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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLM | GLM may refer to:
Science and Technology
Generalized linear model, a generalization of ordinary linear regression
General linear model, a generalization of multiple linear regression, special case of above
Generalized Lagrangian mean, a method in continuum mechanics to split a flow field into a mean (average) part and a wave part
Geostationary Lightning Mapper, an instrument being designed for the GOES-R series of satellites
OpenGL Mathematics, a framework
Companies
Global Language Monitor, media analytics organization
GlmY RNA or GlmZ RNA
Transport
Gillingham railway station (Kent), Kent, England; National Rail station code GLM
Gilman (Amtrak station), Illinois, United States; Amtrak station code GLM
Other uses
Grand Officer of the Legion of Merit (Rhodesia) (post-nominal letters), an award in the Rhodesian honours system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Arabic%20alphabet | It is thought that the Arabic alphabet is a derivative of the Nabataean variation of the Aramaic alphabet, which descended from the Phoenician alphabet, which among others also gave rise to the Hebrew alphabet and the Greek alphabet, the latter one being in turn the base for the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.
Origins
The Arabic alphabet evolved either from the Nabataean,
or (less widely believed) directly from the Syriac.
The table below shows changes undergone by the shapes of the letters from the Aramaic original to the Nabataean and Syriac forms. The Arabic script shown is that of post-Classical and Modern Arabic—notably different from 6th century Arabic script. (Arabic is placed in the middle for clarity and not to mark a time order of evolution.)
It seems that the Nabataean alphabet became the Arabic alphabet thus:
In the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, northern Arab tribes emigrated and founded a kingdom centred around Petra, Jordan. These people (now named Nabataeans from the name of one of the tribes, Nabatu) spoke Nabataean Arabic, a Northwest Semitic language.
In the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE, the first known records of the Nabataean alphabet were written in the Aramaic language (which was the language of communication and trade), but included some Arabic language features: the Nabataeans did not write the language which they spoke. They wrote in a form of the Aramaic alphabet, which continued to evolve; it separated into two forms: one intended for inscriptions (know |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Plains | The Adelaide Plains (Kaurna name Tarndanya) is a plain in South Australia lying between the coast (Gulf St Vincent) on the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges on the east. The southernmost tip of the plain is in the southern seaside suburbs of Adelaide around Brighton at the foot of the O'Halloran Hill escarpment with the south Hummocks Range and Wakefield River roughly approximating the northern boundary.
Traditionally entirely occupied by the Kaurna (indigenous) people, the Adelaide Plains are crossed by a number of rivers and creeks, but several dry up during summer. The rivers (from south to north) include: the Onkaparinga/Ngangki, Sturt/Warri Torrens/Karra Wirra, Little Para, Gawler, Light/Yarralinka and Wakefield/Undalya. The plains are generally fertile with annual rainfall of about per year.
The plain can be roughly divided into three parts. The southern area is now covered by the city of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. The central area is considered the breadbasket of South Australia with many market gardens and wineries, particularly around the towns of Virginia and Angle Vale. The northern area is predominantly used for growing cereal grains such as wheat, barley, and canola, and farming sheep.
Usage of the term Adelaide Plains frequently refers to a central and non-metropolitan subset of the plain. This is evidenced by the local government area of Adelaide Plains Council, which occupies from the Gawler River in the south to Wild Horse Plains, Long Plai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary%20problem | The secretary problem demonstrates a scenario involving optimal stopping theory that is studied extensively in the fields of applied probability, statistics, and decision theory. It is also known as the marriage problem, the sultan's dowry problem, the fussy suitor problem, the googol game, and the best choice problem.
The basic form of the problem is the following: imagine an administrator who wants to hire the best secretary out of rankable applicants for a position. The applicants are interviewed one by one in random order. A decision about each particular applicant is to be made immediately after the interview. Once rejected, an applicant cannot be recalled. During the interview, the administrator gains information sufficient to rank the applicant among all applicants interviewed so far, but is unaware of the quality of yet unseen applicants. The question is about the optimal strategy (stopping rule) to maximize the probability of selecting the best applicant. If the decision can be deferred to the end, this can be solved by the simple maximum selection algorithm of tracking the running maximum (and who achieved it), and selecting the overall maximum at the end. The difficulty is that the decision must be made immediately.
The shortest rigorous proof known so far is provided by the odds algorithm. It implies that the optimal win probability is always at least (where e is the base of the natural logarithm), and that the latter holds even in a much greater generality. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roborior | Roborior is a robot manufactured by the robotics company Tmsuk and marketed by Sanyo. It is used both for lighting and guarding homes. Roborior is roughly the size of a watermelon and can produce different hues of color ranging from blue, purple, and orange. The Roborior is also equipped with a digital video camera that can stream live video directly to the owner's cell phone if it detects an intruder. The Roborior can be controlled remotely with a hand set, much like a Remote control vehicle, as well. It was introduced in Japan in late 2005 and was priced at 280,000 Japanese yen. The name is a portmanteau of robot and interior.
References
External links
Description of the Roborior
Domestic robots
Robots of Japan
2005 robots |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious%20correlation%20of%20ratios | In statistics, spurious correlation of ratios is a form of spurious correlation that arises between ratios of absolute measurements which themselves are uncorrelated.
The phenomenon of spurious correlation of ratios is one of the main motives for the field of compositional data analysis, which deals with the analysis of variables that carry only relative information, such as proportions, percentages and parts-per-million.
Spurious correlation is distinct from misconceptions about correlation and causality.
Illustration of spurious correlation
Pearson states a simple example of spurious correlation:
The scatter plot above illustrates this example using 500 observations of x, y, and z. Variables x, y and z are drawn from normal distributions with means 10, 10, and 30, respectively, and standard deviations 1, 1, and 3 respectively, i.e.,
Even though x, y, and z are statistically independent and therefore uncorrelated, in the depicted typical sample the ratios x/z and y/z have a correlation of 0.53. This is because of the common divisor (z) and can be better understood if we colour the points in the scatter plot by the z-value. Trios of (x, y, z) with relatively large z values tend to appear in the bottom left of the plot; trios with relatively small z values tend to appear in the top right.
Approximate amount of spurious correlation
Pearson derived an approximation of the correlation that would be observed between two indices ( and ), i.e., ratios of the absolute measu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence%20theory%20of%20truth | Coherence theories of truth characterize truth as a property of whole systems of propositions that can be ascribed to individual propositions only derivatively according to their coherence with the whole. While modern coherence theorists hold that there are many possible systems to which the determination of truth may be based upon coherence, others, particularly those with strong religious beliefs, hold that the truth only applies to a single absolute system. In general, truth requires a proper fit of elements within the whole system. Very often, though, coherence is taken to imply something more than simple formal coherence. For example, the coherence of the underlying set of concepts is considered to be a critical factor in judging validity for the whole system. In other words, the set of base concepts in a universe of discourse must first be seen to form an intelligible paradigm before many theorists will consider that the coherence theory of truth is applicable.
History
In modern philosophy, the coherence theory of truth was defended by Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Harold Henry Joachim (who is credited with the definitive formulation of the theory). However, Spinoza and Kant have also been interpreted as defenders of the correspondence theory of truth. In contemporary philosophy, several epistemologists have significantly contributed to and defended the theory, primarily Brand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beano%20%28dietary%20supplement%29 | Beano is an enzyme-based dietary supplement that is used to reduce gas in the digestive tract, thereby improving digestion and reducing bloating, discomfort, and flatulence caused by gas. It contains the enzyme alpha-galactosidase (α-GAL). It was introduced as a liquid, but that has been discontinued and it is now available only as tablets and strawberry-flavored "Meltaways".
Beano is marketed and distributed by Prestige Consumer Healthcare, Inc.
Mechanism of action
Beano contains the enzyme α-GAL, which is derived from the fungus Aspergillus niger. The enzyme works in the digestive tract to break down the complex or branching sugars (polysaccharides and oligosaccharides) in foods such as legumes (beans and peanuts) and cruciferous vegetables (cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, and brussels sprouts, among others). The enzyme breaks those complex sugars into simple sugars, making these foods somewhat more digestible, and reducing intestinal gas.
The polysaccharides and oligosaccharides found in these foods might otherwise pass through the small intestine unaffected. Once in the large intestine, those sugars may be metabolized by intestinal flora, fermenting to produce the gases that cause discomfort and flatulence.
Two randomized controlled trials show reduction in gas by subjects taking oral α-GAL. Another study indicates it may interfere with the diabetic medication acarbose.
History
Beano was developed in 1990 by Alan Kligerman of AkPharma after research into gas-causin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F54 | F54 may refer to:
F54 (classification), a disability sport classification for athletics
HMS Hardy (F54), a British anti-submarine warfare frigate 1953–1984
Mini F54, a second-generation Mini Clubman automobile 2015–present |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome | Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτός χρώμα, "hidden colour") are a class of flavoproteins found in plants and animals that are sensitive to blue light. They are involved in the circadian rhythms and the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species. The name cryptochrome was proposed as a portmanteau combining the chromatic nature of the photoreceptor, and the cryptogamic organisms on which many blue-light studies were carried out.
The genes Cry1 and Cry2 encode the two cryptochrome proteins CRY1 and CRY2, respectively. Cryptochromes are classified into plant Cry and animal Cry. Animal Cry can be further categorized into insect type (Type I) and mammal-like (Type II). CRY1 is a circadian photoreceptor whereas CRY2 is a clock repressor which represses Clock/Cycle (Bmal1) complex in insects and vertebrates. In plants, blue-light photoreception can be used to cue developmental signals. Besides chlorophylls, cryptochromes are the only proteins known to form photoinduced radical-pairs in vivo. These appear to enable some animals to detect magnetic fields.
Cryptochromes have been the focus of several current efforts in optogenetics. Employing transfection, initial studies on yeast have capitalized on the potential of CRY2 heterodimerization to control cellular processes, including gene expression, by light.
Discovery
Although Charles Darwin first documented plant responses to blue light in the 1880s, it was not until the 1980s that research began to identify the pigment r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototropin | Phototropins are photoreceptor proteins (more specifically, flavoproteins) that mediate phototropism responses in various species of algae, fungi and higher plants. Phototropins can be found throughout the leaves of a plant. Along with cryptochromes and phytochromes they allow plants to respond and alter their growth in response to the light environment. Phototropins may also be important for the opening of stomata and the movement of chloroplasts. These blue light receptors are seen across the entire green plant lineage. When Phototropins are hit with blue light, they induce a signal transduction pathway that alters the plant cells' functions in different ways.
Phototropins are part of the phototropic sensory system in plants that causes various environmental responses in plants. Phototropins specifically will cause stems to bend towards light and stomata to open. Phototropins have been shown to impact the movement of chloroplast inside the cell. In addition phototropins mediate the first changes in stem elongation in blue light prior to cryptochrome activation. Phototropin is also required for blue light mediated transcript destabilization of specific mRNAs in the cell. They are present in the guard cell.
References
Other sources
Sensory receptors
Signal transduction
Biological pigments
Integral membrane proteins
Molecular biology
Plant physiology
EC 2.7.11 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream%20%28disambiguation%29 | A slipstream is a pocket of reduced pressure following behind an object moving through a fluid medium.
Slipstream may also refer to:
Computing
Slipstream (computer science), the technique of running a shortened program concurrently and ahead of the execution of the full program
Slipstream (computing), a slang term for merging patches or updates into the original installation sources of a program
Slipstream 5000, a 1995 racing game for PC
Fiction
Slipstream (genre), a literary genre that pushes the boundary between traditional fiction and either science fiction and/or fantasy
Slipstream (radio drama), a BBC Radio 7 science fiction series
Slipstream (science fiction), fictional methods of faster-than-light travel
Characters
Slipstream (comics), a Marvel Comics superhero character
Slipstream (Transformers), several robot characters in the Transformers franchise including Transformers: Animated
Slip Stream (G.I. Joe), a pilot character in the G.I. Joe franchise
Film
Slipstream (unfinished film), an unfinished Steven Spielberg movie
Slipstream (1973 film), a Canadian drama directed by David Acomba
Slipstream (video), a 1980 concert by Jethro Tull
Slipstream (1989 film), a post-apocalyptic adventure directed by Steven Lisberger
Slipstream (2005 film), a time travel thriller directed by David van Eyssen
Slipstream (2007 film), a drama written and directed by Anthony Hopkins
Music
Slipstream (band), a UK indie band
Albums
Slipstream (Bonnie Raitt album), 2012
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis%20Kalomiris | Manolis Kalomiris (; December 14, 1883, Smyrna – April 3, 1962, Athens) was a Greek classical composer. He was the founder of the Greek National School of Music.
Biography
Born in Smyrna, he attended school in Constantinople and studied piano and composition in Vienna. After working for a few years as a piano teacher in Kharkov (then Russia and now Ukraine) he settled in Athens. An admirer of Richard Wagner, Rimsky-Korsakoff, Kostis Palamas, and Nikos Kazantzakis, he set himself the life goal of establishing a Greek "national school" of music, based on the ideas of the Russian national composers, on western musical achievements and on modern Greek folk music, poetry and myth. He thus founded in 1919 the Hellenic Conservatory and in 1926 the National Conservatoire. At the same time, he served as the General Supervisor of military bands in the country. He wrote three symphonies and five operas, one piano concerto and one violin concertino, other symphonic works, chamber music and numerous songs and piano works. He held various public posts and was elected member of the Academy of Athens.
A passionate composer, he has a post-romantic idiom characterised by rich harmonies and orchestrations, complex counterpoints, long eastern melodies, and the frequent use of Greek folk rhythms. A preoccupation with love and death transcends all five of his music dramas.
References
External links
1883 births
1962 deaths
Smyrniote Greeks
People from Aidin vilayet
20th-century classical comp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAICS%2011 | NAICS sector 11 (abbreviated to NAICS 11) is a sub-classification of economic activity that covers agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) system in Canada, the United States and Mexico.
The Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting sector comprises establishments primarily engaged in growing crops, raising animals, harvesting timber, and harvesting fish and other animals from a farm, ranch, or their natural habitats.
The establishments in this sector are often described as farms, ranches, dairies, greenhouses, nurseries, orchards, or hatcheries. A farm may consist of a single tract of land or a number of separate tracts which may be held under different tenures. For example, one tract may be owned by the farm operator and another rented. It may be operated by the operator alone or with the assistance of members of the household or hired employees, or it may be operated by a partnership, corporation, or other type of organization. When a landowner has one or more tenants, renters, croppers, or managers, the land operated by each is considered a farm.
The sector distinguishes two basic activities: agricultural production and agricultural support activities. Agricultural production includes establishments performing the complete farm or ranch operation, such as farm owner-operators, tenant farm operators, and sharecroppers. Agricultural support activities include establishments that perform one or more activiti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAM-D | Compatible Amplitude Modulation - Digital or CAM-D is a hybrid digital radio format for AM broadcasting, proposed by broadcast engineer Leonard R. Kahn.
The system is an in-band on-channel technology that uses the sidebands of any AM radio station. Analog information is still used up to a bandpass of about 7.5kHz, with standard amplitude modulation. The missing treble information that AM normally lacks is then transmitted digitally beyond this. Audio mixing in the receiver then blends them back together.
Unlike other IBOC technologies like iBiquity's HD Radio, Kahn's apparently does not provide a direct path to all-digital transmissions, nor any multichannel capability. Its advantage, however, is that it takes up far less of the sidebands, thereby causing far less interference to adjacent channels, hence the "Compatible" in the name. Interference has affected HD Radio on AM, along with its (like CAM-D) proprietary nature.
Digital Radio Mondiale, commonly used in shortwave broadcasting, can use less, the same, or more bandwidth as AM, to provide high quality audio. Digital Radio Mondiale requires digital detection circuitry not present in conventional AM radios to decode programming.
Special CAM-D receivers provide the benefit of better frequency response and a slow auxiliary data channel for display of station ID, programming titles, etc.
Issues
Availability of Receivers
Receivers that could decode CAM-D were not available to the public, and with Leonard Kahn's death |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%20quotient | The Wilson quotient W(p) is defined as:
If p is a prime number, the quotient is an integer by Wilson's theorem; moreover, if p is composite, the quotient is not an integer. If p divides W(p), it is called a Wilson prime. The integer values of W(p) are :
W(2) = 1
W(3) = 1
W(5) = 5
W(7) = 103
W(11) = 329891
W(13) = 36846277
W(17) = 1230752346353
W(19) = 336967037143579
...
It is known that
where is the k-th Bernoulli number. Note that the first relation comes from the second one by subtraction, after substituting and .
See also
Fermat quotient
References
External links
MathWorld: Wilson Quotient
Integer sequences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depletion%20region | In semiconductor physics, the depletion region, also called depletion layer, depletion zone, junction region, space charge region or space charge layer, is an insulating region within a conductive, doped semiconductor material where the mobile charge carriers have been diffused away, or have been forced away by an electric field. The only elements left in the depletion region are ionized donor or acceptor impurities. This region of uncovered positive and negative ions is called the depletion region due to the depletion of carriers in this region, leaving none to carry a current. Understanding the depletion region is key to explaining modern semiconductor electronics: diodes, bipolar junction transistors, field-effect transistors, and variable capacitance diodes all rely on depletion region phenomena.
Formation in a p–n junction
A depletion region forms instantaneously across a p–n junction. It is most easily described when the junction is in thermal equilibrium or in a steady state: in both of these cases the properties of the system do not vary in time; they have been called dynamic equilibrium.
Electrons and holes diffuse into regions with lower concentrations of them, much as ink diffuses into water until it is uniformly distributed. By definition, the N-type semiconductor has an excess of free electrons (in the conduction band) compared to the P-type semiconductor, and the P-type has an excess of holes (in the valence band) compared to the N-type. Therefore, when N-do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay%20Hughes%20Fenn | Courtenay Hughes Fenn, or C. H. Fenn, (April 11, 1866 – 1953) was an American Presbyterian missionary to China, and compiler of The Five Thousand Dictionary, a widely used basic Chinese-English dictionary that has gone through numerous reprints. Fenn's Chinese name was 芳泰瑞 (Fang Tairui).
Fenn was born in 1866 at Clyde, New York, U.S.A., the son of Samuel P. Fenn and Martha Wilson, and was ordained in 1890. He married Alice Holstein May Castle (d. 1938) on 8 June 1892 in Washington DC. They had a daughter, Martha Wilson Fenn, and two sons, Henry Courtenay Fenn, well-known American China scholar and architect of Yale University's Chinese language program, more commonly known as H. C. Fenn, (February 26, 1894 - July 1978), and William Purviance Fenn (born 1902) general secretary of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia.
In China, Fenn was active in the Presbyterian Overseas Mission Board. He provided a photographic album as firsthand evidence of the Boxer Rebellion and Siege of Peking, 1900, now archived in the Yale Divinity Library, along with his typescript diary. Fenn had perhaps a rather dark view of his Chinese contemporaries, as can be adduced from several remarks attributed to him in New Forces in Old China (1904) by Arthur Judson Brown:
Any man who has had the least occasion to deal with Chinese courts knows that `every man has his price,' that not only every underling can be bought, but that 999 out of every 1,000 officials, high or low, will favour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfront%20Park | Waterfront Park may refer to:
Canada
Crystal Beach Waterfront Park, Ontario
China
Tai Po Waterfront Park, Hong Kong
United States
California
San Diego County Administration Center#Waterfront Park
District of Columbia
Georgetown Waterfront Park
Hawaii
Kakaako Waterfront Park, Honolulu
Kentucky
Louisville Waterfront Park, Louisville
Massachusetts
Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park, Boston
New Jersey
Mercer County Waterfront Park, Trenton
Oregon
Tom McCall Waterfront Park, Portland
South Carolina
Waterfront Park (Charleston)
Washington
Waterfront Park (Seattle)
Vancouver Waterfront Park |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagebrush%20steppe | Sagebrush steppe is a type of shrub-steppe, a plant community characterized by the presence of shrubs, and usually dominated by sagebrush, any of several species in the genus Artemisia. This ecosystem is found in the Intermountain West in the United States.
The most common sagebrush species in the sagebrush steppe in most areas is big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). Others include three-tip sagebrush (Artemisia tripartita) and low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula). Sagebrush is found alongside many species of grasses.
Sagebrush steppe is a diverse habitat, with more than 350 recorded vertebrate species. It is also open rangeland for livestock, a recreation area, and a source of water in otherwise arid regions. It is key habitat for declining flora and fauna species, such as greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) and pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis).
Sagebrush steppe is a threatened ecosystem in many regions. It was once very widespread in the regions that form the Intermountain West, such as the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau. It has become fragmented and degraded by a number of forces. Steppe has been overgrown with introduced species and has changed to an ecosystem resembling pine and juniper woodland. This has changed the fire regime of the landscape, increasing fuel loads and increasing the chance of unnaturally severe wildfires. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is also an important introduced plant species that increases fire risk in this ecosystem.
Other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic%20ecosystem | An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem found in and around a body of water, in contrast to land-based terrestrial ecosystems. Aquatic ecosystems contain communities of organisms—aquatic life—that are dependent on each other and on their environment. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems may be lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes); lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers); and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time).
Types
Marine ecosystems
Marine coastal ecosystem
Marine surface ecosystem
Freshwater ecosystems
Lentic ecosystem (lakes)
Lotic ecosystem (rivers)
Wetlands
Functions
Aquatic ecosystems perform many important environmental functions. For example, they recycle nutrients, purify water, attenuate floods, recharge ground water and provide habitats for wildlife. The biota of an aquatic ecosystem contribute to its self-purification, most notably microorganisms, phytoplankton, higher plants, invertebrates, fish, bacteria, protists, aquatic fungi, and more. These organisms are actively involved in multiple self-purification processes, including organic matter destruction and water filtration. It is crucial that aquatic ecosystems are reliably self-maintained, as they also provide habitats for species that reside in them.
In addition to environmental functions, aquatic ecosystems are also used for human |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-selectin%20glycoprotein%20ligand-1 | Selectin P ligand, also known as SELPLG or CD162 (cluster of differentiation 162), is a human gene.
SELPLG codes for PSGL-1, the high affinity counter-receptor for P-selectin on myeloid cells and stimulated T lymphocytes. As such, it plays a critical role in the tethering of these cells to activated platelets or endothelia expressing P-selectin.
The organization of the SELPLG gene closely resembles that of CD43 and the human platelet glycoprotein GpIb-alpha both of which have an intron in the 5-prime-noncoding region, a long second exon containing the complete coding region, and TATA-less promoters.
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is a glycoprotein found on white blood cells and endothelial cells that binds to P-selectin (P stands for platelet), which is one of a family of selectins that includes E-selectin (endothelial) and L-selectin (leukocyte). Selectins are part of the broader family of cell adhesion molecules. PSGL-1 can bind to all three members of the family but binds best (with the highest affinity) to P-selectin.
Posttranslational modification
PSGL-1 protein requires two distinct posttranslational modifications to gain its selectin binding activity:
sulfation of tyrosines
the addition of the sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide (sLex) to its O-linked glycans
Function
PSGL-1 is expressed on all white blood cells and plays an important role in the recruitment of white blood cells into inflamed tissue: White blood cells normally do not interact with the e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMCB | IMCB may refer to:
International Medical Commission on Bhopal
Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (disambiguation)
Independent Mobile Classification Board, a defunct NGO replaced by the British Board of Film Classification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized%20method%20of%20moments | In econometrics and statistics, the generalized method of moments (GMM) is a generic method for estimating parameters in statistical models. Usually it is applied in the context of semiparametric models, where the parameter of interest is finite-dimensional, whereas the full shape of the data's distribution function may not be known, and therefore maximum likelihood estimation is not applicable.
The method requires that a certain number of moment conditions be specified for the model. These moment conditions are functions of the model parameters and the data, such that their expectation is zero at the parameters' true values. The GMM method then minimizes a certain norm of the sample averages of the moment conditions, and can therefore be thought of as a special case of minimum-distance estimation.
The GMM estimators are known to be consistent, asymptotically normal, and most efficient in the class of all estimators that do not use any extra information aside from that contained in the moment conditions. GMM were advocated by Lars Peter Hansen in 1982 as a generalization of the method of moments, introduced by Karl Pearson in 1894. However, these estimators are mathematically equivalent to those based on "orthogonality conditions" (Sargan, 1958, 1959) or "unbiased estimating equations" (Huber, 1967; Wang et al., 1997).
Description
Suppose the available data consists of T observations , where each observation Yt is an n-dimensional multivariate random variable. We assume t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixture%20%28disambiguation%29 | A mixture is a combination of two or more chemicals, in which the chemicals retain their identity.
Mixture may also refer to:
Mixture (probability), a set of probability distributions often used for statistical classification
Mixture (organ stop), a special kind of pipe organ stop which has several pipes to each note
Bombay mix, called "mixture" in southern India
The Mixtures, an Australian rock band formed in 1965
See also
Mixtur, a 1964 composition by Karlheinz Stockhausen
Mix (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clustal | Clustal is a series of widely used computer programs used in bioinformatics for multiple sequence alignment. There have been many versions of Clustal over the development of the algorithm that are listed below. The analysis of each tool and its algorithm is also detailed in their respective categories. Available operating systems listed in the sidebar are a combination of the software availability and may not be supported for every current version of the Clustal tools. Clustal Omega has the widest variety of operating systems out of all the Clustal tools.
History
There have been many variations of the Clustal software, all of which are listed below:
Clustal: The original software for multiple sequence alignments, created by Des Higgins in 1988, was based on deriving phylogenetic trees from pairwise sequences of amino acids or nucleotides.
ClustalV: The second generation of the Clustal software was released in 1992 and was a rewrite of the original Clustal package. It introduced phylogenetic tree reconstruction on the final alignment, the ability to create alignments from existing alignments, and the option to create trees from alignments using a method called Neighbor joining.
ClustalW: The third generation, released in 1994, greatly improved upon the previous versions. It improved upon the progressive alignment algorithm in various ways, including allowing individual sequences to be weighted down or up according to similarity or divergence respectively in a partial alig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastICA | FastICA is an efficient and popular algorithm for independent component analysis invented by Aapo Hyvärinen at Helsinki University of Technology. Like most ICA algorithms, FastICA seeks an orthogonal rotation of prewhitened data, through a fixed-point iteration scheme, that maximizes a measure of non-Gaussianity of the rotated components. Non-gaussianity serves as a proxy for statistical independence, which is a very strong condition and requires infinite data to verify. FastICA can also be alternatively derived as an approximative Newton iteration.
Algorithm
Prewhitening the data
Let the denote the input data matrix, the number of columns corresponding with the number of samples of mixed signals and the number of rows corresponding with the number of independent source signals. The input data matrix must be prewhitened, or centered and whitened, before applying the FastICA algorithm to it.
Centering the data entails demeaning each component of the input data , that is,
for each and . After centering, each row of has an expected value of .
Whitening the data requires a linear transformation of the centered data so that the components of are uncorrelated and have variance one. More precisely, if is a centered data matrix, the covariance of is the -dimensional identity matrix, that is,
A common method for whitening is by performing an eigenvalue decomposition on the covariance matrix of the centered data , , where is the matrix of eigenvectors and is the di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom%20of%20Polycarp | Martyrdom of Polycarp is a manuscript written in the form of a letter that relates the religious martyrdom of Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna (the site of the modern city of Izmir, Turkey) and disciple of John the Apostle in the 2nd centuryAD. It forms the earliest account of Christian martyrdom outside of the New Testament. The author of Martyrdom of Polycarp is unknown, but it has been attributed to members of the group of early Christian theologians known as the Church Fathers. The letter, sent from the church in Smyrna to another church in Asia Minor at Philomelium, is partly written from the point of view of an eye-witness, recounting the arrest of the elderly Polycarp, the Romans' attempt to execute him by fire, and subsequent miraculous events.
The letter takes influence from both Jewish martyrdom texts in the Old Testament and the Gospels. Furthermore, the Martyrdom of Polycarp promotes an ideology of martyrdom, by delineating the proper conduct of a martyr.
Content
The author writes in praise of martyrdom and deplores a would-be martyr who instead made sacrifice to the Roman gods to save his life. Polycarp, retiring in the countryside at 86 years of age, has a prophetic vision, and awakens realizing he must be burnt alive. Similar to Jesus, there is a betrayal to the authorities, and Polycarp comes forward so that two associates might be freed, as well as the traitor undergo Judas's punishment. Polycarp is brought to a stadium in Smyrna and encouraged to swear by Cae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codd%27s%20cellular%20automaton | Codd's cellular automaton is a cellular automaton (CA) devised by the British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd in 1968. It was designed to recreate the computation- and construction-universality of von Neumann's CA but with fewer states: 8 instead of 29. Codd showed that it was possible to make a self-reproducing machine in his CA, in a similar way to von Neumann's universal constructor, but never gave a complete implementation.
History
In the 1940s and '50s, John von Neumann posed the following problem:
What kind of logical organization is sufficient for an automaton to be able to reproduce itself?
He was able to construct a cellular automaton with 29 states, and with it a universal constructor. Codd, building on von Neumann's work, found a simpler machine with eight states. This modified von Neumann's question:
What kind of logical organization is necessary for an automaton to be able to reproduce itself?
Three years after Codd's work, Edwin Roger Banks showed a 4-state CA in his PhD thesis that was also capable of universal computation and construction, but again did not implement a self-reproducing machine. John Devore, in his 1973 masters thesis, tweaked Codd's rules to greatly reduce the size of Codd's design, to the extent that it could be implemented in the computers of that time. However, the data tape for self-replication was too long; Devore's original design was later able to complete replication using Golly. Christopher Langton made another tweak to Codd's cell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theralite | Theralite (from Greek "to pursue") is, in petrology, the name given to calcic foidal gabbro, a plutonic hylocrystalline rock consisting of augite, olivine, calcic plagioclase (labradorite), and nepheline, along with accessories including biotite, magnetite, ilmenite and analcime.
Theralite is the intrusive equivalent of nepheline basanite, a foidal basalt with essential calic plagioclase and essential olivine. Tephrite is foidal basalt with essential calic plagioclase but without essential olivine. It is essentially the volcanic equivalent of essexite. The discovery of theralite was looked forward to with interest as it was of rare occurrence, and as completing the series of basic rocks containing nepheline as an essential constituent.
With the increase in silica (SiO2) and the concomitant reduction in nepheline, theralite becomes gabbro. With a decrease in silica and reduction in olivine theralite grades into teschenite and with the addition of sodic feldspar, grades into essexite. With a further reduction in silica such that there is no feldspar these rocks become melteigites. With the addition of alkali feldspar replacing or becoming more dominant than calcic plagioclase theralites grade into foidal syenite, including shonkinite. Pyroxene in these rocks may be of green colour or purplish-brown
and rich in titanium.
Properly theralite is only for a specific type of calcic foidal gabbro, those with essential nepheline and without essential analcime or sodic feldspar.
T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-messenger%20RNA | Transfer-messenger RNA (abbreviated tmRNA, also known as 10Sa RNA and by its genetic name SsrA) is a bacterial RNA molecule with dual tRNA-like and messenger RNA-like properties. The tmRNA forms a ribonucleoprotein complex (tmRNP) together with Small Protein B (SmpB), Elongation Factor Tu (EF-Tu), and ribosomal protein S1. In trans-translation, tmRNA and its associated proteins bind to bacterial ribosomes which have stalled in the middle of protein biosynthesis, for example when reaching the end of a messenger RNA which has lost its stop codon. The tmRNA is remarkably versatile: it recycles the stalled ribosome, adds a proteolysis-inducing tag to the unfinished polypeptide, and facilitates the degradation of the aberrant messenger RNA. In the majority of bacteria these functions are carried out by standard one-piece tmRNAs. In other bacterial species, a permuted ssrA gene produces a two-piece tmRNA in which two separate RNA chains are joined by base-pairing.
Discovery and early work
tmRNA was first designated 10Sa RNA in 1979, after a mixed "10S" electrophoretic fraction of Escherichia coli RNA was further resolved into tmRNA and the similarly sized RNase P RNA (10Sb). The presence of pseudouridine in the mixed 10S RNA hinted that tmRNA has modified bases found also in tRNA. The similarity at the 3' end of tmRNA to the T stem-loop of tRNA was first recognized upon sequencing ssrA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Subsequent sequence comparison revealed the full tRNA-like dom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRTP | CRTP has several meanings in computer science.
Curiously recurring template pattern in the C++ programming language
Diapolycopene oxygenase, an enzyme
Cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debabrata%20Basu | Debabrata Basu (5 July 1924 – 24 March 2001) was an Indian statistician who made fundamental contributions to the foundations of statistics. Basu invented simple examples that displayed some difficulties of likelihood-based statistics and frequentist statistics; Basu's paradoxes were especially important in the development of survey sampling. In statistical theory, Basu's theorem established the independence of a complete sufficient statistic and an ancillary statistic.
Basu was associated with the Indian Statistical Institute in India, and Florida State University in the United States.
Biography
Debabrata Basu was born in Dacca, Bengal, unpartitioned India, now Dhaka, Bangladesh. His father, N. M. Basu, was a mathematician specialising in number theory. Young Basu studied mathematics at Dacca University. He took a course in statistics as part of the under-graduate honours programme in Mathematics but his ambition was to become a pure mathematician. After getting his master's degree from Dacca University, Basu taught there from 1947 to 1948.
Following the partition of India in 1947, Basu made several trips to India. In 1948, he moved to Calcutta, where he worked for some time as an actuary in an insurance company. In 1950, he joined the Indian Statistical Institute as a research scholar under C.R. Rao.
In 1950, the Indian Statistical Institute was visited by Abraham Wald, who was giving a lecture tour sponsored by the International Statistical Institute. Wald greatly impr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diederik%20Korteweg | Diederik Johannes Korteweg (31 March 1848 – 10 May 1941) was a Dutch mathematician. He is now best remembered for his work on the Korteweg–de Vries equation, together with Gustav de Vries.
Early life and education
Diederik Korteweg's father was a judge in 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands. Korteweg received his schooling there, studying at a special academy which prepared students for a military career. However, he decided against a military career and, making the first of his changes of direction, he began his studies at the Polytechnical School of Delft. Korteweg originally intended to become an engineer but, although he maintained an interest in mechanics and other applications of mathematics throughout his life, his love of mathematics made him change direction for the second time when he was not enjoying the technical courses at Delft. He decided to terminate his course and pull out of his studies so that he could concentrate on mathematics. He then enrolled in mathematics and mechanics courses qualifying him to become a high school teacher.
In 1878, Korteweg received a Ph.D. from the University of Amsterdam. His dissertation was titled On the Propagation of Waves in Elastic Tubes. He was the first Ph.D. recipient from that University after it received authority to grant the doctorate.
In 1881, Korteweg joined the University of Amsterdam as Professor of Mathematics, Mechanics and Astronomy. While there he published a notable paper in Philosophical Magazine titled "On t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-fluid%20model | Two-fluid model is a macroscopic traffic flow model to represent traffic in a town/city or metropolitan area, put forward in the 1970s by Ilya Prigogine and Robert Herman.
There is also a two-fluid model which helps explain the behavior of superfluid helium. This model states that there will be two components in liquid helium below its lambda point (the temperature where superfluid forms). These components are a normal fluid and a superfluid component. Each liquid has a different density and together their sum makes the total density, which remains constant. The ratio of superfluid density to the total density increases as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
External links
Two Fluid Model of Superfluid Helium
References
Mathematical modeling
Traffic flow
Superfluidity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuration%20interaction | Configuration interaction (CI) is a post-Hartree–Fock linear variational method for solving the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for a quantum chemical multi-electron system. Mathematically, configuration simply describes the linear combination of Slater determinants used for the wave function. In terms of a specification of orbital occupation (for instance, (1s)2(2s)2(2p)1...), interaction means the mixing (interaction) of different electronic configurations (states). Due to the long CPU time and large memory required for CI calculations, the method is limited to relatively small systems.
In contrast to the Hartree–Fock method, in order to account for electron correlation, CI uses a variational wave function that is a linear combination of configuration state functions (CSFs) built from spin orbitals (denoted by the superscript SO),
where Ψ is usually the electronic ground state of the system. If the expansion includes all possible CSFs of the appropriate symmetry, then this is a full configuration interaction procedure which exactly solves the electronic Schrödinger equation within the space spanned by the one-particle basis set. The first term in the above expansion is normally the Hartree–Fock determinant. The other CSFs can be characterised by the number of spin orbitals that are swapped with virtual orbitals from the Hartree–Fock determinant. If only one spin orbital differs, we describe this as a single excitation determi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalizumab | Natalizumab, sold under the brand name Tysabri among others, is a medication used to treat multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cell adhesion molecule α4-integrin. It is given by intravenous infusion. The drug is believed to work by reducing the ability of inflammatory immune cells to attach to and pass through the cell layers lining the intestines and blood–brain barrier.
Natalizumab, is a monoclonal antibody which targets a protein called α4β1 integrin on white blood cells involved in inflammation. By attaching to integrin, natalizumab is thought to stop white blood cells from entering the brain and spinal cord tissue, thereby reducing inflammation and the resulting nerve damage.
The most common side effects are urinary tract infection, nasopharyngitis (inflammation of the nose and throat), headache, dizziness, nausea, joint pain and tiredness.
Natalizumab was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. It was subsequently withdrawn from the market by its manufacturer after it was linked with three cases of the rare neurological condition progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) when administered in combination with interferon beta-1a, another immunosuppressive drug often used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. After a review of safety information and no further deaths, the drug was returned to the US market in 2006 under a special prescription program. As of June 2009, ten cases of PML were kn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMIF%20%28interface%29 | SMIF (Standard Mechanical Interface) is an isolation technology developed in the 1980s by a group known as the "micronauts" at Hewlett-Packard in Palo Alto. The system is used in semiconductor wafer fabrication and cleanroom environments. It is a SEMI standard.
Development
The core development team was led by Ulrich Kaempf as engineering manager, under the direction of Mihir Parikh. The core team that developed the technology was driven by Barclay Tullis, who held most of the patents, with Dave Thrasher, who later joined the Silicon Valley Group, and Thomas Atchison, a member of the technical staff under direction of Barclay Tullis. Mihir later provided the technology to SEMI, and then licensed a copy for himself, and spun out Asyst Technologies to provide the technology commercially. Asyst technology subsequent acquire by Brooks Automation in their Versaport. The interface is the same after being acquired
Use
The purpose of SMIF pods is to isolate wafers from contamination by providing a miniature environment with controlled airflow, pressure and particle count. SMIF pods can be accessed by automated mechanical interfaces on production equipment. The wafers therefore remain in a carefully controlled environment whether in the SMIF pod or in a tool, without being exposed to the surrounding airflow.
Each SMIF pod contains a wafer cassette in which the wafers are stored horizontally. The bottom surface of the pod is the opening door, and when a SMIF pod is placed on a load p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torricelli%27s%20equation | In physics, Torricelli's equation, or Torricelli's formula, is an equation created by Evangelista Torricelli to find the final velocity of a moving object with constant acceleration along an axis (for example, the x axis) without having a known time interval.
The equation itself is:
where
is the object's final velocity along the x axis on which the acceleration is constant.
is the object's initial velocity along the x axis.
is the object's acceleration along the x axis, which is given as a constant.
is the object's change in position along the x axis, also called displacement.
In this and all subsequent equations in this article, the subscript (as in ) is implied, but is not expressed explicitly for clarity in presenting the equations.
This equation is valid along any axis on which the acceleration is constant.
Derivation
Without differentials and integration
Begin with the definition of acceleration:
where is the time interval. This is true because the acceleration is constant. The left hand side is this constant value of the acceleration and the right hand side is the average acceleration. Since the average of a constant must be equal to the constant value, we have this equality. If the acceleration was not constant, this would not be true.
Now solve for the final velocity:
Square both sides to get:
The term also appears in another equation that is valid for motion with constant acceleration: the equation for the final position of an object moving with co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20State%20Route%20120 | State Route 120 (SR 120) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as Glebe Road, the state highway runs from U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Crystal City north to SR 123 at the Chain Bridge. SR 120 is a partial circumferential highway in Arlington County that connects the southeastern and northwestern corners of the county with several urban villages along its crescent-shaped path, including Ballston. The state highway also connects all of the major highways in Virginia that radiate from Washington, including Interstate 395, I-66, US 50, and US 29. SR 120 is a part of the National Highway System for its entire length.
Route description
SR 120 begins at an intersection with US 1 (Jefferson Davis Highway) at the south end of Crystal City, just north of the city of Alexandria––though Glebe Road actually continues three blocks east of US 1 where it ends at Potomac Avenue. The state highway heads west as a four-lane divided highway through the Arlington County sewage treatment facility. West of the facility, SR 120 parallels the Four Mile Run Trail and Four Mile Run, both to the south, and passes to the south of the Arlington Ridge community. At the point the old alignment of SR 120, also named Glebe Road, crosses Four Mile Run into Alexandria, the state highway veers northwest away from the stream and meets I-395 (Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway) at a partial cloverleaf interchange north of Shirlington. North of the freeway, SR 120 passes between the historic L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-level%20trap | Deep-level traps or deep-level defects are a generally undesirable type of electronic defect in semiconductors. They are "deep" in the sense that the energy required to remove an electron or hole from the trap to the valence or conduction band is much larger than the characteristic thermal energy kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Deep traps interfere with more useful types of doping by compensating the dominant charge carrier type, annihilating either free electrons or electron holes depending on which is more prevalent. They also directly interfere with the operation of transistors, light-emitting diodes and other electronic and opto-electronic devices, by offering an intermediate state inside the band gap. Deep-level traps shorten the non-radiative life time of charge carriers, and—through the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) process—facilitate recombination of minority carriers, having adverse effects on the semiconductor device performance. Hence, deep-level traps are not appreciated in many opto-electronic devices as it may lead to poor efficiency and reasonably large delay in response.
Common chemical elements that produce deep-level defects in silicon include iron, nickel, copper, gold, and silver. In general, transition metals produce this effect, while light metals such as aluminium do not.
Surface states and crystallographic defects in the crystal lattice can also play role of deep-level traps.
Optoelectronics
Semiconductor properties
Semi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20Goa | Goa is a state of India. Goans are commonly said to be born with music and football in their blood because both are deeply entrenched in Goan culture.
Religion
According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population was 293,628 out of a total population 365,291 (80.33%). Within Goa, there has been a steady decline of Christianity due to Goan emigration, and a steady rise of other religions, due to massive non-Goan immigration since the Annexation of Goa. (Native Goans are outnumbered by non-Goans in Goa.) Conversion seems to play little role in the demographic change. According to the 2011 census, in a population of 1,458,545 people, 66.1% were Hindu, 25.1% were Christian, 8.3% were Muslim and 0.1% were Sikh.
Festivals
The most popular celebrations in the Indian state of Goa include the Goa Carnival, (Konkani: Intruz), São João (Feast of John the Baptist), Ganesh Chaturthi (Konkani: Chavath), Diwali, Christmas (Konkani: Natalam), Easter (Konkani: Paskanchem Fest), Samvatsar Padvo or Sanvsar Padvo, and Shigmo. The largest festival in the state is the Feast of St. Francis Xavier, who is known as Goencho Saib.
Education
Cuisine
Rice with fish curry (Xit kodi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is renowned for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil is widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food a unique flavour. Pork and beef dis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogtooth%20spar | Dogtooth spar is a speleothem that consists of large calcite crystals that form through mineral precipitation of water-borne calcite. Dogtooth spar crystals are found in caves, open spaces including veins and fractures, and geodes. They are so named for their resemblance to dog's teeth.
The crystals are generally centimeters long, but anomalous samples decimeters long exist, notably in Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns. A layer of crystalline calcite can be found underneath the surface of crystal points.
The crystals typically consist of acute scalenohedrons, twelve triangular crystal faces that ideally form scalene triangles. However, modification of these faces is common, and some may have many more than three edges. Calcite crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, and the most common scalenohedron form has the Miller index [211].
Spar is a general term for transparent to translucent, generally light-colored and vitreous crystalline minerals.
References
External links
The Virtual Cave:Spar
Speleothems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli%20equation | Bernoulli equation may refer to:
Bernoulli differential equation
Bernoulli's equation, in fluid dynamics
Euler–Bernoulli beam equation, in solid mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freibergite | Freibergite is a complex sulfosalt mineral of silver, copper, iron, antimony and arsenic with formula . It has cubic crystals and is formed in hydrothermal deposits. It forms one solid solution series with tetrahedrite and another with argentotennantite. Freibergite is an opaque, metallic steel grey to black and leaves a reddish-black streak. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4.0 and a specific gravity of 4.85 - 5. It is typically massive to granular in habit with no cleavage and an irregular fracture.
The mineral was first described in 1853 from an occurrence in the silver mines of the type locality at Freiberg, Saxony.
References
Mineral handbook
Webmineral
Mindat
Silver minerals
Iron minerals
Copper minerals
Arsenic minerals
Antimony minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Freiberg
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 217
Minerals described in 1853 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina%20%28Philippine%20comics%29 | Valentina is a supervillain created by Mars Ravelo and Nestor Redondo who first appeared in the second episode of the Darna series published in the Philippine comics Pilipino Komiks (issue #78, 1950) . One of the most recognizable supervillainess characters in the Philippines, she is the archenemy of Darna. She was originally a bitter, deformed woman born from ordinary human parents with venomous snakes on her head that appears to be like hair. When she grew up, she killed her parents and was subsequently taken in by a serpent creature named Kobra. Valentina was soon referred to as "goddess of the snakes".
Mango Comics acquired the rights of Darna and in 2003 released a miniseries featuring Darna and Valentina. In this version, Valentina is an alien from the planet Tiamat. She came from a race that resembles the Gorgons of Greek mythology. She got an alter-ego named Amor who is a singer. When GMA Network signed a deal with Mango Comics for adopting their comics into the 2005 TV series Darna, most of the story from the Mango Comics were incorporated in the TV series including Valentina's backstory. One of the differences from the comics is that Valentina (played by Alessandra de Rossi) and Darna are cousins.
Outside comics, Valentina is the most sought-after antagonist in other media including film, television, and theater. Several actresses have taken the role since 1951 when the first Darna film was released, in which Cristina Aragon played Valentina. Celia Rodriguez's per |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darna%20%281951%20film%29 | Darna is the first film featuring the Pilipino Komiks character Darna. The film was released on May 31, 1951, by Royal Films. It was directed by Fernando Poe Sr. and written by Mars Ravelo, the creator of Darna. Long thought to be entirely lost, Howie Severino and his crew from i-Witness discovered in 2005 an incomplete copy of the film in Thailand lasting 40 minutes, with audio removed, and only featuring scenes of the villain Valentina.
Cast
Rosa del Rosario as Darna
Mila Nimfa as Narda
Cristina Aragon as Valentina
Manuel Ubaldo as Ding
Elena Mayo
Ben Perez
Leonora Ruiz
References
External links
1951 films
1950s superhero films
1950s science fiction action films
Darna
Films based on Philippine comics
Live-action films based on comics
Philippine black-and-white films
Philippine films based on comics
Philippine superhero films
Philippine science fiction action films
Philippine science fantasy films
Superheroine films
Tagalog-language films |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five%20color%20theorem | The five color theorem is a result from graph theory that given a plane separated into regions, such as a political map of the countries of the world, the regions may be colored using no more than five colors in such a way that no two adjacent regions receive the same color.
The five color theorem is implied by the stronger four color theorem, but is considerably easier to prove. It was based on a failed attempt at the four color proof by Alfred Kempe in 1879. Percy John Heawood found an error 11 years later, and proved the five color theorem based on Kempe's work.
Outline of the proof by contradiction
First of all, one associates a simple planar graph to the given map, namely one puts a vertex in each region of the map, then connects two vertices with an edge if and only if the corresponding regions share a common border. The problem is then translated into a graph coloring problem: one has to paint the vertices of the graph so that no edge has endpoints of the same color.
Because is a simple planar, i.e. it may be embedded in the plane without intersecting edges, and it does not have two vertices sharing more than one edge, and it does not have loops, then it can be shown (using the Euler characteristic of the plane) that it must have a vertex shared by at most five edges. (Note: This is the only place where the five-color condition is used in the proof. If this technique is used to prove the four-color theorem, it will fail on this step. In fact, an icosahedral grap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide%20mass%20fingerprinting | Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) (also known as protein fingerprinting) is an analytical technique for protein identification in which the unknown protein of interest is first cleaved into smaller peptides, whose absolute masses can be accurately measured with a mass spectrometer such as MALDI-TOF or ESI-TOF. The method was developed in 1993 by several groups independently. The peptide masses are compared to either a database containing known protein sequences or even the genome. This is achieved by using computer programs that translate the known genome of the organism into proteins, then theoretically cut the proteins into peptides, and calculate the absolute masses of the peptides from each protein. They then compare the masses of the peptides of the unknown protein to the theoretical peptide masses of each protein encoded in the genome. The results are statistically analyzed to find the best match.
The advantage of this method is that only the masses of the peptides have to be known. A disadvantage is that the protein sequence has to be present in the database of interest. Additionally most PMF algorithms assume that the peptides come from a single protein. The presence of a mixture can significantly complicate the analysis and potentially compromise the results. Typical for the PMF-based protein identification is the requirement for an isolated protein. Mixtures exceeding a number of 2–3 proteins typically require the additional use of MS/MS-based protein identificatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference%20gel%20electrophoresis | Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) is a form of gel electrophoresis where up to three different protein samples can be labeled with size-matched, charge-matched spectrally resolvable fluorescent dyes (for example Cy3, Cy5, Cy2) prior to two dimensional gel electrophoresis.
Procedure
The three samples are mixed and loaded onto IEF (isoelectric focusing chromatography) for first dimension and the strip is transferred to a SDS PAGE. After the gel electrophoresis, the gel is scanned with the excitation wavelength of each dye one after the other, so each sample can be seen separately (if we scan the gel at the excitation wavelength of the Cy3 dye, we will see in the gel only the sample that was labeled with that dye). This technique is used to see changes in protein abundance (for example, between a sample of a healthy person and a sample of a person with disease), post-translational modifications, truncations and any modification that might change the size or isoelectric point of proteins. The binary shifts might be left to right (change in isoelectric point), vertical (change in size) or diagonal (change in both size and isoelectric point). Reciprocal Labeling is done to make sure the changes seen are not due to dye-dependent interactions.
Advantages
It overcomes limitations in traditional 2D electrophoresis that are due to inter-gel variation. This can be considerable even with identical samples. Since the proteins from the different sample types (e.g. healthy/diseased, vi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim%20Matrix%20synthesizers | Oberheim Matrix synthesizers were a product line of subtractive analog synthesizers from Oberheim featuring a system of modulation which Oberheim called "Matrix Modulation" as a method of selecting and routing elements that dynamically shape various aspects of the sounds it produces. Matrix synthesizers continue to be popular due to their characteristic late-1980s analog sound and leading patching and filter capabilities.
These five products fall into two groups. The Xpander is a six-voice rack-mount synthesizer with voltage-controlled oscillators and very flexible voltage-controlled filters. The Matrix-12 is in effect two Xpander's plus a keyboard. The second group consists of the Matrix-6 synthesizer, with DCOs, and much more standard filter capability. It had two rack-mount variants, the Matrix-6R and Matrix-1000.
Models
References
Further reading
External links
VintageSynth.com has specifications and photos
OB6000.de The Editor for the Matrix 1000
Xplorer A realtime editor for the Oberheim Matrix-12 and Xpander synthesizers
Matrix
analog synthesizers
polyphonic synthesizers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash%20join | The hash join is an example of a join algorithm and is used in the implementation of a relational database management system. All variants of hash join algorithms involve building hash tables from the tuples of one or both of the joined relations, and subsequently probing those tables so that only tuples with the same hash code need to be compared for equality in equijoins.
Hash joins are typically more efficient than nested loops joins, except when the probe side of the join is very small. They require an equijoin predicate (a predicate comparing records from one table with those from the other table using a conjunction of equality operators '=' on one or more columns).
Classic hash join
The classic hash join algorithm for an inner join of two relations proceeds as follows:
First, prepare a hash table using the contents of one relation, ideally whichever one is smaller after applying local predicates. This relation is called the build side of the join. The hash table entries are mappings from the value of the (composite) join attribute to the remaining attributes of that row (whichever ones are needed).
Once the hash table is built, scan the other relation (the probe side). For each row of the probe relation, find the relevant rows from the build relation by looking in the hash table.
The first phase is usually called the "build" phase, while the second is called the "probe" phase. Similarly, the join relation on which the hash table is built is called the "build" input |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiomotin | Angiomotin (AMOT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMOT gene. It belongs to the motin family of angiostatin binding proteins, which includes angiomotin, angiomotin-like 1 (AMOTL1) and angiomotin-like 2 (AMOTL2) characterized by coiled-coil domains at N-terminus and consensus PDZ-binding domain at the C-terminus. Angiomotin is expressed predominantly in endothelial cells of capillaries as well as angiogenic tissues such as placenta and solid tumor.
Discovery
Angiomotin was discovered in 2001 by screening a placenta yeast two-hybrid cDNA library for angiostatin-binding peptides, using a construct encoding the kringle domains 1-4 of angiostatin.
Gene location
AMOT gene is located on human chromosome X:112,021,794-112,066,354, containing 3252 nucleotides in coding sequence as 11 exons.
Protein structure
Two splice isoforms are known for angiomotin: p80 and p130. The alternative splicing is somewhat tissue specific. Cells expressing p130 contained more actin than those expressing p80. p80 is not the product of cleavage of p130, as p130 contains no potential proteolytic cleavage site for such conversion.
Angiomotin p80 is a 72.54 kD protein of 675 residues, characterized by conserved N-terminal coiled coil domains and C-terminal PDZ binding motifs, with angiostatin binding domain (ABD) located in the central region. It is hypothesized that the ABD is extracellular, while the coiled-coil and the PDZ binding domain are intracellular. The PDZ-binding motif of angio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20changer | A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic or electromechanical device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency. The device may also change the voltage, but if it does, that is incidental to its principal purpose, since voltage conversion of alternating current is much easier to achieve than frequency conversion.
Traditionally, these devices were electromechanical machines called a motor-generator set. Also devices with mercury arc rectifiers or vacuum tubes were in use. With the advent of solid state electronics, it has become possible to build completely electronic frequency changers. These devices usually consist of a rectifier stage (producing direct current) which is then inverted to produce AC of the desired frequency. The inverter may use thyristors, IGCTs or IGBTs. If voltage conversion is desired, a transformer will usually be included in either the AC input or output circuitry and this transformer may also provide galvanic isolation between the input and output AC circuits. A battery may also be added to the DC circuitry to improve the converter's ride-through of brief outages in the input power.
Frequency changers vary in power-handling capability from a few watts to megawatts.
Applications
Frequency changers are used for converting bulk AC power from one frequency to another, when two adjacent power grids operate at different utility frequency.
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a ty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual%20Speech%20Quality%20Measure | Perceptual Speech Quality Measure (PSQM) is a computational and modeling algorithm defined in Recommendation ITU-T P.861 that objectively evaluates and quantifies voice quality of voice-band (300 – 3400 Hz) speech codecs.
It may be used to rank the performance of these speech codecs with differing speech input levels, talkers, bit rates and transcodings. P.861 was withdrawn and replaced by Recommendation ITU-T P.862 (PESQ), which contains an improved speech assessment algorithm.
Why it is used
Using the PSQM standard allows automated, simulation-based test methodologies to objectively rate both speech clarity and transmitted voice quality. Various software and/or hardware products have been developed to facilitate this testing. This results in considerable savings in cost and time over the traditional practice of using large groups of people to subjectively evaluate voice signals and assess voice quality. Moreover, it yields objective results that are reliable and reproducible. This is very important to telephony providers who are mandated to maintain high Quality of Service standards.
Algorithm
PSQM uses a psychoacoustical mathematical modeling (both perceptual and cognitive) algorithm to analyze the pre and post transmitted voice signals, yielding a PSQM value which is a measure of signal quality degradation and ranges from 0 (no degradation) to 6.5 (highest degradation). In turn, this result may be translated into a mean opinion score (MOS), which is an accepted measure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juturna%20%28album%29 | Juturna is the debut studio album by American rock band Circa Survive. It was released on April 19, 2005 through Equal Vision Records. Upon the album's release, it debuted on the Billboard 200 at No. 183 on May 7, 2005. Up to July 19, 2006, it had sold 74,896 copies. The album artwork is by Esao Andrews.
Meaning
Juturna is the Roman goddess of fountains, wells and springs and was taken as the album title to symbolize a new beginning for the band's members. It was originally the title of an unreleased song from an early demo of "The Great Golden Baby".
Track listing
Notes
The end of the album has a hidden track. The hidden track begins at 8:56 of "Meet Me in Montauk". In 2005 after the album's release, members of the online message board Circa Board inquired about the song's name. Guitarist Brendan Ekstrom responded, "'Paranoid Flu' or 'House of Leaves' or 'I completely forget what we called it.' or 'Blues'." The track's name was confirmed as "House of Leaves" with the release 10th Anniversary Deluxe Edition of Juturna, which features the song as a demo on its second disc.
The song "Stop the Fuckin' Car" had its name censored to "Stop the Car" on the track listing on the back of the CD case. However, it is listed as "Stop the Fuckin' Car" on the booklet inside the case. The song has also appeared as "Stop the Fucking Car" without the apostrophe.
"Suspending Disbelief", a song from previous EP The Inuit Sessions, was originally intended to be on Juturna. Musical lead-ins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrophorin | Nitrophorins are hemoproteins found in the saliva of blood-feeding insects. Saliva of the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus contains at least seven homologous nitrophorins, designated NP1 to NP7 in order of their relative abundance in the glands. As isolated, nitrophorins contain nitric oxide (NO) ligated to the ferric heme iron (Fe3+). Histamine, which is released by the host in response to tissue damage, is another nitrophorin ligand. Nitrophorins transport NO to the feeding site. Dilution, binding of histamine and increase in pH (from pH ~5 in salivary gland to pH ~7.4 in the host tissue) facilitate the release of NO into the tissue where it induces vasodilatation.
The salivary nitrophorin from the hemipteran Cimex lectularius (bedbug) has no sequence similarity to Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorins but is homologous to the inositol-polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (). It is suggested that the two classes of insect nitrophorins have arisen as a product of the convergent evolution.
The crystal structures of several nitrophorin complexes are known. The Rhodnius prolixus nitrophorin structures reveal lipocalin-like eight-stranded β-barrel, three α-helices and two disulfide bonds, with heme inserted into one end of the barrel. Members of the lipocalin family are known to bind a variety of small hydrophobic ligands, including biliverdin, in a similar fashion. The heme iron is ligated to histidine residue (His-59). The position of His-59 is restrained through water-mediated hydrogen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ICD-9%20codes | The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.
List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases
List of ICD-9 codes 140–239: neoplasms
List of ICD-9 codes 240–279: endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders
List of ICD-9 codes 280–289: diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
List of ICD-9 codes 290–319: mental disorders
List of ICD-9 codes 320–389: diseases of the nervous system and sense organs
List of ICD-9 codes 390–459: diseases of the circulatory system
List of ICD-9 codes 460–519: diseases of the respiratory system
List of ICD-9 codes 520–579: diseases of the digestive system
List of ICD-9 codes 580–629: diseases of the genitourinary system
List of ICD-9 codes 630–679: complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
List of ICD-9 codes 680–709: diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
List of ICD-9 codes 710–739: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
List of ICD-9 codes 740–759: congenital anomalies
List of ICD-9 codes 760–779: certain conditions originating in the perinatal period
List of ICD-9 codes 780–799: symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
List of ICD-9 codes 800–999: injury and poisoning
List of ICD-9 codes E and V codes: external causes of injury and supplemental classification
See also
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: ICD-9 – pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20Pascal%20and%20C | The computer programming languages C and Pascal have similar times of origin, influences, and purposes. Both were used to design (and compile) their own compilers early in their lifetimes. The original Pascal definition appeared in 1969 and a first compiler in 1970. The first version of C appeared in 1972.
Both are descendants of the ALGOL language series. ALGOL introduced programming language support for structured programming, where programs are constructed of single entry and single exit constructs such as if, while, for and case. Pascal stems directly from ALGOL W, while it shared some new ideas with ALGOL 68. The C language is more indirectly related to ALGOL, originally through B, BCPL, and CPL, and later through ALGOL 68 (for example in case of struct and union) and also Pascal (for example in case of enumerations, const, typedef and booleans). Some Pascal dialects also incorporated traits from C.
The languages documented here are the Pascal of Niklaus Wirth, as standardized as ISO 7185 in 1982, and the C of Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, as standardized in 1989. The reason is that these versions both represent the mature version of the language, and also because they are comparatively close in time. ANSI C and C99 (the later C standards) features, and features of later implementations of Pascal (Turbo Pascal, Free Pascal) are not included in the comparison, despite the improvements in robustness and functionality that they conferred.
Syntax
Syntactically, Pa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD%20GP39 | The EMD GP39 is a 4-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between June 1969 and July 1970. The GP39 was a derivative of the GP38 equipped with a turbocharged EMD 645E3 12-cylinder engine which generated .
23 examples of this locomotive model were built for American railroads.
Burlington Northern Railway later rebuilt GP30 and GP35 locomotives that it classified as GP39s, but they were not built as such by GM/EMD.
Production history
Twenty of the original 23 were built for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, while the other buyers were Kennecott Copper (2) and Atlanta & St. Andrews Bay (1).
GP39DC
Two examples of the GP39 were built as GP39DC locomotives in June 1970. These used a DC main generator instead of the alternator used on the standard GP39 units, but were otherwise identical. 2 examples of this locomotive model were built for Kennecott Copper Company as 1 and 2, later sold to Copper Basin Railway as 401 and 402.
Successor
Though the GP39 was not a popular locomotive, EMD later revisited the idea of a turbocharged GP38 with its GP39-2 in 1974.
Original owners
See also
EMD SDL39
References
External links
Sarberenyi, Robert. EMD GP39 Original Owners
GP39
B-B locomotives
Diesel-electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1969
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-12-0 | Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 2-12-0 represents the wheel arrangement of two leading wheels on one axle (usually in a leading truck), twelve powered and coupled driving wheels on six axles, and no trailing wheels.
Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1F (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 160
Turkish classification: 67
Swiss classification: 6/7
Germany
While standard German freight train steam locomotives were 2-10-0 types, between 1917 and 1924 the Esslingen locomotive works produced 44 units of the so-called Class K for the Royal Württemberg State Railways (later renumbered to class 59 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn). With a top speed of only 60 km/h these locomotives were designed for heavy duty in mountainous areas such as the Geislinger Steige, with special attention on low load per axle (16 t). During World War II, after electrification of that line the units were used on the Semmering railway in Austria, then part of the German Reich. The last four units were in service until 1957.
France
The Paris-Orleans railway made a compound demonstrator (160-A1) under the orders of André Chapelon which used a six-cylinder, double expansión configuration with 'resuperheat'.
References
12,2-12-0 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-12-4T | In Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, a 2-12-4 is a locomotive with one pair of unpowered leading wheels, followed by six pairs of powered driving wheels, and two pairs of unpowered trailing wheels. While it would be possible to make a tender locomotive of this type, all locomotives of this wheel arrangement were tank engines.
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: 1′F2′ (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
European classification: 1-6-2
French classification: 162
Bulgaria
There are only 20 standard gauge () engines with this wheel arrangement that were built for and ran in Europe: class 46 of the Bulgarian State Railways (BDŽ). They were ordered by BDŽ and built according to its specification by two different manufacturers: 12 engines by H. Cegielski in Poznań, Poland in 1931, and 8 by Berliner Maschinenbau (Schwarzkopf) in Berlin, Germany in 1943. Although there is a major difference between the two batches—the first 12 engines are type 1′F2′ h2Gt — tank-engine for freight service, two-cylinder system with simple steam expansion (Zwilling) with superheating, while the remaining 8 are 1′F2′ h3Gt — 3-cylinder (Drilling)—all were put into the same class 46 and numbered 46.01 – 46.12 and 46.13 – 46.20. They were designed to haul heavy coal trains on mountainous lines with gradients of about 2.67% (1 in 35.7) and more, and they coped with this hard task very well. Bulgarian railwaym |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-6-6-0 | Under the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is a locomotive with one pair of unpowered leading wheels, followed by two sets of three pairs of powered driving wheels and no trailing wheels. The wheel arrangement was principally used on Mallet-type articulated locomotives. Some tank locomotive examples were also built, for which various suffixes to indicate the type of tank would be added to the wheel arrangement, for example for an engine with side-tanks.
Overview
The 2-6-6-0 wheel arrangement was most often used for articulated compound steam Mallet locomotives. In a compound Mallet, the rear set of coupled wheels are driven by the smaller high pressure cylinders, from which spent steam is then fed to the larger low pressure cylinders that drive the front set of coupled wheels.
Usage
Indonesia
The Java Staatsspoorwegen (SS/JSS) operated its first of 2-6-6-0Ts in the 1904. The first batch was delivered between 1904 and 1909 from Schwartzkopff and Hartmann. The second batch, delivered between 1910 and 1911, was built by Werkspoor. The front water tanks of the first batch are square, those on the second batch are sloped. These were successor of the first Mallets the SS Class 500s (DKA BB10s), which were delivered in 1900 and worked on the gauge heavy mountain lines of West Java. Just after arrived on Java, these engines classified as SS Class 312–387, but later renumbered as SS Class 520 (521–543) and worked for mixed passe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prewitt%20operator | The Prewitt operator is used in image processing, particularly within edge detection algorithms. Technically, it is a discrete differentiation operator, computing an approximation of the gradient of the image intensity function. At each point in the image, the result of the Prewitt operator is either the corresponding gradient vector or the norm of this vector. The Prewitt operator is based on convolving the image with a small, separable, and integer valued filter in horizontal and vertical directions and is therefore relatively inexpensive in terms of computations like Sobel and Kayyali operators. On the other hand, the gradient approximation which it produces is relatively crude, in particular for high frequency variations in the image. The Prewitt operator was developed by Judith M. S. Prewitt.
Simplified description
In simple terms, the operator calculates the gradient of the image intensity at each point, giving the direction of the largest possible increase from light to dark and the rate of change in that direction. The result therefore shows how "abruptly" or "smoothly" the image changes at that point, and therefore how likely it is that part of the image represents an edge, as well as how that edge is likely to be oriented. In practice, the magnitude (likelihood of an edge) calculation is more reliable and easier to interpret than the direction calculation.
Mathematically, the gradient of a two-variable function (here the image intensity function) is at each ima |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altaite | Altaite, or lead telluride, is a yellowish white mineral with an isometric crystal structure. Altaite is in the galena group of minerals as it shares many of properties of galena. Altaite has an unusually high density for a light-colored mineral. Altaite and other rare tellurides are classified in the sulfide mineral class (Dana classification).
Altaite was discovered in 1845 in the Altai Mountains. Besides these mountains altaite can also be found in Zyryanovsk, Kazakhstan; the Ritchie Creek Deposit in Price County, Wisconsin; the Koch-Bulak gold deposit in Kazakhstan; Moctezuma, Mexico; and Coquimbo, Chile among other locations.
See also
List of minerals
References
Lead minerals
Telluride minerals
Galena group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Minerals described in 1845 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercluster%20%28genetic%29 | Most usage of supercluster in population genetics research articles applies to proposed large groups of human mtDNA haplotype lineages, found by cluster analysis, that are thought to stem from a single distant most recent common ancestor, on a time scale of tens of thousands of years.
Other usage
Usage of supercluster for geographically defined human populations instead of mtDNA strains is rarely seen. However, it does appear in the seminal Cavalli-Sforza paper
Reconstruction of human evolution: bringing together genetic, archaeological, and linguistic data. (1988) to describe "Northeurasian" and "Southeast Asian" collections of sampled populations, which are also more frequently referred to in the paper as "major cluster" or simply "cluster".
Therefore use of "supercluster" as a euphemism for "race" might be considered a neologism or, more likely, an idiosyncratic usage according to the Google test.
Usage of supercluster for populations as well as haplotypes makes the term ambiguous and may require clarification when the word is used.
External links
Examples of usage to describe haplogroups, not races:
The sub-Saharan African mtDNAs belong largely to an mtDNA supercluster L
More than 90% of European mtDNAs belong to nine haplogroups (Fig. 1), which are highly specific for Western Eurasia (4, 6). These clusters are all thought to originate from one supercluster, L3n (N).
The main determinants of this PC analysis are therefore the HV supercluster members, haplogroups H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle | Vesicle may refer to:
In cellular biology or chemistry
Vesicle (biology and chemistry), a supramolecular assembly of lipid molecules, like a cell membrane
Synaptic vesicle
In human embryology
Vesicle (embryology), bulge-like features of the early neural tube during embryonic brain development
Auditory vesicle
Optic vesicles
In human anatomy and morphology
Seminal vesicle
Vesicle (dermatology), a liquid-filled cavity under the epidermis, commonly called a blister
In non-human morphology
Subsporangial vesicle
Juice vesicles, the pulp found in the endocarp of common citrus members
In geology
Vesicular texture, a small enclosed cavity found in some volcanic rock, such as basalt
See also
Vesical (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPBM | EPBM may refer to:
electroplated Britannia metal
extensor pollicis brevis muscle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow-gap%20semiconductor | Narrow-gap semiconductors are semiconducting materials with a magnitude of bandgap that is smaller than 0.5 eV, which corresponds to an infrared absorption cut-off wavelength over 2.5 micron. A more extended definition includes all semiconductors with bandgaps smaller than silicon (1.1 eV). Modern terahertz, infrared, and thermographic technologies are all based on this class of semiconductors.
Narrow-gap materials made it possible to realize satellite remote sensing, photonic integrated circuits for telecommunications, and unmanned vehicle Li-Fi systems, in the regime of Infrared detector and infrared vision. They are also the materials basis for terahertz technology, including security surveillance of concealed weapon uncovering, safe medical and industrial imaging with terahertz tomography, as well as dielectric wakefield accelerators. Besides, thermophotovoltaics embedded with narrow-gap semiconductors can potentially use the traditionally wasted portion of solar energy that takes up ~49% of the sun light spectrum. Space crafts, deep ocean instruments, and vacuum physics setups use narrow-gap semiconductors to achieve cryogenic cooling.
List of narrow-gap semiconductors
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Chemical formula
!Groups
!Band gap (300 K)
|-
| Mercury cadmium telluride
| Hg1−xCdxTe
| II-VI
| 0 to 1.5 eV
|-
| Mercury zinc telluride
| Hg1−xZnxTe
| II-VI
| 0.15 to 2.25 eV
|-
| Lead selenide
| PbSe
| IV-VI
| 0.27 eV
|-
| Lead(II) sulfide
| PbS
| IV-VI
| 0.37 eV
|-
| L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagosome | In cell biology, a phagosome is a vesicle formed around a particle engulfed by a phagocyte via phagocytosis. Professional phagocytes include macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DCs).
A phagosome is formed by the fusion of the cell membrane around a microorganism, a senescent cell or an apoptotic cell. Phagosomes have membrane-bound proteins to recruit and fuse with lysosomes to form mature phagolysosomes. The lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which kill and digest the pathogens. Phagosomes can also form in non-professional phagocytes, but they can only engulf a smaller range of particles, and do not contain ROS. The useful materials (e.g. amino acids) from the digested particles are moved into the cytosol, and waste is removed by exocytosis. Phagosome formation is crucial for tissue homeostasis and both innate and adaptive host defense against pathogens.
However, some bacteria can exploit phagocytosis as an invasion strategy. They either reproduce inside of the phagolysosome (e.g. Coxiella spp.) or escape into the cytoplasm before the phagosome fuses with the lysosome (e.g. Rickettsia spp.). Many Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis, can manipulate the host macrophage to prevent lysosomes from fusing with phagosomes and creating mature phagolysosomes. Such incomplete maturation of the phagosome maintains an environment favorable to the pathogens inside it.
Formation
Pha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak%20Technology | Oak Technology was an American supplier of semiconductor chips for sound cards, graphics cards and optical storage devices such as CD-ROM, CD-RW and DVD. It achieved success with optical storage chips and its stock price increased substantially around the time of the tech bubble in 2000. After falling on hard times, in 2003 it was acquired by Zoran Corporation.
Oak Technology helped develop the ATAPI standard and provided the oakcdrom.sys CD-ROM driver that was ubiquitous on DOS-based systems in the mid-1990s.
History
Oak Technology, Inc. was founded in 1987 and was based in Sunnyvale, California, United States. During the late 1980s through the early 1990s, Oak was a supplier of PC graphics (SVGA) chipsets and PCBs. Oak Technology also supplied motherboard chipsets – a PS/2-compatible chipset and the Oaknote chipset for notebooks. Oak enjoyed modest success in the value segment (low-end) of the market, but without an effective Windows accelerator, ultimately failed to remain competitive.
In 1994, Sun Microsystems decided to change the name of their new language from Oak to Java because Oak was already trademarked by Oak Technology.
The company had a dominant position early on in the market for semiconductors for CD-ROM drives (around 1995) and later regained a prominent position in optical storage chips as the market transitioned to recordable/rewritable technology, resulting in substantial revenue growth and stock price appreciation at the height of the tech bubble in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breit%20equation | The Breit equation is a relativistic wave equation derived by Gregory Breit in 1929 based on the Dirac equation, which formally describes two or more massive spin-1/2 particles (electrons, for example) interacting electromagnetically to the first order in perturbation theory. It accounts for magnetic interactions and retardation effects to the order of 1/c2. When other quantum electrodynamic effects are negligible, this equation has been shown to give results in good agreement with experiment. It was originally derived from the Darwin Lagrangian but later vindicated by the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory and eventually quantum electrodynamics.
Introduction
The Breit equation is not only an approximation in terms of quantum mechanics, but also in terms of relativity theory as it is not completely invariant with respect to the Lorentz transformation. Just as does the Dirac equation, it treats nuclei as point sources of an external field for the particles it describes. For particles, the Breit equation has the form ( is the distance between particle and ):
where
is the Dirac Hamiltonian (see Dirac equation) for particle at position and is the scalar potential at that position; is the charge of the particle, thus for electrons .
The one-electron Dirac Hamiltonians of the particles, along with their instantaneous Coulomb interactions , form the Dirac–Coulomb operator. To this, Breit added the operator (now known as the (frequency-independent) Breit operator):
where the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amkor%20Technology | Amkor Technology, Inc. is a semiconductor product packaging and test services provider. The company has been headquartered in Tempe, Arizona, since 2005, when it was moved from West Chester, Pennsylvania. The company was founded in 1968 and, , has approximately 31,000 employees worldwide and a reported $7.1 billion in sales.
With factories in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Portugal, Taiwan and Vietnam, Amkor is a major player in the semiconductor industry. It designs, packages and tests integrated circuits (ICs) for chip manufacturers.
History
In 2000, Amkor acquired Integra Technologies, an Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly And Test (OSAT) provider in United States. In 2005, Amkor spun off Integra Technologies.
In February 2016, Amkor fully acquired J-Devices Corp, the largest Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly And Test (OSAT) provider in Japan.
In June 2017, Amkor Technology was recognized as Supplier of the Year for 2016 by Qualcomm Technologies for a second consecutive year.
Amkor Technology has competitiveness for chip assembly by thermal compression as well as wafer level packaging. In September 2018, Amkor Technology opened a manufacturing and test plant at Longtan Science Park in Taiwan.
In 2019, Amkor Technology was ranked 2nd in overall revenue in the OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test) market.
ASE Technology – $11.87 Billion
Amkor Technology – $7.1 Billion
JCET – $3.97 Billion
SPIL – $2.79 Billion
Powertech Technology – $2.17 Bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna%20Gladney | Edna Browning Kahly Gladney (January 22, 1886 – October 2, 1961) was an early campaigner for children's rights and better living conditions for disadvantaged children.
Her life story was told in the 1941 film Blossoms in the Dust, in which she was portrayed by Greer Garson, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Gladney.
Early life
Edna Browning Jones was born on January 22, 1886, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Minnie Nell. Her mother was not married and was 17 when Edna was born. Her natural father never was revealed, and Jones later married Maurice Kahly. Jones and Kahly had a daughter together, named Dorothy. Edna worked as a clerk at Mutual Life Insurance to support her mother and sister, but was sent to live with her aunt and uncle, an executive at Texas & Pacific Coal and Thurber Brick Company in Fort Worth, Texas in 1904. Edna's aunt was involved in Fort Worth society and women's clubs, and Edna quickly moved into these social circles as well.
Though expecting to only stay in Fort Worth for a few months, Edna stayed longer, and in 1906, she met Sam Gladney, a native of Gainesville, Texas who worked at Medlin Mills. After a summer of courtship, Edna left her fiancé from Wisconsin and eloped with Sam two days before their planned wedding. The Gladneys lived in Wolfe City, Texas from 1909 to 1913, then moved to Sherman, Texas where Sam had bought his own flour mill. In 1910, Edna joined the Sherman Civic League and started inspectin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritz%20method | In the study of differential equations, the Ritz method is a direct method to find an approximate solution for boundary value problems. The method is named after Walther Ritz. It is also commonly called the Rayleigh–Ritz method and the Ritz-Galerkin method.
In quantum mechanics, a system of particles can be described in terms of an "energy functional" or Hamiltonian, which will measure the energy of any proposed configuration of said particles. It turns out that certain privileged configurations are more likely than other configurations, and this has to do with the eigenanalysis ("analysis of characteristics") of this Hamiltonian system. Because it is often impossible to analyze all of the infinite configurations of particles to find the one with the least amount of energy, it becomes essential to be able to approximate this Hamiltonian in some way for the purpose of numerical computations.
The Ritz method can be used to achieve this goal. In the language of mathematics, it is exactly the finite element method used to compute the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian system.
Definitions
As with other variational methods, a trial wave function, , is tested on the system. This trial function is selected to meet boundary conditions (and any other physical constraints). The exact function is not known; the trial function contains one or more adjustable parameters, which are varied to find a lowest energy configuration.
It can be shown that the ground state energy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malegaon | Malegaon is a city and a municipal corporation in Nashik District in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is situated on the bank of the Girna river with Mosam River river flowing through middle of the city dividing it in two parts.
History
Malegaon (previously Maligaon) at the confluence of the Mosam (previously Moosy) and Girna rivers.
On the road linking Mumbai and Agra – now National Highway-3(NH3), it used to be a small junction known as Maliwadi (hamlet of gardeners).
Geography
Malegaon is at the confluence of the Girna and Mosam rivers, at elevation of 438 metres (1437 feet) at .
It is 280 km northeast of the state capital Mumbai. It is centrally located and has good connectivity with nearby cities like Nashik, pune ,Mumbai, indore , surat , dhule .
Roads:
State Highway 10 (Maharashtra)
National Highway 3 (India, old numbering) (Asian Highway no. 10) (Mumbai - Agra)
Climate
Economy
Villages near Malegaon and towards Satana, Nampur, Sonaj, Talwade and Vadel are agricultural areas and major producers of onions. Pomegranate is another crop of commercial importance that is cultivated by farmers in nearby pockets. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) of Malegaon has a front office at Malegaon and a research farm at Vadel. There is also a campus of Mahatma Gandhi Vidyamandir's H. H. Sri Sri Murlidhara Swamiji College of Agriculture and H. H. Sri Sri Murlidhara Swamiji College of Horticulture in the Malegaon Camp area. There is also a cloth manufacturing industry mostly using po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Cox%20%28statistician%29 | Sir David Roxbee Cox (15 July 1924 – 18 January 2022) was a British statistician and educator. His wide-ranging contributions to the field of statistics included introducing logistic regression, the proportional hazards model and the Cox process, a point process named after him.
He was a professor of statistics at Birkbeck College, London, Imperial College London and the University of Oxford, and served as Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford. The first recipient of the International Prize in Statistics, he also received the Guy, George Box and Copley medals, as well as a knighthood.
Early life
Cox was born in Birmingham on 15 July 1924. His father was a die sinker and part-owner of a jewellery shop, and they lived near the Jewellery Quarter. The aeronautical engineer Harold Roxbee Cox was a distant cousin. He attended Handsworth Grammar School, Birmingham. He received a Master of Arts in mathematics at St John's College, Cambridge, and obtained his PhD from the University of Leeds in 1949, advised by Henry Daniels and Bernard Welch. His dissertation was entitled Theory of Fibre Motion.
Career
Cox was employed from 1944 to 1946 at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, from 1946 to 1950 at the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds, and from 1950 to 1955 worked at the Statistical Laboratory at the University of Cambridge. From 1956 to 1966 he was Reader and then Professor of Statistics at Birkbeck College, London. In 1966, he took up the Chair position in Statistics at I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20plasmon%20resonance | Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon that occurs where electrons in a thin metal sheet become excited by light that is directed to the sheet with a particular angle of incidence, and then travel parallel to the sheet. Assuming a constant light source wavelength and that the metal sheet is thin, the angle of incidence that triggers SPR is related to the refractive index of the material and even a small change in the refractive index will cause SPR to not be observed. This makes SPR a possible technique for detecting particular substances (analytes) and SPR biosensors have been developed to detect various important biomarkers.
Explanation
The surface plasmon polariton is a non-radiative electromagnetic surface wave that propagates in a direction parallel to the negative permittivity/dielectric material interface. Since the wave is on the boundary of the conductor and the external medium (air, water or vacuum for example), these oscillations are very sensitive to any change of this boundary, such as the adsorption of molecules to the conducting surface.
To describe the existence and properties of surface plasmon polaritons, one can choose from various models (quantum theory, Drude model, etc.). The simplest way to approach the problem is to treat each material as a homogeneous continuum, described by a frequency-dependent relative permittivity between the external medium and the surface. This quantity, hereafter referred to as the materials' "dielectric function", |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlasov%20equation | The Vlasov equation is a differential equation describing time evolution of the distribution function of plasma consisting of charged particles with long-range interaction, such as the Coulomb interaction. The equation was first suggested for the description of plasma by Anatoly Vlasov in 1938 and later discussed by him in detail in a monograph.
Difficulties of the standard kinetic approach
First, Vlasov argues that the standard kinetic approach based on the Boltzmann equation has difficulties when applied to a description of the plasma with long-range Coulomb interaction. He mentions the following problems arising when applying the kinetic theory based on pair collisions to plasma dynamics:
Theory of pair collisions disagrees with the discovery by Rayleigh, Irving Langmuir and Lewi Tonks of natural vibrations in electron plasma.
Theory of pair collisions is formally not applicable to Coulomb interaction due to the divergence of the kinetic terms.
Theory of pair collisions cannot explain experiments by Harrison Merrill and Harold Webb on anomalous electron scattering in gaseous plasma.
Vlasov suggests that these difficulties originate from the long-range character of Coulomb interaction. He starts with the collisionless Boltzmann equation (sometimes called the Vlasov equation, anachronistically in this context), in generalized coordinates:
explicitly a PDE:
and adapted it to the case of a plasma, leading to the systems of equations shown below. Here is a general dis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Last%20Night%20in%20Sodom | This Last Night in Sodom is the third full-length album by the English synth-pop duo Soft Cell. It was released in March 1984, about a month after the duo (Marc Almond and David Ball) publicly announced they were dissolving the partnership. The album peaked at number 12 in the UK Album Chart, and would be Soft Cell's last album for 18 years.
Background
The album represents a shift in style from the delicate, erotic, dancefloor-friendly pop of their earlier records and contains a more eclectic mix of styles as well, from the Spanish-influenced "L'Esqualita" (inspired by the drag bar in New York City called "La Escuelita") to the rockabilly-tinged "Down in the Subway". The thematic elements of the songs are also noticeably darker, even for Soft Cell, and center around self-destruction and the breakdown of innocence. "Meet Murder My Angel", according to Almond, is about the mind of a murderer before he slaughters his victim, while "Where Was Your Heart (When You Needed It Most)" centres on a girl who loses all self-esteem after being raped while intoxicated. The first single from the album was "Soul Inside", which reached number 16 on the UK charts in September 1983. "Down in the Subway" was released as the second single, peaking at number 24 in March 1984.
The artwork was originally printed entirely in red and gold ink, down to the liner notes, lyrics, LP labels, and serial number. The album was largely a critical success, but ultimately received little commercial attention, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper%20Glacier%20%28Montana%29 | Grasshopper Glacier is in the Beartooth Mountains, Custer National Forest, Montana, U.S. The glacier is within the Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, a part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Grasshopper Glacier is approximately long and wide. Starting at a point more than above sea level, the glacier originally was more than long but has receded significantly since first researched in the early 20th century. As of 2007, the glacier consists of several smaller glaciers, each occupying a different north-facing cirque. Grasshopper Glacier was named for the tens of millions of grasshoppers (locusts) that have been found entombed in the ice, some for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years. Many of the grasshoppers are of species that are now extinct, and their high level of preservation allowed early researchers to send some specimens to entomologists for identification. During this research it was discovered that some of the grasshoppers were of the extinct species Melanoplus spretus (Rocky Mountain locust), known to have existed at least up to the beginning of the 20th century.
Known to travel in swarms numbering in the trillions in some years, it is believed that the grasshoppers found in the glacier may have been caught in severe storms and perished. Until the late 20th century, the grasshopper remains were quite common; however, lower snowfall rates since the late 1980s and higher temperatures have contributed to a higher melting rate of the glacier and many specimens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahnite | Gahnite, ZnAl2O4, is a rare mineral belonging to the spinel group. It forms octahedral crystals which may be green, blue, yellow, brown or grey. It often forms as an alteration product of sphalerite in altered massive sulphide deposits such as at Broken Hill, Australia. Other occurrences include Falun, Sweden where it is found in pegmatites and skarns; and, in the United States, Charlemont, Massachusetts; Spruce Pine, North Carolina; White Picacho district, Arizona; Topsham, Maine; and Franklin, New Jersey.
It was first described in 1807 for an occurrence in the Falu mine, Falun, Dalarna, Sweden, and named after the Swedish chemist, Johan Gottlieb Gahn (1745–1818), the discoverer of the element manganese. It is sometimes called zinc spinel.
See also
List of minerals named after people
References
Zinc minerals
Aluminium minerals
Spinel group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 227
Minerals described in 1807 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20New%20Guinea%20languages | The North New Guinea languages of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia form a possible linkage of Western Oceanic languages. They have been in heavy contact with Papuan languages.
Classification
According to Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002), the structure of the family is as follows:
? Sarmi–Jayapura family
Schouten linkage
Huon Gulf family
Ngero–Vitiaz linkage
The center of dispersal was evidently near the Vitiaz Strait between New Britain and the New Guinea mainland.
The inclusion of Sarmi and Jayapura Bay is uncertain, and it may constitute a separate branch of Western Oceanic.
References
Ross, Malcolm (1988). Proto Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of western Melanesia. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Western Oceanic languages
Languages of Papua New Guinea
Languages of western New Guinea
Papua (province) culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohlig%E2%80%93Hellman%20algorithm | In group theory, the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm, sometimes credited as the Silver–Pohlig–Hellman algorithm, is a special-purpose algorithm for computing discrete logarithms in a finite abelian group whose order is a smooth integer.
The algorithm was introduced by Roland Silver, but first published by Stephen Pohlig and Martin Hellman (independent of Silver).
Groups of prime-power order
As an important special case, which is used as a subroutine in the general algorithm (see below), the Pohlig–Hellman algorithm applies to groups whose order is a prime power. The basic idea of this algorithm is to iteratively compute the -adic digits of the logarithm by repeatedly "shifting out" all but one unknown digit in the exponent, and computing that digit by elementary methods.
(Note that for readability, the algorithm is stated for cyclic groups — in general, must be replaced by the subgroup generated by , which is always cyclic.)
Input. A cyclic group of order with generator and an element .
Output. The unique integer such that .
Initialize
Compute . By Lagrange's theorem, this element has order .
For all , do:
Compute . By construction, the order of this element must divide , hence .
Using the baby-step giant-step algorithm, compute such that . It takes time .
Set .
Return .
Assuming is much smaller than , the algorithm computes discrete logarithms in time complexity , far better than the baby-step giant-step algorithm's .
The general algorithm
In this section, we |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20resolution | The spectral resolution of a spectrograph, or, more generally, of a frequency spectrum, is a measure of its ability to resolve features in the electromagnetic spectrum. It is usually denoted by , and is closely related to the resolving power of the spectrograph, defined as
where is the smallest difference in wavelengths that can be distinguished at a wavelength of . For example, the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) can distinguish features 0.17 nm apart at a wavelength of 1000 nm, giving it a resolution of 0.17 nm and a resolving power of about 5,900. An example of a high resolution spectrograph is the Cryogenic High-Resolution IR Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES+) installed at ESO's Very Large Telescope, which has a spectral resolving power of up to 100,000.
Doppler effect
The spectral resolution can also be expressed in terms of physical quantities, such as velocity; then it describes the difference between velocities that can be distinguished through the Doppler effect. Then, the resolution is and the resolving power is
where is the speed of light. The STIS example above then has a spectral resolution of 51 km/s.
IUPAC definition
IUPAC defines resolution in optical spectroscopy as the minimum wavenumber, wavelength or frequency difference between two lines in a spectrum that can be distinguished. Resolving power, R, is given by the transition wavenumber, wavelength or frequency, divided by the resolution.
See also
Angular resolution
Resolution (mass spe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purex | Purex may refer to:
PUREX (plutonium uranium reduction extraction), a reprocessing process for spent nuclear fuel
Purex (laundry detergent), a brand of detergent
Purex Crystals, a laundry fragrance booster
Toilet tissue brand by Kruger Inc. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pydna | Pydna (in Greek: Πύδνα, older transliteration: Pýdna) was a Greek city in ancient Macedon, the most important in Pieria. Modern Pydna is a small town and a former municipality in the northeastern part of Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pydna-Kolindros, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 105.059 km2, the community 41.334 km2. Pydna is situated in fertile land close to the Thermaic Gulf coast. The main village of the former municipality is Kitros. It lies 6 km north of Korinos, 8 km south of Methoni and 13 km northeast of Katerini. Motorway 1 and the Piraeus–Platy railway (nearest station at Korinos) pass east of the village.
Ancient Pydna
Ancient Pydna was already a part of the Macedonian kingdom under Alexander I (Thucydides I.137.1). It was unsuccessfully besieged by the Athenians in 432 BC and again, after seceding from the Macedonian kingdom, in 410 BC by Archelaus I who successfully captured the city and transferred its population further inland, possibly at the site of modern Kitros; however, the old site was re-populated in the early 4th century. The Athenians, under Timotheus, seized Pydna in 364-363 BC, only to have it retaken in 357 BC by Philip II of Macedon. Pydna would remain part of the kingdom of Macedonia until its Roman conquest. In 317 BC, Alexander III's mother, Olympias took refuge there to escape from Cassander's wrath, incurred by Olympias' scheming again |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain%20boundary | In materials science, a grain boundary is the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material. Grain boundaries are two-dimensional defects in the crystal structure, and tend to decrease the electrical and thermal conductivity of the material. Most grain boundaries are preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. They are also important to many of the mechanisms of creep. On the other hand, grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material, so reducing crystallite size is a common way to improve mechanical strength, as described by the Hall–Petch relationship.
High and low angle boundaries
It is convenient to categorize grain boundaries according to the extent of misorientation between the two grains. Low-angle grain boundaries (LAGB) or subgrain boundaries are those with a misorientation less than about 15 degrees. Generally speaking they are composed of an array of dislocations and their properties and structure are a function of the misorientation. In contrast the properties of high-angle grain boundaries, whose misorientation is greater than about 15 degrees (the transition angle varies from 10–15 degrees depending on the material), are normally found to be independent of the misorientation. However, there are 'special boundaries' at particular orientations whose interfacial energies are markedly lower than those of general high-angle grain boundaries.
The simplest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20environmental%20dates | This is a list of environmental dates which are designated for creating awareness of environmental issues.
Species awareness days highlight biodiversity, with the aim of increasing understanding and appreciation of the subject. Some of these days have been shown to cause a rise in information-seeking behaviour, and may lead to an increase in conservation fundraising by charities and advocacy groups.
Hours
Earth Hour - 8:30pm (local time), next one will take place on 23 March 2024.
Days of environment
Weeks
Years
Agriculture
Decades
See also
Index of environmental articles
List of environmental issues
Index of conservation articles
List of conservation issues
List of international environmental agreements
List of awareness days
International observance
List of commemorative days
List of commemorative months
References
External links
News & Events - UN Days, Weeks and Years
- World Plantation Day, Great Kashmir
- Save your water
- EDU Green
Environmental |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation | In thermodynamics, nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or structure via self-assembly or self-organization within a substance or mixture. Nucleation is typically defined to be the process that determines how long an observer has to wait before the new phase or self-organized structure appears. For example, if a volume of water is cooled (at atmospheric pressure) below 0°C, it will tend to freeze into ice, but volumes of water cooled only a few degrees below 0°C often stay completely free of ice for long periods (supercooling). At these conditions, nucleation of ice is either slow or does not occur at all. However, at lower temperatures nucleation is fast, and ice crystals appear after little or no delay.
Nucleation is a common mechanism which generates first-order phase transitions, and it is the start of the process of forming a new thermodynamic phase. In contrast, new phases at continuous phase transitions start to form immediately.
Nucleation is often very sensitive to impurities in the system. These impurities may be too small to be seen by the naked eye, but still can control the rate of nucleation. Because of this, it is often important to distinguish between heterogeneous nucleation and homogeneous nucleation. Heterogeneous nucleation occurs at nucleation sites on surfaces in the system. Homogeneous nucleation occurs away from a surface.
Characteristics
Nucleation is usually a stochastic (random) process, so even in t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20b6f%20complex | The cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; ) is an enzyme found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae, that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin. The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by cytochrome bc1 (Complex III) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. During photosynthesis, the cytochrome b6f complex is one step along the chain that transfers electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, and at the same time pumps protons into the thylakoid space, contributing to the generation of an electrochemical (energy) gradient that is later used to synthesize ATP from ADP.
Enzyme structure
The cytochrome b6f complex is a dimer, with each monomer composed of eight subunits. These consist of four large subunits: a 32 kDa cytochrome f with a c-type cytochrome, a 25 kDa cytochrome b6 with a low- and high-potential heme group, a 19 kDa Rieske iron-sulfur protein containing a [2Fe-2S] cluster, and a 17 kDa subunit IV; along with four small subunits (3-4 kDa): PetG, PetL, PetM, and PetN. The total molecular weight is 217 kDa.
The crystal structures of cytochrome b6f complexes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Mastigocladus laminosus, and Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 have been determined.
The core of the complex is structurally similar to the cytochrome bc1 core. Cytochrome b6 and subunit IV are homologous to cytochrome b, and the Rieske iron-sulfur proteins of the two com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule-associated%20protein | In cell biology, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that interact with the microtubules of the cellular cytoskeleton. MAPs are integral to the stability of the cell and its internal structures and the transport of components within the cell.
Function
MAPs bind to the tubulin subunits that make up microtubules to regulate their stability. A large variety of MAPs have been identified in many different cell types, and they have been found to carry out a wide range of functions. These include both stabilizing and destabilizing microtubules, guiding microtubules towards specific cellular locations, cross-linking microtubules and mediating the interactions of microtubules with other proteins in the cell.
Within the cell, MAPs bind directly to the tubulin dimers of microtubules. This binding can occur with either polymerized or depolymerized tubulin, and in most cases leads to the stabilization of microtubule structure, further encouraging polymerization. Usually, it is the C-terminal domain of the MAP that interacts with tubulin, while the N-terminal domain can bind with cellular vesicles, intermediate filaments or other microtubules. MAP-microtubule binding is regulated through MAP phosphorylation. This is accomplished through the function of the microtubule-affinity-regulating-kinase (MARK) protein. Phosphorylation of the MAP by the MARK causes the MAP to detach from any bound microtubules. This detachment is usually associated with a destabilization of the mic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20twinning | Crystal twinning occurs when two or more adjacent crystals of the same mineral are oriented so that they share some of the same crystal lattice points in a symmetrical manner. The result is an intergrowth of two separate crystals that are tightly bonded to each other. The surface along which the lattice points are shared in twinned crystals is called a composition surface or twin plane.
Crystallographers classify twinned crystals by a number of twin laws. These twin laws are specific to the crystal structure. The type of twinning can be a diagnostic tool in mineral identification.
Deformation twinning, in which twinning develops in a crystal in response to a shear stress, is an important mechanism for permanent shape changes in a crystal.
Definition
Twinning is a form of symmetrical intergrowth between two or more adjacent crystals of the same mineral. It differs from the ordinary random intergrowth of mineral grains in a mineral deposit, because the relative orientations of the two crystal segments show a fixed relationship that is characteristic of the mineral structure. The relationship is defined by a symmetry operation called a twin operation.
The twin operation is not one of the normal symmetry operations of the untwinned crystal structure. For example, the twin operation may be reflection across a plane that is not a symmetry plane of the single crystal.
On the microscopic level, the twin boundary is characterized by a set of atomic positions in the crystal latt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine%20receptor%20D4 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Dopamine receptor D4}}
The dopamine receptor D4 is a dopamine D2-like G protein-coupled receptor encoded by the gene on chromosome 11 at 11p15.5.
The structure of DRD4 was recently reported in complex with the antipsychotic drug nemonapride.
As with other dopamine receptor subtypes, the D4 receptor is activated by the neurotransmitter dopamine. It is linked to many neurological and psychiatric conditions including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, ADHD, addictive behaviors, Parkinson's disease, and eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. A weak association has been drawn between DRD4 and borderline personality disorder.
It is also a target for drugs which treat schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. The D4 receptor is considered to be D2-like in which the activated receptor inhibits the enzyme adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing the intracellular concentration of the second messenger cyclic AMP.
Genetics
The human protein is coded by the DRD4 on chromosome 11 located in 11p15.5.
There are slight variations (mutations/polymorphisms) in the human gene:
A 48-base pair VNTR in exon 3
C-521T in the promoter
13-base pair deletion of bases 235 to 247 in exon 1
12 base pair repeat in exon 1
Val194Gly
A polymorphic tandem duplication of 48 bp
Mutations in this gene have been associated with various behavioral phenotypes, including autonomic nervous system dysfunction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia and the personality trait |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbomachinery | Turbomachinery, in mechanical engineering, describes machines that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors. While a turbine transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor, a compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a fluid.
These two types of machines are governed by the same basic relationships including Newton's second Law of Motion and Euler's pump and turbine equation for compressible fluids. Centrifugal pumps are also turbomachines that transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid, usually a liquid, while turbines and compressors usually work with a gas.
History
The first turbomachines could be identified as water wheels, which appeared between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE in the Mediterranean region. These were used throughout the medieval period and began the first Industrial Revolution. When steam power started to be used, as the first power source driven by the combustion of a fuel rather than renewable natural power sources, this was as reciprocating engines. Primitive turbines and conceptual designs for them, such as the smoke jack, appeared intermittently but the temperatures and pressures required for a practically efficient turbine exceeded the manufacturing technology of the time. The first patent for gas turbines were filed in 1791 by John Barber. Practical hydroelectric water turbines and steam turbines did not appear until the 1880s. Gas turbines appeared in the 1930s.
The first impulse type turbine was created by Ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplesse | Simplesse is a multi-functional dairy ingredient made from whey protein concentrate used as a fat substitute in low-calorie foods. Originally brought to market in 1988, the manufacturer, CP Kelco (a former NutraSweet subsidiary), sells Simplesse to food processors as a "microparticulated whey protein concentrate" in dry powder form, and recommends that it be labelled as dairy protein on food labels. Older versions of the product also contain egg whites.
The protein is partially coagulated by heat, creating a micro dispersion, in a process known as microparticulation. It is due to the small particle size of the protein that the dispersion is perceivable as a fluid with similar creaminess and richness of fat.
History
Simplesse began in 1979 as "a substance that gelled like egg white but crumbled like Styrofoam." At that time, Shoji Yamamoto, an associate of Norman S. Singer at Canadian beer company John Labatt Ltd. in London, Ontario, brought Singer the whey protein substance. After sensing that it gave the taste texture of cream cheese, another scientist put a sample under a powerful microscope and saw "tiny spheres of protein rolling over each other" about a tenth the size of particles of powdered sugar. It was this particle rolling action that gave a smooth creaminess sensation. Another associate of Singer, scientist Nina Davis, worked for three years with Simplesse (then called microcurd) to adapt it to and incorporate it into many different food products. After Singer's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-bass | Sub-bass sounds are the deep, low-register pitches below approximately 70 Hz (C2 in scientific pitch notation) and extending downward to include the lowest frequency humans can hear, approximately 20 Hz (E0).
In this range, human hearing is less sensitive, so these notes tend to be felt more than heard. The low E-string on a bass guitar is usually tuned to 41.2 Hz, while the lowest note on a standard piano is A at 27.5 Hz. Sound reinforcement systems and PA systems often use one or more subwoofer loudspeakers to amplify sounds in the sub-bass range. Sounds below sub-bass are infrasound.
Hearing and usage
20 Hz is considered the normal low-frequency limit of human hearing. When pure sine waves are reproduced under ideal conditions and at very high decibels, a human listener will be able to identify tones as low as 12 Hz (G–1). Audio tracks known as bass tests use sub-bass frequencies which are used to test or to demonstrate the capabilities of audio equipment. High-end subwoofers can accurately reproduce sound to about 18 Hz ±2 dB.
Sub-bass energy is popular in dance music, where the low frequencies involve energy from the kick drum (bass drum), the bass guitar and electronic synthesizers and drum machines. Particular genres such as house music, drum and bass and dubstep often feature a bassline that consists mainly of sub-bass frequencies. Much experimental music uses sub-bass, in particular drone music, where the majority of the sound can often be in the sub-bass range. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min-conflicts%20algorithm | In computer science, the min-conflicts algorithm is a search algorithm or heuristic method to solve constraint satisfaction problems.
Given an initial assignment of values to all the variables of a constraint satisfaction problem, the algorithm randomly selects a variable from the set of variables with conflicts violating one or more its constraints. Then it assigns to this variable the value that minimizes the number of conflicts. If there is more than one value with a minimum number of conflicts, it chooses one randomly. This process of random variable selection and min-conflict value assignment is iterated until a solution is found or a pre-selected maximum number of iterations is reached.
Because a constraint satisfaction problem can be interpreted as a local search problem when all the variables have an assigned value (called a complete state), the min conflicts algorithm can be seen as a repair heuristic that chooses the state with the minimum number of conflicts.
Algorithm
algorithm MIN-CONFLICTS is
input: console.csp, A constraint satisfaction problem.
max_steps, The number of steps allowed before giving up.
current_state, An initial assignment of values for the variables in the csp.
output: A solution set of values for the variable or failure.
for i ← 1 to max_steps do
if current_state is a solution of csp then
return current_state
set var ← a randomly chosen variable from the set of conflic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight%20Lace | Midnight Lace is a 1960 American psychological thriller film directed by David Miller and starring Doris Day, Rex Harrison, John Gavin, Myrna Loy, and Roddy McDowall. The plot centers on a woman threatened by an anonymous stalker but has a hard time convincing others of what is happening. The screenplay by Ivan Goff and Ben Roberts was based on the play Matilda Shouted Fire by Janet Green. The new title referred to a lacy dress that Day's character purchases early in the film and wears at the climax.
The film was released theatrically in the fall of 1960. Day was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress, and costume designer Irene Lentz earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Color Costume Design.
A television film remake of Midnight Lace, starring Mary Crosby and Gary Frank, premiered on NBC on February 9, 1981.
Plot
American heiress Kit Preston and her British business owner husband Tony live in a wealthy neighborhood of London in a building undergoing major renovation. Returning home in a dense fog through Grosvenor Square, Kit is startled by a disembodied male voice that threatens to kill her. The following day, Tony's assistant, Daniel Graham, notifies Tony that he has been looking at the books of Tony's company, and it appears a large sum of money has been embezzled from their firm.
When Kit returns to her apartment, she notices a gaunt man staring at her. Moments later, she is nearly injured by a falling girder outside the building, but is pushed o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutions%20of%20the%20Einstein%20field%20equations | Solutions of the Einstein field equations are metrics of spacetimes that result from solving the Einstein field equations (EFE) of general relativity. Solving the field equations gives a Lorentz manifold. Solutions are broadly classed as exact or non-exact.
The Einstein field equations are
where is the Einstein tensor, is the cosmological constant (sometimes taken to be zero for simplicity), is the metric tensor, is a constant, and is the stress–energy tensor.
The Einstein field equations relate the Einstein tensor to the stress–energy tensor, which represents the distribution of energy, momentum and stress in the spacetime manifold. The Einstein tensor is built up from the metric tensor and its partial derivatives; thus, given the stress–energy tensor, the Einstein field equations are a system of ten partial differential equations in which the metric tensor can be solved for.
Where appropriate, this article will use the abstract index notation.
Solving the equations
It is important to realize that the Einstein field equations alone are not enough to determine the evolution of a gravitational system in many cases. They depend on the stress–energy tensor, which depends on the dynamics of matter and energy (such as trajectories of moving particles), which in turn depends on the gravitational field. If one is only interested in the weak field limit of the theory, the dynamics of matter can be computed using special relativity methods and/or Newtonian laws of gravity and |
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