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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Democratic%20Party%20%28Serbia%29
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The People's Democratic Party (, Narodna demokratska stranka, NDS) was a political party in Serbia led by Slobodan Vuksanović.
History
Vukasnović was a high official in the Democratic Party until 2000, when he left the party and joined Otpor and subsequently the Movement for Democratic Serbia, led by Momčilo Perišić. He was expelled from the party in 2001 and then formed NDS.
In the 2003 parliamentary elections it was part of the Democratic Party of Serbia-led coalition, winning three of the alliance's 53 seats. It merged into DSS in October 2004.
References
Defunct political parties in Serbia
Political parties disestablished in 2004
2004 disestablishments in Serbia
Democratic Party (Serbia) breakaway groups
Political parties established in 2001
2001 establishments in Serbia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Party%20%28Serbia%2C%201990%29
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The People's Party ( / Narodna stranka) was a political party in Serbia. Its president was Milan Paroški.
History
In the 1990 election it ran in coalition with the Serbian Renewal Movement and won one seat in one of the districts of Novi Sad. The elected MP was Milan Paroški.
On 18 December 1995 it was announced that the People's Party was merging with the Democratic Party, taking a right-wing turn under Zoran Đinđić. This proved highly controversial, and Đinđić defended the decision saying that Paroški was remembered not for his monarchism but for his strong opposition credentials.
On 18 August 1997 the party split with the political council of the Democratic Party, insisting against the electoral boycott of the 1997 election.
In 2010 the party merged into the Serbian Monarchist Party "Serbian Unity".
Policies
The party advocated adding religious education to schools and universities, as "the exclusion of religious education has contributed to the spiritual impoverishment of the entirety of Serbdom and the severing of ties with tradition and history".
It advocated the "reconstitution of the FRY and the legally unstable position and status of Vojvodina", the relocation of the ministries of agriculture, foreign trade and international relations to Novi Sad, and the regionalization of Serbia so that the "Serbian Voivodeship, or Vojvodina, could be emancipated inside the current polity".
In 2001 Paroški stated that the Serbian government should urgently submit an applic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painlev%C3%A9%20transcendents
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In mathematics, Painlevé transcendents are solutions to certain nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations in the complex plane with the Painlevé property (the only movable singularities are poles), but which are not generally solvable in terms of elementary functions. They were discovered by
,
,
, and
.
History
Painlevé transcendents have their origin in the study of special functions, which often arise as solutions of differential equations, as well as in the study of isomonodromic deformations of linear differential equations. One of the most useful classes of special functions are the elliptic functions. They are defined by second order ordinary differential equations whose singularities have the Painlevé property: the only movable singularities are poles. This property is rare in nonlinear equations. Poincaré and L. Fuchs showed that any first order equation with the Painlevé property can be transformed into the Weierstrass elliptic equation or the Riccati equation, which can all be solved explicitly in terms of integration and previously known special functions. Émile Picard pointed out that for orders greater than 1, movable essential singularities can occur, and found a special case of what was later called Painleve VI equation (see below).
(For orders greater than 2 the solutions can have moving natural boundaries.) Around 1900, Paul Painlevé studied second order differential equations with no movable singularities. He found that up to certain tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative%20feedback%20theory
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In control theory, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), developed by Isaac Horowitz (Horowitz, 1963; Horowitz and Sidi, 1972), is a frequency domain technique utilising the Nichols chart (NC) in order to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty. Desired time-domain responses are translated into frequency domain tolerances, which lead to bounds (or constraints) on the loop transmission function. The design process is highly transparent, allowing a designer to see what trade-offs are necessary to achieve a desired performance level.
Plant templates
Usually any system can be represented by its Transfer Function (Laplace in continuous time domain), after getting the model of a system.
As a result of experimental measurement, values of coefficients in the Transfer Function have a range of uncertainty. Therefore, in QFT every parameter of this function is included into an interval of possible values, and the system may be represented by a family of plants rather than by a standalone expression.
A frequency analysis is performed for a finite number of representative frequencies and a set of templates are obtained in the NC diagram which encloses the behaviour of the open loop system at each frequency.
Frequency bounds
Usually system performance is described as robustness to instability (phase and gain margins), rejection to input and output noise disturbances and reference tracking. In the QFT design methodology these requirements on the syst
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation%20diagram
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A constellation diagram is a representation of a signal modulated by a digital modulation scheme such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying. It displays the signal as a two-dimensional xy-plane scatter diagram in the complex plane at symbol sampling instants. In a manner similar to that of a phasor diagram, the angle of a point, measured counterclockwise from the horizontal axis, represents the phase shift of the carrier wave from a reference phase; the distance of a point from the origin represents a measure of the amplitude or power of the signal.
In a digital modulation system, information is transmitted as a series of samples, each occupying a uniform time slot. During each sample, the carrier wave has a constant amplitude and phase, which is restricted to one of a finite number of values. So each sample encodes one of a finite number of "symbols", which in turn represent one or more binary digits (bits) of information. Each symbol is encoded as a different combination of amplitude and phase of the carrier, so each symbol is represented by a point on the constellation diagram, called a constellation point. The constellation diagram shows all the possible symbols that can be transmitted by the system as a collection of points. In a frequency or phase modulated signal, the signal amplitude is constant, so the points lie on a circle around the origin.
The carrier representing each symbol can be created by adding together different amounts of a cosin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix%20culture
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Remix culture, also known as read-write culture, is a term describing a culture that allows and encourages the creation of derivative works by combining or editing existing materials. Remix cultures are permissive of efforts to improve upon, change, integrate, or otherwise remix the work of other creators. While combining elements has always been a common practice of artists of all domains throughout human history, the growth of exclusive copyright restrictions in the last several decades limits this practice more and more by the legal chilling effect. In reaction, Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig, who considers remixing a desirable concept for human creativity, has worked since the early 2000s on a transfer of the remixing concept into the digital age. Lessig founded the Creative Commons in 2001, which released a variety of licenses as tools to promote remix culture, as remixing is legally hindered by the default exclusive copyright regime applied currently on intellectual property. The remix culture for cultural works is related to and inspired by the earlier Free and open-source software for software movement, which encourages the reuse and remixing of software works.
Description
Lawrence Lessig described the Remix culture in his 2008 book Remix. Lawrence characterized the default media culture of the 20th century using computer technology terminology as Read Only culture (RO), and called for a shift to Read/Write culture (RW).
In the usual Read Only media cultur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphyton
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Periphyton is a complex mixture of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus that is attached to submerged surfaces in most aquatic ecosystems. The related term Aufwuchs (German "surface growth" or "overgrowth") refers to the collection of small animals and plants that adhere to open surfaces in aquatic environments, such as parts of rooted plants.
Periphyton serves as an important food source for invertebrates, tadpoles, and some fish. It can also absorb contaminants, removing them from the water column and limiting their movement through the environment. The periphyton is also an important indicator of water quality; responses of this community to pollutants can be measured at a variety of scales representing physiological to community-level changes. Periphyton has often been used as an experimental system in, e.g., pollution-induced community tolerance studies.
Composition
In both marine and freshwater environments, algae – particularly green algae and diatoms – make up the dominant component of surface growth communities. Small crustaceans, rotifers, and protozoans are also commonly found in fresh water and the sea, but insect larvae, oligochaetes and tardigrades are peculiar to freshwater aufwuchs faunas.
Uses
Periphyton communities are used in aquaculture food production systems for the removal of solid and dissolved pollutants. Their performance in filtration is established and their application as aquacultural feed is being researched.
Periphyton
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochip
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A neurochip is an integrated circuit chip (such as a microprocessor) that is designed for interaction with neuronal cells.
Formation
It is made of silicon that is doped in such a way that it contains EOSFETs (electrolyte-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors) that can sense the electrical activity of the neurons (action potentials) in the above-standing physiological electrolyte solution. It also contains capacitors for the electrical stimulation of the neurons. The University of Calgary, Faculty of Medicine scientists led by Pakistani-born Canadian scientist Naweed Syed who proved it is possible to cultivate a network of brain cells that reconnect on a silicon chip—or the brain on a microchip—have developed new technology that monitors brain cell activity at a resolution never achieved before.
Developed with the National Research Council Canada (NRC), the new silicon chips are also simpler to use, which will help future understanding of how brain cells work under normal conditions and permit drug discoveries for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
Naweed Syed's lab cultivated brain cells on a microchip.
The new technology from the lab of Naweed Syed, in collaboration with the NRC, was published online in August 2010, in the journal, Biomedical Devices. It is the world's first neurochip. It is based on Syed's earlier experiments on neurochip technology dating back to 2003.
"This technical breakthrough means we can track s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOSFET
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An EOSFET or electrolyte–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor is a FET, like a MOSFET, but with an electrolyte solution replacing the metal for the detection of neuronal activity. Many EOSFETs are integrated in a neurochip.
Electrochemistry
Sensors
Transistor types
MOSFETs
Field-effect transistors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs%27%20inequality
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In information theory, Gibbs' inequality is a statement about the information entropy of a discrete probability distribution. Several other bounds on the entropy of probability distributions are derived from Gibbs' inequality, including Fano's inequality.
It was first presented by J. Willard Gibbs in the 19th century.
Gibbs' inequality
Suppose that
is a discrete probability distribution. Then for any other probability distribution
the following inequality between positive quantities (since pi and qi are between zero and one) holds:
with equality if and only if
for all i. Put in words, the information entropy of a distribution P is less than or equal to its cross entropy with any other distribution Q.
The difference between the two quantities is the Kullback–Leibler divergence or relative entropy, so the inequality can also be written:
Note that the use of base-2 logarithms is optional, and
allows one to refer to the quantity on each side of the inequality as an
"average surprisal" measured in bits.
Proof
For simplicity, we prove the statement using the natural logarithm (). Because
the particular logarithm base that we choose only scales the relationship by the factor .
Let denote the set of all for which pi is non-zero. Then, since for all x > 0, with equality if and only if x=1, we have:
The last inequality is a consequence of the pi and qi being part of a probability distribution. Specifically, the sum of all non-zero values is 1. Some non-zero qi, howeve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian-Nubian%20Shield
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The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. Geographically – and from north to south – the ANS includes parts of Israel, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia. The ANS in the north is exposed as part of the Sahara Desert and Arabian Desert, and in the south in the Ethiopian Highlands, Asir province of Arabia and Yemen Highlands.
The ANS was the site of some of man's earliest geologic efforts, principally by the ancient Egyptians to extract gold from the rocks of Egypt and NE Sudan. This was the most easily worked of all metals and does not tarnish. All of the gold deposits in Egypt and northern Sudan were found and exploited by Egyptians. The earliest preserved geologic map was made in 1150 BCE to show the location of gold deposits in Eastern Egypt; it is known as the Turin papyrus. New gold discoveries have been found in Sudan, Eritrea, and Saudi Arabia.
Pharonic Egyptians also quarried granite near Aswan and floated this down the Nile to be used as facing for the pyramids. The Greek name for Aswan, Syene; is the type locality for the igneous rock syenite. The Romans followed this tradition and had many quarries especially in the northern part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt where porphyry and granite were mined and shaped for shipment.
Precious and industrial metals, including gold, silver, copper, zinc, tin,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caveolin
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In molecular biology, caveolins are a family of integral membrane proteins that are the principal components of caveolae membranes and involved in receptor-independent endocytosis. Caveolins may act as scaffolding proteins within caveolar membranes by compartmentalizing and concentrating signaling molecules. They also induce positive (inward) membrane curvature by way of oligomerization, and hairpin insertion. Various classes of signaling molecules, including G-protein subunits, receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and small GTPases, bind Cav-1 through its 'caveolin-scaffolding domain'.
The caveolin gene family has three members in vertebrates: CAV1, CAV2, and CAV3, coding for the proteins caveolin-1, caveolin-2, and caveolin-3, respectively. All three members are membrane proteins with similar structure. Caveolin forms oligomers and associates with cholesterol and sphingolipids in certain areas of the cell membrane, leading to the formation of caveolae.
Structure and expression
The caveolins are similar in structure. They all form hairpin loops that are inserted into the cell membrane. Both the C-terminus and the N-terminus face the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. There are two isoforms of caveolin-1: caveolin-1α and caveolin-1β, the latter lacking a part of the N-terminus.
Caveolins are found in the majority of adherent, mammalian cells.
Caveolin-1 is most prominently expressed in endothelial, fibrous, and adipose ti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISFET
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An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH scale) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the solution is used as the gate electrode. A voltage between substrate and oxide surfaces arises due to an ion sheath. It is a special type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), and shares the same basic structure, but with the metal gate replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference electrode. Invented in 1970, the ISFET was the first biosensor FET (BioFET).
The surface hydrolysis of Si–OH groups of the gate materials varies in aqueous solutions due to pH value. Typical gate materials are SiO2, Si3N4, Al2O3 and Ta2O5.
The mechanism responsible for the oxide surface charge can be described by the site binding model, which describes the equilibrium between the Si–OH surface sites and the H+ ions in the solution. The hydroxyl groups coating an oxide surface such as that of SiO2 can donate or accept a proton and thus behave in an amphoteric way as illustrated by the following acid-base reactions occurring at the oxide-electrolyte interface:
—Si–OH + H2O ↔ —Si–O− + H3O+
—Si–OH + H3O+ ↔ —Si–OH2+ + H2O
An ISFET's source and drain are constructed as for a MOSFET. The gate electrode is separated from the channel by a barrier which is sensitive to hydrogen ion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal%20weight
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Vocal weight refers to the perceived "lightness" or "heaviness" of a singing voice. This quality of the voice is one of the major determining factors in voice classification within classical music. Lighter voices are often associated with the term "lyric" and are usually brighter and more agile; heavier voices are often associated with the term "dramatic" and are usually powerful, rich, and darker. Other voice types like the spinto have a more medium vocal weight. Vocal weight can also affect overall vocal agility; heavier voices often have more difficulty maneuvering through florid coloratura passages than their lighter counterparts, as their weight and power compromises agility. Likewise, dramatic roles are often written with larger orchestras in mind as dramatic voices can carry more easily over larger ensembles.
See also
Fach
Voice type
Singing
Music
References
Singing
Opera terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapillus
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Lapillus (: lapilli) may refer to:
Lapilli, a size classification term for tephra
One of the otoliths in finfish
Lapillus (group), a South Korean girl group
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20broadcasting
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Digital broadcasting is the practice of using digital signals rather than analogue signals for broadcasting over radio frequency bands (radio broadcasting). Digital television broadcasting (especially satellite television) is widespread. Digital audio broadcasting is being adopted more slowly for radio broadcasting where it is mainly used in Satellite radio.
Digital links, thanks to the use of data compression, generally have greater spectral efficiency than analog links. Content providers can provide more services or a higher-quality signal than was previously available.
It is estimated that the share of digital broadcasting increased from 7% of the total amount of broadcast information in 2000, to 25% in 2007. Some countries have completed a Digital television transition.
See also
Digital radio
Digital television
ATSC Standards
ATSC tuner
Digital Audio Broadcasting
Digital Radio Mondiale
Digital Video Broadcasting
HD Radio
Satellite radio
Satellite television
References
Radio spectrum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog%20spavin
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Bog spavin is a swelling of the tibiotarsal joint of the horse's hock which, in itself, does not cause lameness. The joint becomes distended by excess synovial fluid and/or thickened synovial tissue bringing about a soft, fluctuant swelling on the front of the joint, as well as in the medial and lateral plantar pouches. Bog spavin is generally an indication of underlying pathology within the joint.
Causes
Bog spavin is a physical finding, and does not directly create lameness. Causes include synovitis (inflammation of the lining of the joint capsule), degenerative joint disease, or excessive strain of the joint capsule. In horses younger than the age of three, most cases of bog spavin are caused by a defect in the tibiotarsal joint, while in older, fully mature horses, it is most likely because of chronic strain of the joint capsule. Infection of the joint causes a severe synovitis, and should be treated as an emergency.
Many horses with bog spavin will not be lame. However, bog spavin can be a sign that the horse has joint disease, which is a very significant finding. Usually lameness will occur if the workload of the horse is increased. Bog spavin should not be treated lightly, and it is best to have a veterinarian examine the horse to find the cause, even if the horse does not appear lame.
Unlike bone spavin, bog spavin does not show any changes to the bone itself. For this reason it is considered to be of no interest to those studying animal paleopathology (Baker an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensembl%20genome%20database%20project
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Ensembl genome database project is a scientific project at the European Bioinformatics Institute, which provides a centralized resource for geneticists, molecular biologists and other researchers studying the genomes of our own species and other vertebrates and model organisms. Ensembl is one of several well known genome browsers for the retrieval of genomic information.
Similar databases and browsers are found at NCBI and the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC).
History
The human genome consists of three billion base pairs, which code for approximately 20,000–25,000 genes. However the genome alone is of little use, unless the locations and relationships of individual genes can be identified. One option is manual annotation, whereby a team of scientists tries to locate genes using experimental data from scientific journals and public databases. However this is a slow, painstaking task. The alternative, known as automated annotation, is to use the power of computers to do the complex pattern-matching of protein to DNA. The Ensembl project was launched in 1999 in response to the imminent completion of the Human Genome Project, with the initial goals of automatically annotate the human genome, integrate this annotation with available biological data and make all this knowledge publicly available.
In the Ensembl project, sequence data are fed into the gene annotation system (a collection of software "pipelines" written in Perl) which creates a set of predicted gene lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highwire
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Highwire may refer to:
Highwire (protein)
"Highwire" (song), by the Rolling Stones (1991)
"Highwire", a song by Gin Blossoms on their 1996 album Congratulations I'm Sorry
"Highwired", a song by Nebula on their 2022 album Transmission from Mothership Earth
See also
HighWire Press
Tightrope walking
High Wire (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung%20constant
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The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist.
Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid attract each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion–cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy.
Formal expression
The Madelung constant allows for the calculation of the electric potential of all ions of the lattice felt by the ion at position
where is the distance between the th and the th ion. In addition,
number of charges of the th ion
the elementary charge, 1.6022 C
; is the permittivity of free space.
If the distances are normalized to the nearest neighbor distance , the potential may be written
with being the (dimensionless) Madelung constant of the th ion
Another convention is to base the reference length on the cubic root of the unit cell volume, which for cubic systems is equal to the lattice constant. Thus, the Madelung constant then reads
The electrostatic energy of the ion at site then is the product of its charge with the potential acting at its site
There occur as many Madelung constants in a crystal structure as ions occupy different lattice sites. For example, for the ionic crys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20Newtonian%20fluid
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A generalized Newtonian fluid is an idealized fluid for which the shear stress is a function of shear rate at the particular time, but not dependent upon the history of deformation. Although this type of fluid is non-Newtonian (i.e. non-linear) in nature, its constitutive equation is a generalised form of the Newtonian fluid. Generalised Newtonian fluids satisfy the following rheological equation:
where is the shear stress, and the shear rate. The quantity represents an apparent or effective viscosity as a function of the shear rate.
The most commonly used types of generalized Newtonian fluids are:
Power-law fluid
Cross fluid
Carreau fluid
Bingham fluid
It has been shown that Lubrication theory may be applied to all Generalized Newtonian fluids in both two and three dimensions.
See also
Navier–Stokes equations
References
Non-Newtonian fluids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20fluid
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A Cross fluid is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid whose viscosity depends upon shear rate according to the following equation:
where is viscosity as a function of shear rate, , , and n are coefficients.
The zero-shear viscosity is approached at very low shear rates, while the infinite shear viscosity is approached at very high shear rates.
See also
Navier-Stokes equations
Fluid
Carreau fluid
Power-law fluid
Generalized Newtonian fluid
References
Kennedy, P. K., Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. New York. Hanser.
Non-Newtonian fluids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carreau%20fluid
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Carreau fluid in physics is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid where viscosity, , depends upon the shear rate, , by the following equation:
Where: , , and are material coefficients.
= viscosity at zero shear rate (Pa.s)
= viscosity at infinite shear rate (Pa.s)
= characteristic time (s)
= power index
The dynamics of fluid motions is an important area of physics, with many important and commercially significant applications.
Computers are often used to calculate the motions of fluids, especially when the applications are of a safety critical nature.
Carreau Fluid Shear Rates
At low shear rate () a Carreau fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid with viscosity .
At intermediate shear rates (), a Carreau fluid behaves as a Power-law fluid.
At high shear rate, which depends on the power index and the infinite shear-rate viscosity , a Carreau fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid again with viscosity .
Origin of Carreau Fluid Model
The model was first proposed by Pierre Carreau.
See also
Navier-Stokes equations
Fluid
Cross fluid
Power-law fluid
Generalized Newtonian fluid
References
Kennedy, P. K., Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. New York. Hanser.
Non-Newtonian fluids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear%20rate
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In physics, shear rate is the rate at which a progressive shearing deformation is applied to some material.
Simple shear
The shear rate for a fluid flowing between two parallel plates, one moving at a constant speed and the other one stationary (Couette flow), is defined by
where:
is the shear rate, measured in reciprocal seconds;
is the velocity of the moving plate, measured in meters per second;
is the distance between the two parallel plates, measured in meters.
Or:
For the simple shear case, it is just a gradient of velocity in a flowing material. The SI unit of measurement for shear rate is s−1, expressed as "reciprocal seconds" or "inverse seconds". However, when modelling fluids in 3D, it is common to consider a scalar value for the shear rate by calculating the second invariant of the strain-rate tensor
.
The shear rate at the inner wall of a Newtonian fluid flowing within a pipe is
where:
is the shear rate, measured in reciprocal seconds;
is the linear fluid velocity;
is the inside diameter of the pipe.
The linear fluid velocity is related to the volumetric flow rate by
where is the cross-sectional area of the pipe, which for an inside pipe radius of is given by
thus producing
Substituting the above into the earlier equation for the shear rate of a Newtonian fluid flowing within a pipe, and noting (in the denominator) that :
which simplifies to the following equivalent form for wall shear rate in terms of volumetric flow rate and inner pipe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20shear
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Simple shear is a deformation in which parallel planes in a material remain parallel and maintain a constant distance, while translating relative to each other.
In fluid mechanics
In fluid mechanics, simple shear is a special case of deformation where only one component of velocity vectors has a non-zero value:
And the gradient of velocity is constant and perpendicular to the velocity itself:
,
where is the shear rate and:
The displacement gradient tensor Γ for this deformation has only one nonzero term:
Simple shear with the rate is the combination of pure shear strain with the rate of and rotation with the rate of :
The mathematical model representing simple shear is a shear mapping restricted to the physical limits. It is an elementary linear transformation represented by a matrix. The model may represent laminar flow velocity at varying depths of a long channel with constant cross-section. Limited shear deformation is also used in vibration control, for instance base isolation of buildings for limiting earthquake damage.
In solid mechanics
In solid mechanics, a simple shear deformation is defined as an isochoric plane deformation in which there are a set of line elements with a given reference orientation that do not change length and orientation during the deformation. This deformation is differentiated from a pure shear by virtue of the presence of a rigid rotation of the material. When rubber deforms under simple shear, its stress-strain behavior is app
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeksis
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The Skeksis are a fictional species that serves as the main antagonists in the 1982 film The Dark Crystal and its related franchise. The word "Skeksis" serves as both singular and plural form for this species, with the singular being pronounced and the plural . They are described by concept artist Brian Froud as, "part reptile, part predatory bird, part dragon". The Skeksis are represented by puppets engineered under the direction of Jim Henson. Jim Henson said that in the development of the Skeksis, the creators drew inspiration from the seven deadly sins.
Concept and creation
Jim Henson was inspired to design the Skeksis by an illustrated edition of a Lewis Carroll poem showing two elegantly dressed crocodiles in a bathroom. He became intrigued with the idea of a reptilian race assuming control over a formerly splendid past society, and developed the Skeksis with the concept that they represented the darker side of human nature. Numerous names were proposed for the species, including Skekses, Reptus, Karackt and Skek-sis.
Henson himself commented on the difficulty of performing as a Skeksis:
Conceptual designer Brian Froud designed the Skeksis as looking like "part reptile, part predatory bird, [and] part dragon," with a "penetrating stare."
The design of the Skeksis' robes was supervised by British artist and painter Sarah Bradpiece. The robes were fabricated with expensive materials (silks, furs, velvet, etc.) and exotic feathers, and decorated in jewels made from me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Carreau
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Pierre J. Carreau is a rheologist, the author of the model of Carreau fluid. He is a professor emeritus at École Polytechnique in Montreal and the founding director of CREPEC (Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites presently named Center for Research on High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems).
Pierre Carreau is internationally known for his research work on the rheology of polymers, an area in which he co-authored two books and published more than 160 scientific articles, most in leading scientific journals. His best known works on rheological equations and conformation models for polymer systems are considered benchmarks in polymer engineering. The so-called Carreau Viscosity Model is now part of most software packages for the flow simulation of flow processing.
Carreau received his BASc and MASc degrees in chemical engineering from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal and his PhD in chemical engineering from UW-Madison in 1968. Since then, he has been a professor of chemical engineering at Ecole Polytechnique. He was chairman of the department from 1973 to 1979 and later was founding director of the Applied Research Center on Polymers, CRASP, created in 1988. He has also been a member of the Administration Board of Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal since 1995.
One of Carreau's major goals has been to bridge the gap between theory and practice, translating complex molecular theories into usable results for industry. In many areas he has developed astute c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couette%20flow
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In fluid dynamics, Couette flow is the flow of a viscous fluid in the space between two surfaces, one of which is moving tangentially relative to the other. The relative motion of the surfaces imposes a shear stress on the fluid and induces flow. Depending on the definition of the term, there may also be an applied pressure gradient in the flow direction.
The Couette configuration models certain practical problems, like the Earth's mantle and atmosphere, and flow in lightly loaded journal bearings. It is also employed in viscometry and to demonstrate approximations of reversibility.
It is named after Maurice Couette, a Professor of Physics at the French University of Angers in the late 19th century.
Planar Couette flow
Couette flow is frequently used in undergraduate physics and engineering courses to illustrate shear-driven fluid motion. A simple configuration corresponds to two infinite, parallel plates separated by a distance ; one plate translates with a constant relative velocity in its own plane. Neglecting pressure gradients, the Navier–Stokes equations simplify to
where is the spatial coordinate normal to the plates and is the velocity field. This equation reflects the assumption that the flow is unidirectional — that is, only one of the three velocity components is non-trivial. If the lower plate corresponds to , the boundary conditions are and . The exact solution
can be found by integrating twice and solving for the constants using the boundary condit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order%20fluid
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A first-order fluid is another name for a power-law fluid with exponential dependence of viscosity on temperature.
where γ̇ is the shear rate, T is temperature and μ0, n and b are coefficients.
The model can be re-written as
Non-Newtonian fluids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20fluid
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A second-order fluid is a fluid where the stress tensor is the sum of all tensors that can be formed from the velocity field with up to two derivatives, much as a Newtonian fluid is formed from derivatives up to first order. This model may be obtained from a retarded motion expansion truncated at the second-order. For an isotropic, incompressible second-order fluid, the total stress tensor is given by
where
is the indeterminate spherical stress due to the constraint of incompressibility,
is the -th Rivlin–Ericksen tensor,
is the zero-shear viscosity,
and are constants related to the zero shear normal stress coefficients.
References
Bird, RB., Armstrong, RC., Hassager, O., Dynamics of Polymeric Liquids: Second Edition, Volume 1: Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons 1987 (v.1)
Bird R.B, Stewart W.E, Light Foot E.N.: Transport phenomena, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, U.S.A., 1960
Non-Newtonian fluids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L3enc
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Fraunhofer l3enc was the first public software able to encode pulse-code modulation (PCM) .wav files to the MP3 format. The first public version was released on July 13, 1994. This command-line tool was shareware and limited to 112 kbit/s. It was available for MS-DOS, Linux, Solaris, SunOS, NeXTstep and IRIX. A licence that allowed full use (encoding up to 320 kbit/s) cost 350 Deutsche Mark, or about $250 (US).
Since the release in September 1995 of Fraunhofer WinPlay3, the first real-time MP3 software player, people were able to store and play back MP3 files on PCs. For full playback quality (stereo) one would have needed to meet the minimum requirements of a 486DX4/100 processor.
By the end of 1997 l3enc stopped being developed in favour of its successor MP3enc. Development of MP3enc stopped in late 1998 to favour development of a parallel branch FhG had been developing for some time, called Fastenc. None of these programs are still marketed. An mp3 Surround encoder and mp3HD codec and Software Tools are now promoted on the Fraunhofer MP3 website.
External links
Encoders are available at ReallyRareWares.
See also
LAME – free software codec used to encode/compress .mp3 audio
References
1994 software
MP3
Audio codecs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaitarna
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The Vaitarna River (IAST: Vaitarṇā, pronunciation: [ʋəit̪əɾɳaː]) is a river in Nashik and Palghar district of Maharashtra. The Tansa is its left bank tributary and the Pinjal, Dehraja, and Surya are its right bank tributaries. Upper stretches of the Vaitarna are clean but in lower stretches it is polluted due to untreated industrial and civic waste. The Vaitarna is one of the most polluted rivers in India.
Course
It originates in Sahyadri mountain ranges near Trimbakeshwar. The Vaitarna is just 2 km away from India’s second longest river, the Godavari. Vaitarna has a confluence with the Tanasa just before it enters the Arabian Sea. Jhow and Wadhiv islands lie in its estuary. Arnala Island lies off its mouth. It has three major dams which supply water to Mumbai.
Significance
The Vaitarna supplies much of Mumbai's drinking water. It is the largest river in the Northern Konkan region and drains Maharashtra's whole Palghar district.
Legacy
The , a steamship, was named after the river.
References
Rivers of Maharashtra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase%20commit%20protocol
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In computer networking and databases, the three-phase commit protocol (3PC) is a distributed algorithm which lets all nodes in a distributed system agree to commit a transaction. It is a more failure-resilient refinement of the two-phase commit protocol (2PC).
Motivation
A two-phase commit protocol cannot dependably recover from a failure of both the coordinator and a cohort member during the Commit phase. If only the coordinator had failed, and no cohort members had received a commit message, it could safely be inferred that no commit had happened. If, however, both the coordinator and a cohort member failed, it is possible that the failed cohort member was the first to be notified, and had actually done the commit. Even if a new coordinator is selected, it cannot confidently proceed with the operation until it has received an agreement from all cohort members, and hence must block until all cohort members respond.
The three-phase commit protocol eliminates this problem by introducing the Prepared to commit state. If the coordinator fails before sending preCommit messages, the cohort will unanimously agree that the operation was aborted. The coordinator will not send out a doCommit message until all cohort members have ACKed that they are Prepared to commit. This eliminates the possibility that any cohort member actually completed the transaction before all cohort members were aware of the decision to do so (an ambiguity that necessitated indefinite blocking in the tw
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium%20citrate
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Potassium citrate (also known as tripotassium citrate) is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula K3C6H5O7. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste. It contains 38.28% potassium by mass. In the monohydrate form, it is highly hygroscopic and deliquescent.
As a food additive, potassium citrate is used to regulate acidity, and is known as E number E332. Medicinally, it may be used to control kidney stones derived from uric acid or cystine.
In 2020, it was the 297th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.
Synthesis
Potassium citrate can be synthesized by the neutralization of citric acid which is achieved by the addition of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide to it. The solution can then be filtered and the solvent can be evaporated till granulation.
Uses
Potassium citrate is rapidly absorbed when given by mouth, and is excreted in the urine. Since it is an alkaline salt, it is effective in reducing the pain and frequency of urination when these are caused by highly acidic urine. It is used for this purpose in dogs and cats, but is chiefly employed as a non-irritating diuretic.
Potassium citrate is an effective way to treat/manage arrhythmia, if the patient is hypokalemic.
It is widely used to treat urinary calculi (kidney stones), and is often used by patients with cystinuria. A systematic review showed a significant reduction
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar%20Dharmananda%20Kosambi
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Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi (31 July 1907 – 29 June 1966) was an Indian polymath with interests in mathematics, statistics, philology, history, and genetics. He contributed to genetics by introducing the Kosambi map function. In statistics, he was the first person to develop orthogonal infinite series expressions for stochastic processes via the Kosambi–Karhunen–Loève theorem. He is also well known for his work in numismatics and for compiling critical editions of ancient Sanskrit texts. His father, Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi, had studied ancient Indian texts with a particular emphasis on Buddhism and its literature in the Pali language. Damodar Kosambi emulated him by developing a keen interest in his country's ancient history. He was also a Marxist historian specialising in ancient India who employed the historical materialist approach in his work. He is particularly known for his classic work An Introduction to the Study of Indian History.
He is described as "the patriarch of the Marxist school of Indian historiography". Kosambi was critical of the policies of then prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, which, according to him, promoted capitalism in the guise of democratic socialism. He was an enthusiast of the Chinese Communist Revolution and its ideals, and was a leading activist in the world peace movement.
Early life
Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi was born at Kosben in Portuguese Goa into a Saraswat Brahmin family to Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi. After a few years of schooli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20cross%20section
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The nuclear cross section of a nucleus is used to describe the probability that a nuclear reaction will occur. The concept of a nuclear cross section can be quantified physically in terms of "characteristic area" where a larger area means a larger probability of interaction. The standard unit for measuring a nuclear cross section (denoted as σ) is the barn, which is equal to , or . Cross sections can be measured for all possible interaction processes together, in which case they are called total cross sections, or for specific processes, distinguishing elastic scattering and inelastic scattering; of the latter, amongst neutron cross sections the absorption cross sections are of particular interest.
In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider the impinging particles as point particles having negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed for any nuclear process, such as capture scattering, production of neutrons, or nuclear fusion. In many cases, the number of particles emitted or scattered in nuclear processes is not measured directly; one merely measures the attenuation produced in a parallel beam of incident particles by the interposition of a known thickness of a particular material. The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σT.
Typical nuclear radii are of the order 10−14 m. Assuming spherical shape, we therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of or (i.e
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUICC
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The QUICC (Quad Integrated Communications Controller) was a Motorola 68k -based microcontroller made by Freescale Semiconductor, targeted at the telecommunications market. It lends its name to a family of successor chips called PowerQUICC.
History
The original QUICC was the Motorola 68360 (MC68360), based on the MC68302. It was followed by the PowerPC-based PowerQUICC I, PowerQUICC II, PowerQUICC II+ and PowerQUICC III.
Applications
QUICC chips form the core of many Motorola Cellular Base stations.
Many PowerQUICC II+ designs now have SATA controllers for SAN based applications.
PowerQUICC CPUs/boards come with a Linux environment. Freescale also offers MQX (a RTOS) for PPC.
References
External links
MC68360 QUICC datasheet
68k microprocessors
Microcontrollers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin%203
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Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene localized on chromosome 5q31.1. Sometimes also called colony-stimulating factor, multi-CSF, mast cell growth factor, MULTI-CSF, MCGF; MGC79398, MGC79399: the protein contains 152 amino acids and its molecular weight is 17 kDa. IL-3 is produced as a monomer by activated T cells, monocytes/macrophages and stroma cells. The major function of IL-3 cytokine is to regulate the concentrations of various blood-cell types. It induces proliferation and differentiation in both early pluripotent stem cells and committed progenitors. It also has many more specific effects like the regeneration of platelets and potentially aids in early antibody isotype switching.
Function
Interleukin 3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal (cytokine) that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system. In conjunction with other β common chain cytokines GM-CSF and IL-5, IL-3 works to regulate the inflammatory response in order to clear pathogens by changing the abundance of various cell populations via binding at the interleukin-3 receptor.
IL-3 is mainly produced by activated T cells with the goal of initiating proliferation of various other immune cell types. However, IL-3 has also been shown to be produced in IgG+ B cells and may be involved in earlier antibody isotype switching. IL-3 is capable of stimulating differentiation of immature myelomonocytic cells causing changes to the m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrov%20classification
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In differential geometry and theoretical physics, the Petrov classification (also known as Petrov–Pirani–Penrose classification) describes the possible algebraic symmetries of the Weyl tensor at each event in a Lorentzian manifold.
It is most often applied in studying exact solutions of Einstein's field equations, but strictly speaking the classification is a theorem in pure mathematics applying to any Lorentzian manifold, independent of any physical interpretation. The classification was found in 1954 by A. Z. Petrov and independently by Felix Pirani in 1957.
Classification theorem
We can think of a fourth rank tensor such as the Weyl tensor, evaluated at some event, as acting on the space of bivectors at that event like a linear operator acting on a vector space:
Then, it is natural to consider the problem of finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors (which are now referred to as eigenbivectors) such that
In (four-dimensional) Lorentzian spacetimes, there is a six-dimensional space of antisymmetric bivectors at each event. However, the symmetries of the Weyl tensor imply that any eigenbivectors must belong to a four-dimensional subset.
Thus, the Weyl tensor (at a given event) can in fact have at most four linearly independent eigenbivectors.
The eigenbivectors of the Weyl tensor can occur with various multiplicities and any multiplicities among the eigenbivectors indicates a kind of algebraic symmetry of the Weyl tensor at the given event. The different types of Weyl te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segre%20classification
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The Segre classification is an algebraic classification of rank two symmetric tensors. The resulting types are then known as Segre types. It is most commonly applied to the energy–momentum tensor (or the Ricci tensor) and primarily finds application in the classification of exact solutions in general relativity.
See also
Corrado Segre
Jordan normal form
Petrov classification
References
See section 5.1 for the Segre classification.
Linear algebra
Tensors
Tensors in general relativity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunophenotyping
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Immunophenotyping is a technique used to study the protein expressed by cells. This technique is commonly used in basic science research and laboratory diagnostic purpose. This can be done on tissue section (fresh or fixed tissue), cell suspension, etc. An example is the detection of tumor markers, such as in the diagnosis of leukemia. It involves the labelling of white blood cells with antibodies directed against surface proteins on their membrane. By choosing appropriate antibodies, the differentiation of leukemic cells can be accurately determined. The labelled cells are processed in a flow cytometer, a laser-based instrument capable of analyzing thousands of cells per second. The whole procedure can be performed on cells from the blood, bone marrow or spinal fluid in a matter of a few hours.
Immunophenotyping is a very common flow cytometry test in which fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are used as probes for staining target cells with high avidity and affinity. This technique allows rapid and easy phenotyping of each cell in a heterogeneous sample according to the presence or absence of a protein combination.
References
External links
British Society for Haematology guidelines accessed July 31, 2006
Flow cytometry
Hematology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial
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Synovial () may refer to:
Synovial fluid
Synovial joint
Synovial membrane
Synovial bursa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest%20Herald
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The Northwest Herald is a daily tabloid newspaper published in Crystal Lake, Illinois. The paper serves the northwest suburbs of Chicago, including all of McHenry County and northern Kane County. Its main competition is the Daily Herald.
The Northwest Herald is the flagship title of Shaw Media, whose corporate headquarters are shared with the paper's offices. It is part of the Shaw Local News Network.
History
Shaw Newspapers first entered McHenry County in 1948, when it bought the Woodstock Sentinel. It bought several more McHenry County outlets over the nest three decades.
In 1983, Shaw Newspapers acquired the Cardunal Free Press, making it the owner of every newspaper based in McHenry County. At the time, these titles were mostly weeklies and small dailies, some with more than 150 years of service to their communities. In 1985, Shaw merged the McHenry County papers into the Northwest Herald, a daily and Saturday newspaper serving all of McHenry County.
On March 12, 1989, the Northwest Herald added a Sunday edition and became McHenry County's first hometown, seven-day newspaper. It had a daily circulation of 29,688 and its new Sunday edition had 29,337 subscribers, which dropped to 21,440 in 2017.
The paper was redesigned for the first time in 1992, with stock quotes added to the Business section and more space and sources for wire stories in the Front section. A Friday entertainment section in tabloid form named Sidetracks was added, as was a Saturday Neighbors secti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaff%20algorithm
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Chaff is an algorithm for solving instances of the Boolean satisfiability problem in programming. It was designed by researchers at Princeton University. The algorithm is an instance of the DPLL algorithm with a number of enhancements for efficient implementation.
Implementations
Some available implementations of the algorithm in software are mChaff and zChaff, the latter one being the most widely known and used. zChaff was originally written by Dr. Lintao Zhang, at Microsoft Research, hence the “z”. It is now maintained by researchers at Princeton University and available for download as both source code and binaries on Linux. zChaff is free for non-commercial use.
References
M. Moskewicz, C. Madigan, Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, S. Malik. Chaff: Engineering an Efficient SAT Solver, 39th Design Automation Conference (DAC 2001), Las Vegas, ACM 2001.
External links
Web page about zChaff
SAT solvers
Boolean algebra
Automated theorem proving
Constraint programming
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRASP%20%28SAT%20solver%29
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GRASP is a well known SAT instance solver. It was developed by João Marques Silva, a Portuguese computer science researcher. It stands for Generic seaRch Algorithm for the Satisfiability Problem.
External links
GRASP home page
References
SAT solvers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurocholic%20acid
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Taurocholic acid, known also as cholaic acid, cholyltaurine, or acidum cholatauricum, is a deliquescent yellowish crystalline bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats. It occurs as a sodium salt in the bile of mammals. It is a conjugate of cholic acid with taurine. In medical use, it is administered as a cholagogue and choleretic.
Hydrolysis of taurocholic acid yields taurine.
For commercial use, taurocholic acid is manufactured from cattle bile, a byproduct of the meat-processing industry.
This acid is also one of the many molecules in the body that has cholesterol as its precursor.
Toxicity
The median lethal dose of taurocholic acid in newborn rats is 380 mg/kg.
See also
Deoxycholic acid
References
Bile acids
Cholanes
Deliquescent substances
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient%20%28disambiguation%29
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Gradient in vector calculus is a vector field representing the maximum rate of increase of a scalar field or a multivariate function and the direction of this maximal rate.
Gradient may also refer to:
Gradient sro, a Czech aircraft manufacturer
Image gradient, a gradual change or blending of color
Color gradient, a range of position-dependent colors, usually used to fill a region
Texture gradient, the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away
Spatial gradient, a gradient whose components are spatial derivatives
Grade (slope), the inclination of a road or other geographic feature
Slope, a number that describes both the direction and the steepness of a line
See also
Fade (disambiguation)
Gradation (disambiguation)
Grade (disambiguation)
Rate of change (disambiguation)
Transition (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes%20flow
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Stokes flow (named after George Gabriel Stokes), also named creeping flow or creeping motion, is a type of fluid flow where advective inertial forces are small compared with viscous forces. The Reynolds number is low, i.e. . This is a typical situation in flows where the fluid velocities are very slow, the viscosities are very large, or the length-scales of the flow are very small. Creeping flow was first studied to understand lubrication. In nature, this type of flow occurs in the swimming of microorganisms and sperm. In technology, it occurs in paint, MEMS devices, and in the flow of viscous polymers generally.
The equations of motion for Stokes flow, called the Stokes equations, are a linearization of the Navier–Stokes equations, and thus can be solved by a number of well-known methods for linear differential equations. The primary Green's function of Stokes flow is the Stokeslet, which is associated with a singular point force embedded in a Stokes flow. From its derivatives, other fundamental solutions can be obtained. The Stokeslet was first derived by Oseen in 1927, although it was not named as such until 1953 by Hancock. The closed-form fundamental solutions for the generalized unsteady Stokes and Oseen flows associated with arbitrary time-dependent translational and rotational motions have been derived for the Newtonian and micropolar fluids.
Stokes equations
The equation of motion for Stokes flow can be obtained by linearizing the steady state Navier–Stokes equa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fully%20polynomial-time%20approximation%20scheme
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A fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) is an algorithm for finding approximate solutions to function problems, especially optimization problems. An FPTAS takes as input an instance of the problem and a parameter ε > 0. It returns as output a value is at least times the correct value, and at most times the correct value.
In the context of optimization problems, the correct value is understood to be the value of the optimal solution, and it is often implied that an FPTAS should produce a valid solution (and not just the value of the solution). Returning a value and finding a solution with that value are equivalent assuming that the problem possesses self reducibility.
Importantly, the run-time of an FPTAS is polynomial in the problem size and in 1/ε. This is in contrast to a general polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS). The run-time of a general PTAS is polynomial in the problem size for each specific ε, but might be exponential in 1/ε.
The term FPTAS may also be used to refer to the class of problems that have an FPTAS. FPTAS is a subset of PTAS, and unless P = NP, it is a strict subset.
Relation to other complexity classes
All problems in FPTAS are fixed-parameter tractable with respect to the standard parameterization.
Any strongly NP-hard optimization problem with a polynomially bounded objective function cannot have an FPTAS unless P=NP. However, the converse fails: e.g. if P does not equal NP, knapsack with two constraints is not strongly N
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate%20carboxylase
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Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) encoded by the gene PC is an enzyme () of the ligase class that catalyzes (depending on the species) the physiologically irreversible carboxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate (OAA).
The reaction it catalyzes is:
pyruvate + + ATP → oxaloacetate + ADP + P
It is an important anaplerotic reaction that creates oxaloacetate from pyruvate. The enzyme is a mitochondrial protein containing a biotin prosthetic group, requiring magnesium or manganese and acetyl-CoA.
Pyruvate carboxylase was first discovered in 1959 at Case Western Reserve University by M. F. Utter and D. B. Keech. Since then it has been found in a wide variety of prokaryotes and eukaryotes including fungi, bacteria, plants, and animals. In mammals, PC plays a crucial role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, in the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters, and in glucose-induced insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Oxaloacetate produced by PC is an important intermediate, which is used in these biosynthetic pathways. In mammals, PC is expressed in a tissue-specific manner, with its activity found to be highest in the liver and kidney (gluconeogenic tissues), in adipose tissue and lactating mammary gland (lipogenic tissues), and in pancreatic islets. Activity is moderate in brain, heart and adrenal gland, and least in white blood cells and skin fibroblasts.
Structure
Structural studies of PC have been conducted by electron microscopy, by limited proteolysis, and by cloning and gasa sequen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip-Bo
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Skip-Bo is a commercial version of the card game Spite and Malice, a derivative of Russian Bank (also known as Crapette or Tunj), which in turn originates from Double Klondike (also called Double Solitaire). In 1967, Minnie Hazel "Skip" Bowman (1915–2001) of Brownfield, Texas, began producing a boxed edition of the game under the name SKIP-BO. In 1980 the game was purchased by International Games, which was subsequently bought by Mattel in 1992. A mobile version of the game for iOS was released by Magmic in September, 2013.
There is a new version called "SKIP-BO Mod" that comes in a white and blue case.
Card and deck styles
The deck consists of 162 cards, twelve each of the numbers 1 through 12 and eighteen "SKIP-BO" wild cards which may be played as any number. Alternatively, the 162 cards could be three regular decks of playing cards, including the jokers, with ace to queen corresponding to 1 to 12 and the kings and jokers corresponding to the SKIP-BO cards. Before 1980, the commercial game consisted of four decks of regular playing cards with eight SKIP-BO cards replacing the standard two jokers in each deck. In addition, the aces, twos and threes in the fourth deck were marked SKIP-BO. The remainder of the fourth deck was discarded. The cards come in blue, green, and red.
Play
Two to four people can play at a time as individuals, or, six or more players in teams (no more than three partnerships). The object of the game is to be the first player or team to empty the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Cisterna
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La Cisterna (, Spanish for "the cistern") is a commune of Chile and census-designated city located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was founded on 30 May 1925. It is part of Greater Santiago.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, La Cisterna spans an area of and has 85,118 inhabitants (40,651 men and 44,467 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population fell by 10.1% (9594 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The 2006 projected population was 78,402.
Stats
Average annual household income: US$38,305 (PPP, 2006)
Population below poverty line: 8.6% (2006)
Regional quality of life index: 81.78, high, 8 out of 52 (2005)
Human Development Index: 0.775, 24 out of 341 (2003)
Administration
As a commune, La Cisterna is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Santiago Rebolledo Pizarro (PPD). The communal council has the following members:
Patricio Ossandón Ortiz (PS)
Maria Angelica Pinedo (DC)
Orlando Morales Becerra (PPD)
Patricia Acevedo González (UDI)
Alexis Flores Ahumada (UDI)
Bernardo Suárez Ortiz (RN)
Marcelo Luna Campillay (PPD)
Ximena Tobar Vásquez (PS)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, La Cisterna is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Tucapel Jiménez (PPD) and Iván Moreira (UDI) as part of the 27th electoral district, (together w
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Granja%2C%20Chile
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La Granja (Spanish for "the farm") is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, La Granja spans an area of and has 132,520 inhabitants (64,750 men and 67,770 women), and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population fell by 0.6% (765 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. The 2006 projected population was 129,707.
Stats
Average annual household income: US$24,662 (PPP, 2006)
Population below poverty line: 14.2% (2006)
Regional quality of life index: 77.93, mid-high, 18 out of 52 (2005)
Human Development Index: 0.689, 158 out of 341 (2003)
Administration
As a commune, La Granja is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012-2016 alcalde is Felipe Delpin Aguilar (DC). The communal council has the following members:
Cristián Carmona Macaya (DC)
Rodrigo Quezada Arriagada (IND)
Juan Valdés Valdés (PS)
Germán Pino Maturana (PPD)
Sergio Robles Pinto (PC)
Silvana Poblete Romero (PS)
Berta Venegas Maldonado (DC)
Patricio Oyarce Bravo (UDI)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, La Granja is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Felipe Salaberry (UDI) and Ximena Vidal (PPD) as part of the 25th electoral district, (together with Macul and San Joaquín). The commune is represented in the Senate by Soledad Alvear (PDC) and Pablo Long
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaraswamy%20distribution
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In probability and statistics, the Kumaraswamy's double bounded distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval (0,1). It is similar to the Beta distribution, but much simpler to use especially in simulation studies since its probability density function, cumulative distribution function and quantile functions can be expressed in closed form. This distribution was originally proposed by Poondi Kumaraswamy for variables that are lower and upper bounded with a zero-inflation. This was extended to inflations at both extremes [0,1] in later work with S. G . Fletcher.
Characterization
Probability density function
The probability density function of the Kumaraswamy distribution without considering any inflation is
and where a and b are non-negative shape parameters.
Cumulative distribution function
The cumulative distribution function is
Quantile function
The inverse cumulative distribution function (quantile function) is
Generalizing to arbitrary interval support
In its simplest form, the distribution has a support of (0,1). In a more general form, the normalized variable x is replaced with the unshifted and unscaled variable z where:
Properties
The raw moments of the Kumaraswamy distribution are given by:
where B is the Beta function and Γ(.) denotes the Gamma function. The variance, skewness, and excess kurtosis can be calculated from these raw moments. For example, the variance is:
The Shannon entropy (in nats) of the distribut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renca
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Renca is a commune of Chile located in Santiago Province, Santiago Metropolitan Region. It was founded on 6 May 1894.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Renca spans an area of and has 133,500 inhabitants, and the commune is an entirely urban area. The population grew by 3.5% (4,500 people) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Its 2006 projected population was 134,690.
Statistics
Average annual household income: US$17,278 (PPP, 2006)
Population below poverty line: 19.2% (2006)
Regional quality of life index: 63.39, low, 49 out of 52 (2005)
Human Development Index: 0.709, 112 out of 341 (2003)
Administration
As a commune, Renca is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The communal council has the following members:
Víctor Barahona Ugarte (UDI)
Nora Contreras Canales (UDI)
Renato Estay Cabrera (UDI)
Cristián Rojas Pizarro (IND)
Berta Roquer Casanova (PDC)
Teresa Cordero Villarroel (PPD)
Cristián Sandoval Saavedra (PDC)
Silvia Contreras Morales (PC)
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Renca is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Karla Rubilar (RN) and María Antonieta Saa (PPD) as part of the 17th electoral district, (together with Conchalí and Huechuraba). The commune is represented in the Senate by Guido Girardi Lavín (PPD) and Jovino Novoa Vásquez (UDI) as part of the 7th senatorial constituency (Santia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20tissue
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The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls. This tissue system is present between the dermal tissue and forms the main bulk of the plant body.
Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remain alive after they become mature. Parenchyma forms the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants, and is usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stem and root.
Collenchyma cells have thin primary walls with some areas of secondary thickening. Collenchyma provides extra mechanical and structural support, particularly in regions of new growth.
Sclerenchyma cells have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature. Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant.
Parenchyma
Parenchyma is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex (outer region) and pith (central region) of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds. Parenchyma cells are often living cells and may remain meristematic, meaning that they are capable of cell division if stimulated. They have thin and flexible cellulose cell walls and are generally polyhedral when close-packed, but can be roughly spherical when isolated from their neighbors. Parenchyma cells are generally large. They have la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Beazley
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Sir John Davidson Beazley, (; 13 September 1885 – 6 May 1970) was a British classical archaeologist and art historian, known for his classification of Attic vases by artistic style. He was professor of classical archaeology and art at the University of Oxford from 1925 to 1956.
Early life
Beazley was born in Glasgow, Scotland on 13 September 1885, to Mark John Murray Beazley (died 1940) and Mary Catherine Beazley née Davidson (died 1918). He was educated at King Edward VI School, Southampton and Christ's Hospital, Sussex. He then attended Balliol College, Oxford where he read Literae Humaniores: he received firsts in both Mods and Greats. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1907. While at Oxford he became a close friend of the poet James Elroy Flecker.
Academic career
After graduating, Beazley spent time at the British School at Athens. He then returned to University of Oxford as a student (equivalent to fellow) and tutor in Classics at Christ Church.
During World War I, Beazley served in military intelligence. For most of the war he worked in Room 40 (Cryptanalysis) of the Admiralty's Naval Intelligence Division, where his colleagues included his fellow-archaeologist Winifred Lamb. He held the temporary rank of second lieutenant from March to October 1916 when he was on secondment to the British Army.
In 1925, he became Lincoln Professor of Classical Archaeology and Art at the University of Oxford, a position he held until 1956. He specialised in Greek d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling%20frame
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In statistics, a sampling frame is the source material or device from which a sample is drawn. It is a list of all those within a population who can be sampled, and may include individuals, households or institutions.
Importance of the sampling frame is stressed by Jessen and Salant and Dillman.
Obtaining and organizing a sampling frame
In the most straightforward cases, such as when dealing with a batch of material from a production run, or using a census, it is possible to identify and measure every single item in the population and to include any one of them in our sample; this is known as direct element sampling. However, in many other cases this is not possible; either because it is cost-prohibitive (reaching every citizen of a country) or impossible (reaching all humans alive).
Having established the frame, there are a number of ways for organizing it to improve efficiency and effectiveness. It's at this stage that the researcher should decide whether the sample is in fact to be the whole population and would therefore be a census.
This list should also facilitate access to the selected sampling units. A frame may also provide additional 'auxiliary information' about its elements; when this information is related to variables or groups of interest, it may be used to improve survey design. While not necessary for simple sampling, a sampling frame used for more advanced sample techniques, such as stratified sampling, may contain additional information (such as demogra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least%20slack%20time%20scheduling
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Least slack time (LST) scheduling is an algorithm for dynamic priority scheduling. It assigns priorities to processes based on their slack time. Slack time is the amount of time left after a job if the job was started now. This algorithm is also known as least laxity first. Its most common use is in embedded systems, especially those with multiple processors. It imposes the simple constraint that each process on each available processor possesses the same run time, and that individual processes do not have an affinity to a certain processor. This is what lends it a suitability to embedded systems.
Slack time
This scheduling algorithm first selects those processes that have the smallest "slack time". Slack time is defined as the temporal difference between the deadline, the ready time and the run time.
More formally, the slack time for a process is defined as:
where is the process deadline, is the real time since the cycle start, and is the remaining computation time.
Applications
In realtime scheduling algorithms for periodic jobs, an acceptance test is needed before accepting a sporadic job with a hard deadline. One of the simplest acceptance tests for a sporadic job is calculating the amount of slack time between the release time and deadline of the job.
Suitability
LST scheduling is most useful in systems comprising mainly aperiodic tasks, because no prior assumptions are made on the events' rate of occurrence. The main weakness of LST is that it does not look ahe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady%20change
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Steady change is the persistent process of transformation in a capitalist economic system.
This is explained by the continuous generation, diffusion, accumulation and substitution of innovations by economic agents as time moves on. This regular (and accelerating) phenomenon causes movement and crises in economic structures as measured by rates of growth of countries, regions, sectors and companies.
The economy is an evolving system. It is thus to always unfold and change, to incessantly show novel behaviour, to surprise its actors and observers with emergent phenomena. The concept stands in contrast to the conventional concept of "steady-state" in economics and is inspired by evolutionary insights in modern economic theory such as put forward by Nelson and Winter's book of 1982.
Further reading
W. Brian Arthur, Steven N. Durlauf and David A. Lane, ed. (1997), The Economy as an Evolving Complex System II, Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Francisco Louçã and Sandro Mendonça (2002), "Steady change: The 200 largest US manufacturing firms throughout the twentieth century", Industrial & Corporate Change, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 817–45.
Richard R. Nelson and Sidney G. Winter (1982), An evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Capitalism
Emergence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20fibroblast%20growth%20factor
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Fibroblast growth factor 2, also known as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and FGF-β, is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF2 gene. It binds to and exerts effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins, themselves a family of closely related molecules. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975; soon thereafter three variants were isolated: 'basic FGF' (FGF2); Heparin-binding growth factor-2; and Endothelial cell growth factor-2. Gene sequencing revealed that this group is the same FGF2 protein and is a member of a family of FGF proteins.
Function
Like other FGF family members, basic fibroblast growth factor possesses broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion.
In normal tissue, bFGF is present in basement membranes and in the subendothelial extracellular matrix of blood vessels. It stays membrane-bound as long as there is no signal peptide.
It has been hypothesized that, during both wound healing of normal tissues and tumor development, the action of heparan sulfate-degrading enzymes activates bFGF, thus mediating the formation of new blood vessels, a process known as angiogenesis.
In addition, it is synthesized and secreted by human adipocytes and the concentration of FGF2 correlates with the BMI in blood samples. It was also shown to act on pr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%20Emmerich
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Noah Nicholas Emmerich (born February 27, 1965) is an American actor and director best known for his roles in films such as Beautiful Girls (1996), The Truman Show (1998), Frequency (2000), Miracle (2004), Little Children (2006), and Super 8 (2011). From 2013 to 2018 he starred as FBI agent Stan Beeman on the FX series The Americans, for which he won the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2019.
Early life
Emmerich was born in New York City, New York. His mother, Constance, is a concert pianist; his father, André Emmerich (1924–2007), was a gallery owner and art dealer. Born in Frankfurt, Germany, André emigrated from Nazi Germany with his family, first to Amsterdam, Netherlands, then to New York in 1940. His aunt was a classmate of Anne Frank. Emmerich's family is Jewish, from Germany and France on his father's side and Hungary and Romania on his mother's. He has two older brothers: Toby Emmerich, a screenwriter and former chairman of the Warner Bros. Pictures Group; and Adam Emmerich, a partner at the law firm of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz in New York, specializing in mergers and acquisitions.
Noah Emmerich attended the Dalton School and learned to play the trumpet as a youth. He privately studied the Meisner technique of acting under Ron Stetston, an actor/director who is currently a senior member of the acting staff at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. Emmerich graduated from Yale University in 1987 having recei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinemia
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Tyrosinemia or tyrosinaemia is an error of metabolism, usually inborn, in which the body cannot effectively break down the amino acid tyrosine. Symptoms of untreated tyrosinemia include liver and kidney disturbances. Without treatment, tyrosinemia leads to liver failure. Today, tyrosinemia is increasingly detected on newborn screening tests before any symptoms appear. With early and lifelong management involving a low-protein diet, special protein formula, and sometimes medication, people with tyrosinemia develop normally, are healthy, and live normal lives.
Cause
All tyrosinemias result from dysfunction of various genes in the phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolic pathway, and are inherited in an autosomal-recessive pattern.
Type I tyrosinemia results from a mutation in the FAH gene, which encodes the enzyme fumarylacetoacetase. As a result of FAH deficiency, the substrate fumarylacetoacetate can accumulate in proximal renal tubular cells and hepatocytes, resulting in damage to the kidney and liver, respectively.
Type II tyrosinemia results from a mutation in the TAT gene, which encodes the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase. As a result of TAT deficiency, the substrate tyrosine accumulates, causing ophthalmologic and dermatologic abnormalities.
Type III tyrosinemia results from a mutation in the HPD gene, which encodes the enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Type III tyrosinemia is the rarest of the three conditions, with only a few cases ever reported. Most of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APV
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APV may refer to:
Actuarial present value, a probability weighted present value often used in insurance
Adjusted present value, a variation of the net present value (NPV)
Advanced Power Virtualization (renamed PowerVM), a software virtualization technique used by IBM
Alavuden Peli-Veikot, a multi-sport club in Alavus, Finland
Allen Parkway Village, a housing development in Fourth Ward, Houston
Apple Valley Airport (California), from its IATA airport code
Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance, a type of Instrument approach in aviation
APV (NMDAR antagonist), or AP5, a selective NMDA receptor antagonist
APV plc, a former company making process equipment
Asia Pacific Vision, a television content provider
Chevrolet Lumina APV, a minivan manufactured and marketed by General Motors
Suzuki APV, a microvan manufactured and marketed by Suzuki
Amazon Prime Video
Armored protected vehicle, a kind of armoured fighting vehicle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwamba%20orthobunyavirus
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Bwamba orthobunyavirus (BWAV) belongs to the genus Orthobunyavirus and the order Bunyavirales RNA viruses. BWAV is present in large parts of Africa, endemic in Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. It is transmitted to humans through mosquito bites and results in a brief benign generalised infection with headache, skin rash, diarrhea and joint pain and lasts 4–5 days. The animal reservoir of the virus includes birds, monkeys and donkeys.
Virus structure
Bwamba orthobunyavirus has a negative sense single stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome, and so is classified as a class V virus under the Baltimore classification system. The genome is segmented into three pieces, Large (L), Medium (M) and Small (S), which have a combined length of approximately 12,000nt. The S RNA encodes a nucleocapsid and non structural proteins, the M RNA encodes envelope glycoproteins and a non structural membrane polypeptide and the L RNA encodes an RNA dependent RNA polymerase.
The segmented RNAs are surrounded by nucleocapsid proteins that form a Ribonucleoprotein complex, that associates with RNA dependent RNA polymerase. The complex is surrounded by a lipid layer, into which the nuclear complex interacts. Finally the particle is membrane bound, spherical, and in total is approximately 100 nm in diameter.
Gene expression and genome replication
Once inside a host cell cytoplasm, the genomic RNA’s are transcribed into mRNA’s by the associated RNA polymerase. From these transcripts, the host machinery is used for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20catalysis
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In acid catalysis and base catalysis, a chemical reaction is catalyzed by an acid or a base. By Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, the acid is the proton (hydrogen ion, H+) donor and the base is the proton acceptor. Typical reactions catalyzed by proton transfer are esterifications and aldol reactions. In these reactions, the conjugate acid of the carbonyl group is a better electrophile than the neutral carbonyl group itself. Depending on the chemical species that act as the acid or base, catalytic mechanisms can be classified as either specific catalysis and general catalysis. Many enzymes operate by general catalysis.
Applications and examples
Brønsted acids
Acid catalysis is mainly used for organic chemical reactions. Many acids can function as sources for the protons. Acid used for acid catalysis include hydrofluoric acid (in the alkylation process), phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropoly acids, zeolites.
Strong acids catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of esters, e.g. for processing fats into biodiesel. In terms of mechanism, the carbonyl oxygen is susceptible to protonation, which enhances the electrophilicity at the carbonyl carbon.
Solid acid catalysts
In industrial scale chemistry, many processes are catalysed by "solid acids". Solid acids do not dissolve in the reaction medium. Well known examples include these oxides, which function as Lewis acids: silico-aluminates (zeolites, alumina, silico-alumino-phosphate), sul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B8nsted%20catalysis%20equation
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The Brønsted catalysis equation or law of correlation, after Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted, gives the relationship between acid strength and catalytic activity in general acid catalysis.
A plot of the common logarithm of the reaction rate constant k versus the logarithm of the ionization constant Ka for a series of acids (for example a group of substituted phenols or carboxylic acids) gives a straight line with slope α and intercept C. The Brønsted equation is a free-energy relationship. The relationship implies that the Gibbs free energy for proton dissociation is proportional to the activation energy for the catalytic step. When the relationship is not linear, the chosen group of catalysts do not operate through the same reaction mechanism.
Specific and general catalysis is also found in base catalysed reactions and base Brønsted equation also exists with constant β.
The Brønsted equation gives information about a reaction mechanism. Reactions that have low values for proportionality constants α or β are considered to have a transition state closely resembling the reactant with little proton transfer. With a high value, proton transfer in the transition state is almost complete. In a study of a group of phenalene compounds it was concluded from Brønsted analysis that phenalene acidity is very different from either indene acidity or phenylene acidity.
See also
Free-energy relationship
Bell–Evans–Polanyi principle
References
Chemical kinetics
Catalysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Wellesley%2C%208th%20Earl%20Cowley
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Garret Graham Wellesley, 8th Earl of Cowley (born 30 March 1965), styled Viscount Dangan from 1975 to 2016, is a British hereditary peer and businessman. Previously an entrepreneur in derivatives and foreign exchange trading, he is the founder and CEO of UK alternative lender Wellesley & Co.
Early life
Graham Wellesley was born in 1965, the son of Garret Wellesley, 7th Earl Cowley, and his first wife, (Elizabeth) Suzanne Lennon. He has an elder sister, Lady Tara (born 1962). He is a descendant of Henry Wellesley, 1st Baron Cowley, brother of the Duke of Wellington. He spent his early years in California before coming to the UK aged 10, where he attended the American Community School in Hillingdon, west London.
After graduating with a degree in economics from Franklin College, Switzerland, he served for 18 months in the Household Cavalry.
Career
Wellesley’s financial career began in 1985 as a derivatives trader at the London stockbroking firm Hoare Govett, from where he moved to two further derivatives trading roles at Banque Indosuez and ING Charterhouse. In 1992, he became head of foreign exchange trading at global metals trader Gerald Metals.
In 1995, he established the UK foreign exchange market maker IFX, which specialised in contracts for difference (CFDs) and spread bets on equity prices. In 1999, he and another director, Lorenzo Naldini, purchased the 51% of the business owned by its US parent company IFX Corp in a buyout that left them as sole shareholders.
In 20
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20sulfide
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Calcium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula CaS. This white material crystallizes in cubes like rock salt. CaS has been studied as a component in a process that would recycle gypsum, a product of flue-gas desulfurization. Like many salts containing sulfide ions, CaS typically has an odour of H2S, which results from small amount of this gas formed by hydrolysis of the salt.
In terms of its atomic structure, CaS crystallizes in the same motif as sodium chloride indicating that the bonding in this material is highly ionic. The high melting point is also consistent with its description as an ionic solid. In the crystal, each S2− ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six Ca2+ ions, and complementarily, each Ca2+ ion surrounded by six S2− ions.
Production
CaS is produced by "carbothermic reduction" of calcium sulfate, which entails the conversion of carbon, usually as charcoal, to carbon dioxide:
CaSO4 + 2 C → CaS + 2 CO2
and can react further:
3 CaSO4 + CaS → 4 CaO + 4 SO2
In the second reaction the sulfate (+6 oxidation state) oxidizes the sulfide (-2 oxidation state) to sulfur dioxide (+4 oxidation state), while it is being reduced to sulfur dioxide itself (+4 oxidation state).
CaS is also a byproduct in the Leblanc process, a once major industrial process for producing sodium carbonate. In that process sodium sulfide reacts with calcium carbonate:
Na2S + CaCO3 → CaS + Na2CO3
Millions of tons of this calcium sulfide byproduct was discar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpentine%20soil
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Serpentine soil is an uncommon soil type produced by weathered ultramafic rock such as peridotite and its metamorphic derivatives such as serpentinite. More precisely, serpentine soil contains minerals of the serpentine subgroup, especially antigorite, lizardite, and chrysotile or white asbestos, all of which are commonly found in ultramafic rocks. The term "serpentine" is commonly used to refer to both the soil type and the mineral group which forms its parent materials.
Serpentine soils exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties and are generally regarded as poor soils for agriculture. The soil is often reddish, brown, or gray in color due to its high iron and low organic content. Geologically, areas with serpentine bedrock are characteristically steep, rocky, and vulnerable to erosion, which causes many serpentine soils to be rather shallow. The shallow soils and sparse vegetation lead to elevated soil temperatures and dry conditions. Due to their ultramafic origin, serpentine soils also have a low calcium-to-magnesium ratio and have low levels of many essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Serpentine soils contain high concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Together, these factors create serious ecological challenges for plants living in serpentine soils.
Parent rock
Serpentinite is a meta-igneous rock formed by the metamorphic reaction of olivine-rich rock, peridotite, with water. Serpe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%20Thinker
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The Mad Thinker is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is portrayed to be an evil genius specializing in robotics. He is sometimes referred to just as "The Thinker".
Publication history
The Mad Thinker was introduced by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in Fantastic Four #15 (June 1963). Lee and Kirby gave the mad scientist a special ability to predict events to the precise second.
Little to nothing was known of his origins or true identity until, over fifty years later, the Mad Thinker's first name was revealed to be Julius in the pages of Brian Michael Bendis and Alex Maleev's Infamous Iron Man #2.
Fictional character biography
The professional criminal mastermind known as the Mad Thinker made his debut fighting the Fantastic Four. He once attempted to take over New York City using the Baxter Building as his base and all organized crime members as his lieutenants. The Fantastic Four were lured away from New York just before a meteorite struck the city and briefly knocked out electrical power, including the Baxter Building's defense systems. The Mad Thinker took the opportunity to create a robotic servant, the Awesome Android. He trapped the Fantastic Four in the lower quarters of the building but was eventually caught, after being stopped by an unforeseen factor: the building's mailman, Willie Lumpkin, who on Reed's orders rang a bell at 4 pm, activating a circuit breaker Reed had built into all his devices.
It seemed that his primary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running%20Scared%20%281986%20film%29
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Running Scared is a 1986 American action comedy film directed by Peter Hyams, written by Gary Devore and Jimmy Huston, and starring Gregory Hines, Billy Crystal, with Steven Bauer, Jimmy Smits and Dan Hedaya in supporting roles. Hines and Crystal play Chicago police officers who, after nearly being killed on the job, decide to retire and open a bar in Key West, Florida, only to get caught up in making one last arrest before they go.
The film was produced and released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Plot
Ray Hughes and Danny Costanzo are two police officers working on Chicago's North Side, known for their wisecracking demeanors and unorthodox police methods, which get results in their various cases. One such case involves trying to bust up-and-coming drug dealer Julio Gonzales. After arresting Snake, one of Gonzales's associates, they convince him to wear a wire in order to get the necessary evidence to put Gonzales away. When they approach the meeting place (a cargo ship) they find that Gonzales has acquired a large store of Israeli Uzi submachine guns. Snake is setting the detectives up, however, prompting the detectives to rush in by acting as though Gonzales was preparing to kill him. Gonzales reveals his ambition to be the Spanish "Godfather" of Chicago, but chastises Snake for letting the detectives get close, and Snake is shot dead by a subordinate. The pair look as though they will be killed, but two undercover detectives in Gonzales's gang step in to make the arrest. In the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcine%20zona%20pellucida
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Porcine zona pellucida (PZP) is the zona pellucida extracted from the ovaries of pigs which is used as a source of antigens for immunocontraception.
The zona pellucida is a thick membrane that surrounds the unfertilised eggs of mammals. In order for an egg to be fertilised, sperm must first bind to, and then penetrate the zona pellucida. When porcine (pig) zona pellucida is injected into other mammals, antibodies are produced which attach to that animal's zona pellucida, preventing the sperm from attaching to the egg, therefore preventing fertilisation.
Porcine zona pellucida has been used in wildlife contraception since the late 1980s. Animals with which PZP has been employed in this context include elephants, wild and/or feral horses, elk and whitetailed deer. It can be administered to captured animals via a standard syringe or administered to free ranging wildlife with a dart gun. The contraceptive effect last for approximately one year in horses, and can potentially be extended by including a controlled-release PZP component.
References
Mammal female reproductive system
Veterinary drugs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widlar%20current%20source
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A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor values.
The Widlar circuit may be used with bipolar transistors, MOS transistors, and even vacuum tubes. An example application is the 741 operational amplifier, and Widlar used the circuit as a part in many designs.
This circuit is named after its inventor, Bob Widlar, and was patented in 1967.
DC analysis
Figure 1 is an example Widlar current source using bipolar transistors, where the emitter resistor R2 is connected to the output transistor Q2, and has the effect of reducing the current in Q2 relative to Q1. The key to this circuit is that the voltage drop across the resistor R2 subtracts from the base-emitter voltage of transistor Q2, thereby turning this transistor off compared to transistor Q1. This observation is expressed by equating the base voltage expressions found on either side of the circuit in Figure 1 as:
where β2 is the beta-value of the output transistor, which is not the same as that of the input transistor, in part because the currents in the two transistors are very different. The variable IB2 is the base current of the output transistor, VBE refers to base-emitter voltage. This equation implies (using the Shockley diode equation):
Eq. 1
where VT is the thermal voltage.
This equation makes the approxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20interpolation
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In mathematical logic, Craig's interpolation theorem is a result about the relationship between different logical theories. Roughly stated, the theorem says that if a formula φ implies a formula ψ, and the two have at least one atomic variable symbol in common, then there is a formula ρ, called an interpolant, such that every non-logical symbol in ρ occurs both in φ and ψ, φ implies ρ, and ρ implies ψ. The theorem was first proved for first-order logic by William Craig in 1957. Variants of the theorem hold for other logics, such as propositional logic. A stronger form of Craig's interpolation theorem for first-order logic was proved by Roger Lyndon in 1959; the overall result is sometimes called the Craig–Lyndon theorem.
Example
In propositional logic, let
.
Then tautologically implies . This can be verified by writing in conjunctive normal form:
.
Thus, if holds, then holds. In turn, tautologically implies . Because the two propositional variables occurring in occur in both and , this means that is an interpolant for the implication .
Lyndon's interpolation theorem
Suppose that S and T are two first-order theories. As notation, let S ∪ T denote the smallest theory including both S and T; the signature of S ∪ T is the smallest one containing the signatures of S and T. Also let S ∩ T be the intersection of the languages of the two theories; the signature of S ∩ T is the intersection of the signatures of the two languages.
Lyndon's theorem says that if S ∪ T is u
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Icewind%20Dale%20Trilogy
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The Icewind Dale Trilogy is a trilogy of epic fantasy novels by the American writer R.A. Salvatore. The books are The Crystal Shard, Streams of Silver and The Halfling's Gem. They tell the tale of ranger Drizzt Do'Urden the drow (or dark elf), Wulfgar the barbarian warrior, Regis the halfling, dwarf king Bruenor, and Bruenor's adopted human daughter Catti-brie. It is the first of Salvatore's Forgotten Realms novels which introduces some of the best-known characters in that world. The final book of this series, The Halfling's Gem, appeared in The New York Times Best Seller list.
A prequel trilogy, The Dark Elf Trilogy, followed, as did several subsequent sequel series such as Legacy of the Drow and Paths of Darkness.
Works included
The Crystal Shard (1988)
Streams of Silver (1989)
The Halfling's Gem (1990)
In later years, these and other books featuring the character Drizzt Do'Urden have been rebranded as installments of The Legend of Drizzt, and such publications of the Icewind Dale Trilogy are identified on their covers as books IV, V, and VI of that series.
Characters
Akar Kessell is the former apprentice of Morkai the Red. He is left to die in a bowl-shaped dell of Icewind Dale by Dendybar the Mottled, who tricked Kessel into killing Morkai with promises to become the new head of the mage's guild. He comes across Crenshinibon, which allows him to survive and grants him great power. He commands a large army of creatures (mostly goblins, with lesser numbers of orcs, o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20tracing
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Path tracing is a computer graphics Monte Carlo method of rendering images of three-dimensional scenes such that the global illumination is faithful to reality. Fundamentally, the algorithm is integrating over all the illuminance arriving to a single point on the surface of an object. This illuminance is then reduced by a surface reflectance function (BRDF) to determine how much of it will go towards the viewpoint camera. This integration procedure is repeated for every pixel in the output image. When combined with physically accurate models of surfaces, accurate models of real light sources, and optically correct cameras, path tracing can produce still images that are indistinguishable from photographs.
Path tracing naturally simulates many effects that have to be specifically added to other methods (conventional ray tracing or scanline rendering), such as soft shadows, depth of field, motion blur, caustics, ambient occlusion, and indirect lighting. Implementation of a renderer including these effects is correspondingly simpler. An extended version of the algorithm is realized by volumetric path tracing, which considers the light scattering of a scene.
Due to its accuracy, unbiased nature, and algorithmic simplicity, path tracing is used to generate reference images when testing the quality of other rendering algorithms. However, the path tracing algorithm is relatively inefficient: A very large number of rays must be traced to get high-quality images free of noise artifa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tf%E2%80%93idf
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In information retrieval, tf–idf (also TF*IDF, TFIDF, TF–IDF, or Tf–idf), short for term frequency–inverse document frequency, is a measure of importance of a word to a document in a collection or corpus, adjusted for the fact that some words appear more frequently in general. It was often used as a weighting factor in searches of information retrieval, text mining, and user modeling. A survey conducted in 2015 showed that 83% of text-based recommender systems in digital libraries used tf–idf.
Variations of the tf–idf weighting scheme were often used by search engines as a central tool in scoring and ranking a document's relevance given a user query.
One of the simplest ranking functions is computed by summing the tf–idf for each query term; many more sophisticated ranking functions are variants of this simple model.
Motivations
Karen Spärck Jones (1972) conceived a statistical interpretation of term-specificity called Inverse Document Frequency (idf), which became a cornerstone of term weighting:
For example, the tf and idf for some words in Shakespeare's 37 plays are as follows:
We see that "Romeo", "Falstaff", and "salad" appears in very few plays, so seeing these words, one could get a good idea as to which play it might be. In contrast, "good" and "sweet" appears in every play and are completely uninformative as to which play it is.
Definition
The tf–idf is the product of two statistics, term frequency and inverse document frequency. There are various ways for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrosation
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Nitrosation is a process of converting organic compounds into nitroso derivatives, i.e., compounds containing the R-NO functionality.
C-Nitroso compounds
C-Nitroso compounds, such as nitrosobenzene, are typically prepared by oxidation of hydroxylamines:
RNHOH + [O] → RNO + H2O
S-Nitroso compounds
S-Nitroso compounds (S-nitrosothiols) are typically prepared by condensation of a thiol and nitrous acid:
RSH + HONO → RSNO + H2O
O-Nitroso compounds
O-Nitroso compounds are similar to S-nitroso compounds, but are less reactive because the oxygen atom is less nucleophilic than the sulfur atom. The formation of an alkyl nitrite from an alcohol and nitrous acid is a common example:
ROH + HONO → RONO + H2O
N-Nitrosamines
N-Nitrosamines, including the carcinogenic variety, arise from the reaction of nitrite sources with amino compounds, which can happen during the curing of meat. Typically, this reaction occurs when the nucleophilic nitrogen of a secondary amine attacks the nitrogen of the electrophilic nitrosonium ion:
NO2− + 2 H+ → NO+ + H2O
R2NH + NO+ → R2N-NO + H+
Formation of an N-nitrosamine:
The nitrosamine can then lose water through protonation to form diazonium cation, which is a very useful intermediate to form different compounds.
References
External links
Nitrosation of Amines
Organic reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20polynomial
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In the context of the characteristic polynomial of a differential equation or difference equation, a polynomial is said to be stable if either:
all its roots lie in the open left half-plane, or
all its roots lie in the open unit disk.
The first condition provides stability for continuous-time linear systems, and the second case relates to stability
of discrete-time linear systems. A polynomial with the first property is called at times a Hurwitz polynomial and with the second property a Schur polynomial. Stable polynomials arise in control theory and in mathematical theory
of differential and difference equations. A linear, time-invariant system (see LTI system theory) is said to be BIBO stable if every bounded input produces bounded output. A linear system is BIBO stable if its characteristic polynomial is stable. The denominator is required to be Hurwitz stable if the system is in continuous-time and Schur stable if it is in discrete-time. In practice, stability is determined by applying any one of several stability criteria.
Properties
The Routh–Hurwitz theorem provides an algorithm for determining if a given polynomial is Hurwitz stable, which is implemented in the Routh–Hurwitz and Liénard–Chipart tests.
To test if a given polynomial P (of degree d) is Schur stable, it suffices to apply this theorem to the transformed polynomial
obtained after the Möbius transformation which maps the left half-plane to the open unit disc: P is Schur stable if and only if Q is
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Philippe%20Leblond
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Charles Philippe Leblond (February 5, 1910 – April 10, 2007) was a pioneer of cell biology and stem cell research and a Canadian former professor of anatomy. Leblond is notable for developing autoradiography and his work showing how cells continuously renew themselves, regardless of age.
Main research interests
In 1946, Leblond found that, when he poured liquid photographic emulsion on a histological section containing a radio element, the emulsion was eventually activated by the radio-element; and if thereafter routine photographic development and fixation were applied to the emulsion-covered section, black silver grains appeared in the emulsion wherever it overlay sites containing a radio-element. This liquid emulsion approach has been used to develop a new High Resolution Autoradiography procedure characterized by close contact between emulsion and section. Such close contact makes it possible to localize the radio-elements in the section at high resolution, so that radio-elements can be localized at high magnification in the light microscope.
This procedure has been utilized to examine some of the dynamic features of body components, with the main findings as follows:
The existence of stem cells in adult organs, as shown by autoradiography with labeled thymidine.
The continuity of protein synthesis in living cells, as shown by autoradiography with labeled amino acids.
The key role of the Golgi apparatus in protein glycosylation, as shown by autoradiography with lab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape%20seed%20extract
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Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract contains proanthocyanidins. Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins. Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products. Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth.
Extraction method
The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition.
Research
A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure, although the amounts were small (3–6 mmHg) and occurred only in obese people under age 50 with existing metabolic syndrome and hypertension. An earlier meta-analysis reported lower systolic blood pressure and heart rate, with no effect on blood lipids or C-reactive protein lev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipidea
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Chipidea was a Portuguese analog semiconductor IP design center, headquartered in Oeiras, Greater Lisbon subregion, which had been founded in 1997 by José Epifânio da Franca. In August 2007, it was bought by the US-based company MIPS Technologies for $147 million in cash plus future performance-based stock payments. On May 8, 2009, Synopsys acquired it as the Analog Business Group from MIPS Technologies for $22 million in cash.
History
In 1997, Chipidea Microelectronica S.A. was founded as the first Portuguese Analog semiconductor IP design center. The company evolved into a supplier of Analog and Mixed-Signal IP.
The company's product portfolio included ADCs, DACs, PLLs and Synthesizers, Baseband Transmit and Receive Ports, RF front-ends, Analog and Digital Filters, Oversampling Modulators and Codec Analog Front-Ends, DC-DC Converters, Regulators, Digital Transceivers, Line Drivers, and other Physical Interfaces. Chipidea's application drivers were in Communications, Multimedia, and Consumer Electronics Applications.
The company had 270 staff involved in IP research and development, CAD and technology support and test and characterization. They were located at the main building in Oeiras, near Lisbon, as well as in other sites: Maia, near Porto, Portugal; Gdańsk, Poland; Leuven, Belgium; Macau; Suzhou, China; Caen, France; and Trondheim, Norway. Sales and marketing offices were located in the United States, Europe, and Asia.
In January 2007, Chipidea acquired Nordic Semi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT%201301
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The ICT 1301 and its smaller derivative ICT 1300 were early business computers from International Computers and Tabulators. Typical of mid-sized machines of the era, they used core memory, drum storage and punched cards, but they were unusual in that they were based on decimal logic instead of binary.
Description
The 1301 was the main machine in the line. Its main memory came in increments of 400 words of 48 bits (12 decimal digits or 12 four-bit binary values, 0-15) plus two parity bits. The maximum size was 4,000 words. It was the first ICT machine to use core memory.
Backing store was magnetic drum and optionally one-inch-, half-inch- or quarter-inch-wide magnetic tape. Input was from 80-column punched cards and optionally 160-column punched cards and punched paper tape. Output was to 80-column punched cards, line printer, and optionally to punched paper tape.
The machine ran at a clock speed of 1 MHz and its arithmetic logic unit (ALU) operated on data in a serial-parallel fashion—the 48-bit words were processed sequentially four bits at a time. A simple addition took 21 clock cycles; hardware multiplication averaged 170 clock cycles per digit; and division was performed in software.
A typical 1301 requires 700 square feet (65 square metres) of floor space and weighs about . It consumes about 13kVA of three-phase electric power. The electronics consist of over 4,000 printed circuit boards each with many germanium diodes (mainly OA5), germanium transistors (mainly Mul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20theorem
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The Thomas theorem is a theory of sociology which was formulated in 1928 by William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas:
In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations. Whether there even is an objectively correct interpretation is not important for the purposes of helping guide individuals' behavior.
The Thomas theorem is not a theorem in the mathematical sense.
Definition of the situation
In 1923, W. I. Thomas stated more precisely that any definition of a situation would influence the present. In addition, after a series of definitions in which an individual is involved, such a definition would also "gradually [influence] a whole life-policy and the personality of the individual himself". Consequently, Thomas stressed societal problems such as intimacy, family, or education as fundamental to the role of the situation when detecting a social world "in which subjective impressions can be projected on to life and thereby become real to projectors".
The definition of the situation is a fundamental concept in symbolic interactionism. It involves a proposal upon the characteristics of a social situation (e.g. norms, values, authority, participants' roles), and seeks agreement from others in a way that can facilitate social cohesion and social action. Conflicts often involve disagreements over definitions of the situation in question. This definiti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna
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Barna (Bearna in Irish) is a coastal village on the R336 regional road in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. It has become a satellite village of Galway City. The village is Irish speaking and is therefore a constituent part of the regions of Ireland that make up the Gaeltacht.
In 1976, a community development group called Comharchumann Bearna Teoranta was formed after five local men put up the purchase money for at Troscaigh Thiar to be used for community purposes and has succeeded in developing several recreational facilities.
Irish language
There are 1,500 native Irish speakers in the Barna electoral division. According to the 2011 census, 24% of Bearna's locals use Irish as a daily language.
International links
Barna is twinned with Esquibien, Brittany, France.
Population
At the time of the 2011 census, the population in this settlement was 1,878, of which males numbered 920 and females were 958. The total housing stock was 772, of which vacant households numbered 98. With an approximate area of 1.89 km2, this settlement has a 2011 population density of 994 persons per km2.
Electoral District
The total population of the Barna Electoral District (ED) designated as 27044 was 3,630, of which males numbered 1,804 and females were 1,826. The total housing stock was 1,363, of which vacant households numbered 142.
Sport
Sports clubs in the Barna area include Barna GAA, which fields gaelic football teams in men's and ladies' competitions. Other clubs in the locality ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog%20modeling%20synthesizer
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An analog modeling synthesizer is a synthesizer that generates the sounds of traditional analog synthesizers using digital signal processing components and software algorithms. Analog modeling synthesizers simulate the behavior of the original electronic circuitry in order to digitally replicate their tone.
This method of synthesis is also referred to as virtual analog or VA. Analog modeling synthesizers can be more reliable than their true analog counterparts since the oscillator pitch is ultimately maintained by a digital clock, and the digital hardware is typically less susceptible to temperature changes.
While analog synthesizers need an oscillator circuit for each voice of polyphony, analog modeling synthesizers do not face this problem. This means that many of them, especially the more modern models, can produce as many polyphonic voices as the CPU on which they run can handle.
Modeling synths also provide patch storage capabilities and MIDI support not found on most true analog instruments. Analog modeling synthesizers that run entirely within a host computer operating system are typically referred to as analog software synthesizers.
The term was not used until the 1990s when the Nord Lead came out.
Examples of VA synthesizers include:
Access Virus line of VA synths
AKAI Miniak virtual analog synthesizer from AKAI Professional
Alesis Ion, Micron and Fusion
Arturia Origin
Clavia Nord Lead and Nord Modular series
Korg Z1, Prophecy, MS-2000, microKORG, RADIAS,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20soil%20crust
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Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found throughout the world with varying species composition and cover depending on topography, soil characteristics, climate, plant community, microhabitats, and disturbance regimes. Biological soil crusts perform important ecological roles including carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation and soil stabilization; they alter soil albedo and water relations and affect germination and nutrient levels in vascular plants. They can be damaged by fire, recreational activity, grazing and other disturbances and can require long time periods to recover composition and function. Biological soil crusts are also known as biocrusts or as cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, or cryptobiotic soils.
Natural history
Biology and composition
Biological soil crusts are most often composed of fungi, lichens, cyanobacteria, bryophytes, and algae in varying proportions. These organisms live in intimate association in the uppermost few millimeters of the soil surface, and are the biological basis for the formation of soil crusts.
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are the main photosynthetic component of biological soil crusts, in addition to other photosynthetic taxa such as mosses, lichens, and green algae. The most common cyanobacteria found in soil crusts belong to large filamentous species such as those in the genus Microcoleus. These species form bundled filaments that are surroun
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRFN-LP
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WRFN-LP is a community LPFM non-commercial radio station in Nashville, Tennessee. It operates at a frequency of 107.1 MHz and is branded as Radio Free Nashville. The station features a mix of music, talk and public affairs programming, almost all with a decidedly liberal or leftist political perspective largely not found on other area media outlets (local or national).
The station went on the air in April 2005, with studios and transmitter located at the nearby community of Pasquo, Tennessee, 15 miles (24 km) west of downtown Nashville.
WRFN-LP was the seventh community radio "barnraising" of the Prometheus Radio Project.
In mid-2007, WRFN began simulcasting on Nashville's iQtv's second audio program (SAP).
On October 25, 2009, WRFN changed its frequency to 107.1 MHz from its previously assigned frequency of 98.9 MHz, which had also been occupied by WANT in nearby Lebanon, Tennessee.
A translator station, W279CH on 103.7 in Hermitage, Tennessee, signed-on in December 2014 to serve Nashville proper, expanding WRFN's over-the-air reach in the Nashville metro area.
The callsign was originally used by another Nashville station, Fisk University's WFSK-FM, from its beginning in 1973 until about 1983.
Media
Audio of the first broadcast of WRFN (in mp3 format)
Live audio stream (in mp3 format)
See also
List of community radio stations in the United States
References
External links
Official website
A history of the Radio Free Nashville moniker
RFN
RFN-LP
Community radio
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-stranded%20DNA
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Triple-stranded DNA (also known as H-DNA or Triplex-DNA) is a DNA structure in which three oligonucleotides wind around each other and form a triple helix. In triple-stranded DNA, the third strand binds to a B-form DNA (via Watson–Crick base-pairing) double helix
by forming Hoogsteen base pairs or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds.
Structure
Examples of triple-stranded DNA from natural sources with the necessary combination of base composition and structural elements have been described, for example in Satellite DNA.
Hoogsteen base pairing
A thymine (T) nucleobase can bind to a Watson–Crick base-pairing of T-A by forming a Hoogsteen hydrogen bond. The thymine hydrogen bonds with the adenosine (A) of the original double-stranded DNA to create a T-A*T base-triplet.
Intermolecular and intramolecular interactions
There are two classes of triplex DNA: intermolecular and intramolecular formations. An intermolecular triplex refers to triplex formation between a duplex and a different (third) strand of DNA. The third strand can either be from a neighboring chromosome or a triplex forming oligonucleotide (TFO). Intramolecular triplex DNA is formed from a duplex with homopurine and homopyrimidine strands with mirror repeat symmetry. The degree of supercoiling in DNA influences the amount of intramolecular triplex formation that occurs. There are two different types of intramolecular triplex DNA: H-DNA and H*-DNA. Formation of H-DNA is stabilized under acidic conditions and in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-cell%20receptor
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The T-cell receptor (TCR) is a protein complex found on the surface of T cells, or T lymphocytes, that is responsible for recognizing fragments of antigen as peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The binding between TCR and antigen peptides is of relatively low affinity and is degenerate: that is, many TCRs recognize the same antigen peptide and many antigen peptides are recognized by the same TCR.
The TCR is composed of two different protein chains (that is, it is a heterodimer). In humans, in 95% of T cells the TCR consists of an alpha (α) chain and a beta (β) chain (encoded by TRA and TRB, respectively), whereas in 5% of T cells the TCR consists of gamma and delta (γ/δ) chains (encoded by TRG and TRD, respectively). This ratio changes during ontogeny and in diseased states (such as leukemia). It also differs between species. Orthologues of the 4 loci have been mapped in various species. Each locus can produce a variety of polypeptides with constant and variable regions.
When the TCR engages with antigenic peptide and MHC (peptide/MHC), the T lymphocyte is activated through signal transduction, that is, a series of biochemical events mediated by associated enzymes, co-receptors, specialized adaptor molecules, and activated or released transcription factors. Based on the initial receptor triggering mechanism, the TCR belongs to the family of non-catalytic tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors (NTRs).
History
In 1982, Nobel laureate James P. Alli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality%20of%20the%20District%20of%20Barrington
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Barrington, officially named the Municipality of the District of Barrington, is a district municipality in western Shelburne County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistics Canada classifies the district municipality as a municipal district.
Geography
The Municipality of the District of Barrington forms the southernmost part of the province and contains Cape Sable, the eastern boundary between the North Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Maine.
Cape Sable Island is home to the tallest lighthouse in the Maritime Provinces. The Cape Light stands 101 feet tall, located on Canada's most southern saltwater beach, The Hawk Beach.
Acadia University owns Bon Portage Island in the municipality, which is protected by the Nova Scotia Nature Trust; there is a field biology research station present for students to study various local birds.
Etymology
The Mi'kmaq called the area "Ministiguish" or "Ministegkek", meaning "he has gone for it." The Acadians called the area "le Passage", meaning "the Passage". Barrington is named after William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington.
History
French settlements
Cape Sable and Eel Bay, Nova Scotia were settled by the Acadians who migrated from Port Royal, Nova Scotia in 1620. The French governor of Acadia, Charles de la Tour, colonized Cap de Sable giving it the present name, meaning Sandy Cape. La Tour built up a strong post at Cap de Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia) beginning in 1623, called Fort Lomeron in honour of David Lomeron who was h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomatitis
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Stomatitis is inflammation of the mouth and lips. It refers to any inflammatory process affecting the mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, with or without oral ulceration.
In its widest meaning, stomatitis can have a multitude of different causes and appearances. Common causes include infections, nutritional deficiencies, allergic reactions, radiotherapy, and many others.
When inflammation of the gums and the mouth generally presents itself, sometimes the term gingivostomatitis is used, though this is also sometimes used as a synonym for herpetic gingivostomatitis.
The term is derived from the Greek stoma (), meaning "mouth", and the suffix -itis (), meaning "inflammation".
Causes
Nutritional deficiency
Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. For example, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 (folic acid) or vitamin B12 (cobalamine) may all manifest as stomatitis. Iron is necessary for the upregulation of transcriptional elements for cell replication and repair. Lack of iron can cause genetic downregulation of these elements, leading to ineffective repair and regeneration of epithelial cells, especially in the mouth and lips. Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical sprue.
Aphth
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo-Bo-Bo
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A Bo-Bo-Bo or Bo′Bo′Bo′ (UIC classification) is a locomotive with three independent two-axle bogies with all axles powered by separate traction motors. In the AAR system, this is simplified to B-B-B due to the system only taking powered axles into consideration, not powered axles.
The Bo-Bo-Bo configuration is often used to lower axle weight while keeping lateral forces low compared to a locomotive with two three-axle bogies, thus allowing the locomotive to use lightly laid track, in particular narrow-gauge railways.
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
The arrangement is extensively used on Italian and Japanese railways. Other examples include New Zealand's DJ, EW and EF classes; the Eurotunnel Class 9 locomotives, which were themselves derived from the New Zealand EF class; the Swiss SBB Re 6/6 (Re 620); the Russia Railways VL65, EP1 (EP1M), EP10 and EP20; and the South Korean Korail Class 8000. China imported 6K electric locomotive from Japan between 1986 and 1987. The Bo-Bo-Bo design was applied to SS7 series except SS7E.
The State Rail Authority of NSW built the last of its 86 Class electric locomotives (8650) in the Bo-Bo-Bo arrangement (called locally a Tri-Bo), but this did not prove successful and it spent long periods out of traffic undergoing repair.
The first Italian six-axle electric locomotives, such as the E.626, used a Bo′BoBo′ layout, where the two centre axles were mounted on a rigid frame and only the outer pairs on bogies.
This wheel arrangement requires either an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysoviridae
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Chrysoviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Members of the family are called chrysoviruses.
Virology
The capsid is about 35-40 nm in diameter. The genome has four segments (tetrapartite). These segments are separately encapsulated.
Taxonomy
The following genera are recognized:
Alphachrysovirus
Betachrysovirus
References
External links
ICTV Report: Chrysoviridae
Virus families
Riboviria
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidovirales
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Nidovirales is an order of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect vertebrates and invertebrates. Host organisms include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, arthropods, molluscs, and helminths. The order includes the families Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, Roniviridae, and Mesoniviridae.
Member viruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. Nidoviruses are named for the Latin nidus, meaning nest, as all viruses in this order produce a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs during infection.
Virology
Structure
Nidoviruses have a viral envelope and a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome which is capped and polyadenylated. The group expresses structural proteins separately from the nonstructural ones. The structural proteins are encoded at the 3' region of the genome and are expressed from a set of subgenomic mRNAs.
Member viruses encode one main proteinase and between one and three accessory proteinases which are mainly involved in expressing the replicase gene. These proteinases are also responsible for activating or inactivating specific proteins at the correct time in the virus life cycle, ensuring replication occurs at the right time.
Genome
Nidoviruses can be distinguished from other RNA viruses by a constellation of seven conserved domains—5'-TM2-3CLpro-TM3-RdRp-Zm-HEL1-NendoU-3'—with the first three being encoded in ORF1a and the remaining four in ORF1b. TM2 and TM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudovirales
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Caudoviricetes is a class of viruses known as the tailed bacteriophages (cauda is Latin for "tail"). Under the Baltimore classification scheme, the Caudoviricetes are group I viruses as they have double stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes, which can be anywhere from 18,000 base pairs to 500,000 base pairs in length. The virus particles have a distinct shape; each virion has an icosahedral head that contains the viral genome, and is attached to a flexible tail by a connector protein. The order encompasses a wide range of viruses, many containing genes of similar nucleotide sequence and function. However, some tailed bacteriophage genomes can vary quite significantly in nucleotide sequence, even among the same genus. Due to their characteristic structure and possession of potentially homologous genes, it is believed these bacteriophages possess a common origin.
There are 4 orders, 47 families, 98 subfamilies, 1197 genera, 3601 species in the class. This makes Caudoviricetes the most populous class among viruses, accounting for approximately 30% of all recognized virus species and nearly half of all virus genera.
Infection
Upon encountering a host bacterium, the tail section of the virion binds to receptors on the cell surface and delivers the DNA into the cell by use of an injectisome-like mechanism (an injectisome is a nanomachine that evolved for the delivery of proteins by type III secretion). The tail section of the virus punches a hole through the bacterial cell wall and plasm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate-fin%20heat%20exchanger
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A plate-fin heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger design that uses plates and finned chambers to transfer heat between fluids, most commonly gases. It is often categorized as a compact heat exchanger to emphasize its relatively high heat transfer surface area to volume ratio.
The plate-fin heat exchanger is widely used in many industries, including the aerospace industry for its compact size and lightweight properties, as well as in cryogenics where its ability to facilitate heat transfer with small temperature differences is utilized.
Aluminum alloy plate fin heat exchangers, often referred to as Brazed Aluminum Heat Exchangers, have been used in the aircraft industry for more than 60 years and adopted into the cryogenic air separation industry around the time of the second world war and shortly afterwards into cryogenic processes in chemical plants such as Natural Gas Processing. They are also used in railway engines and motor cars. Stainless steel plate fins have been used in aircraft for 30 years and are now becoming established in chemical plants.
Design of plate-fin heat exchangers
Originally conceived by an Italian mechanic, Paolo Fruncillo. A plate-fin heat exchanger is made of layers of corrugated sheets separated by flat metal plates, typically aluminium, to create a series of finned chambers. Separate hot and cold fluid streams flow through alternating layers of the heat exchanger and are enclosed at the edges by side bars. Heat is transferred from one str
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StatSoft
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StatSoft is the original developer of Statistica. Dell acquired it in March 2014. Statistica is an analytics software portfolio that provides enterprise and desktop software for statistics, data analysis, data management, data visualization, data mining, which is also called predictive analytics, and quality control.
Company history
StatSoft Inc. was established in 1984 as a partnership of a group of university professors and scientists. Its first products had menu-driven libraries of flexible statistical procedures and ran on microcomputer platforms such as Apple II, CP/M, Commodore, and MS-DOS.
With the release of Statistica 9 in May 2009, both 32-bit and 64-bit native versions became available. Its current product suite, Statistica 12, was released in May 2013. Statistica is used worldwide at major corporations, government agencies, and universities.
On March 24, 2014, StatSoft was acquired by Dell in an effort to bolster Dell's ‘big data’ offering. StatSoft's CEO at the time of the Dell acquisition was Paul Lewicki.
On June 20, 2016, Dell sold Dell Software Group (which included StatSoft) to private equity firm Francisco Partners and Elliott Management.
On May 15, 2017, Quest Software sold Statistica to TIBCO Software.
StatSoft's product lines
Statistica Enterprise allows connections to data repositories and interactive filtering of data, contains analysis and report templates, and allows for management of security and permissions.
Web-based Applications this system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic%20beta
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In statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamic beta, also known as coldness, is the reciprocal of the thermodynamic temperature of a system: (where is the temperature and is Boltzmann constant).
It was originally introduced in 1971 (as "coldness function") by , one of the proponents of the rational thermodynamics school of thought, based on earlier proposals for a "reciprocal temperature" function.
Thermodynamic beta has units reciprocal to that of energy (in SI units, reciprocal joules, ). In non-thermal units, it can also be measured in byte per joule, or more conveniently, gigabyte per nanojoule; 1 K−1 is equivalent to about 13,062 gigabytes per nanojoule; at room temperature: = 300K, β ≈ ≈ ≈ . The conversion factor is 1 GB/nJ = J−1.
Description
Thermodynamic beta is essentially the connection between the information theory and statistical mechanics interpretation of a physical system through its entropy and the thermodynamics associated with its energy. It expresses the response of entropy to an increase in energy. If a system is challenged with a small amount of energy, then β describes the amount the system will randomize.
Via the statistical definition of temperature as a function of entropy, the coldness function can be calculated in the microcanonical ensemble from the formula
(i.e., the partial derivative of the entropy with respect to the energy at constant volume and particle number ).
Advantages
Though completely equivalent in conceptual content t
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