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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyadenosine%20monophosphate | Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), also known as deoxyadenylic acid or deoxyadenylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2' carbon on the nucleotide's pentose has been reduced to just a hydrogen atom (hence the "deoxy-" part of the name). Deoxyadenosine monophosphate is abbreviated dAMP. It is a monomer used in DNA.
See also
Nucleic acid
DNA metabolism
Cofactor
Guanosine
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
ATP
Sources
Nucleotides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheistic%20myth%20as%20psychology | The idea of polytheistic myth as having psychological value is one theorem of archetypal psychology as defined by James Hillman, and explored in current Jungian mythology literature. According to proponents of this theory, polytheistic myths can provide psychological insight.
Christine Downing recounts the Greek view of the gods as archetypes that affect everyone. In so being they are referred to "as theos, that is, as immortal, permanent, ineluctable aspects of the world". Disputes among the Greek pantheon were frequent, yet, Downing emphasizes, no god of the Classical era ever denied the existence of another god. And she cautions us as humans that to deny even one of the pantheon diminishes the richness of individuals and of the world.
For Carl Gustav Jung, the primary function of myth is psychological — to shed light on the workings of the unconscious. The cornerstone of his therapeutic approach is working with a patient’s dreams and fantasies. To be of help, then, it is imperative to have knowledge of the details of the patient’s life as well as knowledge of “…symbols, and therefore of mythology and the history of religions”. Jung implies the diversity of psychic energies inhabiting the unconscious. He also cautions us to know these energies rather than force them into one’s shadow lest one’s “…moods, nervous states, and delusions make it clear in the most painful way that [one] is not the only master in his house…"
Thomas Moore says of James Hillman’s teaching that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molozonide | A molozonide (or "molecular ozonide") is a 1,2,3-trioxolane, which can also be considered a cyclic disubstituted trioxidane derivative. Molozonides are formed by cycloaddition of ozone and an alkene during ozonolysis, as a transient intermediate which quickly rearranges to give the ozonide (1,2,4-trioxolane), the relatively stable product generated immediately prior to reductive or oxidative cleavage to form alcohols, carbonyl compounds, or derivatives thereof.
References
Oxygen heterocycles
Polyoxides
Heterocyclic compounds with 1 ring |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharomyces%20Genome%20Database | The Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD) is a scientific database of the molecular biology and genetics of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is commonly known as baker's or budding yeast. Further information is located at the Yeastract curated repository.
Saccharomyces Genome Database
The SGD provides Internet access to the complete Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomic DNA sequence, its genes and their products, the phenotypes of its mutants, and the literature supporting these data. In the peer-reviewed literature report, experiment result on function and interaction of yeast genes are extracted by high-quality manual curation and integrated within a well-developed database. The data are combined with quality high-throughput results and post on Locus Summary pages which is a powerful query engine and rich genome browser. Based on the complexity of information collection, multiple bioinformatic tools are used to integrate information and allow productive discovery of new biological details. The gold standard for functional description of budding yeast is provided by SGD resource. The SGD resource also provide a platform from which to investigate related genes and pathways in higher organisms. The amount of information and the number of features provided by SGD have increased greatly following the release of the S. cerevisiae genomic sequence. SGD aids researchers by providing not only basic information, but also tools such as sequence similarity searching that lead to d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonb | Tonb may refer to:
TonB, see Outer Membrane Receptor
Tonb Baluchan, Iran
Tonb Bariku, Iran
Tonb Basat, Iran
Tonb-e Khvajeh Bahman, Iran
Tunb (disambiguation), places in Iran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%20cell | A band cell (also called band neutrophil, band form or stab cell) is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a metamyelocyte, and leading to a mature granulocyte.
It is characterized by having a curved but not lobular nucleus.
The term "band cell" implies a granulocytic lineage (e.g., neutrophils).
Clinical significance
Band neutrophils are an intermediary step prior to the complete maturation of segmented neutrophils. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are initially released from the bone marrow as band cells, as the immature neutrophils become activated or exposed to pathogens, their nucleus will take on a segmented appearance. An increase in the number of these immature neutrophils in circulation can be indicative of a infection for which they are being called to fight against, or some inflammatory process. The increase of band cells in the circulation is called bandemia and is a "left shift" process.
Blood reference ranges for neutrophilic band cells in adults are 3 to 5% of white blood cells, or up to 0.7 x109/L.
An excess may sometimes be referred to as bandemia.
See also
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell
Additional images
References
External links
- "Bone Marrow and Hemopoiesis: bone marrow smear, neutrophil series"
Histology at okstate.edu
Slide at hematologyatlas.com - "Neutrophil band" visible in second row
Interactive diagram at lycos.es
Histology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamyelocyte | A metamyelocyte is a cell undergoing granulopoiesis, derived from a myelocyte, and leading to a band cell.
It is characterized by the appearance of a bent nucleus, cytoplasmic granules, and the absence of visible nucleoli. (If the nucleus is not yet bent, then it is likely a myelocyte.)
Additional images
See also
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell
External links
- "Bone Marrow and Hemopoiesis: bone marrow smear, neutrophilic metamyelocyte and mature PMN"
Interactive diagram at lycos.es
Slide at marist.edu
hematologyatlas.com
Histology
Leukocytes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall%20rank%20correlation%20coefficient | In statistics, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, commonly referred to as Kendall's τ coefficient (after the Greek letter τ, tau), is a statistic used to measure the ordinal association between two measured quantities. A τ test is a non-parametric hypothesis test for statistical dependence based on the τ coefficient. It is a measure of rank correlation: the similarity of the orderings of the data when ranked by each of the quantities. It is named after Maurice Kendall, who developed it in 1938, though Gustav Fechner had proposed a similar measure in the context of time series in 1897.
Intuitively, the Kendall correlation between two variables will be high when observations have a similar (or identical for a correlation of 1) rank (i.e. relative position label of the observations within the variable: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.) between the two variables, and low when observations have a dissimilar (or fully different for a correlation of −1) rank between the two variables.
Both Kendall's and Spearman's can be formulated as special cases of a more general correlation coefficient. Its notions of concordance and discordance also appear in other areas of statistics, like the Rand index in cluster analysis.
Definition
Let be a set of observations of the joint random variables X and Y, such that all the values of () and () are unique (ties are neglected for simplicity). Any pair of observations and , where , are said to be concordant if the sort order of and agrees: tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles%20latens | The Anopheles latens mosquito (part of the An. leucosphyrus group) is an important vector for the transmission of malaria in humans and monkeys in Southeast Asia. It is an important vector for the transmission of human malaria in Sarawak; but because it is attracted to both humans and to macaques it is also responsible for the transmission of simian malarias to humans (Plasmodium knowlesi and possibly P. inui as well).
A. latens tends to bite from 6 p.m. throughout the night, peaking at midnight. It is found in forests and at forest fringes, but tends not to enter human dwellings.
References
Insects described in 2005
latens |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles%20introlatus | Anopheles introlatus (formerly Anopheles balabacensis introlatus) is the main vector for Plasmodium cynomolgi (a simian malaria) in Malaya.
References
introlatus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20thrombin%20inhibitor | Direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) are a class of medication that act as anticoagulants (delaying blood clotting) by directly inhibiting the enzyme thrombin (factor IIa). Some are in clinical use, while others are undergoing clinical development. Several members of the class are expected to replace heparin (and derivatives) and warfarin in various clinical scenarios.
Types
There are three types of DTIs, dependent on their interaction with the thrombin molecule. Bivalent DTIs (hirudin and analogs) bind both to the active site and exosite 1, while univalent DTIs bind only to the active site. The third class of inhibitors, which are gaining importance recently, is the allosteric inhibitors.
Bivalent
Hirudin and derivatives were originally discovered in Hirudo medicinalis:
Hirudin
Bivalirudin (transient inhibition - is cleaved by thrombin)
Lepirudin
Desirudin
Univalent
Univalent DTIs include:
Argatroban
Inogatran
Melagatran (and its prodrug ximelagatran)
Dabigatran
Allosteric inhibitors
Thrombin demonstrates a high level of allosteric regulation. Allosterism in thrombin is regulated by the exosites 1 and 2 and the sodium binding site. A recent patent review has shown that the general consensus among researchers is that allosteric inhibitors may provide a more regulatable anticoagulant. Some of the allosteric inhibitors discovered include DNA aptamers, benzofuran dimers,
benzofuran trimers, as well as polymeric lignins. A new sulfated β-O4 lignin (SbO4L) has been disc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction%20heater | An induction heater is a key piece of equipment used in all forms of induction heating. Typically an induction heater operates at either medium frequency (MF) or radio frequency (RF) ranges.
Four main component systems form the basis of a modern induction heater
the control system, control panel, or ON / OFF switch; in some cases this system can be absent
the power unit (power inverter)
the work head (transformer)
and the heating coil (inductor)
How it works
Induction heating is a non contact method of heating a conductive body by utilising a strong magnetic field. Supply (mains) frequency 50 Hz or 60 Hz induction heaters incorporate a coil directly fed from the electricity supply, typically for lower power industrial applications where lower surface temperatures are required. Some specialist induction heaters operate at 400 Hz, the Aerospace power frequency.
Induction heating should not be confused with induction cooking, as the two heating systems are mostly very physically different from each other. Notably, induction heating systems work by applying an alternating magnetic field to a ferrous material to induce an alternating current in the material, so exciting the atoms in the material heating it up.
Main equipment components
An induction heater typically consists of three elements.
Power unit
Often referred to as the inverter or generator. This part of the system is used to take the mains frequency and increase it to anywhere between 10 Hz and 400 kHz. Typica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOLS | WOLS is a Spanish-language FM radio station broadcasting at a frequency of 106.1 MHz serving the Charlotte, North Carolina market. Its programming consists of music and other material distributed by "La Raza," the Regional Mexican radio network.
While WOLS is licensed to (and identifies its location as) the Union County town of Waxhaw, North Carolina, its studios are actually located in Charlotte. The transmitter site is in Catawba, South Carolina.
History
In 1994, 1480 AM, a frequency that had been silent for several years, was reactivated with the call letters WIST. GHB Broadcasting operated WIST through a Limited Marketing Agreement (LMA) with Christ Covenant Church, the licensee for 1480 AM. Most of the adult standards music came from the Satellite Music Network format Stardust. A year later, the FM station signed on, initially using the call letters WLWW but eventually changed to WIST-FM.
The name WNMX "Mix 106" was chosen in 1996. The station's sales manager had previously worked for WMXC (104.7) when it was called "The Mix". He hoped to resurrect that format on 106.1. The AM station became WNMX-AM.. By this time the AM aired some separate programs, including a talk show from John Sullivan. The AM became WTLT in Summer 1997 with a separate news/talk format. As of May 1997, when GHB planned a medical office building on Randolph Road where the company was considering moving its operations, WNMX had "nearly doubled its morning audience share" in a year.
For one month |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNOW%20%28AM%29 | WNOW (1030 AM) "La Z" is a radio station broadcasting a Regional Mexican format licensed to Mint Hill, North Carolina, United States. The AM frequency is currently owned by Noberto Sanchez's Norsan Group, through licensee Norsan Media LLC.
The AM frequency is a daytime-only operation, as it operates on the same frequency as clear-channel WBZ in Boston.
FM Translator
In addition to the main station at 1030 kHz, WNOW is relayed by an FM translator in order to widen its broadcast area and provide 24 hour coverage with stereo high fidelity sound.
History
The station signed on August 1, 1987, in Union County as a contemporary Christian station by the founding general manager, Ken Mayfield. An April sign-on date was delayed by paperwork problems. Artists included Amy Grant, Dion, Dan Peek and Deniece Williams. Russ Jones took over as manager soon after Mayfield's departure in 1989 for WTYC.
By 1992, WNOW was already offering programming from other countries. A two-hour Saturday show called "Gemutlichkeit" originating from Virginia and hosted by Inge Fischer-White included German, Swiss and Austrian music. Also in 1992, Charlotte's Latin American Coalition asked Jones to add Spanish programming.
By 1996, with WRCM playing music, WNOW had switched to Christian talk.
By May 1997, half of WNOW's programming was in Spanish, as various groups added shows. Luis Beltran hosted "RadioSol" starting on April 1, which was two-thirds music, mostly Regional Mexican, along with information |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRHI | WRHI is a news/talk radio station in Rock Hill, South Carolina. It broadcasts on AM frequency 1340 kHz with a simulcast on 100.1 FM (via translator W261CY) and is under ownership of OTS Media Group. Its studios and transmitter are both located separately in Rock Hill.
Awards
WRHI is a nine-time winner of the South Carolina Broadcasters Association Radio Station of the Year award. Since 2000, WRHI has been honored with over 200 "Star Awards" from the South Carolina Broadcasters Association, becoming the most honored station in South Carolina History. With its nine Station of the Year awards, WRHI has been named Statewide Radio Station of the Year more than any other Radio Station.
Affiliations
Throughout the day, WRHI carries Fox News Radio at the top of every hour and local news and weather. Local news is gathered by the local news staff and television partner WSOC-TV.
Staff
Allan Miller, a 2009 South Carolina Broadcaster's Association Hall of Fame inductee, serves as Co-Owner. Manning Kimmel, a 2014 South Carolina Broadcaster's Association Masters Award winner, serves as Co-Owner. Chris Miller, 12-Time South Carolina Statewide Sportscaster of the Year, serves as company Vice President. Steven Stone serves as Operations Manager. Noreen Ruff is traffic director and office manager. Bonita Perry is executive assistant. Lucas McFadden, Tyler Cupp, Ashley Lang, and Alex Greenawalt serve as the Morning Show team the Award winning "Palmetto Mornings". Catherine Madden serv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20potential | In protein structure prediction, statistical potentials or knowledge-based potentials are scoring functions derived from an analysis of known protein structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB).
The original method to obtain such potentials is the quasi-chemical approximation, due to Miyazawa and Jernigan. It was later followed by the potential of mean force (statistical PMF ), developed by Sippl. Although the obtained scores are often considered as approximations of the free energy—thus referred to as pseudo-energies—this physical interpretation is incorrect. Nonetheless, they are applied with success in many cases, because they frequently correlate with actual Gibbs free energy differences.
Overview
Possible features to which a pseudo-energy can be assigned include:
interatomic distances,
torsion angles,
solvent exposure,
or hydrogen bond geometry.
The classic application is, however, based on pairwise amino acid contacts or distances, thus producing statistical interatomic potentials. For pairwise amino acid contacts, a statistical potential is formulated as an interaction matrix that assigns a weight or energy value to each possible pair of standard amino acids. The energy of a particular structural model is then the combined energy of all pairwise contacts (defined as two amino acids within a certain distance of each other) in the structure. The energies are determined using statistics on amino acid contacts in a database of known protein structures (obtained from th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSO | NSO or Nso may refer to:
NSO
NATO Standardization Office
Netherlands Space Office
National Statistics Office (Philippines)
Nationale SIGINT Organisatie, the Netherlands
National Safeman's Organization of safe technicians, US
National Socialist Order, the rebranded name of Atomwaffen Division
National Solar Observatory, U.S.A.
National Symphony Orchestra (disambiguation), orchestras of several countries
Nigerian Security Organization, security forces 1976-1985
Nintendo Switch Online, online subscription service for the Nintendo Switch
NSO Group (Niv, Shalev, Omri), an Israeli phone spyware company
Non-qualified stock option
Non-Skating Official in roller derby
Nso
Nso people of Cameroon
Nso language (ISO 639-3 language code: lns)
Other uses
Northern Sotho language (ISO 639-2 language code: nso)
Scone Airport (IATA airport code: NSO), Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia
Aerolíneas Sosa (ICAO airline code: NSO), Honduran airline
Nashipur Road railway station (train station code: NSO), West Bengal, India
See also
NS0 cell, a model cell line
Country Code Names Supporting Organization (ccNSO) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrystEngComm | CrystEngComm is a peer-reviewed online-only scientific journal publishing original research and review articles on all aspects of crystal engineering including properties, polymorphism, target materials, and crystalline nanomaterials. It is published biweekly by the Royal Society of Chemistry and the editor-in-chief is Pierangelo Metrangolo. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 3.756. CrystEngComm has a close association with the virtual web community, CrystEngCommunity.
History
CrystEngComm was one of the first online-only chemistry journals when it was established in 1999. Initially, articles were published online as soon as they were accepted and the journal did not publish articles in issues. However, in 2000 issues were introduced and the journal was published monthly. As submissions increased, the journal switched in 2011 to a biweekly publication. Authors can elect to have accepted articles published as open access.
The journal has been involved in the development of nomenclature for crystal engineering, which is gradually being adopted by researchers in the field.
Article types
CrystEngComm publishes the following types of articles: Research Papers (original scientific work), Communications (original work that merits urgent publication), and Highlights (short reviews of topics from the field of crystal engineering).
Citations
The five journals that cited CrystEngComm most often in 2009 are (in order of descending c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CrystEngCommunity | CrystEngCommunity is a virtual web community for people working in the field of crystal engineering. The website is owned by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).
CrystEngCommunity has links to the main international research groups working in crystal engineering; publishes occasional profiles (interviews) of crystal engineers; a conference diary that lists and links to international events in the field of crystal engineering; and a terminology wiki, CrystEngWiki, for crystal engineering.
Also on the community are links to research articles on crystal engineering including CrystEngSelects (a selection of recent articles of interest to crystal engineers from across the RSC journals Chemical Communications, CrystEngComm, Dalton Transactions, Journal of Materials Chemistry, New Journal of Chemistry and Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry); links to special CrystEngComm Discussion conference special issues; and links to past crystal engineering articles from the RSC Journals Archive.
Other useful links include downloadable wallpapers for PC desktops, book reviews and a compilation of useful weblinks for crystal engineers
The community has a particularly close association with the RSC's crystal engineering journal, CrystEngComm.
See also
CrystEngComm
Dalton Transactions
External links
CrystEngCommunity
CrystEngWiki
Royal Society of Chemistry
Crystal engineering
British science websites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20Josephson%20junction | A Josephson junction is a quantum mechanical device which is made of two superconducting electrodes separated by a barrier (thin insulating tunnel barrier, normal metal, semiconductor, ferromagnet, etc.).
A Josephson junction is a Josephson junction in which the Josephson phase φ equals in the ground state, i.e. when no external current or magnetic field is applied.
Background
The supercurrent Is through a Josephson junction (JJ) is generally given by Is = Icsin(φ),
where φ is the phase difference of the superconducting wave functions of the two
electrodes, i.e. the Josephson phase.
The critical current Ic is the maximum supercurrent that can exist through the Josephson junction.
In experiment, one usually causes some current through the Josephson junction and the junction reacts by changing the Josephson phase. From the above formula it is clear that the phase φ = arcsin(I/Ic), where I is the applied (super)current.
Since the phase is 2-periodic, i.e. φ and φ + 2n are physically equivalent, without losing generality, the discussion below refers to the interval 0 ≤ φ < 2.
When no current (I = 0) exists through the Josephson junction, e.g. when the junction is disconnected, the junction is in the ground state and the Josephson phase across it is zero (φ = 0). The phase can also be φ = , also resulting in no current through the junction. It turns out that the state with φ = is unstable and corresponds to the Josephson energy maximum, while the state φ = 0 corresponds t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythromycin%20breath%20test | The erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) is a method used to measure metabolism (oxidation and elimination from the system) by a part of the cytochrome P450 system. Erythromycin produces 14CO2, and this 14CO2 can be measured to study drugs that interact with the cytochrome P450 system. Erythromycin is tagged with carbon-14 and given as an intravenous injection; after 20 minutes the subject blows up a balloon and the carbon dioxide exhaled that is tagged with carbon-14 shows the activity of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme on the erythromycin. ERMBT can be used to determine how drugs that the CYP3A4 isoenzyme metabolizes will function in a given individual.
Erythromycin is a drug that treats bacterial infections like bronchitis, sexually transmitted diseases, and pneumonia. The medication is in a capsule form and takes on a "delayed-release," to ensure it is only broken down once it reaches the intestine and not by stomach acids.
The test allows doctors to determine or predict an individual’s drug treatment outcome. Will a patient develop serious or fatal side effects from a certain drug? Which foods and drugs should not be taken together? With this and other tests a physician may determine treatment outcomes in advance or study the effects of new drugs.
Some patients have a congenital inability to synthesize certain enzymes, so drugs may build up to toxic levels in their system or other drugs and foods a patient is taking may consume all of their ability to metabolize certain foods and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novellus%20Systems | Novellus Systems Inc. was a company founded by Brad Mattson that developed, manufactured, sold, and serviced semiconductor equipment used in the fabrication of integrated circuits. It was a supplier of chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), electrochemical deposition (ECD), ultraviolet thermal processing (UVTP), and surface preparation equipment used in the manufacturing of semiconductors.
Novellus Systems was founded in 1984 and is headquartered in San Jose, California. The company maintains engineering & manufacturing facilities in Tualatin, Oregon and San Jose, California. Also, Novellus has a component design and software development facility in Bangalore, India.
In December 2011, Novellus agreed to be acquired by Lam Research for $3.3 billion. The acquisition was completed in June 2012.
Product lines
Novellus' product lines were called ALTUS, ATHENA, GAMMA, INOVA, SABRE, SOLA, SPEED, and VECTOR, SEQUEL and assisted semiconductor companies with manufacturing.
External links
References
Manufacturing companies based in San Jose, California
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Electronics companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 1984
1984 establishments in California
Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
Equipment semiconductor companies
Physical vapor deposition
2012 mergers and acquisitions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Clews | Charles Clews (September 27, 1919 – January 29, 2009) was a Maltese comic actor and script writer. Clews was one of the first contributors to the local Maltese radio (then Rediffusion). He found solace in his mother-in-law about whom he used to joke constantly, depicting her as a monster when in fact she had been an angel. He married in 1943 and had eight children; Hilary (deceased), Miriam, Jane, Irene, Norman, Kenneth, Alan and Kevin. He was born in Senglea, Malta.
Acting career
Clews worked as a marine surveyor at the Admiralty Dockyard complex (now Malta Shipyards), from where he left to start a career in journalism.
During his lifetime, his greatest love was the stage and the radio. He started acting in Senglea, but his acting career was established in concerts for the workers at the dockyards during the constant bombardment during the Second World War, with air-raids frequently cutting shows short. The authorities encouraged the raising of morale in the face of grave danger that workers faced in their perilous work. His jokes kept the men laughing even during heavy bombardments.
He was the backbone of The Stage Commandos, the stage company that came out with a new style of comedy in 1945 and was very popular all over the island, having performed in all the principal theatres of the two islands. Their repertoire included sketches, plays and musicals. The Stage Commandos had won the “Bajda u Ħamra” award in the one act play competition at the Radio City Theatre in 194 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20somatic%20afferent%20fiber | The general somatic afferent fibers (GSA, or somatic sensory fibers) afferent fibers arise from neurons in sensory ganglia and are found in all the spinal nerves, except occasionally the first cervical, and conduct impulses of pain, touch and temperature from the surface of the body through the dorsal roots to the spinal cord and impulses of muscle sense, tendon sense and joint sense from the deeper structures.
See also
Afferent nerve
References
Spinal cord |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20somatic%20efferent%20fibers | The general (spinal) somatic efferent neurons (GSE, somatomotor, or somatic motor fibers), arise from motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral horns of the gray matter within the spinal cord. They exit the spinal cord through the ventral roots, carrying motor impulses to skeletal muscle through a neuromuscular junction.
Of the somatic efferent neurons, there exist subtypes.
Alpha motor neurons (α) target extrafusal muscle fibers.
Gamma motor neurons (γ) target intrafusal muscle fibres
Cranial nerves also supply their own somatic efferent neurons to the extraocular muscles and some of the muscles of the tongue.
See also
Nerve fiber
Efferent nerve
References
Peripheral nervous system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVX | AVX may refer to:
Computing
Advanced Vector Extensions, an instruction set extension in the x86 microprocessor architecture
AVX2, an expansion of the AVX instruction set
AVX-512, 512-bit extensions to the 256-bit AVX
Softwin AVX (AntiVirus eXpert), former name of Bitdefender
Transportation
Aviapaslauga (ICAO airline code AVX); see List of defunct airlines of Lithuania
Aeroclub de Vitoria (ICAO airline code AVX); see List of airline codes (A)
Catalina Airport (IATA airport code AVX), Avalon, Catalina Island, California, US
Other uses
AVX Corporation, a manufacturer of electronic parts and a division of Kyocera
Avengers vs. X-Men, a comic book event
See also
UltraAVX |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Spent%20a%20Week%20There%20the%20Other%20Night | I Spent a Week There the Other Night is an album by the American musician Moe Tucker, released in 1991.
Included on the album is a cover of "Then He Kissed Me", originally by the Crystals, as well as a cover of the Velvet Underground song "I'm Waiting for the Man". I Spent a Week There the Other Night was reissued in 1994.
Production
The album has performances by members of the Velvet Underground, including Lou Reed, Sterling Morrison and John Cale. All four original Velvets play together on "I'm Not", making it their only studio collaboration on original material since 1968. Members of Violent Femmes also contributed to the album. Tucker stuck mostly to rhythm guitar.
Critical reception
The Orlando Sentinel wrote that "the basement minimalism is perfect for her ingenuous songs and flat but expressive vocals." Trouser Press praised "Lazy", writing that, "for a 46-year-old mother of five, 'Lazy' is pure punk perfection."
Track listing
All songs written and arranged by Maureen Tucker except where noted.
"Fired Up" – 4:01
"That's B.A.D." – 4:58
"Lazy" – 2:28
"S.O.S." – 3:12
"Blue, All the Way to Canada" (Tucker, Jim Turner) – 3:52
"(And) Then He Kissed Me" (Jeff Barry, Ellie Greenwich, Phil Spector) – 2:31
"Too Shy" – 3:35
"Stayin' Put" – 4:23
"Baby, Honey, Sweetie" – 3:18
"I'm Not" – 6:55
"I'm Waiting for the Man" (Lou Reed) – 5:27
Personnel
Maureen Tucker – bass, guitar, percussion, vocals, production, mixing
John Sluggett – drums
Sonny Vincent – guitar
Daniel Hutchen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopped%20process | In mathematics, a stopped process is a stochastic process that is forced to assume the same value after a prescribed (possibly random) time.
Definition
Let
be a probability space;
be a measurable space;
be a stochastic process;
be a stopping time with respect to some filtration of .
Then the stopped process is defined for and by
Examples
Gambling
Consider a gambler playing roulette. Xt denotes the gambler's total holdings in the casino at time t ≥ 0, which may or may not be allowed to be negative, depending on whether or not the casino offers credit. Let Yt denote what the gambler's holdings would be if he/she could obtain unlimited credit (so Y can attain negative values).
Stopping at a deterministic time: suppose that the casino is prepared to lend the gambler unlimited credit, and that the gambler resolves to leave the game at a predetermined time T, regardless of the state of play. Then X is really the stopped process YT, since the gambler's account remains in the same state after leaving the game as it was in at the moment that the gambler left the game.
Stopping at a random time: suppose that the gambler has no other sources of revenue, and that the casino will not extend its customers credit. The gambler resolves to play until and unless he/she goes broke. Then the random time
is a stopping time for Y, and, since the gambler cannot continue to play after he/she has exhausted his/her resources, X is the stopped process Yτ.
Brownian motion
Let be |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest%20neighbor%20search | Nearest neighbor search (NNS), as a form of proximity search, is the optimization problem of finding the point in a given set that is closest (or most similar) to a given point. Closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dissimilarity function: the less similar the objects, the larger the function values.
Formally, the nearest-neighbor (NN) search problem is defined as follows: given a set S of points in a space M and a query point q ∈ M, find the closest point in S to q. Donald Knuth in vol. 3 of The Art of Computer Programming (1973) called it the post-office problem, referring to an application of assigning to a residence the nearest post office. A direct generalization of this problem is a k-NN search, where we need to find the k closest points.
Most commonly M is a metric space and dissimilarity is expressed as a distance metric, which is symmetric and satisfies the triangle inequality. Even more common, M is taken to be the d-dimensional vector space where dissimilarity is measured using the Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance or other distance metric. However, the dissimilarity function can be arbitrary. One example is asymmetric Bregman divergence, for which the triangle inequality does not hold.
Applications
The nearest neighbour search problem arises in numerous fields of application, including:
Pattern recognition – in particular for optical character recognition
Statistical classification – see k-nearest neighbor algorithm
Computer vision – for point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deguelin | Deguelin is a derivative of rotenone. Both are compounds classified as rotenoids of the flavonoid family and are naturally occurring insecticides. They can be produced by extraction from several plant species belonging to three genera of the legume family, Fabaceae: Lonchocarpus, Derris, or Tephrosia.
Cubé resin, the root extract from cubé (Lonchocarpus utilis) and from barbasco (Lonchocarpus urucu), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone and deguelin. Although "organic" (produced by nature) cubé resin is no longer considered environmentally safe.
Rat pharmacokinetics
Mean residence time (MRT) = 6.98 h
Terminal half-life (t1/2(gamma)) = 9.26 h
Area under the curve (AUC) = 57.3 ng h/ml
Total clearance (Cl) = 4.37 L/h per kg
Apparent volume of distribution (V) = 3.421 L/kg
Volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) = 30.46 L/kg
Tissue distributions after i.v. (intravenous) administration: heart > fat > mammary gland > colon > liver > kidney > brain > lung.
Tissue distributions after i.g. (intragastric) administration: perirenal fat > heart > mammary gland > colon > kidney > liver > lung > brain > skin.
Elimination: Within 5 days of i.g. administration, about 58.1% of the [3H]deguelin was eliminated via the feces and 14.4% via the urine. Approximately 1.7% of unchanged deguelin was found in the feces, and 0.4% in the urine.
Deguelin and anti-cancer activity
Deguelin displays anti-cancer activity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20bit%20depth | In digital audio using pulse-code modulation (PCM), bit depth is the number of bits of information in each sample, and it directly corresponds to the resolution of each sample. Examples of bit depth include Compact Disc Digital Audio, which uses 16 bits per sample, and DVD-Audio and Blu-ray Disc which can support up to 24 bits per sample.
In basic implementations, variations in bit depth primarily affect the noise level from quantization error—thus the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic range. However, techniques such as dithering, noise shaping, and oversampling can mitigate these effects without changing the bit depth. Bit depth also affects bit rate and file size.
Bit depth is useful for describing PCM digital signals. Non-PCM formats, such as those using lossy compression, do not have associated bit depths.
Binary representation
A PCM signal is a sequence of digital audio samples containing the data providing the necessary information to reconstruct the original analog signal. Each sample represents the amplitude of the signal at a specific point in time, and the samples are uniformly spaced in time. The amplitude is the only information explicitly stored in the sample, and it is typically stored as either an integer or a floating point number, encoded as a binary number with a fixed number of digits: the sample's bit depth, also referred to as word length or word size.
The resolution indicates the number of discrete values that can be represented over the range |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20crystallization | Strain crystallization is a phenomenon in which an initially amorphous solid material undergoes a phase transformation due to the application of strain. Strain crystallization occurs in natural rubber, as well as other elastomers and polymers. The phenomenon has important effects on strength and fatigue properties.
How strain crystallization occurs
Strain crystallization occurs when the chains of molecules in a material become ordered during deformation activities in some polymers and elastomers. The three primary factors that affect strain crystallization are the molecular structure of the polymer or elastomer, the temperature, and the deformation being applied to the material. If a polymer's molecular structure is too irregular, strain crystallization can not be induced because it is impossible to order the chains of molecules. In order to induce strain crystallization, the polymer or elastomer is stretched while its temperature is kept above its glass transition temperature. It is also necessary for the yield point of the polymer to be exceeded by the stretching activity. This in turn will ensure that the chains of molecules are straightened. In general, the greater the deformation applied to the material, the higher the rate of crystallization.
Effects of strain crystallization
The mechanical properties of materials are greatly affected by the orientation of the crystals in their micro-structure. The process of strain crystallization directly affects the micro-structu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curve%20tracer | A curve tracer is a specialised piece of electronic test equipment used to analyze the characteristics of discrete electronic components, such as diodes, transistors, thyristors, and vacuum tubes. The device contains voltage and current sources that can be used to stimulate the device under test (DUT).
Operation
The function is to apply a swept (automatically continuously varying with time) voltage to two terminals of the device under test and measure the amount of current that the device permits to flow at each voltage. This so-called I–V (current versus voltage) data is either directly displayed on an oscilloscope screen, or recorded to a data file for later processing and graphing with a computer. Configuration includes the maximum voltage applied, the polarity of the voltage applied (including the automatic application of both positive and negative polarities), and the resistance inserted in series with the device. The main terminal voltage can often be swept up to several thousand volts, with load currents of tens of amps available at lower voltages.
For two-terminal devices (such as diodes and DIACs), this is sufficient to fully characterize the device. The curve tracer can display all of the interesting parameters such as the diode's forward voltage, reverse leakage current, reverse breakdown voltage, and so on. For triggerable devices such as DIACs, the forward and reverse trigger voltages will be clearly displayed. The discontinuity caused by negative resistance d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L35 | L35 may refer to:
60S ribosomal protein L35
Big Bear City Airport, in Big Bear City, California
General Motors L35 CPI 90° V6 engine
, a destroyer of the Royal Navy
Lahti L-35, a Finnish semi-automatic pistol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Kauffman | Louis Hirsch Kauffman (born February 3, 1945) is an American mathematician, mathematical physicist, and professor of mathematics in the Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He does research in topology, knot theory, topological quantum field theory, quantum information theory, and diagrammatic and categorical mathematics. He is best known for the introduction and development of the bracket polynomial and the Kauffman polynomial.
Biography
Kauffman was valedictorian of his graduating class at Norwood Norfolk Central High School in 1962. He received his B.S. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1966 and his Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1972 (with William Browder as thesis advisor).
Kauffman has worked at many places as a visiting professor and researcher, including the University of Zaragoza in Spain, the University of Iowa in Iowa City, the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques in Bures Sur Yevette, France, the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, France, the University of Bologna, Italy, the Federal University of Pernambuco in Recife, Brazil, and the Newton Institute in Cambridge England.
He is the founding editor and one of the managing editors of the Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications, and editor of the World Scientific Book Series On Knots and Everything. He writes a column entitled Virtual Logic for the journal Cybernetics and Human Knowing
From 2005 to 2008 he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richtmyer%E2%80%93Meshkov%20instability | The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability (RMI) occurs when two fluids of different density are impulsively accelerated. Normally this is by the passage of a shock wave. The development of the instability begins with small amplitude perturbations which initially grow linearly with time. This is followed by a nonlinear regime with bubbles appearing in the case of a light fluid penetrating a heavy fluid, and with spikes appearing in the case of a heavy fluid penetrating a light fluid. A chaotic regime eventually is reached and the two fluids mix. This instability can be considered the impulsive-acceleration limit of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability.
History
R. D. Richtmyer provided a theoretical prediction, and E. E. Meshkov (Евгений Евграфович Мешков)(ru) provided experimental verification. Materials in the cores of stars, like Cobalt-56 from Supernova 1987A were observed earlier than expected. This was evidence of mixing due to Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities.
Examples
During the implosion of an inertial confinement fusion target, the hot shell material surrounding the cold D-T fuel layer is shock-accelerated. This instability is also seen in Magnetized target fusion. Mixing of the shell material and fuel is not desired and efforts are made to minimize any tiny imperfections or irregularities which will be magnified by RMI.
Supersonic combustion in a Scramjet may benefit from RMI as the fuel-oxidants interface is enhanced by the breakup of the fuel in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneal%20equilibration%20test | In nephrology, the peritoneal equilibration test (PET), is a tool used by nephrologists to determine the characteristics of the peritoneal membrane mass transport characteristics, when assessing a patient for peritoneal dialysis.
Definition
The peritoneal equilibration test (PET) is a semiquantitative assessment of peritoneal membrane transport function in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). The solute transport rates are assessed by the rates of their equilibration between the peritoneal capillary blood and dialysate. The ratio of solute concentrations in dialysate and plasma (D/P ratio) at specific times (t) during the dwell signifies the extent of solute equilibration. This ratio can be determined for any solute that is transported from the capillary blood to the dialysate. Creatinine, urea, electrolytes, phosphate, and proteins are the commonly tested solutes for clinical use.
References
External links
What is a peritoneal equilibration test? - National Kidney Foundation
PET - UpToDate.com
Nephrology
Medical tests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbicular%20jasper | Orbicular jasper is a variety of jasper which contains variably-colored orbs or spherical inclusions or zones. In highly silicified rhyolite or tuff, quartz and feldspar crystallize in radial aggregates of needle-like crystals which provide the basis or seed for the orbicular structure seen in this kind of jasper. The material is quite attractive when polished and is used as an ornamental stone or gemstone.
Various local or commercial names have been used for the material, such as kinradite, oregonite, ocean jasper and poppy-patterned jasper, depending on the source. Poppy-patterned jasper or poppy jasper is the varietal name for material from several locations, but the most well known is from Morgan Hill, Santa Clara County, California. The trade name ocean jasper is used for a variety found along the intertidal shores of northeast Madagascar. In Nebraska orbicular jasper is found in altered rhyolite beds noted for a variety of jaspers and related agates. In 2017, orbicular jasper was discovered in the Rhodopes of Bulgaria, under the trade name Arda Jasper TM.
Gallery
References
External links
R. V. Dietrich - Gemrocks
Mindat with location data
Agate variety names - University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Jasper
Geology of California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von%20Zeipel%20theorem | In astrophysics, the von Zeipel theorem states that the radiative flux in a uniformly rotating star is proportional to the local effective gravity . The theorem is named after Swedish astronomer Edvard Hugo von Zeipel.
The theorem is:
where the luminosity and mass are evaluated on a surface of constant pressure . The effective temperature can then be found at a given colatitude from the local effective gravity:
This relation ignores the effect of convection in the envelope, so it primarily applies to early-type stars.
According to the theory of rotating stars, if the rotational velocity of a star depends only on the radius, it cannot simultaneously be in thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium. This is called the von Zeipel paradox. The paradox is resolved, however, if the rotational velocity also depends on height, or there is a meridional circulation. A similar situation may arise in accretion disks.
References
Stellar astronomy
Equations of astronomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONOS | SONOS, short for "silicon–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon", more precisely, "polycrystalline silicon"—"silicon dioxide"—"silicon nitride"—"silicon dioxide"—"silicon",
is a cross sectional structure of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), realized by P.C.Y. Chen of Fairchild Camera and Instrument in 1977. This structure is often used for non-volatile memories, such as EEPROM and flash memories. It is sometimes used for TFT LCD displays.
It is one of CTF (charge trap flash) variants. It is distinguished from traditional non-volatile memory structures by the use of silicon nitride (Si3N4 or Si9N10) instead of "polysilicon-based FG (floating-gate)" for the charge storage material.
A further variant is "SHINOS" ("silicon"—"hi-k"—"nitride"—"oxide"—"silicon"), which is substituted top oxide layer with high-κ material. Another advanced variant is "MONOS" ("metal–oxide–nitride–oxide–silicon").
Companies offering SONOS-based products include Cypress Semiconductor, Macronix, Toshiba, United Microelectronics Corporation and Floadia.
Description
A SONOS memory cell is formed from a standard polysilicon N-channel MOSFET transistor with the addition of a small sliver of silicon nitride inserted inside the transistor's gate oxide. The sliver of nitride is non-conductive but contains a large number of charge trapping sites able to hold an electrostatic charge. The nitride layer is electrically isolated from the surrounding transistor, although charges stored on the ni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy%20%28energy%20dispersal%29 | In thermodynamics, the interpretation of entropy as a measure of energy dispersal has been exercised against the background of the traditional view, introduced by Ludwig Boltzmann, of entropy as a quantitative measure of disorder. The energy dispersal approach avoids the ambiguous term 'disorder'. An early advocate of the energy dispersal conception was Edward A. Guggenheim in 1949, using the word 'spread'.
In this alternative approach, entropy is a measure of energy dispersal or spread at a specific temperature. Changes in entropy can be quantitatively related to the distribution or the spreading out of the energy of a thermodynamic system, divided by its temperature.
Some educators propose that the energy dispersal idea is easier to understand than the traditional approach. The concept has been used to facilitate teaching entropy to students beginning university chemistry and biology.
Comparisons with traditional approach
The term "entropy" has been in use from early in the history of classical thermodynamics, and with the development of statistical thermodynamics and quantum theory, entropy changes have been described in terms of the mixing or "spreading" of the total energy of each constituent of a system over its particular quantized energy levels.
Such descriptions have tended to be used together with commonly used terms such as disorder and randomness, which are ambiguous, and whose everyday meaning is the opposite of what they are intended to mean in thermodynamic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression%20cloning | Expression cloning is a technique in DNA cloning that uses expression vectors to generate a library of clones, with each clone expressing one protein. This expression library is then screened for the property of interest and clones of interest are recovered for further analysis. An example would be using an expression library to isolate genes that could confer antibiotic resistance.
Expression vectors
Expression vectors are a specialized type of cloning vector in which the transcriptional and translational signals needed for the regulation of the gene of interest are included in the cloning vector. The transcriptional and translational signals may be synthetically created to make the expression of the gene of interest easier to regulate.
Purpose
Usually the ultimate aim of expression cloning is to produce large quantities of specific proteins. To this end, a bacterial expression clone may include a ribosome binding site (Shine-Dalgarno sequence) to enhance translation of the gene of interest's mRNA, a transcription termination sequence, or, in eukaryotes, specific sequences to promote the post-translational modification of the protein product.
See also
Molecular cell biology
genetics
gene expression
Transcription (genetics)
translation
λ phage
pBR322
References
Genetics techniques
Molecular genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AASHTO%20Soil%20Classification%20System | The AASHTO Soil Classification System was developed by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, and is used as a guide for the classification of soils and soil-aggregate mixtures for highway construction purposes. The classification system was first developed by Hogentogler and Terzaghi in 1929, but has been revised several times since.
Plasticity index of A-7-5 subgroup is equal to or less than the LL - 30. Plasticity index of A-7-6 subgroup is greater than LL - 30.
References
See also
Unified Soil Classification System
Soil classification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling%20peptide%20receptor | Signaling peptide receptor is a type of receptor which binds one or more signaling peptides or signaling proteins.
An example is the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), which is bound and activated by the neurotrophic protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Another example is the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), which is bound and activated by the opioid peptide hormone β-endorphin.
Adiponectin receptor
AdipoR1
Agonists
Peptide
Adiponectin
ADP-355
ADP-399
Non-peptide
AdipoRon
(–)-Arctigenin
Arctiin
Gramine
Matairesinol
Antagonists
Peptide
ADP-400
AdipoR2
Agonists
Peptide
Adiponectin
ADP-355
ADP-399
Non-peptide
AdipoRon
Deoxyschizandrin
Parthenolide
Syringing
Taxifoliol
Antagonists
Peptide
ADP-400
Angiotensin receptor
Bradykinin receptor
Agonists
Bradykinin
Kallidin
Antagonists
FR-173657
Icatibant
LF22-0542
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor
Agonists
Amylin
CGRP
Pramlintide
Antagonists
Atogepant
BI 44370 TA
CGRP (8-37)
MK-3207
Olcegepant
Rimegepant
SB-268262
Telcagepant
Ubrogepant
Antibodies
Eptinezumab
Erenumab
Fremanezumab
Galcanezumab
Cholecystokinin receptor
CCKA
Agonists
Cholecystokinin
Antagonists
Amiglumide
Asperlicin
Devazepide
Dexloxiglumide
Lintitript
Lorglumide
Loxiglumide
Pranazepide
Proglumide
Tarazepide
Tomoglumide
CCKB
Agonists
Cholecystokinin
CCK-4
Gastrin
Pentagastrin (CCK-5)
Antagonists
Ceclazepide
CI-988 (PD-134308)
Itriglumide
L-365,360
Netazepide
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra%20Semiconductor | Tundra Semiconductor Corporation is a company headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is owned by Integrated Device Technology.
Tundra supplies communications, computing and storage companies with System Interconnect products, intellectual property (IP) and design services backed by customer service and technical support. Tundra's track record includes bridges and switches enabling industry standards: RapidIO, PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express, Power ISA, VME, HyperTransport, Interlaken, and SPI4.2. Tundra's products enable board design and layout, with specific focus on system level signal integrity. Tundra's design services division, Silicon Logic Engineering, Inc., offers ASIC and FPGA design services, semiconductor intellectual property and product development consulting.
Tundra has design centers in North America: Ottawa, Eau Claire, Wisconsin and in Hyderabad, India. Its sales offices are located in Europe, and throughout North America, and Asia Pacific.
In 2004, Tundra joined with IBM and others to form Power.org, an organization devoted to drive development and adaptation of Power ISA computers.
History
Although Tundra was incorporated as an entity in 1995, its history goes back to 1983 as Calmos Semiconductor, which was subsequently acquired in 1989 by Newbridge Networks Corporation, where it became known as Newbridge Microsystems and in 1995 was spun out as Tundra Semiconductor. In June 2009 Tundra was acquired by IDT.
Calmos
Former MicroSystems International and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFQ%20beam%20cooler | A radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) beam cooler is a device for particle beam cooling, especially suited for ion beams. It lowers the temperature of a particle beam by reducing its energy dispersion and emittance, effectively increasing its brightness (brilliance). The prevalent mechanism for cooling in this case is buffer-gas cooling, whereby the beam loses energy from collisions with a light, neutral and inert gas (typically helium). The cooling must take place within a confining field in order to counteract the thermal diffusion that results from the ion-atom collisions.
The quadrupole mass analyzer (a radio frequency quadrupole used as a mass filter) was invented by Wolfgang Paul in the late 1950s to early 60s at the University of Bonn, Germany. Paul shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work. Samples for mass analysis are ionized, for example by laser (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) or discharge (electrospray or inductively coupled plasma) and the resulting beam is sent through the RFQ and "filtered" by scanning the operating parameters (chiefly the RF amplitude). This gives a mass spectrum, or fingerprint, of the sample. Residual gas analyzers use this principle as well.
Applications of ion cooling to nuclear physics
Despite its long history, high-sensitivity high-accuracy mass measurements of atomic nuclei continue to be very important areas of research for many branches of physics. Not only do these measurements provide a better understandin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20gradation | In soil science, soil gradation is a classification of a coarse-grained soil that ranks the soil based on the different particle sizes contained in the soil. Soil gradation is an important aspect of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering because it is an indicator of other engineering properties such as compressibility, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity. In a design, the gradation of the in situ (on site) soil often controls the design and ground water drainage of the site. A poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil, if it is not high in clay quality.
Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded. Soil gradation is determined by analyzing the results of a sieve analysis
or a hydrometer analysis.
The process for grading a soil is in accordance with either the Unified Soil Classification System or the AASHTO Soil Classification System. Gradation of a soil is determined by reading the grain size distribution curve produced from the results of laboratory tests on the soil. Gradation of a soil can also be determined by calculating the coefficient of uniformity, , and the coefficient of curvature, , of the soil and comparing the calculated values with published gradation limits.
Soil gradations
Soil gradation is a classification of the particle size distribution of a soil. Coarse-grained soils, mainly gravels or sands, are graded as either well graded or poorly graded. Poorly graded soils are further divided into uniformly-gr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fel%20d%201 | Fel d 1 is a secretoglobin protein complex that, in cats, is encoded by the CH1 (chain 1/Fel d 1-A) and CH2 (chain 2/Fel d 1-B) genes.
Among cats, Fel d 1 is produced largely in their saliva and by the sebaceous glands located in their skin. It is the primary allergen present on cats and kittens. The function of the protein for cats is unknown, but it causes an IgG or IgE reaction in sensitive humans (either as an allergic or asthmatic response).
Variation in cats
Kittens produce less Fel d 1 than adult cats. Female cats produce a lower level of Fel d 1 than (unneutered) males, while neutered males produce levels similar to those of females. Both intact and spayed females produce similar levels. Although females and neutered males produce Fel d 1 in lower levels, they still produce enough to cause allergic symptoms in sensitive individuals.
Researchers have been investigating reports from cat owners that certain breeds of cats either do not produce Fel d 1 or are thought to do so at significantly lower levels than other breeds. For instance, individual cats from the naturally occurring Siberian breed, native to the Siberian region for which the breed is named, have been shown to have genetic variants that result in a lower production of Fel d 1. Another breed thought to have a possible genetic disposition not to produce this allergen or to produce less of it is the Balinese, an offshoot of the Siamese breed. Several other breeds are widely referenced as causing a dimini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCDL | WCDL is an AM broadcasting radio station licensed to Carbondale, Pennsylvania. The station operates on a frequency of 1440 kHz with 5,000 watts daytime and 37 Watts nighttime with a non-directional antenna. The Federal Communications Commission considers WCDL a Class D AM broadcast station. Bold Gold Media Group is the current owner of WCDL.
History
The station flipped formats from adult standards to a mix of Tropical and Spanish language adult contemporary format in August 2007 branded as "Caliente" (translation from Spanish into English as "Hot") to serve the region's growing Hispanic population. Former sister station WNAK, 730 kHz, located in Nanticoke, started simulcasting WCDL programming in October 2007.
In late 2008 WCDL returned to the adult standards format, simulcasting with WNAK 730 kHz under the slogan "The Greatest Music of All Time".
As of 2011, WCDL was simulcasting with WICK and WYCK with sports as "The Game".
On March 8, 2020 WCDL changed their format from sports to oldies, branded as "The Mothership", simulcasting WICK 1400 AM Scranton.
References
External links
WCDL official website
Daytime Coverage Map of WCDL According to Radio-Locator.com
CDL
Radio stations established in 1977
Oldies radio stations in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome-based%20peptide%20fingerprint%20scanning | Genome-based peptide fingerprint scanning (GFS) is a system in bioinformatics analysis that attempts to identify the genomic origin (that is, what species they come from) of sample proteins by scanning their peptide-mass fingerprint against the theoretical translation and proteolytic digest of an entire genome. This method is an improvement from previous methods because it compares the peptide fingerprints to an entire genome instead of comparing it to an already annotated genome. This improvement has the potential to improve genome annotation and identify proteins with incorrect or missing annotations.
History and background
GFS was designed by Michael C. Giddings (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) et al., and released in 2003. Giddings expanded the algorithms for GFS from earlier ideas. Two papers were published in 1993 explaining the techniques used to identify proteins in sequence databases. These methods determined the mass of peptides using mass spectrometry, and then used the mass to search protein databases to identify the proteins In 1999 a more complex program was released called Mascot that integrated three types of protein/database searches: peptide molecular weights, tandem mass spectrometry from one or more peptide, and combination mass data with amino acid sequence. The fallback with this widely used program is that it is unable to detect alternative splice sites that are not currently annotated, and it not usually able to find proteins that have n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20telescope%20technology | The following timeline lists the significant events in the invention and development of the telescope.
BC
2560 BC to 1 BC
c.2560 BC–c.860 BC — Egyptian artisans polish rock crystal, semi-precious stones, and latterly glass to produce facsimile eyes for statuary and mummy cases. The intent appears to be to produce an optical illusion.
c.470 BC–c.390 BC — Chinese philosopher Mozi writes on the use of concave mirrors to focus the sun's rays.
424 BC Aristophanes "lens" is a glass globe filled with water.(Seneca says that it can be used to read letters no matter how small or dim)
3rd century BC Euclid is the first to study reflection and refraction using mathematical theorems based on the fact that light travels in straight lines
AD
1 AD to 999 AD
2nd century AD — Ptolemy (in his work Optics) wrote about the properties of light including: reflection, refraction, and colour.
984 — Ibn Sahl completes a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses, describing plano-convex and biconvex lenses, and parabolic and ellipsoidal mirrors.
1000 AD to 1999 AD
1011–1021 — Ibn al-Haytham (also known as Alhacen or Alhazen) writes the Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics)
12th century — Ibn al-Haytham's Book of Optics is introduced to Europe translated into Latin.
1230–1235 — Robert Grosseteste describes the use of 'optics' to "...make small things placed at a distance appear any size we want, so that it may be possible for us to read the smallest letters at incredible distances..." ("Haec n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20optimization | Stochastic optimization (SO) methods are optimization methods that generate and use random variables. For stochastic problems, the random variables appear in the formulation of the optimization problem itself, which involves random objective functions or random constraints. Stochastic optimization methods also include methods with random iterates. Some stochastic optimization methods use random iterates to solve stochastic problems, combining both meanings of stochastic optimization.
Stochastic optimization methods generalize deterministic methods for deterministic problems.
Methods for stochastic functions
Partly random input data arise in such areas as real-time estimation and control, simulation-based optimization where Monte Carlo simulations are run as estimates of an actual system, and problems where there is experimental (random) error in the measurements of the criterion. In such cases, knowledge that the function values are contaminated by random "noise" leads naturally to algorithms that use statistical inference tools to estimate the "true" values of the function and/or make statistically optimal decisions about the next steps. Methods of this class include:
stochastic approximation (SA), by Robbins and Monro (1951)
stochastic gradient descent
finite-difference SA by Kiefer and Wolfowitz (1952)
simultaneous perturbation SA by Spall (1992)
scenario optimization
Randomized search methods
On the other hand, even when the data set consists of precise measure |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20census%20agglomerations%20by%20province%20or%20territory | The tables below list Canada's 117 census agglomerations at the 2016 Census, as determined by Statistics Canada, up from 113 in the 2011 Census.
2016 changes
Statistics Canada's review of CMAs and CAs for the 2016 Census resulted in the addition of eight new CAs and the demotion of two CAs, and the promotion of two CAs to census metropolitan areas (CMAs).
New census agglomerations
Arnprior, Ontario
Carleton Place, Ontario
Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador
Nelson, British Columbia
Sainte-Marie, Quebec
Wasaga Beach, Ontario
Weyburn, Saskatchewan
Winkler, Manitoba
Promotion to census metropolitan areas
Belleville, Ontario
Lethbridge, Alberta
Retired census agglomerations
Amos, Quebec
Temiskaming Shores, Ontario
Lists
Alberta
Statistics Canada recognized fifteen census agglomerations within Alberta in the 2016 Census.
British Columbia
Statistics Canada recognized 22 census agglomerations within British Columbia in the 2016 Census.
Manitoba
Statistics Canada recognized five census agglomerations within Manitoba in the 2016 Census.
New Brunswick
Statistics Canada recognized five census agglomerations within New Brunswick in the 2016 Census.
Newfoundland and Labrador
Statistics Canada recognized four census agglomerations within Newfoundland and Labrador in the 2016 Census.
Northwest Territories
Statistics Canada recognized one census agglomeration within the Northwest Territories in the 2016 Census.
Nova Scotia
Statistics Canada recognized four census aggl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription%20bubble | A transcription bubble is a molecular structure formed during DNA transcription when a limited portion of the DNA double helix is unwound. The size of a transcription bubble ranges from 12 to 14 base pairs. A transcription bubble is formed when the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a promoter and causes two DNA strands to detach. It presents a region of unpaired DNA, where a short stretch of nucleotides are exposed on each strand of the double helix.
RNA polymerase
The bacterial RNA polymerase, a leading enzyme involved in formation of a transcription bubble, uses DNA template to guide RNA synthesis. It is present in two main forms: as a core enzyme, when it is inactive, and as a holoenzyme, when it is activated. A sigma (σ) factor is a subunit that assists the process of transcription and it stabilizes the transcription bubble when it binds to unpaired bases. These two components, RNA polymerase and sigma factor, when paired together, build RNA polymerase holoenzyme which is then in its active form and ready to bind to a promoter and initiate DNA transcription. Once it binds to the DNA, RNA polymerase turns from a closed to an open complex, forming the transcription bubble. RNA polymerase synthesizes the new RNA in the 5' to 3' direction by adding complementary bases to the 3' end of a new strand. The holoenzyme composition dissociates after transcription initiation, where the σ factor disengages the complex and the RNA polymerase, in its core form, slides along the DNA molec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faqqua | Faqqu'a () is a village on the northern West Bank, known for its cactus fruits, located along the Green Line on the Gilboa ridge. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 3,490 inhabitants in mid-year 2006 and 4,410 in 2017, an exclusively Muslim population. The village belongs to the Jenin Governorate.
History
The village's history is rather unknown, although there are numerous findings that reveal a Roman or Byzantine presence. Roman coins have been found in the area and there are several sites that are believed to be burial grounds as well as remains of ancient olive oil production. It’s possible to find fragments of ancient pottery when simply wandering around the surrounding olive orchards. There is a common belief in local folklore that a Roman settlement once thrived nearby the current village.
Ottoman period
In 1838, Fuku'a was noted as one of a range of villages round a height, the other villages being named as Deir Abu Da'if, Beit Kad, Deir Ghuzal and Araneh. It was located in the Jenin district.
In 1870 Victor Guérin visited the village and noted that the village gave name to the mountain range. He further noted that the village had about 400 inhabitants, with houses of stone. There were several old cisterns cut into the rock, and some gardens bordered by cactus.
In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Shafa al-Qibly.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palesti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20analysis | Path Analysis may refer to:
Path analysis (statistics), a statistical method of testing cause/effect relationships
Path analysis (computing), a method for finding the trail that leads users to websites
Critical path method, an operations research technique
Main path analysis, a method for tracing the most significant citation chains in a citation network. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitable | Excitable may refer to:
a song on the 1987 Def Leppard album Hysteria
a hit song by the British band Amazulu
a cell that can respond to stimuli
See also
Excitable medium (mathematics / system analysis)
Cell excitability (biology) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciliary%20neurotrophic%20factor | Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a polypeptide hormone and neurotrophic factor whose actions have mainly been studied in the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neural populations including astrocytes. It is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also cotranscribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Cotranscription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.
CNTF has also been shown to be expressed by cells on the bone surface, and to reduce the activity of bone-forming cells (osteoblasts).
Therapeutic applications
Satiety effects
In 2001, it was reported that in a human study examining the usefulness of CNTF for treatment of motor neuron disease, CNTF produced an unexpected and substantial weight loss in the study subjects. Further investigation revealed that CNTF could reduce food intake without cau |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonaute | The Argonaute protein family, first discovered for its evolutionarily conserved stem cell function, plays a central role in RNA silencing processes as essential components of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). RISC is responsible for the gene silencing phenomenon known as RNA interference (RNAi). Argonaute proteins bind different classes of small non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). Small RNAs guide Argonaute proteins to their specific targets through sequence complementarity (base pairing), which then leads to mRNA cleavage, translation inhibition, and/or the initiation of mRNA decay.
The name of this protein family is derived from a mutant phenotype resulting from mutation of AGO1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, which was likened by Bohmert et al. to the appearance of the pelagic octopus Argonauta argo.
{{Infobox protein family
| Symbol = Piwi
| Name = Argonaute Piwi domain
| image = 1u04-argonaute.png
| width =
| caption = An argonaute protein from Pyrococcus furiosus. PDB . PIWI domain is on the right, PAZ domain to the left.
| Pfam = PF02171
| Pfam_clan =
| InterPro = IPR003165
| SMART =
| PROSITE = PS50822
| MEROPS =
| SCOP =
| TCDB =
| OPM family =
| OPM protein =
| CDD = cd02826
| PDB =
}}
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which the RNA molecules inhibit gene expression. The method of inhibition is via the destruction of specific mRNA molecules or by sim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis-inducing%20factor | Apoptosis inducing factor is involved in initiating a caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis (positive intrinsic regulator of apoptosis) by causing DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation. Apoptosis inducing factor is a flavoprotein. It also acts as an NADH oxidase. Another AIF function is to regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane upon apoptosis. Normally it is found behind the outer membrane of the mitochondrion and is therefore secluded from the nucleus. However, when the mitochondrion is damaged, it moves to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Inactivation of AIF leads to resistance of embryonic stem cells to death following the withdrawal of growth factors indicating that it is involved in apoptosis.
Function
Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to induce programmed cell death. The mitochondrial AIF protein was found to be a caspase-independent death effector that can allow independent nuclei to undergo apoptotic changes. The process triggering apoptosis starts when the mitochondrion releases AIF, which exits through the mitochondrial membrane, enters the cytosol, and moves to the nucleus of the cell, where it signals the cell to condense its chromosomes and fragment its DNA molecules in order to prepare for cell death. Recently, researchers have discovered that the activity of AIF depends on the type of cell, the apoptotic insult, and its DNA-binding ability. AIF |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimerin%201 | Chimerin 1 (CHN1), also known as alpha-1-chimerin, n-chimerin, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CHN1 gene.
Chimerin 1 is a GTPase activating protein specific for RAC GTP-binding proteins. It is expressed primarily in the brain and may be involved in signal transduction.
This gene encodes GTPase-activating protein for p21-rac and a phorbol ester receptor. It plays an important role in ocular motor axon pathfinding.
Function
CHN1 is a three-domain protein with the N-terminal SH2 domain, the C-terminal RhoGAP domain and the central C1 domain similar to protein kinase C. When lipid diacylglycerol (DAG) binds to the C1 domain, CHN1 is transferred to the plasma membrane and negatively regulates Rho-family small GTPases RAC1 and CDC42, thus causing the morphological change of axons by pruning the ends of axon dendrites.
Mutational analysis suggests that un-overlapping residues of the RhoGAP domain are involved in RAC1-binding and the RAC1-GAP activity. Regulation of the RhoGAP activity of CHN1 by phorbol esters, natural compounds mimic of the lipid second messenger DAG, presents a possible way of designing agents for therapeutics.
Clinical significance
Heterozygous missense mutations in this gene cause Duane's retraction syndrome 2 (DURS2).
References
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Duane syndrome
GTP-binding protein regulators
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son%20of%20Sevenless | In cell signalling, Son of Sevenless (SOS) refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases.
History and name
The gene was so named because the Sos protein that it encoded was found to operate downstream of the sevenless gene in Drosophila melanogaster in a Ras/MAP kinase pathway. When sevenless is mutated or otherwise dysfunctional during development of the fly's ultraviolet light-sensitive compound eye, the seventh, central photoreceptor (R7) of each ommatidium fails to form. Similarly, the mammalian orthologues of Sos, SOS1 and SOS2, function downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors.
Function
Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf, and localise them to the membrane, resulting in their activation. Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and active when bound to guanosine triphosphate (GTP). As the name implies, Ras-GTPases possess intrinsic enzymatic activity that hydrolyses GTP to GDP and phosphate. Thus, upon binding to GTP, the duration of Ras-GTPase activity depends on the rate of hydrolysis. SOS (and other guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act by binding Ras-GTPases and forcing them to release their bound nucleotide (usually GDP). Once released from SOS, the Ras-GTPase quickly binds fresh guanine nucleotide from the cytosol. Since GTP is roughly ten times more abundant tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocalcin | Neurocalcin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein that belongs to the neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) family of proteins. It expressed in mammalian brains. It possesses a Ca2+/myristoyl switch
The subclass of neurocalcins are brain-specific proteins that fit into the EF-hand superfamily of calcium binding proteins. The NCS family were defined by the photoreceptor cell-specific protein, recoverin. Neurocalcin was purified from the bovine brain by using calcium-dependent drug affinity chromatography. The amino acid sequence showed that neurocalcin has three functional calcium binding sites. It is expressed in the central nervous system, retina, and adrenal gland. With this unique pattern of expression it is thought that neurcalcin offers a different physiological role than similar proteins visinin and recoverin.
Neurocalcin delta an isoform of Neurocalcin is known to regulate adult neurogenesis ( Upadhyay et al., 2019)
External links
NCS proteins
Protein Database Page
References
Proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoverin | Recoverin (abbreviated Recov) is a 23 kilodalton (kDa) neuronal calcium-binding protein that is primarily detected in the photoreceptor cells of the eye. It plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule which regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. A reduction in this inhibition helps regulate sensory adaptation in the retina, since the light-dependent channel closure in photoreceptors causes calcium levels to decrease, which relieves the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by calcium-bound recoverin, leading to a more rapid inactivation of metarhodopsin II (activated form of rhodopsin).
Structure & Function
Recoverin is involved in the recovery phase of visual excitation and in adaptation to background light. It controls the life span of photoexcited rhodopsin by helping to inhibit rhodopsin kinase. An image of bovine recoverin with 3.00 Å resolution is shown. This three-dimensional structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Covalently attached at the amino-terminal of recoverin is a myristoyl group. When the protein binds calcium ions, it undergoes a conformational change and brings out the myristoyl group from the binding portion so that the group is able to either interact with the target or the protein can move to a different region. When recoverin is not bound to calcium, it stays in cytosol. When recoverin binds calcium, it migrates to the disc membrane and is embedded into the membrane using the myristoyl group to anchor itself. This calcium |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20linear%20algebra | Numerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Computers use floating-point arithmetic and cannot exactly represent irrational data, so when a computer algorithm is applied to a matrix of data, it can sometimes increase the difference between a number stored in the computer and the true number that it is an approximation of. Numerical linear algebra uses properties of vectors and matrices to develop computer algorithms that minimize the error introduced by the computer, and is also concerned with ensuring that the algorithm is as efficient as possible.
Numerical linear algebra aims to solve problems of continuous mathematics using finite precision computers, so its applications to the natural and social sciences are as vast as the applications of continuous mathematics. It is often a fundamental part of engineering and computational science problems, such as image and signal processing, telecommunication, computational finance, materials science simulations, structural biology, data mining, bioinformatics, and fluid dynamics. Matrix methods are particularly used in finite difference methods, finite element methods, and the modeling of differential equations. Noting the broad applications of numerical linear a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap-43%20protein | Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP43) is a protein encoded by the GAP43 gene in humans.
GAP43 is called a "growth" or "plasticity" protein because it is expressed at high levels in neuronal growth cones during development and axonal regeneration, and it is phosphorylated after long-term potentiation and after learning.
GAP43 is a crucial component of the axon and presynaptic terminal. Its null mutation leads to death within days after birth, due to axon pathfinding defects.
Synonyms
GAP43 is also referred to as:
protein F1
neuromodulin
neural phosphoprotein B-50
axonal membrane protein GAP-43
calmodulin-binding protein P-57
nerve growth-related peptide GAP43
neuron growth-associated protein 43
Function
GAP43, is a nervous tissue-specific cytoplasmic protein that can be attached to the membrane via a dual palmitoylation sequence on cysteines 3 and 4. This sequence targets GAP43 to lipid rafts. It is a major protein kinase C (PKC) substrate and is considered to play a key role in neurite formation, regeneration, and plasticity. The role of GAP-43 in CNS development is not limited to effects on axons: It is also a component of the centrosome, and differentiating neurons that do not express GAP-43 show mislocalization of the centrosome and mitotic spindles, particularly in neurogenic cell divisions. As a consequence, in the cerebellum, the neuronal precursor pool fails to expand normally and the cerebellum is significantly smaller.
Several different laboratories stu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelin-associated%20glycoprotein | Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG, Siglec-4) is a type 1 transmembrane protein glycoprotein localized in periaxonal Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte membranes, where it plays a role in glial-axonal interactions. MAG is a member of the SIGLEC family of proteins and is a functional ligand of the NOGO-66 receptor, NgR. MAG is believed to be involved in myelination during nerve regeneration in the PNS and is vital for the long-term survival of the myelinated axons following myelinogenesis. In the CNS MAG is one of three main myelin-associated inhibitors of axonal regeneration after injury, making it an important protein for future research on neurogenesis in the CNS.
Structure
MAG is a 100 kDA glycoprotein. Uncleaved MAG is a complete transmembrane form, which acts as a signaling and adhesion molecule. MAG can also act as a signaling molecule as a soluble protein after it has been proteolytically shed. This form of the protein is called dMAG.
Adhesion
MAG has an extended conformation of five immunoglobulin (Ig) domains and a homodimeric arrangement involving membrane-proximal domains Ig4 and Ig5. MAG-oligosaccharide complex structures and biophysical assays show how MAG engages axonal gangliosides at domain Ig1.
Function
Myelin-axon interactions
MAG is a critical protein in the formation and maintenance of myelin sheaths. MAG is localized on the inner membrane of the myelin sheath and interacts with axonal membrane proteins to attach the myelin sheath to the axon..\ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombospondin%201 | Thrombospondin 1, abbreviated as THBS1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THBS1 gene.
Thrombospondin 1 is a subunit of a disulfide-linked homotrimeric protein. This protein is an adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. This protein can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagens types V and VII and integrins alpha-V/beta-1. This protein has been shown to play roles in platelet aggregation, angiogenesis, and tumorigenesis.
Function
The thrombospondin-1 protein is a member of the thrombospondin family. It is a multi-domain matrix glycoprotein that has been shown to be a natural inhibitor of neovascularization and tumorigenesis in healthy tissue. Both positive and negative modulation of endothelial cell adhesion, motility, and growth have been attributed to TSP1. This should not be surprising considering that TSP1 interacts with at least 12 cell adhesion receptors, including CD36, αv integrins, β1 integrins, syndecan, and integrin-associated protein (IAP or CD47). It also interacts with numerous proteases involved in angiogenesis, including plasminogen, urokinase, matrix metalloproteinase, thrombin, cathepsin, and elastase.
Thrombospondin-1 binds to the reelin receptors, ApoER2 and VLDLR, thereby affecting neuronal migration in the rostral migratory stream.
The various functions of the TSRs have been attributed to several recognition motifs. Characterization of these motifs has led to the use of recombinant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropilin | Neuropilin is a protein receptor active in neurons.
There are two forms of Neuropilins, NRP-1 and NRP-2. Neuropilins are transmembrane glycoproteins, first documented to regulate neurogenesis and angiogenesis by complexing with Plexin receptors/class-3 semaphorin ligands and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) receptors/VEGF ligands, respectively. Neuropilins predominantly act as co-receptors as they have a very small cytoplasmic domain and thus rely upon other cell surface receptors to transduce their signals across a cell membrane. Recent studies have shown that Neuropilins are multifunctional and can partner with a wide variety of transmembrane receptors. Neuropilins are therefore associated with numerous signalling pathways including those activated by Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) and Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ). Although Neuropilins are commonly found at the cell surface, they have also been reported within the mitochondria and nucleus. Both Neuropilin family members can also be found in soluble forms created by alternative splicing or by ectodomain shedding from the cell surface.
The pleiotropic nature of the NRP receptors results in their involvement in cellular processes, such as axon guidance and angiogenesis, the immune response and remyelination. Therefore, dysregulation of NRP activity has been implicated in m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha%201-antichymotrypsin | Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (symbol α1AC, A1AC, or a1ACT) is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily. In humans, it is encoded by the SERPINA3 gene.
Function
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin inhibits the activity of certain enzymes called proteases, such as cathepsin G that is found in neutrophils, and chymases found in mast cells, by cleaving them into a different shape or conformation. This activity protects some tissues, such as the lower respiratory tract, from damage caused by proteolytic enzymes.
This protein is produced in the liver, and is an acute phase protein that is induced during inflammation.
Clinical significance
Deficiency of this protein has been associated with liver disease. Mutations have been identified in patients with Parkinson disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is also associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease as it enhances the formation of amyloid-fibrils in this disease.
Interactions
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin has been shown to interact with DNAJC1.
See also
Alpha-1 antitrypsin, another serpin that is analogous for protecting the body from excessive effects of its own inflammatory proteases
References
Further reading
External links
The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: I04.002
Acute-phase proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myogenin | Myogenin, is a transcriptional activator encoded by the MYOG gene.
Myogenin is a muscle-specific basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor involved in the coordination of skeletal muscle development or myogenesis and repair. Myogenin is a member of the MyoD family of transcription factors, which also includes MyoD, Myf5, and MRF4.
In mice, myogenin is essential for the development of functional skeletal muscle. Myogenin is required for the proper differentiation of most myogenic precursor cells during the process of myogenesis. When the DNA coding for myogenin was knocked out of the mouse genome, severe skeletal muscle defects were observed. Mice lacking both copies of myogenin (homozygous-null) suffer from perinatal lethality due to the lack of mature secondary skeletal muscle fibers throughout the body.
In cell culture, myogenin can induce myogenesis in a variety of non-muscle cell types.
Interactions
Myogenin has been shown to interact with:
MDFI,
POLR2C,
Serum response factor
Sp1 transcription factor, and
TCF3.
References
Further reading
External links
Gene expression
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist-related%20protein%201 | Twist-related protein 1 (TWIST1) also known as class A basic helix–loop–helix protein 38 (bHLHa38) is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the TWIST1 gene.
Function
Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors have been implicated in cell lineage determination and differentiation. The protein encoded by this gene is a bHLH transcription factor and shares similarity with another bHLH transcription factor, Dermo1 (a.k.a. TWIST2). The strongest expression of this mRNA is in placental tissue; in adults, mesodermally derived tissues express this mRNA preferentially.
Twist1 is thought to regulate osteogenic lineage.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the TWIST1 gene are associated with Saethre–Chotzen syndrome, breast cancer, and Sézary syndrome.
Craniosynostosis
TWIST1 mutations are involved in a number of craniosynostosis presentations. It can present in nonsyndromic forms (isolated scaphocephaly, right unicoronal synostosis, and turricephaly), but also in syndromic forms such as:
Acrocephalosyndactyly type 1 (Apert syndrome) (primary FGFR2)
Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome (primary FGFR2)
Crouzon syndrome (primary FGFR2)
Crouzon syndrome-acanthosis nigricans syndrome (primary FGFR3)
Jackson-Weiss syndrome (primary FGFR1 or FGFR2)
Muenke syndrome (primary FGFR3)
Pfeiffer syndrome (primary FGFR1 or FGFR2)
As an oncogene
Twist plays an essential role in cancer metastasis. Over-expression of Twist or methylation of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated%20transcription%20factor | Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor also known as class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 32 or bHLHe32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MITF gene.
MITF is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor involved in lineage-specific pathway regulation of many types of cells including melanocytes, osteoclasts, and mast cells. The term "lineage-specific", since it relates to MITF, means genes or traits that are only found in a certain cell type. Therefore, MITF may be involved in the rewiring of signaling cascades that are specifically required for the survival and physiological function of their normal cell precursors.
MITF, together with transcription factor EB (TFEB), TFE3 and TFEC, belong to a subfamily of related bHLHZip proteins, termed the MiT-TFE family of transcription factors. The factors are able to form stable DNA-binding homo- and heterodimers. The gene that encodes for MITF resides at the mi locus in mice, and its protumorogenic targets include factors involved in cell death, DNA replication, repair, mitosis, microRNA production, membrane trafficking, mitochondrial metabolism, and much more. Mutation of this gene results in deafness, bone loss, small eyes, and poorly pigmented eyes and skin. In human subjects, because it is known that MITF controls the expression of various genes that are essential for normal melanin synthesis in melanocytes, mutations of MITF can lead to diseases such as melanoma, Waardenburg syndrome, and T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathepsin%20G | Cathepsin G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSG gene. It is one of the three serine proteases of the chymotrypsin family that are stored in the azurophil granules, and also a member of the peptidase S1 protein family. Cathepsin G plays an important role in eliminating intracellular pathogens and breaking down tissues at inflammatory sites, as well as in anti-inflammatory response.
Structure
Gene
The CTSG gene is located at chromosome 14q11.2, consisting of 5 exons. Each residue of the catalytic triad is located on a separate exon. Five polymorphisms have been identified by scanning the entire coding region. Cathepsin G is one of those homologous protease that evolved from a common ancestor by gene duplication.
Protein
Cathepsin G is a 255-amino-acid-residue protein including an 18-residue signal peptide, a two-residue activation peptide at the N-terminus and a carboxy terminal extension. The activity of cathepsin G depends on a catalytic triad composed of aspartate, histidine and serine residues which are widely separated in the primary sequence but close to each other at the active site of the enzyme in the tertiary structure.
Function
Cathepsin G has a specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C, but it is most closely related to other immune serine proteases, such as neutrophil elastase and the granzymes. As a neutrophil serine protease, was first identified as degradative enzyme that acts intracellularly to degrade ingested host pathogens and extrac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactericidal%20permeability-increasing%20protein | Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a 456-residue (~50kDa) protein that is part of the innate immune system, coded for in the human by the BPI gene. It belongs to the family of lipid-binding serum glycoproteins.
Distribution and function
BPI was initially identified in neutrophils, but is found in other tissues including the epithelial lining of mucous membranes.
It is an endogenous antibiotic protein with potent killing activity against Gram-negative bacteria. It binds to compounds called lipopolysaccharides produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Lipolysaccharides are potent activators of the immune system; however, BPI at certain concentrations can prevent this activation.
BPI was discovered by Jerrold Weiss and Peter Elsbach at New York University Medical School.
rBPI21
Because lipopolysaccharides are potent inflammatory agents, and the action of antibiotics can result in the release of these compounds, the binding capacity of BPI was explored as a possible means of reducing injury. Xoma Ltd. developed a recombinant 21kDa portion of the BPI molecule called rBPI21, NEUPREX, or opebecan. In a trial, it was found to decrease the mortality of Gram-negative bacterial-induced sepsis. Studies suggest that its binding activity is not the means by which it mediates its protective effect. Studies show biological effects with Gram-positive bacteria and even in infection by the protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii.
The N-terminal portion of murine BPI (199 amino acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20switch | A pressure switch is a form of switch that operates an electrical contact when a certain set fluid pressure has been reached on its input. The switch may be designed to make contact either on pressure rise or on pressure fall. Pressure switches are widely used in industry to automatically supervise and control systems that use pressurized fluids.
Another type of pressure switch detects mechanical force; for example, a pressure-sensitive mat is used to automatically open doors on commercial buildings. Such sensors are also used in security alarm applications such as pressure sensitive floors.
Construction and types
A pressure switch for sensing fluid pressure contains a capsule, bellows, Bourdon tube, diaphragm or piston element that deforms or displaces proportionally to the applied pressure. The resulting motion is applied, either directly or through amplifying levers, to a set of switch contacts. Since pressure may be changing slowly and contacts should operate quickly, some kind of over-center mechanism such as a miniature snap-action switch is used to ensure quick operation of the contacts. One sensitive type of pressure switch uses mercury switches mounted on a Bourdon tube; the shifting weight of the mercury provides a useful over-center characteristic.
The pressure switch may be adjustable, by moving the contacts or adjusting tension in a counterbalance spring. Industrial pressure switches may have a calibrated scale and pointer to show the set point of the switc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%20World%20Women%27s%20Handball%20Championship | The 1962 World Women's Handball Championship took place in Romania in 1962.
Preliminary round
Group A
Group B
Group C
Main round
Group I
Group II
Classification round
Finals
Final standings
References
World Handball Championship tournaments
World
1962
Women's handball in Romania
World Women's Handball Championship
World Women's Handball Championship
1962 in Romanian women's sport |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographic%20texture | In petrology, micrographic texture is a fine-grained intergrowth of quartz and alkali feldspar, interpreted as the last product of crystallization in some igneous rocks which contain high or moderately high percentages of silica. Micropegmatite is an outmoded terminology for micrographic texture.
This fine-grained texture is similar to the coarser intergrowths in certain pegmatites and coarse granitic veins; the quartz forms angular patches scattered through a matrix of feldspar. In polarized light the separate areas of each mineral extinguish at the same time, and this proves that, even though apparently discontinuous, they have the same crystalline orientation.
The feldspar may be considered an irregular crystal of spongy structure, the interstices being filled up by another spongy crystal of quartz. Some of the coarser-grained examples are said to be "graphic", because the intergrowths vaguely resemble ancient cuneiform lettering. Some micrographic intergrowths are similar to those characteristic of granophyre.
Micrographic differs from graphic granite in being so much finer-grained that the texture can only be seen in a petrographic thin section with a microscope. The feldspar is usually orthoclase, but can also be albite, oligoclase or microcline. In at least some instances, quartz is so disposed that the two minerals have a definite relation between their crystallographic axes.
In rocks where micrographic texture is most common, it is usually interpreted as the las |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatons%20%28film%29 | Automatons is a 2006 black-and-white horror film directed by James Felix McKenney, and starring Christine Spencer, Angus Scrimm, and Brenda Cooney. John Levene, Don Wood and Executive Producer Larry Fessenden have supporting roles. The plot is about a war against robots. The movie was made under the working title Death to the Automatons.
Plot
Somewhere in the distant future, The Girl is living alone in a bunker. She continues to fight with the generations-long war with the assistance of a group of antiquated robot helpers and soldiers.
Her only connection to her people is a collection of recorded journal entries made by the scientist who cared for her as a baby. His is the only friendly human face she’s ever seen. These entries gradually disclose the fall of mankind: escalating war that destroyed Earth's atmosphere, human reproductive abilities, and all hope for future. The Girl is revealed to be a clone, created as a last attempt to restore the humanity's dwindling numbers.
The regular radio transmissions from her enemy's leader are always filled with threats and taunts. The girl responds with attacks of her own, carried out by her mechanical soldiers on the contaminated surface where no human can survive.
After a transmission is used to intercept control of the robots, the girl decides to launch a full-scale assault on the enemy base, and does so, succeeding by hiding inside one of the machines (using it as an exoskeleton). Upon defeating the enemy remnants, she is told |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit%20%26%20Loss | Profit & Loss: In the Currency & Derivative Markets is a monthly business magazine founded by Julie Ros in July 1999 specializing in coverage of foreign exchange and derivative markets. Julie Ros was also the founding editor-in-chief.
Each month, Profit & Loss looks at the changes taking place in the industry - the strategic shifts into new markets and products and the technological advances that are changing the way the FX and derivatives markets function.
The magazine's publisher is P&L Services Ltd, a privately held publishing company based in London.
References
External links
Business magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1999
Magazines published in London
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMN | SMN may refer to:
Lemhi County Airport, IATA airport code of SMN
Netherland Line (Stoomvaart Maatschappij Nederland)
Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara, a Malaysian honour
S-m-n theorem, a computability theorem regarding programming languages
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional (Mexico), Mexico's National Meteorological Service
Servicio Militar Nacional, Mexico's National Military Service
Société Métallurgique de Normandie, a steel mill in Caen, Normandy, France
Stathmin protein
Satellite Music Networks, a US radio network
Inari Sámi language, ISO language code of SMN
Survival of motor neuron protein, a protein complex
Shawnee Mission North, a high school in the Shawnee Mission School District in Kansas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20phone%20lot | A cell phone lot is a parking lot, typically located at airports, where people can wait before picking up passengers. The purpose of these lots is to reduce congestion at arrival sections by preventing cars from continuously circling around the airport or waiting on the sides of highways to avoid paying fees at the airport parking lots. Once the passenger's flight lands, after they collect their luggage and are ready to be picked up, they call the person waiting in the cell phone lot. These lots are usually free and only minutes away from the terminals.
Cellphone parking lots
Argentina
Ministro Pistarini International Airport
Canada
Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport
Montreal-Pierre Eliott Trudeau International Airport
Toronto Pearson International Airport
Vancouver International Airport
Calgary International Airport
Panama
Tocumen International Airport
United States
Many airports in the United States have cell phone lots.
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
Baltimore–Washington International Airport
Boston Logan International Airport
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
Daytona Beach International Airport
Denver International Airport
Des Moines International Airport
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
Eastern Iowa Airport, Cedar Rapids, IA
Eppley Airfield, Omaha
Fort Wayne International Airport
George Bush Intercontinental Airport, Houston
Harry Reid International Airport, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20compilers | This page is intended to list all current compilers, compiler generators, interpreters, translators, tool foundations, assemblers, automatable command line interfaces (shells), etc.
Ada compilers
ALGOL 60 compilers
ALGOL 68 compilers
cf. ALGOL 68s specification and implementation timeline
Assemblers (Intel *86)
Assemblers (Motorola 68*)
Assemblers (Zilog Z80)
Assemblers (other)
BASIC compilers
BASIC interpreters
C compilers
Notes:
C++ compilers
Notes:
C# compilers
COBOL compilers
Common Lisp compilers
D compilers
DIBOL/DBL compilers
ECMAScript interpreters
Eiffel compilers
Forth compilers and interpreters
Fortran compilers
Go compilers
Haskell compilers
ISLISP compilers and interpreters
Java compilers
Lisaac compiler
Pascal compilers
Perl interpreters
PHP compilers
PL/I compilers
Python compilers and interpreters
Ruby compilers and interpreters
Rust compilers
Smalltalk compilers
Tcl interpreters
DCL interpreters
Rexx interpreters
CLI compilers
Source-to-source compilers
This list is incomplete. A more extensive list of source-to-source compilers can be found here.
Open source compilers
Production quality, open source compilers.
Amsterdam Compiler Kit (ACK) [C, Pascal, Modula-2, Occam, and BASIC] [Unix-like]
Clang C/C++/Objective-C Compiler
AMD Optimizing C/C++ Compiler
FreeBASIC [Basic] [DOS/Linux/Windows]
Free Pascal [Pascal] [DOS/Linux/Windows(32/64/CE)/MacOS/NDS/GBA/..(and many more)]
GCC: C, C++ (G++), Java (GCJ), Ada (GNAT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-harmonic%20generation | Second-harmonic generation (SHG), also known as frequency doubling, is the lowest-order wave-wave nonlinear interaction that occurs in various systems, including optical, radio, atmospheric, and magnetohydrodynamic systems. As a prototype behavior of waves, SHG is widely used, for example, in doubling laser frequencies. SHG was initially discovered as a nonlinear optical process. SHG is initially discovered a nonlinear optical process in which two photons with the same frequency interact with a nonlinear material, are "combined", and generate a new photon with twice the energy of the initial photons (equivalently, twice the frequency and half the wavelength), that conserves the coherence of the excitation. It is a special case of sum-frequency generation (2 photons), and more generally of harmonic generation.
The second-order nonlinear susceptibility of a medium characterizes its tendency to cause SHG. Second-harmonic generation, like other even-order nonlinear optical phenomena, is not allowed in media with inversion symmetry (in the leading electric dipole contribution). However, effects such as the Bloch–Siegert shift (oscillation), found when two-level systems are driven at Rabi frequencies comparable to their transition frequencies, will give rise to second-harmonic generation in centro-symmetric systems. In addition, in non-centrosymmetric crystals belonging to crystallographic point group 432, SHG is not possible and under Kleinman's conditions SHG in 422 and 622 poi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-comparison%20monopulse | Phase-comparison monopulse is a technique used in radio frequency (RF) applications such as radar and direction finding to accurately estimate the direction of arrival of a signal from the phase difference of the signal measured on two (or more) separated antennas or more typically from displaced phase centers of an array antenna. Phase-comparison monopulse differs from amplitude-comparison monopulse in that the former uses displaced phase centers with a common beam pointing direction, while the latter uses a common phase center and displaced beam pointing directions.
In phase-comparison monopulse, typically an array is subdivided into sub-arrays, and then a "sum" and a "difference" or "del" channel are formed. For a linear array, these subarrays would each be half of the elements, divided in the middle. For a planar array, these sub-arrays would be the four quadrants of the array, each with 1/4 of the array's elements. In a linear array, the output of each sub-array is summed to form the "sum" channel, and the same outputs are subtracted to form the "del" channel. The monopulse ratio is formed by dividing the imaginary part of the del channel by the real part of the sum channel. This ratio gives an error signal that indicates to a high degree of accuracy the actual target angle as compared to the center of the beam. For a planar array, one sum channel is formed as the sum of the outputs of all four quadrants, but two del channels are formed, one for the elevation di |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillin | Paxillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PXN gene. Paxillin is expressed at focal adhesions of non-striated cells and at costameres of striated muscle cells, and it functions to adhere cells to the extracellular matrix. Mutations in PXN as well as abnormal expression of paxillin protein has been implicated in the progression of various cancers.
Structure
Human paxillin is 64.5 kDa in molecular weight and 591 amino acids in length.
The C-terminal region of paxillin is composed of four tandem double zinc finger LIM domains that are cysteine/histidine-rich with conserved repeats; these serve as binding sites for the protein tyrosine phosphatase-PEST, tubulin and serves as the targeting motif for focal adhesions.
The N-terminal region of paxillin has five highly conserved leucine-rich sequences termed LD motifs, which mediate several interactions, including that with pp125FAK and vinculin. The LD motifs are predicted to form amphipathic alpha helices, with each leucine residue positioned on one face of the alpha helix to form a hydrophobic protein-binding interface. The N-terminal region also has a proline-rich domain that has potential for Src-SH3 binding. Three N-terminal YXXP motifs may serve as binding sites for talin or v-Crk SH2.
Function
Paxillin is a signal transduction adaptor protein discovered in 1990 in the laboratory of Keith Burridge The C-terminal region of paxillin contains four LIM domains that target paxillin to focal adhesions. It is presu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracellular%20calcium-sensing%20proteins | Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins are proteins that act in the second messenger system.
Examples include:
calmodulin
calnexin
calreticulin
gelsolin
References
External links
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated%20protein%20kinase%209 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK9 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to various cell stimuli. It is most closely related to MAPK8, both of which are involved in UV radiation-induced apoptosis, thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. This gene and MAPK8 are also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinases. This kinase blocks the ubiquitination of tumor suppressor p53, and thus it increases the stability of p53 in nonstressed cells. Studies of this gene's mouse counterpart suggest a key role in T-cell differentiation. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
Interactions
Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9 has been shown to interact with:
Grb2,
MAPK8IP1,
MAPK8IP2,
MAPK8IP3
P53, and
TOB1.
References
Further reading
External links
MAP Kinase Resource .
EC 2.7.11
Human proteins |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P38%20mitogen-activated%20protein%20kinases | p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy. Persistent activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in muscle satellite cells (muscle stem cells) due to ageing, impairs muscle regeneration.
p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK), also called RK or CSBP (Cytokinin Specific Binding Protein), is the mammalian orthologue of the yeast Hog1p MAP kinase, which participates in a signaling cascade controlling cellular responses to cytokines and stress.
Four p38 MAP kinases, p38-α (MAPK14), -β (MAPK11), -γ (MAPK12 / ERK6), and -δ (MAPK13 / SAPK4), have been identified. Similar to the SAPK/JNK pathway, p38 MAP kinase is activated by a variety of cellular stresses including osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), ultraviolet light, and growth factors.
MKK3 and SEK activate p38 MAP kinase by phosphorylation at Thr-180 and Tyr-182. Activated p38 MAP kinase has been shown to phosphorylate and activate MAPKAP kinase 2 and to phosphorylate the transcription factors ATF2, Mac, MEF2, and p53. p38 also has been shown to phosphorylate post-transcriptional regulating factors like TTP, and in fruit flies it plays a role in regulating the circadian clock.
Clinical significance
Oxidative stress is the most powerfully specific stress activating p38 MAPK. Abnormal activ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory%20marker%20protein | In molecular biology, olfactory marker protein is a protein involved in signal transduction.
It is a highly expressed, cytoplasmic protein found in mature olfactory sensory receptor neurons of all vertebrates. OMP is a modulator of the olfactory signal transduction cascade. The crystal structure of OMP reveals a beta sandwich consisting of eight strands in two sheets with a jelly-roll topology. Three highly conserved regions have been identified as possible protein–protein interaction sites in OMP, indicating a possible role for OMP in modulating such interactions, thereby acting as a molecular switch.
External links
References
Protein families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized%20coefficient | In statistics, standardized (regression) coefficients, also called beta coefficients or beta weights, are the estimates resulting from a regression analysis where the underlying data have been standardized so that the variances of dependent and independent variables are equal to 1. Therefore, standardized coefficients are unitless and refer to how many standard deviations a dependent variable will change, per standard deviation increase in the predictor variable.
Usage
Standardization of the coefficient is usually done to answer the question of which of the independent variables have a greater effect on the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis where the variables are measured in different units of measurement (for example, income measured in dollars and family size measured in number of individuals).
It may also be considered a general measure of effect size, quantifying the "magnitude" of the effect of one variable on another.
For simple linear regression with orthogonal predictors, the standardized regression coefficient equals the correlation between the independent and dependent variables.
Implementation
A regression carried out on original (unstandardized) variables produces unstandardized coefficients. A regression carried out on standardized variables produces standardized coefficients. Values for standardized and unstandardized coefficients can also be re-scaled to one another subsequent to either type of analysis.
Suppose that is the regression coe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Cole | Gerrard Eugene Cole (February 18, 1928 – January 11, 2018) was an American athlete who competed mainly in the 400 metres.
Born in New Lexington, Ohio, Gene Cole attended Lancaster High School (Ohio). He competed for the United States in the 1952 Summer Olympics held in Helsinki, Finland in the 4 x 400 metre relay where he won the silver medal with his teammates 400 metres bronze medalist Ollie Matson, Charles Moore and Mal Whitfield.
References
1928 births
2018 deaths
American male sprinters
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in track and field
Athletes (track and field) at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
People from New Lexington, Ohio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored%20Combat%20Engineer%20Robot | The Armored Combat Engineer Robot (ACER) is a military robot created by Mesa Robotics. Roughly the size of a small bulldozer and weighing 2.25 tons, ACER is among the larger military robots. ACER is able to reach speeds of 6.3 mph, using treads for movement. Uses for this robot include clearing obstacles, removing explosives, hauling cargo and disabled vehicles, and serving as a platform for various other tasks, such as clearing buildings and disarming landmines and lasermines.
See also
PackBot
Gladiator Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle
References
How stuff works
External links
Unmanned ground combat vehicles
Robots of the United States
Tracked robots
2003 robots |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinea | Coccinea may refer to:
the plant genus Coccinia, the scarlet gourds
the plant section Coccinea is the name of a species derivative to many plants, example Banksia sect. Coccinea, Banksia coccinea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic%20Plain | The Atlantic Plain is one of eight distinct physiographic divisions of the contiguious United States. Using the USGS physiographic classification system, the Atlantic Plain division comprises two provinces and six sections. The Coastal Plain province is differentiated from the Continental Shelf province simply based on the portion of the land mass above and below sea level.
The lands adjacent to the Atlantic coastline are made up of sandy beaches, marshlands, bays, and barrier islands. It is the flattest of the U.S. physiographic divisions and stretches over in length from Cape Cod to the Mexican border and southward an additional to the Yucatán Peninsula. The central and southern Atlantic Coast is characterized by barrier and drowned valley coasts. The coastal Atlantic plain features nearly continuous barriers interrupted by inlets, large embayments with drowned river valleys, and extensive wetlands and marshes. The Atlantic plain slopes gently seaward from the inland highlands in a series of terraces. This gentle slope continues far into the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, forming the continental shelf. The relief at the land-sea interface is so low that the boundary between them is often blurry and indistinct, especially along stretches of the Louisiana bayous and the Florida Everglades.
Continental Shelf
The Atlantic Ocean has a broad, flat continental shelf that reaches a depth of 100 meters. The continental shelf off the Atlantic Ocean ranges in width from less than |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDC-1200 | MDC (Motorola Data Communications), also known as Stat-Alert, MDC-1200 and MDC-600, is a Motorola two-way radio low-speed data system using audio frequency shift keying, (AFSK). MDC-600 uses a 600 baud data rate. MDC-1200 uses a 1,200 baud data rate. Systems employ either one of the two baud rates. Mark and space tones are 1,200 Hz and 1,800 Hz. The data are sent in bursts over the radio system's voice channel.
MDC signaling includes a number of features: unit ID, status buttons, emergency button, selective inhibit, radio check, and selective calling. These features are programmable and could be used in any combination desired by the user. They are typically incorporated in high-end analog FM commercial and public safety radios made by Motorola and other manufacturers. In addition to Motorola, at least two other companies make compatible base station decoders for MDC-1200.
Motorola radios with MDC options have an option allowing the radio to filter out data bursts from the receive audio. Instead of hearing the AFSK data, the user hears a short chirp from the radio speaker each time a data burst occurs. (The user must turn on this feature in the radio's option programming settings).
A general option setting for all MDC systems is to enable or disable an acknowledgement (ack) data packet. For example, following a selective call, the called radio replies with an ack. This data "handshake" confirms the called radio is powered on, has received and decoded the call. The encoder |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G95 | G95 is a free, portable, open-source Fortran 95 compiler. It implements the Fortran 95 standard, part of the Fortran 2003 standard, as well as some old and new extensions including features for the Fortran 2008 standard like coarray Fortran. It also supports the F programming language subset.
G95 was primarily developed by Andy Vaught, before he moved to competing compiler vendor PathScale. The last stable version, 0.93, was released in October 2012. Development of G95 stopped in 2013, and the compiler is no longer maintained.
GNU Fortran, a part of GCC also known as gfortran, has now bypassed G95 in terms of its Fortran 2008 implementation and in the speed of the generated code. GNU Fortran was originally forked, in January 2003, from G95.
References
External links
Fortran compilers
Free compilers and interpreters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosha | Drosha is a Class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DROSHA (formerly RNASEN) gene. It is the primary nuclease that executes the initiation step of miRNA processing in the nucleus. It works closely with DGCR8 and in correlation with Dicer. It has been found significant in clinical knowledge for cancer prognosis and HIV-1 replication.
History
Human Drosha was cloned in 2000 when it was identified as a nuclear dsRNA ribonuclease involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors. The other two human enzymes that participate in the processing and activity of miRNA are the Dicer and Argonaute proteins. Recently, proteins like Drosha have been found significant in cancer prognosis and HIV-1 replication.
Function
Members of the ribonuclease III superfamily of double-stranded (ds) RNA-specific endoribonucleases participate in diverse RNA maturation and decay pathways in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The RNase III Drosha is the core nuclease that executes the initiation step of microRNA (miRNA) processing in the nucleus.
The microRNAs thus generated are short RNA molecules that regulate a wide variety of other genes by interacting with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to induce cleavage of complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) as part of the RNA interference pathway. MicroRNA molecules are synthesized as long RNA primary transcripts known as a pri-miRNAs, which are cleaved by Drosha to produce a characteristic stem-loop structure of about 70 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Tiefenauer | Bobby Gene Tiefenauer (October 10, 1929 – June 13, 2000) was an American professional baseball player and coach. A knuckleball relief pitcher, he pitched for six Major League teams during a ten-year MLB career that stretched between and : the St. Louis Cardinals (1952, 1955, 1961), Cleveland Indians (1960, 1965–67), Houston Colt .45s (1962), Milwaukee Braves (1963–65), New York Yankees (1965) and Chicago Cubs (1968). Tiefenauer was born in Desloge, Missouri; he threw and batted right-handed and was listed as tall and .
Tiefenauer signed with the Cardinals in 1948, beginning his 21-year pitching career, but spent only two full seasons ( and ) on a major league roster. In 1964, with the Milwaukee Braves, he had one of his better seasons, saving 13 games (eighth best in the National League) with an earned run average of 3.21. All told, Tiefenauer worked in 179 MLB games pitched, exclusively as a relief pitcher. He posted a 9–25 won–lost mark, with 23 career saves. In 316 innings pitched, he allowed 312 hits and 87 bases on balls, with 212 strikeouts. His career ERA was 3.84.
Tiefenauer collected only one hit in 39 at-bats for a career batting average of .026. The hit occurred in the fourth inning of the game between the Houston Colt .45s and the San Francisco Giants on September 29, 1962, and it was an extra base hit, a double, struck off one of the best pitchers in baseball that year, Jack Sanford, who would win 24 games for the pennant-winning 1962 Giants. Tiefenauer pit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20deluge%20algorithm | The Great deluge algorithm (GD) is a generic algorithm applied to optimization problems. It is similar in many ways to the hill-climbing and simulated annealing algorithms.
The name comes from the analogy that in a great deluge a person climbing a hill will try to move in any direction that does not get his/her feet wet in the hope of finding a way up as the water level rises.
In a typical implementation of the GD, the algorithm starts with a poor approximation, S, of the optimum solution. A numerical value called the badness is computed based on S and it measures how undesirable the initial approximation is. The higher the value of badness the more undesirable is the approximate solution. Another numerical value called the tolerance is calculated based on a number of factors, often including the initial badness.
A new approximate solution S' , called a neighbour of S, is calculated based on S. The badness of S' , b' , is computed and compared with the tolerance. If b' is better than tolerance, then the algorithm is recursively restarted with S : = S' , and tolerance := decay(tolerance) where decay is a function that lowers the tolerance (representing a rise in water levels). If b' is worse than tolerance, a different neighbour S* of S is chosen and the process repeated. If all the neighbours of S produce approximate solutions beyond tolerance, then the algorithm is terminated and S is put forward as the best approximate solution obtained.
See also
de:Gunter D |
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