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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access%20stored-program%20machine
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In theoretical computer science the random-access stored-program (RASP) machine model is an abstract machine used for the purposes of algorithm development and algorithm complexity theory.
The RASP is a random-access machine (RAM) model that, unlike the RAM, has its program in its "registers" together with its input. The registers are unbounded (infinite in capacity); whether the number of registers is finite is model-specific. Thus the RASP is to the RAM as the Universal Turing machine is to the Turing machine. The RASP is an example of the von Neumann architecture whereas the RAM is an example of the Harvard architecture.
The RASP is closest of all the abstract models to the common notion of computer. But unlike actual computers the RASP model usually has a very simple instruction set, greatly reduced from those of CISC and even RISC processors to the simplest arithmetic, register-to-register "moves", and "test/jump" instructions. Some models have a few extra registers such as an accumulator.
Together with the register machine, the RAM, and the pointer machine the RASP makes up the four common sequential machine models, called this to distinguish them from the "parallel" models (e.g. parallel random-access machine) [cf. van Emde Boas (1990)].
Informal definition: random-access stored-program model (RASP)
Nutshell description of a RASP:
The RASP is a universal Turing machine (UTM) built on a random-access machine RAM chassis.
The reader will remember that the UTM is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%27s%20Gotten%20Hold%20of%20My%20Heart
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"Something's Gotten Hold of My Heart" is a song written by Roger Greenaway and Roger Cook.
Originally recorded by David and Jonathan, and then Gene Pitney in 1967, the latter's version of the song reached No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart in December 1967, but failed to chart in the United States. The song was subsequently covered by a number of other acts including Cilla Black, Allison Durbin (dubbed "Australia's Queen of Pop" in the 1960s) on her 1968 album I Have Loved Me a Man, Terry Reid, and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on their 1986 album of covers Kicking Against the Pricks. It was sung in French by Herbert Léonard in 1968 with the title "Quelque chose tient mon cœur" and in Italian by Pitney himself with the title "Uomo, non sai" ("Man, you don't know").
It achieved its greatest success in 1988 when Some Bizzare UK Record label released a cover version by Marc Almond. Originally recorded by Almond alone for his 1988 album The Stars We Are, the single version reunited it with its best-known singer, Gene Pitney. Their version became a number one single in the UK for four weeks in January 1989. The music video for this version was filmed on-location in Las Vegas.
Marc Almond featuring Gene Pitney version
Marc Almond originally recorded the song as a solo track for his album The Stars We Are and was released as a follow-up to his single "Bitter Sweet". By then, Gene Pitney had heard of Almond's version and offered to re-record it with him, as a duet. This version replaced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20distribution
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In statistics, a truncated distribution is a conditional distribution that results from restricting the domain of some other probability distribution. Truncated distributions arise in practical statistics in cases where the ability to record, or even to know about, occurrences is limited to values which lie above or below a given threshold or within a specified range. For example, if the dates of birth of children in a school are examined, these would typically be subject to truncation relative to those of all children in the area given that the school accepts only children in a given age range on a specific date. There would be no information about how many children in the locality had dates of birth before or after the school's cutoff dates if only a direct approach to the school were used to obtain information.
Where sampling is such as to retain knowledge of items that fall outside the required range, without recording the actual values, this is known as censoring, as opposed to the truncation here.
Definition
The following discussion is in terms of a random variable having a continuous distribution although the same ideas apply to discrete distributions. Similarly, the discussion assumes that truncation is to a semi-open interval y ∈ (a,b] but other possibilities can be handled straightforwardly.
Suppose we have a random variable, that is distributed according to some probability density function, , with cumulative distribution function both of which have infinite s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious
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Spurious may refer to:
Spurious relationship in statistics
Spurious emission or spurious tone in radio engineering
Spurious key in cryptography
Spurious interrupt in computing
Spurious wakeup in computing
Spurious, a 2011 novel by Lars Iyer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PK-11195
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PK-11195 is an isoquinoline carboxamide which binds selectively to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) (also known as the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein or TSPO). It is one of the most commonly used PBR ligands due to its high affinity for the PBR in all species, although it is starting to be replaced by newer and more selective ligands.
Early autoradiographic studies using tritiated PK11195 ([3H]PK11195) demonstrated that in the central nervous system (CNS) of rodents, it binds primarily to the ependymal walls, choroid plexus, and olfactory bulb. However, there is a robust and widespread increase in [3H]PK11195 binding in the injured nervous system. The binding sites have since been determined to be on glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, and infiltrating macrophages. The binding of [3H]PK11195 is considered to be a useful tool in the assessment of neuronal damage.
In addition to being a marker of neuronal damage in animal models of CNS damage, PK11195 has been used successfully with human brain imaging techniques. (R)-[11C]PK11195 has been used in positron emission tomography (PET) scanning to visualize brain inflammation in patients with neuronal damage. Increases in (R)-[11C]PK11195 binding have been reported in patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury and in patients with chronic neurodegenerative conditions including Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
The first high-resolution 3D solution structure of mammalian (mouse) t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20head
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In fluid mechanics, pressure head is the height of a liquid column that corresponds to a particular pressure exerted by the liquid column on the base of its container. It may also be called static pressure head or simply static head (but not static head pressure).
Mathematically this is expressed as:
where
is pressure head (which is actually a length, typically in units of meters or centimetres of water)
is fluid pressure (i.e. force per unit area, typically expressed in pascals)
is the specific weight (i.e. force per unit volume, typically expressed in N/m3 units)
is the density of the fluid (i.e. mass per unit volume, typically expressed in kg/m3)
is acceleration due to gravity (i.e. rate of change of velocity, expressed in m/s2).
Note that in this equation, the pressure term may be gauge pressure or absolute pressure, depending on the design of the container and whether it is open to the ambient air or sealed without air.
Head equation
Pressure head is a component of hydraulic head, in which it is combined with elevation head. When considering dynamic (flowing) systems, there is a third term needed: velocity head. Thus, the three terms of velocity head, elevation head, and pressure head appear in the head equation derived from the Bernoulli equation for incompressible fluids:
Practical uses for pressure head
Fluid flow is measured with a wide variety of instruments. The venturi meter in the diagram on the left shows two columns of a measurement fluid at differe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20urban%20contemporary%20artists
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Aaliyah
Angela Bofill
Amerie
Ashanti
Brandy
CeCe Peniston
Cherrelle
Chris Brown
Ciara
Colonel Abrams
Crystal Waters
Dru Hill
Fergie
Frankie J
Ginuwine
H-Town
Jaguar Wright
Jennifer Lopez
Joi Cardwell
Justin Timberlake
Kai
Karyn White
Kelis
Kelly Rowland
LeToya Luckett
La Toya Jackson
LaToya London
Meli'sa Morgan
Miki Howard
Millie Jackson
Millie Scott
Missy Elliott
Morris Day
Nelly Furtado
Omarion
Perri "Pebbles" Reid
Peggy Scott-Adams
Regina Belle
Rihanna
Samantha Fox
Shanice
Sharon Redd
Sisqó
Soulhead
Taylor Dayne
Teena Marie
Urban contemporary artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%20Angeles%20Rams%20statistics
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This page details statistics about the Los Angeles Rams American football franchise, formerly the St. Louis Rams and the Cleveland Rams.
Franchise firsts
First NFL game – A 28–0 loss to the Detroit Lions, 9/10/37.
First NFL win – A 21–3 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles, 9/17/37.
First winning season – 1945 (9–1).
First championship season – 1945.
First player drafted – Johnny Drake, 1937.
First Ram elected to the Hall of Fame – QB Bob Waterfield, 1965.
First to pass 400 yards in a game – Jim Hardy, 406 yards vs. Chicago Cardinals, 10/31/48.
First to rush 200 yards in a game – Dan Towler, 205 yards vs. the Baltimore Colts, 11/22/53.
First 1,000-yard rusher in a season – Dick Bass, 1,033 yards (1962).
First Super Bowl appearance – A 31–19 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XIV, 1/20/80.
Wins/losses in a season
Most games won in a season (regular season): 14, 2001
Most games won in a season (including postseason): 16, 1999, 2001
Most games lost in a season: 15, 2009
Individual records
Appearances
Most seasons in a Rams uniform – 20, Jackie Slater, (1976–1995).
Most games played in a Rams uniform – 259, Jackie Slater, (1976–1995).
Most consecutive games played in a Rams uniform – 201, Jack Youngblood, (1971–1984).
Most Pro Bowls – 14, Merlin Olsen, (1962–1975).
Game
Points – 24, eleven times, last time by Todd Gurley, vs Seattle Seahawks, 12/17/17
Touchdowns – 4, eleven times, last time by Todd Gurley, vs Seattle Seahawks, 12/17/17
Rushing yards – 247, Willie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20World%20Series%20of%20Poker%20results
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This list of 2005 World Series of Poker (WSOP) results includes statistics, final table results and payouts.
Results
Event 1: $500 Casino Employee's No Limit Hold'em
June 2, 2005
This event kicked off the 2005 WSOP. It was a $500 buy-in no limit Texas hold 'em tournament reserved for casino employees that work in Nevada.
Number of buy-ins: 662
Total Prize Pool: $297,900
Number of Payouts: 63
Event 2: $1,500 No-Limit Texas Hold'em
June 3, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 2,305
Total Prize Pool: $3,180,900
Number of Payouts: 200
Event 3: $1,500 Pot-Limit Hold'em
June 4, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 1,071
Total Prize Pool: $1,477,980
Number of Payouts: 100
Event 4: $1,500 Limit Hold 'em
June 5, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 1,049
Total Prize Pool: $1,447,620
Number of Payouts: 100
Event 5: $1,500 Omaha High-Low 8/OB
June 6, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 699
Total Prize Pool: $964,620
Number of Payouts: 63
Event 6: $2,500 No-Limit Hold'em (Six-Handed)
June 7, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 548
Total Prize Pool: $1,260,400
Number of Payouts: 66
Event 7: $1,000 No-limit Hold'em w/Rebuys
June 8, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 826
Number of rebuys: 1,495
Total Prize Pool: $2,201,630
Number of Payouts: 72
Event 8: $1,500 Seven Card Stud
June 9, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 472
Total Prize Pool: $651,360
Number of Payouts: 40
Event 9: $2,000 No Limit Hold'em
June 10, 2005
Number of buy-ins: 1403
Total Prize Pool: $2,581,520
Number of Payouts: 140
Event 10: $2,000 Limit Ho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAS%20classification
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The TAS classification can be used to assign names to many common types of volcanic rocks based upon the relationships between the combined alkali content and the silica content. These chemical parameters are useful, because the relative proportions of alkalis and silica play an important role in determining actual mineralogy and normative mineralogy. The classification appears to be and can be simple to use for rocks that have been chemically analyzed. Except for the following quotation from Johannsen (1937), this entry is based upon Le Maitre and others (2002).
Use of the TAS classification
TAS stands for Total Alkali Silica.
Before using the TAS or any other classification, however, the following words of Johannsen (1937) should be kept in mind.
Many and peculiar are the classifications that have been proposed for igneous rocks. Their variability depends in part upon the purpose for which each was intended, and in part upon the difficulties arising from the characters of the rocks themselves. The trouble is not with the classifications but with nature which did not make things right. … Rocks must be classified in order to compare them with others, previously described, of similar composition and appearance. If this cannot be done on a genetic basis, then an artificial system must answer in order to serve as a card index to rock descriptions. Although this may be an evil thing, it is, at least, the least of several evils.
The subtitle of the classification chapter by Joh
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20pseudoperfect%20number
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In mathematics, and particularly in number theory, N is a primary pseudoperfect number if it satisfies the Egyptian fraction equation
where the sum is over only the prime divisors of N.
Properties
Equivalently, N is a primary pseudoperfect number if it satisfies
Except for the primary pseudoperfect number N = 2, this expression gives a representation for N as the sum of distinct divisors of N. Therefore, each primary pseudoperfect number N (except N = 2) is also pseudoperfect.
The eight known primary pseudoperfect numbers are
2, 6, 42, 1806, 47058, 2214502422, 52495396602, 8490421583559688410706771261086 .
The first four of these numbers are one less than the corresponding numbers in Sylvester's sequence, but then the two sequences diverge.
It is unknown whether there are infinitely many primary pseudoperfect numbers, or whether there are any odd primary pseudoperfect numbers.
The prime factors of primary pseudoperfect numbers sometimes may provide solutions to Znám's problem, in which all elements of the solution set are prime. For instance, the prime factors of the primary pseudoperfect number 47058 form the solution set {2,3,11,23,31} to Znám's problem. However, the smaller primary pseudoperfect numbers 2, 6, 42, and 1806 do not correspond to solutions to Znám's problem in this way, as their sets of prime factors violate the requirement that no number in the set can equal one plus the product of the other numbers. Anne (1998) observes that there is exactly one solut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20dynamical%20system
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In the mathematical field of dynamical systems, a random dynamical system is a dynamical system in which the equations of motion have an element of randomness to them. Random dynamical systems are characterized by a state space S, a set of maps from S into itself that can be thought of as the set of all possible equations of motion, and a probability distribution Q on the set that represents the random choice of map. Motion in a random dynamical system can be informally thought of as a state evolving according to a succession of maps randomly chosen according to the distribution Q.
An example of a random dynamical system is a stochastic differential equation; in this case the distribution Q is typically determined by noise terms. It consists of a base flow, the "noise", and a cocycle dynamical system on the "physical" phase space. Another example is discrete state random dynamical system; some elementary contradistinctions between Markov chain and random dynamical system descriptions of a stochastic dynamics are discussed.
Motivation 1: Solutions to a stochastic differential equation
Let be a -dimensional vector field, and let . Suppose that the solution to the stochastic differential equation
exists for all positive time and some (small) interval of negative time dependent upon , where denotes a -dimensional Wiener process (Brownian motion). Implicitly, this statement uses the classical Wiener probability space
In this context, the Wiener process is the coordinate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau%20of%20Justice%20Statistics
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The Bureau of Justice Statistics (UJC) of the U.S. Department of Justice is the principal federal agency responsible for measuring crime, criminal victimization, criminal offenders, victims of crime, correlates of crime, and the operation of criminal and civil justice systems at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels. Established on December 27, 1979, BJS collects, analyzes, and publishes data relating to crime in the United States. The agency publishes data regarding statistics gathered from the roughly fifty-thousand agencies, offices, courts, and institutions that together comprise the U.S. justice system.
The mission of BJS is "To collect, analyze, publish, and disseminate information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government."
BJS, along with the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Office for Victims of Crime (OVC), and other program offices, comprise the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) branch of the Department of Justice.
Programs
The BJS conducts the Annual Survey of Jails of a sample of about 950 U.S. jails, and a periodic Census of Jails covering all U.S. jails.
Data from these programs was used to show that local jails in the U.S. had a sharp decline in inmates from February to May, 2020 of perhaps 185,000 inmates, more than 20% of the inmate population, in response to the danger of cov
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20topology
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In mathematics, the uniform topology on a space may mean:
In functional analysis, it sometimes refers to a polar topology on a topological vector space.
In general topology, it is the topology carried by a uniform space.
In real analysis, it is the topology of uniform convergence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Wahba
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Grace Goldsmith Wahba (born August 3, 1934) is an American statistician and retired I. J. Schoenberg-Hilldale Professor of Statistics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. She is a pioneer in methods for smoothing noisy data. Best known for the development of generalized cross-validation and "Wahba's problem", she has developed methods with applications in demographic studies, machine learning, DNA microarrays, risk modeling, medical imaging, and climate prediction.
Biography
Wahba had an interest in science from an early age, when she was in junior high she was given a chemistry set. At this time she was also interested in becoming an engineer.
Wahba studied at Cornell University for her undergraduate degree. When she was there women were severely restricted in their privileges, for example she was required to live in a dorm and had a curfew. She received her bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1956 and a master's degree from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1962. She worked in industry for several years before receiving her doctorate from Stanford University in 1966 and settling in Madison in 1967.
She is the author of Spline Models for Observational Data. She retired in August 2018 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Her life and career are discussed in a 2020 interview.
Honors and awards
Wahba was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1997 and to the National Academy of Sciences in 2000. She is also a fellow of several ac
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-calcium%20exchanger
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The sodium-calcium exchanger (often denoted Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, exchange protein, or NCX) is an antiporter membrane protein that removes calcium from cells. It uses the energy that is stored in the electrochemical gradient of sodium (Na+) by allowing Na+ to flow down its gradient across the plasma membrane in exchange for the countertransport of calcium ions (Ca2+). A single calcium ion is exported for the import of three sodium ions. The exchanger exists in many different cell types and animal species. The NCX is considered one of the most important cellular mechanisms for removing Ca2+.
The exchanger is usually found in the plasma membranes and the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of excitable cells.
Function
The sodium–calcium exchanger is only one of the systems by which the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions in the cell is kept low. The exchanger does not bind very tightly to Ca2+ (has a low affinity), but it can transport the ions rapidly (has a high capacity), transporting up to five thousand Ca2+ ions per second. Therefore, it requires large concentrations of Ca2+ to be effective, but is useful for ridding the cell of large amounts of Ca2+ in a short time, as is needed in a neuron after an action potential. Thus, the exchanger also likely plays an important role in regaining the cell's normal calcium concentrations after an excitotoxic insult. Such a primary transporter of calcium ions is present in the plasma membrane of most animal cells. Another, mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortal%20DNA%20strand%20hypothesis
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The immortal DNA strand hypothesis was proposed in 1975 by John Cairns as a mechanism for adult stem cells to minimize mutations in their genomes. This hypothesis proposes that instead of segregating their DNA during mitosis in a random manner, adult stem cells divide their DNA asymmetrically, and retain a distinct template set of DNA strands (parental strands) in each division. By retaining the same set of template DNA strands, adult stem cells would pass mutations arising from errors in DNA replication on to non-stem cell daughters that soon terminally differentiate (end mitotic divisions and become a functional cell). Passing on these replication errors would allow adult stem cells to reduce their rate of accumulation of mutations that could lead to serious genetic disorders such as cancer.
Although evidence for this mechanism exists, whether it is a mechanism acting in adult stem cells in vivo is still controversial.
Methods
Two main assays are used to detect immortal DNA strand segregation: label-retention and label-release pulse/chase assays.
In the label-retention assay, the goal is to mark 'immortal' or parental DNA strands with a DNA label such as tritiated thymidine or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). These types of DNA labels will incorporate into the newly synthesized DNA of dividing cells during S phase. A pulse of DNA label is given to adult stem cells under conditions where they have not yet delineated an immortal DNA strand. During these conditions, the adult st
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten%20Bolm
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Kirsten Bolm (born 4 March 1975 in Frechen, West Germany) is a retired German hurdler.
Bolm's personal best is 12.59 seconds, achieved in July 2005 in the Crystal Palace Grand Prix at the Crystal Palace National Sports Centre.
She graduated in psychology from the University of Heidelberg in 2009.
Achievements
External links
Official Website
1975 births
Living people
People from Frechen
Sportspeople from Cologne (region)
German female hurdlers
Olympic athletes for Germany
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Heidelberg University alumni
European Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Belgrade
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Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia.
Ethnicity
Source: Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Serbia, Census 2011
Religion
Source: Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Serbia, Census 2011
References
Geography of Belgrade
Belgrade
Belgrade
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promegakaryocyte
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A promegakaryocyte is a precursor cell for a megakaryocyte. It arises from a megakaryoblast, into a promegakaryocyte and then into a megakaryocyte, which will eventually break off and become a platelet.
The developmental stages of the megakaryocyte are:
CFU-Me (pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast) → megakaryoblast → promegakaryocyte → megakaryocyte.
When the megakaryoblast matures into the promegakaryocyte, it undergoes endoreduplication and forms a promegakaryocyte which has multiple nuclei, azurophilic granules, and a basophilic cytoplasm. The promegakaryocyte has rotary motion, but no forward migration.
Promegakaryocytes and other precursor cells to megakaryocytes arise from pluripotential hematopoietic progenitors. The megakaryoblast is then produced, followed by the promegakaryocyte, the granular megakaryocyte, and then the mature megakaryocyte. When it is in its promegakaryocyte stage, it is considered an undifferentiated cell.
Megakaryocyte pieces will eventually break off and begin circulating the body as platelets. Platelets are very important because of their role in blood clotting, immune response, and the formation of new blood vessels.
References
External links
"Marrow aspirate, 10x. Promegakaryocyte" at ttuhsc.edu
"Megakaryocytes: Promegakaryocyte" at bloodline.net
Immune system
Blood cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promonocyte
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A promonocyte (or premonocyte) is a cell arising from a monoblast and developing into a monocyte.
See also
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell
Additional images
External links
"Monocyte Development" at tulane.edu
Slide at marist.edu
- "Bone marrow smear"
"Maturation Sequence" at hematologyatlas.com (Promonocyte is in seventh row.)
Blood cells
Immune system
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirzebruch%20signature%20theorem
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In differential topology, an area of mathematics, the Hirzebruch signature theorem (sometimes called the Hirzebruch index theorem)
is Friedrich Hirzebruch's 1954 result expressing the signature
of a smooth closed oriented manifold by a linear combination of Pontryagin numbers called the
L-genus.
It was used in the proof of the Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem.
Statement of the theorem
The L-genus is the genus for the multiplicative sequence of polynomials
associated to the characteristic power series
The first two of the resulting L-polynomials are:
(for further L-polynomials see or ).
By taking for the the Pontryagin classes of the tangent bundle of a 4n dimensional smooth closed oriented
manifold M one obtains the L-classes of M.
Hirzebruch showed that the n-th L-class of M evaluated on the fundamental class of M, , is equal to , the signature of M
(i.e. the signature of the intersection form on the 2nth cohomology group of M):
Sketch of proof of the signature theorem
René Thom had earlier proved that the signature was given by some linear combination of Pontryagin numbers, and Hirzebruch found the exact formula for this linear combination
by introducing the notion of the genus of a multiplicative sequence.
Since the rational oriented cobordism ring is equal to
the polynomial algebra generated by the oriented cobordism classes
of the even dimensional complex projective spaces,
it is enough to verify that
for all i.
Generalizations
The signature theorem is a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-DQ
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HLA-DQ (DQ) is a cell surface receptor protein found on antigen-presenting cells. It is an αβ heterodimer of type MHC class II. The α and β chains are encoded by two loci, HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, that are adjacent to each other on chromosome band 6p21.3. Both α-chain and β-chain vary greatly. A person often produces two α-chain and two β-chain variants and thus 4 isoforms of DQ. The DQ loci are in close genetic linkage to HLA-DR, and less closely linked to HLA-DP, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C.
Different isoforms of DQ can bind to and present different antigens to T-cells. In this process T-cells are stimulated to grow and can signal B-cells to produce antibodies. DQ functions in recognizing and presenting foreign antigens (proteins derived from potential pathogens). But DQ is also involved in recognizing common self-antigens and presenting those antigens to the immune system in order to develop tolerance from a very young age.
When tolerance to self proteins is lost, DQ may become involved in autoimmune disease. Two autoimmune diseases in which HLA-DQ is involved are coeliac disease and type 1 diabetes. DQ mediates autoimmunity by skewing the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire during thymic selection. Carriers of risk serotypes such as DQ8 have a higher proportion of circulating T-cell receptors that may bind insulin, the primary autoantigen in type 1 diabetes.
DQ is one of several antigens involved in rejection of organ transplants. As a variable cell surface receptor on immune ce
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Make%20Me%20Laugh
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Don't Make Me Laugh may refer to:
"Don't Make Me Laugh", a song by Gomez from the 2006 album How We Operate
Don't Make Me Laugh, a trilogy of one-act plays performed by Gene Wilder at the Westport Country Playhouse in 2001
Don't Make Me Laugh, a two-series stand-up comedy show on BBC Radio 4, hosted by David Baddiel from 2014 to 2016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Joseph%20Christian%20School
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Saint Joseph Christian School is a private Christian school at 5401 Gene Field Road in Saint Joseph, Missouri. It is a non-denominational school serving students from the Northwest Missouri and Northeast Kansas area. Local businessman Joe Gregory founded the school in 1988, after receiving a vision, while in a Texas hotel, to build a Christian school in St. Joseph. He made a successful $30,000 sealed bid to buy the former Everett School at 14th and Olive in downtown St. Joseph, which had closed in 1985. In 2002, a new school was constructed on the city's northeast side. It is at the corner of Riverside Road and Gene Field Rd catty-cornered from the St. Joseph Youth Soccer Association in the 102 River bottoms. As of 2023, The school currently has 530 students in grades PreK-12. The school is divided into two sections: elementary (prekindergarten through 6th grade) and secondary (7th grade through 12th grade). The school's parent organization is the Area Ministers for Christ Corporation.
The St. Joseph Christian School football team won the state championship in 8-man football in 2006. It was runner up in 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2019, the school partnered with Northland Christian School to expand its football team to 11-man. They have since separated to be 8-man again.
References
External links
Official school web page
Christian School
Christian schools in Missouri
Educational institutions established in 1988
High schools in Buchanan County, Missouri
Private high sc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learnin%27%20the%20Blues
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"Learnin' the Blues" is a big band popular song written by Dolores "Vicki" Silvers. The song was originally recorded by Philadelphia singer Joe Valino, along with the Gene Kutch Orchestra.
Frank Sinatra versions
In 1955, "Learnin' the Blues" was recorded by Frank Sinatra with Nelson Riddle & his Orchestra. Initially published on the B side of the EP Session With Sinatra (Capitol Records EAP 1-629), Learnin' the Blues was subsequently re-released in June 1955 as a single with Sinatra's If I Had Three Wishes on the B side (Capitol 3102).
In 1962, Frank Sinatra recorded a longer version in collaboration with Count Basie & his orchestra for the Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First album.
Chart performance
In the weeks of 3-9 and 24–30 July 1955, Sinatra's rendition was briefly the most frequently played song on U.S. radio. The single's sales peaked at #2 on the NME British charts in August 1955, and at #1 on the Australian charts for the week of 13–19 November 1955. In cumulative year-end charts for 1955, Learnin' the Blues ranked #14 (Billboard Year-End) in the United States and #17 (NME Year-End) in the United Kingdom. Sinatra re-recorded the song in 1962 for the album Sinatra-Basie.
Sources
Frank Sinatra songs
1955 singles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JGI
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JGI can refer to:
The JGI Group
Jane Goodall Institute
Joint Genome Institute
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal%20antibody%20therapy
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Monoclonal antibody therapy is a form of immunotherapy that uses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to bind monospecifically to certain cells or proteins. The objective is that this treatment will stimulate the patient's immune system to attack those cells. Alternatively, in radioimmunotherapy a radioactive dose localizes a target cell line, delivering lethal chemical doses. Antibodies are used to bind to molecules involved in T-cell regulation to remove inhibitory pathways that block T-cell responses. This is known as immune checkpoint therapy.
It is possible to create a mAb that is specific to almost any extracellular/cell surface target. Research and development is underway to create antibodies for diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Ebola and different types of cancers).
Antibody structure and function
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are large heterodimeric molecules, approximately 150 kDa and are composed of two kinds of polypeptide chain, called the heavy (~50kDa) and the light chain (~25kDa). The two types of light chains are kappa (κ) and lambda (λ). By cleavage with enzyme papain, the Fab (fragment-antigen binding) part can be separated from the Fc (fragment crystallizable region) part of the molecule. The Fab fragments contain the variable domains, which consist of three antibody hypervariable amino acid domains responsible for the antibody specificity embedded into constant regions. The four known IgG subclasses are invol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20magnetic%20resonance
|
In physics, biology and chemistry, electron magnetic resonance (EMR) is an interdisciplinary field that covers both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR, also known as electron spin resonance – ESR) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR). EMR looks at electrons rather than nuclei or ions as in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) respectively.
References
Electromagnetism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry%20of%20Alzheimer%27s%20disease
|
The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is not yet very well understood. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been identified as a proteopathy: a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the brain. Amyloid beta is a short peptide that is an abnormal proteolytic byproduct of the transmembrane protein amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), whose function is unclear but thought to be involved in neuronal development. The presenilins are components of proteolytic complex involved in APP processing and degradation.
Amyloid beta monomers are soluble and contain short regions of beta sheet and polyproline II helix secondary structures in solution, though they are largely alpha helical in membranes; however, at sufficiently high concentration, they undergo a dramatic conformational change to form a beta sheet-rich tertiary structure that aggregates to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils and oligomeric forms of Aβ deposit outside neurons in formations known as senile plaques. There are different types of plaques, including the diffuse, compact, cored or neuritic plaque types, as well as Aβ deposits in the walls of small blood vessel walls in the brain called cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
AD is also considered a tauopathy due to abnormal aggregation of the tau protein, a microtubule-associated protein expressed in neurons that normally acts to stabilize microtubules in the cell cytoskeleton. Like m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific%20protein%20kinase
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A serine/threonine protein kinase () is a kinase enzyme, in particular a protein kinase, that phosphorylates the OH group of the amino-acid residues serine or threonine, which have similar side chains. At least 350 of the 500+ human protein kinases are serine/threonine kinases (STK).
In enzymology, the term serine/threonine protein kinase describes a class of enzymes in the family of transferases, that transfer phosphates to the oxygen atom of a serine or threonine side chain in proteins. This process is called phosphorylation. Protein phosphorylation in particular plays a significant role in a wide range of cellular processes and is a very important posttranslational modification.
The chemical reaction performed by these enzymes can be written as
ATP + a protein ADP + a phosphoprotein
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and a protein, whereas its two products are ADP and phosphoprotein.
The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:protein phosphotransferase (non-specific).
Function
Serine/threonine kinases play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), cell differentiation, and embryonic development.
Selectivity
While serine/threonine kinases all phosphorylate serine or threonine residues in their substrates, they select specific residues to phosphorylate on the basis of residues that flank the phosphoacceptor site, which together comprise the consensus sequence. Since the consensus sequence residues of a targe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent%20protein%20kinase%20II
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II}}
/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II or CaMKII) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that is regulated by the /calmodulin complex. CaMKII is involved in many signaling cascades and is thought to be an important mediator of learning and memory.
CaMKII is also necessary for homeostasis and reuptake in cardiomyocytes,
chloride transport in epithelia,
positive T-cell selection,
and CD8 T-cell activation.
Misregulation of CaMKII is linked to Alzheimer's disease, Angelman syndrome, and heart arrhythmia.
Types
There are two types of CaM kinase:
Specialized CaM kinases, such as the myosin light chain kinase that phosphorylates myosin, causing smooth muscles to contract
Multifunctional CaM kinases, also collectively called CaM kinase II, which play a role in neurotransmitter secretion, transcription factor regulation, and glycogen metabolism.
Structure, function, and autoregulation
CaMKII accounts for 1–2% of all proteins in the brain, and has 28 different isoforms. The isoforms derive from the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta genes.
Structural domain
All of the isoforms of CaMKII have: a catalytic domain, an autoinhibitory domain, a variable segment, and a self-association domain.
The catalytic domain has several binding sites for ATP and other substrate anchor proteins. It is responsible for the transfer of phosphate from ATP to Ser or Thr residues in substrates. The autoinhibitory dom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase%20kinase
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Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen. PhK phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase at two serine residues, triggering a conformational shift which favors the more active glycogen phosphorylase “a” form over the less active glycogen phosphorylase b.
The protein is a hexadecameric holoenzyme—that is, a homotetramer in which each subunit is itself a tetramer—arranged in an approximate “butterfly” shape. Each of the subunits is composed of an α, β, γ and δ subunit. The γ subunit is the site of the enzyme's catalytic activity while the other three subunits serve regulatory functions.
When unmodified, the α and β subunits inhibit the enzyme's catalysis, but phosphorylation of both these subunits by protein kinase A (PKA, or cAMP-dependent protein kinase) reduces their respective inhibitory activities. The δ subunit is the ubiquitous eukaryotic protein calmodulin which itself has 4 calcium ion binding sites. When cytosolic Ca2+ levels rise-to as low as 10−7 M—the δ subunit undergoes a large conformational change that activates the kinase's activity by binding to a complementary hydrophobic patch on the catalytic γ subunit.
Genes
Alpha: PHKA1, PHKA2
Beta: PHKB
Gamma: PHKG1, PHKG2
History
Phosphorylase kinase was the first protein kinase to be isolated and characterized in detail, accomplished first by Krebs, Graves and Fischer in the 1950s. At the time, the scie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Outlaw%20Star%20episodes
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The Outlaw Star anime is the adaptation of the manga series of the same name by Takehiko Ito. The plot follows the protagonist Gene and his crew in their outer space adventures on board their advanced spacecraft named the Outlaw Star.
The anime, which was produced by Sunrise and directed by Mitsuru Hongo, aired on Japan's TV Tokyo from January 8, 1998 to June 25, 1998 for a total of 26 episodes. The anime was later licensed for English language distribution in North America by Bandai Entertainment. The series originally aired on Toonami from January 15, 2001 to February 16, 2001. Episode 23 was not aired during this run due to scenes of extensive female nudity and sexually suggestive humor/themes; it was finally broadcast 17 years later, on February 25, 2018, during the revived Toonami block on Adult Swim.
Bandai released the series on DVD in Japan in two halves with the first 13 episodes released on August 25, 1999 and the remaining 13 episodes released on November 25, 1999. A Japanese "remastered" DVD boxset containing the entire series was published by Bandai on September 22, 2006. Bandai also released the series in North America in three DVD collections on September 1, 2000, February 14, 2001, and March 6, 2001. The Outlaw Star Perfect Collection Box Set, a DVD compilation of the entire series, was released on September 10, 2002. The series was again re-released on March 28, 2006 as the Outlaw Star: Complete Collection. Outlaw Star additionally received a Region 4 DVD r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20ATPase
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Ca2+ ATPase is a form of P-ATPase that transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. The two kinds of calcium ATPase are:
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA)
Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells that serves to remove calcium (Ca2+) from the cell. It is vital for regulating the amount of Ca2+ within cells.
In fact, the PMCA is involved in removing Ca2+ from all eukaryotic cells.
There is a very large transmembrane electrochemical gradient of Ca2+ driving the entry of the ion into cells, yet it is very important for cells to maintain low concentrations of Ca2+ for proper cell signalling; thus it is necessary for the cell to employ ion pumps to remove the Ca2+.
The PMCA and the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) are together the main regulators of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.
Since it transports Ca2+ into the extracellular space, the PMCA is also an important regulator of the calcium concentration in the extracellular space.
The PMCA belongs to a family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases that form an aspartyl phosphate intermediate.
The PMCA is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the brain.
Sarcoendoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA)
In myocytes (muscle cells) Ca2+ is normally sequestered (isolated) in a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). It is a Ca2+ ATPase that transfers C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excinuclease
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Excision endonuclease, also known as excinuclease or UV-specific endonuclease, is a nuclease (enzyme) which excises a fragment of nucleotides during DNA repair. The excinuclease cuts out a fragment by hydrolyzing two phosphodiester bonds, one on either side of the lesion in the DNA. This process is part of "nucleotide excision repair", a mechanism that can fix specific types of damage to the DNA in the G1 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Such damage may include thymine dimers created by UV rays as well as the bulky distortions in DNA caused by oxidized benzopyrenes from sources such as cigarette smoke.
A deficiency of excinuclease occurs in a rare autosomal recessive disease called xeroderma pigmentosum. This disease can cause light-skin, extreme freckling and facial lesions, as well as preventing the repair of pyrimidine dimers. Diagnosis of this disease is done by measuring the enzyme's level in white blood cells in a blood sample. Symptoms in children include extreme UV sensitivity, excessive freckling, multiple skin cancers and corneal ulcerations. Typically, these symptoms are seen during a child's first sun exposure.
Notes
DNA repair
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20F.%20Baker
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Henry Frederick Baker FRS FRSE (3 July 1866 – 17 March 1956) was a British mathematician, working mainly in algebraic geometry, but also remembered for contributions to partial differential equations (related to what would become known as solitons), and Lie groups.
Early life
He was born in Cambridge the son of Henry Baker, a butler, and Sarah Ann Britham.
Education
He was educated at The Perse School before winning a scholarship to St John's College, Cambridge in October 1884. Baker graduated as Senior Wrangler in 1887, bracketed with 3 others.
Career
Baker was elected Fellow of St John's in 1888 where he remained for 68 years.
In June, 1898 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1911, he gave the presidential address to the London Mathematical Society.
Baker was one of the mathematicians (along with E. W. Hobson) to whom Srinivasa Ramanujan wrote before G. H. Hardy but his papers were returned without comment.
In January 1914 he was appointed Lowndean Professor of Astronomy.
Gordon Welchman recalled that in the 1930s before the war Dennis Babbage and he were members of a group of geometers known as Professor Baker's "Tea Party", who met once a week to discuss the areas of research in which we were all interested.
He married twice. Firstly in 1893 to Lilly Isabella Hamfield Klopp, who died in 1903, then he remarried in 1913, to Muriel Irene Woodyard.
He died in Cambridge and is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground, with his second wife Mur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20coordinate%20condition
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The harmonic coordinate condition is one of several coordinate conditions in general relativity, which make it possible to solve the Einstein field equations. A coordinate system is said to satisfy the harmonic coordinate condition if each of the coordinate functions xα (regarded as scalar fields) satisfies d'Alembert's equation. The parallel notion of a harmonic coordinate system in Riemannian geometry is a coordinate system whose coordinate functions satisfy Laplace's equation. Since d'Alembert's equation is the generalization of Laplace's equation to space-time, its solutions are also called "harmonic".
Motivation
The laws of physics can be expressed in a generally invariant form. In other words, the real world does not care about our coordinate systems. However, for us to be able to solve the equations, we must fix upon a particular coordinate system. A coordinate condition selects one (or a smaller set of) such coordinate system(s). The Cartesian coordinates used in special relativity satisfy d'Alembert's equation, so a harmonic coordinate system is the closest approximation available in general relativity to an inertial frame of reference in special relativity.
Derivation
In general relativity, we have to use the covariant derivative instead of the partial derivative in d'Alembert's equation, so we get:
Since the coordinate xα is not actually a scalar, this is not a tensor equation. That is, it is not generally invariant. But coordinate conditions must not be genera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%27s%20equation
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In mathematics, d'Alembert's equation is a first order nonlinear ordinary differential equation, named after the French mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert. The equation reads as
where . After differentiating once, and rearranging we have
The above equation is linear. When , d'Alembert's equation is reduced to Clairaut's equation.
References
Eponymous equations of physics
Mathematical physics
Differential equations
Ordinary differential equations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saizen
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Saizen is a commercial preparation of synthetic somatropin (growth hormone, a.k.a. GH). Manufactured by Merck Serono, Saizen is produced by recombinant DNA technology from a mammalian cell line (mouse C127) that was modified by the addition of the human GH gene, resulting in an identical 191-amino acid sequence and structure.
Usage
Saizen is injected. It is intended for long-term treatment of individuals who are growth hormone deficient. Saizen, like all synthetic somatropin, has special importance for children and adolescents whose growth failure is due to inadequate production of growth hormone. Studies have shown that somatropin usage fails to produce athletic performance enhancement despite claims to the contrary. More recently, Saizen has been used in IVF protocols by a few physicians for female patients undergoing infertility treatment in an attempt to increase the number and quality of oocytes retrieved. It affects:
Tissue growth
Skeletal growth
Cell growth (especially muscle growth)
Organ growth
Metabolism
Protein metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Mineral metabolism
Connective tissue and bone metabolism
Saizen usage should be performed under the regular guidance of a physician who is experienced in the diagnosis and management of growth hormone deficiency.
Individuals with inadequate secretion of growth hormone sometimes experience fasting hypoglycemia that is improved by treatment with growth hormone. Using Saizen may de
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base%20flow%20%28random%20dynamical%20systems%29
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In mathematics, the base flow of a random dynamical system is the dynamical system defined on the "noise" probability space that describes how to "fast forward" or "rewind" the noise when one wishes to change the time at which one "starts" the random dynamical system.
Definition
In the definition of a random dynamical system, one is given a family of maps on a probability space . The measure-preserving dynamical system is known as the base flow of the random dynamical system. The maps are often known as shift maps since they "shift" time. The base flow is often ergodic.
The parameter may be chosen to run over
(a two-sided continuous-time dynamical system);
(a one-sided continuous-time dynamical system);
(a two-sided discrete-time dynamical system);
(a one-sided discrete-time dynamical system).
Each map is required
to be a -measurable function: for all ,
to preserve the measure : for all , .
Furthermore, as a family, the maps satisfy the relations
, the identity function on ;
for all and for which the three maps in this expression are defined. In particular, if exists.
In other words, the maps form a commutative monoid (in the cases and ) or a commutative group (in the cases and ).
Example
In the case of random dynamical system driven by a Wiener process , where is the two-sided classical Wiener space, the base flow would be given by
.
This can be read as saying that "starts the noise at time instead of time 0".
Random dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettringite
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Ettringite is a hydrous calcium aluminium sulfate mineral with formula: . It is a colorless to yellow mineral crystallizing in the trigonal system. The prismatic crystals are typically colorless, turning white on partial dehydration. It is part of the ettringite-group which includes other sulfates such as thaumasite and bentorite.
Discovery and occurrence
Ettringite was first described in 1874 by , for an occurrence near the Ettringer Bellerberg Volcano, Ettringen, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. It occurs within metamorphically altered limestone adjacent to igneous intrusive rocks or within xenoliths. It also occurs as weathering crusts on larnite in the Hatrurim Formation of Israel. It occurs associated with portlandite, afwillite and hydrocalumite at Scawt Hill, Ireland and with afwillite, hydrocalumite, mayenite and gypsum in the Hatrurim Formation. It has also been reported from the Zeilberg quarry, Maroldsweisach, Bavaria; at Boisséjour, near Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dôme, Auvergne, France; the N’Chwaning mine, Kuruman district, Cape Province, South Africa; in the US, occurrences were found in spurrite-merwinite-gehlenite skarn at the 910 level of the Commercial quarry, Crestmore, Riverside County, California and in the Lucky Cuss mine, Tombstone, Arizona.
Ettringite is also sometimes referred in the ancient French literature as Candelot salt, or Candlot salt.
Occurrence in cement
In concrete chemistry, ettringite is a hexacalcium aluminate trisulfate hydrate, of general
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr.%20Romance
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Mr. Romance is a 2005 US tongue-in-cheek reality television show which aired on Oxygen. It was created by Gene Simmons and hosted by Fabio.
Mr. Romance featured a group of 12 male contestants, mentored by Fabio, entering a "romance academy" hoping to win a shot at novel cover fame. Each week the contestants would compete in romance-related events like romance novel cover photo shoots and learning to dance, with each contestant rated on their facility in the activity. The two lowest-scoring contestants at the end of the regular season were eliminated and the remaining ten contestants went on to compete in the Mr. Romance Pageant to select the winner. Fabio delivered show-ending homilies on the lesson of each episode.
At the pageant, Randy Richwood was crowned Mr. Romance.
Contestants
Andrew Larsen: Fisherman from Alaska
Mark Mast: Model and Personal Trainer from Montreal Canada
Bruce Blauer: Bartender from Montana
Charles Gladish: Carpenter and Erotic Dancer from Idaho
Hakan Emden: Hair Model and Soccer Coach, lives in LA but from Turkey
Justin Dryer: Graphic Artist and Hula Dancer from Hawaii
Adam Hatley: Actor and Model from California
Randy Ritchwood: Truck Driver from New Jersey
Scott Alexander: Model from Missouri
Tom "TJ" Jones: Actor from Cleveland Ohio
Anthony Catanzaro: Trainer and Professional Dancer from New York
External links
2005 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series
Ox
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%20stellar%20object
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Young stellar object (YSO) denotes a star in its early stage of evolution. This class consists of two groups of objects: protostars and pre-main-sequence stars.
Classification by spectral energy distribution
A star forms by accumulation of material that falls in to a protostar from a circumstellar disk or envelope. Material in the disk is cooler than the surface of the protostar, so it radiates at longer wavelengths of light producing excess infrared emission. As material in the disk is depleted, the infrared excess decreases. Thus, YSOs are usually classified into evolutionary stages based on the slope of their spectral energy distribution in the mid-infrared, using a scheme introduced by Lada (1987). He proposed three classes (I, II and III), based on the values of intervals of spectral index :
.
Here is wavelength, and is flux density.
The is calculated in the wavelength interval of 2.2–20 (near- and mid-infrared region). Andre et al. (1993) discovered a class 0: objects with strong submillimeter emission, but very faint at . Greene et al. (1994) added a fifth class of "flat spectrum" sources.
Class 0 sources – undetectable at
Class I sources have
Flat spectrum sources have
Class II sources have
Class III sources have
This classification schema roughly reflects evolutionary sequence. It is believed that most deeply embedded Class 0 sources evolve towards Class I stage, dissipating their circumstellar envelopes. Eventually they become optically visible on the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mads
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Mads may refer to:
Mads (given name)
MADS Theatre, in England
MADS-box, a family of genes and proteins
Metadata Authority Description Schema, a schema used in the library community
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F60
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F60 or F.60 may refer to:
Vehicles
Cars
Ferrari F60, Ferrari's Formula One racing car for the 2009 season
Ferrari F60 America, a limited production roadster derivative of the Ferrari F12 unveiled in 2014
Enzo Ferrari (car), a Ferrari supercar sometimes referred to as the F60
Second Generation Mini Countryman, codenamed F60
Aeroplanes
Farman F.60 Goliath, a 1919 French airliner
Shenyang F60, a Chinese mid-size fifth generation fighter
Other uses
Nikon F60, an entry-level autofocus 35mm film SLR camera
Overburden Conveyor Bridge F60, a piece of machinery used in mining
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalding%20Priory
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Spalding Priory was a small Benedictine house in the town of Spalding, Lincolnshire, dedicated to St Mary the Virgin and St Nicholas.
It was founded as a cell of Croyland Abbey, in 1052, by Leofric, Earl of Mercia and his wife, Godiva, Countess of Leicester. It was supported by Leofric's eldest son. Ælfgār, Earl of Mercia and the monks were confirmed in their property in 1074, after the Norman Conquest of England.
Until 1220, Alkborough Priory Cell was a dependency of Spalding.
After 1071 one monk only remained in Spalding, so the house was refounded in 1074 as a dependent priory of St Nicholas's Abbey, Angers. The monks secured their independence from Angers in 1397, and remained so until 1540, when the house was surrendered at the dissolution. Six human skeletons found during building work in Bridge Street are presumed to indicate the site of the Priory burial ground.
Priors
Its priors included
Simon 1229–1252
James 1252–1253
John 1253–1274
At some time before 1278, there was a Wazinus.
William of Littleport 1278–1293
Clement 1293–1318
Walter de Halton 1318–1322 though he is reported as holding the post for 14 years.
Thomas de Nassington 1322–1353
Burials
Thomas Moulton (knight) and his father Lambert de Multon
Thomas de Moulton, father of Thomas de Multon, 1st Baron Multon of Gilsland
Lucy Mercia Tailebois, wife of Ivo Taillebois
See also
Monks Kirby Priory, in Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, also as an English Benedictine house subsidiary to St Nicholas at Ange
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-quality%20dual%20carriageway
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A High-quality dual carriageway (HQDC) is a road category in Ireland. It is defined as an all-purpose dual carriageway road type built to near motorway standards, but without motorway classification or motorway restrictions. High-quality dual carriageways have full grade-separated access and do not have junctions with minor roads. Such roads in the Republic of Ireland have been built as part of the 2000–2006 and 2007–2013 National Development Plans, including interurban routes from Dublin to other cities.
While HQDCs or roads of similar type exist in a number of countries this article concentrates mainly on such roads in Ireland.
Specifications
Standard motorways: 52,000 vehicles AADT - annual average daily traffic. The road type is all-purpose dual carriageway (D2AP), but with the same specifications as motorway: a carriageway width of 7 metres (23 ft) and a hard shoulder of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) width. HQDCs are limited access (grade-separated junctions only) and not intended to have junctions with minor roads. Junctions with major roads are grade-separated and to motorway standards.
All HQDCs in Ireland currently form part of national primary roads, and therefore use the national road speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph). There are exceptions however, as special speed limits may now be specified for sections of road if the local authority passes a by-law. For example, a section of the N1 from the northern end of the M1 motorway (north of Dundalk to the border with Northern
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization%20adjutant
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A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization, normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution.
Additives in Macromolecular Crystallization
In macromolecular crystallography, the term additive is used instead of adjutant. An additive can either interact directly with the protein, and become incorporated at a fixed position in the resulting crystal or have a role within the disordered solvent, that in protein crystals constitute roughly 50% of the lattice volume.
Polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights and high-ionic strength salts such as ammonium sulfate and sodium citrate that induce protein precipitation when used in high concentrations are classified as precipitants, while certain other salts such as zinc sulfate or calcium sulfate that may cause a protein to precipitate vigorously even when used in small amounts are considered adjutants. Crystallization adjutants are considered additives when they are effective at relatively low concentrations.
The distinction between buffers and adjutants is also fuzzy. Buffer molecules can become part of the lattice (for example HEPES in becomes incorporated in crystals of human neutrophil collagenase) but their main use is to maintain the rather precise pH requirements for crystallization that many proteins have. Commonly used buffers such as citrate have a high ionic strength and at the typical buffer concentrations they also act as precipitants. Variou
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Scotland
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The languages of Scotland belong predominantly to the Germanic and Celtic language families. The classification of the Pictish language was once controversial, but it is now generally considered a Celtic language. Today, the main language spoken in Scotland is English, while Scots and Scottish Gaelic are minority languages. The dialect of English spoken in Scotland is referred to as Scottish English.
Celtic languages
The Celtic languages of Scotland can be divided into two groups: Goidelic (or Gaelic) and Brittonic (or Brythonic). Pictish is usually seen as a Brittonic language but this is not universally accepted. They are known collectively as the Insular Celtic languages.
Goidelic languages
The Goidelic language currently spoken in Scotland is Scottish Gaelic. It is widely spoken in the Outer Hebrides, and also in parts of the Inner Hebrides and Scottish Highlands, and by some people in other areas of Scotland. It was formerly spoken over a far wider area than today, even in the recent past, as evidenced by placenames. Galwegian Gaelic is the extinct dialect of Scottish Gaelic formerly spoken in southwest Scotland. It was spoken by the independent kings of Galloway in their time, and by the people of Galloway and Carrick until the early modern period. It was also once spoken in Annandale and Strathnith.
Scottish Gaelic, along with modern Manx and Irish, is descended from Middle Irish, a derivative of Old Irish, which is descended in turn from Primitive Irish, the olde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20distance%20test
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The global distance test (GDT), also written as GDT_TS to represent "total score", is a measure of similarity between two protein structures with known amino acid correspondences (e.g. identical amino acid sequences) but different tertiary structures. It is most commonly used to compare the results of protein structure prediction to the experimentally determined structure as measured by X-ray crystallography, protein NMR, or, increasingly, cryoelectron microscopy. The metric was developed by Adam Zemla at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and originally implemented in the Local-Global Alignment (LGA) program. It is intended as a more accurate measurement than the common root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) metric - which is sensitive to outlier regions created, for example, by poor modeling of individual loop regions in a structure that is otherwise reasonably accurate. The conventional GDT_TS score is computed over the alpha carbon atoms and is reported as a percentage, ranging from 0 to 100. In general, the higher the GDT_TS score, the more closely a model approximates a given reference structure.
GDT_TS measurements are used as major assessment criteria in the production of results from the Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP), a large-scale experiment in the structure prediction community dedicated to assessing current modeling techniques. The metric was first introduced as an evaluation standard in the third iteration of the biannual experiment (CASP3)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD90
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Thy-1 or CD90 (Cluster of Differentiation 90) is a 25–37 kDa heavily N-glycosylated, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored conserved cell surface protein with a single V-like immunoglobulin domain, originally discovered as a thymocyte antigen. Thy-1 can be used as a marker for a variety of stem cells and for the axonal processes of mature neurons. Structural study of Thy-1 led to the foundation of the Immunoglobulin superfamily, of which it is the smallest member, and led to some of the initial biochemical description and characterization of a vertebrate GPI anchor and also the first demonstration of tissue specific differential glycosylation.
Discovery and nomenclature
The antigen Thy-1 was the first T cell marker to be identified. Thy-1 was discovered by Reif and Allen in 1964 during a search for heterologous antisera against mouse leukemia cells, and was demonstrated by them to be present on murine thymocytes, on T lymphocytes, and on neuronal cells. It was originally named theta (θ) antigen, then Thy-1 (THYmocyte differentiation antigen 1) due to its prior identification in thymocytes (precursors of T cells in the thymus). The human homolog was isolated in 1980 as a 25kDa protein (p25) of T-lymphoblastoid cell line MOLT-3 binding with anti-monkey-thymocyte antisera. The discovery of Thy-1 in mice and humans led to the subsequent discovery of many other T cell markers, which is very significant to the field of immunology since T cells (along with B cells) are the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Cairns
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John Cairns may refer to:
John Cairns (biochemist) (1922–2018), biochemist who first demonstrated the structure and replication of the E. coli genome
John Cairns (cricketer) (1925–2014), English cricketer
John Cairns (politician) (1859–1923), British politician, MP for Morpeth
John Cairns (1818–1892), Scottish divine and writer
John Cairns (1857–1922), United Presbyterian Church minister, writer and biographer
John Cairns (born 1942), former moderator of the general assembly of the Church of Scotland
John Cairns (footballer) (1902–1965), Scottish football forward
See also
David Cairns (politician) (John David Cairns, 1966–2011), British politician, MP for Inverclyde
John Cairnes (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle%20Silas
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Uncle Silas, subtitled "A Tale of Bartram Haugh", is an 1864 Victorian Gothic mystery-thriller novel by the Irish writer J. Sheridan Le Fanu. Despite Le Fanu resisting its classification as such, the novel has also been hailed as a work of sensation fiction by contemporary reviewers and modern critics alike. It is an early example of the locked-room mystery subgenre, rather than a novel of the supernatural (despite a few creepily ambiguous touches), but does show a strong interest in the occult and in the ideas of Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish scientist, philosopher and Christian mystic.
Like many of Le Fanu's novels, Uncle Silas grew out of an earlier short story, in this case "A Passage in the Secret History of an Irish Countess" (1839), which he also published as "The Murdered Cousin" in the collection Ghost Stories and Tales of Mystery (1851). While this earlier story was set in Ireland, the novel's action takes place in Derbyshire; the author Elizabeth Bowen was the first to identify a distinctly Irish subtext to the novel, however, in spite of its English setting. It was first serialized in the Dublin University Magazine in 1864, under the title Maud Ruthyn and Uncle Silas, and appeared in December of the same year as a three-volume novel from the London publisher Richard Bentley. Several changes were made from the serialization to the volume edition, such as resolving the inconsistencies of names.
Plot summary
The novel is a first-person narrative told from the point
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20order
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The contact order of a protein is a measure of the locality of the inter-amino acid contacts in the protein's native state tertiary structure. It is calculated as the average sequence distance between residues that form native contacts in the folded protein divided by the total length of the protein. Higher contact orders indicate longer folding times, and low contact order has been suggested as a predictor of potential downhill folding, or protein folding that occurs without a free energy barrier. This effect is thought to be due to the lower loss of conformational entropy associated with the formation of local as opposed to nonlocal contacts.
Relative contact order (CO) is formally defined as:
where N is the total number of contacts, ΔSi,j is the sequence separation, in residues, between contacting residues i and j, and L is the total number of residues in the protein. The value of contact order typically ranges from 5% to 25% for single-domain proteins, with lower contact order belonging to mainly helical proteins, and higher contact order belonging to proteins with a high beta-sheet content.
Protein structure prediction methods are more accurate in predicting the structures of proteins with low contact orders. This may be partly because low contact order proteins tend to be small, but is likely to be explained by the smaller number of possible long-range residue-residue interactions to be considered during global optimization procedures that minimize an energy function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurophilicity
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In chemistry, aurophilicity refers to the tendency of gold complexes to aggregate via formation of weak metallophilic interactions.
The main evidence for aurophilicity is from the crystallographic analysis of Au(I) complexes. The aurophilic bond has a length of about 3.0 Å and a strength of about 7–12 kcal/mol, which is comparable to the strength of a hydrogen bond. The effect is greatest for gold as compared with copper or silver—the higher elements in its periodic table group—due to increased relativistic effects. Observations and theory show that, on average, 28% of the binding energy in the aurophilic interaction can be attributed to relativistic expansion of the gold d orbitals.
An example of aurophilicity is the propensity of gold centres to aggregate. While both intramolecular and intermolecular aurophilic interactions have been observed, only intramolecular aggregation has been observed at such nucleation sites.
Role in self-assembly
The similarity in strength between hydrogen bonding and aurophilic interaction has proven to be a convenient tool in the field of polymer chemistry. Much research has been conducted on self-assembling supramolecular structures, both those that aggregate by aurophilicity alone and those that contain both aurophilic and hydrogen-bonding interactions. An important and exploitable property of aurophilic interactions relevant to their supramolecular chemistry is that while both inter- and intramolecular interactions are possible, inter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics%20of%20Oslo
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The population of Oslo is monitored by Statistics Norway. As of 2022, the population of Oslo sat at 702,543.
Population
As of 2022, the population of Oslo sat at 702,543.
Origin
Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country background for Oslo, 2023
As of 2022, immigrants of non-Western origin and their children enumerated 164,824, and made up an estimated 24% of Oslo's population.
Immigrants of Western origin and their children enumerated 71,858, and made up an estimated 10% of the city's population. Immigrants made up a total of 35% of Oslo's population in 2022.
Number of immigrants
The current number of immigrants by country living in Oslo, Norway, as of 1 January 2020 are as follows;
Religion
Religiously, the residents of Oslo are in a majority-minority state with the largest group religious group being adherents to the Lutheran Church of Norway, but these do not make up the majority of residents. Irreligious people make up 28.9% of the population with the largest other religious group being Islam which makes up 9.5% of the city.
See also
Norwegian immigrant statistics
References
Oslo society
Oslo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lakeman%20Brothers
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The Lakeman Brothers were an English folk music trio, consisting of Sean Lakeman, Sam Lakeman and Seth Lakeman. They released one album, Three Piece Suite, in 1994 before forming the band Equation with Kate Rusby and Kathryn Roberts.
Seth has gone on to have success as a solo artist, particularly with his Mercury Music Prize-nominated second album Kitty Jay (2004). Sean has recorded two albums with Kathryn Roberts and tours with Seth. Sam performs with his wife Cara Dillon.
References
Further reading
English folk musical groups
English musical trios
Sibling musical trios
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick
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Fick may refer to:
Adolf Eugen Fick (1829–1901), German physiologist, after whom are named:
Fick principle, technique for measuring the cardiac output
Fick's law of diffusion, describing the diffusion
tonometer, both useful in music and ophthalmology
Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (1852–1937), German ophthalmologist nephew of Adolf Eugen Fick, inventor of the contact lens.
August Fick (1833–1916), German philologist
Carl Fick (1918–1990), American author and director
Chuckie Fick (born 1985), American baseball player
Emil Fick (1863–1930), Swedish fencer
Franz Ludwig Fick (1813–1858), German anatomist
Jacob Fick (1912–2004), German SS officer
John Fick (1921–1958), American baseball player
Leonard J. Fick (1915–1990), American Catholic priest
Nathaniel Fick (born 1977), US Marine Corps officer
Peter Fick (1913–1980), American swimmer
Robert Fick (born 1974), American baseball player
Roderich Fick (1886–1955), German architect
Sigrid Fick (1887–1979), Swedish tennis player
See also
Ficken
Fuck (disambiguation)
German-language surnames
Surnames from given names
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorran%20Federation%20of%20Ice%20Sports
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The Andorran Federation of Ice Sports (, FAEG) is the governing body of ice hockey, curling, and figure skating in Andorra.
Ice hockey statistics
52 players total
17 male players
24 junior players
11 female players
No referees
1 indoor rink
Not ranked in the world ranking
References
External links
Andorra – IIHF.com
Web oficial de la Federació Andorrana d'Esports de Gel
1995 establishments in Andorra
Ice hockey governing bodies in Europe
Federation
National members of the International Ice Hockey Federation
Ice hockey
Sports organizations established in 1995
National governing bodies for ice skating
National members of the International Skating Union
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDS%20930
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The SDS 930 was a commercial 24-bit computer using bipolar junction transistors sold by Scientific Data Systems.
It was announced in December 1963, with first installations in June 1964.
Description
An SDS 930 system consists of at least three standard () cabinets, weighing about . It is composed of an arithmetic and logic unit, at least 8,192 words (24-bit + simple parity bit) magnetic-core memory, and the IO unit. Two's complement integer arithmetic is used. The machine has integer multiply and divide, but no floating-point hardware. An optional correlation and filtering unit (CFE) can be added, which is capable of very fast floating-point multiply-add operations (primarily intended for digital signal processing applications).
A free-standing console is also provided, which includes binary displays of the machine's registers and switches to boot and debug programs. User input is by a Teletype Model 35 ASR unit and a high-speed paper-tape reader (300 cps). Most systems include at least two magnetic-tape drives, operating at up to 75 in/s at 800 bpi. The normal variety of peripherals is also available, including magnetic-drum units, card readers and punches, and an extensive set of analog-digital/digital-analog conversion devices. A (vector mode) graphic display unit is also available, but it does not include a means of keyboard input.
The SDS 930 is a typical small- to medium-scale scientific computer of the 1960s. Speed is good for its cost, but with an integer add
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarder%20%28railroad%29
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In rail transport, a retarder is a device installed in a classification yard used to reduce the speed of freight cars as they are sorted into trains.
Construction
Each retarder consists of a series of stationary brakes surrounding a short section of each on the track that grip and slow the cars' wheels through friction as they roll through them.
Computer control
Modern retarders are computer controlled to apply a precise amount of pressure on the wheels so that cars rolling down a yard's hump are slowed to a safe speed for coupling with cars already standing on the yard's tracks.
Inert retarder
An inert retarder holds a cut of classified railcars to keep them from rolling out of a yard.
See also
Dowty retarders
Retarder (mechanical engineering)
Wheel stop
References
Rail yards
Railway buildings and structures
Rail freight transport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subharmonic%20synthesizer
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A subharmonic synthesizer is a device or system that generates subharmonics of an input signal. The nth subharmonic of a signal of fundamental frequency F is a signal with frequency F/n. This differs from ordinary harmonics, where the nth harmonic of fundamental frequency F is a signal of frequency nF.
Subharmonic synthesizers can be used in professional audio applications as bass enhancement devices during the playback of recorded music. Other uses for subharmonic synthesizers include the application in bandwidth extension. A subharmonic synthesizer can be used to extend low frequency response due to bandwidth limitations of telephone systems.
Subharmonic synthesizers are used extensively in dance clubs in certain genres of music such as disco and house music. They are often implemented to enhance the lower frequencies, in an attempt to gain a "heavier" or more vibrant sound. Various harmonics can be amplified or modulated, although it is most common to boost the fundamental frequency's lower octave. The kick drum can benefit greatly from this type of processing. A subharmonic synthesizer (or "synth" as it is known in the industry) creates a bigger presence and can give the music that much sought-after "punch".
History
During the disco era, sound engineers aimed to create a more powerful, deep bass sound in dance clubs and nightclubs. A key approach used by engineers to get heavier, deeper bass sound was to add huge subwoofer cabinets to reproduce the sub-bass frequencies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated%20protein%20degradation
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Endoplasmic-reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) designates a cellular pathway which targets misfolded proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by a protein-degrading complex, called the proteasome.
Mechanism
The process of ERAD can be divided into three steps:
Recognition of misfolded or mutated proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum
The recognition of misfolded or mutated proteins depends on the detection of substructures within proteins such as exposed hydrophobic regions, unpaired cysteine residues and immature glycans.
In mammalian cells for example, there exists a mechanism called glycan processing. In this mechanism, the lectin-type chaperones calnexin/calreticulin (CNX/CRT) provide immature glycoproteins the opportunity to reach their native conformation. They can do this by way of reglucosylating these glycoproteins by an enzyme called UDP-glucose-glycoprotein glucosyltransferase also known as UGGT. Terminally misfolded proteins, however, must be extracted from CNX/CRT. This is carried out by members of the EDEM (ER degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein) family (EDEM1-3) and ER mannosidase I. This mannosidase removes one mannose residue from the glycoprotein and the latter is recognized by EDEM. Eventually EDEM will target the misfolded glycoproteins for degradation by facilitating binding of ERAD lectins OS9 and XTP3-B.
Retro-translocation into the cytosol
Because the ubiquitin–proteasome sys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1bio%20Pinto
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Fábio Nascimento Pinto (born 9 October 1980) is a Brazilian forme footballer who played as a forward.
Career statistics
Fábio Pinto played for several clubs in the Campeonato Brasileiro, including Sport Club Internacional, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Associação Desportiva São Caetano, Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and Guarani Futebol Clube. He also had a spell with Galatasaray S.K. in the Turkish Super Lig.
He played for Brazil at the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Egypt.
Honours
Club
Campeonato Gaúcho Juvenil: 1997
Campeonato Gaúcho Júnior: 1997
Copa São Paulo de Juniores: 1998
Campeonato Gaúcho: 2002
Campeonato Pernambucano: 2005
International
Brazil U-17
FIFA U-17 World Championship: 1997
Individual
Third-highest scorer at the 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship
References
1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Catarina (state)
Brazilian men's footballers
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Associação Desportiva São Caetano players
Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense players
Sport Club Internacional players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Guarani FC players
La Liga players
Real Oviedo players
Galatasaray S.K. footballers
Pakhtakor Tashkent FK players
Uzbekistan Super League players
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Süper Lig players
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Uzbekistan
Men's association football forwards
People from Itajaí
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Lerman
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Leonard Solomon Lerman (June 27, 1925 – September 19, 2012) was an American scientist most noted for his work on DNA.
Life and career
Lerman was born and raised in Pittsburgh, the son of Freamah and Meyer Lerman, Jewish immigrants from Ukraine. His father was a department store buyer. Lerman began attending the Carnegie Institute of Technology before graduating from high school and received his BS in five semesters. As a graduate student with Linus Pauling at the California Institute of Technology, Lerman discovered that antibodies have two binding sites. Later, perhaps his most important discovery was that certain molecules bind to DNA by intercalation. This discovery has shaped much of science's understanding about how drugs and mutagens interact with DNA.
Later, during a sabbatical at the University of Cambridge, Lerman had a chance to work with later Nobel prize winners Sydney Brenner and Francis Crick.
Lerman led a productive research program at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver and SUNY Albany, the State University of New York at Albany. Lerman's lab crew included at least one Nobel prize winner, Sidney Altman, and another, Tom Maniatis, who also became one of the leading molecular biologists of his time.
Lerman's last major effort, begun with Stuart Fischer at SUNY, was the invention of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), a technique used to separate DNA molecules. DGGE is widely used by scie
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20dot%20solar%20cell
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A quantum dot solar cell (QDSC) is a solar cell design that uses quantum dots as the captivating photovoltaic material. It attempts to replace bulk materials such as silicon, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe). Quantum dots have bandgaps that are adjustable across a wide range of energy levels by changing their size. In bulk materials, the bandgap is fixed by the choice of material(s). This property makes quantum dots attractive for multi-junction solar cells, where a variety of materials are used to improve efficiency by harvesting multiple portions of the solar spectrum.
As of 2022, efficiency exceeds 18.1%. Quantum dot solar cells have the potential to increase the maximum attainable thermodynamic conversion efficiency of solar photon conversion up to about 66% by utilizing hot photogenerated carriers to produce higher photovoltages or higher photocurrents.
Background
Solar cell concepts
In a conventional solar cell light is absorbed by a semiconductor, producing an electron-hole (e-h) pair; the pair may be bound and is referred to as an exciton. This pair is separated by an internal electrochemical potential (present in p-n junctions or Schottky diodes) and the resulting flow of electrons and holes creates an electric current. The internal electrochemical potential is created by doping one part of the semiconductor interface with atoms that act as electron donors (n-type doping) and another with electron acceptors (p-type doping) that r
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing%20squad%20synchronization%20problem
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The firing squad synchronization problem is a problem in computer science and cellular automata in which the goal is to design a cellular automaton that, starting with a single active cell, eventually reaches a state in which all cells are simultaneously active. It was first proposed by John Myhill in 1957 and published (with a solution by John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky) in 1962 by Edward F. Moore.
Problem statement
The name of the problem comes from an analogy with real-world firing squads: the goal is to design a system of rules according to which an officer can command an execution detail to fire so that its members fire their rifles simultaneously.
More formally, the problem concerns cellular automata, arrays of finite state machines called "cells" arranged in a line, such that at each time step each machine transitions to a new state as a function of its previous state and the states of its two neighbors in the line. For the firing squad problem, the line consists of a finite number of cells, and the rule according to which each machine transitions to the next state should be the same for all of the cells interior to the line, but the transition functions of the two endpoints of the line are allowed to differ, as these two cells are each missing a neighbor on one of their two sides.
The states of each cell include three distinct states: "active", "quiescent", and "firing", and the transition function must be such that a cell that is quiescent and whose neighbors are
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine%20efficiency
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Engine efficiency of thermal engines is the relationship between the total energy contained in the fuel, and the amount of energy used to perform useful work. There are two classifications of thermal engines-
Internal combustion (gasoline, diesel and gas turbine-Brayton cycle engines) and
External combustion engines (steam piston, steam turbine, and the Stirling cycle engine).
Each of these engines has thermal efficiency characteristics that are unique to it.
Engine efficiency, transmission design, and tire design all contribute to a vehicle's fuel efficiency.
Mathematical definition
The efficiency of an engine is defined as ratio of the useful work done to the heat provided.
where, is the heat absorbed and is the work done.
Please note that the term work done relates to the power delivered at the clutch or at the driveshaft.
This means the friction and other losses are subtracted from the work done by thermodynamic expansion. Thus an engine not delivering any work to the outside environment has zero efficiency.
Compression ratio
The efficiency of internal combustion engines depends on several factors, the most important of which is the expansion ratio. For any heat engine the work which can be extracted from it is proportional to the difference between the starting pressure and the ending pressure during the expansion phase. Hence, increasing the starting pressure is an effective way to increase the work extracted (decreasing the ending pressure, as is done wit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemer%20model%20of%20political%20competition
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The Roemer model of political competition is a game between political parties in which each party announces a multidimensional policy vector. Since Nash equilibria do not normally exist when the policy space is multidimensional, John Roemer introduced the concept of party-unanimity Nash equilibrium (PUNE), which can be considered a generalization of the concept of Nash equilibrium in models of political competition. It is also a generalization of the Wittman model of political competition.
In Roemer's model, all political parties are assumed to consist of three types of factions—opportunists, militants, and reformers. Opportunists seek solely to maximize the party's vote share in an election; militants seek to announce (and implement) the preferred policy of the average party member; and reformers have an objective function that is a convex combination of the objective functions of the opportunists and militants. It has been shown that the existence of reformers has no effect on what policies the party announces.
With two parties, a pair of policy announcements constitute a PUNE if and only if the reformers and militants of any given party do not unanimously agree to deviate from their announced policy, given the policy put forth by the other party. In other words, if a pair of policies constitute a PUNE, then it should not be the case that both factions of a party can be made weakly better off (and one faction strictly better off) by deviating from the policy that the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley%20Efron
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Bradley Efron (; born May 24, 1938) is an American statistician. Efron has been president of the American Statistical Association (2004) and of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (1987–1988). He is a past editor (for theory and methods) of the Journal of the American Statistical Association, and he is the founding editor of the Annals of Applied Statistics. Efron is also the recipient of many awards (see below).
Efron is especially known for proposing the bootstrap resampling technique, which has had a major impact in the field of statistics and virtually every area of statistical application. The bootstrap was one of the first computer-intensive statistical techniques, replacing traditional algebraic derivations with data-based computer simulations.
Life and career
Efron was born in St. Paul, Minnesota in May 1938, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants Esther and Miles Efron. He attended the California Institute of Technology, graduating in mathematics in 1960. By his own admission he "had no talent for modern abstract math". His interest in statistics emerged after reading a Harald Cramér book cover to cover. Soon later, he arrived at Stanford in fall of 1960, earning his Ph.D., under the direction of Rupert Miller and Herbert Solomon, in the Department of Statistics. While at Stanford, he was suspended for six months for his involvement with the Stanford Chaparral'''s parody of Playboy magazine.
He is currently a professor of Statistics and Biostatistics at Stanfo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinoplast
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Proteinoplasts (sometimes called proteoplasts, aleuroplasts, and aleuronaplasts) are specialized organelles found only in plant cells. Proteinoplasts belong to a broad category of organelles known as plastids. Plastids are specialized double-membrane organelles found in plant cells. Plastids perform a variety of functions such as metabolism of energy, and biological reactions. There are multiple types of plastids recognized including Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts, and Chloroplasts. Plastids are broken up into different categories based on characteristics such as size, function and physical traits. Chromoplasts help to synthesize and store large amounts of carotenoids. Chloroplasts are photosynthesizing structures that help to make light energy for the plant. Leucoplasts are a colorless type of plastid which means that no photosynthesis occurs here. The colorless pigmentation of the leucoplast is due to not containing the structural components of thylakoids unlike what is found in chloroplasts and chromoplasts that gives them their pigmentation. From leucoplasts stems the subtype, proteinoplasts, which contain proteins for storage. They contain crystalline bodies of protein and can be the sites of enzyme activity involving those proteins. Proteinoplasts are found in many seeds, such as brazil nuts, peanuts and pulses. Although all plastids contain high concentrations of protein, proteinoplasts were identified in the 1960s and 1970s as having large protein inclusions that are vis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWCT
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WWCT is an FM broadcasting station licensed to Bartonville, Illinois. Through most of its history, the WWCT callsign was associated with Peoria's 105.7 frequency allocation; the call sign and related format was moved to 96.5 (Farmington) in 2003, then 99.9 (Bartonville) in 2006. The original 99.9 callsign, WIXO, and its music format, had moved to 105.7 in 2006.
History
105.7
The original 105.7 was operating as WWTO in the early 1970s. In 1976, the station changed its callsign to WWCT and made its debut as an album rock station. Calling itself simply "106" or "WWCT" early on, by the 1990s, it was using the nickname "Rock 106". Locally owned until the 1990s, the station was then sold to AAA Entertainment. AAA gave the station the new nickname "Rock 105.7", then "Rock 96.5" when it moved the format to the Farmington-licensed frequency.
96.5
WWCT was moved to 96.5 in 2003 by AAA to make room for its new WXMP "Mix 105.7" on the more powerful signal. In January 2006, WWCT switched to an all-request Rock format, which it maintained until it was shut down on September 20, 2006 after being sold to Independence Media. Independence Media flipped the format to Top 40/CHR, named "98.5 Kiss FM", and launched a simulcast on 96.5 (changed to WRIA) and also on 98.5 (WPIA), which had been Christian music station "Hope 98.5". 96.5 is now WHPI, a simulcast of sister station WPIA.
99.9
What is now WWCT signed on August 2, 1996 as WIXO, originally stunting with loops of "Macarena"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple%20operator
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In mathematics, a linear operator T : V → V on a vector space V is semisimple if every T-invariant subspace has a complementary T-invariant subspace. If T is a semisimple linear operator on V, then V is a semisimple representation of T. Equivalently, a linear operator is semisimple if its minimal polynomial is a product of distinct irreducible polynomials.
A linear operator on a finite dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field is semisimple if and only if it is diagonalizable.
Over a perfect field, the Jordan–Chevalley decomposition expresses an endomorphism as a sum of a semisimple endomorphism s and a nilpotent endomorphism n such that both s and n are polynomials in x.
See also
Jordan–Chevalley decomposition
Notes
References
Linear algebra
Invariant subspaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20algebraic%20geometry
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In mathematics, real algebraic geometry is the sub-branch of algebraic geometry studying real algebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic equations with real-number coefficients, and mappings between them (in particular real polynomial mappings).
Semialgebraic geometry is the study of semialgebraic sets, i.e. real-number solutions to algebraic inequalities with-real number coefficients, and mappings between them. The most natural mappings between semialgebraic sets are semialgebraic mappings, i.e., mappings whose graphs are semialgebraic sets.
Terminology
Nowadays the words 'semialgebraic geometry' and 'real algebraic geometry' are used as synonyms, because real algebraic sets cannot be studied seriously without the use of semialgebraic sets. For example, a projection of a real algebraic set along a coordinate axis need not be a real algebraic set, but it is always a semialgebraic set: this is the Tarski–Seidenberg theorem. Related fields are o-minimal theory and real analytic geometry.
Examples: Real plane curves are examples of real algebraic sets and polyhedra are examples of semialgebraic sets. Real algebraic functions and Nash functions are examples of semialgebraic mappings. Piecewise polynomial mappings (see the Pierce–Birkhoff conjecture) are also semialgebraic mappings.
Computational real algebraic geometry is concerned with the algorithmic aspects of real algebraic (and semialgebraic) geometry. The main algorithm is cylindrical algebraic decompositi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant%20false%20alarm%20rate
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Constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection refers to a common form of adaptive algorithm used in radar systems to detect target returns against a background of noise, clutter and interference.
Principle
In the radar receiver, the returning echoes are typically received by the antenna, amplified, down-converted to an intermediate frequency, and then passed through detector circuitry that extracts the envelope of the signal, known as the video signal. This video signal is proportional to the power of the received echo. It comprises the desired echo signal as well as the unwanted signals from internal receiver noise and external clutter and interference. The term video refers to the resulting signal being appropriate for display on a cathode ray tube, or "video screen".
The role of the constant false alarm rate circuitry is to determine the power threshold above which any return can be considered to probably originate from a target as opposed to one of the spurious sources. If this threshold is too low, more real targets will be detected, but at the expense of increased numbers of false alarms. Conversely, fewer targets will be detected if the threshold is too high, but the number of false alarms will also be low. In most radar detectors, the threshold is set to achieve a required probability of false alarm (equivalently, false alarm rate or time between false alarms).
Suppose the background against which targets are to be detected is constant with time and space. In that cas
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellar%20bodies
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In cell biology, lamellar bodies (otherwise known as lamellar granules, membrane-coating granules (MCGs), keratinosomes or Odland bodies) are secretory organelles found in type II alveolar cells in the lungs, and in keratinocytes in the skin. They are oblong structures, appearing about 300-400 nm in width and 100-150 nm in length in transmission electron microscopy images. Lamellar bodies in the alveoli of the lungs fuse with the cell membrane and release pulmonary surfactant into the extracellular space.
Role in lungs
In alveolar cells the phosphatidylcholines (choline-based phospholipids) that are stored in the lamellar bodies serve as pulmonary surfactant after being released from the cell. In 1964, using transmission electron microscopy, which at that time was a relatively new tool for ultrastructural elucidation, John Balis identified the presence of lamellar bodies in type II alveolar cells, and further noted that upon their exocytotic migration to the alveolar surface, lamellar contents would uniformly unravel and spread along the circumference of the alveolus, thus lowering surface tension and similarly, the required alveolar inflation force.
Role in epidermis
In the upper stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum layers of the epidermis, lamellar bodies are secreted from keratinocytes, resulting in the formation of an impermeable, lipid-containing membrane that serves as a water barrier and is required for correct skin barrier function. These bodies release compo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelphi%20Records
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Adelphi Records is an American independent record label founded in 1968 and incorporated in 1970 by Gene Rosenthal.
History
The label name was crafted by Rosenthal to suggest a combination of the Greek oracle, nearby Adelphi, Maryland, as well as a tip of the hat to a John Fahey song, "The Downfall of the Adelphi Rolling Grist Mill". Extensive field recordings were begun in 1964 and expanded to include film documentation beginning in early/mid 1969, including sessions in Chicago, St. Louis, Memphis and the Mississippi Delta. In the 1970s, the label began issuing folk, jazz and blues-rock albums. The latter were significantly important to the development of that genre. In the mid-1970s, two of Adelphi's biggest selling artists were the Nighthawks and the Rosslyn Mountain Boys. Towards the end of the 1970s the label's sales and growth had significantly expanded. This was particularly marked in the early 1980s, when Adelphi established its wholly owned subsidiary label, Sunsplash Records, predominantly to issue Jamaican reggae performances from the 1982 Reggae Sunsplash Festival. Musician signings continued into the 1990s and, after a short hiatus, resumed in the 2000s with studio sessions in New Orleans by Ken Swartz & The Palace of Sin, and in Silver Spring, Maryland sessions with the Rose Sheehan Group including vocals by Lisa Null.
Recordings
Musicians on that label are (among others) The Nighthawks, Catfish Hodge and Roy Buchanan, (rock); Lenny Breau, Reuben Brown and R
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristal%20Baschet
|
The Cristal Baschet is a contemporary musical instrument developed in 1952 by the brothers Bernard and François Baschet. Models of the crystal organs range from 3.5 to 6 octaves and are made of 56 chromatically tuned glass rods. To play it, musicians rub the rods with wet fingertips.
Operation
Metal rods are embedded in a heavy plate to form the elements. Each metal rod is accompanied by an attached glass rod. The metal rod's length, weight and position at the equilibrium point determine the sound's pitch. The glass rod is gently stroked with a wet finger to produce sound.
The vibration of the rod with greater amplitude and weaker pressure is transmitted into the metal fitting. This causes a transformation in the vibrations and the shape of the wave produced. The vibrations propagating through the metal have a high pressure and a weak amplitude. This amplification in pressure is the result of fiberglass cones that are fixed in a wood frame alongside a tall, cut-out metal part in the shape of a flame. "Whiskers," placed on the side of the instrument, amplify high-pitched sounds.
The Cristal Baschet is also known as the Crystal Organ and the Crystal Baschet. The range of a concert instrument is five octaves. The Cristal is related to the glass harmonica.
History
The Cristal Baschet was invented in 1952 by the French instrument makers and artists Bernard and Francois Baschet. They specialized in creating sculptures that could be played to produce music. They invented the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRS%20Robotics
|
CRS Robotics Corporation (currently operating as Thermo CRS Limited) was a robotics company based out of Burlington, Ontario, Canada. CRS Robotics designed, manufactured, distributed, and serviced human scale articulated robots, and laboratory automation systems. Human scale robots have approximately the same reach, speed, the range of motion, the degree of articulation and lifting capacity as a human being and are designed specifically to perform tasks that are hazardous, highly repetitive or generally unsuited for humans. Laboratory Automation applications are used to speed the effort of drug discovery for pharmaceutical and biotechnology customers.
CRS Robotics was notable in the field of automated lab systems due to their developments in high throughput and ultra-high throughput automated systems. Among other things, these developments included their advanced scheduling software, called POLARA, which was an open and extensible platform for the management and control of complex automated systems. As an example, a "good portion of the work" for "the preliminary map of the human genetic code was performed on CRS Automated Lab Systems".
The company commenced operations in 1982 as an engineering firm providing consulting services to Canadian machine tool manufacturers in the area of machine controls. The company sold its first robot, the M1 small robot system, in 1985. The company shipped its first laboratory automation system in 1997. In 1998, they introduced the F3 Robot,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstorm%20Enterprises
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Sandstorm Enterprises was an American computer security software vendor founded in 1998 by Simson Garfinkel, James van Bokkelen, Gene Spafford, Dan Geer. In January 2010, it was purchased by NIKSUN, Inc.
Sandstorm was located in the greater Boston area. Sandstorm's major products were PhoneSweep, the first commercial multi-line telephone scanner (a war dialer), introduced in 1998, and NetIntercept, a commercial network forensics tool, introduced in 2001. Designed as a second-generation network analysis tool, NetIntercept operated primarily at the level of TCP and UDP data streams and application-layer objects they transport.
In 2002 Sandstorm purchased LanWatch, a commercial packet-oriented LAN monitor originally developed by FTP Software. LanWatch was sold a separate product, but much of its functionality was used by NetIntercept to display individual packets.
As of 2019, the PhoneSweep product is still sold and supported by NIKSUN. Core parts of the NetIntercept product also still exist, as incorporated into NIKSUN's own NetDetector network forensics product line.
References
External links
PhoneSweep at NIKSUN, Inc.
Computer security software companies
Defunct software companies of the United States
Software companies based in Massachusetts
Companies based in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Software companies established in 1998
Software companies disestablished in 2010
1998 establishments in Massachusetts
2010 disestablishments in Massachusetts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betz
|
Betz may refer to:
Betz (surname)
Betz Airport, Michigan
Betz cell, giant pyramidal neuron of primary motor cortex
Betz's law, law of physics applying to fluids
Betz, Oise, commune in France
GE Betz, water treatment company
See also
Betts, surname
Willi Betz, logistics company
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenorrhaphy
|
Hymenorrhaphy or hymen reconstruction surgery is the temporary surgical restoration of the hymen. The term comes from the Greek words hymen meaning "membrane", and raphḗ meaning "suture". It is also known as hymenoplasty, although strictly this term would also include hymenotomy.
Such procedures are not generally regarded as part of mainstream gynecology, but are available from some plastic surgery centers, particularly in the United States, Middle East, South Korea and Western Europe, generally as outpatient surgery. The normal aim is to cause bleeding during post-nuptial intercourse, which in some cultures is considered proof of virginity.
Operation
A purely cosmetic procedure in which a membrane without blood supply is created, sometimes including a gelatine capsule of an artificial bloodlike substance. This operation is intended to be performed within a few days before an intended marriage.
Availability and legality
Some hymen reconstruction operations are legal in some countries, while other countries ban all hymenorrhaphy. For example, in 2020 in the Netherlands the professional surgeon associations adjusted their codes to prohibit hymenorrhaphy, and the government stated it would consider a legal ban if practice continues. The number of women undergoing the operation in the country at the time was estimated as several hundreds per year. The United Kingdom criminalised the procedure (referred to as "hymenoplasty") even with consent, along with aiding and abetting
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20car
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The term light car is used in Great Britain since the early part of the 20th century for an automobile less than 1.5 litres engine capacity. In modern car classification this term would be roughly equivalent to a subcompact car. There are numerous light car clubs in Britain and Australia.
The current driving licence category B1 ("Light vehicles and quad bikes") in Great Britain covers motor vehicles with four wheels up to 400 kg unladen, or 550 kg if designed for carrying goods. This category does not exist in Northern Ireland; a full car licence is required for light cars and quad bikes there.
The term light car was used in the 1910s and 1920s in the United States to describe a cyclecar that had been improved with conventional automobile components, but was not a classification.
History
A paragraph in the Autocar Handbook, sixth edition (1914) states:
It goes on to state:
A specification for the light car was promulgated in 1912 by the ACU, by which engine capacity was limited to . Also in 1912, cars in Europe with engines smaller than were classified for motor sport purposes as cyclecars.
In October 1913 the British Temple Press, the publisher of various vehicle magazines, launched a magazine called The Light Car and Cyclecar, later shortened to The Light Car. It was on sale every Friday and cost 3d, but it ceased publication many years ago. This magazine covered topics on the range of cars used by the 'average motorist'.
Examples
Ageron – French light car produced
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink%20Book
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The Pink Book is an informal name for any of several books with pink covers. It may refer to:
The annual publication by the Office for National Statistics that details the United Kingdom's balance of payments
Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, a book published by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (14th edition, 2021)
The member of the Coloured Book protocols family (1980–1992) that defined protocols for transport over Ethernet
See also
Black Book (disambiguation)
Blue book (disambiguation)
Green Book (disambiguation)
Orange Book (disambiguation)
Plum Book
White book (disambiguation)
Yellow Book (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20equations
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The London equations, developed by brothers Fritz and Heinz London in 1935, are constitutive relations for a superconductor relating its superconducting current to electromagnetic fields in and around it. Whereas Ohm's law is the simplest constitutive relation for an ordinary conductor, the London equations are the simplest meaningful description of superconducting phenomena, and form the genesis of almost any modern introductory text on the subject. A major triumph of the equations is their ability to explain the Meissner effect, wherein a material exponentially expels all internal magnetic fields as it crosses the superconducting threshold.
Description
There are two London equations when expressed in terms of measurable fields:
Here is the (superconducting) current density, E and B are respectively the electric and magnetic fields within the superconductor,
is the charge of an electron or proton,
is electron mass, and
is a phenomenological constant loosely associated with a number density of superconducting carriers.
The two equations can be combined into a single "London Equation"
in terms of a specific vector potential which has been gauge fixed to the "London gauge", giving:
In the London gauge, the vector potential obeys the following requirements, ensuring that it can be interpreted as a current density:
in the superconductor bulk,
where is the normal vector at the surface of the superconductor.
The first requirement, also known as Coulomb ga
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasson
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Plasson Industries Ltd. is a global manufacturer of plastic fittings for plastic pipes used in water distribution systems, gas conveyance systems, industrial fluid transfer and wastewater systems, and mines. Additionally, its division 'Plasson Poultry' is a leading manufacturer of systems for Poultry farming. The company’s shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and are included in the TA-100 Index.
History
Plasson was founded in 1964, by the members of the Maagan Michael Kibbutz, a collective community located 30 km south of Haifa, Israel, on the Mediterranean Sea coast. Realizing that farming was becoming more dependent on technology, Plasson developed transportation cages and drinkers for poultry and later, a range of fittings for plastic pipes now used in agriculture, industry, mines, sewage, municipal water systems, gas conveyance and telecommunications.
The driving force behind the founding of Plasson was Itzik Kantor, who brought in injection molding machines for the production of plastic products, initially household items such as buckets and waste bins. One of its original patents was the dual flush toilet, a plastic toilet tank which could be emptied using two different quantities of water.
The company’s headquarters and one of its manufacturing plants is still located at Maagan Michael, an additional production plant (for its Poultry division) is based in the town of Or Akiva, 10 km south of Maagan Michael, and a third plant is located at Kabri in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate%20mapping
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Substrate mapping (or wafer mapping) is a process in which the performance of semiconductor devices on a substrate is represented by a map showing the performance as a colour-coded grid. The map is a convenient representation of the variation in performance across the substrate, since the distribution of those variations may be a clue as to their cause.
The concept also includes the package of data generated by modern wafer testing equipment which can be transmitted to equipment used for subsequent 'back-end' manufacturing operations.
History
The initial process supported by substrate maps was inkless binning.
Each tested die is assigned a bin value, depending on the result of the test. For example, a pass die is assigned a bin value of 1 for a good bin, bin 10 for an open circuit, and bin 11 for a short circuit. In the very early days of wafer test, the dies were put in different bins or buckets, depending on the test results.
Physical binning may no longer be used, but the analogy is still good. The next step in the process was to mark the failing dies with ink, so that during assembly only uninked dies were used for die attachment and final assembly. The inking step may be skipped if the assembly equipment is able to access the information in the maps generated by the test equipment.
A wafer map is where the substrate map applies to an entire wafer, while a substrate map is mapping in other areas of the semiconductors process including frames, trays and strips.
E14
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly%20positive%20bilinear%20form
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A bilinear form, a(•,•) whose arguments are elements of normed vector space V is a strongly positive bilinear form if and only if there exists a constant, c>0, such that
for all where is the norm on V.
References
AMS 108 p.120
Functional analysis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20A.%20Jorgensen
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Richard A. Jorgensen (born 1951) is an American molecular geneticist and an early pioneer in the study of post transcriptional gene silencing.
Biography
From 1965 through 1969 he attended Loyola Academy in Wilmette, Illinois, a college preparatory school. Jorgensen holds a B.S. in biomedical engineering and a M.S. in chemistry from Northwestern University, which he attended from 1969 through 1973.
In 1978, he received a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He did postdoctoral research at the Carnegie Institution's plant biology department at Stanford University with William F Thompson, and then at the University of California at Davis in the department of genetics with Robert W. Allard. From 1983 to 1990, he was employed at Advanced Genetic Sciences, Inc., which became DNA Plant Technology Corp., where he was director of floriculture genetic engineering and did the initial work on cosuppression. From 1990 to 1997, he was a research geneticist at UC Davis, and from 1997 to 2010 he was associate professor and then professor at the University of Arizona where he held the Bud Antle Chair for Excellence in Agricultural and Life Sciences.
His and Carolyn Napoli's observations of pigment gene "cosuppression" in Petunia flowers are examples of post transcriptional gene silencing that predated the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) and contributed to the current understanding of the commonality of RNA-mediated gene silencing in eukaryotes. Their initial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo%20%28video%20game%29
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MILO is a first-person adventure-puzzle computer game that challenges the player to solve 14 puzzles based in the world of MILO, an artificially intelligent computer. The game was developed by Crystalvision Software and released in 1996. Released in the wake of such titles as Myst and Pandora's Box, MILO was billed as a multimedia game and as an early example of 3D gaming. The 16-track ambient soundtrack is composed by noted progressive rock musician, Warren Dale.
Development
According to Four Fat Chicks, this game is an example of "minute titles, released to less than no fanfare, inexplicably floating around on Ebay, unrecognized and forgotten".
Plot
The player is placed in the abandoned planet of an ancient and highly advanced civilization. This civilization had discovered the Keys to the Gateway of the Universe and as a consequence they had abruptly left their planet in a state of enlightenment to travel and search the far corners of the universe for even greater mysteries. The one thing this civilization left behind was MILO - the sentient artificial intelligence designed to act as caretaker for their planet while they were gone and guard for the Keys to the Gateway.
MILO has existed now for centuries, patiently awaiting the return of his creators. The lack of interaction with life during the intervening centuries, however, has been difficult for MILO on a mental level. By the time of the player's arrival on the planet, MILO has unfortunately lost much of its normal f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Leeds%20United%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics
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This article lists the records of Leeds United Football Club.
Honours and achievements
Domestic
League
First Division (level 1)
Champions: 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1965–66, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72
Second Division / Championship (level 2)
Champions: 1923–24, 1963–64, 1989–90, 2019–20
Runners-up: 1927–28, 1931–32, 1955–56
Play-off runners-up: 1987, 2006
League One (level 3)
Runners-up: 2009–10
Play-off runners-up: 2008
Cup
FA Cup
Winners: 1971–72
Runners-up: 1964–65, 1969–70, 1972–73
League Cup
Winners: 1967–68
Runners-up: 1995–96
FA Charity Shield
Winners: 1969, 1992
Runners-up: 1974
European
European Cup
Runners-up: 1974–75
European Cup Winners' Cup
Runners-up: 1972–73
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Winners: 1967–68, 1970–71
Runners-up: 1966–67
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Trophy play-off
Runners-up: 1971
Record attendance
57,892 v Sunderland, FA Cup Rd. 5 replay, 15 March 1967
Record gate receipts
£1,230,000.00 Leeds United v Manchester United, Premier League 12 February 2023
Record victories
Overall: 10–0 v Lyn Oslo, European Cup Rd.1, 1st leg, 17 September 1969
League: 8–0 v Leicester City, Div. One, 7 April 1934
FA Cup: 8–1 v Crystal Palace, Rd.3, 11 January 1930
League Cup: 6–0 v Leicester City, Rd.3, 9 October 2001
League Trophy: 3–1 v Grimsby Town, Quarter-Final, 10 November 2009
Europe: 10–0 v Lyn Oslo, European Cup Rd.1, 1st leg, 17 September 1969
Home: 10–0 v Lyn Oslo, European Cup Rd.1, 1st leg, 17 September 1969
Away: 9–0 v S
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20semantics
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In linguistics, statistical semantics applies the methods of statistics to the problem of determining the meaning of words or phrases, ideally through unsupervised learning, to a degree of precision at least sufficient for the purpose of information retrieval.
History
The term statistical semantics was first used by Warren Weaver in his well-known paper on machine translation. He argued that word sense disambiguation for machine translation should be based on the co-occurrence frequency of the context words near a given target word. The underlying assumption that "a word is characterized by the company it keeps" was advocated by J.R. Firth. This assumption is known in linguistics as the distributional hypothesis. Emile Delavenay defined statistical semantics as the "statistical study of the meanings of words and their frequency and order of recurrence". "Furnas et al. 1983" is frequently cited as a foundational contribution to statistical semantics. An early success in the field was latent semantic analysis.
Applications
Research in statistical semantics has resulted in a wide variety of algorithms that use the distributional hypothesis to discover many aspects of semantics, by applying statistical techniques to large corpora:
Measuring the similarity in word meanings
Measuring the similarity in word relations
Modeling similarity-based generalization
Discovering words with a given relation
Classifying relations between words
Extracting keywords from documents
Mea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93Falkenhagen%20effect
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The increase in the conductivity of an electrolyte solution when the applied voltage has a very high frequency is known as Debye–Falkenhagen effect. Impedance measurements on water-p-dioxane and the methanol-toluene systems have confirmed Falkenhagen's predictions made in 1929.
See also
Peter Debye
Debye length
Hans Falkenhagen
Wien effect
References
Electrochemical concepts
Peter Debye
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAR%20model
|
In statistics, Smooth Transition Autoregressive (STAR) models are typically applied to time series data as an extension of autoregressive models, in order to allow for higher degree of flexibility in model parameters through a smooth transition.
Given a time series of data xt, the STAR model is a tool for understanding and, perhaps, predicting future values in this series, assuming that the behaviour of the series changes depending on the value of the transition variable. The transition might depend on the past values of the x series (similar to the SETAR models), or exogenous variables.
The model consists of 2 autoregressive (AR) parts linked by the transition function. The model is usually referred to as the STAR(p) models proceeded by the letter describing the transition function (see below) and p is the order of the autoregressive part. Most popular transition function include exponential function and first and second-order logistic functions. They give rise to Logistic STAR (LSTAR) and Exponential STAR (ESTAR) models.
Definition
AutoRegressive Models
Consider a simple AR(p) model for a time series yt
where:
for i=1,2,...,p are autoregressive coefficients, assumed to be constant over time;
stands for white-noise error term with constant variance.
written in a following vector form:
where:
is a column vector of variables;
is the vector of parameters :;
stands for white-noise error term with constant variance.
STAR as an Extension of the AutoRegressive Mo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20single-frequency%20networks
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Dynamic Single Frequency Networks (DSFN) is a transmitter macrodiversity technique for OFDM based cellular networks.
DSFN is based on the idea of single frequency networks (SFN), which is a group of radio transmitters that send the same signal simultaneously over the same frequency. The term originates from the broadcasting world, where a broadcast network is a group of transmitters that send the same TV or radio program. Digital wireless communication systems based on the OFDM modulation scheme are well-suited to SFN operation, since OFDM in combination with some forward error correction scheme can eliminate intersymbol interference and fading caused by multipath propagation without the use of complex equalization.
The concept of DSFN implies the SFN grouping is changed dynamically over time, from timeslot to timeslot. The aim is to achieve efficient spectrum utilization for downlink unicast or multicast communication services in centrally controlled cellular systems based on for example the OFDM modulation scheme. A centralized scheduling algorithm assigns each data packet to a certain timeslot, frequency channel and group of base station transmitters. DSFN can be considered as a combination of packet scheduling, macro-diversity and dynamic channel allocation (DCA). The scheduling algorithm can be further extended to dynamically assign other radio resource management parameters to each timeslot and transmitter, such as modulation scheme and error correction scheme, in vi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy%20algorithm%20for%20Egyptian%20fractions
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In mathematics, the greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions is a greedy algorithm, first described by Fibonacci, for transforming rational numbers into Egyptian fractions. An Egyptian fraction is a representation of an irreducible fraction as a sum of distinct unit fractions, such as . As the name indicates, these representations have been used as long ago as ancient Egypt, but the first published systematic method for constructing such expansions was described in 1202 in the Liber Abaci of Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci). It is called a greedy algorithm because at each step the algorithm chooses greedily the largest possible unit fraction that can be used in any representation of the remaining fraction.
Fibonacci actually lists several different methods for constructing Egyptian fraction representations. He includes the greedy method as a last resort for situations when several simpler methods fail; see Egyptian fraction for a more detailed listing of these methods. As Salzer (1948) details, the greedy method, and extensions of it for the approximation of irrational numbers, have been rediscovered several times by modern mathematicians, earliest and most notably by A closely related expansion method that produces closer approximations at each step by allowing some unit fractions in the sum to be negative dates back to .
The expansion produced by this method for a number is called the greedy Egyptian expansion, Sylvester expansion, or Fibonacci–Sylvester expansion of . How
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20embedding
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In mathematics, one normed vector space is said to be continuously embedded in another normed vector space if the inclusion function between them is continuous. In some sense, the two norms are "almost equivalent", even though they are not both defined on the same space. Several of the Sobolev embedding theorems are continuous embedding theorems.
Definition
Let X and Y be two normed vector spaces, with norms ||·||X and ||·||Y respectively, such that X ⊆ Y. If the inclusion map (identity function)
is continuous, i.e. if there exists a constant C > 0 such that
for every x in X, then X is said to be continuously embedded in Y. Some authors use the hooked arrow "↪" to denote a continuous embedding, i.e. "X ↪ Y" means "X and Y are normed spaces with X continuously embedded in Y". This is a consistent use of notation from the point of view of the category of topological vector spaces, in which the morphisms ("arrows") are the continuous linear maps.
Examples
A finite-dimensional example of a continuous embedding is given by a natural embedding of the real line X = R into the plane Y = R2, where both spaces are given the Euclidean norm:
In this case, ||x||X = ||x||Y for every real number X. Clearly, the optimal choice of constant C is C = 1.
An infinite-dimensional example of a continuous embedding is given by the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem: let Ω ⊆ Rn be an open, bounded, Lipschitz domain, and let 1 ≤ p < n. Set
Then the Sobolev space W1,p(Ω; R) is continuously embedd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20%28magician%29
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Claude Alexander Conlin (June 30, 1880 – August 5, 1954), also known as Alexander, C. Alexander, Alexander the Crystal Seer, and Alexander the Man Who Knows, was an American spiritual author, vaudeville magician who specialized in mentalism and psychic reading acts, dressed in Oriental style robes and a feathered turban, and often used a crystal ball as a prop. In addition to performing, he also worked privately for clients, giving readings. He was the author of several pitch books, New Thought pamphlets, and psychology books, as well as texts for stage performers. His stage name was "Alexander," and as an author he wrote under the name "C. Alexander."
Life and stage career
Alexander was born on June 30, 1880, in Alexandria, South Dakota, the son of Berthold Michael James Conlin and Martha Michaels. Within the family Claude Alexander was known as "C. A." and his brother Clarence Berthold Conlin was known as "C. B." Clarence B. had a successful career as an attorney and he also worked as a stage mentalist, although his fame never equalled that of Claude Alexander.
Between 1915 and 1924, Conlin, under the stage name "Alexander, The Man Who Knows," was a popular and highly paid stage mentalist. Alexander promoted his psychic act as a form of mental telepathy or mind reading. Audience members gave him sealed questions, which he answered from the stage after staring into a crystal ball. His techniques were not revealed during his lifetime.
Alexander is credited as the invento
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyguanosine%20monophosphate
|
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), also known as deoxyguanylic acid or deoxyguanylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP), in which the –OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2' carbon on the nucleotide's pentose has been reduced to just a hydrogen atom (hence the "deoxy-" part of the name). It is used as a monomer in DNA.
See also
Cofactor
Guanosine
Nucleic acid
References
Nucleotides
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