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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-machine%20scheduling
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Single-machine scheduling or single-resource scheduling is an optimization problem in computer science and operations research. We are given n jobs J1, J2, ..., Jn of varying processing times, which need to be scheduled on a single machine, in a way that optimizes a certain objective, such as the throughput.
Single-machine scheduling is a special case of identical-machines scheduling, which is itself a special case of optimal job scheduling. Many problems, which are NP-hard in general, can be solved in polynomial time in the single-machine case.
In the standard three-field notation for optimal job scheduling problems, the single-machine variant is denoted by 1 in the first field. For example, " 1||" is an single-machine scheduling problem with no constraints, where the goal is to minimize the sum of completion times.
The makespan-minimization problem 1||, which is a common objective with multiple machines, is trivial with a single machine, since the makespan is always identical. Therefore, other objectives have been studied.
Minimizing the sum of completion times
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Shortest Processing Time First rule (SPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of their processing time .
The problem 1|| aims to minimize the weighted sum of completion times. It can be solved optimally by the Weighted Shortest Processing Time First rule (WSPT): the jobs are scheduled by ascending order of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Hove%20singularity
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A Van Hove singularity is a singularity (non-smooth point) in the density of states (DOS) of a crystalline solid. The wavevectors at which Van Hove singularities occur are often referred to as critical points of the Brillouin zone. For three-dimensional crystals, they take the form of kinks (where the density of states is not differentiable). The most common application of the Van Hove singularity concept comes in the analysis of optical absorption spectra. The occurrence of such singularities was first analyzed by the Belgian physicist Léon Van Hove in 1953 for the case of phonon densities of states.
Theory
Consider a one-dimensional lattice of N particle sites, with each particle site separated by distance a, for a total length of L = Na. Instead of assuming that the waves in this one-dimensional box are standing waves, it is more convenient to adopt periodic boundary conditions:
where is wavelength, and n is an integer. (Positive integers will denote forward waves, negative integers will denote reverse waves.) The shortest wavelength needed to describe a wavemotion in the lattice is equal to 2a which then corresponds to the largest needed wave number and which also corresponds to the maximum possible : . We may define the density of states g(k)dk as the number of standing waves with wave vector k to k+dk:
Extending the analysis to wavevectors in three dimensions the density of states in a box of side length will be
where is a volume element in k-space, and which,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%20phase%20index
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S-phase index (SPI), is a measure of cell growth and viability, especially the capacity of tumor cells to proliferate. It is defined as the number of BrdU-incorporating cells relative to the volume of DNA staining determined from whole mount confocal analyses.
Only cells in the S phase will incorporate BrdU into their DNA structure, which assists in determining length of the cell cycle.
References
Murphy, Terence D. "Drosophila skpA, a component of SCF ubiquitin ligases, regulates centrosome duplication independently of cyclin E accumulation", Journal of Cell Science 116, 2321-2332 (2003).
Cellular processes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%20classification%20society
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A ship classification society or ship classification organisation is a non-governmental organization that establishes and maintains technical standards for the construction and operation of ships and offshore structures. Classification societies certify that the construction of a vessel comply with relevant standards and carry out regular surveys in service to ensure continuing compliance with the standards. Currently, more than 50 organizations describe their activities as including marine classification, twelve of which are members of the International Association of Classification Societies.
A classification certificate issued by a classification society recognised by the proposed ship register is required for a ship's owner to be able to register the ship and to obtain marine insurance on the ship, and may be required to be produced before a ship's entry into some ports or waterways, and may be of interest to charterers and potential buyers. To avoid liability, classification societies explicitly disclaim responsibility for the safety, fitness for purpose, or seaworthiness of the ship, but is a verification only that the vessel is in compliance with the classification standards of the society issuing the classification certificate.
Classification societies also issue International Load Line Certificates in accordance with the legislation of participating states giving effect to the International Convention on Load Lines (CLL 66/88).
Responsibilities
Classification soci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doob%E2%80%93Meyer%20decomposition%20theorem
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The Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem is a theorem in stochastic calculus stating the conditions under which a submartingale may be decomposed in a unique way as the sum of a martingale and an increasing predictable process. It is named for Joseph L. Doob and Paul-André Meyer.
History
In 1953, Doob published the Doob decomposition theorem which gives a unique decomposition for certain discrete time martingales. He conjectured a continuous time version of the theorem and in two publications in 1962 and 1963 Paul-André Meyer proved such a theorem, which became known as the Doob-Meyer decomposition. In honor of Doob, Meyer used the term "class D" to refer to the class of supermartingales for which his unique decomposition theorem applied.
Class D supermartingales
A càdlàg supermartingale is of Class D if and the collection
is uniformly integrable.
The theorem
Let be a cadlag supermartingale of class D. Then there exists a unique, increasing, predictable process with such that is a uniformly integrable martingale.
See also
Doob decomposition theorem
Notes
References
Martingale theory
Theorems in statistics
Probability theorems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20stability
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In mathematics, in the theory of differential equations and dynamical systems, a particular stationary or quasistationary solution to a nonlinear system is called linearly unstable if the linearization of the equation at this solution has the form , where r is the perturbation to the steady state, A is a linear operator whose spectrum contains eigenvalues with positive real part. If all the eigenvalues have negative real part, then the solution is called linearly stable. Other names for linear stability include exponential stability or stability in terms of first approximation. If there exist an eigenvalue with zero real part then the question about stability cannot be solved on the basis of the first approximation and we approach the so-called "centre and focus problem".
Examples
Ordinary differential equation
The differential equation
has two stationary (time-independent) solutions: x = 0 and x = 1.
The linearization at x = 0 has the form
. The linearized operator is A0 = 1. The only eigenvalue is . The solutions to this equation grow exponentially;
the stationary point x = 0 is linearly unstable.
To derive the linearization at , one writes
, where . The linearized equation is then ; the linearized operator is , the only eigenvalue is , hence this stationary point is linearly stable.
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation
where and , has solitary wave solutions of the form .
To derive the linearization at a solitary wave, one considers t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit%20and%20implicit%20methods
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Explicit and implicit methods are approaches used in numerical analysis for obtaining numerical approximations to the solutions of time-dependent ordinary and partial differential equations, as is required in computer simulations of physical processes. Explicit methods calculate the state of a system at a later time from the state of the system at the current time, while implicit methods find a solution by solving an equation involving both the current state of the system and the later one. Mathematically, if is the current system state and is the state at the later time ( is a small time step), then, for an explicit method
while for an implicit method one solves an equation
to find
Computation
Implicit methods require an extra computation (solving the above equation), and they can be much harder to implement. Implicit methods are used because many problems arising in practice are stiff, for which the use of an explicit method requires impractically small time steps to keep the error in the result bounded (see numerical stability). For such problems, to achieve given accuracy, it takes much less computational time to use an implicit method with larger time steps, even taking into account that one needs to solve an equation of the form (1) at each time step. That said, whether one should use an explicit or implicit method depends upon the problem to be solved.
Since the implicit method cannot be carried out for each kind of differential operator, it is sometimes ad
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20deactivator
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Metal deactivators, or metal deactivating agents (MDA) are fuel additives and oil additives used to stabilize fluids by deactivating (usually by sequestering) metal ions, mostly introduced by the action of naturally occurring acids in the fuel and acids generated in lubricants by oxidative processes with the metallic parts of the systems. Fuels desulfurized by copper sweetening also contain a significant trace amounts of copper.
Metal deactivators inhibit the catalytic effects of such ions, especially copper, retarding the formation of gummy residues (e.g. gels containing copper mercaptide). Even concentrations of copper as low as 0.1 ppm can have detrimental effects.
An example of a metal deactivator used for gasoline and jet fuels is salpn. It is used in turbine and jet fuels, diesel, heating oil, and greases. It is approved for military and commercial aviation fuels. Benzotriazole and its various derivatives are also common in lubricant formulas.
References
See also
Oil additive
Sequestrant
Corrosion inhibitor
Fuel additives
Lubricants
Material protection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SEER-SEM
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SEER for Software (SEER-SEM) is a project management application used to estimate resources required for software development.
History
1966 System Development Corporation Model based on regressions.
1980 Don Reifer and Dan Galorath paper which prompted the building of the JPL Softcost model. This model, an early example of software estimation, allows for automated and performed risk analysis. Softcost was later made a commercial product by Reifer Consultants.
1984 Computer Economics JS-2 and Galorath Designed System-3 based on the Jensen model.
The Jensen-inspired System-3, and other modeling systems like Barry Boehm's COCOMO and early works by the Doty Associates can be seen as direct and indirect contributors to the software suite that would be developed by Galorath in the late 1980s.
In 1988, Galorath Incorporated began work on the initial version of SEER-SEM.
Group of Models
SEER for Software (SEER-SEM) is composed of a group of models working together to provide estimates of effort, duration, staffing, and defects. These models can be briefly described by the questions they answer:
Sizing. How large is the software project being estimated (Lines of Code, Function Points, Use Cases, etc.)
Technology. What is the possible productivity of the developers (capabilities, tools, practices, etc.)
Effort and Schedule Calculation. What amount of effort and time are required to complete the project?
Constrained Effort/Schedule Calculation. How does the expected project
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex-induced%20vibration
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In fluid dynamics, vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) are motions induced on bodies interacting with an external fluid flow, produced by, or the motion producing, periodic irregularities on this flow.
A classic example is the VIV of an underwater cylinder. How this happens can be seen by putting a cylinder into the water (a swimming-pool or even a bucket) and moving it through the water in a direction perpendicular to its axis. Since real fluids always present some viscosity, the flow around the cylinder will be slowed while in contact with its surface, forming a so-called boundary layer. At some point, however, that layer can separate from the body because of its excessive curvature. A vortex is then formed, changing the pressure distribution along the surface. When the vortex does not form symmetrically around the body (with respect to its midplane), different lift forces develop on each side of the body, thus leading to motion transverse to the flow. This motion changes the nature of the vortex formation in such a way as to lead to a limited motion amplitude (differently, than, from what would be expected in a typical case of resonance). This process then repeats until the flow rate changes substantially.
VIV manifests itself on many different branches of engineering, from cables to heat exchanger tube arrays. It is also a major consideration in the design of ocean structures. Thus, study of VIV is a part of many disciplines, incorporating fluid mechanics, structural mechan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazen%E2%80%93Williams%20equation
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The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used in the design of water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systems, water supply networks, and irrigation systems. It is named after Allen Hazen and Gardner Stewart Williams.
The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the Reynolds number, but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water, and therefore is only valid at room temperature and conventional velocities.
General form
Henri Pitot discovered that the velocity of a fluid was proportional to the square root of its head in the early 18th century. It takes energy to push a fluid through a pipe, and Antoine de Chézy discovered that the hydraulic head loss was proportional to the velocity squared. Consequently, the Chézy formula relates hydraulic slope S (head loss per unit length) to the fluid velocity V and hydraulic radius R:
The variable C expresses the proportionality, but the value of C is not a constant. In 1838 and 1839, Gotthilf Hagen and Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille independently determined a head loss equation for laminar flow, the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. Around 1845, Julius Weisbach and Henry Darcy developed the Darcy–Weisbach equation.
The Darcy-Weisbach equation was difficult to use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy%20of%20proteins
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes. The field was pioneered by Richard R. Ernst and Kurt Wüthrich at the ETH, and by Ad Bax, Marius Clore, Angela Gronenborn at the NIH, and Gerhard Wagner at Harvard University, among others. Structure determination by NMR spectroscopy usually consists of several phases, each using a separate set of highly specialized techniques. The sample is prepared, measurements are made, interpretive approaches are applied, and a structure is calculated and validated.
NMR involves the quantum-mechanical properties of the central core ("nucleus") of the atom. These properties depend on the local molecular environment, and their measurement provides a map of how the atoms are linked chemically, how close they are in space, and how rapidly they move with respect to each other. These properties are fundamentally the same as those used in the more familiar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but the molecular applications use a somewhat different approach, appropriate to the change of scale from millimeters (of interest to radiologists) to nanometers (bonded atoms are typically a fraction of a nanometer apart), a factor of a million. This change of scale requires much higher sensitivity of detection and stability for long term measurem
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasram%20Maderna
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Parasram Maderna (23 July 1926 – 16 February 2014) was an Indian National Congress politician and senior Jat leader from Rajasthan, India. Maderna was a nine-time MLA representing the constituencies of Osian between 1957-1967, Gudamalani from 1993 to 1998 and Bhopalgarh between 1967-1985, 1990-1993 and 1998-2003. He was the President of the Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee from 1989 to 1994, Leader of Opposition in Rajasthan Legislative Assembly between 1977-1978, 1979 and 1993-1998 and was also the Cabinet Minister in the Government of Rajasthan for several portfolios between 1966-1977, 1981-1982 and 1982-1985. He also served as the Speaker of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from 1999 to 2004.
Membership of Legislature
1957 - 1962 - Member, Second Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1962 - 1967 - Member, Third Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1967 - 1972 - Member, Fourth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1972 - 1977 - Member, Fifth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1977 - 1980 - Member, Sixth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1980 - 1985 - Member, Seventh Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1990 - 1992 - Member, Ninth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1993 - 1998 - Member, Tenth Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1998 - 2003 - Member, Eleventh Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
Positions held
1953 - 1956 - Sarpanch, Village - Chadi, District -Jodhpur
1957 - 1962 - Member of PAC and Estimates Committee
1987 - 1990 - chairman, Central Cooperative Bank Ltd, Jodhpur
1962 - 1966 - Dy. Minister, Dept
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteamine
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Cysteamine is a chemical compound that can be biosynthesized in mammals, including humans, by the degradation of coenzyme A. The intermediate pantetheine is broken down into cysteamine and pantothenic acid. It is the biosynthetic precursor to the neurotransmitter hypotaurine.
It is a stable aminothiol, i.e., an organic compound containing both an amine and a thiol functional groups. Cysteamine is a white, water-soluble solid. It is often used as salts of the ammonium derivative [HSCH2CH2NH3]+ including the hydrochloride, phosphocysteamine, and the bitartrate.
Medical uses
As a medication, cysteamine, sold under the brand name Cystagon among others, is indicated to treat cystinosis, a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cystine, the oxidized dimer of the amino acid cysteine.
It removes the excessive cystine that builds up in cells of people with the disease. It is available by mouth (capsule and extended release capsule) and in eye drops.
When applied topically it can scavenge free radicals and lighten skin that's been darkened as a result of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, sun exposure and Melasma. Tentative evidence suggests that it may be a more effective depigmentation agent than hydroquinone, retinoids and topical corticosteroids in individuals with chronic skin discoloration. Topical application of cysteamine cream has also demonstrated similar efficacy to intradermal tranexamic acid injections for the treatment of Melasma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vsevolod%20Frederiks
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Vsevolod Konstantinovich Frederiks (or Fréedericksz; ; April 29, 1885, Warsaw – January 6, 1944, Gorkiy) was a Russian/Soviet physicist. His primary contribution was in the field of liquid crystals. The Frederiks transition is named after him.
After high school, Frederiks attended Geneva University and attended the lectures of Paul Langevin in Paris for one semester. After defending his thesis and obtaining his PhD, Frederiks decided to continue his studies at Göttingen University. He was there for more than eight years, and with the outbreak of World War I he became a civil prisoner. During that period, he became personal assistant to David Hilbert.
In the summer of 1918, Frederiks returned to Russia, and worked at the Institute of Physics and Biophysics in Moscow. In 1919, he became a lecturer at the University of Petrograd. He was arrested by the NKVD in 1937. Although released before World War II, he died before reaching home.
Works
References
Bibliography
David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, pp 103–7, Oxford University Press .
A.S. Sonin & V.Ya. Frenkel (1995) Vsevolod Konstantinovich Freédericksz, Moscow: Nauka Publishing House.
1885 births
1944 deaths
Russian physicists
Russian scientists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-bridge
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An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards. The name is derived from its common schematic diagram representation, with four switching elements configured as the branches of a letter "H" and the load connected as the cross-bar.
Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters),
most AC/AC converters,
the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, isolated DC-to-DC converter
most motor controllers,
and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges.
In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost always driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.
General
H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can be built from discrete components.
The term H-bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage is applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.
Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.
Com
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state%20electronics
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Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay, or the solid-state drive (SSD) a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives, which store data on a rotating disk.
History
The term "solid-state" became popular at the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon, while the thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling a current of electrons or ions in a vacuum within a sealed tube.
Although the first solid-state electronic device was the cat's whisker detector, a crude semiconductor diode invented around 1904, solid-state electronics started with the invention of the transistor in 1947. Before that, all electronic equipment used vacuum tubes, because vacuum tubes were the only electronic components that could amplify—an essential capability in all electronics. The transistor, which was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw%20axis
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A screw axis (helical axis or twist axis) is a line that is simultaneously the axis of rotation and the line along which translation of a body occurs. Chasles' theorem shows that each Euclidean displacement in three-dimensional space has a screw axis, and the displacement can be decomposed into a rotation about and a slide along this screw axis.
Plücker coordinates are used to locate a screw axis in space, and consist of a pair of three-dimensional vectors. The first vector identifies the direction of the axis, and the second locates its position. The special case when the first vector is zero is interpreted as a pure translation in the direction of the second vector. A screw axis is associated with each pair of vectors in the algebra of screws, also known as screw theory.
The spatial movement of a body can be represented by a continuous set of displacements. Because each of these displacements has a screw axis, the movement has an associated ruled surface known as a screw surface. This surface is not the same as the axode, which is traced by the instantaneous screw axes of the movement of a body. The instantaneous screw axis, or 'instantaneous helical axis' (IHA), is the axis of the helicoidal field generated by the velocities of every point in a moving body.
When a spatial displacement specializes to a planar displacement, the screw axis becomes the displacement pole, and the instantaneous screw axis becomes the velocity pole, or instantaneous center of rotation, also ca
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeratep%20Winothai
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Teeratep Winothai (, born 16 February 1985), simply known as Leesaw () is a Thai retired footballer playing as a forward. He previously spent his youth career with England's Crystal Palace and Everton.
He got a bachelor's degree from the Faculty of Education from Chulalongkorn University.
Club career
Youth career
He studied at Brentwood School, a private school in Essex, UK. During this time he represented the Thai national team at schoolboy level as well as being on the books of London-based club Crystal Palace. His performances for his school helped them reach the final of the 2001 Independent Schools FA Cup, scoring 8 goals in 4 games along the way. He eventually moved to Everton for one year before returning to Thailand.
Senior career
The young forward joined Thai Premier League side BEC Tero Sasana in 2006 aged 21 and played for the club until 2008 made totally 65 appearances scored 22 goals and won the 2008 Striker of the Year award.
In 2009, a Belgian side Lierse S.K. signed the Thai star with an undisclosed deal. However, Leesaw spent most of his time with the new club in reserve team and made only 8 appearances with 1 goal. Later in the first season with the Belgian club, he was moved back to Thailand and played for Thai Premier League champions Muangthong United on a loan deal.
Teeratep made 23 appearances and scored 4 goals before spending the rest of his loan spell with his former club, BEC Tero Sasana, in the same season and made 8 appearances with 3 goals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%2C6-Di-tert-butylphenol
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2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is an organic compound with the structural formula 2,6-((CH3)3C)2C6H3OH. This colorless solid alkylated phenol and its derivatives are used industrially as UV stabilizers and antioxidants for hydrocarbon-based products ranging from petrochemicals to plastics. Illustrative of its usefulness, it prevents gumming in aviation fuels.
Production
2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is prepared industrially via the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of phenol with isobutene catalyzed by aluminium phenoxide:
C6H5OH + 2 CH2=C(CH3)2 → ((CH3)3C)2C6H3OH
In this way, approximately 2.5M kg/y are produced.
Applications
Its dominant use is as an antioxidant.
2,6-di-tert-butylphenol is a precursor to more complex compounds used as antioxidants and light-protection agents for the stabilization for polymers. Of particular note is methyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate (CAS# 6386-38-5), which is formed by the Michael addition of methyl acrylate. This compound is used as a feedstock in the synthesis of more complex antioxidants such as Irganox 1098. 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is also used in the synthesis of CGP-7930, probucol, and nicanartine.
Safety and regulation
The is 9200 mg/kg, indicating a low toxicity.
2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is covered by the U.S. Department of Transportation Code of Federal Regulations 49 CFR 172.101, Appendix B (20 Dec 2004). This substance is designated by the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) as a marine pollutant.
See also
But
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic%20network
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A phylogenetic network is any graph used to visualize evolutionary relationships (either abstractly or explicitly) between nucleotide sequences, genes, chromosomes, genomes, or species. They are employed when reticulation events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved. They differ from phylogenetic trees by the explicit modeling of richly linked networks, by means of the addition of hybrid nodes (nodes with two parents) instead of only tree nodes (a hierarchy of nodes, each with only one parent). Phylogenetic trees are a subset of phylogenetic networks. Phylogenetic networks can be inferred and visualised with software such as SplitsTree, the R-package, phangorn,
and, more recently, Dendroscope. A standard format for representing phylogenetic networks is a variant of Newick format which is extended to support networks as well as trees.
Many kinds and subclasses of phylogenetic networks have been defined based on the biological phenomenon they represent or which data they are built from (hybridization networks, usually built from rooted trees, ancestral recombination graphs (ARGs) from binary sequences, median networks from a set of splits, optimal realizations and reticulograms from a distance matrix), or restrictions to get computationally tractable problems (galled trees, and their generalizations level-k phylogenetic networks, tree-child or tree-sibling phylogenetic networks).
Microevoluti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bird%20with%20the%20Crystal%20Plumage
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The Bird with the Crystal Plumage () is a 1970 giallo film written and directed by Dario Argento, in his directorial debut. It stars Tony Musante as an American writer in Rome who witnesses a serial killer targeting young women, and tries to uncover the murderer's identity before he become their next victim. The cast also features Suzy Kendall, Enrico Maria Salerno, Eva Renzi, Umberto Raho and Mario Adorf.
A co-production of Italy and West Germany, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage is the first in what has been called his thematic "Animal Trilogy", along with Argento's next two gialli, The Cat o' Nine Tails (1971) and Four Flies on Grey Velvet (1972). Argento's screenplay borrows liberally from Fredric Brown's 1949 novel The Screaming Mimi, which had a previously been made into a 1958 American film.
An international commercial and critical success on release, The Bird with the Crystal Plumage has been credited with popularizing giallo, an Italian genre of horror-thriller developed in the 1960s, and launched Argento's career as a filmmaker.
Plot
Sam Dalmas is an American writer vacationing in Rome with his English model girlfriend, Julia. Suffering from writer's block, Sam is on the verge of returning to America but witnesses the attack of a woman in an art gallery by a mysterious black-gloved assailant dressed in a raincoat.
Attempting to reach her, Sam is trapped between two mechanically operated glass doors and can only watch as the villain makes his escape. The woman,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYGB
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CYGB may refer to:
Cytoglobin, the protein product of CYGB, a human and mammalian gene
Texada/Gillies Bay Airport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families%20of%20Structurally%20Similar%20Proteins%20database
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Families of Structurally Similar Proteins or FSSP is a database of structurally superimposed proteins generated using the "Distance-matrix ALIgnment" (DALI) algorithm.The database currently contains an extended structural family for each of 330 representative protein chains. Each data set contains structural alignments of one search structure with all other structurally significantly similar proteins in the representative set (remote homologs, < 30% sequence identity), as well as all structures in the Protein Data Bank with 70-30% sequence identity relative to the search structure (medium homologs). Very close homologs (above 70% sequence identity) are excluded as they rarely have marked structural differences. The alignments of remote homologs are the result of pairwise all-against-all structural comparisons in the set of 330 representative protein chains. All such comparisons are based purely on the 3D co-ordinates of the proteins and are derived by automatic (objective) structure comparison programs. The significance of structural similarity is estimated based on statistical criteria. The FSSP database is available electronically from the EMBL file server and by anonymous ftp (file transfer protocol). The database is helpful for the comparison of protein structures.
See also
CATH
SCOP
References
External links
FSSP Search page at EBI
Protein structure
Protein classification
Biological databases
Protein superfamilies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine%20body
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The Rankine body, discovered by Scottish physicist and engineer Macquorn Rankine, is a feature of naval architecture involving the flow of liquid around a body/surface.
In fluid mechanics, a fluid flow pattern formed by combining a uniform stream with a source and a sink of equal strengths, with the line joining the source and sink along the stream direction, conforms to the shape of a Rankine body.
See also
Rankine half body
External links
Derivation of the Rankine body using potential flow.
Fluid dynamics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAP%20kinase%20kinase%20kinase
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Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK, MKKK, M3K, or, MAP3K) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which acts upon MAP kinase kinase. Subsequently, MAP kinase kinase activates MAP kinase. Several types of MAPKKK can exist but are mainly characterized by the MAP kinases they activate. MAPKKKs are stimulated by a large range of stimuli, primarily environmental and intracellular stressors. MAPKKK is responsible for various cell functions such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. The duration and intensity of signals determine which pathway ensues. Additionally, the use of protein scaffolds helps to place the MAPKKK in close proximity with its substrate to allow for a reaction. Lastly, because MAPKKK is involved in a series of several pathways, it has been used as a therapeutic target for cancer, amyloidosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. In humans, there are at least 19 genes which encode MAP kinase kinase kinases:
MAP3K1 (aka MEKK1)
MAP3K2 (aka MEKK2)
MAP3K3 (aka MEKK3)
MAP3K4 (aka MEKK4)
MAP3K5 (aka ASK1)
MAP3K6 (aka ASK2)
MAP3K7 (aka MEKK7) (aka TAK1)
MAP3K8 (aka TPL2 or Tpl2)
MAP3K9
MAP3K10
MAP3K11 (aka MEKK11) (aka MLK3)
MAP3K12 (aka MUK)
MAP3K13 (aka LZK)
MAP3K14
MAP3K15
MAP3K16 (aka TAO1 or TAOK1)
MAP3K17 (aka TAO2 or TAOK2)
MAP3K18 (aka TAO3 or TAOK3)
RAF1
BRAF
ARAF
ZAK (aka MLTK)
Classes of MAPKKK and their functions
Several classes of MAPKKK exist, and all of them are upstream of MAP kinase
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20epistemology
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Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest. Work in this area spans several academic fields, including philosophy, computer science, economics, and statistics. The focus of formal epistemology has tended to differ somewhat from that of traditional epistemology, with topics like uncertainty, induction, and belief revision garnering more attention than the analysis of knowledge, skepticism, and issues with justification.
History
Though formally oriented epistemologists have been laboring since the emergence of formal logic and probability theory (if not earlier), only recently have they been organized under a common disciplinary title. This gain in popularity may be attributed to the organization of yearly Formal Epistemology Workshops by Branden Fitelson and Sahotra Sarkar, starting in 2004, and the PHILOG-conferences starting in 2002 (The Network for Philosophical Logic and Its Applications) organized by Vincent F. Hendricks. Carnegie Mellon University's Philosophy Department hosts an annual summer school in logic and formal epistemology. In 2010, the department founded the Center for Formal Epistemology.
Bayesian epistemology
Bayesian epistemology is an important theory in the field of formal epistemology. It has its roots in Thomas Bayes' work in the field of probability theory. It is based on the idea that beliefs are held gradually and that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20contact%20map
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A protein contact map represents the distance between all possible amino acid residue pairs of a three-dimensional protein structure using a binary two-dimensional matrix. For two residues and , the element of the matrix is 1 if the two residues are closer than a predetermined threshold, and 0 otherwise. Various contact definitions have been proposed: The distance between the Cα-Cα atom with threshold 6-12 Å; distance between Cβ-Cβ atoms with threshold 6-12 Å (Cα is used for Glycine); and distance between the side-chain centers of mass.
Overview
Contact maps provide a more reduced representation of a protein structure than its full 3D atomic coordinates. The advantage is that contact maps are invariant to rotations and translations. They are more easily predicted by machine learning methods. It has also been shown that under certain circumstances (e.g. low content of erroneously predicted contacts) it is possible to reconstruct the 3D coordinates of a protein using its contact map.
Contact maps are also used for protein superimposition and to describe similarity between protein structures. They are either predicted from protein sequence or calculated from a given structure.
Contact map prediction
With the availability of high numbers of genomic sequences it becomes feasible to analyze such sequences for coevolving residues. The effectiveness of this approach results from the fact that a mutation in position i of a protein is more likely to be associated with a mutation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RRM
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RRM may refer to:
River and Rowing Museum in Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England
Radio resource management
RNA recognition motif
Robotic Refueling Mission, carried by STS-135 to the International Space Station
A Residential Reentry Management facility, the term used by the U.S. Bureau of Prisons for a halfway house
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal%20dithiolene%20complex
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Dithiolene metal complexes are complexes containing 1,2-dithiolene ligands. 1,2-Dithiolene ligands, a particular case of 1,2-dichalcogenolene species along with 1,2-diselenolene derivatives, are unsaturated bidentate ligand wherein the two donor atoms are sulfur. 1,2-Dithiolene metal complexes are often referred to as "metal dithiolenes", "metallodithiolenes" or "dithiolene complexes". Most molybdenum- and tungsten-containing proteins have dithiolene-like moieties at their active sites, which feature the so-called molybdopterin cofactor bound to the Mo or W.
Dithiolene metal complexes have been studied since the 1960s when they were first popularized by Gerhard N. Schrauzer and Volker P. Mayweg, who prepared nickel bis(stilbene-1,2-dithiolate) (Ni(S2C2Ph2)2) by the reaction of nickel sulfide and diphenylacetylene. The structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical properties of many related complexes have been described.
Structure and bonding
Dithiolene metal complexes can be found in coordination compounds where the metal centre is coordinated by one, two, or three dithiolene ligands. The tris(dithiolene) complexes were the first examples of trigonal prismatic geometry in coordination chemistry. One example is Mo(S2C2Ph2)3. Similar structures have been observed for several other metals.
Because of the unusual redox and intense optical properties of dithiolenes, the electronic structure of dithiolene complexes has been the subject of intense studies. 1,2-Dithiolene lig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfam
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Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models. The most recent version, Pfam 35.0, was released in November 2021 and contains 19,632 families.
Uses
The general purpose of the Pfam database is to provide a complete and accurate classification of protein families and domains. Originally, the rationale behind creating the database was to have a semi-automated
method of curating information on known protein families to improve the efficiency of annotating genomes. The Pfam classification of protein families has been widely adopted by biologists because of its wide coverage of
proteins and sensible naming conventions.
It is used by experimental biologists researching specific proteins, by structural biologists to identify new targets for structure determination, by computational biologists to organise sequences and by evolutionary biologists tracing the origins of proteins. Early genome projects, such as human and fly used Pfam extensively for functional annotation of genomic data.
The Pfam website allows users to submit protein or DNA sequences to search for matches to families in the database. If DNA is submitted, a six-frame translation is performed, then each frame is searched. Rather than performing a typical BLAST search, Pfam uses profile hidden Markov models, which give greater weight to matches at conserved sites, allowing better remote homology detection, making them more
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-multiplication
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In mathematics, specifically in elementary arithmetic and elementary algebra, given an equation between two fractions or rational expressions, one can cross-multiply to simplify the equation or determine the value of a variable.
The method is also occasionally known as the "cross your heart" method because lines resembling a heart outline can be drawn to remember which things to multiply together.
Given an equation like
where and are not zero, one can cross-multiply to get
In Euclidean geometry the same calculation can be achieved by considering the ratios as those of similar triangles.
Procedure
In practice, the method of cross-multiplying means that we multiply the numerator of each (or one) side by the denominator of the other side, effectively crossing the terms over:
The mathematical justification for the method is from the following longer mathematical procedure. If we start with the basic equation
we can multiply the terms on each side by the same number, and the terms will remain equal. Therefore, if we multiply the fraction on each side by the product of the denominators of both sides——we get
We can reduce the fractions to lowest terms by noting that the two occurrences of on the left-hand side cancel, as do the two occurrences of on the right-hand side, leaving
and we can divide both sides of the equation by any of the elements—in this case we will use —getting
Another justification of cross-multiplication is as follows. Starting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20Valley
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Genome Valley is an Indian high-technology business district spread across /(3.1 sq mi) in Hyderabad, India. It is located across the suburbs, Turakapally, Shamirpet, Medchal, Uppal, Patancheru, Jeedimetla, Gachibowli and Keesara. The Genome Valley has developed as a cluster for Biomedical research, training and manufacturing. Genome Valley is now into its Phase III, which is about 11 kms from the Phase I and II with the total area approximately .
History
Genome Valley was an initiative of N Chandrababu Naidu, the then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and was commissioned in 1999 as S. P. Biotech Park in a public-private partnership with Bharat Biotech International, and its founder Krishna Ella, alongside private infrastructure companies such as Shapoorji Pallonji Group and ICICI Bank.
Alexandria Knowledge Park SEZ
In 2009, U.S.-based infrastructure giant Alexandria Real Estate Equities has announced its plans to invest in the bio-cluster, which led to the Alexandria Knowledge Park SEZ. The bio-cluster at Shamirpet holds Certification mark by the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the European Union.
IKP Knowledge Park
The IKP Knowledge Park is spread over 200 acres in Turakapally, is an initiative of ICICI Bank with five "innovation corridors" - a first of its kind knowledge-nurturing centre for Indian companies and a knowledge gateway for multinational companies". The first phase of Innovation Corridor I, comprising 10 laboratories, around 3,000 ft² (300 m²)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle%20of%20minimum%20energy
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The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system, with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will decrease and approach a minimum value at equilibrium. External parameters generally means the volume, but may include other parameters which are specified externally, such as a constant magnetic field.
In contrast, for isolated systems (and fixed external parameters), the second law states that the entropy will increase to a maximum value at equilibrium. An isolated system has a fixed total energy and mass. A closed system, on the other hand, is a system which is connected to another, and cannot exchange matter (i.e. particles), but can transfer other forms of energy (e.g. heat), to or from the other system. If, rather than an isolated system, we have a closed system, in which the entropy rather than the energy remains constant, then it follows from the first and second laws of thermodynamics that the energy of that system will drop to a minimum value at equilibrium, transferring its energy to the other system. To restate:
The maximum entropy principle: For a closed system with fixed internal energy (i.e. an isolated system), the entropy is maximized at equilibrium.
The minimum energy principle: For a closed system with fixed entropy, the total energy is minimized at equilibrium.
Mathematical explanation
The total energy of the system is where S is entropy, and the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenix%20Project
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Fenix Project is the codename for a GNU project to create a free compiler for a scripting language derived from the one created by Hammer Technologies for the game development suite DIV Games Studio. However, several features have been added which make it incompatible with most games programmed with DIV Games Studio.
Features
Fenix is an interpreted language focused on 2D video game development. Its main feature, inherited from DIV, is the pseudo-parallel programming similar to Coroutines, i.e. it gives the developer the chance of programming different processes (enemies, characters, etc.) separately, and the engine will synchronize them. This makes video game developing much easier.
Most of its features are now based on Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) which makes Fenix a very portable project.
Other features include full 2D support (scaling, transparencies, blend ops...), 16 bpp color, sound (.ogg, .mod, .it, .s3m, .wav), joystick support, mode7 and extensions via libraries.
Supported platforms
Official: Windows, Linux, Mac OS, BSD, BeOS
Unofficial: GP32, GP2X, GP2X Wiz, Dreamcast, PS2
Status
Its current version is 0.92a (beta) and no project maintainer is currently taking care of updating it. The old 0.84 branch — which happened to be quite unstable — was retaken by SplinterGU, a developer from Argentina who cleaned of all known bugs. Also a GNU default Automake/Autoconf build system, which increases portability, has been implemented, making it very easy to add support
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambria
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Ambria may refer to:
, a German cargo ship in service 1922-25
Ambria (Star Wars), a minor planet in the sci-fi series
A female name from the derivative of Amber.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%88%86
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∆ may refer to:
Triangle (∆), one of the basic shapes in geometry. Many different mathematical equations include the use of the triangle.
Delta (letter) (Δ), a Greek letter also used in mathematics and computer science
ᐃ, a letter of Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
Delta baryon (Δ), one of several Baryons consisting of up and down quarks.
alt-J (Δ), a British indie band
Laplace operator (Δ), a differential operator
Increment operator (∆)
Symmetric difference, in mathematics, the set of elements which are in either of two sets and not in their intersection
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNCA%20experiment
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HNCA is a 3D triple-resonance NMR experiment commonly used in the field of protein NMR. The name derives from the experiment's magnetization transfer pathway: The magnetization of the amide proton of an amino acid residue is transferred to the amide nitrogen, and then to the alpha carbons of both the starting residue and the previous residue in the protein's amino acid sequence. In contrast, the complementary HNCOCA experiment
transfers magnetization only to the alpha carbon of the previous residue. The HNCA experiment is used, often in tandem with HNCOCA, to assign alpha carbon resonance signals to specific residues in the protein. This experiment requires a purified sample of protein prepared with 13C and 15N isotopic labelling, at a concentration greater than 0.1 mM, and is thus generally only applied to recombinant proteins.
The spectrum produced by this experiment has 3 dimensions: A proton axis, a 15N axis and a 13C axis. For residue i peaks will appear at {HN(i), N(i), Calpha (i)} and {HN(i), N(i), Calpha(i-1)}, while for the complementary HNCOCA experiment peaks appear only at {HN(i), N(i), Calpha(i-1)}. Together, these two experiments reveal the alpha carbon chemical shift for each amino acid residue in a protein, and provide information linking adjacent residues in the protein's sequence.
References
Citations
General references
Protein NMR Spectroscopy : Principles and Practice (1995) John Cavanagh, Wayne J. Fairbrother, Arthur G. Palmer III, Nicholas J. Skelto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megon%20McDonough
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Megon McDonough (formerly Megan McDonough) is an American folk/cabaret singer-songwriter and actress, from Crystal Lake, Illinois. After her early solo recording career brought national attention, she became a founding member of Four Bitchin' Babes, performing and recording with them from 1990 to 2001 and then resuming her solo work.
McDonough wrote her first song at age 11 and had her first record deal by the time she was 14, securing the deal after winning a local "Big Break" talent contest sponsored by local radio station WLS. The label was Wooden Nickel, and she released four albums between 1972 and 1974. By age 17, she was the opening act for John Denver at Carnegie Hall. She also opened for acts such as Steve Martin and Harry Chapin.
McDonough played Patsy Cline in the musical Always...Patsy Cline. She wrote and performed a one-woman cabaret show, An Interesting Bunch of Gals, in which she pays tribute to eight artists who influenced her, including Édith Piaf, Billie Holiday, and Joni Mitchell.
In 1993, McDonough also played the singing voice for actress Jennie Garth during the performance of the song Timeless Love in the made-for-TV movie Danielle Steel's Star.
Discography
Her first name was spelled "Megan" on her earlier albums, changing to "Megon" with Day by Day.
In the Megan Manner (privately re-released songs from defunct 1972 Wooden Nickel album # WNS-1004)
Megan Music (privately re-released songs from defunct 1972 Wooden Nickel album # WNS-1007)
Keepsak
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNCOCA%20experiment
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HNCOCA is a 3D triple-resonance NMR experiment commonly used in the field of protein NMR. The name derives from the experiment's magnetization transfer pathway: The magnetization of the amide proton of an amino acid residue is transferred to the amide nitrogen, and then to the alpha carbon of the previous residue in the protein's amino acid sequence. In contrast, the complementary HNCA experiment transfers magnetization to the alpha carbons of both the starting residue and the previous residue in the sequence. The HNCOCA experiment is used, often in tandem with HNCA, to assign alpha carbon resonance signals to specific residues in the protein. This experiment requires a purified sample of protein prepared with 13C and 15N isotopic labelling, at a concentration greater than 0.1 mM, and is thus generally only applied to recombinant proteins.
The spectrum produced by this experiment has 3 dimensions: A proton axis, a 15N axis and a 13C axis. For residue i peaks will appear at {HN(i), N(i), Cα(i-1)} only, while for the complementary HNCA experiment peaks appear at {HN(i), N(i), Cα(i-1)} and {HN(i), N(i), Cα (i)}. Together, these two experiments reveal the alpha carbon chemical shift for each amino acid residue in a protein, and provide information linking adjacent residues in the protein's sequence.
References
Citations
General references
Protein methods
Biophysics
Protein structure
Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamata
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Karamata may refer to:
Jovan Karamata (1902–1967), Serbian mathematician
Karamata's inequality, named after Jovan Karamata, also known as the majorization inequality, a theorem in elementary algebra for convex and concave real-valued functions, defined on an interval of the real line. It generalizes the discrete form of Jensen's inequality
Karamata Family House, a cultural monument in Belgrade, Serbia
See also
Kalamata, a city in southern Greece
Kalamata (disambiguation)
Karamat (disambiguation)
Surnames of Serbian origin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%20High
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Aim High was the 2006 game for the FIRST Robotics Competition. The competition involved teams competing to gain points by delivering balls into goals and positioning their robots in certain positions on the playing field. The teams took it in turn to provide defense and attack.
Game description
Aim High was played by two alliances, red and blue, each consisting of three robots. During a 10-second autonomous mode robots were programmed to score into any of the three goals: one raised center goal marked by a green vision target and two corner goals at floor level. At the end of the autonomous period the alliance with the most points would gain a 10-point bonus and would be placed on defense for round two. Rounds two, three and four were each 40 seconds long and were human-controlled rounds. Between rounds two and three the alliances switch from offense to defense or vice versa. At the start of round 4 any alliance could score into the corresponding goals. At the end of the match any alliance could receive bonus points by placing its three robots on a platform below the center goal. The alliance with the most points won with scoring as follows: 3 points for any ball scored in the center goal, 1 point for any ball scored in the corner goals, 10 bonus points for scoring the highest in the autonomous round and 25 points for placing all 3 robots on the platform at the end (10 points for 2 robots and 5 points for 1 robot).
Field layout
The Aim High field had 6 goals and 2 platform
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20architectural%20styles
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Australian architectural styles, like the revivalist trends which dominated Europe for centuries, have been primarily derivative.
Background
Europeans’ early contacts with Indigenous populations led them to misinterpret Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' ways of life. Until the 20th century, a fallacy existed that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples lacked permanent buildings and their own forms of architecture. Labelling Aboriginal communities as 'nomadic' allowed early settlers to justify the takeover of traditional lands claiming that they were not inhabited by permanent residents. A large body of evidence now indicates that a broad range of Indigenous traditional architecture forms (known as ethoarchitecture) and sophisticated knowledge of construction existed.
During the nineteenth century, Australian architects were inspired by developments in England. This is in part due to a large number of architects coming from England to Australia to practice. In the twentieth century, American and International influences dominated. As Australia gradually became a multicultural nation in the late 20th century, the influences of immigrants also became evident. Imported exotic styles earlier than this can be found in a small number of historically significant Joss houses and synagogues. In more recent times, other global and South-East Asian influences have had a minor influence on Australian architectural styles.
Some architectural styles show the direct i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Microelectronics%20Corporation
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United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC; ) is a Taiwanese company based in Hsinchu, Taiwan. It was founded as Taiwan's first semiconductor company in 1980 as a spin-off of the government-sponsored Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI).
Overview
UMC is best known for its semiconductor foundry business, manufacturing integrated circuits wafers for fabless semiconductor companies. In this role, UMC is ranked behind competitor TSMC. It has four 300 mm fabs, one in Taiwan, one in Singapore, one in China, and one in Japan.
UMC is listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange as 2303. UMC has 12 manufacturing facilities worldwide, employing approximately 19,500 people.
UMC is a significant supplier to the automotive industry.
History
On May 22, 1980, UMC was spun off from the Industrial Technology Research Institute and was formally established as the first private integrated circuit company in Taiwan.
1983: TMC starts a joint research project with US-based Vitelic.
1985
UMC was officially listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (code: 2303). It was the first listed semiconductor company in Taiwan. At that time, Morris Chang was its chairman.
UMC sets up a subsidiary, Unicorn Microelectronics Corporation (also abbreviated UMC), in Silicon Valley to improve access to technology, signing joint research agreements with Mosel (later Mosel Vitelic) and Quasel.
1995: UMC decided to transform from an IDM company with its own products to a professional pure-play foundry.
1996: Spu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCC%20Summit
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The GCC Summit was an annual conference for developers of the GNU Compiler Collection and related free software technologies. The conference was a 3-day event and was held from 2003–2010 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada with the exception of the 2009 summit, which was held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It has been replaced by the GNU Tools Cauldron.
GCC Summit dates
2003: May 25–27 (proceedings)
2004: June 2–4 (proceedings)
2005: June 22–24 (proceedings)
2006: June 28–30 (proceedings)
2007: July 18–20 (proceedings)
2008: June 17–19 (proceedings)
2009: June 8–10 (proceedings)
2010: October 25–27 (proceedings, individual papers and slides)
GNU Tools Cauldron
The GCC Summit has been replaced by the GNU Tools Cauldron, a conference held by GNU mainly focused on GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), but also GNU Debugger, GNU Binutils, and others.
See also
Summit (meeting)
Compiler
References
Free-software conferences
Linux conferences
Recurring events established in 2003
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMC%20protein
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SMC complexes represent a large family of ATPases that participate in many aspects of higher-order chromosome organization and dynamics. SMC stands for Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes.
Classification
Eukaryotic SMCs
Eukaryotes have at least six SMC proteins in individual organisms, and they form three distinct heterodimers with specialized functions:
A pair of SMC1 and SMC3 constitutes the core subunits of the cohesin complexes involved in sister chromatid cohesion. SMC1 and SMC3 also have functions in the repair of DNA double-strained breaks in the process of homologous recombination.
Likewise, a pair of SMC2 and SMC4 acts as the core of the condensin complexes implicated in chromosome condensation. SMC2 and SMC4 have the function of DNA repair as well. Condensin I plays a role in single-strained break repair but not in double-strained breaks. The opposite is true for Condensin II, which plays a role in homologous recombination.
A dimer composed of SMC5 and SMC6 functions as part of a yet-to-be-named complex implicated in DNA repair and checkpoint responses.
Each complex contains a distinct set of non-SMC regulatory subunits. Some organisms have variants of SMC proteins. For instance, mammals have a meiosis-specific variant of SMC1, known as SMC1β. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has an SMC4-variant that has a specialized role in dosage compensation.
The following table shows the SMC proteins names for several model organisms and vertebrates:
Prokaryotic SM
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20areas%20in%20Norway%20by%20population
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This is a list of urban areas in Norway by population, with population numbers as of 1 January 2017. For a list of towns and cities in Norway, see this link.
Statistics Norway, the governmental organisation with the task of measuring the Norwegian population, uses the term tettsted (literally "dense place"; meaning urban settlement or urban area), which is defined as a continuous built-up area with a maximum distance of 50 metres between residences unless a greater distance is caused by public areas, cemeteries or similar reasons. The continuously built-up areas in Norway (urban areas) with the highest population are:
See also
List of municipalities of Norway
Metropolitan regions of Norway
List of urban areas in Sweden by population
List of urban areas in Denmark by population
List of urban areas in the Nordic countries
List of urban areas in Finland by population
List of cities and towns in Iceland
Largest metropolitan areas in the Nordic countries
List of metropolitan areas in Sweden
References and notes
Norway
Norway
Urban areas
Norway
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega
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A ciénega (also spelled ciénaga) is a wetland system unique to the American Southwest and Northern Mexico. Ciénagas are alkaline, freshwater, spongy, wet meadows with shallow-gradient, permanently saturated soils in otherwise arid landscapes that often occupy nearly the entire widths of valley bottoms. That description satisfies historic, pre-damaged ciénagas, although few can be described that way now. Incised ciénagas are common today. Ciénagas are usually associated with seeps or springs, found in canyon headwaters or along margins of streams. Ciénagas often occur because the geomorphology forces water to the surface, over large areas, not merely through a single pool or channel. In a healthy ciénaga, water slowly migrates through long, wide-scale mats of thick, sponge-like wetland sod. Ciénaga soils are squishy, permanently saturated, highly organic, black in color or anaerobic. Highly adapted sedges, rushes and reeds are the dominant plants, with succession plants—Goodding's willow, Fremont cottonwoods and scattered Arizona walnuts—found on drier margins, down-valley in healthy ciénagas where water goes underground or along the banks of incised ciénagas.
Ciénagas are not considered true swamps due to their lack of trees, which will drown in historic ciénagas. However, trees do grow in many damaged or drained ciénagas, making the distinction less clear.
Current state
The distribution and conservation status of ciénegas of Arizona and adjacent New Mexico were first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli%E2%80%93Shanks%20algorithm
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The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm (referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used in modular arithmetic to solve for r in a congruence of the form r2 ≡ n (mod p), where p is a prime: that is, to find a square root of n modulo p.
Tonelli–Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli: finding square roots modulo composite numbers is a computational problem equivalent to integer factorization.
An equivalent, but slightly more redundant version of this algorithm was developed by
Alberto Tonelli
in 1891. The version discussed here was developed independently by Daniel Shanks in 1973, who explained:
My tardiness in learning of these historical references was because I had lent Volume 1 of Dickson's History to a friend and it was never returned.
According to Dickson, Tonelli's algorithm can take square roots of x modulo prime powers pλ apart from primes.
Core ideas
Given a non-zero and a prime (which will always be odd), Euler's criterion tells us that has a square root (i.e., is a quadratic residue) if and only if:
.
In contrast, if a number has no square root (is a non-residue), Euler's criterion tells us that:
.
It is not hard to find such , because half of the integers between 1 and have this property. So we assume that we have access to such a non-residue.
By (normally) dividing by 2 repeatedly, we can write as , where is odd. Note that if we try
,
then . If , then is a square root of . Otherwise, for , we have and satisfying:
; and
is a -th root
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Lehmann%20%28physicist%29
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Otto Lehmann (13 January 1855 in Konstanz, Germany – 17 June 1922 in Karlsruhe) was a German physicist and "father" of liquid crystal.
Life
Otto was the son of Franz Xavier Lehmann, a mathematics teacher in the Baden-Wurtemberg school system, with a strong interest in microscopes. Otto learned to experiment and keep records of this findings. Between 1872 and 1877, Lehmann studied natural sciences at the University of Strassburg and obtained the Ph.D. under crystallographer Paul Groth.
Otto used polarizers in a microscope so that he might watch for birefringence appearing in the process of crystallization.
Initially becoming a school teacher for physics, mathematics and chemistry in Mülhausen (Alsace-Lorraine), he started university teaching at the RWTH Aachen University in 1883. In 1889, he succeeded Heinrich Hertz as head of the Institute of Physics in Karlsruhe.
Lehmann received a letter from Friedrich Reinitzer asking for confirmation of some unusual observations. As Dunmur and Sluckin(2011) say
It was Lehmann's jealously guarded and increasingly prestigious microscope, not yet available off the shelf, which had attracted Reinitzer's attention. With Reinitzer's peculiar double-melting liquid, a problem in search of a scientist had met a scientist in search of a problem.
The article "On Flowing Crystals" that Lehmann wrote for Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie addresses directly the question of phase of matter involved, and leaves in its wake the science of liquid cr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carath%C3%A9odory%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Lie%20theorem
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The Carathéodory–Jacobi–Lie theorem is a theorem in symplectic geometry which generalizes Darboux's theorem.
Statement
Let M be a 2n-dimensional symplectic manifold with symplectic form ω. For p ∈ M and r ≤ n, let f1, f2, ..., fr be smooth functions defined on an open neighborhood V of p whose differentials are linearly independent at each point, or equivalently
where {fi, fj} = 0. (In other words, they are pairwise in involution.) Here {–,–} is the Poisson bracket. Then there are functions fr+1, ..., fn, g1, g2, ..., gn defined on an open neighborhood U ⊂ V of p such that (fi, gi) is a symplectic chart of M, i.e., ω is expressed on U as
Applications
As a direct application we have the following. Given a Hamiltonian system as where M is a symplectic manifold with symplectic form and H is the Hamiltonian function, around every point where there is a symplectic chart such that one of its coordinates is H.
References
Symplectic geometry
Theorems in differential geometry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QZ
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QZ may refer to:
Indonesia AirAsia, a low-cost airline (IATA:QZ; founded 1999)
Quartz, a crystalline mineral (IMA:Qz)
Quartz (publication), a business news ezine (at qz.com; launched 2012)
QZ decomposition of matrices, in linear algebra
See also
QS (disambiguation)
ZQ (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano%20factor
|
In statistics, the Fano factor, like the coefficient of variation, is a measure of the dispersion of a counting process. It was originally used to measure the Fano noise in ion detectors. It is named after Ugo Fano, an Italian American physicist.
The Fano factor after a time is defined as
where is the standard deviation and is the mean number of events of a counting process after some time . The Fano factor can be viewed as a kind of noise-to-signal ratio; it is a measure of the reliability with which the waiting time random variable can be estimated after several random events.
For a Poisson counting process, the variance in the count equals the mean count, so .
Definition
For a counting process , the Fano factor after a time is defined as,
Sometimes, the long term limit is also termed the Fano factor,
For a renewal process with holding times distributed similar to a random variable , we have that,
Since we have that the right hand side is equal to the square of the coefficient of variation , the right hand side of this equation is sometimes referred to as the Fano factor as well.
Interpretation
When considered as the dispersion of the number, the Fano factor roughly corresponds to the width of the peak of . As such, the Fano factor is often interpreted as the unpredictability of the underlying process.
Example: Constant Random Variable
When the holding times are constant, then . As such, if then we interpret the renewal process as being very predictab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader%20sequence
|
Leader sequence may refer to:
Leader sequence (mRNA), a sequence of mRNA
Leading strand, in DNA replication
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-50%20%28Manhattan%20Project%29
|
The S-50 Project was the Manhattan Project's effort to produce enriched uranium by liquid thermal diffusion during World War II. It was one of three technologies for uranium enrichment pursued by the Manhattan Project.
The liquid thermal diffusion process was not one of the enrichment technologies initially selected for use in the Manhattan Project, and was developed independently by Philip H. Abelson and other scientists at the United States Naval Research Laboratory. This was primarily due to doubts about the process's technical feasibility, but inter-service rivalry between the United States Army and United States Navy also played a part.
Pilot plants were built at the Anacostia Naval Air Station and the Philadelphia Navy Yard, and a production facility at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. This was the only production-scale liquid thermal diffusion plant ever built. It could not enrich uranium sufficiently for use in an atomic bomb, but it could provide slightly enriched feed for the Y-12 calutrons and the K-25 gaseous diffusion plants. It was estimated that the S-50 plant had sped up production of enriched uranium used in the Little Boy bomb employed in the atomic bombing of Hiroshima by a week.
The S-50 plant ceased production in September 1945, but it was reopened in May 1946, and used by the United States Army Air Forces Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project. The plant was demolished in the late 1940s.
Background
The discov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNN
|
FNN may refer to:
False nearest neighbor algorithm
Farnborough North railway station, in England
Feedforward neural network
Financial News Network, a defunct American television network
Flat neighborhood network, a type of computer network
Fox News Network, U.S. cable news network
Fuji News Network, a Japanese television network
Fuzzy neural network
Fake news network, a mockery used for CNN primarily during and a while after the 2016 USA election.
Friday Night Nexus, a fictional wrestling gameplay series on YouTube by HeelDiggy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denyen
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The Denyen (Egyptian: dꜣjnjnjw) is purported to be one of the groups constituting the Sea Peoples.
Origin
They are mentioned in the Amarna letters from the 14th century BC as possibly being related to the "Land of the Danuna" near Ugarit.
The Egyptians described them as Sea Peoples.
Lydian Empire
The Denyen have been identified with the people of Adana, in Cilicia who existed in late Hittite Empire times. They are also believed to have settled in Cyprus. A Hittite report speaks of a Muksus, who also appears in an eighth-century bilingual inscription from Karatepe bilingual stele in Cilicia, which also mentions the king of the "Danunians" ( dnnym). A newly published early Luwian inscription from the notes of James Mellaart also mentions Muksus, but it turned out that this and other texts Mellaart owned were almost certainly forgeries. The kings of Adana are traced from the "house of Mopsos," given in Hieroglyphic Luwian as "Moxos" and in Phoenician as "Mopsos", in the form mps. They were called the Dananiyim. The area also reports a Mopsukrene ("Mopsus' fountain" in Greek) and a Mopsuhestia ("Mopsus' hearth" in Greek), also in Cilicia.
Egyptian raids and settlement
They were raiders associated with the Eastern Mediterranean Dark Ages who attacked Egypt in 1207 BC in alliance with the Libyans and other Sea Peoples, as well as during the reign of Rameses III. The Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt allowed them to settle in Canaan, which was largely controlled by the Sea Peoples into
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20omega-3%20fatty%20acids
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Omega-3 fatty acids, also called ω−3 fatty acids or n−3 fatty acids, are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Omega−3 fatty acids are important for normal metabolism.
Mammals are unable to synthesize omega−3 fatty acids, but can obtain the shorter-chain omega−3 fatty acid ALA (18 carbons and 3 double bonds) through diet and use it to form the more important long-chain omega−3 fatty acids, EPA (20 carbons and 5 double bonds) and then from EPA, the most crucial, DHA (22 carbons and 6 double bonds).
List of omega-3 fatty acids
List of foods with omega-3 fatty acids
List of omega-3 oils
See also
Fatty acid
Essential fatty acid
Essential nutrient
References
Fatty acids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic%20Crystal%20Structure%20Database
|
Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD) is a chemical database founded in 1978 by Günter Bergerhoff (University of Bonn) and I. D. Brown (University of McMaster, Canada). It is now produced by FIZ Karlsruhe in Europe and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology. It seeks to contain information on all inorganic crystal structures published since 1913, including pure elements, minerals, metals, and intermetallic compounds (with atomic coordinates). ICSD contains over 210,000 entries and is updated twice a year.
A Windows-based PC version has been developed in co-operation with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and a PHP-MySQL web based version in co-operation with the Institut Laue–Langevin (ILL) Grenoble.
See also
Crystallographic database
References
External links
ICSD Fiz
ICSD NIST
Inorganic chemistry
Chemical databases
Crystallographic databases
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV40%20large%20T%20antigen
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SV40 large T antigen (Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 TAg) is a hexamer protein that is a dominant-acting oncoprotein derived from the polyomavirus SV40. TAg is capable of inducing malignant transformation of a variety of cell types. The transforming activity of TAg is due in large part to its perturbation of the retinoblastoma (pRb) and p53 tumor suppressor proteins. In addition, TAg binds to several other cellular factors, including the transcriptional co-activators p300 and CBP, which may contribute to its transformation function. Similar proteins from related viruses are known as large tumor antigen in general.
TAg is a product of an early gene transcribed during viral infection by SV40, and is involved in viral genome replication and regulation of host cell cycle. SV40 is a double-stranded, circular DNA virus belonging to the Polyomaviridae (earlier Papovavirus) family, Orthopolyomavirus genus. Polyomaviruses infect a wide variety of vertebrates and cause solid tumours at multiple sites. SV40 was isolated by Sweet and Maurice Hilleman in 1960 in primary monkey kidney cell cultures being used to grow Sabin OPV.
Domains
The TAg has a CUL7-binding domain, a TP53-binding domain, a Zinc finger, and a Superfamily 3 ATPase/Helicase domain. It has two motifs, one for nuclear localization signal, the other being the LXCXE motif.
Mechanism
After entering the cell, the viral genes are transcribed by host cell RNA polymerase II to produce early mRNAs. Because of the relative simp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical%20pathology
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Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency.
Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of "laboratory medicine" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are "clinical analysis" (Spain) and "clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).
Licensing and subspecialities
The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology:
Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry
Hematopathology
Blood banking - Transfusion medicine
Clinical microbiology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics pathology.
In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified Clinical Biologists responsibility:
Reproductive biology including Assisted reproductive technology, Sperm bank and Semen analysis
Immunopathology
Organization
Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South-America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20butterflies%20of%20India%20%28Hesperiidae%29
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India has a rich biodiversity of butterflies, of which skippers are a well represented family. Of the seven subfamilies belonging to the family Hesperiidae, four are found in India, comprising a total of 223 species of 74 genera and these are listed below.
General characteristics
Hesperids are often difficult to identify to species level in the field and accurate identification may require dissection and examination of the genitalia. The larval food plants are mainly grasses, palms and bamboos. Some feed on dicotyledon species. Eggs are smooth, or sometimes ridged and white or red in color. Larvae are cylindrical with a large head. They are usually green or transparent green and sometimes conspicuously marked. The larvae feed within cells made out of rolled leaves and pupation occurs inside the cell. The pupa is generally covered with fine white powder.
Checklist
Subfamily Coeliadinae
See List of butterflies of India (Coeliadinae) (20 species, four genera).
Subfamily Hesperiinae
See List of butterflies of India (Hesperiinae) (133 species, 48 genera).
Subfamily Pyrginae
See List of butterflies of India (Pyrginae) (51 species, 21 genera).
Subfamily Heteropterinae
Apostictopterus fuliginosus Leech, 1893
See also
Hesperiidae
List of butterflies of India
Fauna of India
Cited references
References
Print
Online
Hesperiidae
India
B
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polystichum
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Polystichum is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). The genus has about 500 species and has a cosmopolitan distribution. The highest diversity is in eastern Asia, with about 208 species in China alone; the region from Mexico to Brazil has at least 100 additional species; Africa (at least 17 species), North America (at least 18 species), and Europe (at least 5 species) have much lower diversity. Polystichum species are terrestrial or rock-dwelling ferns of warm-temperate and montane-tropical regions (a few species grow in alpine regions). They are often found in disturbed habitats such as road cuts, talus slopes, and stream banks.
Description
Many ferns of this genus have stout, slowly creeping rootstocks that form a crown, with a vase-like ring of evergreen fronds long. The sori are round, with a circular indusium, except in South American species which lack an indusium. The stipes have prominent scales with often have hair-like cilia, but lack any true hairs. The genus differs from the well-known and allied fern genus Dryopteris in the indusium being circular, not reniform, and in having the leaf segments with auricles—asymmetrical blades where one side of the segment is much longer than the other at the base.
Apomixis
Apomixis, the development of an embryo without the occurrence of fertilization, is particularly common among ferns. Apomixis evolved several
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20detector
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A crystal detector is an obsolete electronic component used in some early 20th century radio receivers that consists of a piece of crystalline mineral which rectifies the alternating current radio signal. It was employed as a detector (demodulator) to extract the audio modulation signal from the modulated carrier, to produce the sound in the earphones. It was the first type of semiconductor diode, and one of the first semiconductor electronic devices. The most common type was the so-called cat's whisker detector, which consisted of a piece of crystalline mineral, usually galena (lead sulfide), with a fine wire touching its surface.
The "asymmetric conduction" of electric current across electrical contacts between a crystal and a metal was discovered in 1874 by Karl Ferdinand Braun. Crystals were first used as radio wave detectors in 1894 by Jagadish Chandra Bose in his microwave experiments. Bose first patented a crystal detector in 1901. The crystal detector was developed into a practical radio component mainly by G. W. Pickard, who began research on detector materials in 1902 and found hundreds of substances that could be used in forming rectifying junctions. The physical principles by which they worked were not understood at the time they were used, but subsequent research into these primitive point contact semiconductor junctions in the 1930s and 1940s led to the development of modern semiconductor electronics.
The unamplified radio receivers that used crystal det
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB7
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Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7, also known as GRB7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB7 gene.
Function
The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adaptor proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules. This gene encodes a growth factor receptor-binding protein that interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ephrin receptors. The protein plays a role in the integrin signaling pathway and cell migration by binding with focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms, although the full-length natures of only two of the variants have been determined to date.
Clinical significance
GRB7 is an SH2-domain adaptor protein that binds to receptor tyrosine kinases and provides the intra-cellular direct link to the Ras proto-oncogene.
Human GRB7 is located on the long arm of chromosome 17, next to the ERBB2 (alias HER2/neu) proto-oncogene.
These two genes are commonly co-amplified (present in excess copies) in breast cancers.
GRB7, thought to be involved in migration , is well known to be over-expressed in testicular germ cell tumors, esophageal cancers, and gastric cancers.
Interactions
GRB7 has been shown to interact with:
EPH receptor B1,
Insulin receptor,
PTK2,
RET proto-oncogene, and
Rnd1
Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of GRB7 function. A conditional knockout m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procrustes%20analysis
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In statistics, Procrustes analysis is a form of statistical shape analysis used to analyse the distribution of a set of shapes. The name Procrustes () refers to a bandit from Greek mythology who made his victims fit his bed either by stretching their limbs or cutting them off.
In mathematics:
an orthogonal Procrustes problem is a method which can be used to find out the optimal rotation and/or reflection (i.e., the optimal orthogonal linear transformation) for the Procrustes Superimposition (PS) of an object with respect to another.
a constrained orthogonal Procrustes problem, subject to det(R) = 1 (where R is an orthogonal matrix), is a method which can be used to determine the optimal rotation for the PS of an object with respect to another (reflection is not allowed). In some contexts, this method is called the Kabsch algorithm.
When a shape is compared to another, or a set of shapes is compared to an arbitrarily selected reference shape, Procrustes analysis is sometimes further qualified as classical or ordinary, as opposed to generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA), which compares three or more shapes to an optimally determined "mean shape".
Introduction
To compare the shapes of two or more objects, the objects must be first optimally "superimposed". Procrustes superimposition (PS) is performed by optimally translating, rotating and uniformly scaling the objects. In other words, both the placement in space and the size of the objects are freely adjusted. The aim is t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alk-
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The root alk- is used in organic chemistry to form classification names for classes of organic compounds which contain a carbon skeleton but no aromatic rings. It was extracted from the word alcohol by removing the -ol suffix. See e.g. alkyl, alkane.
Chemistry prefixes
Prefixes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-negative%20matrix%20factorization
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Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF or NNMF), also non-negative matrix approximation is a group of algorithms in multivariate analysis and linear algebra where a matrix is factorized into (usually) two matrices and , with the property that all three matrices have no negative elements. This non-negativity makes the resulting matrices easier to inspect. Also, in applications such as processing of audio spectrograms or muscular activity, non-negativity is inherent to the data being considered. Since the problem is not exactly solvable in general, it is commonly approximated numerically.
NMF finds applications in such fields as astronomy, computer vision, document clustering, missing data imputation, chemometrics, audio signal processing, recommender systems, and bioinformatics.
History
In chemometrics non-negative matrix factorization has a long history under the name "self modeling curve resolution".
In this framework the vectors in the right matrix are continuous curves rather than discrete vectors.
Also early work on non-negative matrix factorizations was performed by a Finnish group of researchers in the 1990s under the name positive matrix factorization.
It became more widely known as non-negative matrix factorization after Lee and Seung investigated the properties of the algorithm and published some simple and useful
algorithms for two types of factorizations.
Background
Let matrix be the product of the matrices and ,
Matrix multiplication can be implemented a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified%20Soil%20Classification%20System
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The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size of a soil. The classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol. Each letter is described below (with the exception of Pt):
If the soil has 5–12% by weight of fines passing a #200 sieve (5% < P#200 < 12%), both grain size distribution and plasticity have a significant effect on the engineering properties of the soil, and dual notation may be used for the group symbol. For example, GW-GM corresponds to "well-graded gravel with silt."
If the soil has more than 15% by weight retained on a #4 sieve (R#4 > 15%), there is a significant amount of gravel, and the suffix "with gravel" may be added to the group name, but the group symbol does not change. For example, SP-SM could refer to "poorly graded SAND with silt" or "poorly graded SAND with silt and gravel."
Symbol chart
ASTM D-2487
See also
AASHTO Soil Classification System
AASHTO
ASTM International
References
Specific
Soil classification
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCS
|
USCS may refer to:
Unified Soil Classification System, a soil classification system used in engineering and geology
United States Code Service, an unofficial codification with editorial enhancements of United States laws published by LexisNexis
United States Commercial Service, a trade promotion arm of the International Trade Administration within the United States Department of Commerce
United States Conciliation Service, a former agency within the U.S. Department of Labor
United States Customs Service, a former portion of the U.S. Federal Government dedicated to keeping illegal products outside of U.S. borders
United States customary units, U.S. customary system of units, also known in the United States as English units
Universal Ship Cancellation Society, an international philatelic non-profit organization
University of South Carolina Spartanburg, a public university in Spartanburg, South Carolina
Universidade Municipal de São Caetano do Sul, a university in São Caetano do Sul, Brazil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Shawe-Taylor
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John Stewart Shawe-Taylor (born 1953) is Director of the Centre for Computational Statistics and Machine Learning at University College, London (UK). His main research area is statistical learning theory. He has contributed to a number of fields ranging from graph theory through cryptography to statistical learning theory and its applications. However, his main contributions have been in the development of the analysis and subsequent algorithmic definition of principled machine learning algorithms founded in statistical learning theory. This work has helped to drive a fundamental rebirth in the field of machine learning with the introduction of kernel methods and support vector machines, including the mapping of these approaches onto novel domains including work in computer vision, document classification and brain scan analysis. More recently he has worked on interactive learning and reinforcement learning. He has also been instrumental in assembling a series of influential European Networks of Excellence (initially the NeuroCOLT projects and later the PASCAL networks). The scientific coordination of these projects has influenced a generation of researchers and promoted the widespread uptake of machine learning in both science and industry that we are currently witnessing. He has published over 300 papers with over 42000 citations. Two books co-authored with Nello Cristianini have become standard monographs for the study of kernel methods and support vector machines and toge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmid%20preparation
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A plasmid preparation is a method of DNA extraction and purification for plasmid DNA, it is an important step in many molecular biology experiments and is essential for the successful use of plasmids in research and biotechnology. Many methods have been developed to purify plasmid DNA from bacteria. During the purification procedure, the plasmid DNA is often separated from contaminating proteins and genomic DNA.
These methods invariably involve three steps: growth of the bacterial culture, harvesting and lysis of the bacteria, and purification of the plasmid DNA. Purification of plasmids is central to molecular cloning. A purified plasmid can be used for many standard applications, such as sequencing and transfections into cells.
Growth of the bacterial culture
Plasmids are almost always purified from liquid bacteria cultures, usually E. coli, which have been transformed and isolated. Virtually all plasmid vectors in common use encode one or more antibiotic resistance genes as a selectable marker, for example a gene encoding ampicillin or kanamycin resistance, which allows bacteria that have been successfully transformed to multiply uninhibited. Bacteria that have not taken up the plasmid vector are assumed to lack the resistance gene, and thus only colonies representing successful transformations are expected to grow.
Bacteria are grown under favourable conditions.
Harvesting and lysis of the bacteria
There are several methods for cell lysis, including alkaline lysis, m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parviz%20Moin
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Parviz Moin ( Parviz Mo'in from Terhan, Iran) is a fluid dynamicist. He is the Franklin P. and Caroline M. Johnson Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University. Moin has been listed as an ISI Highly Cited author in engineering.
Biography
Moin is from Iran, and now lives in California. He received his Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Minnesota in 1974, his Master's degree in mathematics and his Master's and Ph.D degrees in mechanical engineering from Stanford in 1978. Moin became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1981. He held the posts of National Research Council Fellow, Staff Scientist and Senior Staff Scientist at NASA Ames Research Center. He joined the Stanford faculty in September 1986.
Research
Moin pioneered the use of direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation techniques for the study of turbulence physics, control and modelling concepts and has written widely on the structure of turbulent shear flows. His current interests include: interaction of turbulent flows and shock waves, aerodynamic noise and hydroacoustics, turbulence control, large eddy simulation and parallel computing.
Moin is the founding director of the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford and Ames. Established in 1987 as a research consortium between NASA and Stanford, the Center for Turbulence Research is devoted to fundamental studies of turbulent flows.
He has been an Editor of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics since 2002.
Awards a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS2R16
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TAS2R16 (taste receptor, type 2, member 16) is a bitter taste receptor and one of the 25 TAS2Rs. TAS2Rs are receptors that belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family. These receptors detect various bitter substances found in nature as agonists, and get stimulated. TAS2R16 receptor is mainly expressed within taste buds present on the surface of the tongue and palate epithelium. TAS2R16 is activated by bitter β-glucopyranosides (such as salicin)
Other names
T2R16, Taste receptor 2 member 16, BGLPT.
Gene
The receptor is encoded by the TAS2R16 human gene which located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 7 at position 31.1-31.3, 997 bases. This gene is specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. Different individuals may have variations in the TAS2R16 gene, which can influence their sensitivity or preference for certain bitter compounds.
Structure
TAS2R16 consists of 291 amino acids. Molecular weight: 33,986 (Da). The receptor has 7 transmembrane helices, 3 intracellular loops and 3 extracellular loops. there are some conserved residues (black) and residues for which mutagenesis data is available.
Function
The function of TAS2R16 is to bind to specific bitter-tasting molecules present in various foods, plants, and potentially harmful substances. When binding to these molecules, TAS2R16 initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the transmission of signals to the brain, which results in the perception of bitterness. TAS2R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicon%20%28physics%29
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In electromagnetism, a helicon is a low-frequency electromagnetic wave that can exist in bounded plasmas in the presence of a magnetic field. The first helicons observed were atmospheric whistlers, but they also exist in solid conductors or any other electromagnetic plasma. The electric field in the waves is dominated by the Hall effect, and is nearly at right angles to the electric current (rather than parallel as it would be without the magnetic field); so that the propagating component of the waves is corkscrew-shaped (helical) – hence the term “helicon,” coined by Aigrain.
Helicons have the special ability to propagate through pure metals, given conditions of low temperature and high magnetic fields. Most electromagnetic waves in a normal conductor are not able to do this, since the high conductivity of metals (due to their free electrons) acts to screen out the electromagnetic field. Indeed, normally an electromagnetic wave would experience a very thin skin depth in a metal: the electric or magnetic fields are quickly reflected upon trying to enter the metal. (Hence the shine of metals.) However, skin depth depends on an inverse proportionality to the square root of angular frequency. Thus a low-frequency electromagnetic wave may be able to overcome the skin depth problem, and thereby propagate throughout the material.
One property of the helicon waves (readily demonstrated by a rudimentary calculation, using only the Hall effect terms and a resistivity term) is that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splitting%20circle%20method
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In mathematics, the splitting circle method is a numerical algorithm for the numerical factorization of a polynomial and, ultimately, for finding its complex roots. It was introduced by Arnold Schönhage in his 1982 paper The fundamental theorem of algebra in terms of computational complexity (Technical report, Mathematisches Institut der Universität Tübingen). A revised algorithm was presented by Victor Pan in 1998. An implementation was provided by Xavier Gourdon in 1996 for the Magma and PARI/GP computer algebra systems.
General description
The fundamental idea of the splitting circle method is to use methods of complex analysis, more precisely the residue theorem, to construct factors of polynomials. With those methods it is possible to construct a factor of a given polynomial for any region of the complex plane with a piecewise smooth boundary. Most of those factors will be trivial, that is constant polynomials. Only regions that contain roots of p(x) result in nontrivial factors that have exactly those roots of p(x) as their own roots, preserving multiplicity.
In the numerical realization of this method one uses disks D(c,r) (center c, radius r) in the complex plane as regions. The boundary circle of a disk splits the set of roots of p(x) in two parts, hence the name of the method. To a given disk one computes approximate factors following the analytical theory and refines them using Newton's method. To avoid numerical instability one has to demand that all roots are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursion%20theorem
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Recursion theorem can refer to:
The recursion theorem in set theory
Kleene's recursion theorem, also called the fixed point theorem, in computability theory
The master theorem (analysis of algorithms), about the complexity of divide-and-conquer algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namasudra
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Namasudra (), earlier known as Chandal, is an Avarna Bengali Hindu community originating from eastern and central Bengal. The term Chandal or Chandala is usually considered as a slur. They were traditionally engaged in fishing and as boatmen, and later in cultivation. They lived outside the four-tier ritual varna system and thus were outcastes.
Etymology
There is a dearth of discussion as to the etymology of the word namasudra in pre-nineteenth-century Bengali literature and its period of origin is also undetermined. Several theories have been suggested but there is no broad consensus supporting any of them.
Origins
The Namasudra community was earlier known as chandal or chandala a term usually considered a slur . They lived outside the four-tier ritual varna system and thus were outcastes and untouchables in the eyes of the caste Hindu communities.
The community was traditionally engaged in fishing and as boatmen, in the marshy swamps of their native lands. Over the years, as the wetlands were reclaimed for agricultural purposes, they turned to peasant agriculture as a major occupation. Their economic condition was quite poor and rates of indebtedness quite high.
Colonial ethnography
Colonial ethnographers such as Herbert Hope Risley believed that the Chandals of their time were related to a tribe of the same name that existed in the Vedic Period. However, modern research disputes their opinion for a variety of reasons, including that the main habitat of the modern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13%20%26%20God%20%28album%29
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13 & God is the first studio album by 13 & God, a collaboration between American hip hop group Themselves and German rock band The Notwist. It was released on Anticon and Alien Transistor in 2005. "Men of Station / Soft Atlas" was released as a single from the album.
Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Tim DiGravina of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, describing it as "a decidedly dark and murky musical excursion into a realm of percolating electronics, moody jazz elements, bizarre raps, ethereal acoustic guitars, and sad pianos." He added: "While there's a sense that both artists went a bit too heavy on dark atmosphere, given that both usually inject more whimsy into their creations, 13 & God is still a consistently intriguing, frequently beautiful experiment that offers ample rewards with each new listen." Melissa Wheeler of Exclaim! called it "a gorgeous, pensive and gently dark album of rap-sprinkled mutated electronic indie rock". Adrien Begrand of PopMatters gave the album 7 stars out of 10, stating: "It's an album that requires patience from both hip-hop devotees and IDM enthusiasts, but once it's allowed to grow on the listener, its own distinct beauty begins to surface with each subsequent listen."
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
13 & God
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preprohormone
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A preprohormone is the precursor protein to one or more prohormones, which are in turn precursors to peptide hormones. In general, the protein consists of the amino acid chain that is created by the hormone-secreting cell, before any changes have been made to it. It contains a signal peptide, the hormone(s) itself (themselves), and intervening amino acids. Before the hormone is released from the cell, the signal peptide and other amino acids are removed.
References
Signal transduction
Protein targeting
Peptide hormones
Precursor proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio%20emergency%20communications
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In times of crisis and natural disasters, amateur radio is often used as a means of emergency communication when wireline, cell phones and other conventional means of communications fail.
Unlike commercial systems, amateur radio is usually independent of terrestrial facilities that can fail. It is dispersed throughout a community without "choke points" such as cellular telephone sites that can be overloaded.
Amateur radio operators are experienced in improvising antennas and power sources and most equipment today can be powered by an automobile battery. Annual "Field Days" are held in many countries to practice these emergency improvisational skills. Amateur radio operators can use hundreds of frequencies and can quickly establish networks tying disparate agencies together to enhance interoperability.
Recent examples include the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan in 2001, the 2003 North America blackout and Hurricane Katrina in September 2005, where amateur radio was used to coordinate disaster relief activities when other systems failed. In 2017, the Red Cross requested 50 amateur radio operators be dispatched to Puerto Rico to provide communications services in the wake of Hurricane Maria.
On September 2, 2004, ham radio was used to inform weather forecasters with information on Hurricane Frances live from the Bahamas. On December 26, 2004, an earthquake and resulting tsunami across the Indian Ocean wiped out all communications with the Andam
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerbrey%20equation
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The Sauerbrey equation was developed by the German Günter Sauerbrey in 1959, while working on his doctoral thesis at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. It is a method for correlating changes in the oscillation frequency of a piezoelectric crystal with the mass deposited on it. He simultaneously developed a method for measuring the characteristic frequency and its changes by using the crystal as the frequency determining component of an oscillator circuit. His method continues to be used as the primary tool in quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) experiments for conversion of frequency to mass and is valid in nearly all applications.
The equation is derived by treating the deposited mass as though it were an extension of the thickness of the underlying quartz. Because of this, the mass to frequency correlation (as determined by Sauerbrey’s equation) is largely independent of electrode geometry. This has the benefit of allowing mass determination without calibration, making the set-up desirable from a cost and time investment standpoint.
The Sauerbrey equation is defined as:
where:
– Resonant frequency of the fundamental mode (Hz)
– normalized frequency change (Hz)
– Mass change (g)
– Piezoelectrically active crystal area (Area between electrodes, cm2)
– Density of quartz ( = 2.648 g/cm3)
– Shear modulus of quartz for AT-cut crystal ( = 2.947x1011 g·cm−1·s−2)
The normalized frequency is the nominal frequency shift of that mode divided by its mode number (mos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verna%20Harrah
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Verna Rae Harrah (née Harrison; July 25, 1944 – June 29, 2012) was an American film producer. She was the widow of William F. Harrah, the hotel and casino magnate. She contributed to many charities and philanthropic causes.
Selected filmography
Anaconda (1997) (producer)
Who's Your Daddy? (2002) (producer)
Vacuums (2003) (producer)
Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid (2004) (producer)
The Canyon (2009) (executive producer)
References
External links
1944 births
2012 deaths
American film producers
People from Nampa, Idaho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropos%20scheduler
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In computer science, Atropos is a real-time scheduling algorithm developed at Cambridge University. It combines the earliest deadline first algorithm with a best effort scheduler to make use of slack time, while exercising strict admission control.
External links
The Atropos Scheduler
Scheduling algorithms
Real-time computing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-fragment%20complementation%20assay
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Within the field of molecular biology, a protein-fragment complementation assay, or PCA, is a method for the identification and quantification of protein–protein interactions. In the PCA, the proteins of interest ("bait" and "prey") are each covalently linked to fragments of a third protein (e.g. DHFR, which acts as a "reporter"). Interaction between the bait and the prey proteins brings the fragments of the reporter protein in close proximity to allow them to form a functional reporter protein whose activity can be measured. This principle can be applied to many different reporter proteins and is also the basis for the yeast two-hybrid system, an archetypical PCA assay.
Split protein assays
Any protein that can be split into two parts and reconstituted non-covalently to form a functional protein may be used in a PCA. The two fragments however have low affinity for each other and must be brought together by other interacting proteins fused to them (often called "bait" and "prey" since the bait protein can be used to identify a prey protein, see figure). The protein that produces a detectable readout is called "reporter". Usually enzymes which confer resistance to nutrient deprivation or antibiotics, such as dihydrofolate reductase or beta-lactamase respectively, or proteins that give colorimetric or fluorescent signals are used as reporters. When fluorescent proteins are reconstituted the PCA is called Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The following proteins
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo%20C%2B%2B
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Turbo C++ is a discontinued C++ compiler and integrated development environment originally from Borland. It was designed as a home and hobbyist counterpart for Borland C++. As the developer focused more on professional programming tools, later Turbo C++ products were made as scaled down versions of its professional compilers.
History
Borland Turbo C++
Turbo C++ 1.0, running on MS-DOS, was released in May 1990. An OS/2 version was produced as well. Version 1.01 was released on February 28, 1991, running on MS-DOS. The latter was able to generate both COM and EXE programs and was shipped with Borland's Turbo Assembler for Intel x86 processors. The initial version of the Turbo C++ compiler was based on a front end developed by TauMetric (later acquired by Sun Microsystems and their front end was incorporated in Sun C++ 4.0, which shipped in 1994). This compiler supported the AT&T 2.0 release of C++.
Turbo C++ 3.0 was released on November 20, 1991, amidst expectations of the coming release of Turbo C++ for Microsoft Windows. Initially released as an MS-DOS compiler, 3.0 supported C++ templates, Borland's inline assembler and generation of MS-DOS mode executables for both 8086 real mode and 286 protected mode (as well as 80186). 3.0 implemented AT&T C++ 2.1, the most recent at the time. The separate Turbo Assembler product was no longer included, but the inline-assembler could stand in as a reduced functionality version.
Soon after the release of Windows 3.0, Borland updated
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20I%20of%20Montlh%C3%A9ry
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Guy I (died 1095) was the second lord of Bray and the second lord of Montlhéry (Latin: Monte Leterico). He was the son of Milo of Montlhéry.
He married Hodierna of Gometz, sister of William, lord of Gometz. They had:
Milo I the Great, (also called Milon I) lord of Montlhéry, married Lithuaise, Vicomtesse of Troyes
Melisende of Montlhéry (d. 1097), married Hugh I, Count of Rethel. Mother of Baldwin II of Jerusalem.
Elizabeth (Isabel) of Montlhéry, married Joscelin, lord of Courtenay. Mother of Joscelin I, Count of Edessa
Guy II the Red (d. 1108), lord of Rochefort
Beatrice of Rochefort (1069–1117), married Anseau of Garlande
Hodierna of Montlhéry, married Walter of Saint-Valery
Alice of Montlhéry (also called Adele or Alix) (1040–1097), married Hugh I, lord of Le Puiset (1035–1094). Their son was Hugh I of Jaffa and daughter was Humberge of Le Puiset who travelled on the First Crusade with her husband Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin. Humberge's cousin (name unknown) was married to Ralph the Red of Pont-Echanfrey who also travelled with her husband on crusade.
Guy died in 1095, the same year Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade. Many of his descendants had illustrious careers in the Holy Land, through the Montlhéry, Courtenay, and Le Puiset branches of his family.
See also
Houses of Montlhéry and Le Puiset
References
Sources
1095 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Île-de-France
First Crusade
1090s in France
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%20I%20of%20Montlh%C3%A9ry
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Milo I the Great (died 1102) was lord of Montlhéry from 1095 until his death. He was the son of Guy I of Montlhéry and Hodierna of Gometz.
The identity of his first wife is unknown. His second wife was Lithuise de Blois, Vicomtesse de Troyes, daughter of William Busac, Count of Soissons (c. 1084–1118).
Milo and Lithuise had at least nine children:
Guy III Trousseau, lord of Montlhéry
Thibaut
Milo II (died 1118), lord of Montlhéry and Bray-sur-Seine, viscount of Troyes
Adelaide
Elizabeth (Isabella) of Montlhéry, married Thibaut of Dampierre. Their son was Guy I of Dampierre.
Emmeline of Montlhéry (died 1121), married Hugh II Bardoul, lord of Broyes
Renaud of Montlhéry, Bishop of Troyes (1121–1122)
Marguerite, married Manasses, Viscount of Sens.
Milo joined the Lombard contingent during the second wave of the First Crusade around 1100 together with his brother Guy II. He returned from the crusade "broken by the stress" and "devoid of all bodily strength".
See also
The Houses of Montlhéry and Le Puiset
References
Sources
Christians of the First Crusade
1102 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Christians of the Crusade of 1101
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical%20process
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In probability theory, an empirical process is a stochastic process that describes the proportion of objects in a system in a given state.
For a process in a discrete state space a population continuous time Markov chain or Markov population model is a process which counts the number of objects in a given state (without rescaling).
In mean field theory, limit theorems (as the number of objects becomes large) are considered and generalise the central limit theorem for empirical measures. Applications of the theory of empirical processes arise in non-parametric statistics.
Definition
For X1, X2, ... Xn independent and identically-distributed random variables in R with common cumulative distribution function F(x), the empirical distribution function is defined by
where IC is the indicator function of the set C.
For every (fixed) x, Fn(x) is a sequence of random variables which converge to F(x) almost surely by the strong law of large numbers. That is, Fn converges to F pointwise. Glivenko and Cantelli strengthened this result by proving uniform convergence of Fn to F by the Glivenko–Cantelli theorem.
A centered and scaled version of the empirical measure is the signed measure
It induces a map on measurable functions f given by
By the central limit theorem, converges in distribution to a normal random variable N(0, P(A)(1 − P(A))) for fixed measurable set A. Similarly, for a fixed function f, converges in distribution to a normal random variable , provided that and exis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby%20Owners%20Club
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is a horse racing arcade game developed by Sega AM3 and published by Sega. Players are put into the roles of breeder, trainer, jockey, and owner of a thoroughbred racehorse. Statistics are saved on a IC card that can be put into any machine. The first version was released in Japan in 1999 and ran on the NAOMI arcade board.
Gameplay
First time players create a new horse. At first, the parents are chosen, the name of the horse and silks to wear. There are two types of horses, the front runners and the stretch runners, who have different strengths. Front runners are quick out of the gate and strong around turns. Stretch runners are slow at first, but can overtake the rest through sprinting.
The horse can be trained in 10 exercises and then be given a meal. Vegetable salad, camembert cheese or chinese herbal dumplings are chosen, among others. Depending on the horse the meal will have different effects. It is important to retain a good relationship with the horse, as it will show in their behaviour. In the horse races, whip and hold buttons are used to control the speed of the horse, based on their condition. Whipping the horse too much will make it lose confidence in the player. Using the whip at the right time depending on the horse type, is also critical. Based on the horses performance on the race, the players receives virtual prize money and either gives encouragement or derision to the horse. Handicap races are available for out of depth horses, the horses ability will b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%20antimonide
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Aluminium antimonide (AlSb) is a semiconductor of the group III-V family containing aluminium and antimony. The lattice constant is 0.61 nm. The indirect bandgap is approximately 1.6 eV at 300 K, whereas the direct band gap is 2.22 eV.
Its electron mobility is 200 cm²·V−1·s−1 and hole mobility 400 cm²·V−1·s−1 at 300 K. Its refractive index is 3.3 at a wavelength of 2 μm, and its dielectric constant is 10.9 at microwave frequencies.
AlSb can be reacted with other III-V materials to produce ternary materials including AlInSb, AlGaSb and AlAsSb.
Aluminium antimonide is rather flammable because of the reducing tendency of the antimonide (Sb3−) ion. It burns to produce aluminium oxide and antimony trioxide.
See also
Gallium antimonide
Indium antimonide
Aluminium arsenide
References
III-V semiconductors
Antimonides
Aluminium compounds
III-V compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcuate%20nucleus%20%28medulla%29
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In the medulla oblongata, the arcuate nucleus is a group of neurons located on the anterior surface of the medullary pyramids. These nuclei are the extension of the pontine nuclei. They receive fibers from the corticospinal tract and send their axons through the anterior external arcuate fibers and medullary striae to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
Arcuate nuclei are capable of chemosensitivity and have a proven role in the respiratory center controlling the breathing rate.
Additional images
External links
PubMed article
Respiratory physiology
Medulla oblongata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20Archaeological%20State%20Park
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Crystal River State Archaeological Site is a Florida State Park located on the Crystal River and within the Crystal River Preserve State Park. The park is located two miles (3 km) northwest of the city of Crystal River, on Museum Point off U.S. 19/98.
Under the title of Crystal River Indian Mounds, it is also a U.S. National Historic Landmark (designated as such on September 29, 1970).
History
The park contains a six-mound complex, occupied from the Deptford period through Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture and up to the Late Fort Walton period. This timespan makes it one of the longest continually occupied sites in Florida, believed to have been occupied for 1,600 years. Native Americans traveled long distances to the complex to bury their dead and to engage in trading activities. An estimated 7,500 people may have visited the complex annually when it was occupied. The complex contains burial mounds, temple/platform mounds, a plaza area, and a midden. The earliest burials at the site are believed to be located in the conical mound and date back to about 250 BC. Many of the people buried in this mound had copper tools and ornaments buried with them. The copper artifacts came from the Ohio River area through a trade network developed by the Hopewell culture that existed at the time. There seemed to be indirect trading between the people who lived here and the Hopewell culture. People that were buried later did not have this type of artifacts buried with them and some burials do
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20River%20Preserve%20State%20Park
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Crystal River Preserve State Park is a Florida State Park, originally known as the Crystal River Buffer Preserve. The Preserve comprises 27,500 acres of salt marsh, tidal creeks, mangrove islands, hardwood forests, coastal scrub and pine flat woods.
The Crystal River Preserve is a remnant of the Florida coastline that has changed little since the Europeans arrived more than 500 years ago. It is located in a transitional area from a temperate and sub-tropical climate zone and contains plants and animals from both regions. The preserve follows of coastline along the Gulf of Mexico from Crystal River though Ozello to Homosassa. The Crystal River Archaeological State Park is located within the park boundary and managed by the Crystal River Preserve State Park.
The primary recreational opportunities at the Preserve are hiking, biking (including a 7-mile trail), birding, kayaking, fishing (freshwater, near shore, and saltwater) and nature observation. Crystal River, which provides refuge to wintering manatees, is located 3 miles southeast of the main park entrance.
References
Crystal River Preserve State Park Online. January 11, 2006.
Crystal River State Archaeological Site - Online. January 11, 2006.
Gallery
State parks of Florida
Parks in Citrus County, Florida
Crystal River, Florida
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insertion%20sequence
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Insertion element (also known as an IS, an insertion sequence element, or an IS element) is a short DNA sequence that acts as a simple transposable element. Insertion sequences have two major characteristics: they are small relative to other transposable elements (generally around 700 to 2500 bp in length) and only code for proteins implicated in the transposition activity (they are thus different from other transposons, which also carry accessory genes such as antibiotic resistance genes). These proteins are usually the transposase which catalyses the enzymatic reaction allowing the IS to move, and also one regulatory protein which either stimulates or inhibits the transposition activity. The coding region in an insertion sequence is usually flanked by inverted repeats. For example, the well-known IS911 (1250 bp) is flanked by two 36bp inverted repeat extremities and the coding region has two genes partially overlapping orfA and orfAB, coding the transposase (OrfAB) and a regulatory protein (OrfA). A particular insertion sequence may be named according to the form ISn, where n is a number (e.g. IS1, IS2, IS3, IS10, IS50, IS911, IS26 etc.); this is not the only naming scheme used, however. Although insertion sequences are usually discussed in the context of prokaryotic genomes, certain eukaryotic DNA sequences belonging to the family of Tc1/mariner transposable elements may be considered to be, insertion sequences.
In addition to occurring autonomously, insertion sequences
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFV%20%28disambiguation%29
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HFV may refer to:
Human foamy virus
High frequency ventilation, medical ventilation
Hessian Football Association, Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20cell
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White cell can refer to:
White blood cell
White cell (spectroscopy), a type of multiple reflection gas phase spectroscopy cell
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20capsule
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In anatomy, a joint capsule or articular capsule is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. Each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane.
Membranes
Each capsule consists of two layers or membranes:
an outer (fibrous membrane, fibrous stratum) composed of avascular white fibrous tissue
an inner (synovial membrane, synovial stratum) which is a secreting layer
On the inside of the capsule, articular cartilage covers the end surfaces of the bones that articulate within that joint.
The outer layer is highly innervated by the same nerves which perforate through the adjacent muscles associated with the joint.
Fibrous membrane
The fibrous membrane of the joint capsule is attached to the whole circumference of the articular end of each bone entering into the joint, and thus entirely surrounds the articulation. It is made up of dense connective tissue. It's a long spongy tissue.
Clinical significance
Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is a disorder in which the shoulder capsule becomes inflamed.
Plica syndrome is a disorder in which the synovial plica becomes inflamed and causes abnormal biomechanics in the knee.
Gallery
See also
Articular capsule of the humerus
Articular capsule of the knee joint
Atlanto-axial joint
Capsule of atlantooccipital articulation
Capsule of hip joint
Capsule of temporomandibular joint
References
External links
Anatomy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20frequency
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Natural frequency, also known as eigenfrequency, is the frequency at which a system tends to oscillate in the absence of any driving force.
The motion pattern of a system oscillating at its natural frequency is called the normal mode (if all parts of the system move sinusoidally with that same frequency).
If the oscillating system is driven by an external force at the frequency at which the amplitude of its motion is greatest (close to a natural frequency of the system), this frequency is called resonant frequency.
Overview
Free vibrations of an elastic body, also called natural vibrations, occur at the natural frequency. Natural vibrations are different from forced vibrations which happen at the frequency of an applied force (forced frequency). If the forced frequency is equal to the natural frequency, the vibrations' amplitude increases manyfold. This phenomenon is known as resonance.
In analysis of systems, it is convenient to use the angular frequency rather than the frequency f, or the complex frequency domain parameter .
In a mass–spring system, with mass m and spring stiffness k, the natural angular frequency can be calculated as:
In an electrical network, ω is a natural angular frequency of a response function f(t) if the Laplace transform F(s) of f(t) includes the term , where for a real σ, and is a constant. Natural frequencies depend on network topology and element values but not their input. It can be shown that the set of natural frequencies in a network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20science
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Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory, and theoretical linguistics. Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems. The formal sciences aid the natural and social sciences by providing information about the structures used to describe the physical world, and what inferences may be made about them.
Branches
Principal branches of formal sciences are:
logic (also a branch of philosophy);
mathematics;
and computer science.
Differences from other sciences
Because of their non-empirical nature, formal sciences are construed by outlining a set of axioms and definitions from which other statements (theorems) are deduced. For this reason, in Rudolf Carnap's logical-positivist conception of the epistemology of science, theories belonging to formal sciences are understood to contain no synthetic statements, instead containing only analytic statements.
See also
Philosophy
Science
Rationalism
Abstract structure
Abstraction in mathematics
Abstraction in computer science
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
Formal gramma
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