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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial-redundancy%20elimination
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In compiler theory, partial redundancy elimination (PRE) is a compiler optimization that eliminates expressions that are redundant on some but not necessarily all paths through a program. PRE is a form of common subexpression elimination.
An expression is called partially redundant if the value computed by the expression is already available on some but not all paths through a program to that expression. An expression is fully redundant if the value computed by the expression is available on all paths through the program to that expression. PRE can eliminate partially redundant expressions by inserting the partially redundant expression on the paths that do not already compute it, thereby making the partially redundant expression fully redundant.
For instance, in the following code:
if (some_condition) {
// some code that does not alter x
y = x + 4;
}
else {
// other code that does not alter x
}
z = x + 4;
the expression x+4 assigned to z is partially redundant because it is computed twice if some_condition is true. PRE would perform code motion on the expression to yield the following optimized code:
if (some_condition) {
// some code that does not alter x
t = x + 4;
y = t;
}
else {
// other code that does not alter x
t = x + 4;
}
z = t;
An interesting property of PRE is that it performs (a form of) common subexpression elimination and loop-invariant code motion at the same time. In addition, PRE can be extended to eliminate injured part
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20coefficients
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Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. The Einstein A coefficients are related to the rate of spontaneous emission of light, and the Einstein B coefficients are related to the absorption and stimulated emission of light. Throughout this article, "light" refers to any electromagnetic radiation, not necessarily in the visible spectrum.
Spectral lines
In physics, one thinks of a spectral line from two viewpoints.
An emission line is formed when an atom or molecule makes a transition from a particular discrete energy level of an atom, to a lower energy level , emitting a photon of a particular energy and wavelength. A spectrum of many such photons will show an emission spike at the wavelength associated with these photons.
An absorption line is formed when an atom or molecule makes a transition from a lower, , to a higher discrete energy state, , with a photon being absorbed in the process. These absorbed photons generally come from background continuum radiation (the full spectrum of electromagnetic radiation) and a spectrum will show a drop in the continuum radiation at the wavelength associated with the absorbed photons.
The two states must be bound states in which the electron is bound to the atom or molecule, so the transition is sometimes referred to as a "bound–bound" transition, as opposed to a transition in which the electron is ejected out of the atom completely ("bound–free" tra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRADIC
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The TRADIC (for TRAnsistor DIgital Computer or TRansistorized Airborne DIgital Computer) was the first transistorized computer in the USA, completed in 1954.
The computer was built by Jean Howard Felker of Bell Labs for the United States Air Force while L.C. Brown ("Charlie Brown") was a lead engineer on the project, which started in 1951. The project initially examined the feasibility of constructing a transistorized airborne digital computer. A second application was a transistorized digital computer to be used in a Navy track-while-scan shipboard radar system. Several models were completed: TRADIC Phase One computer, Flyable TRADIC, Leprechaun (using germanium alloy junction transistors in 1956) and XMH-3 TRADIC. TRADIC Phase One was developed to explore the feasibility, in the laboratory, of using transistors in a digital computer that could be used to solve aircraft bombing and navigation problems. Flyable TRADIC was used to establish the feasibility of using an airborne solid-state computer as the control element of a bombing and navigation system. Leprechaun was a second-generation laboratory research transistor digital computer designed to explore direct-coupled transistor logic (DCTL). The TRADIC Phase One computer was completed in January 1954.
The TRADIC Phase One computer has been claimed to be the world's first fully transistorized computer, ahead of the Mailüfterl in Austria or the Harwell CADET in the UK, which were each completed in 1955. In the UK, the Manc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Storer%E2%80%93Szymanski
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Lempel–Ziv–Storer–Szymanski (LZSS) is a lossless data compression algorithm, a derivative of LZ77, that was created in 1982 by James A. Storer and Thomas Szymanski. LZSS was described in article "Data compression via textual substitution" published in Journal of the ACM (1982, pp. 928–951).
LZSS is a dictionary coding technique. It attempts to replace a string of symbols with a reference to a dictionary location of the same string.
The main difference between LZ77 and LZSS is that in LZ77 the dictionary reference could actually be longer than the string it was replacing. In LZSS, such references are omitted if the length is less than the "break even" point. Furthermore, LZSS uses one-bit flags to indicate whether the next chunk of data is a literal (byte) or a reference to an offset/length pair.
Example
Here is the beginning of Dr. Seuss's Green Eggs and Ham, with character numbers at the beginning of lines for convenience. Green Eggs and Ham is a good example to illustrate LZSS compression because the book itself only contains 50 unique words, despite having a word count of 170. Thus, words are repeated, however not in succession.
0: I am Sam
9:
10: Sam I am
19:
20: That Sam-I-am!
35: That Sam-I-am!
50: I do not like
64: that Sam-I-am!
79:
80: Do you like green eggs and ham?
112:
113: I do not like them, Sam-I-am.
143: I do not like green eggs and ham.
This text takes 177 bytes in uncompressed form. Assuming a break even point of 2 bytes (and thus 2 byte po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Maud%20Wrinch
|
Dorothy Maud Wrinch (12 September 1894 – 11 February 1976; married names Nicholson, Glaser) was a mathematician and biochemical theorist best known for her attempt to deduce protein structure using mathematical principles. She was a champion of the controversial 'cyclol' hypothesis for the structure of proteins.
Career
Dorothy Wrinch was born in Rosario, Argentina, the daughter of Hugh Edward Hart Wrinch, an engineer, and Ada Souter. The family returned to England and Dorothy grew up in Surbiton, near London. She attended Surbiton High School and in 1913 entered Girton College, Cambridge to read mathematics. Wrinch often attended meetings of the Heretics Club run by Charles Kay Ogden, and it was through a 1914 lecture organised by Ogden that she first heard Bertrand Russell speak. She graduated in 1916 as a wrangler.
For the academic year 1916–1917, Wrinch took the Cambridge Moral Sciences tripos and studied mathematical logic with Russell in London. In December she was invited to Garsington Manor, the home of Russell's then mistress Ottoline Morell, and there encountered Clive Bell and other Bloomsbury Group members, and in 1917 she introduced Russell to Dora Black who would later become his second wife. From 1917 Wrinch was funded by Girton College as a research student, officially supervised by G.H. Hardy in Cambridge but in practice by Russell in London. When, in May 1918, Russell was imprisoned for his anti-war activities, Wrinch assisted with his writing projects by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lov%C3%A1sz%20local%20lemma
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In probability theory, if a large number of events are all independent of one another and each has probability less than 1, then there is a positive (possibly small) probability that none of the events will occur. The Lovász local lemma allows one to relax the independence condition slightly: As long as the events are "mostly" independent from one another and aren't individually too likely, then there will still be a positive probability that none of them occurs. It is most commonly used in the probabilistic method, in particular to give existence proofs.
There are several different versions of the lemma. The simplest and most frequently used is the symmetric version given below. A weaker version was proved in 1975 by László Lovász and Paul Erdős in the article Problems and results on 3-chromatic hypergraphs and some related questions. For other versions, see . In 2020, Robin Moser and Gábor Tardos received the Gödel Prize for their algorithmic version of the Lovász Local Lemma, which uses entropy compression to provide an efficient randomized algorithm for finding an outcome in which none of the events occurs.
Statements of the lemma (symmetric version)
Let A1, A2,..., Ak be a sequence of events such that each event occurs with probability at most p and such that each event is independent of all the other events except for at most d of them.
Lemma I (Lovász and Erdős 1973; published 1975) If
then there is a nonzero probability that none of the events occurs.
Lemma II
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averest
|
Averest is a synchronous programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. It includes a compiler for synchronous programs, a symbolic model checker, and a tool for hardware/software synthesis.
It can be used to model and verify finite and infinite state systems, at varied abstraction levels. It is useful for hardware design, modeling communication protocols, concurrent programs, software in embedded systems, and more.
Components: compiler to translate synchronous programs to transition systems, symbolic model checker, tool for hardware/software synthesis. These cover large parts of the design flow of reactive systems, from specifying to implementing. Though the tools are part of a common framework, they are mostly independent of each other, and can be used with 3rd-party tools.
See also
Synchronous programming language
Esterel
External links
Averest Toolbox Official home site
Embedded Systems Group Research group that develops the Averest Toolbox
Synchronous programming languages
Hardware description languages
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unit%20testing%20frameworks
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Code-driven unit testing frameworks for various programming languages are as follows. Some, but not all, are based on xUnit.
Columns (classification)
Name: This column contains the name of the framework and will usually link to it.
xUnit: This column indicates whether a framework should be considered of xUnit type.
TAP: This column indicates whether a framework can emit TAP output for TAP-compliant testing harnesses.
SubUnit: This column indicates whether a framework can emit SubUnit output.
Generators: Indicates whether a framework supports data generators. Data generators generate input data for a test and the test is run for each input data that the generator produces.
Fixtures: Indicates whether a framework supports test-local fixtures. Test-local fixtures ensure a specified environment for a single test.
Group fixtures: Indicates whether a framework supports group fixtures. Group fixtures ensure a specified environment for a whole group of Tests
MPI: Indicates whether a framework supports message passing via MPI - commonly used for high-performance scientific computing.
Other columns: These columns indicate whether a specific language / tool feature is available / used by a framework.
Remarks: Any remarks.
Languages
ABAP
ActionScript / Adobe Flex
Ada
AppleScript
ASCET
ASP
Bash
BPEL
C
C#
See .NET programming languages below.
C++
Cg
CFML (ColdFusion)
Clojure
Cobol
Common Lisp
Crystal
Curl
DataFlex
Delphi
Emacs Lisp
Erlang
Fortran
F#
Go
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspissation
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Inspissation is the process of increasing the viscosity of a fluid, or even of causing it to solidify, typically by dehydration or otherwise reducing its content of solvents. The term also has been applied to coagulation by heating of some substances such as albumens, or cooling some such as solutions of gelatin or agar. Some forms of inspissation may be reversed by re-introducing solvent, such as by adding water to molasses or gum arabic; in other forms, its resistance to flow may include cross-linking or mutual adhesion of its component particles or molecules, in ways that prevent their dissolving again, such as in the irreversible setting or gelling of some kinds of rubber latex, egg-white, adhesives, or coagulation of blood.
Intentional use
Inspissation is the process used when heating high-protein containing media; for example to enable recovery of bacteria for testing. Once inspissation has occurred, any stained bacteria, such as Mycobacteria, can then be isolated.
A Serum inspissation or Fractional sterilization is a process of heating an article on 3 successive days as follows:
Pathologic inspissation
In cystic fibrosis, inspissation of secretions in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts is a major mechanism of causing the disease.
References
Further reading
Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja,
Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar,
Microbiology
Zoology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20defects%20in%20diamond
|
Imperfections in the crystal lattice of diamond are common. Such defects may be the result of lattice irregularities or extrinsic substitutional or interstitial impurities, introduced during or after the diamond growth. The defects affect the material properties of diamond and determine to which type a diamond is assigned; the most dramatic effects are on the diamond color and electrical conductivity, as explained by the electronic band structure.
The defects can be detected by different types of spectroscopy, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), luminescence induced by light (photoluminescence, PL) or electron beam (cathodoluminescence, CL), and absorption of light in the infrared (IR), visible and UV parts of the spectrum. The absorption spectrum is used not only to identify the defects, but also to estimate their concentration; it can also distinguish natural from synthetic or enhanced diamonds.
Labeling of diamond centers
There is a tradition in diamond spectroscopy to label a defect-induced spectrum by a numbered acronym (e.g. GR1). This tradition has been followed in general with some notable deviations, such as A, B and C centers. Many acronyms are confusing though:
Some symbols are too similar (e.g., 3H and H3).
Accidentally, the same labels were given to different centers detected by EPR and optical techniques (e.g., N3 EPR center and N3 optical center have no relation).
Whereas some acronyms are logical, such as N3 (N for natural, i.e. observed in natu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umklapp%20scattering
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In crystalline materials, Umklapp scattering (also U-process or Umklapp process) is a scattering process that results in a wave vector (usually written k) which falls outside the first Brillouin zone. If a material is periodic, it has a Brillouin zone, and any point outside the first Brillouin zone can also be expressed as a point inside the zone. So, the wave vector is then mathematically transformed to a point inside the first Brillouin zone. This transformation allows for scattering processes which would otherwise violate the conservation of momentum: two wave vectors pointing to the right can combine to create a wave vector that points to the left. This non-conservation is why crystal momentum is not a true momentum.
Examples include electron-lattice potential scattering or an anharmonic phonon-phonon (or electron-phonon) scattering process, reflecting an electronic state or creating a phonon with a momentum k-vector outside the first Brillouin zone. Umklapp scattering is one process limiting the thermal conductivity in crystalline materials, the others being phonon scattering on crystal defects and at the surface of the sample.
The left panel of Figure 1 schematically shows the possible scattering processes of two incoming phonons with wave-vectors (k-vectors) k1 and k2 (red) creating one outgoing phonon with a wave vector k3 (blue). As long as the sum of k1 and k2 stay inside the first Brillouin zone (grey squares), k3 is the sum of the former two, thus conserving pho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crystal%20Lake
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"The Crystal Lake" is a song by American indie rock band Grandaddy from their second album, The Sophtware Slump. It was released as a single on 29 May 2000 by record label V2, and was re-released in several formats in early 2001.
Content
Grandaddy frontman Jason Lytle described the song as "that age-old story, repeated many times in country music, of the wayward soul who leaves a small town with hopes and dreams of the unknown and winds up full of regret in some horrible little apartment in an unfriendly city".
Release and reception
"The Crystal Lake" was released as a single on 29 May 2000. It peaked at number 78 on the UK Singles Chart when first released and number 38 when re-issued in 2001.
The song was listed as the 295th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork.
Track listings
2000 release
CD
7"
2001 releases
CD1
CD2
7"
References
External links
(original release)
(2001 re-release)
2000 singles
Grandaddy songs
2000 songs
V2 Records singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenin
|
Glycogenin is an enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen. It acts as a primer, by polymerizing the first few glucose molecules, after which other enzymes take over. It is a homodimer of 37-kDa subunits and is classified as a glycosyltransferase.
It catalyzes the chemical reactions:
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + glycogenin UDP + alpha-D-glucosylglycogenin
UDP-alpha-D-glucose + a glucosyl-glycogenin (1,4-alpha-D-glucosyl)n-glucosyl glucogenin + UDP + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-alpha-D-glucose and glycogenin, whereas its two products are UDP and alpha-D-glucosylglycogenin.
Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
glycogenin,
priming glucosyltransferase, and
UDP-glucose:glycogenin glucosyltransferase.
One may also notice that the naming of glycogenin hints at its function, with the glyco prefix referring to a carbohydrate and the genin suffix derived from the Latin genesis meaning novel, source, or beginning. This hints at the role of glycogenin to simply start glycogen synthesis before glycogen synthase takes over.
Discovery
Glycogenin was discovered in 1984 by Dr. William J. Whelan, a fellow of the Royal Society of London and former professor of Biochemistry at the University of Miami.
Function
The main enzyme involved in glyco
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-vector
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A two-vector or bivector is a tensor of type and it is the dual of a two-form, meaning that it is a linear functional which maps two-forms to the real numbers (or more generally, to scalars).
The tensor product of a pair of vectors is a two-vector. Then, any two-form can be expressed as a linear combination of tensor products of pairs of vectors, especially a linear combination of tensor products of pairs of basis vectors. If f is a two-vector, then
where the f α β are the components of the two-vector. Notice that both indices of the components are contravariant. This is always the case for two-vectors, by definition. A bivector may operate on a one-form, yielding a vector:
,
although a problem might be which of the upper indices of the bivector to contract with. (This problem does not arise with mixed tensors because only one of such tensor's indices is upper.) However, if the bivector is symmetric then the choice of index to contract with is indifferent.
An example of a bivector is the stress–energy tensor. Another one is the orthogonal complement of the metric tensor.
Matrix notation
If one assumes that vectors may only be represented as column matrices and covectors as row matrices; then, since a square matrix operating on a column vector must yield a column vector, it follows that square matrices can only represent mixed tensors. However, there is nothing in the abstract algebraic definition of a matrix that says that such assumptions must be made. Then dropping
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20taxonomy
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Numerical taxonomy is a classification system in biological systematics which deals with the grouping by numerical methods of taxonomic units based on their character states. It aims to create a taxonomy using numeric algorithms like cluster analysis rather than using subjective evaluation of their properties. The concept was first developed by Robert R. Sokal and Peter H. A. Sneath in 1963 and later elaborated by the same authors. They divided the field into phenetics in which classifications are formed based on the patterns of overall similarities and cladistics in which classifications are based on the branching patterns of the estimated evolutionary history of the taxa.
Although intended as an objective method, in practice the choice and implicit or explicit weighting of characteristics is influenced by available data and research interests of the investigator. What was made objective was the introduction of explicit steps to be used to create dendrograms and cladograms using numerical methods rather than subjective synthesis of data.
See also
Computational phylogenetics
Taxonomy (biology)
References
Taxonomy (biology)
es:Taxonomía numérica
ru:Фенетика
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalina%20cycle
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The Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power.
It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid. Since the solution boils over a range of temperatures as in distillation, more of the heat can be extracted from the source than with a pure working fluid. The same applies on the exhaust (condensing) end. This provides efficiency comparable to a Combined cycle, with less complexity.
By appropriate choice of the ratio between the components of the solution, the boiling point of the working solution can be adjusted to suit the heat input temperature. Water and ammonia is the most widely used combination, but other combinations are feasible.
Because of this ability to take full advantage of the temperature difference between the particular heat source and sink available, it finds applications in reuse of industrial process heat, geothermal energy, solar energy, and use of waste heat from power plants (Bottoming cycle). Even at lower pressure, a Kalina cycle may have higher efficiency than a comparable Rankine cycle.
Kalina cycle power plants
Recoverable heat from industrial processes.
The Kalina cycle has been thought to increase thermal power output efficiencies by up to 50% in suitable installations, and is ideally suited for applications such as steel, coal, oil refineries and cement production plants.
The Kashima Steel Works operated by Sumitomo Met
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson%20localization
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In condensed matter physics, Anderson localization (also known as strong localization) is the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium. This phenomenon is named after the American physicist P. W. Anderson, who was the first to suggest that electron localization is possible in a lattice potential, provided that the degree of randomness (disorder) in the lattice is sufficiently large, as can be realized for example in a semiconductor with impurities or defects.
Anderson localization is a general wave phenomenon that applies to the transport of electromagnetic waves, acoustic waves, quantum waves, spin waves, etc. This phenomenon is to be distinguished from weak localization, which is the precursor effect of Anderson localization (see below), and from Mott localization, named after Sir Nevill Mott, where the transition from metallic to insulating behaviour is not due to disorder, but to a strong mutual Coulomb repulsion of electrons.
Introduction
In the original Anderson tight-binding model, the evolution of the wave function ψ on the d-dimensional lattice Zd is given by the Schrödinger equation
where the Hamiltonian H is given by
with Ej random and independent, and potential V(r) falling off faster than r−3 at infinity. For example, one may take Ej uniformly distributed in [−W, +W], and
Starting with ψ0 localised at the origin, one is interested in how fast the probability distribution diffuses. Anderson's analysis shows the following:
if d is 1 or 2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundolinco
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Mundolinco is a constructed language created by the Dutch author J. Braakman in 1888. It is notable for apparently being the first Esperantido, i.e. the first Esperanto derivative.
Major changes from Esperanto include combining the adjective and adverb with the grammatical ending -e (whereas Esperanto uses -a for adjectives and -e for adverbs), changes to the verb conjugations, an increase in the number of Latin roots, and new affixes such as the superlative suffix -osim- where Esperanto uses the particle plej. It seems there was no accusative or adjectival agreement.
Numerals 1–10: un, du, tres, cvarto, cvinto, siso, septo, octo, nono, desem.
Writing System
There are no diacritics in the alphabet.
Example
Mundolinco:
Digne Amiso! Hodie mi factos conesso con el nove universe linco del sinjoro Braakman. Mi perstudies ho linco presimente en cvinto hori ! … Ce ho linco essos el fasilosime del mundo…
Esperanto:
Digna Amiko! Hodiaŭ mi ekkonis la novan universalan lingvon de sinjoro Braakman. Mi pristudis tiun lingvon rapide en kvin horoj! … Ĉi tiu lingvo estas la plej facila de la mondo…
English:
Dignified friend! Today I became aware of the new universal language of Mr Braakman. I studied that language rapidly over five hours! … This language is the easiest in the world…
References
Braakmann, J. System voor eene internationale Reis- of Handelstaal: onder der naam van El Mundolinco, Dat is Wereldtaal. 2nd edition. Noordwijk, J.C. van Dillen, 1894.
External links
Int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20kernel
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In mathematics, and specifically in potential theory, the Poisson kernel is an integral kernel, used for solving the two-dimensional Laplace equation, given Dirichlet boundary conditions on the unit disk. The kernel can be understood as the derivative of the Green's function for the Laplace equation. It is named for Siméon Poisson.
Poisson kernels commonly find applications in control theory and two-dimensional problems in electrostatics.
In practice, the definition of Poisson kernels are often extended to n-dimensional problems.
Two-dimensional Poisson kernels
On the unit disc
In the complex plane, the Poisson kernel for the unit disc is given by
This can be thought of in two ways: either as a function of r and θ, or as a family of functions of θ indexed by r.
If is the open unit disc in C, T is the boundary of the disc, and f a function on T that lies in L1(T), then the function u given by
is harmonic in D and has a radial limit that agrees with f almost everywhere on the boundary T of the disc.
That the boundary value of u is f can be argued using the fact that as , the functions form an approximate unit in the convolution algebra L1(T). As linear operators, they tend to the Dirac delta function pointwise on Lp(T). By the maximum principle, u is the only such harmonic function on D.
Convolutions with this approximate unit gives an example of a summability kernel for the Fourier series of a function in L1(T) . Let f ∈ L1(T) have Fourier series {fk}. After the F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNCaP
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LNCaP cells are a cell line of human cells commonly used in the field of oncology. LNCaP cells are androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cells derived from the left supraclavicular lymph node metastasis from a 50-year-old caucasian male in 1977. They are adherent epithelial cells growing in aggregates and as single cells.
One major obstacle to conducting the most clinically relevant prostate cancer (PCa) research has been the lack of cell lines that closely mimic human disease progression. Two hallmarks of metastatic human prostate cancer include the shift of aggressive PCa from androgen-sensitivity to an Androgen Insensitive (AI) state, and the propensity of PCa to metastasize to bone. Although the generation of AI cell lines has been quite successful as demonstrated in the “classic” cell lines DU145 and PC3, the behavior of these cells in bone does not fully mimic clinical human disease. It is well established that human PCa bone metastasis form osteoblastic lesions rather than osteolytic lesions seen in other cancers like breast cancer. Similarly, PC-3 and DU145 cells form osteolytic tumors. To develop an AI-PCa cell model that more closely mimics clinical disease, LNCaP sublines have been generated to provide the most clinically relevant tissue culture tools to date.
History
The LNCaP (Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate) cell line was established from a metastatic lesion of human prostatic adenocarcinoma. The LNCaP cells grow readily in vitro (up to 8 x
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar%20%28brand%29
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Quasar is an American brand of electronics, first used by Motorola in 1967 for a model line of transistorized color televisions. These TVs were marketed as containing all serviceable parts in a drawer beside the picture tube. It was then established as a subsidiary brand, with all Motorola-manufactured televisions being sold as Quasar by Motorola. In 1974, Motorola sold its television business to Matsushita Electric, now Panasonic, which continued producing and marketing televisions under the Quasar brand until 2005. In 2013, Panasonic re-registered the Quasar trademark.
History
Quasar was established as a television brand in 1967 by Motorola, who wanted to emphasize the simplified design of their all-transistor television sets; the chassis was designed in such a way that the electronic components were contained within a drawer that could be slid out by a technician for easy replacement or repair.
On May 29, 1974, Motorola, Inc., sold its television manufacturing division—including its plants in Pontiac, Illinois; Franklin Park, Illinois; and Markham, Ontario—to Matsushita. Production of home television receivers continued under a newly incorporated entity, Quasar Electronics, Inc., an American-managed subsidiary of Matsushita Electronic Corporation of America (MECA). Motorola continued to operate a plant in Quincy, Illinois, until 1976, when this also was transferred to Matsushita. In the late 1970s, Quasar Company was established as a sales operation, with Quasar Electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry%20processing
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Geometry processing, or mesh processing, is an area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics, computer science and engineering to design efficient algorithms for the acquisition, reconstruction, analysis, manipulation, simulation and transmission of complex 3D models. As the name implies, many of the concepts, data structures, and algorithms are directly analogous to signal processing and image processing. For example, where image smoothing might convolve an intensity signal with a blur kernel formed using the Laplace operator, geometric smoothing might be achieved by convolving a surface geometry with a blur kernel formed using the Laplace-Beltrami operator.
Applications of geometry processing algorithms already cover a wide range of areas from multimedia, entertainment and classical computer-aided design, to biomedical computing, reverse engineering, and scientific computing.
Geometry processing is a common research topic at SIGGRAPH, the premier computer graphics academic conference, and the main topic of the annual Symposium on Geometry Processing.
Geometry processing as a life cycle
Geometry processing involves working with a shape, usually in 2D or 3D, although the shape can live in a space of arbitrary dimensions. The processing of a shape involves three stages, which is known as its life cycle. At its "birth," a shape can be instantiated through one of three methods: a model, a mathematical representation, or a scan. After a shape is born, it can
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosmidomycin
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Fosmidomycin is an antibiotic that was originally isolated from culture broths of bacteria of the genus Streptomyces. It specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase, a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. It is a structural analogue of 2-C-methyl-D-erythrose 4-phosphate. It inhibits the E. coli enzyme with a KI value of 38 nM (4), MTB at 80 nM, and the Francisella enzyme at 99 nM. Several mutations in the E. coli DXP reductoisomerase were found to confer resistance to fosmidomycin.
Use in malaria
The discovery of the non-mevalonate pathway in malaria parasites has indicated the use of fosmidomycin and other such inhibitors as antimalarial drugs. Indeed, fosmidomycin has been tested in combination treatment with clindamycin for treatment of malaria with favorable results. It has been shown that an increase in copy number of the target enzyme (DXP reductoisomerase) correlates with in vitro fosmidomycin resistance in the lethal malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.
References
Antibiotics
Oxidoreductase inhibitors
Phosphonic acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Hombori
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Mount Hombori (Hombori Tondo) is a mountain in Mali's Mopti Region, near the town of Hombori. At 1,155 meters, it is the highest point in Mali.
Biodiversity
Mount Hombori is an important location for biodiversity in the Sahel, with 150 different species of plants along with various species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects on its two-square-kilometer plateau surface.
Flora
In contrast to the surface of the plateau, the surrounding 10,000 square kilometers of flatlands contain only about 200 different species of plants. A major contributing factor to Hombori's biodiversity is a lack of cattle grazing at the summit, which is protected on all sides by sheer cliffs. For many species of plants, including Bombax costatum, Hombori is the northernmost point of their distribution, demonstrating its importance as a haven for many southern species.
Fauna
Mount Hombori is home to some animal species, namely reptiles and birds, but also some species of mammals including the rock hyrax and olive baboon.
Archaeology
Mount Hombori is a significant archaeological site, with caves inhabited more than 2,000 years ago.
See also
Dogon people
Toloy
Tellem
Dogon religion
References
Inselbergs of Africa
Mountains of Mali
Highest points of countries
Dogon Country
Dogon holy places
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Genome refers to a complex biochemical system devised within living organisms to ensure their ability to vigorously survive by reproduction, which is usually directed in coded fashion by DNA, the key molecule of that system.
Genome may also refer to:
Human genome
Bovine genome
Mitochondrial genome
BBC Genome Project, a digitised searchable database of programme listings from the Radio Times from the first issue in 1923, to 2009
Genome (book), 1999 nonfiction book by Matt Ridley
Genome (novel), science fiction novel by Sergey Lukyanenko
Genome (journal), a scientific journal
G-Nome, a PC game developed by 7th Level
Genome, a superior humanoid race in Square's console role-playing game Final Fantasy IX
Chromosome (genetic algorithm), the parameter set of a proposed solution to a problem posed to a genetic algorithm
Lord Genome, a character from the anime series Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann
The Wild Health Genomes, a professional baseball team that was based in Lexington, Kentucky
See also
Genome size
Genome project
Genomics
:Category:Genome projects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20Research
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Genome Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Disregarding review journals, Genome Research ranks 2nd in the category 'Genetics and Genomics' after Nature Genetics. The focus of the journal is on research that provides novel insights into the genome biology of all organisms, including advances in genomic medicine. This scope includes genome structure and function, comparative genomics, molecular evolution, genome-scale quantitative and population genetics, proteomics, epigenomics, and systems biology. The journal also features interesting gene discoveries and reports of cutting-edge computational biology and high-throughput biology methodologies. New data in these areas are published as research papers, or methods and resource reports that provide novel information on technologies or tools that will be of interest to a broad readership. The journal was established in 1991 as PCR Methods and Applications and obtained its current title in 1995. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 9.043, which peaked in 2014 at 14.630.
References
External links
Genetic engineering journals
Delayed open access journals
Academic journals established in 1991
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press academic journals
Monthly journals
English-language journals
1991 establishments in New York (state)
Genomics journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20temperature
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In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, stagnation temperature is the temperature at a stagnation point in a fluid flow. At a stagnation point the speed of the fluid is zero and all of the kinetic energy has been converted to internal energy and is added to the local static enthalpy. In both compressible and incompressible fluid flow, the stagnation temperature is equal to the total temperature at all points on the streamline leading to the stagnation point. See gas dynamics.
Derivation
Adiabatic
Stagnation temperature can be derived from the First Law of Thermodynamics. Applying the Steady Flow Energy Equation
and ignoring the work, heat and gravitational potential energy terms, we have:
where:
mass-specific stagnation (or total) enthalpy at a stagnation point
mass-specific static enthalpy at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
Substituting for enthalpy by assuming a constant specific heat capacity at constant pressure () we have:
or
where:
specific heat capacity at constant pressure
stagnation (or total) temperature at a stagnation point
temperature (or static temperature) at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
velocity at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
Mach number at the point of interest along the stagnation streamline
Ratio of Specific Heats (), ~1.4 for air at ~300 K
Flow with heat addition
q = Heat per unit mass added into the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation%20point
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In fluid dynamics, a stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero. A plentiful, albeit surprising, example of such points seem to appear in all but the most extreme cases of fluid dynamics in the form of the "no-slip condition"; the assumption that any portion of a flow field lying along some boundary consists of nothing but stagnation points (the question as to whether this assumption reflects reality or is simply a mathematical convenience has been a continuous subject of debate since the principle was first established). The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure is highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is at its maximum value at stagnation points: in this case static pressure equals stagnation pressure.
The Bernoulli equation applicable to incompressible flow shows that the stagnation pressure is equal to the dynamic pressure plus static pressure. Total pressure is also equal to dynamic pressure plus static pressure so, in incompressible flows, stagnation pressure is equal to total pressure. (In compressible flows, stagnation pressure is also equal to total pressure providing the fluid entering the stagnation point is brought to rest isentropically.)
Pressure coefficient
This information can be used to show that the pressure coefficient at a stagnation point is unity (positive one):
where:
is pressure coefficient
is static pressure at the point at which pressure coefficient is being eva
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural%20generation
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In computing, procedural generation (sometimes shortened as proc-gen) is a method of creating data algorithmically as opposed to manually, typically through a combination of human-generated content and algorithms coupled with computer-generated randomness and processing power. In computer graphics, it is commonly used to create textures and 3D models. In video games, it is used to automatically create large amounts of content in a game. Depending on the implementation, advantages of procedural generation can include smaller file sizes, larger amounts of content, and randomness for less predictable gameplay. Procedural generation is a branch of media synthesis.
Overview
The term procedural refers to the process that computes a particular function. Fractals are geometric patterns which can often be generated procedurally. Commonplace procedural content includes textures and meshes. Sound is often also procedurally generated, and has applications in both speech synthesis as well as music. It has been used to create compositions in various genres of electronic music by artists such as Brian Eno who popularized the term "generative music".
While software developers have applied procedural generation techniques for years, few products have employed this approach extensively. Procedurally generated elements have appeared in earlier video games: The Elder Scrolls II: Daggerfall takes place in a mostly procedurally generated world, giving a world roughly two thirds the actual size
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest%20ecology
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Forest ecology is the scientific study of the interrelated patterns, processes, flora, fauna and ecosystems in forests. The management of forests is known as forestry, silviculture, and forest management. A forest ecosystem is a natural woodland unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (Biotic components) in that area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.
Importance
Forests have an enormously important role to play in the global ecosystem. Forests produce approximately 28% of the Earth's oxygen (the vast majority being created by oceanic plankton), they also serve as homes for millions of people, and billions depend on forests in some way. Likewise, a large proportion of the world's animal species live in forests. Forests are also used for economic purposes such as fuel and wood products. Forest ecology therefore has a great impact upon the whole biosphere and human activities that are sustained by it.
Approaches
Forests are studied at a number of organisational levels, from the individual organism to the ecosystem. However, as the term forest connotes an area inhabited by more than one organism, forest ecology most often concentrates on the level of the population, community or ecosystem. Logically, trees are an important component of forest research, but the wide variety of other life forms and abiotic components in most forests means that other elements, such as wildlife or soil nutrients, are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nganasan%20language
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The Nganasan language (formerly called , tavgiysky, or , tavgiysko-samoyedsky in Russian; from the ethnonym , tavgi) is a moribund Samoyedic language spoken by the Nganasan people.
Classification
Nganasan is the most divergent language of the Samoyedic branch of the Uralic language family (Janhunen 1998). There are two main dialects, Avam (, ) and Vadeyev (). A part of the vocabulary can be traced to elements of unknown substrate origin, which are roughly twice as common in Nganasan than in other Samoyedic languages like Nenets or Enets, and bear no apparent resemblance to the neighboring Tungusic and Yukaghir languages. The source of this substrate remains a mystery so far.
Phonology
Nganasan has 10 vowel phonemes and 21 consonant phonemes.
Several disyllabic sequences of vowels are possible:
The sequences // and // also occur, but only across morpheme boundaries.
The vowels and only occur in initial syllables.
Vowels can be divided two pairs of groups based on harmony: Front vs Back , and Unrounded vs Rounded . Backness harmony only applies to high vowels.
Front vowels do not occur after initial dental consonants.
do not occur after initial palatal consonants, having been neutralized into .
does not occur after palatal consonants, having been neutralized into .
does not occur after initial labial consonants, having been neutralized into .
One of the main features of Nganasan is consonant gradation, which concerns the consonant phonemes alternating with
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20and%20correlation
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In probability theory and statistics, the mathematical concepts of covariance and correlation are very similar. Both describe the degree to which two random variables or sets of random variables tend to deviate from their expected values in similar ways.
If X and Y are two random variables, with means (expected values) μX and μY and standard deviations σX and σY, respectively, then their covariance and correlation are as follows:
covariance
correlation
so that
where E is the expected value operator. Notably, correlation is dimensionless while covariance is in units obtained by multiplying the units of the two variables.
If Y always takes on the same values as X, we have the covariance of a variable with itself (i.e. ), which is called the variance and is more commonly denoted as the square of the standard deviation. The correlation of a variable with itself is always 1 (except in the degenerate case where the two variances are zero because X always takes on the same single value, in which case the correlation does not exist since its computation would involve division by 0). More generally, the correlation between two variables is 1 (or –1) if one of them always takes on a value that is given exactly by a linear function of the other with respectively a positive (or negative) slope.
Although the values of the theoretical covariances and correlations are linked in the above way, the probability distributions of sample estimates of these quantities are not linked in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20amplifier
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A linear amplifier is an electronic circuit whose output is proportional to its input, but capable of delivering more power into a load. The term usually refers to a type of radio-frequency (RF) power amplifier, some of which have output power measured in kilowatts, and are used in amateur radio. Other types of linear amplifier are used in audio and laboratory equipment. Linearity refers to the ability of the amplifier to produce signals that are accurate copies of the input. A linear amplifier responds to different frequency components independently, and tends not to generate harmonic distortion or intermodulation distortion. No amplifier can provide perfect linearity however, because the amplifying devices—transistors or vacuum tubes—follow nonlinear transfer function and rely on circuitry techniques to reduce those effects. There are a number of amplifier classes providing various trade-offs between implementation cost, efficiency, and signal accuracy.
Explanation
Linearity refers to the ability of the amplifier to produce signals that are accurate copies of the input, generally at increased power levels. Load impedance, supply voltage, input base current, and power output capabilities can affect the efficiency of the amplifier.
Class-A amplifiers can be designed to have good linearity in both single ended and push-pull topologies. Amplifiers of classes AB1, AB2 and B can be linear only when a tuned tank circuit is employed, or in the push-pull topology, in which two ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAICS%2021
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NAICS 21 is the category within the North American Industry Classification System which is composed of establishments that extract naturally occurring mineral solids(i.e. as metals, coal and other industrial minerals), liquid minerals (i.e. crude petroleum) and gases (i.e. natural gas).
Definition of mining
NAICS 21 uses the term "mining" to include quarrying, well operations, beneficiating and other mineral preparation customarily performed at the mine sites, or as a part of mining activity and distinguishes two basic activities:
Mine operation
Mine operation includes companies that operate mines, quarries, or oil and gas wells for themselves, and companies which operate them on a contract or fee basis.
Mining support activities
Mining support activities include companies that perform exploration (except geophysical surveying) and other mining services, on a contract or fee basis, with the exception of mine site preparation and construction of oil/gas pipelines.
Further breakdown
Companies are grouped and classified according to the natural resource which is or will be mined. Industries include establishments that develop the mine site, extract the natural resources, and/or those that process the mineral mined.
Smelting and refining
Smelting and refining take place in both the "mineral processing" (NAICS 21) stages and the manufacturing stages (NACIS 31-31).
References
Mining in Canada
Mining in Mexico
Mining in the United States
Mining in North America
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile%20neuronal%20ceroid%20lipofuscinosis
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Infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (INCL) or Santavuori disease or Hagberg-Santavuori disease or Santavuori-Haltia disease or Infantile Finnish type neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis or Balkan disease is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide – with approximately 60 official cases reported by 1982, perhaps 100 with the condition in total today – but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect.
Presentation
The development of children born with INCL is normal for the first 8–18 months, but will then flounder and start to regress both physically and mentally. Motor skills and speech are lost, and optic atrophy causes blindness. A variety of neurological symptoms, such as epilepsy and myoclonic seizures, appear. The senses of hearing and touch remain unaffected. The average lifespan of an INCL child is 9–11 years.
Causes
It has been associated with palmitoyl-protein thioesterase.
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment is limited. Drugs can alleviate the symptoms, such as sleep difficulties and epilepsy. Physiotherapy helps affected children retain the ability to remain upright for as long as possible, and prevents some of the pain.
Recent attempts to treat INCL with cystagon have been unsuccessful.
See also
FAIDD (The Finnish Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities)
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Neuron
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STN%20display
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A super-twisted nematic (STN) display is a type of monochrome passive-matrix liquid crystal display (LCD).
History
This type of LCD was first patented by C. M. Waters and E. P. Raynes in 1982 whilst work was also conducted at the Brown Boveri Research Center, Baden, Switzerland, in 1983. For years a better scheme for multiplexing was sought. Standard twisted nematic (TN) LCDs with a 90 degrees twisted structure of the molecules have a contrast vs. voltage characteristic unfavorable for passive-matrix addressing as there is no distinct threshold voltage. STN displays, with the molecules twisted from 180 to 270 degrees, have superior characteristics.
Features
The main advantage of STN LCDs is their more pronounced electro-optical threshold allowing for passive-matrix addressing with many more lines and columns. For the first time, a prototype STN matrix display with 540x270 pixels was made by Brown Boveri (today ABB) in 1984, which was considered a breakthrough for the industry.
STN LCDs require less power and are less expensive to manufacture than TFT LCDs, another popular type of LCD that has largely superseded STN for mainstream laptops. STN displays typically suffer from lower image quality and slower response time than TFT displays. However, STN LCDs can be made purely reflective for viewing under direct sunlight. STN displays are used in some inexpensive mobile phones and informational screens of some digital products. In the early 1990s, they had been used in some
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaria
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Lomaria is a genus of ferns belonging to the family Blechnaceae.
Species
In the circumscription used in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the genus contains six species:
Lomaria brunea (M.Kessler & A.R.Sm.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich
Lomaria discolor (G.Forst.) Willd.
Lomaria inflexa Kunze
Lomaria nuda (Labill.) Willd. (syn. Blechnum nudum (Labill.) Mett.)
Lomaria oceanica (Rosenst.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (syn. Blechnum oceanicum (Rosenst.) Brownlie
Lomaria spannagelii (Rosenst.) Gasper & V.A.O.Dittrich (syn. Blechnum spannagelii Rosenst.)
References
Blechnaceae
Fern genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyloid%20plaques
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Amyloid plaques (also known as neuritic plaques, amyloid beta plaques or senile plaques) are extracellular deposits of the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein mainly in the grey matter of the brain. Degenerative neuronal elements and an abundance of microglia and astrocytes can be associated with amyloid plaques. Some plaques occur in the brain as a result of aging, but large numbers of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease. Abnormal neurites in amyloid plaques are tortuous, often swollen axons and dendrites. The neurites contain a variety of organelles and cellular debris, and many of them include characteristic paired helical filaments, the ultrastructural component of neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques are highly variable in shape and size; in tissue sections immunostained for Aβ, they comprise a log-normal size distribution curve with an average plaque area of 400-450 square micrometers (µm²). The smallest plaques (less than 200 µm²), which often consist of diffuse deposits of Aβ, are particularly numerous. The apparent size of plaques is influenced by the type of stain used to detect them, and by the plane through which they are sectioned for analysis under the microscope. Plaques form when Aβ misfolds and aggregates into oligomers and longer polymers, the latter of which are characteristic of amyloid. Misfolded and aggregated Aβ is thought to be neurotoxic, especially in its oligomeric state.
History
In 1892, Paul Blocq and Gh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallographic%20restriction%20theorem
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The crystallographic restriction theorem in its basic form was based on the observation that the rotational symmetries of a crystal are usually limited to 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. However, quasicrystals can occur with other diffraction pattern symmetries, such as 5-fold; these were not discovered until 1982 by Dan Shechtman.
Crystals are modeled as discrete lattices, generated by a list of independent finite translations . Because discreteness requires that the spacings between lattice points have a lower bound, the group of rotational symmetries of the lattice at any point must be a finite group (alternatively, the point is the only system allowing for infinite rotational symmetry). The strength of the theorem is that not all finite groups are compatible with a discrete lattice; in any dimension, we will have only a finite number of compatible groups.
Dimensions 2 and 3
The special cases of 2D (wallpaper groups) and 3D (space groups) are most heavily used in applications, and they can be treated together.
Lattice proof
A rotation symmetry in dimension 2 or 3 must move a lattice point to a succession of other lattice points in the same plane, generating a regular polygon of coplanar lattice points. We now confine our attention to the plane in which the symmetry acts , illustrated with lattice vectors in the figure.
Now consider an 8-fold rotation, and the displacement vectors between adjacent points of the polygon. If a displacement exists between any two la
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vessel%20element
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A vessel element or vessel member (also called a xylem vessel) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. Vessel elements are found in angiosperms (flowering plants) but absent from gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of angiosperms from the "softwood" of conifers.
Anatomy
Xylem is the tissue in vascular plants that conducts water (and substances dissolved in it) upwards from the roots to the shoots. Two kinds of cell are involved in xylem transport: tracheids and vessel elements. Vessel elements are the building blocks of vessels, the conducting pathways that constitute the major part of the water transporting system in flowering plants. Vessels form an efficient system for transporting water (including necessary minerals) from the root to the leaves and other parts of the plant.
In secondary xylem – the xylem that is produced as a stem thickens rather than when it first appears – a vessel element originates from the vascular cambium. A long cell, oriented along the axis of the stem, called a "fusiform initial", divides along its length forming new vessel elements. The cell wall of a vessel element becomes strongly "lignified", i.e. it develops reinforcing material made of lignin. The side walls of a vessel element have pits: more or less circular regions in contact with neighbouring cells. Tracheids also have pits, but only vessel elements have openings at both ends that con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adatom
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An adatom is an atom that lies on a crystal surface, and can be thought of as the opposite of a surface vacancy. This term is used in surface chemistry and epitaxy, when describing single atoms lying on surfaces and surface roughness. The word is a portmanteau of "adsorbed atom". A single atom, a cluster of atoms, or a molecule or cluster of molecules may all be referred to by the general term "adparticle". This is often a thermodynamically unfavorable state. However, cases such as graphene may provide counter-examples.
Adatom growth
″Adatom″ is a portmanteau word, short for adsorbed atom. When the atom arrives at a crystal surface, it is adsorbed by the periodic potential of the crystal, thus becoming an adatom. The minima of this potential form a network of adsorption sites on the surface. There are different types of adsorption sites. Each of these sites corresponds to a different structure of the surface. There are five different types of adsorption sites, which are: on a terrace, where the adsorption site is on top of the surface layer that is growing; at the step edge, which is next to the growing layer; in the kink of a growing layer; in the step edge of a growing layer, and in the surface layer, where the adsorption site is inside the lower layer.
Out of these adsorption site types, kink sites play the most important role in crystal growth. Kink density is a major factor of growth kinetics. Attachment of an atom to the kink site, or removal of the atom from the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RHLI
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RHLI may refer to:
The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment)
Acyl-homoserine-lactone synthase, an enzyme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophilin
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Cyclophilins (CYPs) are a family of proteins named after their ability to bind to ciclosporin (cyclosporin A), an immunosuppressant which is usually used to suppress rejection after internal organ transplants. They are found in all domains of life. These proteins have peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the isomerization of peptide bonds from trans form to cis form at proline residues and facilitates protein folding.
Cyclophilin A is a cytosolic and highly abundant protein. The protein belongs to a family of isozymes, including cyclophilins B and C, and natural killer cell cyclophilin-related protein. Major isoforms have been found within single cells, including inside the Endoplasmic reticulum, and some are even secreted.
Mammalian cyclophilins
Human genes encoding proteins containing the cyclophilin domain include:
PPIA, PPIB, PPIC, PPID, PPIE, PPIF, PPIG, PPIH
PPIL1, PPIL2, PPIL3, PPIL4, PPIAL4, PPIL6
PPWD1
Cyclophilin A
Cyclophilin A (CYPA) also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), which is found in the cytosol, has a beta barrel structure with two alpha helices and a beta-sheet. Other cyclophilins have similar structures to cyclophilin A. The cyclosporin-cyclophilin A complex inhibits a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, the inhibition of which is thought to suppress organ rejection by halting the production of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF alpha and interleukin 2.
Cyclophilin A is also known to be recruited by t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hum
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The Hum is a name often given to widespread reports of a persistent and invasive low-frequency humming, rumbling, or droning noise audible to many but not all people. Hums have been reported all over the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada. They are sometimes named according to the locality where the problem has been particularly publicized, such as the "Taos Hum" in New Mexico and the "Windsor Hum" in Ontario.
The Hum does not appear to be a single phenomenon. Different causes have been attributed, including local mechanical sources, often from industrial plants, as well as manifestations of tinnitus or other biological auditory effects.
Description
A 1973 report cites a university study of fifty cases of people complaining about a "low throbbing background noise" that others were unable to hear. The sound, always peaking between 30 and 40 Hz, was found to only be heard during cool weather with a light breeze, and often early in the morning. These noises were often confined to a wide area.
Taos Hum
A study into the Taos Hum in the early 1990s in Taos, New Mexico indicated that at least two percent could hear it; each hearer at a different frequency between 32 Hz and 80 Hz, modulated from 0.5 to 2 Hz. Similar results have been found in an earlier British study. It seems possible for hearers to move away from it, with one hearer of the Taos Hum reporting its range was . There are approximately equal percentages of male and female he
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating-wave%20approximation
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The rotating-wave approximation is an approximation used in atom optics and magnetic resonance. In this approximation, terms in a Hamiltonian that oscillate rapidly are neglected. This is a valid approximation when the applied electromagnetic radiation is near resonance with an atomic transition, and the intensity is low. Explicitly, terms in the Hamiltonians that oscillate with frequencies are neglected, while terms that oscillate with frequencies are kept, where is the light frequency, and is a transition frequency.
The name of the approximation stems from the form of the Hamiltonian in the interaction picture, as shown below. By switching to this picture the evolution of an atom due to the corresponding atomic Hamiltonian is absorbed into the system ket, leaving only the evolution due to the interaction of the atom with the light field to consider. It is in this picture that the rapidly oscillating terms mentioned previously can be neglected. Since in some sense the interaction picture can be thought of as rotating with the system ket only that part of the electromagnetic wave that approximately co-rotates is kept; the counter-rotating component is discarded.
The rotating-wave approximation is closely related to, but different from, the secular approximation.
Mathematical formulation
For simplicity consider a two-level atomic system with ground and excited states and , respectively (using the Dirac bracket notation). Let the energy difference between the states b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950%20in%20radio
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The year 1950 saw a number of significant happenings in radio broadcasting history.
Events
15 March – The Copenhagen Frequency Plan is implemented by broadcasters throughout Europe.
1 May – Springbok Radio, South Africa's first commercial radio station, takes to the airwaves. It will broadcast for 35 years, until 31 December 1985.
5 June – In the Federal Republic of Germany, Bayerischer Rundfunk, Hessischer Rundfunk, Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, Radio Bremen, Süddeutscher Rundfunk, and Südwestfunk jointly establish the ARD consortium of public broadcasting authorities.
Debuts
Programs
1 January – Hopalong Cassidy debuts on Mutual.
6 January – The Halls of Ivy debuts on NBC.
9 January – Hannibal Cobb debuts on ABC.
16 January – Listen with Mother debuts on the BBC Light Programme.
22 January – The Adventures of Christopher London debuts on NBC.
30 January – Mark Trail debuts on Mutual.
1 February – Big Jon and Sparkie debuts on ABC.
6 February – Dangerous Assignment debuts on NBC.
7 May
The Big Guy debuts on NBC.
Cloak and Dagger debuts on NBC.
6 June – Educating Archie debuts on the BBC Light Programme.
7 June – The Archers pilot episodes debut on BBC radio; it will still be running 65 years later.
2 July – Hashknife Hartley debuts on Mutual.
3 July – Granby's Green Acres debuts on CBS.
24 September – Charlie Wild, Private Detective debuts on NBC.
29 October – Meet Frank Sinatra debuts on CBS.
5 November
The Big Show introduced by Tallulah Bankhead deb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20solution
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A solid solution, a term popularly used for metals, is a homogeneous mixture of two different kinds of atoms in solid state and having a single crystal structure. Many examples can be found in metallurgy, geology, and solid-state chemistry. The word "solution" is used to describe the intimate mixing of components at the atomic level and distinguishes these homogeneous materials from physical mixtures of components. Two terms are mainly associated with solid solutions – solvents and solutes, depending on the relative abundance of the atomic species.
In general if two compounds are isostructural then a solid solution will exist between the end members (also known as parents). For example sodium chloride and potassium chloride have the same cubic crystal structure so it is possible to make a pure compound with any ratio of sodium to potassium (Na1-xKx)Cl by dissolving that ratio of NaCl and KCl in water and then evaporating the solution. A member of this family is sold under the brand name Lo Salt which is (Na0.33K0.66)Cl, hence it contains 66% less sodium than normal table salt (NaCl). The pure minerals are called halite and sylvite; a physical mixture of the two is referred to as sylvinite.
Because minerals are natural materials they are prone to large variations in composition. In many cases specimens are members for a solid solution family and geologists find it more helpful to discuss the composition of the family than an individual specimen. Olivine is described by the f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promega
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Promega Corporation is a Madison, Wisconsinbased manufacturer of enzymes and other products for biotechnology and molecular biology with a portfolio covering the fields of genomics, protein analysis and expression, cellular analysis, drug discovery, and genetic identity.
History
Promega Corporation was founded by Bill Linton in 1978 to provide restriction enzymes for biotechnology. The company now offers more than 4,000 life science products used by scientists, researchers and life science and pharmaceutical companies. Promega has 1,601 employees. Revenue is approaching $450 million (USD) in 2019.
The privately held company has branch offices in 16 countries and more than 50 global distributors serving 100 countries. Promega Corporation also established the first biotechnology joint venture in China (Sino-American Biotechnology Co. in 1985).
The company has developed an on-site stocking system, which uses radio frequency identification (RFID) linked to the Internet to track and manage remote inventory. This resulted in the spin-off company Terso Solutions that specializes in the design and manufacturing of small RFID storage units.
In February 2020, Foreign Policy reported that Promega had sold equipment to the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. In 2021, The New York Times reported that, despite bans, Promega equipment continued to be sold to police in Xinjiang.
Product areas and technologies
Genomics
The company's portfolio began with products for genomic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSF
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LSF may refer to:
Science and technology
IBM Spectrum LSF, a software job scheduler formerly called Platform LSF
Laser-stimulated fluorescence, a spectroscopic method
Late SV40 factor, a protein
Lightweight steel framing, a building material
Line spectral frequencies, in signal processing
Line spread function, in optics
Organisations
Financial Security Law of France ()
Ledøje-Smørum Fodbold, an association football club in Denmark
Other uses
French Sign Language ()
Latino sine flexione, a constructed language
"L.S.F." (song) or "L.S.F. (Lost Souls Forever)", by Kasabian
Law Society's Final Examination, replaced by the Legal Practice Course, UK
Liberty Security Force, a faction in the video game Freelancer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD1
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CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells. CD1 glycoproteins are structurally related to the class I MHC molecules, however, in contrast to MHC class 1 proteins, they present lipids, glycolipids and small molecules antigens to T cells. Both αβ and γδ T cells recognise CD1 molecules.
The human CD1 gene cluster is located on chromosome 1. Genes of the CD1 family were first cloned in 1986, by Franco Calabi and C. Milstein, whereas the first known lipid antigen for CD1 was discovered in 1994, during studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The first antigen that was discovered to be able to bind CD1 and then be recognised by TCR is C80 mycolic acid. Even though their precise function is unknown, The CD1 system of lipid antigen recognition by TCR offers the prospect of discovering new approaches to therapy and developing immunomodulatory agents.
Types
CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups of CD1 isoforms which differ in their lipid anchoring, as well as their expression patterns of the CD1 genes (CD1d is constitutively expressed, whereas the group 1 CD1 genes are inducible and coordinately regulated by myeloid cells).
CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation.
CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells.
CD1e is an intermediate form, a soluble lipid transfer protein that is expressed intr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett%27s%20test
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In statistics, Bartlett's test, named after Maurice Stevenson Bartlett, is used to test homoscedasticity, that is, if multiple samples are from populations with equal variances. Some statistical tests, such as the analysis of variance, assume that variances are equal across groups or samples, which can be verified with Bartlett's test.
In a Bartlett test, we construct the null and alternative hypothesis. For this purpose several test procedures have been devised. The test procedure due to M.S.E (Mean Square Error/Estimator) Bartlett test is represented here. This test procedure is based on the statistic whose sampling distribution is approximately a Chi-Square distribution with (k − 1) degrees of freedom, where k is the number of random samples, which may vary in size and are each drawn from independent normal distributions.
Bartlett's test is sensitive to departures from normality. That is, if the samples come from non-normal distributions, then Bartlett's test may simply be testing for non-normality. Levene's test and the Brown–Forsythe test are alternatives to the Bartlett test that are less sensitive to departures from normality.
Specification
Bartlett's test is used to test the null hypothesis, H0 that all k population variances are equal against the alternative that at least two are different.
If there are k samples with sizes and sample variances then Bartlett's test statistic is
where and is the pooled estimate for the variance.
The test statistic has approxi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong%20cryptography
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Strong cryptography or cryptographically strong are general terms used to designate the cryptographic algorithms that, when used correctly, provide a very high (usually unsurmountable) level of protection against any eavesdropper, including the government agencies. There is no precise definition of the boundary line between the strong cryptography and (breakable) weak cryptography, as this border constantly shifts due to improvements in hardware and cryptanalysis techniques. These improvements eventually place the capabilities once available only to the NSA within the reach of a skilled individual, so in practice there are only two levels of cryptographic security, "cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files" (Bruce Schneier).
The strong cryptography algorithms have high security strength, for practical purposes usually defined as a number of bits in the key. For example, the United States government, when dealing with export control of encryption, considers any implementation of the symmetric encryption algorithm with the key length above 56 bits or its public key equivalent to be strong and thus potentially a subject to the export licensing. To be strong, an algorithm needs to have a sufficiently long key and be free of known mathematical weaknesses, as exploitation of these effectively reduces the key size. At the beginning of the 21st century, the typical security strengt
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic%20dermatitis
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Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is a long-term type of inflammation of the skin (dermatitis). It results in itchy, red, swollen, and cracked skin. Clear fluid may come from the affected areas, which can thicken over time. AD may also simply be called eczema, a term that generally refers to a larger group of skin conditions.
Atopic dermatitis affects about 20% of people at some point in their lives. It is more common in younger children. Females are slightly more affected than males. Many people outgrow the condition.
While the condition may occur at any age, it typically starts in childhood, with changing severity over the years. In children under one year of age, the face and limbs and much of the body may be affected. As children get older, the areas on the insides of the knees and folds of the elbows and around the neck are most commonly affected. In adults, the hands and feet are commonly affected. Scratching the affected areas worsens the eczema and increases the risk of skin infections. Many people with atopic dermatitis develop hay fever or asthma.
The cause is unknown but believed to involve genetics, immune system dysfunction, environmental exposures, and difficulties with the permeability of the skin. If one identical twin is affected, the other has an 85% chance of having the condition. Those who live in cities and dry climates are more commonly affected. Exposure to certain chemicals or frequent hand washing makes symptoms worse. While em
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Marcell
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Joseph Marcell (born 14 August 1948) is a Saint Lucian born British actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Geoffrey Butler, the butler on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air from September 1990 until the show ended in May 1996.
Born in Saint Lucia, he moved to the United Kingdom when he was 9 years old and grew up in Peckham, South London. Marcell currently lives in Banstead, Surrey.
He studied speech and dance at the Central School of Speech and Drama.
Career
Marcell grew up in Peckham, South East London. As a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, he appeared in productions of Othello and A Midsummer Night's Dream. He has also appeared in feature films and on television in Britain. He serves on the board of the Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London where he featured in a nationwide production of Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing and King Lear.
He played Gonzalo in Shakespeare’s play The Tempest at Sam Wanamaker Playhouse in May 2016. He also played Solly Two Kings in the play by August Wilson, Gem of the Ocean at the Tricycle Theatre, in London, in January 2016. Marcell began rehearsals as Titus Andronicus, in July 2017, for the La Grande Shakespeare Company, in La Grande, Oregon.
Film and television
Film
Television
Stage
King Lear, as King Lear
A Midsummer Night's Dream, as Puck
Gem of the Ocean (2016), as Solly Two Kings
Lady Windermere's Fan (2018) as Lord Lorton, Vaudeville Theatre, London
The Tempest (2016) as Gonzalo, Sam Wanamaker P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycloleucine
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Cycloleucine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid. It could be classified as a cyclic derivate of norleucine, having two hydrogen atoms less. Leading structure is a cyclopentane-ring. The α-carbon atom is not a stereocenter.
Cycloleucine is a non-metabolisable amino acid and is a specific and reversible inhibitor of nucleic acid methylation, and as such is widely used in biochemical experiments.
In 2007, a research study performed on primary rat hepatocytes had shown that cycloleucine can lower S-Adenosyl_methionine (SAM) levels in control hepatocytes by inhibiting the conversion of 5'-methylthioadenosine to SAM through the methionine salvage pathway. Cycloleucine treatment in conjunction with higher levels of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and lower SAM levels in pyrazole hepatocytes had shown an increased amount of cell apoptosis when compared to control hepatocytes.
In a 2015 study on the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylation on adipogenesis, researchers treated porcine adipocytes with increasing concentrations of cycloleucine. The researchers measured mRNA concentration of m6A using the Dot Blot method, and the results showed that cycloleucine increased adipocyte growth by blocking methylation by inhibiting m6A levels relative to the control adipocytes.
Building on the findings on cycloleucine’s role in the inhibition of N6-methyladenosine activity a 2022 study showed that cycloleucine inhibits porcine oocyte and embryo development. Researchers cultured porcine oo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin
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Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals. They are major constituents of the basement membrane, namely the basal lamina (the protein network foundation for most cells and organs). Laminins are vital to biological activity, influencing cell differentiation, migration, and adhesion.
Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with a high molecular mass (~400 to ~900 kDa) and possess three different chains (α, β and γ) encoded by five, four, and three paralogous genes in humans, respectively. The laminin molecules are named according to their chain composition, e.g. laminin-511 contains α5, β1, and γ1 chains. Fourteen other chain combinations have been identified in vivo. The trimeric proteins intersect, composing a cruciform structure that is able to bind to other molecules of the extracellular matrix and cell membrane. The three short arms have an affinity for binding to other laminin molecules, conducing sheet formation. The long arm is capable of binding to cells and helps anchor organized tissue cells to the basement membrane.
Laminins are integral to the structural scaffolding of almost every tissue of an organism—secreted and incorporated into cell-associated extracellular matrices. These glycoproteins are imperative to the maintenance and vitality of tissues; defective laminins can cause muscles to form improperly, leading to a form of muscular dystrophy, lethal skin blistering disease (junctional epidermolysis bullosa), and/or defects
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita%20Abatzi
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Rita Abatzi (also spelled Abadzi; ) (1914 – 17 June 1969) was a Greek rebetiko musician who began her career in the first part of the 1930s.
She was born in Smyrna (now Izmir), in the Aidin Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. Some sources have given her year of birth as 1903.
A singer of rebetiko, Smyrneika, and other music, she was a popular performer on gramophone records in the 1930s. During that decade, the only female singer of rebetiko who rivalled her in popularity, and in the number of her recordings, was Roza Eskenazi.
Abatzi performed with many of the most famous musicians including Kostas Skarvelis, Spyros Peristeris, Dimitrios Semsis, Markos Vamvakaris and Vassilis Tsitsanis. Her career ended after World War II.
She died in Egaleo (Athens). Her sister, Sofia Karivali, was also a notable singer of rebetiko.
Discography
Two collections dedicated to Rita Abatzi's recordings have been issued:
Rita Abatzi 1933–1938, Heritage
Rita Abatzi, Minos-Arkheio
Her recordings also appear on these anthologies:
Women of Rembetika, JSP/Amazon
Women of Rembetika 1908-1947, 4-CD collection, JSP/Amazon
References
External links
Rita Abatzi (Ρίτα Αμπατζή) recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings.
1969 deaths
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to Greece
Musicians from İzmir
People from Aidin vilayet
Smyrniote Greeks
Greek rebetiko singers
20th-century Greek women singers
20th-century births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20classification%20%28disambiguation%29
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Scientific classification is a practice and science of categorization.
Scientific classification may also refer to:
Chemical classification
Mathematical classification, construction of subsets into a set
Statistical classification, the mathematical problem of assigning a label to an object based on a set of its attributes or features
Biology
Taxonomy (biology)
Alpha taxonomy, the science of finding, describing and naming organisms
Cladistics, a newer way of classifying organisms, based solely on phylogeny
Linnaean taxonomy, the classic scientific classification system
Virus classification, naming and sorting viruses
Astronomy
Galaxy morphological classification
Stellar classification
See also
Categorization, general
Classification of the sciences (Peirce)
Linguistic typology
Systematic name
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains%20hum
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Mains hum, electric hum, cycle hum, or power line hum is a sound associated with alternating current which is twice the frequency of the mains electricity. The fundamental frequency of this sound is usually double that of fundamental 50/60Hz, i.e.100/120Hz, depending on the local power-line frequency. The sound often has heavy harmonic content above 50/60Hz. Because of the presence of mains current in mains-powered audio equipment as well as ubiquitous AC electromagnetic fields from nearby appliances and wiring, 50/60Hz electrical noise can get into audio systems, and is heard as mains hum from their speakers. Mains hum may also be heard coming from powerful electric power grid equipment such as utility transformers, caused by mechanical vibrations induced by magnetostriction in magnetic core. Onboard aircraft (or spacecraft) the frequency heard is often higher pitched, due to the use of 400 Hz AC power in these settings because 400 Hz transformers are much smaller and lighter.
Causes
Electric hum around transformers is caused by stray magnetic fields causing the enclosure and accessories to vibrate. Magnetostriction is a second source of vibration, in which the core iron changes shape minutely when exposed to magnetic fields. The intensity of the fields, and thus the "hum" intensity, is a function of the applied voltage. Because the magnetic flux density is strongest twice every electrical cycle, the fundamental "hum" frequency will be twice the electrical frequency. Add
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrupole%20ion%20trap
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In experimental physics, a quadrupole ion trap or paul trap is a type of ion trap that uses dynamic electric fields to trap charged particles. They are also called radio frequency (RF) traps or Paul traps in honor of Wolfgang Paul, who invented the device and shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989 for this work. It is used as a component of a mass spectrometer or a trapped ion quantum computer.
Overview
A charged particle, such as an atomic or molecular ion, feels a force from an electric field. It is not possible to create a static configuration of electric fields that traps the charged particle in all three directions (this restriction is known as Earnshaw's theorem). It is possible, however, to create an average confining force in all three directions by use of electric fields that change in time. To do so, the confining and anti-confining directions are switched at a rate faster than it takes the particle to escape the trap. The traps are also called "radio frequency" traps because the switching rate is often at a radio frequency.
The quadrupole is the simplest electric field geometry used in such traps, though more complicated geometries are possible for specialized devices. The electric fields are generated from electric potentials on metal electrodes. A pure quadrupole is created from hyperbolic electrodes, though cylindrical electrodes are often used for ease of fabrication. Microfabricated ion traps exist where the electrodes lie in a plane with the trapping r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanthropus
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Sinanthropus (from Sino-, "China", and anthro-, "man") is an archaic genus in the scientific classification system to which the early hominid fossils of Peking man, Lantian Man, Nanjing Man, and Yuanmou Man were once assigned. All of them have now been reclassified as Homo erectus, and the genus Sinanthropus is disused. Beginning in the year 1928 to the year 1937, 14 fragmented skulls belonging to the hominids were found in various locations in China. Peking and Chou K’ou-tien are two notable places with fossils found. It has been noted by researchers that it is likely that the found fragmented skulls were brought to the cave after being severed from the bodies they belonged to. This is very likely, because most of the found pieces are teeth and jaws. Some skulls are missing large parts which indicates separation before they were fossilized, not the loss of pieces due to fossilization process.
Sinanthropus contained four species:
Peking Man — Sinanthropus pekinensis (currently Homo erectus pekinensis)
Lantian Man — Sinanthropus lantianensis (currently Homo erectus lantianensis)
Nanjing Man — Sinanthropus nankinensis (currently Homo erectus nankinensis)
Yuanmou Man — Sinanthropus yuanmouensis (currently Homo erectus yuanmouensis)
Discovery
Of the four species placed within the genus Sinanthropus, the first to be found were remnants of the Peking man (Sinanthropus pekinensis). The first fossil was retrieved by Otto Zdansky (1894-1988) near the village of Chou K'ou-tie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus%20pentoxide
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Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5). This white crystalline solid is the anhydride of phosphoric acid. It is a powerful desiccant and dehydrating agent.
Structure
Phosphorus pentoxide crystallizes in at least four forms or polymorphs. The most familiar one, a metastable form (shown in the figure), comprises molecules of P4O10. Weak van der Waals forces hold these molecules together in a hexagonal lattice (However, in spite of the high symmetry of the molecules, the crystal packing is not a close packing). The structure of the P4O10 cage is reminiscent of adamantane with Td symmetry point group. It is closely related to the corresponding anhydride of phosphorous acid, P4O6. The latter lacks terminal oxo groups. Its density is 2.30 g/cm3. It boils at 423 °C under atmospheric pressure; if heated more rapidly it can sublimate. This form can be made by condensing the vapor of phosphorus pentoxide rapidly, and the result is an extremely hygroscopic solid.
The other polymorphs are polymeric, but in each case the phosphorus atoms are bound by a tetrahedron of oxygen atoms, one of which forms a terminal P=O bond involving the donation of the terminal oxygen p-orbital electrons to the antibonding phosphorus-oxygen single bonds. The macromolecular form can be made by heating the compound in a sealed tube for several hours, and maintaining the melt at a high temperature before cooling t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20search
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Stack search (also known as Stack decoding algorithm) is a search algorithm similar to beam search. It can be used to explore tree-structured search spaces and is often employed in Natural language processing applications, such as parsing of natural languages, or for decoding of error correcting codes where the technique goes under the name of sequential decoding.
Stack search keeps a list of the best n candidates seen so far. These candidates are incomplete solutions to the search problems, e.g. partial parse trees. It then iteratively expands the best partial solution, putting all resulting partial solutions onto the stack and then trimming the resulting list of partial solutions to the top n candidates, until a real solution (i.e. complete parse tree) has been found.
Stack search is not guaranteed to find the optimal solution to the search problem. The quality of the result depends on the quality of the search heuristic.
References
Example applications of the stack search algorithm can be found in the literature:
Frederick Jelinek. Fast sequential decoding algorithm using a stack. IBM Journal of Research and Development, pp. 675-685, 1969.
Ye-Yi Wang and Alex Waibel. Decoding algorithm in statistical machine translation. Proceedings of the 8th conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 366-372. Madrid, Spain, 1997.
Search algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound%E2%80%93Rebka%20experiment
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The Pound–Rebka experiment monitored frequency shifts in gamma rays as they rose and fell in the gravitational field of the Earth. The experiment tested Einstein's 1907 and 1911 predictions, based on the equivalence principle, that photons would gain energy when descending a gravitational potential, and would lose energy when rising through a gravitational potential. It was proposed by Robert Pound and his graduate student Glen A. Rebka Jr. in 1959, and was the last of the classical tests of general relativity to be verified. The measurement of gravitational redshift and blueshift by this experiment validated the prediction of the equivalence principle that clocks should be measured as running at different rates in different places of a gravitational field. It is considered to be the experiment that ushered in an era of precision tests of general relativity.
Background
Equivalence principle argument predicting gravitational red- and blueshift
In the decade preceding Einstein's publication of the definitive version of his theory of general relativity, he anticipated several of the results of his final theory with heuristic arguments, not all of which were to prove to be correct.
To show that the equivalence principle implies that light is Doppler-shifted in a gravitational field, Einstein considered a light source separated along the z-axis by a distance above a receiver in a homogeneous gravitational field having a force per unit mass of 1 A continuous beam of electr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDS%20C
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BDS C (or the BD Software C Compiler) is a compiler for a sizeable subset of the C programming language, that ran on and generated code for the Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 processors. It was the first C compiler for CP/M. It was written by Leor Zolman and first released in 1979 when he was 20 years old. "BDS" stands for "Brain Damage Software."
BDS C was popular and influential among CP/M users and developers. It ran much faster than other Z80-hosted compilers. It was possible to run BDS C on single-floppy machines with as little as 30K of RAM in comparison to most other commercial compilers which required many passes and the writing of intermediate files to disk.
Weak points of BDS C were that the floating point math routines and the file access functions were incompatible with the C compiler used on UNIX, and that its relocatable object files were incompatible with the Microsoft MACRO-80 assembler, making it more difficult to integrate C code with assembly language.
BDS C was bundled with a subset of the Unix system written in about 1980, called MARC (Machine Assisted Resource Coordinator). This effort in some ways resembled GNU, though MARC was to be able to run CP/M software through emulation. Unfortunately MARC's author, Ed Ziemba, perished in a snorkeling accident before he could complete the project.
In 2002, Leor Zolman released the 8080 assembly language source code for BDS C into the public domain.
Reception
Around 75,000 copies were sold, including a stripped d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20computer%20algebra%20systems
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The following tables provide a comparison of computer algebra systems (CAS). A CAS is a package comprising a set of algorithms for performing symbolic manipulations on algebraic objects, a language to implement them, and an environment in which to use the language. A CAS may include a user interface and graphics capability; and to be effective may require a large library of algorithms, efficient data structures and a fast kernel.
General
These computer algebra systems are sometimes combined with "front end" programs that provide a better user interface, such as the general-purpose GNU TeXmacs.
Functionality
Below is a summary of significantly developed symbolic functionality in each of the systems.
via SymPy
<li> via qepcad optional package
Those which do not "edit equations" may have a GUI, plotting, ASCII graphic formulae and math font printing. The ability to generate plaintext files is also a sought-after feature because it allows a work to be understood by people who do not have a computer algebra system installed.
Operating system support
The software can run under their respective operating systems natively without emulation. Some systems must be compiled first using an appropriate compiler for the source language and target platform. For some platforms, only older releases of the software may be available.
Graphing calculators
Some graphing calculators have CAS features.
See also
:Category:Computer algebra systems
Comparison of numerical-analysis software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally%20measurable%20set
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In mathematics, a subset of a Polish space is universally measurable if it is measurable with respect to every complete probability measure on that measures all Borel subsets of . In particular, a universally measurable set of reals is necessarily Lebesgue measurable (see below).
Every analytic set is universally measurable. It follows from projective determinacy, which in turn follows from sufficient large cardinals, that every projective set is universally measurable.
Finiteness condition
The condition that the measure be a probability measure; that is, that the measure of itself be 1, is less restrictive than it may appear. For example, Lebesgue measure on the reals is not a probability measure, yet every universally measurable set is Lebesgue measurable. To see this, divide the real line into countably many intervals of length 1; say, N0=[0,1), N1=[1,2), N2=[-1,0), N3=[2,3), N4=[-2,-1), and so on. Now letting μ be Lebesgue measure, define a new measure ν by
Then easily ν is a probability measure on the reals, and a set is ν-measurable if and only if it is Lebesgue measurable. More generally a universally measurable set must be measurable with respect to every sigma-finite measure that measures all Borel sets.
Example contrasting with Lebesgue measurability
Suppose is a subset of Cantor space ; that is, is a set of infinite sequences of zeroes and ones. By putting a binary point before such a sequence, the sequence can be viewed as a real number between 0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution%20ensemble
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In cryptography, a distribution ensemble or probability ensemble is a family of distributions or random variables where is a (countable) index set, and each is a random variable, or probability distribution. Often and it is required that each have a certain property for n sufficiently large.
For example, a uniform ensemble is a distribution ensemble where each is uniformly distributed over strings of length n. In fact, many applications of probability ensembles implicitly assume that the probability spaces for the random variables all coincide in this way, so every probability ensemble is also a stochastic process.
See also
Provable security
Statistically close
Pseudorandom ensemble
Computational indistinguishability
References
Goldreich, Oded (2001). Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 1, Basic Tools. Cambridge University Press. . Fragments available at the author's web site.
Theory of cryptography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosinusitis
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Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. It is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the cavities.
Presentation
Typically, sinus barotrauma is preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection or allergy. The affected person has a sudden sharp facial pain or headache during descent, which increases as the aircraft approaches ground level. The pain can ultimately become disabling unless the ambient pressure is reversed.
The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.
In most cases of sinus barotrauma, localized pain to the frontal area is the predominant symptom. This is due to pain originating from the frontal sinus, it being above the brow bones. Less common is pain referred to the temporal, occipital, or retrobulbar region. Epistaxis or serosanguineous secretion from the nose may occur. Neurological symptoms may affect the adjacent fifth cranial nerve and especially the infraorbital nerve.
Pathology
The pathology of sinus barotrauma is directly related to Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on it, when temperature is constant (P1 × V1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohm%20diffusion
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The diffusion of plasma across a magnetic field was conjectured to follow the Bohm diffusion scaling as indicated from the early plasma experiments of very lossy machines. This predicted that the rate of diffusion was linear with temperature and inversely linear with the strength of the confining magnetic field.
The rate predicted by Bohm diffusion is much higher than the rate predicted by classical diffusion, which develops from a random walk within the plasma. The classical model scaled inversely with the square of the magnetic field. If the classical model is correct, small increases in the field lead to much longer confinement times. If the Bohm model is correct, magnetically confined fusion would not be practical.
Early fusion energy machines appeared to behave according to Bohm's model, and by the 1960s there was a significant stagnation within the field. The introduction of the tokamak in 1968 was the first evidence that the Bohm model did not hold for all machines. Bohm predicts rates that are too fast for these machines, and classical too slow; studying these machines has led to the neoclassical diffusion concept.
Description
Bohm diffusion is characterized by a diffusion coefficient equal to
where B is the magnetic field strength, T is the electron gas temperature, e is the elementary charge, kB is the Boltzmann constant.
History
It was first observed in 1949 by David Bohm, E. H. S. Burhop, and Harrie Massey while studying magnetic arcs for use in isotope sepa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acentric%20factor
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The acentric factor is a conceptual number introduced by Kenneth Pitzer in 1955, proven to be useful in the description of fluids. It has become a standard for the phase characterization of single & pure components, along with other state description parameters such as molecular weight, critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume (or critical compressibility).
Pitzer defined from the relationship
where
is the reduced saturation vapor pressure and
is the reduced temperature.
The acentric factor is said to be a measure of the non-sphericity (centricity) of molecules. As it increases, the vapor curve is "pulled" down, resulting in higher boiling points. For many monatomic fluids,
is close to 0.1, which leads to . In many cases, lies above the boiling temperature of liquids at atmosphere pressure.
Values of can be determined for any fluid from accurate experimental vapor pressure data. The definition of gives values which are close to zero for the noble gases argon, krypton, and xenon. is also very close to zero for molecules which are nearly spherical. Values of correspond to vapor pressures above the critical pressure, and are non-physical.
The acentric factor can be predicted analytically from some equations of state. For example, it can be easily shown from the above definition that a van der Waals fluid has an acentric factor of about −0.302024, which if applied to a real system would indicate a small, ultra-spherical molecule.
Values of s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine%20sulfation
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Tyrosine sulfation is a posttranslational modification where a sulfate group is added to a tyrosine residue of a protein molecule. Secreted proteins and extracellular parts of membrane proteins that pass through the Golgi apparatus may be sulfated. Sulfation was first discovered by Bettelheim in bovine fibrinopeptide B in 1954 and later found to be present in animals and plants but not in prokaryotes or in yeast.
Function
Sulfation plays a role in strengthening protein-protein interactions. Types of human proteins known to undergo tyrosine sulfation include adhesion molecules, G-protein-coupled receptors, coagulation factors, serine protease inhibitors, extracellular matrix proteins, and hormones.
Tyrosine O-sulfate is a stable molecule and is excreted in urine in animals. No enzymatic mechanism of tyrosine sulfate desulfation is known to exist.
By knock-out of TPST genes in mice, it may be observed that tyrosine sulfation has effects on the growth of the mice, such as body weight, fecundity, and postnatal viability.
Mechanism
Sulfation is catalyzed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST) in the Golgi apparatus. The reaction catalyzed by TPST is a transfer of sulfate from the universal sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the side-chain hydroxyl group of a tyrosine residue. Sulfation sites are tyrosine residues exposed on the surface of the protein typically surrounded by acidic residues; a detailed description of the characteristics of the sulfa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerdijk%20Institute
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The Westerdijk Institute, or Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, is part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
The institute was renamed on 10 February 2017, after Johanna Westerdijk, the first female professor in the Netherlands and director of the institute from 1907 to 1958. The former name of the institute was CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre or Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (Central Bureau of Fungal Cultures in English). Despite the name change the collection maintained by the institute remains the CBS collections and the use of CBS numbers for the strains continues.
The institute is located in Utrecht Science Park, a suburb of Utrecht. Before it had been located between offices at the university in Delft and in Baarn. CBS was established in 1904 as a collection of living fungi and algae at the Eleventh International Botanical Congress in Vienna. Since 2002 Pedro Willem Crous has been director of CBS as the successor of Dirk van der Mei.
Since its inception the institute has built one of the world's largest collections of fungi, yeasts and bacteria. The collection serves as an International standard for microbiologists, ecologists and geneticists.
The institute is roughly divided into two parts: Collection Management and Research. Researchers carry out investigations in taxonomy (biology) and evolutionary biology of fungi, ecological and genomic issues are often involved. The institute also acts as a centre of expertise for questions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOPAC
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MOPAC is a popular computer program used in computational chemistry. It is designed to implement semi-empirical quantum chemistry algorithms, and it runs on Windows, Mac, and Linux.
MOPAC2016 is the current version. MOPAC2016 is able to perform calculations on small molecules and enzymes using PM7, PM6, PM3, AM1, MNDO, and RM1. The Sparkle model (for lanthanide chemistry) is also available. Academic users can use this program for free, whereas government and commercial users must purchase the software.
MOPAC was largely written by Michael Dewar's research group at the University of Texas at Austin. Its name is derived from Molecular Orbital PACkage, and it is also a pun on the Mopac Expressway that runs around Austin.
MOPAC2007 included the new Sparkle/AM1, Sparkle/PM3, RM1 and PM6 models, with an increased emphasis on solid state capabilities. However, it does not have yet MINDO/3, PM5, analytical derivatives, the Tomasi solvation model and intersystem crossing. MOPAC2007 was followed by the release of MOPAC2009 in 2008 which presents many improved features
The latest versions are no longer public domain software as were the earlier versions such as MOPAC6 and MOPAC7. However, there are recent efforts to keep MOPAC7 working as open source software. An open source version of MOPAC7 for Linux is also available. The author of MOPAC, James Stewart, released in 2006 a public domain version of MOPAC7 entirely written in Fortran 90 called MOPAC7.1.
See also
Semi-empirical qua
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Neumann%20cellular%20automaton
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Von Neumann cellular automata are the original expression of cellular automata, the development of which was prompted by suggestions made to John von Neumann by his close friend and fellow mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. Their original purpose was to provide insight into the logical requirements for machine self-replication, and they were used in von Neumann's universal constructor.
Nobili's cellular automaton is a variation of von Neumann's cellular automaton, augmented with the ability for confluent cells to cross signals and store information. The former requires an extra three states, hence Nobili's cellular automaton has 32 states, rather than 29. Hutton's cellular automaton is yet another variation, which allows a loop of data, analogous to Langton's loops, to replicate.
Definition
Configuration
In general, cellular automata (CA) constitute an arrangement of finite state automata (FSA) that sit in positional relationships between one another, each FSA exchanging information with those other FSAs to which it is positionally adjacent. In von Neumann's cellular automaton, the finite state machines (or cells) are arranged in a two-dimensional Cartesian grid, and interface with the surrounding four cells. As von Neumann's cellular automaton was the first example to use this arrangement, it is known as the von Neumann neighbourhood.
The set of FSAs define a cell space of infinite size. All FSAs are identical in terms of state-transition function, or rule-set.
The nei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enercell
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Enercell is a battery brand that was sold exclusively by RadioShack at retail stores and online.
In a "battery of the month club" promotion introduced in the 1960s and abandoned in the early 1990s, RadioShack customers were issued a free wallet-sized cardboard card which entitled the bearer to one free battery a month when presented in RadioShack stores. The free Enercells were individual AA, C or D cells or 9V rectangular transistor radio batteries. Like the free tube,, testing offered in-store in the early 1970s, this small loss leader drew foot traffic.
There were two editions of a "Enercell Battery Guidebook", published in 1985 and 1990. The selector guide was later moved online. While the "battery of the month" card program ended in the 1990s, the Enercell name remained in use as RadioShack's store brand of dry cells and transistor radio batteries.
RadioShack for several years sold batteries branded "Enercell Plus" that were marketed as "Premium Alkaline" batteries.
For a long time, Enercell batteries were manufactured for RadioShack by Energizer's parent company as were all batteries sold under a RadioShack store brand. There have been instances of button batteries with the Eveready logo printed on the shell of the actual battery that were enclosed in a RadioShack Enercell package. (Energizer's parent company used to be called Eveready Battery Company, and Eveready is one of their brands of batteries.)
References
External links
(Redirects to the RadioShack websi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movistar%20Team%20%28men%27s%20team%29
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Movistar Team () is a professional road bicycle racing team which participates at UCI WorldTeam level and has achieved thirteen general classification (GC) victories in Grand Tours. The title sponsor is the Spanish mobile telephone company Telefónica, with the team riding under the name of the company's brand Movistar.
The team was formed as Reynolds, led by Ángel Arroyo and later by Pedro Delgado, who won a Tour de France and a Vuelta a España, and was subsequently sponsored by Banesto, under which name the team included 5-time Tour de France winner Miguel Induráin and Alex Zülle, twice winner of the Vuelta a España. The team offices are in Egüés, in Navarre, Spain. A later sponsor was Caisse d'Epargne, a French semi-cooperative banking group.
Having previously used Pinarello bikes, the team rode Canyon frames in 2014, with Campagnolo parts. Since 2008, Eusebio Unzué has been the manager of the team after the long running manager, José Miguel Echavarri, retired from the sport. The directeurs sportifs of the team are José Vicente García, Pablo Lastras, José Luis Jaimerena, Patxi Vila and Max Sciandri.
History
Reynolds (1980–1989)
The team began in 1980 as the Reynolds team which José Miguel Echavarri as the directeur sportif. In 1982 signed a young Pedro Delgado who acted as a domestique for team leader Ángel Arroyo during the 1982 Vuelta a España. Arroyo won the Vuelta after his team controlled the race after he took the lead. 48 hours after his Vuelta win, the results
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpeedStep
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Enhanced SpeedStep is a series of dynamic frequency scaling technologies (codenamed Geyserville and including SpeedStep, SpeedStep II, and SpeedStep III) built into some Intel microprocessors that allow the clock speed of the processor to be dynamically changed (to different P-states) by software. This allows the processor to meet the instantaneous performance needs of the operation being performed, while minimizing power draw and heat generation. EIST (SpeedStep III) was introduced in several Prescott 6 series in the first quarter of 2005, namely the Pentium 4 660. Intel Speed Shift Technology (SST) was introduced in Intel Skylake Processor.
Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology is sometimes abbreviated as EIST. Intel's trademark of "INTEL SPEEDSTEP" was cancelled due to the trademark being invalidated in 2012.
Explanation
Running a processor at high clock speeds allows for better performance. However, when the same processor is run at a lower frequency (speed), it generates less heat and consumes less power. In many cases, the core voltage can also be reduced, further reducing power consumption and heat generation. By using SpeedStep, users can select the balance of power conservation and performance that best suits them, or even change the clock speed dynamically as the processor burden changes.
The power consumed by a CPU with a capacitance C, running at frequency f and voltage V is approximately:
For a given processor, C is a fixed value. However, V and f can vary c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manning%20formula
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The Manning formula or Manning's equation is an empirical formula estimating the average velocity of a liquid flowing in a conduit that does not completely enclose the liquid, i.e., open channel flow. However, this equation is also used for calculation of flow variables in case of flow in partially full conduits, as they also possess a free surface like that of open channel flow. All flow in so-called open channels is driven by gravity.
It was first presented by the French engineer in 1867, and later re-developed by the Irish engineer Robert Manning in 1890.
Thus, the formula is also known in Europe as the Gauckler–Manning formula or Gauckler–Manning–Strickler formula (after ).
The Gauckler–Manning formula is used to estimate the average velocity of water flowing in an open channel in locations where it is not practical to construct a weir or flume to measure flow with greater accuracy. Manning's equation is also commonly used as part of a numerical step method, such as the standard step method, for delineating the free surface profile of water flowing in an open channel.
Formulation
The Gauckler–Manning formula states:
where:
is the cross-sectional average velocity (L/T; ft/s, m/s);
is the Gauckler–Manning coefficient. Units of are often omitted, however is not dimensionless, having units of: (T/[L1/3]; s/[m1/3]).
is the hydraulic radius (L; ft, m);
is the stream slope or hydraulic gradient, the linear hydraulic head loss loss (L/L); it is the same as the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-channel%20flow
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In fluid mechanics and hydraulics, open-channel flow is a type of liquid flow within a conduit with a free surface, known as a channel. The other type of flow within a conduit is pipe flow. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but differ in one important respect: open-channel flow has a free surface, whereas pipe flow does not, resulting in flow dominated by gravity but not hydraulic pressure.
Classifications of flow
Open-channel flow can be classified and described in various ways based on the change in flow depth with respect to time and space. The fundamental types of flow dealt with in open-channel hydraulics are:
Time as the criterion
Steady flow
The depth of flow does not change over time, or if it can be assumed to be constant during the time interval under consideration.
Unsteady flow
The depth of flow does change with time.
Space as the criterion
Uniform flow
The depth of flow is the same at every section of the channel. Uniform flow can be steady or unsteady, depending on whether or not the depth changes with time, (although unsteady uniform flow is rare).
Varied flow
The depth of flow changes along the length of the channel. Varied flow technically may be either steady or unsteady. Varied flow can be further classified as either rapidly or gradually-varied:
Rapidly-varied flow
The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance. Rapidly varied flow is known as a local phenomenon. Examples are the hydraulic jump and the hydraul
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go/no-go
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A go/no-go test is a two-step verification process that uses two boundary conditions, or a binary classification. The test is passed only when the go condition has been met and also the no-go condition has been failed.
The test gives no information as to the degree of conformance to, or deviation from the boundary conditions. These tests can be used for statistical process control purposes. There are specific SPC tools that use parameter based measurements (e.g., P-charts) for determining the stability of a process.
Uses
Engineering
In engineering the test is traditionally used only to check noncritical parameters where the manufacturing process is believed to be stable and well controlled, and the tolerances are wide compared to the distribution of the parameter.
For example, the preceding launch status checks before a Space Shuttle liftoff had the flight controller perform a go/no-go check on each of the vehicle's critical systems.
Psychology
In psychology, go/no-go tests are used to measure a participant's capacity for sustained attention and response control.
For example, a go/no-go test that requires a participant to perform an action given certain stimuli (e.g., press a button) and also inhibit that action under a different set of stimuli (e.g., not press that same button).
Military
In the United States Army, drills and proficiency evaluation rubrics are based on a go/no-go (pass/fail) system. Evaluations involving numerical scores (such as the physical fitne
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P73
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p73 is a protein related to the p53 tumor protein. Because of its structural resemblance to p53, it has also been considered a tumor suppressor. It is involved in cell cycle regulation, and induction of apoptosis. Like p53, p73 is characterized by the presence of different isoforms of the protein. This is explained by splice variants, and an alternative promoter in the DNA sequence.
p73, also known as tumor protein 73 (TP73), protein was the first identified homologue of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. Like p53, p73 has several variants. It is expressed as distinct forms differing at either at the C- or the N-terminus. Currently, six different C-terminus splicing variants have been found in normal cells. The p73 gene encodes a protein with a significant sequence homology and a functional similarity with the tumor suppressor p53. The over-expression of p73 in cultured cells promotes a growth arrest and/or apoptosis similarly to p53.
The p73 gene has been mapped to a chromosome region (1p36. 2-3) a locus commonly deleted in various tumor entities and human cancers. Similar to p53 the protein product of p73 induces cell cycle arrest or apoptosis, hence its classification as a tumor suppressor. However unlike its counterpart, p73 is infrequently mutated in cancers. Perhaps, even more shocking is the fact that p73 – deficient mice do not show a tumorigenic phenotype. A deficiency of p53 almost certainly leads to unchecked cell proliferation and is noted in 60% of cancers.
An
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEL%20classification%20codes
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Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature. The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains EconLit, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968 parallel to the print series Index of Economic Articles.
Structure
There are 26 primary JEL categories:
JEL Subcategories
Each JEL primary category has secondary and tertiary subcategories, for example, under JEL: D – Microeconomics:
JEL: D1 – Household Behavior and Family Economics
JEL: D11 – Consumer Economics: Theory
JEL code (sub)categories, including periodic updates, are referenced at Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) Classification System. Links to definitions of (sub)categories are at JEL Classification Codes Guide with corresponding examples of article titles linked to publication information, such as abstracts.
Purpose
Articles in economics journals also list JEL codes (for example JEL: B12), facilitating their use across search engines. Comprehensive uses of JEL (sub)classifications include:
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008, v. 8, Appendix IV, pp. 854–69, and for the online
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron%20%28journal%29
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Neuron is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Cell Press, an imprint of Elsevier. Established in 1988, it covers neuroscience and related biological processes.
The current editor in chief is Mariela Zirlinger. The founding editors were Lily Jan, A. James Hudspeth, Louis Reichardt, Roger Nicoll, and Zach Hall. A past Editor in Chief was Katja Brose.
References
External links
Neuroscience journals
Cell Press academic journals
Academic journals established in 1988
English-language journals
Biweekly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20scheme
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The theory of association schemes arose in statistics, in the theory of experimental design for the analysis of variance. In mathematics, association schemes belong to both algebra and combinatorics. In algebraic combinatorics, association schemes provide a unified approach to many topics, for example combinatorial designs and the theory of error-correcting codes. In algebra, association schemes generalize groups, and the theory of association schemes generalizes the character theory of linear representations of groups.
Definition
An n-class association scheme consists of a set X together with a partition S of X × X into n + 1 binary relations, R0, R1, ..., Rn which satisfy:
; it is called the identity relation.
Defining , if R in S, then R* in S.
If , the number of such that and is a constant depending on , , but not on the particular choice of and .
An association scheme is commutative if for all , and . Most authors assume this property.
A symmetric association scheme is one in which each is a symmetric relation. That is:
if (x, y) ∈ Ri, then (y, x) ∈ Ri. (Or equivalently, R* = R.)
Every symmetric association scheme is commutative.
Note, however, that while the notion of an association scheme generalizes the notion of a group, the notion of a commutative association scheme only generalizes the notion of a commutative group.
Two points x and y are called i th associates if . The definition states that if x and y are i th associates then so are y and x.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20scheduling
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In computer science, gang scheduling is a scheduling algorithm for parallel systems that schedules related threads or processes to run simultaneously on different processors. Usually these will be threads all belonging to the same process, but they may also be from different processes, where the processes could have a producer-consumer relationship or come from the same MPI program.
Gang scheduling is used to ensure that if two or more threads or processes communicate with each other, they will all be ready to communicate at the same time. If they were not gang-scheduled, then one could wait to send or receive a message to another while it is sleeping, and vice versa. When processors are over-subscribed and gang scheduling is not used within a group of processes or threads which communicate with each other, each communication event could suffer the overhead of a context switch.
Gang scheduling is based on a data structure called the Ousterhout matrix. In this matrix each row represents a time slice, and each column a processor. The threads or processes of each job are packed into a single row of the matrix. During execution, coordinated context switching is performed across all nodes to switch from the processes in one row to those in the next row.
Gang scheduling is stricter than coscheduling. It requires all threads of the same process to run concurrently, while coscheduling allows for fragments, which are sets of threads that do not run concurrently with the rest of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUTS%20statistical%20regions%20of%20Italy
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In the NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) codes of Italy (IT), the three levels are:
NUTS codes
The following codes have been discontinued:
ITC45 (Milano) was split into ITC4C and ITC4D.
ITD (Northeast Italy) became ITH.
ITE (Central Italy) became ITI.
ITF41 (Foggia) and ITF42 (Bari) were split into ITF46, ITF47, and ITF48.
ITG21 (Sassari), ITG22 (Nuoro), ITG23 (Oristano), and ITG24 (Cagliari) were split into the current divisions of ITG2.
Local administrative units
Below the NUTS levels, the two LAU (Local Administrative Units) levels are:
The LAU codes of Italy can be downloaded here: ''
See also
Subdivisions of Italy
ISO 3166-2 codes of Italy
FIPS region codes of Italy
References
Sources
Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of territorial units for statistics - NUTS and the Statistical regions of Europe
Overview map of EU Countries - NUTS level 1
ITALIA - NUTS level 2
ITALIA - NUTS level 3
Correspondence between the NUTS levels and the national administrative units
List of current NUTS codes
Download current NUTS codes (ODS format)
Provinces of Italy, Statoids.com
Italy
Nuts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS%20composite%20static%20induction%20thyristor
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MOS composite static induction thyristor (CSMT or MCS) is a combination of a MOS transistor connected in cascode relation to the SI-thyristor.
The SI thyristor (SITh) unit has a gate to which a source of MOS transistor is connected through a voltage regulation element. The low conduction loss and rugged structure MCS make it more favorable than conversional IGBT transistors.
In the blocking state nearly the complete voltage drops at the SITh. Thus the MOSFET is not exposed to high field stress. For fast switching the MOSFET with only 30–50 V blocking voltage is able. In IGBT, charge carrier concentration at emitter side in n-base layer is low as holes injected from collector easily pass to emitter electrode through p-base layer. Thus the wide-base pnp transistor operates by virtue of its current gain characteristics causing the rise collector-emitter saturation voltage.
In an MCS the positive difference between the voltage of regulation element and conduction voltage drop of MOSFET is applied to location between the collector region and emitter region of the pnp transistor. Hole concentration is accumulated at emitter side in n-base layer because of impossibility of the hole flow through forward bias collector-base junction of the pnp transistor. Carrier distribution in n-base is similar to that of saturation bipolar transistor and low saturation voltage of MCS, even at high voltage ratings, can be achieved.
References
Solid state switches
Semiconductor devices
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCAP
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TCAP may refer to:
Science
Acetone peroxide, the trimer version tri-cyclic acetone peroxide, a high explosive
Telethonin, a protein encoded by the TCAP gene
Education
Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program, a public school standardized testing program
Transitional Colorado Assessment Program, a public school standardized testing program that replaced the Colorado Student Assessment Program
Finance
Tax Credit Assistance Program, a U.S. federal housing grant program
Thanachart Capital PCL (stock ticker: TCAP), the holding company of TBank, the Thanachart Bank
Other uses
Taipei Children's Amusement Park, an amusement park in Taipei, Taiwan
To Catch a Predator, American reality television news segment of Dateline NBC, which used hidden cameras to catch child sex predators
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (ITU-T Q.771-Q.775 or ANSI T1.114) a protocol to allow multiple simultaneous dialogs on the same subsystem
Catholic Tercio of Political Action Party (Spanish: TCAP) a local political party in Madrid in 2007, see Results breakdown of the 2007 Spanish local elections (Community of Madrid)
See also
Traverse City Area Public Schools (TCAPS)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20Communist%20League%20of%20Sweden%20%281977%29
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Young Communist League of Sweden (Sveriges Kommunistiska Ungdomsförbund) was a political youth organization in Sweden.
When Arbetarpartiet Kommunisterna (Workers Party - the Communists) broke out of VPK in 1977, they founded a youth league with the name SKU. The Flamman-group in KU (Communist Youth, youth of VPK) had been expelled during 1975–1976. Later a large section of the Gävleborg district of KU affiliated itself to SKU.
SKU published a magazine called Gryningen (The Dawn).
In the late 1980s SKU started to become associated with an oppositional stream within APK. In 1990 SKU broke relations the APK. Thereafter it had a short-lived period as an independent youth organization. On May Day 1990 in Stockholm SKU marched together with KU and Ungsocialisterna (youth of Socialist Party) under the banner of "Youth against Capitalism and Stalinism".
Youth wings of communist parties
Youth wings of political parties in Sweden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal%20fibronectin
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Fetal fibronectin (fFN) is a fibronectin protein produced by fetal cells. It is found at the interface of the chorion and the decidua (between the fetal sac and the uterine lining). Fetal fibronectin is found normally in vaginal fluid in early pregnancy prior to 22 weeks due to normal growth and development of tissues at the junction of the uterus and amniotic sac. It may also be found in vaginal fluid after 36 weeks as labor approaches. However, fFN should not be detected between 22 and 36 weeks.
It can be thought of as an adhesive or "biological glue" that binds the fetal sac to the uterine lining. It is the product of alternative splicing of the fibronectin gene and contains a oncofetal domain not present in adult fibronectin.
Screening test
Fetal fibronectin "leaks" into the vagina if a preterm delivery is likely to occur and can be measured in a screening test.
Testing will produce a negative or a positive result. A positive result indicates that fetal fibronectin is present in the cervical secretions. A positive result between 22 and 34 weeks gestation signals an increased risk of preterm birth within the next 7 days. A negative result indicates that there is not fetal fibronectin in the cervical secretions. Fetal fibronectin testing has poor specificity (64%) and positive predictive value (10%). Because of this, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists does not consider positive fFN as diagnostic of prelabor rupture of membranes in the absence of ot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foil%20%28fluid%20mechanics%29
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A foil is a solid object with a shape such that when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle of attack the lift (force generated perpendicular to the fluid flow) is substantially larger than the drag (force generated parallel to the fluid flow). If the fluid is a gas, the foil is called an airfoil or aerofoil, and if the fluid is water the foil is called a hydrofoil.
Physics of foils
A foil generates lift primarily because of its shape and angle of attack. When oriented at a suitable angle, the foil deflects the oncoming fluid, resulting in a force on the foil in the direction opposite to the deflection. This force can be resolved into two components: lift and drag. This "turning" of the fluid in the vicinity of the foil creates curved streamlines which results in lower pressure on one side and higher pressure on the other. This pressure difference is accompanied by a velocity difference, via Bernoulli's principle, so for foils with positive angles-of attack, and other than flat-plates, the resulting flowfield about the foil has a higher average velocity on the upper surface than on the lower surface.
A more detailed description of the flowfield is given by the simplified Navier–Stokes equations, applicable when the fluid is incompressible. However, since the effects of the compressibility of air at low speeds is negligible, these simplified equations can be used for both airfoils and hydrofoils as long as the fluid flow is substantially less than the speed of sou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panorama%20Mountain%20Resort
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Panorama Mountain Resort is a ski and golf resort in Canada, located in the Purcell Mountains of southeastern British Columbia. Part of the Columbia Valley sub-region of the East Kootenay region, it is a tourist destination known for its rolling cliffs and views of the Rocky Mountains. It is privately owned by Panorama Mountain Village Inc.
History
Panorama was founded in 1962 by Fritz Zehnder of Invermere and Guy Messerli of Switzerland, and some friends. The original facilities consisted of a warming hut, parking lot, and single rope tow, running on a V8, which ran transported users up the bottom of a ski run now known as "Old Timer". The area took its name from a nearby hiking area called the "Panorama Plateau".
In 1964, a platter, purchased from nearby Sunshine Village, was installed to replace the rope tow. During these initial years, the ski hill was volunteer-run.
In 1968, 12 local businessmen formed a group called Panorama Ski Hill Company Ltd to manage and grow the ski hill. A lodge, built in an A-Frame style, was built. In 1969, several slopes were cleared, the platter was moved to its present location as the current Silver Platter, and a mile-long wooden T-Bar was installed along the route of the current Mile 1 Express.
In the early 70s, Panorama Ski Hill Company continued to grow and required more area to accommodate more skiers. To raise capital for expansion, utilities were installed for 75 lots, which were sold near the base of the hill for development to r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purcell%20Mountains
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The Purcell Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. They are a subrange of the Columbia Mountains, which includes the Selkirk, Monashee, and Cariboo Mountains. They are located on the west side of the Rocky Mountain Trench in the area of the Columbia Valley, and on the east side of the valley of Kootenay Lake and the Duncan River. The only large settlements in the mountains are the Panorama Ski Resort and Kicking Horse Resort, adjacent to the Columbia Valley towns of Invermere and Golden, though there are small settlements, such as Yahk and Moyie along the Crowsnest Highway, and residential rural areas dependent on the cities of Creston, Kimberley and Cranbrook, which are located adjacent to the range.
The Purcells are shown on some United States maps as the Percell Mountains, where their southern limit protrudes into the states of Idaho and Montana, abutting Lake Koocanusa, a reservoir on the Kootenai River. American geographic classifications consider the Percells to be part of the Rocky Mountains but in Canada that terminology is reserved for ranges on the east side of the Rocky Mountain Trench. In the Purcell Mountains, most of the peaks are near or above 10,000 feet in elevation.
The Purcell Supergroup rocks that make up the Purcells were formed in the Proterozoic eon (in the Precambrian period), which spans from 2,500 million years ago to about 540 million years ago.
Sub-ranges
Carbonate Range
Dogtooth Range
Farnham Group
MacBeth Grou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiman%27s%20theorem
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In additive combinatorics, Freiman's theorem is a central result which indicates the approximate structure of sets whose sumset is small. It roughly states that if is small, then can be contained in a small generalized arithmetic progression.
Statement
If is a finite subset of with , then is contained in a generalized arithmetic progression of dimension at most and size at most , where and are constants depending only on .
Examples
For a finite set of integers, it is always true that
with equality precisely when is an arithmetic progression.
More generally, suppose is a subset of a finite proper generalized arithmetic progression of dimension such that for some real . Then , so that
History of Freiman's theorem
This result is due to Gregory Freiman (1964, 1966). Much interest in it, and applications, stemmed from a new proof by Imre Z. Ruzsa (1994). Mei-Chu Chang proved new polynomial estimates for the size of arithmetic progressions arising in the theorem in 2002. The current best bounds were provided by Tom Sanders.
Tools used in the proof
The proof presented here follows the proof in Yufei Zhao's lecture notes.
Plünnecke-Ruzsa inequality
Ruzsa covering lemma
The Ruzsa covering lemma states the following:
Let and be finite subsets of an abelian group with nonempty, and let be a positive real number. Then if , there is a subset of with at most elements such that .
This lemma provides a bound on how many copies of one needs to cover , hence t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermionic%20field
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In quantum field theory, a fermionic field is a quantum field whose quanta are fermions; that is, they obey Fermi–Dirac statistics. Fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations rather than the canonical commutation relations of bosonic fields.
The most prominent example of a fermionic field is the Dirac field, which describes fermions with spin-1/2: electrons, protons, quarks, etc. The Dirac field can be described as either a 4-component spinor or as a pair of 2-component Weyl spinors. Spin-1/2 Majorana fermions, such as the hypothetical neutralino, can be described as either a dependent 4-component Majorana spinor or a single 2-component Weyl spinor. It is not known whether the neutrino is a Majorana fermion or a Dirac fermion; observing neutrinoless double-beta decay experimentally would settle this question.
Basic properties
Free (non-interacting) fermionic fields obey canonical anticommutation relations; i.e., involve the anticommutators {a, b} = ab + ba, rather than the commutators [a, b] = ab − ba of bosonic or standard quantum mechanics. Those relations also hold for interacting fermionic fields in the interaction picture, where the fields evolve in time as if free and the effects of the interaction are encoded in the evolution of the states.
It is these anticommutation relations that imply Fermi–Dirac statistics for the field quanta. They also result in the Pauli exclusion principle: two fermionic particles cannot occupy the same state at the same time
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitap%20algorithm
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The bitap algorithm (also known as the shift-or, shift-and or Baeza-Yates-Gonnet algorithm) is an approximate string matching algorithm. The algorithm tells whether a given text contains a substring which is "approximately equal" to a given pattern, where approximate equality is defined in terms of Levenshtein distance if the substring and pattern are within a given distance k of each other, then the algorithm considers them equal. The algorithm begins by precomputing a set of bitmasks containing one bit for each element of the pattern. Then it is able to do most of the work with bitwise operations, which are extremely fast.
The bitap algorithm is perhaps best known as one of the underlying algorithms of the Unix utility agrep, written by Udi Manber, Sun Wu, and Burra Gopal. Manber and Wu's original paper gives extensions of the algorithm to deal with fuzzy matching of general regular expressions.
Due to the data structures required by the algorithm, it performs best on patterns less than a constant length (typically the word length of the machine in question), and also prefers inputs over a small alphabet. Once it has been implemented for a given alphabet and word length m, however, its running time is completely predictableit runs in O(mn) operations, no matter the structure of the text or the pattern.
The bitap algorithm for exact string searching was invented by Bálint Dömölki in 1964 and extended by R. K. Shyamasundar in 1977, before being reinvented by Ricardo Baeza
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel%20programming%20model
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In computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality: how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures, and its performance: how efficiently the compiled programs can execute. The implementation of a parallel programming model can take the form of a library invoked from a sequential language, as an extension to an existing language, or as an entirely new language.
Consensus around a particular programming model is important because it leads to different parallel computers being built with support for the model, thereby facilitating portability of software. In this sense, programming models are referred to as bridging between hardware and software.
Classification of parallel programming models
Classifications of parallel programming models can be divided broadly into two areas: process interaction and problem decomposition.
Process interaction
Process interaction relates to the mechanisms by which parallel processes are able to communicate with each other. The most common forms of interaction are shared memory and message passing, but interaction can also be implicit (invisible to the programmer).
Shared memory
Shared memory is an efficient means of passing data between processes. In a shared-memory model, parallel processes share a gl
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific%20developmental%20disorder
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Specific developmental disorders (SDD) was a classification of disorders characterized by delayed development in one specific area or areas. Specific developmental disorders were contrasted to pervasive developmental disorders which were characterized by delays in the development of multiple basic functions including socialization and communication.
ICD-10 taxonomy
The tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) has four categories of developmental disorders: specific developmental disorders of speech and language, specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills, specific developmental disorder of motor function, and mixed specific developmental disorder.
DSM-III taxonomy
In the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), SDD was opposed to the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). There were two factors that were considered:
The specificity of the impairment: in SDD there is one single domain that is affected, whereas in PDD multiple areas of functioning are affected.
The nature of the impairment: development in SDD is delayed but not otherwise abnormal, whereas in PDD there are behavioral deviations that are not typical for any developmental stage.
In the DSM-IV, specific developmental disorders were no longer grouped together. Instead they were reclassified as communication disorders, learning disorders, and motor skills disorders.
Comparison and con
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embraer%20Legacy%20600
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The Embraer Legacy 600 is a business jet derivative of the Embraer ERJ family of commercial jet aircraft.
Design and development
The Legacy 600 (market designation adopted after 2005) is based on the ERJ-135 model. It was launched in 2000 at the Farnborough Airshow as the "Legacy 2000". The Legacy carries 13 passengers in three partitioned sections for or 8 passengers for . It features added range via extra fuel tanks in the tail behind the baggage compartment and forward of the wing, winglets, and an extensive drag reduction program. It is certified to altitude versus for the airline configuration. The Legacy Shuttle can seat 19 to 37 in airline-style seats but without the range.
The first flight was made in June 2000, with the prototype of the ERJ-135 (PT-ZJA). This same aircraft was once the prototype of the first ERJ-145. New winglets and new wing-to-fuselage fairing was added, but no additional fuel tanks were available. The new fuselage fuel tanks were ready for the second prototype (PT-XJO), along with engine and avionics, that flew only in 31 March 2001. It was the second Embraer model to feature winglets, as the first were installed on the EMB-145SA military model. Embraer winglet models differed in shape and structure, due to their optimum design speed.
The Legacy 600 competes on the upper end of the small to mid-sized range of business jets and is considered a "Heavy Jet" aircraft. It has nearly the opposite design progression as the rival Canadair Challeng
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