source
stringlengths 32
209
| text
stringlengths 18
1.5k
|
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruning%20%28morphology%29
|
The pruning algorithm is a technique used in digital image processing based on mathematical morphology. It is used as a complement to the skeleton and thinning algorithms to remove unwanted parasitic components (spurs). In this case 'parasitic' components refer to branches of a line which are not key to the overall shape of the line and should be removed. These components can often be created by edge detection algorithms or digitization. Common uses for pruning include automatic recognition of hand-printed characters. Often inconsistency in letter writing creates unwanted spurs that need to be eliminated for better characterization.
Mathematical Definition
The standard pruning algorithm will remove all branches shorter than a given number of points. If a parasitic branch is shorter than four points and we run the algorithm with n = 4 the branch will be removed. The second step ensures that the main trunks of each line are not shortened by the procedure.
Structuring Elements
The x in the arrays indicates a “don’t care” condition i.e. the image could have either a 1 or a 0 in the spot.
Step 1: Thinning
Apply this step a given (n) times to eliminate any branch with (n) or less pixels.
Step 2: Find End Points
Wherever the structuring elements are satisfied, the center of the 3x3 matrix is considered an endpoint.
Step 3: Dilate End Points
Perform dilation using a 3x3 matrix (H) consisting of all 1's and only insert 1's where the original image (A) also had a 1. Perfo
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric%20tensor%20%28general%20relativity%29
|
In general relativity, the metric tensor (in this context often abbreviated to simply the metric) is the fundamental object of study. The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and the past.
In general relativity, the metric tensor plays the role of the gravitational potential in the classical theory of gravitation, although the physical content of the associated equations is entirely different. Gutfreund and Renn say "that in general relativity the gravitational potential is represented by the metric tensor."
Notation and conventions
This article works with a metric signature that is mostly positive (); see sign convention. The gravitation constant will be kept explicit. This article employs the Einstein summation convention, where repeated indices are automatically summed over.
Definition
Mathematically, spacetime is represented by a four-dimensional differentiable manifold and the metric tensor is given as a covariant, second-degree, symmetric tensor on , conventionally denoted by . Moreover, the metric is required to be nondegenerate with signature . A manifold equipped with such a metric is a type of Lorentzian manifold.
Explicitly, the metric tensor is a symmetric bilinear form on each tangent space of that varies in a smooth (or differentiable) manner from point to point. Given two tangent vectors and at a point in , the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglia%20%28software%29
|
Ganglia is a scalable, distributed monitoring tool for high-performance computing systems, clusters and networks. The software is used to view either live or recorded statistics covering metrics such as CPU load averages or network utilization for many nodes.
Ganglia software is bundled with enterprise-level Linux distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Level (RHEL) or the CentOS repackaging of the same. Ganglia grew out of requirements for monitoring systems by Berkeley (University of California) but now sees use by commercial and educational organisations such as Cray, MIT, NASA and Twitter.
Ganglia
It is based on a hierarchical design targeted at federations of clusters. It relies on a multicast-based listen/announce protocol to monitor state within clusters and uses a tree of point-to-point connections amongst representative cluster nodes to federate clusters and aggregate their state. It leverages widely used technologies such as XML for data representation, XDR for compact, portable data transport, and RRDtool for data storage and visualization. It uses carefully engineered data structures and algorithms to achieve very low per-node overheads and high concurrency. The implementation is robust, has been ported to an extensive set of operating systems and processor architectures, and is currently in use on over 500 clusters around the world. It has been used to link clusters across university campuses and around the world and can scale to handle clusters with 2000 n
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRISPR
|
CRISPR () (an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and archaea. These sequences are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophages that had previously infected the prokaryote. They are used to detect and destroy DNA from similar bacteriophages during subsequent infections. Hence these sequences play a key role in the antiviral (i.e. anti-phage) defense system of prokaryotes and provide a form of acquired immunity. CRISPR is found in approximately 50% of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90% of sequenced archaea.
Cas9 (or "CRISPR-associated protein 9") is an enzyme that uses CRISPR sequences as a guide to recognize and open up specific strands of DNA that are complementary to the CRISPR sequence. Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences form the basis of a technology known as CRISPR-Cas9 that can be used to edit genes within the organisms. This editing process has a wide variety of applications including basic biological research, development of biotechnological products, and treatment of diseases. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 which was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
History
Repeated sequences
The discovery of clustered DNA repeats took place independently in three parts of the world. The first description of what would later be calle
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSB
|
DSB may refer to:
Science and technology
Dictionary of Scientific Biography, a multivolume reference work edited by Charles Coulston Gillespie
Double strand break, a break in both DNA strands, part of DNA repair
Double-sideband transmission, in telecommunications
Dsb, the warm-summer Mediterranean continental climate in the Köppen climate classification
DsbA, a bacterial member of the Dsb (disulfide bond) family of enzymes
Organizations
De Surinaamsche Bank, Suriname
Defense Science Board, of the United States
Department of Internal Security (:ru:Главное управление собственной безопасности МВД России) or Departamenta sobstvennoi bezopasnosti of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs, an anticorruption and internal crime detection agency in Russia
Deutsche Schallplatten Berlin, another name of VEB Deutsche Schallplatten
Deutsche Schule Bratislava, a German international school in Bratislava, Slovakia
Deutscher Schützenbund, the German Shooting and Archery Federation
Dispute Settlement Body, of the World Trade Organization
DSB (railway company) (Danske Statsbaner), a Danish train operating company
DSB Bank (Dirk Scheringa Beheer), Netherlands
DSB Stadion, a football stadium in Alkmaar, Netherlands sponsored by DSB Bank
DSB International School, a German school in Mumbai, India
Dutch Safety Board, a Netherlands investigation agency
German International School of Cairo (Deutsche Schule der Borromäerinnen Kairo), Egypt
German School Beirut (Deutsche Schule B
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobium%28V%29%20chloride
|
Niobium(V) chloride, also known as niobium pentachloride, is a yellow crystalline solid. It hydrolyzes in air, and samples are often contaminated with small amounts of NbOCl3. It is often used as a precursor to other compounds of niobium. NbCl5 may be purified by sublimation.
Structure and properties
Niobium(V) chloride forms chloro-bridged dimers in the solid state (see figure). Each niobium centre is six-coordinate, but the octahedral coordination is significantly distorted. The equatorial niobium–chlorine bond lengths are 225 pm (terminal) and 256 pm (bridging), whilst the axial niobium-chlorine bonds are 229.2 pm and are deflected inwards to form an angle of 83.7° with the equatorial plane of the molecule. The Nb–Cl–Nb angle at the bridge is 101.3°. The Nb–Nb distance is 398.8 pm, too long for any metal-metal interaction. NbBr5, TaCl5 and TaBr5 are isostructural with NbCl5, but NbI5 and TaI5 have different structures.
Preparation
Industrially, niobium pentachloride is obtained by direct chlorination of niobium metal at 300 to 350 °C:
2Nb + 5Cl2 → 2NbCl5
In the laboratory, niobium pentachloride is often prepared from Nb2O5, the main challenge being incomplete reaction to give NbOCl3. The conversion can be effected with thionyl chloride: It also can be prepared by chlorination of niobium pentoxide in the presence of carbon at 300 °C.
Uses
Niobium(V) chloride is the main precursor to the alkoxides of niobium, which find uses in sol-gel processing. It is also t
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Hip
|
Rose Hip, rosehip, or variation, may refer to:
Rose hips, the fruit of the rose flower plant
Rosehip neuron, a type of GABA neuron
The Rosehips (album), an album by Kevin Junior
Rose Hip (manga franchise), a Japanese comic book franchise created by Tooru Fujisawa
Rose Hip Rose, a manga created by Tooru Fujisawa
Rose Hip Zero, a manga created by Tooru Fujisawa
See also
Rosehip extract
Rose hip soup
Rose hip wine
Rose (disambiguation)
Hip (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass%20marimba
|
The glass marimba is a type of idiophone also known as a vitrephone or crystallophone.
Marimba translates to "a xylophone-like instrument" from an African language, probably Bantu. The glass keys are made of either hard glass (plate glass) or soft glass (stained glass). The keys are resonated with either a single open top box or individual resonators for each key. Mallets used to play the marimba can be constructed using a compressed silicone ball (bouncy ball) attached to one end of a wooden or synthetic dowel. These mallets bring out the purest sound from glass marimba. Other types of mallets are used for different effects. The tuning system of a glass marimba can be whatever is desired. Glass marimbas are utilised by the Brazilian percussion ensemble, Uakti.
Construction
Glass marimba can be constructed in a variety of ways.
How one resonates the keys governs the construction method and design.
Resonation can be accomplished using a single resonator which all the keys resonate into, such as an open top box, or individual resonators for each key which can be a tube, box, or sphere. Single box resonators can be constructed from wood, glass, or metal among a variety of materials. Individual resonators can be made from gourds, wood, bamboo, clay, glass, pvc, or metal, to name a few.
The keys also govern the design of the marimba due to the fact that the keys are supported at points called nodes and these dictate the shape of the marimba due to the graduated lengths of
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPPD
|
HPPD may refer to:
Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, a perception disorder that can be caused by hallucinogenic drug use
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase, an enzyme found in almost all aerobic life forms and the primary target of some herbicides
One of those HPPD inhibitor herbicides, a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase inhibitor
Hours per patient-day, a staffing goal to determine the number of clinicians needed to provide a certain standard of care to a set of patients
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology%20of%20Bermuda
|
The flora and fauna of Bermuda form part of a unique ecosystem due to Bermuda's isolation from the mainland of North America. The wide range of endemic species and the islands form a distinct ecoregion, the Bermuda subtropical conifer forests.
Setting
Located 900 km off the American East Coast, Bermuda is a crescent-shaped chain of 184 islands and islets that were once the rim of a volcano. The islands are slightly hilly rather than having steep cliffs, with the highest point being 79m. The coast has many bays and inlets, with sandy beaches especially on the south coasts. Bermuda has a semi-tropical climate, warmed by the Gulf Stream current. Bermuda is very densely populated. Twenty of the islands are inhabited.
Wildlife that could fly to the island or were carried there by winds and currents formed the species. There are no native mammals other than bats, and only two reptiles, but large numbers of birds, plants, and insects. Once on the island, organisms had to adapt to local conditions, such as the humid climate, lack of fresh water, frequent storms, and salt spray. The area of the islands shrank as water levels rose at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, and fewer species were able to survive in the reduced land-area. Nearly 8,000 different species of flora and fauna are known from the islands of Bermuda. The number is likely to be considerably higher if all microorganisms, cave-dwellers and deep-sea species were counted.
Today the variety of species on Bermuda has been
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Ziv
|
Jacob Ziv (; 27 November 1931 – 25 March 2023) was an Israeli electrical engineer and information theorist who developed the LZ family of lossless data compression algorithms alongside Abraham Lempel.
Biography
Born in Tiberias, British mandate Palestine, on 27 November 1931, Ziv received his B.Sc., Dip. Eng. (1954) and M.Sc. degrees (1957) in electrical engineering from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, and his D.Sc. degree, receiving the degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1962. In 1970, Ziv joined the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology and was the Herman Gross Professor of Electrical Engineering and a Technion Distinguished Professor.
Ziv was dean of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering from 1974 to 1976 and vice president for Academic Affairs from 1978 to 1982. From 1987, Ziv had spent three sabbatical leaves at the Information Research Department of Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey.
From 1955 to 1959, he served as a senior research engineer for the Scientific Department of the Israel Ministry of Defense, focused on research and development of communication systems. While studying for his doctorate at M.I.T. from 1961 to 1962, he joined the Applied Science Division of Melpar, Inc. in Watertown, Massachusetts, where he was a senior research engineer performing research in communication theory. In 1962 he returned to the Israel Ministry of Defense's scientific department, as head of the Communications Division and was
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical%20fluid%20extraction
|
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Extraction is usually from a solid matrix, but can also be from liquids. SFE can be used as a sample preparation step for analytical purposes, or on a larger scale to either strip unwanted material from a product (e.g. decaffeination) or collect a desired product (e.g. essential oils). These essential oils can include limonene and other straight solvents. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most used supercritical fluid, sometimes modified by co-solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Extraction conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide are above the critical temperature of 31 °C and critical pressure of 74 bar. Addition of modifiers may slightly alter this. The discussion below will mainly refer to extraction with CO2, except where specified.
Advantages
Selectivity
The properties of the supercritical fluid can be altered by varying the pressure and temperature, allowing selective extraction. For example, volatile oils can be extracted from a plant with low pressures (100 bar), whereas liquid extraction would also remove lipids. Lipids can be removed using pure CO2 at higher pressures, and then phospholipids can be removed by adding ethanol to the solvent. The same principle can be used to extract polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids separately from wine wastes.
Speed
Extraction is a diffusion-based proc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20process
|
In statistics and probability theory, a point process or point field is a collection of mathematical points randomly located on a mathematical space such as the real line or Euclidean space.
Point processes can be used for spatial data analysis, which is of interest in such diverse disciplines as forestry, plant ecology, epidemiology, geography, seismology, materials science, astronomy, telecommunications, computational neuroscience, economics and others.
There are different mathematical interpretations of a point process, such as a random counting measure or a random set. Some authors regard a point process and stochastic process as two different objects such that a point process is a random object that arises from or is associated with a stochastic process, though it has been remarked that the difference between point processes and stochastic processes is not clear. Others consider a point process as a stochastic process, where the process is indexed by sets of the underlying space on which it is defined, such as the real line or -dimensional Euclidean space. Other stochastic processes such as renewal and counting processes are studied in the theory of point processes. Sometimes the term "point process" is not preferred, as historically the word "process" denoted an evolution of some system in time, so point process is also called a random point field.
Point processes on the real line form an important special case that is particularly amenable to study, because the po
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariants%20of%20tensors
|
In mathematics, in the fields of multilinear algebra and representation theory, the principal invariants of the second rank tensor are the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial
,
where is the identity operator and represent the polynomial's eigenvalues.
More broadly, any scalar-valued function is an invariant of if and only if for all orthogonal . This means that a formula expressing an invariant in terms of components, , will give the same result for all Cartesian bases. For example, even though individual diagonal components of will change with a change in basis, the sum of diagonal components will not change.
Properties
The principal invariants do not change with rotations of the coordinate system (they are objective, or in more modern terminology, satisfy the principle of material frame-indifference) and any function of the principal invariants is also objective.
Calculation of the invariants of rank two tensors
In a majority of engineering applications, the principal invariants of (rank two) tensors of dimension three are sought, such as those for the right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor.
Principal invariants
For such tensors, the principal invariants are given by:
For symmetric tensors, these definitions are reduced.
The correspondence between the principal invariants and the characteristic polynomial of a tensor, in tandem with the Cayley–Hamilton theorem reveals that
where is the second-order identity tensor.
Main invariants
In addition
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20number
|
Silver number may refer to:
Silver ratio 1 +
Plastic number, the real root of the cubic equation
Gold-to-silver ratio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norio%20Taniguchi
|
was a professor of Tokyo University of Science. He coined the term nano-technology in 1974 to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer: "Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule."
Taniguchi started his research on abrasive mechanisms of high precision machining of hard and brittle materials. At Tokyo University of Science, he went on to pioneer the application of energy beam techniques to ultra precision materials processing; these included electro discharge, microwave, electron beam, photon (laser) and ion beams.
He studied the developments in machining techniques from 1940 until the early 1970s and predicted correctly that by the late 1980s, techniques would have evolved to a degree that dimensional accuracies of better than 100 nm would be achievable.
Recognition
The European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology presented Professor Taniguchi with its 1st Lifetime Achievement Award in Bremen, May 1999.
The citation on Professor Taniguchi's award read:
References
Nanotechnology: Integrated Processing Systems for Ultra-precision and Ultra-fine products, Edited by Norio Taniguchi. Associate Editors: Tsuguo Kohno, Kazuo Maruyama, Kiyoshi Iizuka, Iwao Miyamoto and Toshio Dohi. 0198562837, hardback, 424 pages, Sep 1996.
1912 births
1999 deaths
Japanese sc
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve%20of%20Atkin
|
In mathematics, the sieve of Atkin is a modern algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer. Compared with the ancient sieve of Eratosthenes, which marks off multiples of primes, the sieve of Atkin does some preliminary work and then marks off multiples of squares of primes, thus achieving a better theoretical asymptotic complexity. It was created in 2003 by A. O. L. Atkin and Daniel J. Bernstein.
Algorithm
In the algorithm:
All remainders are modulo-sixty remainders (divide the number by 60 and return the remainder).
All numbers, including and , are positive integers.
Flipping an entry in the sieve list means to change the marking (prime or nonprime) to the opposite marking.
This results in numbers with an odd number of solutions to the corresponding equation being potentially prime (prime if they are also square free), and numbers with an even number of solutions being composite.
The algorithm:
Create a results list, filled with 2, 3, and 5.
Create a sieve list with an entry for each positive integer; all entries of this list should initially be marked non prime (composite).
For each entry number in the sieve list, with modulo-sixty remainder :
If is 1, 13, 17, 29, 37, 41, 49, or 53, flip the entry for each possible solution to . The number of flipping operations as a ratio to the sieving range for this step approaches × (the "8" in the fraction comes from the eight modulos handled by this quadratic and the 60 because Atkin calculated
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furbo%2C%20County%20Galway
|
Furbo or Furbogh (Na Forbacha in Irish and English legally) is a settlement with a population of around 300 in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. It lies along the coast between Barna and Spiddal. It is a Gaeltacht area where Irish is the main language used in the school, church and at community meetings. The figure for those who self-report as speaking Irish daily is 39%. The headquarters of the Gaeltacht Authority, Údarás na Gaeltachta, is located in Na Forbacha.
It has a typical Gaeltacht style of settlement with no village street or centre, but rather comprises around fourteen townlands, most of which run north to south from the bog to the foreshore. Due to its proximity to Galway, and consequential pressure from property developers, housing developments generally have an Irish language clause applied. Housing developments have a requirement that 80% plus of housing units are reserved for Irish speakers.
The settlement consists of the following townlands: Cnocán an Bhodaigh, an Straidhp, an tSaoirsin, Baile na hAbhann, na Poillíní, Doire Uachtair, Aill an Phréacháin, an Coisméig Mór, na Forbacha Garbha, Seanadh Fhréachóg, and Cnoc na Gréine.
Furbo has a large community pitch which is used by the local Bearna-Na Forbacha hurling club, football club, and by the nearby Barna Soccer Club.
Notable people
John Henry Blake (1808–1882), land agent
Diarmuid Ó Gráinne (1950–2013), writer and journalist
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland.
References
Towns and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%20Genome%20Database
|
The Rat Genome Database (RGD) is a database of rat genomics, genetics, physiology and functional data, as well as data for comparative genomics between rat, human and mouse. RGD is responsible for attaching biological information to the rat genome via structured vocabulary, or ontology, annotations assigned to genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL), and for consolidating rat strain data and making it available to the research community. They are also developing a suite of tools for mining and analyzing genomic, physiologic and functional data for the rat, and comparative data for rat, mouse, human, and five other species.
RGD began as a collaborative effort between research institutions involved in rat genetic and genomic research. Its goal, as stated in the National Institutes of Health’s Request for Grant Application: HL-99-013, is the establishment of a Rat Genome Database to collect, consolidate, and integrate data generated from ongoing rat genetic and genomic research efforts and make this data widely available to the scientific community. A secondary, but critical goal is to provide curation of mapped positions for quantitative trait loci, known mutations and other phenotypic data.
The rat continues to be extensively used by researchers as a model organism for investigating pharmacology, toxicology, general physiology and the biology and pathophysiology of disease. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in rat genetic and genomic data. In addition to this
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s%20simplex
|
In mathematics, Pascal's simplex is a generalisation of Pascal's triangle into arbitrary number of dimensions, based on the multinomial theorem.
Generic Pascal's m-simplex
Let m (m > 0) be a number of terms of a polynomial and n (n ≥ 0) be a power the polynomial is raised to.
Let denote a Pascal's m-simplex. Each Pascal's m-simplex is a semi-infinite object, which consists of an infinite series of its components.
Let denote its nth component, itself a finite (m − 1)-simplex with the edge length n, with a notational equivalent .
nth component
consists of the coefficients of multinomial expansion of a polynomial with m terms raised to the power of n:
where .
Example for
Pascal's 4-simplex , sliced along the k4. All points of the same color belong to the same n-th component, from red (for n = 0) to blue (for n = 3).
Specific Pascal's simplices
Pascal's 1-simplex
is not known by any special name.
nth component
(a point) is the coefficient of multinomial expansion of a polynomial with 1 term raised to the power of n:
Arrangement of
which equals 1 for all n.
Pascal's 2-simplex
is known as Pascal's triangle .
nth component
(a line) consists of the coefficients of binomial expansion of a polynomial with 2 terms raised to the power of n:
Arrangement of
Pascal's 3-simplex
is known as Pascal's tetrahedron .
nth component
(a triangle) consists of the coefficients of trinomial expansion of a polynomial with 3 terms raised to the power of n:
Arrangemen
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutmann
|
Gutmann may refer to:
Gutmann (surname), including a list of people with the name
Bank Gutmann, a private bank in Vienna, Austria
Gutmann method, an algorithm used to erase the contents of a computer drive, invented by Peter Gutmann
Palais Gutmann, a Ringstraßenpalais in Vienna
See also
Gutman
Guttmann
Guttman
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatterometer
|
A scatterometer or diffusionmeter is a scientific instrument to measure the return of a beam of light or radar waves scattered by diffusion in a medium such as air. Diffusionmeters using visible light are found in airports or along roads to measure horizontal visibility. Radar scatterometers use radio or microwaves to determine the normalized radar cross section (σ0, "sigma zero" or "sigma naught") of a surface. They are often mounted on weather satellites to find wind speed and direction, and are used in industries to analyze the roughness of surfaces.
Optical
Optical diffusionmeters are devices used in meteorology to find the optical range or the horizontal visibility. They consist of a light source, usually a laser, and a receiver. Both are placed at a 35° angle downward, aimed at a common area. Lateral scattering by the air along the light beam is quantified as an attenuation coefficient. Any departure from the clear air extinction coefficient (e.g. in fog) is measured and is inversely proportional to the visibility (the greater the loss, the lower is the visibility).
These devices are found in automatic weather stations for general visibility, along airport runways for runway visual range, or along roads for visual conditions. Their main drawback is that the measurement is done over the very small volume of air between the transmitter and the receiver. The visibility reported is therefore only representative of the general conditions around the instrument in generali
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Kingdom%20National%20DNA%20Database
|
The United Kingdom National DNA Database (NDNAD; officially the UK National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database) is a national DNA Database that was set up in 1995. In 2005 it had 3.1 million profiles and in 2020 it had 6.6 million profiles (5.6 million individuals excluding duplicates). 270,000 samples were added to the database in 2019–20, populated by samples recovered from crime scenes and taken from police suspects. 124,000 were deleted for those not charged or not found guilty. There were 731,000 matches of unsolved crimes between 2001 and 2020.
Only patterns of short tandem repeats are stored in the NDNAD – not a person's full genomic sequence. Since 2014 sixteen loci of the DNA-17 system are analysed, resulting in a string of 32 numbers, being two allele repeats from each of the sixteen loci. Amelogenin is used for a rapid test of a donor's sex. Scotland has used 21 STR loci, two Y-DNA markers and the gender identifier since 2014.
However, individuals' skin or blood samples are also kept permanently linked to the database and can contain complete genetic information. Because DNA is inherited, the database can also be used to indirectly identify many others in the population related to a database subject. Stored samples can also degrade and become useless, particularly those taken with dry brushes and swabs.
The UK NDNAD is run by the Home Office, after transferring from the custodianship of the National Policing Improvement Agency (NPIA) on 1 October 2012. A major e
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode%20subscripts%20and%20superscripts
|
Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.
The World Wide Web Consortium and the Unicode Consortium have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters:
When used in mathematical context (MathML) it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts.... However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in phonetic or phonemic transcription.
Uses
The intended use when these characters were added to Unicode was to produce true superscripts and subscripts so that chemical and algebraic formulas could be written without markup. Thus "H₂O" (using a subscript 2 character) is supposed to be identical to "H2O" (with subscript markup).
In reality many fonts that include these characters ignore the Unicode definition, and instead design the digits for mathematical numerator and denominator glyphs, which are aligned with the cap line and the baseline, respectively. When used with the solidus, these glyphs are a common substitute for diagonal fractions, such as ³/₄ for the ¾ glyph. This change was made because using markup does not give a good graphic approx
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector%20%28antenna%29
|
An antenna reflector is a device that reflects electromagnetic waves. Antenna reflectors can exist as a standalone device for redirecting radio frequency (RF) energy, or can be integrated as part of an antenna assembly.
Standalone reflectors
The function of a standalone reflector is to redirect electromagnetic (EM) energy, generally in the radio wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Common standalone reflector types are
corner reflector, which reflects the incoming signal back to the direction from which it came, commonly used in radar.
flat reflector, which reflects the signal such as a mirror and is often used as a passive repeater.
Integrated reflectors
When integrated into an antenna assembly, the reflector serves to modify the radiation pattern of the antenna, increasing gain in a given direction.
Common integrated reflector types are
parabolic reflector, which focuses a beam signal into one point or directs a radiating signal into a beam.
a passive element slightly longer than and located behind a radiating dipole element that absorbs and re-radiates the signal in a directional way as in a Yagi antenna array.
a flat reflector such as used in a Short backfire antenna or Sector antenna.
a corner reflector used in UHF television antennas.
a cylindrical reflector as used in Cantenna.
Design criteria
Parameters that can directly influence the performance of an antenna with integrated reflector:
Dimensions of the reflector (Big ugly dish versus smal
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pole%20antenna
|
The J-pole antenna, more properly known as the J antenna, is a vertical omnidirectional transmitting antenna used in the shortwave frequency bands. It was invented by Hans Beggerow in 1909 for use in Zeppelin airships. Trailed behind the airship, it consisted of a single one half wavelength long wire radiator, in series with a quarter-wave parallel transmission line tuning stub that matches the antenna impedance to the feedline. By 1936 this antenna began to be used for land-based transmitters with the radiating element and the matching section mounted vertically, giving it the shape of the letter "J", and was named the J antenna by 1943. When the radiating half-wave section is mounted horizontally, at right-angles to the quarter-wave matching stub, the variation is usually called a Zepp antenna.
How it works
The J-pole antenna is an end-fed omnidirectional half-wave antenna that is matched to the feedline by a shorted quarter-wave parallel transmission line stub. For a transmitting antenna to operate efficiently, absorbing all the power provided by its feedline, the antenna must be impedance matched to the line; it must have a resistance equal to the characteristic resistance of the feedline. A half-wave antenna fed at one end has a current node at its feedpoint, giving it a very high input impedance of around 1000–4000 ohms. This is much higher than the characteristic impedance of transmission lines, so it requires an impedance matching circuit between the antenna and
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime%20USA
|
Anime USA (AUSA) is an annual three-day anime convention held during September/October at the Hyatt Regency Crystal City at Reagan National Airport in Arlington, Virginia.
Programming
The convention typically features an AMV contest, artist's alley, cosplay contest, dealer's room, host club/maid cafe, LARP, musical performances, tabletop gaming, video rooms, and workshop rooms.
History
The Northern Virginia Anime Association first organized the convention. Anime USA moved from the Sheraton Premiere in Tyson's Corner to the Hyatt Regency Crystal City in 2007, a location previously used by Katsucon and Otakon, due to the convention's growth. Renovations and the Hyatt Regency Crystal City layout caused problems during the 2008 convention. In 2010, the video games room was located in a sectioned off part of the parking garage, with at times a cap of 45 people, due to crowding and fire marshal concerns. In 2011 the video game room had to moved out of the parking garage due to concerns from the fire marshal, causing board gaming to be cancelled. For 2012, Anime USA moved to the Washington Marriott Wardman Park in Washington, D.C.
The convention partnered with the Make-A-Wish Foundation in 2011 to help an ill girl attend the convention. The conventions charity auction raised $3,621.25 for the Taylor Anderson '04 Memorial Gift Fund in 2011. The charity auction in 2012 benefited The DC Arts and Humanities Education Collaborative. Anime USA 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD5
|
CD5 or CD-5 may be:
CD5 (protein), cluster of differentiation 5 molecule, type I transmembrane protein
Compact disc, 5-inch CD, usually music CD
CD single, a music single on a 5-inch CD
CD-5 drill site at Alpine, Alaska oil field
Clusters of differentiation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20ultraviolet%20lithography
|
Extreme ultraviolet lithography (also known as EUV or EUVL) is an optical lithography technology used in semiconductor device fabrication to make integrated circuits (ICs). It uses extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths near 13.5 nm, using a laser-pulsed tin (Sn) droplet plasma (Sn ions in the ionic states from Sn IX to Sn XIV give photon emission spectral peaks around 13.5 nm from 4p64dn - 4p54dn+1 + 4dn-14f ionic state transitions.), to produce a pattern by using a reflective photomask to expose a substrate covered by photoresist. It is currently applied only in the most advanced semiconductor device fabrication.
, ASML Holding is the only company who produces and sells EUV systems for chip production, targeting 5 nm and 3 nm process nodes. At the 2019 International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), TSMC reported use of EUV for its 5 nm node in contact, via, metal line, and cut layers, where the cuts can be applied to fins, gates or metal lines. At IEDM 2020, TSMC reported its 5 nm node minimum metal pitch to be reduced 30% (to ~28 nm) from that of its 7 nm node, which was 40 nm. Samsung's 5 nm node is lithographically the same design rule as its 7 nm node, with a minimum metal pitch of 36 nm.
History
In the 1960s, visible light was used for IC-production, with wavelengths as small as 435 nm (mercury "g line"). Later UV light was used, with wavelength of at first 365nm (mercury "i line"), then excimer wavelengths first of 248 nm (krypton fluoride laser) and then 193 nm (arg
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEET
|
NEET, an acronym for "Not in Education, Employment, or Training", refers to a person who is unemployed and not receiving an education or vocational training. The classification originated in the United Kingdom in the late 1990s, and its use has spread, in varying degrees, to other countries, including Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Serbia, Canada, and the United States. The NEET category includes the unemployed (individuals without a job and seeking one), as well as individuals outside the labour force (without a job and not seeking one). It is usually age-bounded to exclude people in old-age retirement.
In the United Kingdom, the classification comprises people aged between 16 and 24 (some 16 and 17 year-olds are still of compulsory school age); the subgroup of NEETs aged 16–18 is frequently of particular focus. In Japan, the classification comprises people aged between 15 and 34 who are not employed, not engaged in housework, not enrolled in school or work-related training, and not seeking work.
A 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) said the unemployment and NEET rates for people aged 16–24 in the majority of OECD countries fell in the past decade, attributed to increased participation in education.
NEET is to be distinguished from the newly coined NLFET rate ("Neither in the Labour Force nor in Education or Training") used in the 2013 report on Global Employment Trends for Youth by the International Labour Organization.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior%20product
|
In mathematics, the interior product (also known as interior derivative, interior multiplication, inner multiplication, inner derivative, insertion operator, or inner derivation) is a degree −1 (anti)derivation on the exterior algebra of differential forms on a smooth manifold. The interior product, named in opposition to the exterior product, should not be confused with an inner product. The interior product is sometimes written as
Definition
The interior product is defined to be the contraction of a differential form with a vector field. Thus if is a vector field on the manifold then
is the map which sends a -form to the -form defined by the property that
for any vector fields
The interior product is the unique antiderivation of degree −1 on the exterior algebra such that on one-forms
where is the duality pairing between and the vector Explicitly, if is a -form and is a -form, then
The above relation says that the interior product obeys a graded Leibniz rule. An operation satisfying linearity and a Leibniz rule is called a derivation.
Properties
If in local coordinates the vector field is described by functions , then the interior product is given by
where is the form obtained by omitting from .
By antisymmetry of forms,
and so This may be compared to the exterior derivative which has the property
The interior product relates the exterior derivative and Lie derivative of differential forms by the Cartan formula (also known as the Cartan
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Italy
|
Northern Italy (, , ) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy. The Italian National Institute of Statistics defines the region as encompassing the four Northwestern regions of Piedmont, Aosta Valley, Liguria and Lombardy in addition to the four Northeastern regions of Trentino-Alto Adige, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Emilia-Romagna
With a total area of , and a population of 27.4 million as of 2022, the region covers roughly 40% of the Italian Republic and contains 46% of its population. Two of Italy's largest metropolitan areas, Milan and Turin, are located in the region. Northern Italy's GDP was estimated at about € 1 trillion in 2021, accounting for 56.5% of the Italian economy.
Northern Italy has a rich and distinct culture. Thirty-seven of the fifty-nine World Heritage Sites in Italy are found in the region. Rhaeto-Romance and Gallo-Italic languages are spoken in the region, as opposed to the Italo-Dalmatian languages spoken in the rest of Italy. The Venetian language is sometimes considered to be part of the Italo-Dalmatian languages, but some major publications such as Ethnologue (to which UNESCO refers on its page about endangered languages) and Glottolog define it as Gallo-Italic.
Definition and etymology
Northern Italy was called by different terms in different periods of history. During ancient times the terms Gallia Cisalpina, Gallia Citerior or Gallia Togata were used to define that part of Italy inhabited by Celts (Gauls) betw
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Adomian
|
George Adomian (March 21, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American mathematician of Armenian descent who developed the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) for solving nonlinear differential equations, both ordinary and partial. The method is explained, among other places, in his book Solving Frontier Problems in Physics: The Decomposition Method (Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2004). He was a faculty member at the University of Georgia (UGA) from 1966 through 1989. While at UGA, he started the Center for Applied Mathematics. Adomian was also an aerospace engineer.
Selected works
G. Adomian: Stochastic Systems, Academic Press, 1983.
G. Adomian: Nonlinear Stochastic Operator Equations, Academic Press, 1986.
G. Adomian: Nonlinear Stochastic Systems Theory and Applications to Physics, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
References
Members of the Faculty of the Mathematics Department University of Georgia
1922 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American people of Armenian descent
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
University of Georgia faculty
Mathematicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Italy
|
Central Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first-level NUTS region, and a European Parliament constituency.
Regions
Central Italy encompasses four of the country's 20 regions:
Lazio
Marches (Marche)
Tuscany (Toscana)
Umbria
The southernmost and easternmost parts of Lazio (Sora, Cassino, Gaeta, Cittaducale, Formia, and Amatrice districts) are often included in Southern Italy (the so-called Mezzogiorno) for cultural and historical reasons, since they were once part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and southern Italian dialects are spoken.
As a geographical region, however, central Italy may also include the regions of Abruzzo and Molise, which are otherwise considered part of Southern Italy for socio-cultural, linguistic and historical reasons.
Geography
It is crossed by the northern and central Apennines and is washed by the Adriatic Sea to the east, by the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ligurian Sea to the west. The main rivers of this portion of the territory are the Arno and the Tiber with their tributaries (e.g. Aniene), and the Liri-Garigliano. The most important lakes are Lake Trasimeno, Lake Montedoglio, Lake Bolsena, Lake Bracciano, Lake Vico, Lake Albano and Lake Nemi. From an altimetric point of view, central Italy has a predominantly hilly territory (68.9%). The mountainous and flat areas are equivalent to 26.9% and 4.2% of the territorial distribution respectively.
Hi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adomian%20decomposition%20method
|
The Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is a semi-analytical method for solving ordinary and partial nonlinear differential equations. The method was developed from the 1970s to the 1990s by George Adomian, chair of the Center for Applied Mathematics at the University of Georgia.
It is further extensible to stochastic systems by using the Ito integral.
The aim of this method is towards a unified theory for the solution of partial differential equations (PDE); an aim which has been superseded by the more general theory of the homotopy analysis method.
The crucial aspect of the method is employment of the "Adomian polynomials" which allow for solution convergence of the nonlinear portion of the equation, without simply linearizing the system. These polynomials mathematically generalize to a Maclaurin series about an arbitrary external parameter; which gives the solution method more flexibility than direct Taylor series expansion.
Ordinary differential equations
Adomian method is well suited to solve Cauchy problems, an important class of problems which include initial conditions problems.
Application to a first order nonlinear system
An example of initial condition problem for an ordinary differential equation is the following:
To solve the problem, the highest degree differential operator (written here as L) is put on the left side, in the following way:
with L = d/dt and . Now the solution is assumed to be an infinite series of contributions:
Replacing in the
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelmslev
|
Hjelmslev may refer to:
Persons
Louis Hjelmslev
Johannes Hjelmslev
Other
Hjelmslev's theorem
Hjelmslev transformation
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular%20Italy
|
Insular Italy ( or just , meaning "islands") is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a first level NUTS region and a European Parliament constituency. Insular Italy encompasses two of the country's 20 regions: Sardinia and Sicily.
Geography
Insular Italy occupies one sixth of the national territory in surface area. Territorially, both Sicily and Sardinia include several minor islands and archipelagoes that are administratively dependent on the mother islands.
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean (25,708 km2) and one of the largest of Europe, while Sardinia is only slightly less extensive (24,090 km2). The lowlands are generally limited in the geographic region and generally appear as narrow coastal belts. The only exceptions are the Campidano and Nurra, in Sardinia, and the Plain of Catania, in Sicily, which extend 1200 km2 and 430 km,2 respectively. The rest of the area is prevalently hilly, with hills occupying 70% of the territory.
Sicily is home to Mount Etna, Italy's highest non-Alpine peak and Europe's largest active volcano. Sardinia is home to the Gennargentu mountain range.
Demographics
The population of Insular Italy totals combined over 6.7 million residents. Insular Italy has a population density of less than half the national average mainly because of the scarce population of Sardinia, one of the least densely populated regions of Italy and Europe. Sicily, on the other hand,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Belt
|
Orange Belt may refer to the following:
A level in the Japanese system of classification known as Kyū.
The second outermost road in the Allegheny County belt system.
Orange Belt Railway in Florida
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Armstrong%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201971%29
|
Christopher Peter Armstrong (born 19 June 1971) is an English former footballer who played professionally as a striker from 1989 to 2005.
He notably played in the Premier League for Crystal Palace and Tottenham Hotspur. He grew up in North Wales, where he played in the amateur game for Llay Welfare before making his professional debut for Wrexham in 1989. After one season at Millwall, he made a £1 million transfer to Crystal Palace of the Premier League in 1992. In March 1995, he became the first Premier League player to receive a doping ban, testing positive for cannabis. He joined Tottenham Hotspur that June for a club record £4.5 million and was part of their team that won the League Cup in 1999. After a one-game spell at Bolton Wanderers, he returned to Wrexham for the remainder of his career.
Armstrong was tracked by the international teams of Wales, Nigeria and the Republic of Ireland but rejected all three. He earned one cap for England B in 1994 and was called up to the senior side in March 1999 but did not play.
Club career
Early career
Armstrong was born in Newcastle upon Tyne to an Irish father and Nigerian mother, and moved to London at age three. He was raised by foster parents in Wales, where he began playing as an amateur goalkeeper in local leagues, before leaving school and giving up on football aged 16. A friend reintroduced him to the game by bringing him to Llay Welfare in the Welsh National League, while he packed burgers during the day for £30 a wee
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20sheath
|
Rod sheath is an area identified in histologic sections of a tooth. It is found where enamel rods, the functional unit of enamel, meet interrod enamel. The crystals of both types of enamel meet at sharp angles and form the appearance of a space called the rod sheath. As a result of this space, the rod sheath consists of more protein (as opposed to minerals) than other areas of enamel. For this reason, the rod sheath is characterized as being hypomineralized in comparison to the rest of the highly mineralized enamel.
Additionally, the rod sheath is attributed with giving tooth enamel a "fish-scale" appearance under a microscope when the enamel has been demineralized or acid-etched.
The rod sheath is Inorganic matrix tying the enamel rods together
References
Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. .
Parts of tooth
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow%20Belt
|
Yellow Belt may refer to the following:
A level in the Japanese system of classification known as Kyū.
A road in the Allegheny County belt system.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1697%20in%20music
|
The year 1697 in music involved some significant events.
Events
Antonio Stradivari makes the Castelbarco cello.
Giuseppe Torelli arrives at the court of Ansbach.
Daniel Purcell and Jeremiah Clarke collaborate on the music for Elkanah Settle's play, World in the Moon.
The Opéra du Quai au Foin in Brussels closes for the last time.
Publications
Guilio Cesare Arresti – 18 Sonate da organo di varii autori (includes work by Pietro Ziani, Giovanni Bassani, Giovanni Colonna, Bernardo Pasquini, and others, as well as Arresti himself)
Philipp Heinrich Erlebach – Harmonische Freude musicalischer Freunde
Aurelio Paolini – Suonate da camera a 3, Op. 1 (Venice: Giuseppe Sala)
Henry Purcell – Ten Sonata’s in Four Parts (trio sonatas), published posthumously in London (Nos. 1–4 composed c1678–79, Nos. 7–9 possibly in 1681–82, No. 10 possibly 1683–84)
Giovanni Maria Ruggieri – 10 Suonate da Chiesa, Op.4
Daniel Speer – Grund-richtiger Unterricht der Musicalischen Kunst
Classical music
Jeremiah Clarke – The Duke of Glocester's March
François Couperin – Laudate pueri
Henri Dumont – Motets de Mr. Dumont a 4 parties
Johann Krieger
Sechs musicalische Partien
Uns ist ein Kind geboren
Carl Rosier – Sonata in C major, Kuckuckssonate
Johann Christoph Rothe – St Matthew Passion
Opera
Hendrik Anders – Min- en wijn-strijd
Antonio Caldara – La promessa sebata al primo
André Campra – L'Europe galante (opera-ballet)
Sebastiano Cherici – Ildegonda
Henri Desmarets – Venus et Adonis
André Cardinal Destou
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/947%20%28radio%20station%29
|
947 (formerly 94.7 Highveld Stereo) is a radio station that broadcasts on the 94.7FM frequency from Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.
History
The station first went on the air on 1 September 1964, as the first SABC regional FM service, Radio Highveld. At that time the station broadcast hourly news bulletins and easy listening music. In September 1996 the SABC sold Radio Highveld to private enterprise.
Today this station, along with a number of other radio stations in South Africa, is owned by Primedia.
On 1 September 2014 the station decided to drop the logo that they have been using for over a decade. The station is also no longer known as Highveld Stereo as the name changed to being just 947.
According to the latest BRC RAM figures shows that 947 has crossed the milestone of 1 million listeners per week. The survey indicated that 947 has 1,055,000 listeners, up from 704,000 year-on-year – a huge leap and one that makes 947 the biggest regional station in Gauteng.
Format and Programming
According to SAARF, 947 (formerly 94.7 Highveld Stereo) is ranked as South Africa's 15th most listened to radio station, with an average weekly listenership of 1.2 million people.
The target listener demographic is aimed at 25- to 40-year-olds, and as such the station tends to play contemporary "soft" rock, and current pop hits, but has moved away from playing the classic hits, which was consistent with their format up until a programming overhaul in 2010.
947 plays South African
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal%20gammopathy%20of%20undetermined%20significance
|
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which plasma cells or other types of antibody-producing cells secrete a myeloma protein, i.e. an abnormal antibody, into the blood; this abnormal protein is usually found during standard laboratory blood or urine tests. MGUS resembles multiple myeloma and similar diseases, but the levels of antibodies are lower, the number of plasma cells (white blood cells that secrete antibodies) in the bone marrow is lower, and it rarely has symptoms or major problems. However, since MGUS can lead to multiple myeloma, which develops at the rate of about 1.5% a year, or other symptomatic conditions, yearly monitoring is recommended.
The progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma usually involves several steps. In rare cases, it may also be related with a slowly progressive symmetric distal sensorimotor neuropathy.
Signs and symptoms
People with monoclonal gammopathy generally do not experience signs or symptoms. Some people may experience a rash or nerve problems, such as numbness or tingling. MGUS is usually detected by chance when the patient has a blood test for another condition or as part of standard screening.
Pathophysiology
Pathologically, the lesion in MGUS is in fact very similar to that in multiple myeloma. There is a predominance of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow with an abnormal immunophenotype (CD38+ CD56+ CD19−) mixed in with cells of a normal phenotype (CD38+ CD56− CD19+); in M
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical%20analysis
|
In statistics, canonical analysis (from bar, measuring rod, ruler) belongs to the family of regression methods for data analysis. Regression analysis quantifies a relationship between a predictor variable and a criterion variable by the coefficient of correlation r, coefficient of determination r2, and the standard regression coefficient β. Multiple regression analysis expresses a relationship between a set of predictor variables and a single criterion variable by the multiple correlation R, multiple coefficient of determination R2, and a set of standard partial regression weights β1, β2, etc. Canonical variate analysis captures a relationship between a set of predictor variables and a set of criterion variables by the canonical correlations ρ1, ρ2, ..., and by the sets of canonical weights C and D.
Canonical analysis
Canonical analysis belongs to a group of methods which involve solving the characteristic equation for its latent roots and vectors. It describes formal structures in hyperspace invariant with respect to the rotation of their coordinates. In this type of solution, rotation leaves many optimizing properties preserved, provided it takes place in certain ways and in a subspace of its corresponding hyperspace. This rotation from the maximum intervariate correlation structure into a different, simpler and more meaningful structure increases the interpretability of the canonical weights C and D. In this the canonical analysis differs from Harold Hotelling's (1936)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco%20BY-2%20cells
|
Tobacco BY-2 cells is a cell line of plant cells, which was established from a callus induced on a seedling of Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-2 (cultivar Bright Yellow - 2 of the tobacco plant).
Overview
Tobacco BY-2 cells are nongreen, fast growing plant cells which can multiply their numbers up to 100-fold within one week in adequate culture medium (such as Murashige and Skoog medium) and good culture conditions. This cultivar of tobacco is kept as a cell culture and more specifically as cell suspension culture (a specialized population of cells growing in liquid medium, they are raised by scientists in order to study a specific biological property of a plant cell). In cell suspension cultures, each of the cells is floating independently or at most only in short chains in a culture medium. Each of the cells has similar properties to the others. The model plant system is comparable to HeLa cells for human research. Because the organism is relatively simple and predictable it makes the study of biological processes easier, and can be an intermediate step towards understanding more complex organisms. They are used by plant physiologists and molecular biologists as a model organism.
They are used as model systems for higher plants because of their relatively high homogeneity and high growth rate, featuring still general behaviour of plant cell. The diversity of cell types within any part of a naturally grown plant (in vivo) makes it very difficult to investigate and understand some
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Purcell
|
Daniel Purcell (c. 1664 – buried 26 November 1717) was an English Baroque composer, the younger brother or cousin of Henry Purcell.
Biography
Like Henry Purcell before him, Daniel Purcell joined the choir of the Chapel Royal at about the age of 14. In his mid-twenties he was appointed organist of Magdalen College, Oxford where he began to compose. In 1695 he moved to London to compose for the theatre providing incidental music for more than 40 plays. One of his first engagements was to complete the concluding Masque for Act V of the semi-opera The Indian Queen, the preceding music for which had been written by Henry Purcell during the early months of 1695. It is unclear whether Daniel Purcell had been engaged because of pressure to complete the score in time for the first performance or as a result of Henry Purcell's failing health and subsequent death. The performance history of the piece is uncertain, and the first performance may have gone ahead without Daniel Purcell's contribution.
In 1696 he composed the score for the semi-opera Brutus of Alba to a libretto by George Powell. In 1701, he came third in a competition for the best musical setting of William Congreve's masque, The Judgment of Paris. His instrumental compositions published c.1710 included sets of sonatas and trio sonatas for recorder in addition to works for violin. In 1713, at the age of 49 he was appointed organist of St Andrew's, Holborn, a position he held until his death. He was subsequently buried in
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20key
|
Greek key may refer to:
Greek key (art), a decorative border constructed from a continuous line, shaped into a repeated motif
Greek key (protein structure), a repeated motif in the secondary structure in proteins
See also
Greek keyboard
Greek keyhole limpet
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctuoidea
|
Noctuoidea is the superfamily of noctuid (Latin "night owl") or "owlet" moths, and has more than 70,000 described species, the largest number of any Lepidopteran superfamily. Its classification has not yet reached a satisfactory or stable state. Since the end of the 20th century, increasing availability of molecular phylogenetic data for this hugely successful radiation has led to several competing proposals for a taxonomic arrangement that correctly represents the relationships between the major lineages.
Briefly, the disputes center on the fact that in old treatments (which were just as unable to reach a general consensus) the distinctness of some groups, such as the Arctiinae or Lymantriidae, was overrated due to their characteristic appearance, while some less-studied lineages conventionally held to be Noctuidae are in fact quite distinct. This requires a rearrangement at least of the latter family (by simply including anything disputed within it). This is quite unwieldy, and various more refined treatments have been proposed in response to it. While there is general agreement on what the basal families of Noctuoidea are, the more diverse advanced group may be treated as one all-encompassing Noctuidae, two huge and two smaller, or even (if Arctiinae or Lymantriidae are kept distinct) more than four families, which are in some cases still quite sizeable.
Recent developments
There are several recent studies suggesting a radical change in the traditional family level clas
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohring%20effect
|
The Mohring effect is the observation that, if the frequency of a transit service (e.g., buses per hour) increases with demand, then a rise in demand shortens the waiting times of passengers at stops and stations. Because waiting time forms part of the costs of transportation, the Mohring effect implies increasing returns to scale for scheduled urban transport services.
The effect was named for the University of Minnesota economist Herbert Mohring, who identified this property in a 1972 paper.
Example
For example, suppose that passengers arrive randomly at a bus stop over the course of an hour, while the bus arrives once per hour. The average waiting time is 30 minutes. If the number of passengers per hour increases sufficiently to justify two buses per hour, then the average waiting time falls to 15 minutes. The presence of additional users lowers the cost of existing passengers. This anti-congestion effect is opposite to the usual road congestion effect, where an increase in the number of the users decreases the speed and the quality of service of the other users.
Transit subsidies
The Mohring effect is often referenced in support of transit subsidies, on the grounds that subsidy is required to achieve marginal cost pricing when the Mohring effect is relevant. The average cost of a passenger-journey includes the average waiting time, while the marginal cost includes only the average waiting time less the diminution in total waiting time caused by the increase in frequ
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuffing%20box
|
A stuffing box or gland package is an assembly which is used to house a gland seal. It is used to prevent leakage of fluid, such as water or steam, between sliding or turning parts of machine elements.
Components
A stuffing box of a sailing boat will have a stern tube that is slightly bigger than the prop shaft. It will also have packing nut threads or a gland nut. The packing is inside the gland nut and creates the seal. The shaft is wrapped by the packing and put in the gland nut. Through tightening it onto the stern tube, the packing is compressed, creating a seal against the shaft. Creating a proper plunger alignment is critical for correct flow and a long wear life. Stuffing box components are of stainless steel, brass or other application-specific materials. Compression packing is rigorously tested to ensure effective sealing in valves, pumps, agitators, and other rotary equipment.
Gland
A gland is a general type of stuffing box, used to seal a rotating or reciprocating shaft against a fluid. The most common example is in the head of a tap (faucet) where the gland is usually packed with string which has been soaked in tallow or similar grease. The gland nut allows the packing material to be compressed to form a watertight seal and prevent water leaking up the shaft when the tap is turned on. The gland at the rotating shaft of a centrifugal pump may be packed in a similar way and graphite grease used to accommodate continuous operation. The linear seal around the p
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory%20enzyme
|
A regulatory enzyme is an enzyme in a biochemical pathway which, through its responses to the presence of certain other biomolecules, regulates the pathway activity. This is usually done for pathways whose products may be needed in different amounts at different times, such as hormone production. Regulatory enzymes exist at high concentrations (low Vmax) so their activity can be increased or decreased with changes in substrate concentrations.
The enzymes which catalyse chemical reactions again and again are called regulatory enzymes.
Overview
Generally, it is considered that a hyperbolic structured protein in specific media conditions is ready to do its task, it is active, but some specific deactivation, are responsible for the regulation of some metabolism pathways. Regulatory enzymes are commonly the first enzyme in a multienzyme system: the product of the reaction catalyzed by the first enzyme is the substrate of the second enzyme, so the cell can control the amount of resulting product by regulating the activity of the first enzyme of the pathway.
There are many strategies of activation and deactivation of regulatory enzymes. Regulatory enzymes require an extra activation process and need to pass through some modifications in their 3D in order to become functional, for instance, catalyzing enzymes (regulatory enzymes). The regulation of the activation of these catalyzing enzymes is needed in order to regulate the whole reaction speed, so that it is possible to obtai
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native%20resolution
|
The native resolution of an liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) or other flat panel display refers to its single fixed resolution. As an LCD consists of a fixed raster, it cannot change resolution to match the signal being displayed as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor can, meaning that optimal display quality can be reached only when the signal input matches the native resolution. An image where the number of pixels is the same as in the image source and where the pixels are perfectly aligned to the pixels in the source is said to be pixel perfect.
While CRT monitors can usually display images at various resolutions, an LCD monitor has to rely on interpolation (scaling of the image), which causes a loss of image quality. An LCD has to scale up a smaller image to fit into the area of the native resolution. This is the same principle as taking a smaller image in an image editing program and enlarging it; the smaller image loses its sharpness when it is expanded. This is especially problematic as most resolutions are in a 4:3 aspect ratio (640×480, 800×600, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1600×1200) but there are odd resolutions that are not, notably 1280×1024. If a user were to map 1024×768 to a 1280×1024 screen there would be distortion as well as some image errors, as there is not a one-to-one mapping with regard to pixels. This results in noticeable quality loss and the image is much less sharp.
In theory, some resolutions could work well, if they are exact
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knebelite
|
Knebelite is a manganese variety of the fayalite-tephroite series with formula . It forms dark green orthorhombic crystals. It is reported from a variety of locations in Sweden as well as South Africa, Russia, British Columbia, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
References
Manganese(II) minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Nesosilicates
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Zealand%20Ecological%20Restoration%20Network
|
New Zealand Ecological Restoration Network (NZERN) is an environmental organisation dedicated to protecting and restoring the biodiversity of New Zealand.
References
Environmental organisations based in New Zealand
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%E2%80%93protein%20interaction
|
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Many are physical contacts with molecular associations between chains that occur in a cell or in a living organism in a specific biomolecular context.
Proteins rarely act alone as their functions tend to be regulated. Many molecular processes within a cell are carried out by molecular machines that are built from numerous protein components organized by their PPIs. These physiological interactions make up the so-called interactomics of the organism, while aberrant PPIs are the basis of multiple aggregation-related diseases, such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob and Alzheimer's diseases.
PPIs have been studied with many methods and from different perspectives: biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, signal transduction, among others. All this information enables the creation of large protein interaction networks – similar to metabolic or genetic/epigenetic networks – that empower the current knowledge on biochemical cascades and molecular etiology of disease, as well as the discovery of putative protein targets of therapeutic interest.
Examples
Electron transfer proteins
In many metabolic reactions, a protein that acts as an electron carrier binds to an enzyme that acts as its reductase. After it receives an e
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid%20thermal%20processing
|
Rapid thermal processing (RTP) is a semiconductor manufacturing process which heats silicon wafers to temperatures exceeding 1,000°C for not more than a few seconds. During cooling wafer temperatures must be brought down slowly to prevent dislocations and wafer breakage due to thermal shock. Such rapid heating rates are often attained by high intensity lamps or lasers. These processes are used for a wide variety of applications in semiconductor manufacturing including dopant activation, thermal oxidation, metal reflow and chemical vapor deposition.
Temperature control
One of the key challenges in rapid thermal processing is accurate measurement and control of the wafer temperature. Monitoring the ambient with a thermocouple has only recently become feasible, in that the high temperature ramp rates prevent the wafer from coming to thermal equilibrium with the process chamber. One temperature control strategy involves in situ pyrometry to effect real time control. Used for melting iron for welding purposes.
Rapid thermal anneal
Rapid thermal anneal (RTA) in rapid thermal processing is a process used in semiconductor device fabrication which involves heating a single wafer at a time in order to affect its electrical properties. Unique heat treatments are designed for different effects. Wafers can be heated in order to activate dopants, change film-to-film or film-to-wafer substrate interfaces, densify deposited films, change states of grown films, repair damage from ion i
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20plant%20communities%20in%20the%20British%20National%20Vegetation%20Classification
|
The following is the list of the 286 plant communities which comprise the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC). These are grouped by major habitat category, as used in the five volumes of British Plant Communities, the standard work describing the NVC.
Woodland and scrub communities
The following 25 communities are described in Volume 1 of British Plant Communities. For an article summarising these communities see Woodland and scrub communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
W1 Salix cinerea - Galium palustre woodland
W2 Salix cinerea - Betula pubescens - Phragmites australis woodland
W3 Salix pentandra - Carex rostrata woodland
W4 Betula pubescens - Molinia caerulea woodland
W5 Alnus glutinosa - Carex paniculata woodland
W6 Alnus glutinosa - Urtica dioica woodland
W7 Alnus glutinosa - Fraxinus excelsior - Lysimachia nemorum woodland
W8 Fraxinus excelsior - Acer campestre - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W9 Fraxinus excelsior - Sorbus aucuparia - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W10 Quercus robur - Pteridium aquilinum - Rubus fruticosus woodland
W11 Quercus petraea - Betula pubescens - Oxalis acetosella woodland
W12 Fagus sylvatica - Mercurialis perennis woodland
W13 Taxus baccata woodland
W14 Fagus sylvatica - Rubus fruticosus woodland
W15 Fagus sylvatica - Deschampsia flexuosa woodland
W16 Quercus spp. - Betula spp. - Deschampsia flexuosa woodland
W17 Quercus petraea - Betula pubescens - Dicranum majus woodland
W18 Pi
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20W13
|
NVC community W13 (Taxus baccata woodland), also known as Yew woodland, is one of the woodland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system; it is the only Yew woodland community in the NVC.
This is a very localised community. There are two subcommunities:
Community composition
Only one constant species is found in this community, Yew (Taxus baccata).
A single rare species, European Box (Buxus sempervirens) is also associated with the community.
Distribution
This community is almost wholly confined to chalk sites on the North and South Downs in southern England.
Subcommunities
There are two subcommunities:
the Sorbus aria subcommunity
the Mercurialis perennis subcommunity
References
Rodwell, J. S. (1991) British Plant Communities Volume 1 - Woodlands and scrub (hardback), (paperback)
W13
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%20protein
|
M protein may refer to:
M protein (Streptococcus), a virulence factor of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes
Viral matrix protein, structural protein linking the viral envelope with the virus capsid
Coronavirus membrane protein, structural protein expressed from the M gene in coronaviruses
Myeloma protein, also called paraprotein, an abnormal protein in the urine or blood, often seen in multiple myeloma or monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
MYOM2 (Myomesin-2), a protein composing the M-line of muscle cell sarcomeres
Protein M, immunoglobulin-binding protein found on the surface of the bacterium Mycoplasma genitalium
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dini%20derivative
|
In mathematics and, specifically, real analysis, the Dini derivatives (or Dini derivates) are a class of generalizations of the derivative. They were introduced by Ulisse Dini, who studied continuous but nondifferentiable functions.
The upper Dini derivative, which is also called an upper right-hand derivative, of a continuous function
is denoted by and defined by
where is the supremum limit and the limit is a one-sided limit. The lower Dini derivative, , is defined by
where is the infimum limit.
If is defined on a vector space, then the upper Dini derivative at in the direction is defined by
If is locally Lipschitz, then is finite. If is differentiable at , then the Dini derivative at is the usual derivative at .
Remarks
The functions are defined in terms of the infimum and supremum in order to make the Dini derivatives as "bullet proof" as possible, so that the Dini derivatives are well-defined for almost all functions, even for functions that are not conventionally differentiable. The upshot of Dini's analysis is that a function is differentiable at the point on the real line (), only if all the Dini derivatives exist, and have the same value.
Sometimes the notation is used instead of and is used instead of .
Also,
and
.
So when using the notation of the Dini derivatives, the plus or minus sign indicates the left- or right-hand limit, and the placement of the sign indicates the infimum or supremum limit.
There are two further Dini derivative
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bugaboos
|
The Bugaboos are a mountain range in the Purcell Mountains of eastern British Columbia, Canada. The granite spires of the group are a popular mountaineering destination. The Bugaboos are protected within Bugaboo Provincial Park.
Geography
The Bugaboos are located in the northwestern extreme of the Purcells in the Columbia Mountains, in the south-east of the province. The nearest towns are Radium and Golden. They are commonly subdivided into four divisions: the Bugaboo Glacier Peaks, and the Eastern, Central, and Western Spires. The nearby Vowell and Conrad Groups are usually considered separate from the Bugaboos.
Geology
Located in the snow- and rain-heavy "Columbia Wet Belt", this section of the Purcells is subject to heavy erosion and large, active glaciers. Originally covered in weaker rock, glaciation eventually revealed the granodiorite batholiths which form the group's distinctive spires. The surrounding rock is approximately 600 million to 1 billion years old, while the Bugaboo intrusion dates to 135 million years ago. The igneous intrusion cooled slowly, forming the crystalline structure of the hard granite found today.
History
Originally named the "Nunataks", the Bugaboo spires were first noted by a surveying expedition in the late 1800s. Mining brought the first Europeans to the region with a small, ill-fated gold rush occurring in 1895 and 1896 near Bugaboo Falls. The area was prospected and staked, but the meager deposits turned out to be mostly pyrite
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20storage
|
Stable storage is a classification of computer data storage technology that guarantees atomicity for any given write operation and allows software to be written that is robust against some hardware and power failures. To be considered atomic, upon reading back a just written-to portion of the disk, the storage subsystem must return either the write data or the data that was on that portion of the disk before the write operations.
Most computer disk drives are not considered stable storage because they do not guarantee atomic write; an error could be returned upon subsequent read of the disk where it was just written to in lieu of either the new or prior data.
Implementation
Multiple techniques have been developed to achieve the atomic property from weakly atomic devices such as disks. Writing data to a disk in two places in a specific way is one technique and can be done by application software.
Most often though, stable storage functionality is achieved by mirroring data on separate disks via RAID technology (level 1 or greater). The RAID controller implements the disk writing algorithms that enable separate disks to act as stable storage.
The RAID technique is robust against some single disk failure in an array of disks whereas the software technique of writing to separate areas of the same disk only protects against some kinds of internal disk media failures such as bad sectors in single disk arrangements.
Computer data storage
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellomics
|
Cellomics is the discipline of quantitative cell analysis using bioimaging methods and informatics with a workflow involving three major components: image acquisition, image analysis, and data visualization and management. These processes are generally automated. All three of these components depend on sophisticated software to acquire qualitative data, quantitative data, and the management of both images and data, respectively. Cellomics is also a trademarked term, which is often used interchangeably with high-content analysis (HCA) or high-content screening (HCS), but cellomics extends beyond HCA/HCS by incorporating sophisticated informatics tools.
History
HCS and the discipline of cellomics was pioneered by a once privately held company named Cellomics Inc., which commercialized instruments, software, and reagents to facilitate the study of cells in culture, and more specifically, their responses to potentially therapeutic drug-like molecules. In 2005, Cellomics was acquired by Fisher Scientific International, Inc., now Thermo Fisher Scientific, which continues developing cellomics-centered products under its Thermo Scientific™ high content analysis product line.
Applications
Like many of the -omics, e.g., genomics and proteomics, applications have grown in depth and breadth over time. Currently there are over 40 different application areas that cellomics is used in, including the analysis of 3-D cell models, angiogenesis, and cell-signalling. Originally a tool used
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s%20twelfth%20problem
|
Hilbert's twelfth problem is the extension of the Kronecker–Weber theorem on abelian extensions of the rational numbers, to any base number field. It is one of the 23 mathematical Hilbert problems and asks for analogues of the roots of unity that generate a whole family of further number fields, analogously to the cyclotomic fields and their subfields. Leopold Kronecker described the complex multiplication issue as his , or "dearest dream of his youth", so the problem is also known as Kronecker's Jugendtraum.
The classical theory of complex multiplication, now often known as the , does this for the case of any imaginary quadratic field, by using modular functions and elliptic functions chosen with a particular period lattice related to the field in question. Goro Shimura extended this to CM fields. In the special case of totally real fields, Samit Dasgupta and Mahesh Kakde provided a construction of the maximal abelian extension of totally real fields using the Brumer–Stark conjecture.
The general case of Hilbert's twelfth problem is still open .
Description of the problem
The fundamental problem of algebraic number theory is to describe the fields of algebraic numbers. The work of Galois made it clear that field extensions are controlled by certain groups, the Galois groups. The simplest situation, which is already at the boundary of what is well understood, is when the group in question is abelian. All quadratic extensions, obtained by adjoining the roots of a quadrati
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20oxide%20battery
|
A silver oxide battery (IEC code: S) is a primary cell using silver oxide as the cathode material and zinc for the anode. These cells maintain a nearly constant nominal voltage during discharge until fully depleted. They are available in small sizes as button cells, where the amount of silver used is minimal and not a prohibitively expensive contributor to the overall product cost.
Silver oxide primary batteries account for 30% of all primary battery sales in Japan (64 out of 212 million in February 2020).
Large silver oxide batteries were used on early ICBM's and satellites because of their high energy-to-weight ratio. For example the Corona reconnaissance satellites used them, as did the Agena-D rocket upper stage. Later, they were also used in the Apollo Lunar Module and lunar rover.
Chemistry
A silver oxide battery uses silver(I) oxide as the positive electrode (cathode), zinc as the negative electrode (anode), plus an alkaline electrolyte, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). The silver is reduced at the cathode from Ag(I) to Ag, and the zinc is oxidized from Zn to Zn(II).
The half-cell reaction at the positive plate:
Ag2O + H2O + 2e- -> 2Ag (v) + 2OH-,
The half-cell reaction at the negative plate:
{Zn} + 2OH^- -> \overset{Zinc~hydroxide}{Zn(OH)2} + 2e-,
Overall reaction:
Zn + H2O + Ag2O -> Zn(OH)2 + 2Ag(v),
Overall reaction (anhydrous form):
Zn + Ag2O ->[\ce{KOH/NaOH}] ZnO + 2Ag (v)
Mercury content
Until 2004, all silver ox
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20busiest%20airports%20by%20international%20passenger%20traffic
|
The following is a list of the world's largest airports by international passenger traffic.
2022 statistics
Airports Council International's preliminary figures are as follows.
2021 statistics
Airports Council International's preliminary figures are as follows.
2020 statistics
Airports Council International's preliminary figures are as follows.
2019 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2018 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2017 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2016 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) preliminary figures are as follows.
2015 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
2014 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
2013 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
2011 statistics
Airports Council International's (January–December) figures are as follows.
See also
List of busiest airports by passenger traffic
List of busiest airports by cargo traffic
List of busiest airports by aircraft movements
List of international airports by country
Airport of entry
Notes
References
International Passenger Traffic, Airports Council International
Busiest airports by international passenger traffic
International
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosser%27s%20theorem
|
In number theory, Rosser's theorem states that the th prime number is greater than , where is the natural logarithm function. It was published by J. Barkley Rosser in 1939.
Its full statement is:
Let be the th prime number. Then for
In 1999, Pierre Dusart proved a tighter lower bound:
See also
Prime number theorem
References
External links
Rosser's theorem article on Wolfram Mathworld.
Theorems about prime numbers
de:John Barkley Rosser#Satz von Rosser
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20extraction
|
In molecular biology, gel extraction or gel isolation is a technique used to isolate a desired fragment of intact DNA from an agarose gel following agarose gel electrophoresis. After extraction, fragments of interest can be mixed, precipitated, and enzymatically ligated together in several simple steps. This process, usually performed on plasmids, is the basis for rudimentary genetic engineering.
After DNA samples are run on an agarose gel, extraction involves four basic steps: identifying the fragments of interest, isolating the corresponding bands, isolating the DNA from those bands, and removing the accompanying salts and stain.
To begin, UV light is shone on the gel in order to illuminate all the ethidium bromide-stained DNA. Care must be taken to avoid exposing the DNA to mutagenic radiation for longer than absolutely necessary. The desired band is identified and physically removed with a cover slip or razor blade. The removed slice of gel should contain the desired DNA inside. An alternative method, utilizing SYBR Safe DNA gel stain and blue-light illumination, avoids the DNA damage associated with ethidium bromide and UV light.
Several strategies for isolating and cleaning the DNA fragment of interest exist.
Spin Column Extraction
Gel extraction kits are available from several major biotech manufacturers for a final cost of approximately 1–2 US$ per sample.
Protocols included in these kits generally call for the dissolution of the gel-slice in 3 volumes of chao
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaminase
|
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins.
Function and mechanism
An amino acid contains an amine (NH2) group. A keto acid contains a keto (=O) group. In transamination, the NH2 group on one molecule is exchanged with the =O group on the other molecule. The amino acid becomes a keto acid, and the keto acid becomes an amino acid.
Most transaminases are protein enzymes. However, some transamination activities of the ribosome have been found to be catalyzed by ribozymes (RNA enzymes). Examples being the hammerhead ribozyme, the VS ribozyme and the hairpin ribozyme.
Transaminases require the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate, which is converted into pyridoxamine in the first half-reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid. Enzyme-bound pyridoxamine in turn reacts with pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or alpha-ketoglutarate, giving alanine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, respectively. Many transamination reactions occur in tissues, catalysed by transaminases specific for a particular amino/keto acid pair. The reactions are readily reversible, the direction being determined by which of the reactants are in excess. This reversibility can be exploited for synthetic chemistry applications to achieve the synthesis of valuable chiral amines. The specific enzymes are named from one of the reactant pairs, for example; the re
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza%20Kianian
|
Reza Kianian (, born June 19, 1951, in Tehran) is an Iranian actor. He has received various accolades, including two Crystal Simorgh, a Hafez Award and two Iran Cinema Celebration Awards.
Early life
Kianian is the second child of a family of 9; he has 4 brothers and 2 sisters. When he was 1 year old, his family moved to Mashhad. His first acting coach was his older brother, Davood. In 1965, Davood directed and coached Reza in his first role in a play titled Az Paa Nayoftadeha, written by Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi. He continued to work with Davood's theater troupe for the next 3 years, when he moved back to Tehran to study fine arts at the University of Tehran, where he graduated in 1976. Reza Kianian married his wife, Hayedeh, on March 21 (the Persian New Year) in 1983.
Career
Theater
Kianian starting his acting career in theater. He began acting in 1965, when he was only 15 years old. Later on in life, he took the stage in renditions of plays such as Antigone, Petty Bourgeois, Simon Masha Figures, Mississippi's Marriage, Souvenir of the Sand Years and many more. In April 2010, after a six-year hiatus from theater, Kianian returned to stage under the direction of Atila Pesyani in Professor Bvbvs.
Television
Reza Kianian has acted in some television series as well. Perhaps his most memorable role in television has been his character 'Jamshid' in Shellike Nahayi (The Final Shot) directed by Mohsen Shahmohammadi, where 'Jamshid-style' outfits and hairstyle became popular wit
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20resonance
|
A shape resonance is a metastable state in which an electron is trapped due to the shape of a potential barrier.
Altunata describes a state as being a shape resonance if, "the internal state of the system remains unchanged upon disintegration of the quasi-bound level."
A more general discussion of resonances and their taxonomies in molecular system can be found in the review article by Schulz,; for the discovery of the Fano resonance line-shape and for the Majorana pioneering work in this field by Antonio Bianconi; and for
a mathematical review by Combes et al.
Quantum mechanics
In quantum mechanics, a shape resonance, in contrast to a Feshbach resonance, is a resonance which is not turned into a bound state if the coupling between some degrees of freedom and the degrees of freedom associated to the fragmentation (reaction coordinates) are set to zero. More simply, the shape resonance total energy is more than the separated fragment energy.
Practical implications of this difference for lifetimes and spectral widths are mentioned in works such as Zobel.
Related terms include a special kind of shape resonance, the core-excited shape resonance, and trap-induced shape resonance.
Of course in one-dimensional systems, resonances are shape resonances. In a system with more than one degree of freedom, this definition makes sense only if the separable model, which supposes the two groups of degrees of freedom uncoupled, is a meaningful approximation. When the coupling becomes l
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomorphidae
|
In biological classification, Neomorphidae is a proposed family of birds, separating the ground cuckoos (including roadrunners) from the rest of the cuckoo family. It is traditionally nested within the family Cuculidae as the subfamily Neomorphinae.
Roadrunners
1321 Tapera naevia striped cuckoo
1322 Morococcyx erythropygus lesser ground-cuckoo
1323 Dromococcyx phasianellus pheasant cuckoo
1324 Dromococcyx pavoninus pavonine cuckoo
1325 Geococcyx californianus greater roadrunner
1326 Geococcyx velox lesser roadrunner
1327 Neomorphus geoffroyi rufous-vented ground-cuckoo
1328 Neomorphus squamiger scaled ground-cuckoo
1329 Neomorphus radiolosus banded ground-cuckoo
1330 Neomorphus rufipennis rufous-winged ground-cuckoo
1331 Neomorphus pucheranii red-billed ground-cuckoo
References
Bird families
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core-excited%20shape%20resonance
|
A core-excited shape resonance is a shape resonance in a system with more than one degree of freedom where, after fragmentation, one of the fragments is in an excited state. It is sometimes very difficult to distinguish a core-excited shape resonance from a Feshbach resonance.
See also
See the definition of Feshbach resonances for more details.
External links
A short FAQ on quantum resonances
Scattering
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty%20domain
|
In first-order logic the empty domain is the empty set having no members. In traditional and classical logic domains are restrictedly non-empty in order that certain theorems be valid. Interpretations with an empty domain are shown to be a trivial case by a convention originating at least in 1927 with Bernays and Schönfinkel (though possibly earlier) but oft-attributed to Quine 1951. The convention is to assign any formula beginning with a universal quantifier the value truth while any formula beginning with an existential quantifier is assigned the value falsehood. This follows from the idea that existentially quantified statements have existential import (i.e. they imply the existence of something) while universally quantified statements do not. This interpretation reportedly stems from George Boole in the late 19th century but this is debatable. In modern model theory, it follows immediately for the truth conditions for quantified sentences:
In other words, an existential quantification of the open formula φ is true in a model iff there is some element in the domain (of the model) that satisfies the formula; i.e. iff that element has the property denoted by the open formula. A universal quantification of an open formula φ is true in a model iff every element in the domain satisfies that formula. (Note that in the metalanguage, "everything that is such that X is such that Y" is interpreted as a universal generalization of the material conditional "if anything is such that
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-D%20amplifier
|
A class-D amplifier or switching amplifier is an electronic amplifier in which the amplifying devices (transistors, usually MOSFETs) operate as electronic switches, and not as linear gain devices as in other amplifiers. They operate by rapidly switching back and forth between the supply rails, using pulse-width modulation, pulse-density modulation, or related techniques to produce a pulse train output. This passes through a simple low-pass filter which blocks the high-frequency pulses and provides analog output current and voltage. Because they are always either in fully on or fully off modes, little energy is dissipated in the transistors and efficiency can exceed 90%.
History
The first Class-D amplifier was invented by British scientist Alec Reeves in the 1950s and was first called by that name in 1955. The first commercial product was a kit module called the X-10 released by Sinclair Radionics in 1964. However, it had an output power of only 2.5 watts. The Sinclair X-20 in 1966 produced 20 watts but suffered from the inconsistencies and limitations of the germanium-based bipolar junction transistors available at the time. As a result, these early class-D amplifiers were impractical and unsuccessful. Practical class-D amplifiers were enabled by the development of silicon-based MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) technology. In 1978, Sony introduced the TA-N88, the first class-D unit to employ power MOSFETs and a switched-mode power supply. There we
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20resonance
|
In physics, a Fano resonance is a type of resonant scattering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line-shape. Interference between a background and a resonant scattering process produces the asymmetric line-shape. It is named after Italian-American physicist Ugo Fano, who in 1961 gave a theoretical explanation for the scattering line-shape of inelastic scattering of electrons from helium; however, Ettore Majorana was the first to discover this phenomenon. Fano resonance is a weak coupling effect meaning that the decay rate is so high, that no hybridization occurs. The coupling modifies the resonance properties such as spectral position and width and its line-shape takes on the distinctive asymmetric Fano profile. Because it is a general wave phenomenon, examples can be found across many areas of physics and engineering.
History
The explanation of the Fano line-shape first appeared in the context of inelastic electron scattering by helium and autoionization. The incident electron doubly excites the atom to the state, a sort of shape resonance. The doubly excited atom spontaneously decays by ejecting one of the excited electrons. Fano showed that interference between the amplitude to simply scatter the incident electron and the amplitude to scatter via autoionization creates an asymmetric scattering line-shape around the autoionization energy with a line-width very close to the inverse of the autoionization lifetime.
Explanation
The Fano resonance line-shape is du
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoring
|
Factoring can refer to the following:
Factoring (finance), a form of commercial finance
Factorization, a mathematical concept
Decomposition (computer science)
A rule in resolution theorem proving, see Resolution (logic)#Factoring
See also
Code refactoring
Factor (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation%20Cell
|
The Liberation Cell was a Montreal-based cell that was part of Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) revolutionary movement in Quebec whose members were responsible for a decade of bombings and armed robberies in the 1960s that led to what became known as the October Crisis.
As part of a violent attempt to overthrow the elected government and to establish a socialist Quebec state independent of Canada, on October 5, 1970, the members of the Liberation Cell kidnapped the United Kingdom Trade Commissioner James Richard Cross from his Montreal home. The kidnappers posed as deliverymen and tricked the house maid into letting them in, after which they pulled out their guns and seized Cross. Five days later, members of the FLQ's Chénier Cell kidnapped and then murdered the Deputy Premier of Quebec and Labour Minister, Pierre Laporte. Believing many others would follow in an uprising, the goal of the FLQ was to create an independent state based on the ideals of Fidel Castro's Cuba.
After holding the British Trade Commissioner for more than sixty days, the known members of the Liberation Cell negotiated his release in exchange for their safe passage to Cuba. Four weeks later, the known members of the Chénier Cell were located in a country farmhouse basement.
The known Liberation Cell members:
Jacques Cossette-Trudel
Louise Lanctôt (Louise Cossette-Trudel)
Jacques Lanctôt
Marc Carbonneau
Yves Langlois (aka Pierre Seguin)
Nigel Barry Hamer
See also
History of Quebec
References
Oct
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic%20nerve%20fibre
|
An adrenergic nerve fibre is a neuron for which the neurotransmitter is either adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline or dopamine. These neurotransmitters are released at a location known as the synapse, which is a junction point between the axon of one nerve cell and the dendrite of another. The neurotransmitters are first released from the axon and then bind to the receptor site on the dendrite. Adrenergic nerve terminals are found in the secondary neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, one of two divisions of the autonomic nervous system which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. This system increases heart rate, slows digestion, dilates pupils, and also controls the secretion of apocrine sweat glands in the dermal layer of skin, in addition to other responses.
Composition
The nerve fibre is a thread-like extension of a nerve cell that includes the axon which may or may not be encased in a myelinated sheath. The androgenic nerve fibre when myelinated increases the speed of transmission for an action potential across the length of the cell. The gaps in the sheath along the axon are called the nodes of ranvier.
Receptor site
Molecular level
There are several types of adrenergic receptors which are identified by their differing sensitivities to various drugs. Neurons in the central nervous system contain α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. All four kinds of receptors are also found in the various organs of the body aside fr
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vital%20rates
|
Vital rates refer to how fast vital statistics change in a population (usually measured per 1000 individuals). There are 2 categories within vital rates: crude rates and refined rates.
Crude rates measure vital statistics in a general population (overall change in births and deaths per 1000).
Refined rates measure the change in vital statistics in a specific demographic (such as age, sex, race, etc.).
Marriage rates
The national marriage rates since 1972,in the US have fallen by almost 50% at six people per 1000. According to Iran Index and National Organization for Civil Registration of Iran Iranian divorce rate is in the red at its record highest level since 1979, divorce quotas were introduced to curb enthuitasim.
References
Ecology
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude%20Mary%20Cox
|
Gertrude Mary Cox (January 13, 1900 – October 17, 1978) was an American statistician and founder of the department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State University. She was later appointed director of both the Institute of Statistics of the Consolidated University of North Carolina and the Statistics Research Division of North Carolina State University. Her most important and influential research dealt with experimental design; In 1950 she published the book Experimental Designs, on the subject with W. G. Cochran, which became the major reference work on the design of experiments for statisticians for years afterwards. In 1949 Cox became the first woman elected into the International Statistical Institute and in 1956 was President of the American Statistical Association.
Early life and education
Gertrude Cox was born in Dayton, Iowa on January 13, 1900. She studied at Perry High School in Perry, Iowa, graduating in 1918. At this time she decided to become a deaconess in the Methodist Church and worked towards that end. However, in 1925, she decided to continue her education at Iowa State College (which was renamed Iowa State University in 1959) in Ames where she studied mathematics and statistics and was awarded a B.S. in 1929 and a Master's degree in statistics in 1931.
From 1931 to 1933 Cox undertook graduate studies in psychological statistics at the University of California at Berkeley, then returned to Iowa State College to assist in establishing the ne
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyn
|
In fluid dynamics, the reyn is a British unit of dynamic viscosity,
named in honour of Osbourne Reynolds, for whom the Reynolds number is also named.
Conversions
By definition,
1 reyn = 1 lbf s in−2.
It follows that the relation between the reyn and the poise is approximately
1 reyn = 6.89476 × 104 P.
In SI units, viscosity is expressed in newton-seconds per square meter, or equivalently in pascal-seconds. The conversion factor between the two is approximately
1 reyn = 6890 Pa s.
References
External links
Reyn History of the unit
Fluid dynamics
Units of dynamic viscosity
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Mates%20%28album%29
|
Cell Mates is a split album by Bowling for Soup on their own Que-so Records with fellow Denton-based artists The V.I.M.S. Only 2,100 copies of the album were released and the album is currently out of print. Bowling for Soup frontman Jaret Reddick considers this album to be the band's second studio album. The band released digitally remastered versions of Bowling for Soup, Cell Mates, and Tell Me When to Whoa through iTunes and Amazon.com in October 2011. "Cody", "Kool-Aid" and "Assman" was re-recorded for release on Rock on Honorable Ones!!.
Track listing
Personnel
The V.I.M.S.
Robert Hamilton — drums, backing vocals
Justin James — guitar, backing vocals
Chris Kruse — lead vocals, guitar
Nicholas Yovich — bass
Bowling for Soup
Chris Burney — guitars, backing vocals
Erik Chandler — bass, backing vocals
Lance Morrill — drums, backing vocals
Jaret Reddick — lead vocals, guitars
References
Bowling for Soup albums
1996 EPs
Split albums
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20NVC%20community%20CG7
|
NVC community CG7 (Festuca ovina - Hieracium pilosella - Thymus praecox/pulegioides grassland) is one of the calcicolous grassland communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of three short-sward communities associated with heavy grazing, within the lowland calcicolous grassland group, and is regarded as the eastern counterpart of "typical" chalk grassland (community CG2).
It is a comparatively widely distributed community. There are five subcommunities.
Community composition
The following constant species are found in this community:
Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina)
Mouse-ear Hawkweed (Hieracium pilosella)
Rough Hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus)
Wild Thyme (Thymus praecox) / Large Thyme (T. pulegioides)
Cypress-leaved Plait-moss (Hypnum cupressiforme)
The following rare species are also associated with the community:
Field Wormwood (Artemisia campestris)
Purple Milk-vetch (Astragalus danicus)
Rare Spring-sedge (Carex ericetorum)
Wall Bedstraw (Galium parisiense)
Lizard Orchid (Himantoglossum hircinum)
Hutchinsia (Hornungia petraea)
Bur Medick (Medicago minima)
Sickle Medick (Medicago falcata)
Sand Lucerne (Medicago sativa ssp. varia)
Fine-leaved Sandwort (Minuartia hybrida)
Purple-stem Cat's-tail (Phleum phleoides)
Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla neumanniana)
Sand Catchfly (Silene conica)
Spanish Catchfly (Silene otites)
Breckland Thyme (Thymus serpyllum)
Spiked Speedwell (Veronica spicata)
Spring Speedwell (Veronica ver
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspersed%20repeat
|
Interspersed repetitive DNA is found in all eukaryotic genomes. They differ from tandem repeat DNA in that rather than the repeat sequences coming right after one another, they are dispersed throughout the genome and nonadjacent. The sequence that repeats can vary depending on the type of organism, and many other factors. Certain classes of interspersed repeat sequences propagate themselves by RNA mediated transposition; they have been called retrotransposons, and they constitute 25–40% of most mammalian genomes. Some types of interspersed repetitive DNA elements allow new genes to evolve by uncoupling similar DNA sequences from gene conversion during meiosis.
Intrachromosomal and interchromosomal gene conversion
Gene conversion acts on DNA sequence homology as its substrate. There is no requirement that the sequence homologies lie at the allelic positions on their respective chromosomes or even that the homologies lie on different chromosomes. Gene conversion events can occur between different members of a gene family situated on the same chromosome. When this happens, it is called intrachromosomal gene conversion as distinguished from interchromosomal gene conversion. The effect of homogenizing DNA sequences is the same.
Role of interspersed repetitive DNA
Repetitive sequences play the role of uncoupling the gene conversion network, thereby allowing new genes to evolve. The shorter Alu or SINE repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling intrachromosomal gene conversion
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%28II%29%20fluoride
|
Nickel(II) fluoride is the chemical compound with the formula NiF2. It is an ionic compound of nickel and fluorine and forms yellowish to green tetragonal crystals. Unlike many fluorides, NiF2 is stable in air.
Nickel(II) fluoride is also produced when nickel metal is exposed to fluorine. In fact, NiF2 comprises the passivating surface that forms on nickel alloys (e.g. monel) in the presence of hydrogen fluoride or elemental fluorine. For this reason, nickel and its alloys are suitable materials for storage and transport these fluorine and related fluorinating agents. NiF2 is also used as a catalyst for the synthesis of chlorine pentafluoride.
Preparation and structure
NiF2 is prepared by treatment of anhydrous nickel(II) chloride with fluorine at 350 °C:
NiCl2 + F2 → NiF2 + Cl2
The corresponding reaction of cobalt(II) chloride results in oxidation of the cobalt, whereas nickel remains in the +2 oxidation state after fluorination because its +3 oxidation state is less stable. Chloride is more easily oxidized than nickel(II). This is a typical halogen displacement reaction, where a halogen plus a less active halide makes the less active halogen and the more active halide.
Like some other metal difluorides, NiF2 crystallizes in the rutile structure, which features octahedral Ni centers and planar fluorides.
Reactions
A melt of NiF2 and KF reacts to give successively potassium trifluoronickelate and potassium tetrafluoronickelate:
NiF2 + KF → K[NiF3]
K[NiF3] +
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%20Reaver%202
|
Soul Reaver 2 is a 2001 action-adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics and published by Eidos Interactive. It is a sequel to Legacy of Kain: Soul Reaver and the third game in the Legacy of Kain series. Originally developed as a PlayStation and Dreamcast project, it was reworked into a PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows title in early production. Soul Reaver 2 was followed by two sequels, Blood Omen 2 and Legacy of Kain: Defiance, in 2002 and 2003.
The game continues the adventures of the vampire-turned-wraith Raziel, the protagonist of Soul Reaver. Though Raziel initially seeks to exact revenge on Kain, his murderer and former master, this objective is superseded by a higher quest for knowledge and a desire for freedom, as he finds himself manipulated by those he encounters and begins to learn more about his former life as a human. Traveling through history, he gradually exposes the truth behind his own past and destiny, as he uncovers the history of Nosgoth.
Hoping to deliver a more story-focused, cinematic experience than Soul Reaver, Crystal Dynamics researched time travel fiction, theology, and the works of Joseph Campbell when creating Soul Reaver 2s narrative. Critics praised the game for its involved storyline, visuals and puzzles, but criticized it for lacking replay value and ending without a definite resolution. Its developers felt the final product fell short of their ambitions, but it performed well commercially, and was included on Sony's "Greatest
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20perchlorate
|
Lithium perchlorate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiClO4. This white or colourless crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents. It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.
Applications
Inorganic chemistry
Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some chemical oxygen generators. It decomposes at about 400 °C, yielding lithium chloride and oxygen:
LiClO4 → LiCl + 2 O2
Over 60% of the mass of the lithium perchlorate is released as oxygen. It has both the highest oxygen to weight and oxygen to volume ratio of all practical perchlorate salts, and higher oxygen to volume ratio than liquid oxygen.
Lithium perchlorate is used as an oxidizer in solid rocket propellants, and to produce red colored flame in pyrotechnic compositions.
Organic chemistry
LiClO4 is highly soluble in organic solvents, even diethyl ether. Such solutions are employed in Diels–Alder reactions, where it is proposed that the Lewis acidic Li+ binds to Lewis basic sites on the dienophile, thereby accelerating the reaction.
Lithium perchlorate is also used as a co-catalyst in the coupling of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls with aldehydes, also known as the Baylis–Hillman reaction.
Solid lithium perchlorate is found to be a mild and efficient Lewis acid for promoting cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds under neutral conditions.
Batteries
Lithium perchlorate is also used as an electrolyte salt in lithium-ion batteries. Lithium perchlorate is chose
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdite
|
Molybdite is the naturally occurring mineral form of molybdenum trioxide MoO3. It occurs as yellow to greenish needles and crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system.
Discovery and occurrence
Molybdite was first described in 1854 for and occurrence in quartz veins in the Knöttel area of Krupka, Ore Mountains, Bohemia (today in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It occurs in vein cavities and as coatings in molybdenite ore veins and quartz topaz greisens. Associated minerals include molybdenite, betpakdalite and quartz. The similar mineral ferrimolybdite is often misidentified as molybdite.
References
Molybdenum minerals
Oxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase%20space%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Phase space is a concept in physics, frequently applied in thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, dynamical systems, symplectic manifolds and chaos theory. It is also applicable in software engineering as well as digital framework engineering and design, and an extraordinarily helpful tool in digital architecture and digital/analog temlँcodec design.
Phase space may also refer to:
Phase Space (story collection), a collection of thematically-linked short stories in the Manifold Trilogy by Stephen Baxter
Phase Space (album), an album by Steve Coleman and Dave Holland
"Phase Space" (Westworld), a 2018 episode of the 2016 American TV series Westworld
See also
State space (disambiguation)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Crystal
|
The Kingdom of Crystal (Swedish: Glasriket, The glass realm) is a geographical area today containing a total of 14 glassworks in the municipalities of Emmaboda, Nybro, Uppvidinge, and Lessebo in southern Sweden. The two municipalities Emmaboda and Nybro belong to Kalmar County and Lessebo and Uppvidinge belong to Kronoberg County. The area is part of the province Småland, and Nybro is considered the capital of the Kingdom of Crystal area. The Kingdom of Crystal is known for its handblown glass with a continuous story since 1742. The glassworks have become part of the culture of Sweden; examples can be found in many Swedish homes, recognisable by a small sticker at the bottom with the name Orrefors, Kosta, etc. The height of glass production was the end of the 19th century during which 77 glass factories were established with more than half of them situated in Småland.
When touring the forested province of Småland in Sweden, it is normal to visit at least one of the glassworks. The larger ones have adjacent museums and are open for visitors to see the glass blowing hall, normally looking down from a platform. Food is available as well as shopping for various glass products such as glasses, bowls, vases and unique glass ornaments. The Kingdom of Crystal is a popular and a well known tourist destination. The Regional Council of Kalmar County conducts a study every four years to survey the Swedish public regarding their knowledge and awareness about Kalmar County, its places to
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%20timestamp
|
The Lamport timestamp algorithm is a simple logical clock algorithm used to determine the order of events in a distributed computer system. As different nodes or processes will typically not be perfectly synchronized, this algorithm is used to provide a partial ordering of events with minimal overhead, and conceptually provide a starting point for the more advanced vector clock method. The algorithm is named after its creator, Leslie Lamport.
Distributed algorithms such as resource synchronization often depend on some method of ordering events to function. For example, consider a system with two processes and a disk. The processes send messages to each other, and also send messages to the disk requesting access. The disk grants access in the order the messages were received. For example process sends a message to the disk requesting write access, and then sends a read instruction message to process . Process receives the message, and as a result sends its own read request message to the disk. If there is a timing delay causing the disk to receive both messages at the same time, it can determine which message happened-before the other: happens-before if one can get from to by a sequence of moves of two types: moving forward while remaining in the same process, and following a message from its sending to its reception. A logical clock algorithm provides a mechanism to determine facts about the order of such events. Note that if two events happen in different processes th
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20translation
|
Nick translation (or head translation), developed in 1977 by Peter Rigby and Paul Berg, is a tagging technique in molecular biology in which DNA Polymerase I is used to replace some of the nucleotides of a DNA sequence with their labeled analogues, creating a tagged DNA sequence which can be used as a probe in fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or blotting techniques. It can also be used for radiolabeling.
This process is called nick translation because the DNA to be processed is treated with DNAase to produce single-stranded "nicks". This is followed by replacement in nicked sites by DNA polymerase I, which elongates the 3' hydroxyl terminus, removing nucleotides by 5'-3' exonuclease activity, replacing them with dNTPs. To radioactively label a DNA fragment for use as a probe in blotting procedures, one of the incorporated nucleotides provided in the reaction is radiolabeled in the alpha phosphate position. Similarly, a fluorophore can be attached instead for fluorescent labelling, or an antigen for immunodetection. When DNA polymerase I eventually detaches from the DNA, it leaves another nick in the phosphate backbone. The nick has "translated" some distance depending on the processivity of the polymerase. This nick could be sealed by DNA ligase, or its 3' hydroxyl group could serve as the template for further DNA polymerase I activity. Proprietary enzyme mixes are available commercially to perform all steps in the procedure in a single incubation.
Nick translatio
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMAP
|
DMAP may refer to:
Digital Media Access Protocol, a family of proprietary protocols by Apple
4-Dimethylaminopyridine (CH3)2NC5H4N), a derivative of pyridine
4-Dimethylaminophenol (C8H11NO), an aromatic compound containing both phenol and amine functional groups
Data Management Advisory Panel, of the England school census
See also
Dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP)
Digital Mass Atrocity Prevention Lab, of the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method%20of%20moments%20%28statistics%29
|
In statistics, the method of moments is a method of estimation of population parameters. The same principle is used to derive higher moments like skewness and kurtosis.
It starts by expressing the population moments (i.e., the expected values of powers of the random variable under consideration) as functions of the parameters of interest. Those expressions are then set equal to the sample moments. The number of such equations is the same as the number of parameters to be estimated. Those equations are then solved for the parameters of interest. The solutions are estimates of those parameters.
The method of moments was introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1887 in the proof of the central limit theorem. The idea of matching empirical moments of a distribution to the population moments dates back at least to Pearson.
Method
Suppose that the problem is to estimate unknown parameters characterizing the distribution of the random variable . Suppose the first moments of the true distribution (the "population moments") can be expressed as functions of the s:
Suppose a sample of size is drawn, resulting in the values . For , let
be the j-th sample moment, an estimate of . The method of moments estimator for denoted by is defined to be the solution (if one exists) to the equations:
The method described here for single random variables generalizes in an obvious manner to multiple random variables leading to multiple choices for moments to be used. Different choice
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucomannan
|
Glucomannan is a water-soluble polysaccharide that is considered a dietary fiber. It is a hemicellulose component in the cell walls of some plant species. Glucomannan is a food additive used as an emulsifier and thickener. It is a major source of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) found in nature, the other being galactomannan, which is insoluble.
Products containing glucomannan, under a variety of brand names, are marketed as dietary supplements with claims they can relieve constipation and help lower cholesterol levels. Since 2010 they are legally marketed in Europe as helping with weight loss for people who are overweight and eating a diet with restricted calories, but there was no good evidence that glucomannan helped weight loss. Glucomannan lowers LDL cholesterol by 10 percent.
Supplements containing glucomannans pose a risk for choking and bowel obstruction if they are not taken with sufficient water. Other adverse effects include diarrhea, belching, and bloating; in one study people taking glucomannans had higher triglyceride levels.
Glucomannans are also used to supplement animal feed for farmed animals, to cause the animals gain weight more quickly.
Chemistry
Glucomannan is mainly a straight-chain polymer, with a small amount of branching. The component sugars are β-(1→4)-linked D-mannose and D-glucose in a ratio of 1.6:1. The degree of branching is about 8% through β-(1→6)-glucosyl linkages.
Glucomannan with α-(1→6)-linked galactose units in side branches is cal
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabergite
|
Annabergite is an arsenate mineral consisting of a hydrous nickel
arsenate, Ni3(AsO4)2·8H2O, crystallizing in the monoclinic system and isomorphous with vivianite and erythrite. Crystals are minute and capillary and rarely met with, the mineral occurring usually as soft earthy masses and encrustations. A fine apple-green color is its characteristic feature. It was long known (since 1758) under the name nickel bloom; the name annabergite was proposed by H. J. Brooke and W H. Miller in 1852, from Annaberg in Saxony, one of the localities of the mineral. It occurs with ores of nickel, of which it is a product of alteration. A variety, from Creetown in Kirkcudbrightshire, in which a portion of the nickel is replaced by calcium, has been called dudgeonite, after P. Dudgeon, who found it.
Closely related is cabrerite wherein some of the nickel is replaced by magnesium. It is named for Sierra Cabrera in Spain where it was originally found.
References
Arsenate minerals
Nickel minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Vivianite group
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamport%27s%20bakery%20algorithm
|
Lamport's bakery algorithm is a computer algorithm devised by computer scientist Leslie Lamport, as part of his long study of the formal correctness of concurrent systems, which is intended to improve the safety in the usage of shared resources among multiple threads by means of mutual exclusion.
In computer science, it is common for multiple threads to simultaneously access the same resources. Data corruption can occur if two or more threads try to write into the same memory location, or if one thread reads a memory location before another has finished writing into it. Lamport's bakery algorithm is one of many mutual exclusion algorithms designed to prevent concurrent threads entering critical sections of code concurrently to eliminate the risk of data corruption.
Algorithm
Analogy
Lamport envisioned a bakery with a numbering machine at its entrance so each customer is given a unique number. Numbers increase by one as customers enter the store. A global counter displays the number of the customer that is currently being served. All other customers must wait in a queue until the baker finishes serving the current customer and the next number is displayed. When the customer is done shopping and has disposed of his or her number, the clerk increments the number, allowing the next customer to be served. That customer must draw another number from the numbering machine in order to shop again.
According to the analogy, the "customers" are threads, identified by the letter i,
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agouti-related%20peptide
|
Agouti-related protein (AgRP), also called agouti-related peptide, is a neuropeptide produced in the brain by the AgRP/NPY neuron. It is synthesized in neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing cell bodies located in the ventromedial part of the arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus. AgRP is co-expressed with NPY and acts to increase appetite and decrease metabolism and energy expenditure. It is one of the most potent and long-lasting of appetite stimulators. In humans, the agouti-related peptide is encoded by the AGRP gene.
Structure
AgRP is a paracrine signaling molecule made of 112 amino acids (the gene product of 132 amino acids is processed by removal of the N-terminal 20-residue signal peptide domain). It was independently identified by two teams in 1997 based on its sequence similarity with agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), a protein synthesized in the skin controlling coat colour. AgRP is approximately 25% identical to ASIP. The murine homologue of AgRP consists of 111 amino acids (precursor is 131 amino acids) and shares 81% amino acid identity with the human protein. Biochemical studies indicate AgRP to be very stable to thermal denaturation and acid degradation. Its secondary structure consists mainly of random coils and β-sheets that fold into an inhibitor cystine knot motif. AGRP maps to human chromosome 16q22 and Agrp to mouse chromosome 8D1-D2.
Function
Agouti-related protein is expressed primarily in the adrenal gland, subthalamic nucleus, and hypothalamus, with l
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.