications to convert alternating current to direct current in devices such as radios and battery chargers. Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s, under the trade name Westector (now used as a trade name for an overcurrent trip device by Westinghouse Nuclear).
In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices; in others the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to selenium-iron types.
Description
Metal rectifiers consist of washer-like discs of different metals, either copper (with an oxide layer to provide the rectification) or steel or aluminium, plated with selenium. The discs are often separated by spacer sleeves to provide cooling.
Mode of operation
The principle of operation of a metal rectifier is related to modern semiconductor rectifiers (Schottky diodes and p–n diodes), but somewhat more complex. Both selenium and copper oxide are semiconductors, in practice doped by impurities during manufacture. When they are deposited on metals, it would be expected that the result is a simple metal–semiconductor junction and that the rectification would be a result of a Schottky barrier.
However, this is not always the case: the scientist S. Poganski discovered in the 1940s that the best seleni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoherbicide | A mycoherbicide is a herbicide based on a fungus. As a biological agent, these "mycoherbicides... work by producing toxic compounds that dissolve the cell walls of targeted plants". Unlike traditional herbicides, mycoherbicides can reproduce themselves and linger in the soil for many years to destroy replanted crops.
Commercial weed control products
These include:
Alter naria destruens, to control dodder
Chondrostereum purpureum, to control Prunus & Populus spp. in parts of Europe and Canada
Colletotrichum acutatum, to control Silky hakea
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. aeschynomene: isolated from Northern joint vetch (Aeschynomene virginica) for rice & soybeans
Cylindrobasidium laeve to control Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in S. Africa
Phytophthora palmivora: isolated from strangler vine (Morrenia odorata)
Puccinia canaliculate, to control Yellow nutsedge
Puccinia thalaspeos, to control Dyer's woad
Sclerotinia minor, to control Dandelion
Drug plants
In the United States House of Representatives, the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 2006 (H.R. 2829) passed with the inclusion of language to initiate research into the use of mycoherbicides against drug crops in foreign countries. In particular, the U.S. is considering using Fusarium oxysporum as a mycoherbicide against coca plants in Colombia. The United States Senate is currently drafting its own version of the bill.
See also
Bioherbicide
Plan Colombia
References
External |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor%20%28311%20album%29 | Transistor is the fourth studio album by American rock band 311, released on August 5, 1997, by Capricorn Records. The album saw a change in musical style as fewer songs feature rapping in comparison to the band's previous albums.
Upon its release, Transistor received largely mixed reviews from critics, who felt it was overlong and self-indulgent. Retrospectively, however, the album has been more positively received, and was certified platinum by the RIAA.
Music
Clocking in at 67:59 and with twenty-one tracks (or twenty-three, counting both hidden tracks), Transistor is 311's longest album and, until their 2017 album Mosaic, was their only album to contain more than sixteen tracks. Transistor was originally intended to be a double album, but all songs were instead placed onto one disc. Nick Hexum admitted that doing too many songs in not enough time for Transistor was a mistake.
While still utilizing their alternative rock sound in many songs, Transistor saw 311 moving away from their hip hop-influenced sound of their previous albums for more of a reggae-influenced sound, as shown in songs such as "Prisoner", "Inner Light Spectrum", "Running", "Rub a Dub", and "Stealing Happy Hours". Although, their rap rock style is still present in some songs, such as "Galaxy", "No Control", "Tune In", "Starshines", and "Borders". Transistor also contains elements of dub, space rock and stoner rock.
Reception
Transistor received a mixed review from Allmusic, who commented that "a proje |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyaluronidase | Hyaluronidases are a family of enzymes that catalyse the degradation of hyaluronic acid. Karl Meyer classified these enzymes in 1971, into three distinct groups, a scheme based on the enzyme reaction products. The three main types of hyaluronidases are two classes of eukaryotic endoglycosidase hydrolases and a prokaryotic lyase-type of glycosidase.
In humans, there are five functional hyaluronidases: HYAL1, HYAL2, HYAL3, HYAL4 and HYAL5 (also known as SPAM1 or PH-20); plus a pseudogene, HYAL6 (also known as HYALP1). The genes for HYAL1-3 are clustered in chromosome 3, while HYAL4-6 are clustered in chromosome 7. HYAL1 and HYAL2 are the major hyaluronidases in most tissues. GPI-anchored HYAL2 is responsible for cleaving high-molecular weight hyaluronic acid, which is mostly bound to the CD44 receptor. The resulting hyaluronic acid fragments of variable size are then further hydrolyzed by HYAL1 after being internalized into endo-lysosomes; this generates hyaluronic acid oligosaccharides.
Hyaluronidases are hyaluronoglucosidases (), i.e. they cleave the (1→4)-linkages between N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronate. The term hyaluronidase may also refer to hyaluronoglucuronidases (), which cleave (1→3)-linkages. In addition, bacterial hyaluronate lyases () may also be referred to as hyaluronidases, although this is uncommon.
Use as a drug
Medical uses
By catalyzing the hydrolysis of hyaluronan, a constituent of the extracellular matrix, hyaluronidase lowers the viscosity of hyal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T8AA%20%28AM%29 | T8AA is a radio station on the island of Malakal in Palau. Its frequency is 1584 kHz and it transmits with 5,000 watts of power. It is licensed by the government of Palau, and it broadcasts news, public service announcements, talk shows, live coverage of major events, and music.
History
T8AA Ngerel Belau started its AM broadcasting when they took over US army radio WSZB on with 250 watts on 1500 kHz in the 1970 era. After the independence of Palau, T8AA started broadcasting on 1584 kHz with a 5 kW transmitter which covered the whole nation.
T8AA Ngerel Belau went off air after the AM radio tower at Malakal collapsed during typhoon Bopha late 2012 and was not replaced because of budget constraints.
In June 2022, T8AA Ngerel Belau returned on AM broadcast after the new AM transmitter installed and AM radio tower has been constructed.
References
T8AA
News and talk radio stations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnoldi%20iteration | In numerical linear algebra, the Arnoldi iteration is an eigenvalue algorithm and an important example of an iterative method. Arnoldi finds an approximation to the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of general (possibly non-Hermitian) matrices by constructing an orthonormal basis of the Krylov subspace, which makes it particularly useful when dealing with large sparse matrices.
The Arnoldi method belongs to a class of linear algebra algorithms that give a partial result after a small number of iterations, in contrast to so-called direct methods which must complete to give any useful results (see for example, Householder transformation). The partial result in this case being the first few vectors of the basis the algorithm is building.
When applied to Hermitian matrices it reduces to the Lanczos algorithm. The Arnoldi iteration was invented by W. E. Arnoldi in 1951.
Krylov subspaces and the power iteration
An intuitive method for finding the largest (in absolute value) eigenvalue of a given m × m matrix is the power iteration: starting with an arbitrary initial vector b, calculate normalizing the result after every application of the matrix A.
This sequence converges to the eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue with the largest absolute value, . However, much potentially useful computation is wasted by using only the final result, . This suggests that instead, we form the so-called Krylov matrix:
The columns of this matrix are not in general orthogonal, but we can |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego%20Serna | Diego Alonso Serna Lopera (born October 2, 1973) is a Colombian football player who last played for Miami Dade FC. He is the all-time leading scorer for the now-defunct Miami Fusion of Major League Soccer.
Career
Early Career, Major League Soccer
Serna began his career in his native Colombia with Cortuluá and Independiente Medellín, before moving to MLS with the expansion Fusion in 1998. He became the one constant in Miami's lineup for the four years of the team's existence, leading them in goals in points his first three seasons with the club. Overall, he ended up with team records of 100 games, 52 goals, 36 assists, and 140 points in the regular season, and added a goal and an assist in six playoff games. In 2001, he was named to the MLS Best XI.
The Fusion was contracted before the 2002 MLS season, so Serna was picked 4th overall in the 2002 MLS Allocation Draft by the MetroStars, who traded Mark Chung to obtain that pick. Diego only played eight games for the Metros, scoring one goal. He was traded to the New England Revolution in a six-player deal midway through the season, the other principal of which was Mamadou Diallo. Serna only scored one goal for the Revs in five games before his season was ended by an injury. He went back to Colombia to Atlético Nacional and Independiente Medellín, before returning to MLS in the middle of the 2003 season for a stint with the Los Angeles Galaxy, scoring three goals in ten games.
Return to South America
After spending some time |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Toronto%20Bioregion | The Greater Toronto Bioregion represents a unique ecosystem that co-exists with the urban sprawl of the Greater Toronto Area. It is also part of the Oak Ridges Moraine system.
References
Oak Ridges Moraine
Ecozones and ecoregions of Ontario |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambiguity%20function | In pulsed radar and sonar signal processing, an ambiguity function is a two-dimensional function of propagation delay and Doppler frequency , . It represents the distortion of a returned pulse due to the receiver matched filter (commonly, but not exclusively, used in pulse compression radar) of the return from a moving target. The ambiguity function is defined by the properties of the pulse and of the filter, and not any particular target scenario.
Many definitions of the ambiguity function exist; some are restricted to narrowband signals and others are suitable to describe the delay and Doppler relationship of wideband signals. Often the definition of the ambiguity function is given as the magnitude squared of other definitions (Weiss).
For a given complex baseband pulse , the narrowband ambiguity function is given by
where denotes the complex conjugate and is the imaginary unit. Note that for zero Doppler shift (), this reduces to the autocorrelation of . A more concise way of representing the
ambiguity function consists of examining the one-dimensional
zero-delay and zero-Doppler "cuts"; that is, and
, respectively. The matched filter output as a function of time (the signal one would observe in a radar system) is a Doppler cut, with the constant frequency given by the target's Doppler shift: .
Background and motivation
Pulse-Doppler radar equipment sends out a series of radio frequency pulses. Each pulse has a certain shape (waveform)—how long the pulse is, what |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duo%20Datz | Duo Datz (Hebrew: אורנה ומשה דץ, Orna U-Moshe Datz; commonly referred in Hebrew as דץ ודצה Datz Ve-Datza) is a group comprised of Orna and Moshe Datz (colloquially known as Datz and Datza or as the Datzes). A musical duo in Israel for audiences of all ages, they were also introduced to European audiences by winning a third place for Israel at the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest.
The Datzes duo were together from 1985 to 2006. During that period, Duo Datz released ten albums, some of which reached gold album status, and six videotapes for preschoolers. The best known five of the six are in the Tif vaTaf series. The other recording is "I want a party for me with Datz and Datza" (1995). It was based on birthday songs by Smadar Shir, from her book "I want a party for me".
History
1980s: Marriage, In the Same Bed, The Ways of Love
Orna Cohen and Moshe Datz met during a joint concert tour around the world as part of the traveling band of the Hasidic Singer Festival, which performed in front of Jewish communities around the world. The two got married and began to act and perform together with great success. Their popularity increased after the 1987 Eurovision Kdam national selection, where they sang the song "Cupidon" which placed fourth.
In the summer of 1987, they published their first album "In the same bed", which included the songs of Moshe Mitzvot "Hoofim" [2]. Its theme song was written by Hani Livna (also from "Beaches") and composed by Miron Minster . Other prominent song |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoeffding%27s%20inequality | In probability theory, Hoeffding's inequality provides an upper bound on the probability that the sum of bounded independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than a certain amount. Hoeffding's inequality was proven by Wassily Hoeffding in 1963.
Hoeffding's inequality is a special case of the Azuma–Hoeffding inequality and McDiarmid's inequality. It is similar to the Chernoff bound, but tends to be less sharp, in particular when the variance of the random variables is small. It is similar to, but incomparable with, one of Bernstein's inequalities.
Statement
Let be independent random variables such that almost surely. Consider the sum of these random variables,
Then Hoeffding's theorem states that, for all ,
Here is the expected value of .
Note that the inequalities also hold when the have been obtained using sampling without replacement; in this case the random variables are not independent anymore. A proof of this statement can be found in Hoeffding's paper. For slightly better bounds in the case of sampling without replacement, see for instance the paper by .
Example
Suppose and for all i. This can occur when Xi are independent Bernoulli random variables, though they need not be identically distributed. Then we get the inequality
for all . This is a version of the additive Chernoff bound which is more general, since it allows for random variables that take values between zero and one, but also weaker, since the Chernoff bound gives a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuschendorf | Zuschendorf is a village in the municipality of Pirna in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district of Saxony, Germany. It was incorporated into Pirna in 1923. The place was mentioned for the first time in 1378. It lies in the valley of the river Seidewitz, 4 km southwest of Pirna town centre, on the road to Liebstadt.
In 1553, a castle was built there, where the von Carlowitz and von Bünau families lived for many years. The baroque-style church was built in 1560 and has been a part of the castle since the Thirty Years' War. During the communist years of East Germany, a notorious antique dealer occupied the castle. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the rundown castle that should have been torn down was luckily spared. The premises has been cleaned and now has an outstanding garden of hortensia, bonsai, ivy and camellia.
References
External links
Landschloß and botanical gardens Zuschendorf
Pirna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neundorf%20%28Pirna%29 | Neundorf is a subdivision of Pirna, Germany. It was incorporated into Pirna in 1923. It was first mentioned in 1408 when it was initially known as Poondorf. It is situated in the valley of the river Gottleuba, 6 km southeast of Pirna town centre.
Neundorf had a small island station on the Gottleuba Valley Railway, but the line was closed in 1976.
References
Pirna
Populated places in Saxon Switzerland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copitz | Copitz is a subdivision of Pirna, in Saxony, Germany. It was incorporated into Pirna in 1923. The place was mentioned for the first time in 1417. It is situated on the right bank of the river Elbe, directly opposite Pirna town centre.
References
Pirna |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Feldman | Stuart Feldman is an American computer scientist. He is best known as the creator of the computer software program make. He was also an author of the first Fortran 77 compiler, was part of the original group at Bell Labs that created the Unix operating system, and participated in development of the ALTRAN and EFL programming languages.
Feldman is the chief scientist at Schmidt Futures. He was previously a member of the dean's External Advisory Board at the University of Michigan School of Information. He was previously Vice President, Engineering, East Coast, at Google, and before that Vice President of Computer Science at IBM Research. Feldman has served on the board of the Computing Research Association (CRA) and of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB International). He was chair of ACM SIGPLAN and founding chair of ACM SIGecom. He was elected the President of the ACM in 2006. Feldman is also a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of ACM Queue, a magazine he helped found with Steve Bourne. He has also served on the editorial boards of IEEE Internet Computing and IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering.
He received an A.B. in astrophysical sciences from Princeton University and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2010 the University of Waterloo awarded him an Honorary Doctorate of Mathematics.
Feldman became a Fellow of the IEEE in 1991, Fellow of the ACM in 1995, and Fellow of the AAAS in 2007 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguerre%27s%20method | In numerical analysis, Laguerre's method is a root-finding algorithm tailored to polynomials. In other words, Laguerre's method can be used to numerically solve the equation for a given polynomial . One of the most useful properties of this method is that it is, from extensive empirical study, very close to being a "sure-fire" method, meaning that it is almost guaranteed to always converge to some root of the polynomial, no matter what initial guess is chosen. However, for computer computation, more efficient methods are known, with which it is guaranteed to find all roots (see ) or all real roots (see Real-root isolation).
This method is named in honour of Edmond Laguerre, a French mathematician.
Definition
The algorithm of the Laguerre method to find one root of a polynomial of degree is:
Choose an initial guess
For
If is very small, exit the loop
Calculate
Calculate
Calculate , where the sign is chosen to give the denominator with the larger absolute value, to avoid catastrophic cancellation.
Set
Repeat until a is small enough or if the maximum number of iterations has been reached.
If a root has been found, the corresponding linear factor can be removed from p. This deflation step reduces the degree of the polynomial by one, so that eventually, approximations for all roots of p can be found. Note however that deflation can lead to approximate factors that differ significantly from the corresponding exact factors. This error is least if the roots are f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisense%20therapy | Antisense therapy is a form of treatment that uses antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target messenger RNA (mRNA). ASOs are capable of altering mRNA expression through a variety of mechanisms, including ribonuclease H mediated decay of the pre-mRNA, direct steric blockage, and exon content modulation through splicing site binding on pre-mRNA. Several ASOs have been approved in the United States, the European Union, and elsewhere.
Nomenclature
The common stem for antisense oligonucleotides drugs is -rsen. The substem -virsen designates antiviral antisense oligonucleotides.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Half-life and stability
ASO-based drugs employ highly modified, single-stranded chains of synthetic nucleic acids that achieve wide tissue distribution with very long half-lives. For instance, many ASO-based drugs contain phosphorothioate substitutions and 2' sugar modifications to inhibit nuclease degradation enabling vehicle-free delivery to cells.
In vivo delivery
Phosphorothioate ASOs can be delivered to cells without the need of a delivery vehicle. ASOs do not penetrate the blood brain barrier when delivered systemically but they can distribute across the neuraxis if injected in the cerebrospinal fluid typically by intrathecal administration. Newer formulations using conjugated ligands greatly enhances delivery efficiency and cell-type specific targeting.
Approved therapies
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Tofersen (marketed as Qalsody) was approved by the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20methylation | DNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription. In mammals, DNA methylation is essential for normal development and is associated with a number of key processes including genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, repression of transposable elements, aging, and carcinogenesis.
As of 2016, two nucleobases have been found on which natural, enzymatic DNA methylation takes place: adenine and cytosine. The modified bases are N6-methyladenine, 5-methylcytosine and N4-methylcytosine.
Two of DNA's four bases, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Cytosine methylation is widespread in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, even though the rate of cytosine DNA methylation can differ greatly between species: 14% of cytosines are methylated in Arabidopsis thaliana, 4% to 8% in Physarum, 7.6% in Mus musculus, 2.3% in Escherichia coli, 0.03% in Drosophila, 0.006% in Dictyostelium and virtually none (0.0002 to 0.0003%) in Caenorhabditis or fungi such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. pombe (but not N. crassa). Adenine methylation has been observed in bacterial, plant, and recently in mammalian DNA, but has received considerably less attention.
Methylation of cytosine to form 5-methylcytosine occurs at the same 5 position on the pyrimidine ring where the DNA base th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20kind | "Natural kind" is an intellectual grouping, or categorizing of things, in a manner that is reflective of the actual world and not just human interests. Some treat it as a classification identifying some structure of truth and reality that exists whether or not humans recognize it. Others treat it as intrinsically useful to the human mind, but not necessarily reflective of something more objective. Candidate examples of natural kinds are found in all the sciences, but the field of chemistry provides the paradigm example of elements.
John Dewey held a view that belief in unconditional natural kinds is a mistake, a relic of obsolete scientific practices. W. V. O. Quine and Hilary Kornblith held the view that natural kinds are the unchanging structure of truth and reality. Hilary Putnam rejects descriptivist approaches to natural kinds with semantic reasoning. Hasok Chang and Rasmus Winther hold the emerging view that natural kinds are useful and evolving scientific facts.
John Dewey
In 1938, John Dewey published Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. He there explained how modern scientists create kinds through induction and deduction, and why they have no use for natural kinds.
The philosophical issue is how humans can dependably predict that unobserved examples of a kind will have the same traits as a few observed examples. The traditional answer grew out of Aristotle's assertion that humans describe things they know in two kinds of propositions. Existential kinds—known by observing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea-acanthocytosis | Chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc, also called choreoacanthocytosis) is a rare hereditary disease caused by a mutation in a gene that directs structural proteins in red blood cells. It belongs to a group of four diseases characterized under the name neuroacanthocytosis. When a patient's blood is viewed under a microscope, some of the red blood cells appear thorny. These thorny cells are called acanthocytes.
Other effects of the disease may include epilepsy, behaviour changes, muscle degeneration, and neuronal degradation similar to Huntington's disease. The average age of onset of symptoms is 35 years. The disease is incurable and inevitably leads to premature death.
Chorea-acanthocytosis is a very complex autosomal recessive adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder. It often shows itself as a mixed movement disorder, in which chorea, tics, dystonia and even parkinsonism may appear as a symptom.
This disease is also characterized by the presence of a few different movement disorders including chorea, dystonia etc.
Chorea-acanthocytosis is considered an autosomal recessive disorder, although a few cases with autosomal dominant inheritance have been noted.
Signs and symptoms
There are multiple symptoms that can help this disease to be diagnosed, this disease is marked by the presence of acanthocytes in blood (these acanthocytes can sometimes be absent or even make a late appearance in the course of the disease.) and neurodegeneration causing a choreiform movement disorder.
Ano |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-frequency%20network | A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast network where several transmitters simultaneously send the same signal over the same frequency channel.
Analog AM and FM radio broadcast networks as well as digital broadcast networks can operate in this manner. SFNs are not generally compatible with analog television transmission, since the SFN results in ghosting due to echoes of the same signal.
A simplified form of SFN can be achieved by a low power co-channel repeater, booster or broadcast translator, which is utilized as a gap filler transmitter.
The aim of SFNs is efficient utilization of the radio spectrum, allowing a higher number of radio and TV programs in comparison to traditional multi-frequency network (MFN) transmission. An SFN may also increase the coverage area and decrease the outage probability in comparison to an MFN, since the total received signal strength may increase to positions midway between the transmitters.
SFN schemes are somewhat analogous to what in non-broadcast wireless communication, for example cellular networks and wireless computer networks, is called transmitter macrodiversity, CDMA soft handoff and Dynamic Single Frequency Networks (DSFN).
SFN transmission can be considered as creating a severe form of multipath propagation. The radio receiver receives several echoes of the same signal, and the constructive or destructive interference among these echoes (also known as self-interference) may result in fading. This is problematic espec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20music%20%281960%E2%80%931969%29 |
Births and deaths
Savourna Stevenson (born 1961)
Recordings
1960 "Singing The Fishing" (Ewan MacColl)
1961 "Scottish Choice" (The Galliards)
1962 "The Body Blow" (Ewan MacColl)
1963 "On The Edge" (Ewan MacColl)
1964 "The Travelling People" (Ewan MacColl)
1964 "Scottish Ballad Book" (Jean Redpath)
1965 "Corrie Folk Trio" (The Corries)
1966 "Those Wild Corries" (The Corries)
1966 "Mirrormans Sequences" (Robin Williamson)
1967 "Bonnet Belt and Sword" (The Corries)
1967 "Before And After" (Hamish Imlach)
1968 "The Hangman's Beautiful Daughter" (Incredible String Band)
1968 "Kishmul's Galley" (The Corries)
1969 "Scottish Love Songs" (The Corries)
1969 "The Fate o' Charlie" (Barbara Dickson and Archie Fisher)
Scottish music
1960s in Scotland
1960s in British music |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Cornforth | Sir John Warcup Cornforth Jr., (7 September 1917 – 8 December 2013) was an AustralianBritish chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions, becoming the only Nobel laureate born in New South Wales.
Cornforth investigated enzymes that catalyse changes in organic compounds, the substrates, by taking the place of hydrogen atoms in a substrate's chains and rings. In his syntheses and descriptions of the structure of various terpenes, olefins, and steroids, Cornforth determined specifically which cluster of hydrogen atoms in a substrate were replaced by an enzyme to effect a given change in the substrate, allowing him to detail the biosynthesis of cholesterol. For this work, he won a share of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975, alongside co-recipient Vladimir Prelog, and was knighted in 1977.
Early life and family
Born in Sydney, Cornforth was the son and the second of four children of English-born, Oxford-educated schoolmaster and teacher John Warcup Cornforth and Hilda Eipper (1887–1969), a granddaughter of pioneering missionary and Presbyterian minister Christopher Eipper. Before her marriage, Eipper had been a maternity nurse.
Cornforth was raised in Sydney as well as Armidale, in the north of New South Wales, where he undertook primary school education.
At about 10 years old, Cornforth had noted signs of deafness, which led to a diagnosis of otosclerosis, a disease of the middle ear which causes p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-splicing | Trans-splicing is a special form of RNA processing where exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are joined end to end and ligated. It is usually found in eukaryotes and mediated by the spliceosome, although some bacteria and archaea also have "half-genes" for tRNAs.
Genic trans-splicing
Whereas "normal" (cis-)splicing processes a single molecule, trans-splicing generates a single RNA transcript from multiple separate pre-mRNAs. This phenomenon can be exploited for molecular therapy to address mutated gene products. Genic trans-splicing allows variability in RNA diversity and increases proteome complexity.
Oncogenesis
While some fusion transcripts occur via trans-splicing in normal human cells, trans-splicing can also be the mechanism behind certain oncogenic fusion transcripts.
SL trans-splicing
Spliced leader (SL) trans-splicing is used by certain microorganisms, notably protists of the Kinetoplastea class to express genes. In these organisms, a capped splice leader RNA is transcribed, and simultaneously, genes are transcribed in long polycistrons. The capped splice leader is trans-spliced onto each gene to generate monocistronic capped and polyadenylated transcripts. These early-diverging eukaryotes use few introns, and the spliceosome they possess show some unusual variations in their structure assembly. They also possess multiple eIF4E isoforms with specialized roles in capping. The spliced leader sequence is highly conserved in lower species that undergo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR%20protein | SR proteins are a conserved family of proteins involved in RNA splicing. SR proteins are named because they contain a protein domain with long repeats of serine and arginine amino acid residues, whose standard abbreviations are "S" and "R" respectively. SR proteins are ~200-600 amino acids in length and composed of two domains, the RNA recognition motif (RRM) region and the RS domain. SR proteins are more commonly found in the nucleus than the cytoplasm, but several SR proteins are known to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
SR proteins were discovered in the 1990s in Northern Ireland, Belfast in amphibian oocytes, and later in humans. In general, metazoans appear to have SR proteins and unicellular organisms lack SR proteins.
SR proteins are important in constitutive and alternative pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA export, genome stabilization, nonsense-mediated decay, and translation. SR proteins alternatively splice pre-mRNA by preferentially selecting different splice sites on the pre-mRNA strands to create multiple mRNA transcripts from one pre-mRNA transcript. Once splicing is complete the SR protein may or may not remain attached to help shuttle the mRNA strand out of the nucleus. As RNA Polymerase II is transcribing DNA into RNA, SR proteins attach to newly made pre-mRNA to prevent the pre-mRNA from binding to the coding DNA strand to increase genome stabilization. Topoisomerase I and SR proteins also interact to increase genome stabilization. SR proteins can co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20field%20theory | In molecular physics, crystal field theory (CFT) describes the breaking of degeneracies of electron orbital states, usually d or f orbitals, due to a static electric field produced by a surrounding charge distribution (anion neighbors). This theory has been used to describe various spectroscopies of transition metal coordination complexes, in particular optical spectra (colors). CFT successfully accounts for some magnetic properties, colors, hydration enthalpies, and spinel structures of transition metal complexes, but it does not attempt to describe bonding. CFT was developed by physicists Hans Bethe and John Hasbrouck van Vleck in the 1930s. CFT was subsequently combined with molecular orbital theory to form the more realistic and complex ligand field theory (LFT), which delivers insight into the process of chemical bonding in transition metal complexes. CFT can be complicated further by breaking assumptions made of relative metal and ligand orbital energies, requiring the use of inverted ligand field theory (ILFT) to better describe bonding.
Overview
According to crystal field theory, the interaction between a transition metal and ligands arises from the attraction between the positively charged metal cation and the negative charge on the non-bonding electrons of the ligand. The theory is developed by considering energy changes of the five degenerate d-orbitals upon being surrounded by an array of point charges consisting of the ligands. As a ligand approaches the metal i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Charming | Prince Charming is a fairy tale stock character who comes to the rescue of a damsel in distress and must engage in a quest to liberate her from an evil spell. This classification suits most heroes of a number of traditional folk tales, including "Snow White", "Sleeping Beauty", and "Cinderella", even if in the original story they were given another name, or no name at all.
Often handsome and romantic, these characters are essentially interchangeable, serving as a foil to the heroine; in many variants, they can be viewed as a metaphor for a reward the heroine achieves for the decisions she makes. The prominence of the character type makes him an obvious target for revisionist fairy tales. "Prince Charming" is also used as a term to refer to the idealized man some people dream of as a future spouse.
History of term
Charles Perrault's version of Sleeping Beauty, published in 1697, includes the following text at the point where the princess wakes up: "'Est-ce vous, mon prince?' lui dit-elle, 'vous vous êtes bien fait attendre'. Le Prince charmé de ces paroles... ne savait comment lui témoigner sa joie". ("'Are you my prince?' she said. 'You've kept me waiting a long time'. The prince charmed by her words... did not know how to express his joy.") It has sometimes been suggested that this passage later inspired the term, "Prince Charming", even though it is the prince who is charmed (charmé) here, not who is being charming (charmant).
In the 17th century, Madame d'Aulnoy wrote t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable%20function | Computable functions are the basic objects of study in computability theory. Computable functions are the formalized analogue of the intuitive notion of algorithms, in the sense that a function is computable if there exists an algorithm that can do the job of the function, i.e. given an input of the function domain it can return the corresponding output. Computable functions are used to discuss computability without referring to any concrete model of computation such as Turing machines or register machines. Any definition, however, must make reference to some specific model of computation but all valid definitions yield the same class of functions.
Particular models of computability that give rise to the set of computable functions are the Turing-computable functions and the general recursive functions.
Before the precise definition of computable function, mathematicians often used the informal term effectively calculable. This term has since come to be identified with the computable functions. The effective computability of these functions does not imply that they can be efficiently computed (i.e. computed within a reasonable amount of time). In fact, for some effectively calculable functions it can be shown that any algorithm that computes them will be very inefficient in the sense that the running time of the algorithm increases exponentially (or even superexponentially) with the length of the input. The fields of feasible computability and computational complexity stud |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary%20agent | A pulmonary agent, or choking agent, is a chemical weapon agent designed to impede a victim's ability to breathe. They operate by causing a build-up of fluids in the lungs, which then leads to suffocation. Exposure to the eyes and skin tends to be corrosive, causing blurred vision and severe deep burns. Inhalation of these agents cause burning of the throat, coughing, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, tightness in chest, and respiratory and circulatory failure.
Examples of pulmonary agents include:
Chlorine gas
Chloropicrin (PS)
Diphosgene (DP)
Phosgene (CG)
Disulfur decafluoride
Perfluoroisobutene
Acrolein
Diphenylcyanoarsine
Phosgene is the most dangerous commonly used pulmonary agent (although disulfur decafluoride and perfluoroisobutene are both even more dangerous, with respectively 4 and 10 times the lethality of phosgene, neither is widely used). It is a colorless gas under ordinary conditions. It has a vapor density 3.4 times greater than that of air, allowing it to remain low in the air for long periods of times. Phosgene leads to massive pulmonary edema, which reaches maximum symptoms in 12 hours after exposure, followed by death within 24 to 48 hours.
Chlorine is an element used in industry. It is one of the most commonly manufactured chemicals in the United States. It is used to make pesticides, rubber, and solvents. It is also used in drinking water and swimming pools to kill bacteria. The extent of poisoning chlorine causes depends on the amount of chlorine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania%20Railroad%20locomotive%20classification | Locomotive classification on the Pennsylvania Railroad took several forms. Early on, steam locomotives were given single-letter classes. As the 26 letters were quickly assigned, that scheme was abandoned for a more complex system. This was used for all of the PRR's steam locomotives, and — with the exception of the final type bought (the E44) — all electric locomotives also used this scheme.
PRR steam and electric classification
A: 0-4-0
Class A was the 0-4-0 type, an arrangement best suited to small switcher locomotives. Most railroads abandoned the 0-4-0 after the 1920s, but the PRR kept it for use on small industrial branches, especially those with street trackage and tight turns.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5s
A6
B: 0-6-0
Class B comprised the 0-6-0 type, the most popular arrangement for switcher locomotives on the PRR.
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5 - Rebuilt from class H1 and H2a 2-8-0
B6
B7 - Some rebuilt from class H3, H3a, and H3b 2-8-0
B8
B21
B22
B23
B28s
B29
C: 0-8-0
Class C was assigned to the 0-8-0 type. These were very common on other railroads, but the PRR was not keen on them and only built a few. This was partly because the PRR used 2-8-0 "Consolidation" types for similar service.
C1 - Largest 2-cylinder 0-8-0 ever built
C29
C30
C31
D: 4-4-0
Class D was the 4-4-0 "American" type, the most common arrangement in 19th Century American railroading. 4-4-0s stayed in service on the PRR in secondary work later than on most other railroads, and three wer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husqvarna | Husqvarna () is a Swedish company founded in 1689 to produce muskets. The company has grown since, was partitioned, and is now a brand of multiple companies.
Husqvarna may refer to:
Husqvarna Vapenfabriks, the original branch, a defunct firearms manufacturing company
Husqvarna Group, a manufacturer of outdoor power products
Husqvarna FF, a football club sponsored by the Husqvarna Group
Husqvarna Motorcycles, a motocross, enduro and supermoto motorcycle manufacturer
Husqvarna Sewing Machines, now VSM Group
Husqvarna, the brand name for home appliances manufactured by Electrolux
Huskvarna, a city, the original location of the company |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulan | Poulan is a brand name of the Swedish manufacturer Husqvarna AB.
History
Poulan was founded as Poulan Saw Co. in 1946 by chainsaw pioneer Claude Poulan in Shreveport, Louisiana. Purchased in late 1950s or early '60 by the Beaird Company, also of Shreveport, it was known as Beaird-Poulan. The company was acquired by Emerson Electric in 1972, and was purchased by Electrolux in 1984, which closed its Shreveport factory in 1988. In 2006 Electrolux spun off Husqvarna into its own company. In 2022, a company called Valsi in Mexico purchased tooling from Husqvarna for manufacturing walk behind mowers. Valsi also purchased the rights to manufacture outdoor power equipment under the Poulan Pro brand.
Poulan brand today
The Poulan brand name is used primarily for outdoor power equipment, such as chainsaws, lawn mowers, and leaf blowers, aimed at the mid-level consumer market. Since Poulan is owned by Husqvarna, the two brands often share technologies. In recent years Poulan has offered a more upscale "Poulan Pro" brand employing a black and gold color scheme instead of Poulan's traditional green. As a result, Poulan products have been pushed even further upmarket.
References
https://valsiproducts.com/poulan-pro/ External links ==
Manufacturing companies of Sweden
Garden tool manufacturers
Power tool manufacturers
Tool manufacturing companies of Sweden |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%2C8-Bis%28dimethylamino%29naphthalene | 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is an organic compound with the formula CH(NMe) (Me = methyl). It is classified as a peri-naphthalene, i.e. a 1,8-disubstituted derivative of naphthalene. Owing to its unusual structure, it exhibits exceptional basicity. It is often referred by the trade name Proton Sponge, a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich.
Structure and properties
This compound is a diamine in which the two dimethylamino groups are attached on the same side (peri position) of a naphthalene ring. This molecule has several very interesting properties; one is its very high basicity; another is its spectroscopic properties.
With a pK of 12.34 for its conjugate acid in aqueous solution, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is one of the strongest organic bases. However, it only absorbs protons slowly—hence the trade name. The high basicity is attributed to the relief of strain upon protonation and/or the strong interaction between the nitrogen lone pairs. Additionally, although many aromatic amines such as aniline show reduced basicity (due to nitrogen being sp2 hybridized; its lone pair occupying a 2p orbital and interacting and being withdrawn by the aromatic ring), this is not possible in this molecule, as the nitrogens' methyl groups prevent its substituents from adopting a planar geometry, as this would require forcing methyl groups from each nitrogen atom into one another - thus the basicity is not reduced by this factor which is found in other molecules. It is sterically hinde |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouch%C3%A9%27s%20theorem | Rouché's theorem, named after Eugène Rouché, states that for any two complex-valued functions and holomorphic inside some region with closed contour , if on , then and have the same number of zeros inside , where each zero is counted as many times as its multiplicity. This theorem assumes that the contour is simple, that is, without self-intersections. Rouché's theorem is an easy consequence of a stronger symmetric Rouché's theorem described below.
Usage
The theorem is usually used to simplify the problem of locating zeros, as follows. Given an analytic function, we write it as the sum of two parts, one of which is simpler and grows faster than (thus dominates) the other part. We can then locate the zeros by looking at only the dominating part. For example, the polynomial has exactly 5 zeros in the disk since for every , and , the dominating part, has five zeros in the disk.
Geometric explanation
It is possible to provide an informal explanation of Rouché's theorem.
Let C be a closed, simple curve (i.e., not self-intersecting). Let h(z) = f(z) + g(z). If f and g are both holomorphic on the interior of C, then h must also be holomorphic on the interior of C. Then, with the conditions imposed above, the Rouche's theorem in its original (and not symmetric) form says that
Notice that the condition |f(z)| > |h(z) − f(z)| means that for any z, the distance from f(z) to the origin is larger than the length of h(z) − f(z), which in the following picture means that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcosmic%20salt | Microcosmic salt (see infobox for other names) is a salt found in urine with the formula Na(NH4)HPO4. It is left behind in the residues after extracting the urea from dried urine crystals with alcohol. In the mineral form, microcosmic salt is called stercorite.
The first extraction of pure phosphorus came from this salt, when Hennig Brandt attempted to extract gold from urine.
Microcosmic salt is used in the laboratory as an essential ingredient of the microcosmic salt bead test for identification of metallic radicals on the basis of the color they produce in oxidising or reducing flame, in hot or cold condition.
Microcosmic salts form a tetrahydrate.
References
Sodium compounds
Ammonium compounds
Phosphates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAR2 | PAR2 may refer to:
Parchive, an error correction system for computer files. The second version is known as PAR2.
Protease activated receptor 2, a G-protein coupled receptor protein
PAR2, one of the pseudoautosomal regions of the X and Y chromosomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genome%20Diversity%20Project | The Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) was started by Stanford University's Morrison Institute in 1990s along with collaboration of scientists around the world. It is the result of many years of work by Luigi Cavalli-Sforza, one of the most cited scientists in the world, who has published extensively in the use of genetics to understand human migration and evolution. The HGDP data sets have often been cited in papers on such topics as population genetics, anthropology, and heritable disease research.
The project has noted the need to record the genetic profiles of indigenous populations, as isolated populations are the best way to understand the genetic frequencies that have clues into our distant past. Knowing about the relationship between such populations makes it possible to infer the journey of humankind from the humans who left Africa and populated the world to the humans of today. The HGDP-CEPH Human Genome Diversity Cell Line Panel is a resource of 1,063 cultured lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 1,050 individuals in 52 world populations, banked at the Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH in Paris.
The HGDP is not related to the Human Genome Project (HGP) and has attempted to maintain a distinct identity. The whole genome sequencing and analysis of the HGDP was published in 2020, creating a comprehensive resource of genetic variation from underrepresented human populations and illuminating patterns of genetic variation, demographic history and introgression of modern |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau%20Margaux | Château Margaux (), archaically La Mothe de Margaux, is a wine estate of Bordeaux wine, and was one of five wines to achieve Premier cru (first growth) status in the Bordeaux Classification of 1855. The estate's best wines are very expensive, with a bottle of Château Margaux grand vin reaching over $1,000. The estate is located in the commune of Margaux on the left bank of the Garonne estuary in the Médoc region, in the département of Gironde, and the wine is delimited to the AOC of Margaux.
The estate also produces a second wine named Pavillon Rouge du Château Margaux, a third wine named Margaux de Château Margaux, as well as a dry white wine named Pavillon Blanc du Château Margaux which does not conform to the Margaux appellation directives.
History
The estate has been occupied since at least the 12th century, with the site occupied by a fortified castle known as Lamothe or La Mothe (from motte, a small rise in the land), and wine under names such as "Margou" and "Margous" was known in the 15th century, but it was with the arrival of the Lestonnac family in the 16th century that wine production became of particular importance, and in the 1570s Pierre de Lestonnac expanded the property and cleared many of the grain fields to make way for vines.
The lineage of ownership was to continue in a relatively direct path from the Lestonnacs, though through the female side, with proprietors' names such as d'Aulède, Fumel, d'Hargicourt, including an alliance of marriage with the Po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20MPV | The Multiple-purpose Vehicle or MPV is a purpose-built departmental derivative of a diesel multiple unit. Twenty-five two-car units were ordered by Railtrack to enable it to replace its varied collection of ageing departmental vehicles, many of which were converted from redundant passenger stock.
The vehicles were built in Germany by Windhoff. The design is based on the Windhoff "CargoSprinter" units that are operated by Deutsche Bahn (Germany) and CRT Group (Australia). Normally a unit consists of one powered vehicle fitted with twin Railpac diesel engines, semi-permanently coupled to an unpowered slave unit without engines. The later orders for the South East of England and for overhead line replacement are instead composed of two powered units, to give better acceleration and top speed. When first built there were problems with the vehicles being 'out of gauge' when running empty.
The concept of the design is that each vehicle has a driving cab and an under floor engine/transmission with Multiple unit (MU) control. The majority of each vehicle is a flat load bed that can carry combinations of 10-foot and 20-foot modules that are secured using the locking system for ISO standard containers. Modules can be changed as required to suit current requirements.
In 2005, two powered MPV units were used to form a "Freight Multiple Unit" for freight trials, made by coupling standard freight wagons in between the pair of MPV units. Temporary multiple unit control cables were ru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macewen%27s%20sign | Macewen's sign or Macewen sign () is a sign used to help to diagnose hydrocephalus (accumulation of excess cerebrospinal fluid) and brain abscesses. Tapping (percussion) the skull near the junction of the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones will produce cracked pot sound. Positive test is indication of separated sutures. This is due to raised intracranial tension.
The sign was discovered and described by Sir William Macewen (1848–1924), a surgeon and professor of the University of Glasgow, Scotland, who also described Macewen's operation for inguinal hernia.
McEwan's sign in alcohol intoxication is different: Pupils are contracted, but on external painful stimulation of the person (e.g. by pinching or slapping) causes pupil to dilate followed by slow constriction. It is suggestive of alcoholic coma.
References
Symptoms and signs: Nervous system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlestick%20chart | A candlestick chart (also called Japanese candlestick chart or K-line) is a style of financial chart used to describe price movements of a security, derivative, or currency.
While similar in appearance to a bar chart, each candlestick represents four important pieces of information for that day: open and close in the thick body, and high and low in the "candle wick". Being densely packed with information, it tends to represent trading patterns over short periods of time, often a few days or a few trading sessions.
Candlestick charts are most often used in technical analysis of equity and currency price patterns. They are used by traders to determine possible price movement based on past patterns, and who use the opening price, closing price, high and low of that time period. They are visually similar to box plots, though box plots show different information.
History
Candlestick charts are thought to have been developed in the 18th century by Munehisa Homma, a Japanese rice trader. They were introduced to the Western world by Steve Nison in his book Japanese Candlestick Charting Techniques, first published in 1991. They are often used today in stock analysis along with other analytical tools such as Fibonacci analysis.
In Beyond Candlesticks, Nison says:
However, based on my research, it is unlikely that Homma used candle charts. As will be seen later, when I discuss the evolution of the candle charts, it was more likely that candle charts were developed in the early part |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictor%40home | Predictor@home was a volunteer computing project that used BOINC software to predict protein structure from protein sequence in the context of the 6th biannual CASP, or Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction. A major goal of the project was the testing and evaluating of new algorithms to predict both known and unknown protein structures.
Predictor@home was complementary to Folding@home. Whereas the latter aims to study the dynamics of protein folding, Predictor@home aimed to specify what the final tertiary structure will be. Also, the two projects differ significantly in the infrastructure they use. The project used BOINC software, whereas Folding@home maintains its own software completely outside of BOINC.
However, for a time, Predictor@home competed with other BOINC protein structure prediction projects, such as Rosetta@home. Each uses different methods of rapidly and reliably predicting the final tertiary structure.
Predictor@home is currently inactive.
History
Predictor@home holds the distinction of being the first independent BOINC project to be launched. The project was set up and run by Michela Taufer at The Scripps Research Institute.
On September 6, 2006, Predictor@home was temporarily taken off line, with no new work units being sent out. In May, 2008, the project reverted to Alpha status while experimenting with new methods.
Over the summer of 2008, the project servers were moved to the University of Michigan and as of December 200 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FROG | In cryptography, FROG is a block cipher authored by
Georgoudis, Leroux and Chaves. The algorithm can work with any block size between 8 and 128 bytes, and supports key sizes between 5 and 125 bytes. The algorithm consists of 8 rounds and has a very complicated key schedule.
It was submitted in 1998 by TecApro, a Costa Rican software company, to the AES competition as a candidate to become the Advanced Encryption Standard. Wagner et al. (1999) found a number of weak key classes for FROG. Other problems included very slow key setup and relatively slow encryption. FROG was not selected as a finalist.
Design philosophy
Normally a block cipher applies a fixed sequence of primitive mathematical or logical operators (such as additions, XORs, etc.) on the plaintext and secret key in order to produce the ciphertext. An attacker uses this knowledge to search for weaknesses in the cipher which may allow the recovery of the plaintext.
FROG's design philosophy is to hide the exact sequence of primitive operations even though the cipher itself is known. While other ciphers use the secret key only as data (which are combined with the plain text to produce the cipher text), FROG uses the key both as data and as instructions on how to combine these data. In effect an expanded version of the key is used by FROG as a program. FROG itself operates as an interpreter that applies this key-dependent program on the plain text to produce the cipher text. Decryption works by applying the same p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition%20nuclear%20protein | Transition nuclear proteins (TNPs) are proteins that are involved in the packaging of sperm nuclear DNA during spermiogenesis. They take the place of histones associated with the sperm DNA, and are subsequently themselves replaced by protamines.
TNPs in humans include TNP1 and TNP2.
See also
Chromatin
Histone
Protamine
Sperm
Spermatogenesis
Spermiogenesis
References
Andrology
Reproductive system
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidomimetic | A peptidomimetic is a small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide. They typically arise either from modification of an existing peptide, or by designing similar systems that mimic peptides, such as peptoids and β-peptides. Irrespective of the approach, the altered chemical structure is designed to advantageously adjust the molecular properties such as stability or biological activity. This can have a role in the development of drug-like compounds from existing peptides. Peptidomimetics can be prepared by cyclization of linear peptides or coupling of stable unnatural amino acids. These modifications involve changes to the peptide that will not occur naturally (such as altered backbones and the incorporation of nonnatural amino acids). Unnatural amino acids can be generated from their native analogs via modifications such as amine alkylation, side chain substitution, structural bond extension cyclization, and isosteric replacements within the amino acid backbone. Based on their similarity with the precursor peptide, peptidomimetics can be grouped into four classes (A – D) where A features the most and D the least similarities. Classes A and B involve peptide-like scaffolds, while classes C and D include small molecules (Figure 1).
Uses of Peptidomimetics
The use of peptides as drugs has some disadvantages because of their bioavailability and biostability. Rapid degradation, poor oral availability, difficult transportation through cell membranes, nonselective recept |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20von%20Kempelen | Johann Wolfgang Ritter von Kempelen de Pázmánd (; 23 January 1734 – 26 March 1804) was a Hungarian author and inventor, known for his chess-playing "automaton" hoax The Turk and for his speaking machine.
Personal life
Von Kempelen was born in Pressburg, today's Bratislava (Slovakia), part of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Habsburg Empire, the last child of Engelbert Kempelen (1680–1761), and Anna Theresa Spindler. Contrary to some reports, he did not hold the title of "Ritter" or "Baron." This misconception may stem from historical confusion with one of his older brothers, Johannes Nepomuk Joseph, who attained the rank of general within the Habsburg Empire, and who was granted the title Kempelen von Pázmánd after purchasing a former Jesuit estate in Pázmánd, a village south of Budapest.
Von Kempelen studied law and philosophy in Pressburg, and attended the Academy in Győr, Vienna and Rome, but mathematics and physics also interested him. Besides German, he spoke Hungarian, Latin, French, Italian, and later, some English and Romanian, which he learned during his travels in England and assignments in The Banat. He applied for his first position with the Habsburg Court in 1755 as a supernumary clerk in the Hungarian Court Chamber in Pozsony. Later he became a secretary (1757), a Councillor of the Court Chamber (1764), Director of Salt Mining (1765), Second Commissioner of the Constitutional Commission for the Region of Banat (1769), and finally Imperial-Royal Court Counc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20B%20cell | In immunology, a memory B cell (MBC) is a type of B lymphocyte that forms part of the adaptive immune system. These cells develop within germinal centers of the secondary lymphoid organs. Memory B cells circulate in the blood stream in a quiescent state, sometimes for decades. Their function is to memorize the characteristics of the antigen that activated their parent B cell during initial infection such that if the memory B cell later encounters the same antigen, it triggers an accelerated and robust secondary immune response. Memory B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane, identical to the one on their parent cell, that allow them to recognize antigen and mount a specific antibody response.
Development and activation
T cell dependent mechanisms
In a T-cell dependent development pathway, naïve follicular B cells are activated by antigen presenting follicular B helper T cells (TFH) during the initial infection, or primary immune response. Naïve B cells circulate through follicles in secondary lymphoid organs (i.e. spleen and lymph nodes) where they can be activated by a floating foreign peptide brought in through the lymph or by antigen presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). B cells may also be activated by binding foreign antigen in the periphery where they then move into the secondary lymphoid organs. A signal transduced by the binding of the peptide to the B cell causes the cells to migrate to the edge of the foll |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden%20of%20Eden%20%28cellular%20automaton%29 | In a cellular automaton, a Garden of Eden is a configuration that has no predecessor. It can be the initial configuration of the automaton but cannot arise in any other way.
John Tukey named these configurations after the Garden of Eden in Abrahamic religions, which was created out of nowhere.
A Garden of Eden is determined by the state of every cell in the automaton (usually a one- or two-dimensional infinite square lattice of cells). However, for any Garden of Eden there is a finite pattern (a subset of cells and their states, called an orphan) with the same property of having no predecessor, no matter how the remaining cells are filled in.
A configuration of the whole automaton is a Garden of Eden if and only if it contains an orphan.
For one-dimensional cellular automata, orphans and Gardens of Eden can be found by an efficient algorithm, but for higher dimensions this is an undecidable problem. Nevertheless, computer searches have succeeded in finding these patterns in Conway's Game of Life.
The Garden of Eden theorem of Moore and Myhill asserts that a cellular automaton on the square grid, or on a tiling of any higher dimensional Euclidean space, has a Garden of Eden if and only if it has twins, two finite patterns that have the same successors whenever one is substituted for the other.
Definitions
A cellular automaton is defined by a grid of cells, a finite set of states that can be assigned to each cell, and an update rule.
Often, the grid of cells is the one- or t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nag | Nag or NAG may refer to:
Computers
Nag, a multi user tasklist manager included in Horde (software)
Numerical Algorithms Group, a software company
NAG Numerical Library, numerical analysis software
Numeric Annotation Glyphs, in computerized chess
Music
"Nag", a song on Joan Jett's album I Love Rock 'n' Roll
Stage name of Jan-Erik Romøren of Norwegian band Tsjuder
Organizations
Neighbourhood action group, community volunteer groups in the United Kingdom
Neue Automobil Gesellschaft, a defunct German automobile manufacturer
Nordic Aviation Group, an Estonian airline company
People
Martin Nag, Norwegian writer
Places
Nag, Iran, a village in Kerman Province
Nag Hammadi, in Upper Egypt
Nag River, in India
Nag Tibba, a mountain in Uttarakhand, India
Religion
Nag Dhunga, a sacred stone worshiped by the people of Nepal
Nag Hammadi library, a collection of Gnostic texts discovered in Egypt in 1945
Nag Hammadi Codex II, a collection of early Christian Gnostic texts
Nag Hammadi Codex XIII, a collection of early Christian Gnostic texts
Nag Panchami, Hindu snake worship
Nag Shankar, a temple in the Sonitpur district, India
Other
Nag, a cobra in Rudyard Kipling's Rikki-Tikki-Tavi
Nāg, refers to the Indian cobra
Nag (missile), a third generation "fire and forget" anti-tank missile
Nag Champa, an Indian fragrance
Nag Hammadi massacre, a massacre of Coptic Christians in Egypt in 2010
Nag Nag Nag, a former nightclub in London
Nag Nathaiya (festival), in Varanasi, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucin-16 | Mucin-16 (MUC-16) also known as Ovarian cancer-related tumor marker CA125 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MUC16 gene. MUC-16 is a member of the mucin family glycoproteins. MUC-16 has found application as a tumor marker or biomarker that may be elevated in the blood of some patients with specific types of cancers, most notably ovarian cancer, or other conditions that are benign.
Structure
Mucin 16 is a membrane associated mucin that possesses a single transmembrane domain. A unique property of MUC16 is its large size. MUC16 is more than twice as long as MUC1 and MUC4 and contains about 22,000 amino acids, making it the largest membrane-associated mucin.
MUC16 is composed of three different domains:
An N-terminal domain
A tandem repeat domain
A C-terminal domain
The N-terminal and tandem repeat domains are both entirely extracellular and highly O-glycosylated. All mucins contain a tandem repeat domain that has repeating amino acid sequences high in serine, threonine and proline. The C-terminal domain contains multiple extracellular SEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, and agrin) modules, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular region of MUC16 can be released from the cell surface by undergoing proteolytic cleavage. MUC16 is thought to be cleaved at a site in the SEA modules.
Function
MUC16 is a component of the ocular surface (including the cornea and conjunctiva), the respiratory tract and the female reproductive tra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing%20Mount%20Improbable | Climbing Mount Improbable is a 1996 popular science book by Richard Dawkins. The book is about probability and how it applies to the theory of evolution. It is designed to debunk claims by creationists about the probability of naturalistic mechanisms like natural selection.
The main metaphorical treatment is of a geographical landscape upon which evolution can ascend only gradually and cannot climb cliffs (that is known as an adaptive landscape). In the book, Dawkins gives ideas about a seemingly complex mechanism coming about from many gradual steps that were previously unseen.
The book grew out of the annual Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, which Dawkins delivered in 1991 (see Growing Up in the Universe). It is illustrated by Dawkins' wife at the time, Lalla Ward, and is dedicated to Robert Winston, "a good doctor and a good man".
References
1996 non-fiction books
Books about evolution
Books by Richard Dawkins
Criticism of creationism
English-language books
English non-fiction books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V3 | V3 or V03 may refer to:
Medicine
Mandibular nerve, (V3),division of the trigeminal nerve
ATC code V03, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
Area V3 of the visual cortex
V3, one of six precordial leads in electrocardiography
Technology
V3 Gaming PC, an American manufacturer of custom-built personal computers
V3 engine, a combustion engine configuration
Motorola RAZR V3, a series of mobile phones
V3 Supercharger, third generation 250 kW battery charger for Tesla electric cars
Z3, where it is previously known as V3
Brilliance V3, a Chinese SUV
Other
V-3 cannon, a large-calibre German World War II gun
LNER Class V3, a class of British steam locomotives
Belize's International Telecommunication Union callsign prefix
Carpatair's IATA code
Past participle form (V3) of an English verb
V3, or v3.co.uk, a British technology news website published by Incisive Media
V3 (music group), an urban contemporary gospel group from the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snubber | A snubber is a device used to suppress ("snub") a phenomenon such as voltage transients in electrical systems, pressure transients in fluid systems (caused by for example water hammer) or excess force or rapid movement in mechanical systems.
Electrical systems
Snubbers are frequently used in electrical systems with an inductive load where the sudden interruption of current flow leads to a large counter-electromotive force: a rise in voltage across the current switching device that opposes the change in current, in accordance with Faraday's law. This transient can be a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) in other circuits. Additionally, if the voltage generated across the device is beyond what the device is intended to tolerate, it may damage or destroy it. The snubber provides a short-term alternative current path around the current switching device so that the inductive element may be safely discharged. Inductive elements are often unintentional, arising from the current loops implied by physical circuitry like long and/or tortuous wires. While current switching is everywhere, snubbers will generally only be required where a major current path is switched, such as in power supplies. Snubbers are also often used to prevent arcing across the contacts of relays and switches, or the electrical interference, or the welding of the contacts that can occur (see also arc suppression).
Resistor-capacitor (RC)
A simple RC snubber uses a small resistor (R) in series with a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unode | Unode is a short form of underground node: a script or program that combines other programs for creating a decentralized anonymous encrypted communication network. Other programs include: Entropy, Mixmaster, GPG, NEWSPOST, plus Plugins for more.
Unode is a project to create a set of bash scripts to help Activists communicate without revealing their IP, or other personal data.
Some of these scripts are used to forward email lists to the newsgroup alt.activism.underground. By doing this, activists can read important action alerts and other information without being included on the servers email lists that run the lists. Email headers are removed from these posts, as well as email addresses themselves are altered to help avoid spam.
Unix bash scripts are used because it is easy for other to alter or correct errors in the scripts, and because it is an easy way to try out new ideas. It is used as a rough draft, before the eventual move to stable binary programs.
References
External links
http://newspost.unixcab.org/
http://www.freelists.org/list/unode
http://unode.8m.com
Anonymity networks
Internet Protocol based network software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LPX | LPX can mean:
Landing Platform eXperimental, a classification of warship characterized by the South Korean LPX Dokdo
Liepāja International Airport
LPX (form factor), motherboard standard
Lean Packet Exchange protocol, an ethernet protocol used to communicate with the variant Network Direct Attached Storage (NDAS) of NetDisk.
LPX, a musician solo project by Lizzy Plapinger |
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