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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20differencing%20transconductance%20amplifier | Current differencing transconductance amplifier (CDTA) is a new active circuit element.
Properties
The CDTA is not free from parasitic input capacitances and it can operate in a wide frequency range due to current-mode operation. Some voltage and current mode applications using this element have already been reported in literature, particularly from the area of frequency filtering: general higher-order filters, biquad circuits, all-pass sections, gyrators, simulation of grounded and floating inductances and LCR ladder structures. Other studies propose CDTA-based high-frequency oscillators. Nonlinear CDTA applications are also expected, particularly precise rectifiers, current-mode Schmitt triggers for measuring purposes and signal generation, current-mode multipliers, etc.
Basic operation
The CDTA element with its schematic symbol in Fig 1 has a pair of low-impedance current inputs and p, n and an auxiliary terminal z, whose outgoing current is the difference of input currents. Here, output terminal currents are equal in magnitude, but flow in opposite directions, and the product of transconductance () and the voltage at the z terminal gives their magnitudes. Therefore, this active element can be characterized with the following equations:
,
,
,
.
where and is the external impedance connected to z terminal of the CDTA. CDTA can be thought as a combination of a current differencing unit followed by a dual-output operational transconductance amplifier, DO-OTA. Ideally, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDG | EDG may refer to:
Science and medicine
Electron donating group, a category in chemistry
Electrodermograph, a measuring device for skin
Elevational diversity gradient, an ecological pattern
Endothelial differentiation gene, a family of integral membrane proteins
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a diagnostic procedure
Transport
Eden Gardens railway station, in Kolkata, India
Edge Hill railway station, in Liverpool, England
Weide Army Airfield, in Maryland, United States
Other uses
Edison Design Group, an American software company
Edward Gaming, a Chinese esports organization
Emergency diesel generator, an independent source of electrical power
European Democrats, a party group in the European Parliament
European Democrat Group, a party group in the Council of Europe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%20Centre%20for%20Gene%20Function | The Oxford Centre for Gene Function is a multidisciplinary research institute in the University of Oxford, England. It is directed by Frances Ashcroft, Kay Davies and Peter Donnelly.
It involves the departments of Human anatomy and genetics, Physiology, and Statistics.
External links
Oxford Centre for Gene Function website
Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics
Departments of the University of Oxford
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Human genetics
Research institutes in Oxford |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20species | Common species and uncommon species are designations used in ecology to describe the population status of a species. Commonness is closely related to abundance. Abundance refers to the frequency with which a species is found in controlled samples; in contrast, species are defined as common or uncommon based on their overall presence in the environment. A species may be locally abundant without being common.
However, "common" and "uncommon" are also sometimes used to describe levels of abundance, with a common species being less abundant than an abundant species, while an uncommon species is more abundant than a rare species.
Common species are frequently regarded as being at low risk of extinction simply because they exist in large numbers, and hence their conservation status is often overlooked. While this is broadly logical, there are several cases of once common species being driven to extinction such as the passenger pigeon and the Rocky Mountain locust, which numbered in the billions and trillions respectively before their demise. Moreover, a small proportional decline in a common species results in the loss of a large number of individuals, and the contribution to ecosystem function that those individuals represented. A recent paper argued that because common species shape ecosystems, contribute disproportionately to ecosystem functioning, and can show rapid population declines, conservation should look more closely at how the trade-off between species extinctions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram%20Eugene%20Warren | Bertram Eugene Warren (June 28, 1902 – June 27, 1991) was an American crystallographer. His studies of X-rays provided much knowledge and understanding of both crystalline and non-crystalline materials. He also worked on changing amorphous solids to a crystalline state.
References
American mineralogists
American crystallographers
1902 births
1991 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilithium%20%28Star%20Trek%29 | In the Star Trek fictional universe, dilithium is an invented material which serves as a controlling agent in the matter-antimatter reactors. In the original series, dilithium crystals were rare and could not be replicated, making the search for them a recurring plot element. According to a periodic table shown during a Next Generation episode, it has the atomic number 87 (which in reality belongs to francium), and the chemical symbol Dt.
In reality, dilithium (Li) is a molecule composed of two covalently bonded lithium atoms which exists naturally in gaseous lithium.
Dilithium is depicted as a valuable, extremely hard crystalline mineral that occurs naturally on some planets.
Use
The fictional properties of the material in the authors' guide Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual (1991) explain it as uniquely suited to contain and regulate the annihilation reaction of matter and antimatter in a starship's warp core: In a high-frequency electromagnetic field, eddy currents are induced in the dilithium crystal structure which keep charged particles away from the crystal lattice. This prevents it from coming in contact with antimatter when so energized, hence never annihilating, because the antimatter particles never actually touch it.
In the original series, dilithium crystals were rare, and crystals made by replicator were unsatisfactory for use in warp drives.
Hence story lines based on the need for natural dilithium crystals for interstellar travel – much like |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap%20endonuclease | Flap endonucleases (FENs, also known as 5' durgs in older references) are a class of nucleolytic enzymes that act as both 5'-3' exonucleases and structure-specific endonucleases on specialised DNA structures that occur during the biological processes of DNA replication, DNA repair, and DNA recombination. Flap endonucleases have been identified in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, archaea, and some viruses. Organisms can have more than one FEN homologue; this redundancy may give an indication of the importance of these enzymes. In prokaryotes, the FEN enzyme is found as an N-terminal domain of DNA polymerase I, but some prokaryotes appear to encode a second homologue.
The endonuclease activity of FENs was initially identified as acting on a DNA duplex which has a single-stranded 5' overhang on one of the strands (termed a "5' flap", hence the name flap endonuclease). FENs catalyse hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester bond at the junction of single- and double-stranded DNA. Some FENs can also act as 5'-3' exonucleases on the 5' terminus of the flap strand and on 'nicked' DNA substrates.
Protein structure models based on X-ray crystallography data suggest that FENs have a flexible arch created by two α-helices through which the single 5' strand of the 5' flap structure can thread.
Flap endonucleases have been used in biotechnology, for example the Taqman PCR assay and the Invader Assay for mutation and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detection.
See also
Endonucleases
Ref |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow%20water%20equations | The shallow-water equations (SWE) are a set of hyperbolic partial differential equations (or parabolic if viscous shear is considered) that describe the flow below a pressure surface in a fluid (sometimes, but not necessarily, a free surface). The shallow-water equations in unidirectional form are also called Saint-Venant equations, after Adhémar Jean Claude Barré de Saint-Venant (see the related section below).
The equations are derived from depth-integrating the Navier–Stokes equations, in the case where the horizontal length scale is much greater than the vertical length scale. Under this condition, conservation of mass implies that the vertical velocity scale of the fluid is small compared to the horizontal velocity scale. It can be shown from the momentum equation that vertical pressure gradients are nearly hydrostatic, and that horizontal pressure gradients are due to the displacement of the pressure surface, implying that the horizontal velocity field is constant throughout the depth of the fluid. Vertically integrating allows the vertical velocity to be removed from the equations. The shallow-water equations are thus derived.
While a vertical velocity term is not present in the shallow-water equations, note that this velocity is not necessarily zero. This is an important distinction because, for example, the vertical velocity cannot be zero when the floor changes depth, and thus if it were zero only flat floors would be usable with the shallow-water equations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McConnell%20Peak | McConnell Peak is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada mountain range at the north end of the Crystal Mountains, to the west of Lake Tahoe. It is located in the Desolation Wilderness in El Dorado County, California.
References
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosome | The glycosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the glycolytic enzymes. The term was first used by Scott and Still in 1968 after they realized that the glycogen in the cell was not static but rather a dynamic molecule. It is found in a few species of protozoa including the Kinetoplastida which include the suborders Trypanosomatida and Bodonina, most notably in the human pathogenic trypanosomes, which can cause sleeping sickness, Chagas's disease, and leishmaniasis. The organelle is bounded by a single membrane and contains a dense proteinaceous matrix. It is believed to have evolved from the peroxisome. This has been verified by work done on Leishmania genetics.
The glycosome is currently being researched as a possible target for drug therapies.
Glycosomes are unique to kinetoplastids and their sister diplonemids. The term glycosome is also used for glycogen-containing structures found in hepatocytes responsible for storing sugar, but these are not membrane bound organelles.
Structure
Glycosomes are composed of glycogen and proteins. The proteins are the enzymes that are associated with the metabolism of glycogen. These proteins and glycogen form a complex to make a distinct and separate organelle. The proteins for glycosomes are imported from free cytosolic ribosomes. The proteins imported into the organelle have a specific sequence, a PTS1 ending sequence to make sure they go to the right place. They are similar to alpha-granules in the cytosol of a cell tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20Peak%20%28El%20Dorado%20County%2C%20California%29 | Silver Peak is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada mountain range at the north end of the Crystal Mountains, to the east of Lake Tahoe. It is located in the Desolation Wilderness in El Dorado County, California.
External links
References
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Peak%20%28El%20Dorado%20County%2C%20California%29 | Red Peak is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada mountain range at the north end of the Crystal Range, to the west of Lake Tahoe. It is located in the Desolation Wilderness in El Dorado County, California.
References
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Hereford%20United%20F.C.%20records%20and%20statistics | Below are statistics and records related to Hereford United Football Club.
Competition history
Football League Second Division (second tier) – finished 22nd in only season (1976–77)
Football League Third Division (third tier) – Champions (1975–76)
Football League Fourth Division (fourth tier) – Runners-up (1972–73); Third Place (2007–08)
Conference National – Runners-up (2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06); Playoff Winners (2005–06)
Southern Football League – Runners-up (1945–46, 1950–51, 1971–72); Regional Champions (1958–59)
FA Cup – reached Fourth Round (1971–72, 1973–74, 1976–77, 1981–82, 1989–90, 1991–92, 2007–08, 2010–11)
Football League Cup – reached Third Round (1973–74)
Football League Trophy – reached Area Final (1985–86)
Welsh Cup – Winners (1989–90); Runners-up (1967–68, 1975–76, 1980–81)
FA Trophy – reached semi-final (1970–71, 2000–01)
Southern League Cup – Winners (1951–52, 1956–57, 1958–59)
Overall Football League/Conference Record to 2013:
Division 2: 1976-7 (1 season)
Division 3/League 1: 1973–6, 1977–8, 2008-9 (5 seasons)
Division 4/League 2: 1972–3, 1978–97, 2006–8, 2009-12 (25 seasons)
Conference/Conference National: 1997–2006, 2012-3 (10 completed seasons)
Prior to 1972 the club played in various minor leagues. See List of Hereford United F.C. seasons.
FA Cup
Record
Since 1924 Hereford United have reached the Fourth Round on seven occasions, losing each time.
Longest FA Cup Run – 10 matches (Fourth Qualifying Round – fourth round proper, 1971–7 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Price%20%28California%29 | Mount Price is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada at the southern end of the Crystal Range, and southwest of Lake Tahoe. The summit is located in the Desolation Wilderness and the El Dorado County, California.
References
External links
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL%2068-R | ALGOL 68-R was the first implementation of the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68.
In December 1968, the report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 was published. On 20–24 July 1970 a working conference was arranged by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) to discuss the problems of implementing the language, a small team from the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE) attended to present their compiler, written by I. F. Currie, Susan G. Bond,
and J. D. Morrison. In the face of estimates of up to 100 man-years to implement the language, using multi-pass compilers with up to seven passes, they described how they had already implemented a one-pass compiler which was in production for engineering and scientific uses.
The compiler
The ALGOL 68-R compiler was initially written in a local dialect of ALGOL 60 with extensions for address manipulation and list processing. The parser was written using J. M. Foster's Syntax Improving Device (SID) parser generator.
The first version of the compiler occupied 34 K words. It was later rewritten in ALGOL 68-R, taking around 36 K words to compile most programs.
ALGOL 68-R was implemented under the George 3 operating system on an ICL 1907F. The compiler was distributed at no charge by International Computers Limited (ICL) on behalf of the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE).
Restrictions in the language compiled
To allow one pass compiling, ALGOL 68-R implemented a subset of the language defined in the original report:
Identifi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly%20contractible | In mathematics, a topological space is said to be weakly contractible if all of its homotopy groups are trivial.
Property
It follows from Whitehead's Theorem that if a CW-complex is weakly contractible then it is contractible.
Example
Define to be the inductive limit of the spheres . Then this space is weakly contractible. Since is moreover a CW-complex, it is also contractible. See Contractibility of unit sphere in Hilbert space for more.
The Long Line is an example of a space which is weakly contractible, but not contractible. This does not contradict Whitehead theorem since the Long Line does not have the homotopy type of a CW-complex.
Another prominent example for this phenomenon is the Warsaw circle.
References
Topology
Homotopy theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20Tauc | Ladislav Tauc (1926–1999) was a French neuroscientist, born in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia.
He was a pioneer in neuroethology and neuronal physiology, who immigrated to France in 1949 to work at the Institut Marey in Paris. Tauc was the founder and former director of the Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire of the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS). He was one of the teachers of Eric R. Kandel. There Eric R. Kandel started to investigate the gill withdrawal reflex and postsynaptic potentials (PSP) in identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia.
"The introduction of a 'simplified' brain (the Aplysia nervous system) to study the cellular and molecular basis of organized neuronal interactions, has been described as one of Tauc’s essential contributions to neuroscience."
Since the year 2000 an annual meeting is organized in honor of Ladislav Tauc.
See also
Eric R. Kandel
Torsten Wiesel
Stephen Kuffler
References
External links
Obituary from the International Society for Neuroethology
French neuroscientists
French physiologists
1926 births
1999 deaths
Czechoslovak emigrants to France
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeiu%27s%20theorem | Pompeiu's theorem is a result of plane geometry, discovered by the Romanian mathematician Dimitrie Pompeiu. The theorem is simple, but not classical. It states the following:
Given an equilateral triangle ABC in the plane, and a point P in the plane of the triangle ABC, the lengths PA, PB, and PC form the sides of a (maybe, degenerate) triangle.
The proof is quick. Consider a rotation of 60° about the point B. Assume A maps to C, and P maps to P '. Then , and . Hence triangle PBP ' is equilateral and . Then . Thus, triangle PCP ' has sides equal to PA, PB, and PC and the proof by construction is complete (see drawing).
Further investigations reveal that if P is not in the interior of the triangle, but rather on the circumcircle, then PA, PB, PC form a degenerate triangle, with the largest being equal to the sum of the others, this observation is also known as Van Schooten's theorem.
Generally, by the point P and the lengths to the vertices of the equilateral triangle - PA, PB, and PC two equilateral triangles ( the larger and the smaller) with sides and are defined:
.
The symbol △ denotes the area of the triangle whose sides have lengths PA, PB, PC.
Pompeiu published the theorem in 1936, however August Ferdinand Möbius had published a more general theorem about four points in the Euclidean plane already in 1852. In this paper Möbius also derived the statement of Pompeiu's theorem explicitly as a special case of his more general theorem. For this reason the the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction%E2%80%93diffusion%20system | Reaction–diffusion systems are mathematical models which correspond to several physical phenomena. The most common is the change in space and time of the concentration of one or more chemical substances: local chemical reactions in which the substances are transformed into each other, and diffusion which causes the substances to spread out over a surface in space.
Reaction–diffusion systems are naturally applied in chemistry. However, the system can also describe dynamical processes of non-chemical nature. Examples are found in biology, geology and physics (neutron diffusion theory) and ecology. Mathematically, reaction–diffusion systems take the form of semi-linear parabolic partial differential equations. They can be represented in the general form
where represents the unknown vector function, is a diagonal matrix of diffusion coefficients, and accounts for all local reactions. The solutions of reaction–diffusion equations display a wide range of behaviours, including the formation of travelling waves and wave-like phenomena as well as other self-organized patterns like stripes, hexagons or more intricate structure like dissipative solitons. Such patterns have been dubbed "Turing patterns". Each function, for which a reaction diffusion differential equation holds, represents in fact a concentration variable.
One-component reaction–diffusion equations
The simplest reaction–diffusion equation is in one spatial dimension in plane geometry,
is also referred to as the Kol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNO | LNO may refer to:
Liaison officer, person that liaises between two organizations to communicate and coordinate there activities
Leonora Airport, IATA airport code LNO
Loop nest optimization, method for optimising source code
Member of the Order of the Polar Star (Swedish: ) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phipps%20Peak | Phipps Peak is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada to the west of Emerald Bay and Lake Tahoe; and to the east of Rockbound Valley and the Crystal Range. The peak is in El Dorado County, California and the Desolation Wilderness.
Phipps Peak is named after William Phipps, a California pioneer originally from Kentucky that fought in the American Army during the American Indian Wars. He claimed to be a "General" in the Army, though that was a self-proclaimed title. In 1854, he settled in the small settlement of Georgetown, California (named after George Phipps who is unrelated) about 100 miles west of Tahoe, and six years later relocated to McKinney Bay at Lake Tahoe where he settled on a 160-acre homestead near General Creek. Nearby Phipps Pass and General Creek are also named after Phipps.
References
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20Mountain | Middle Mountain is a mountain in the Sierra Nevada mountain range to the west of Lake Tahoe in the Desolation Wilderness in El Dorado County, California. The mountain is east of the Crystal Range and Rockbound Valley, and west of Emerald Bay and Lake Tahoe.
References
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Mountain%20%28California%29 | Blue Mountain is a mountain in the Crystal Range, a subrange of the Sierra Nevada. It is west of Lake Tahoe on the western boundary of the Desolation Wilderness in El Dorado County, California.
See also
Eldorado National Forest
References
Mountains of the Desolation Wilderness
Mountains of El Dorado County, California
Mountains of Northern California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-glucan | Beta-glucans, β-glucans comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides (glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source. Typically, β-glucans form a linear backbone with 1–3 β-glycosidic bonds but vary with respect to molecular mass, solubility, viscosity, branching structure, and gelation properties, causing diverse physiological effects in animals.
At dietary intake levels of at least 3 g per day, oat fiber β-glucan decreases blood levels of LDL cholesterol and so may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. β-glucans are natural gums and are used as texturing agents in various nutraceutical and cosmetic products, and as soluble fiber supplements.
History
Cereal and fungal products have been used for centuries for medicinal and cosmetic purposes; however, the specific role of β-glucan was not explored until the 20th century. β-glucans were first discovered in lichens, and shortly thereafter in barley. A particular interest in oat β-glucan arose after a cholesterol lowering effect from oat bran reported in 1981.
In 1997, the FDA approved of a claim that intake of at least 3.0 g of β-glucan from oats per day decreased absorption of dietary cholesterol and reduced the risk of coronary heart disease. The approved health claim was later amended to include these sources of β-glucan: rolled oats (oatmeal), oat bran, whole oat flour, oatrim (the soluble fraction of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoyl-acyl%20carrier%20protein%20reductase | Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (or ENR) (), is a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) system. ENR is an attractive target for narrow-spectrum antibacterial drug discovery because of its essential role in metabolism and its sequence conservation across many bacterial species. In addition, the bacterial ENR sequence and structural organization are distinctly different from those of mammalian fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes.
At lower concentrations, Triclosan and Triclocarban provide a bacteriostatic effect by binding to ENR. Atromentin and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme in the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.
See also
Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADPH, A-specific)
Enoyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase (NADPH, B-specific)
Cis-2-enoyl-CoA reductase (NADPH)
References
External links
EC 1.3.1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-barrier%20transistor | The surface-barrier transistor is a type of transistor developed by Philco in 1953 as an improvement to the alloy-junction transistor and the earlier point-contact transistor. Like the modern Schottky transistor, it offered much higher speed than earlier transistors and used metal–semiconductor junctions (instead of semiconductor–semiconductor junctions), but unlike the schottky transistor, both junctions were metal–semiconductor junctions.
Production process
Philco used a patented process of applying two tiny electrochemical jet streams of liquid indium sulfate (electrolyte solution) on opposite sides of a thin strip of N-type germanium base material. This process would etch away and form circular well depressions on each side of the N-type germanium base material, until the germanium base material was ultra thin and having a thickness of approximately a few ten-thousandths of an inch. After the etching process was finished, the polarity applied to the electrolyte was reversed, resulting in metallic indium being electroplated into these etched circular well depressions, forming the transistor's emitter and collector electrodes. The Philco surface-barrier transistor was the world's first high-frequency junction transistor, which was capable of obtaining frequencies up to 60 MHz. It was developed and produced at the Lansdale Tube Company-division of Philco Corporation. Philco Corporation had produced a late 1950s production film about its surface-barrier transistor manufactu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Alexander%20%28exonerated%20convict%29 | Richard Alexander is an Indiana man who was wrongfully convicted of rape and later exonerated by DNA evidence. Years later, on September 17, 2020, Alexander was charged with the murder of Catherine Minix, who was found stabbed to death. Minix had previously filed a protective order against Alexander for domestic violence.
Arrest and conviction
In 1996 a suspected serial rapist dubbed by local media the "River Park Rapist" preyed on female residents of South Bend, Indiana. Police arrested Richard Alexander (then 30 years old) in August 1996 for four of the rapes, largely on the basis of the statements of the victims.
DNA evidence definitively excluded him as a suspect in one of the rapes, although both the victim and her fiancé continued to insist that Alexander was the perpetrator. Not all of the investigators were convinced of his guilt, particularly as three similar rapes occurred while Alexander was in police custody. In the case of one of the rapes that took place while he was in custody, Alexander's picture was accidentally placed in a photo-lineup shown to the victim. She selected his photograph as that of her assailant, despite his incarceration at the time of the offense.
Nevertheless, Alexander was prosecuted for the three rapes, with charges totaling two counts of robbery, two counts of criminal deviate conduct, two counts of attempted rape, confinement, attempted robbery, rape, burglary and auto theft. His 1997 trial ended in a hung jury, with the nine white j |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piwi-interacting%20RNA | Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules expressed in animal cells. piRNAs form RNA-protein complexes through interactions with piwi-subfamily Argonaute proteins. These piRNA complexes are mostly involved in the epigenetic and post-transcriptional silencing of transposable elements and other spurious or repeat-derived transcripts, but can also be involved in the regulation of other genetic elements in germ line cells.
piRNAs are mostly created from loci that function as transposon traps which provide a kind of RNA-mediated adaptive immunity against transposon expansions and invasions. They are distinct from microRNA (miRNA) in size (26–31 nucleotides as opposed to 21–24 nt), lack of sequence conservation, increased complexity, and independence of Dicer for biogenesis, at least in animals. (Plant Dcl2 may play a role in rasi/piRNA biogenesis.)
Double-stranded RNAs capable of silencing repeat elements, then known as repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA), were proposed in Drosophila in 2001. By 2008, it was still unclear how piRNAs are generated, but potential methods had been suggested, and it was certain their biogenesis pathway is distinct from miRNA and siRNA, while rasiRNA is now considered a piRNA subspecies.
Characteristics
piRNAs have been identified in both vertebrates and invertebrates, and although biogenesis and modes of action do vary somewhat between species, a number of features are conserved. piRNAs have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20oxygenator | A membrane oxygenator is a device used to add oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. It can be used in two principal modes: to imitate the function of the lungs in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and to oxygenate blood in longer term life support, termed extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). A membrane oxygenator consists of a thin gas-permeable membrane separating the blood and gas flows in the CPB circuit; oxygen diffuses from the gas side into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the gas for disposal.
History
The history of the oxygenator, or artificial lung, dates back to 1885, with the first demonstration of a disc oxygenator, on which blood was exposed to the atmosphere on rotating discs by Von Frey and Gruber. These pioneers noted the dangers of blood streaming, foaming and clotting. In the 1920s and 30s, research into developing extracorporeal oxygenation continued. Working independently, Brukhonenko in the USSR and John Heysham Gibbon in the US demonstrated the feasibility of extracorporeal oxygenation. Brukhonenko used excised dog lungs, while Gibbon used a direct-contact drum-type oxygenator, perfusing cats for up to 25 minutes in the 1930s.
Gibbon's pioneering work was rewarded in May 1953 with the first successful cardiopulmonary bypass operation. The oxygenator was of the stationary film type, in which oxygen was exposed to a film of blood as it flowed over a series of stainless steel plates.
The disadvantages of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Terminology%20Criteria%20for%20Adverse%20Events | The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), formerly called the Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC or NCI-CTC), are a set of criteria for the standardized classification of adverse effects of drugs used in cancer therapy.
The CTCAE system is a product of the US National Cancer Institute (NCI).
The first Iteration was prior to 1998. In 1999, the FDA released version 2.0. CTCAE version 4.0 in 2009 with an update to y version 4.03 in 2010. The current version 5.0 was released on November 27, 2017. Many clinical trials, now extending beyond oncology, encode their observations based on the CTCAE system.
It uses a range of grades from 1 to 5. Specific conditions and symptoms may have values or descriptive comment for each level, but the general guideline is:
1 - Mild
2 - Moderate
3 - Severe
4 - Life-threatening
5 - Death
Grade 1: is defined as mild, asymptomatic symptoms. clinical or diagnostic observations only; Intervention not indicated.
Grade 2: is moderate; minimal, local or noninvasive intervention was needed.
Grade 3: Severe symptoms or medically significant but not life-threatening but may be disabling or limit self care in ADL
Grade 4: is Life threatening consequences; urgent or emergent intervention needed
Grade 5: Death related to or due to adverse event
References
Oncology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestville%2C%20Nova%20Scotia | Priestville is a designated place within Pictou County in Nova Scotia, Canada near New Glasgow and the Trans-Canada Highway.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Priestville had a population of 157 living in 73 of its 79 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 163. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References
Communities in Pictou County
Designated places in Nova Scotia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single%20compilation%20unit | Single compilation unit (SCU) is a computer programming technique for the C and C++ languages, which reduces compilation time for programs spanning multiple files. Specifically, it allows the compiler to keep data from shared header files, definitions and templates, so that it need not recreate them for each file. It is an instance of program optimization. The technique can be applied to an entire program or to some subset of source files; when applied to an entire program, it is also known as a unity build.
Purpose
In the C/C++ compilation model (formally "translation environment"), individual / source files are preprocessed into translation units, which are then compiled separately by the compiler into multiple object ( or ) files. These object files can then be linked together to create a single executable file or library. However, this leads to multiple passes being performed on common header files, and with C++, multiple template instantiations of the same templates in different translation units.
The single compilation unit technique uses pre-processor directives to "glue" different translation units together at compile time rather than at link time. This reduces the overall build time, due to eliminating the duplication, but increases the incremental build time (the time required after making a change to any single source file that is included in the SCU), due to requiring a full rebuild of the entire unit if any single input file changes. Therefore, this technique i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcritical%20cycle | A transcritical cycle is a closed thermodynamic cycle where the working fluid goes through both subcritical and supercritical states. In particular, for power cycles the working fluid is kept in the liquid region during the compression phase and in vapour and/or supercritical conditions during the expansion phase. The ultrasupercritical steam Rankine cycle represents a widespread transcritical cycle in the electricity generation field from fossil fuels, where water is used as working fluid. Other typical applications of transcritical cycles to the purpose of power generation are represented by organic Rankine cycles, which are especially suitable to exploit low temperature heat sources, such as geothermal energy, heat recovery applications or waste to energy plants. With respect to subcritical cycles, the transcritical cycle exploits by definition higher pressure ratios, a feature that ultimately yields higher efficiencies for the majority of the working fluids. Considering then also supercritical cycles as a valid alternative to the transcritical ones, the latter cycles are capable of achieving higher specific works due to the limited relative importance of the work of compression work. This evidences the extreme potential of transcritical cycles to the purpose of producing the most power (measurable in terms of the cycle specific work) with the least expenditure (measurable in terms of spent energy to compress the working fluid).
While in single level supercritical cycles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouser%20Electronics | Mouser Electronics, Inc., is a global distributor of semiconductors and electronic components. With over $4 billion in annual revenue, Mouser is ranked as the seventh largest electronic component distributor in the world. The company has 27 locations globally and more than 3,900 employees. Mouser is part of the Berkshire Hathaway family of companies.
The company’s global headquarters and distribution center rests on a large 100-acre campus in the DFW Metroplex, Texas. Facilities span one million square feet to accommodate inventory for over a million unique SKUs consisting of new products and technologies from over 1,200 manufacturer brands, including Texas Instruments, Intel, TE Connectivity and Analog Devices.
Mouser’s global distribution center is active 24 hours a day to manage tens of thousands of orders each day. Distribution center staff processes and ships to over 650,000 customers in over 223 countries and/or territories.
Mouser has made capital investments in 138 Vertical Lift Modules, which is the largest installation in North America.
E-commerce
The website has products from 1,200 manufacturer brands and access to 6.8 million products and data sheets. It has a project manager with automatic re-order and Bill Of Materials (BOM) import capabilities. Users can subscribe to a Mouser newsletter, and microsites from the Mouser.com website teach about new technologies.
Also available on the website are a variety of resources and tools for electronic design engineer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation%20error%20ratio | The modulation error ratio or MER is a measure used to quantify the performance of a digital radio (or digital TV) transmitter or receiver in a communications system using digital modulation (such as QAM). A signal sent by an ideal transmitter or received by a receiver would have all constellation points precisely at the ideal locations, however various imperfections in the implementation (such as noise, low image rejection ratio, phase noise, carrier suppression, distortion, etc.) or signal path cause the actual constellation points to deviate from the ideal locations.
Transmitter MER can be measured by specialized equipment, which demodulates the received signal in a similar way to how a real radio demodulator does it. Demodulated and detected signal can be used as a reasonably reliable estimate for the ideal transmitted signal in MER calculation.
Definition
An error vector is a vector in the I-Q plane between the ideal constellation point and the point received by the receiver. The Euclidean distance between the two points is its magnitude.
The modulation error ratio is equal to the ratio of the root mean square (RMS) power (in Watts) of the reference vector to the power (in Watts) of the error. It is defined in dB as:
where Perror is the RMS power of the error vector, and Psignal is the RMS power of ideal transmitted signal.
MER is defined as a percentage in a compatible (but reciprocal) way:
with the same definitions.
MER is closely related to error vector magni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20plot | Dot plot may refer to:
Dot plot (bioinformatics), for comparing two sequences
Dot plot (statistics), data points on a simple scale
Dot plot graphic for Federal Reserve Open Market Committee polling result |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-billed%20kite | The yellow-billed kite (Milvus aegyptius) is the Afrotropic counterpart of the black kite (Milvus migrans), of which it is most often considered a subspecies. However, DNA studies suggest that the yellow-billed kite differs significantly from black kites in the Eurasian clade, and should be considered as a separate, allopatric species.
Taxonomy
The yellow-billed kite was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He specified that the bird was found in Egypt, placed it with the eagles, falcons and relatives in the genus Falco and coined the binomial name Falco aegyptius. Unusually Gmelin did not cite a source for his information. The yellow-billed kite is now one of three kites placed in the genus Milvus that was introduced in 1799 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède.
There are two subspecies: M. a. parasitus (Daudin, 1800) , found throughout most of sub-Saharan Africa (including Madagascar), except for the Congo Basin (with intra-African migrations) and M. a. aegyptius (Gmelin, JF, 1788) of Egypt, south-west Arabia and the Horn of Africa (which disperses south during the non-breeding season).
The yellow-billed kite was formerly considered as conspecific with the black kite (Milvus migrans). A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2005 compared DNA sequences of two mitochondrial loci of the red, black and yellow-billed kites. It found that there was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione%20synthetase | Glutathione synthetase (GSS) () is the second enzyme in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway. It catalyses the condensation of gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine, to form glutathione. Glutathione synthetase is also a potent antioxidant. It is found in many species including bacteria, yeast, mammals, and plants.
In humans, defects in GSS are inherited in an autosomal recessive way and are the cause of severe metabolic acidosis, 5-oxoprolinuria, increased rate of haemolysis, and defective function of the central nervous system. Deficiencies in GSS can cause a spectrum of deleterious symptoms in plants and human beings alike.
In eukaryotes, this is a homodimeric enzyme. The substrate-binding domain has a three-layer alpha/beta/alpha structure. This enzyme utilizes and stabilizes an acylphosphate intermediate to later perform a favorable nucleophilic attack of glycine.
Structure
Human and yeast glutathione synthetases are homodimers, meaning they are composed of two identical subunits of itself non-covalently bound to each other. On the other hand, E. coli glutathione synthetase is a homotetramer. Nevertheless, they are part of the ATP-grasp superfamily, which consists of 21 enzymes that contain an ATP-grasp fold. Each subunit interacts with each other through alpha helix and beta sheet hydrogen bonding interactions and contains two domains. One domain facilitates the ATP-grasp mechanism and the other is the catalytic active site for γ-glutamylcysteine. The ATP-grasp f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Film | The Crystal Film () is a film award recognising domestic box office achievements in the Netherlands. The Crystal Film is awarded to documentary films from the Netherlands once they have sold 10,000 tickets.
The award is an initiative of the Netherlands Film Festival and the Netherlands Film Fund to increase media attention for Dutch documentary films, in addition to the existing Golden Film and Platinum Film for Dutch films in general. They announced the introduction of the Crystal Film on 28 April 2005. The first Crystal Film was awarded on 21 June 2005 to Shape of the Moon (2004). Since its introduction, the Crystal Film has been awarded to twelve films.
Films that received the Crystal Film
Notes
References
External links
Kristallen Film
Golden and Platin Film Netherlands at the Internet Movie Database
Dutch film awards
Film box office |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stibochiona%20nicea | Stibochiona nicea, the popinjay, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in Asia.
Description
The male upperside is a deep velvety black. Forewing: cell with three somewhat obscure light blue transverse short lines, a curved series of four discal and of five postdiscal minute white spots anteriorly, and a complete series of subterminal similar spots, bordered inwardly by a row of paired blue marks on each side of veins 1 to 6. Hindwing: a postdiscal blue transverse sinuous line not reaching the costa or dorsum, followed by a subterminal series of blue circular marks with black centres, their rims outwardly snow white. Cilia of both forewings and hindwings are white, alternated with black on the forewing, continuous on the hindwing. Underside purplish black. Forewing: the cell-marks better defined, the discal and postdiscal series of spots sinuous, each of seven spots; the subterminal row of spots as on the upperside, but larger, the line of blue paired marks on the veins bordering the subterminal row on the inner side above absent. Hindwing: three obliquely placed subbasal spots and a transverse sinuous line of discal spots blue, followed by a series of five or six postdiscal dots and a subterminal line of transverse inwardly crescentic bars in the interspaces lilacine white.
Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen black.
Female similar, but on the upperside the ground colour dull black suffused with green, the cell-markings and the inner subterminal paired spots on the forew |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity%20%28evolution%29 | Reciprocity in evolutionary biology refers to mechanisms whereby the evolution of cooperative or altruistic behaviour may be favoured by the probability of future mutual interactions. A corollary is how a desire for revenge can harm the collective and therefore be naturally deselected.
Main types
Three types of reciprocity have been studied extensively:
Direct reciprocity
Indirect
Network reciprocity
Direct reciprocity
Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them can choose either to "cooperate" or "defect", then a strategy of mutual cooperation may be favoured even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates. Direct reciprocity can lead to the
evolution of cooperation only if the probability, w, of another encounter between the same two individuals exceeds the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act: w > c / b
Indirect reciprocity
"In the standard framework of indirect reciprocity, there are randomly chosen pairwise encounters between members of a population; the same two individuals need not meet again. One individual acts as donor, the other as recipient. The donor can decide whether or not to cooperate. The interaction is observed by a subset of the population who might inform others. Reputation allows evolution of cooperation by indirect reciprocity. Natural selecti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLA-E | HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E (HLA-E) also known as MHC class I antigen E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-E gene. The human HLA-E is a non-classical MHC class I molecule that is characterized by a limited polymorphism and a lower cell surface expression than its classical paralogues. The functional homolog in mice is called Qa-1b, officially known as H2-T23.
Structure
Like other MHC class I molecules, HLA-E is a heterodimer consisting of an α heavy chain and a light chain (β-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and anchored in the membrane. The HLA-E gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the signal peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the α1 and α2 domains, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the α3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane domain, and exons 6 and 7 encode the cytoplasmic tail.
Function
HLA-E has a very specialized role in cell recognition by natural killer cells (NK cells). HLA-E binds a restricted subset of peptides derived from signal peptides of classical MHC class I molecules, namely HLA-A, B, C, G. These peptides are released from the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the signal peptide peptidase and trimmed by the cytosolic proteasome. Upon transport into the ER lumen by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), these peptides bind to a peptide binding groove on the HLA-E molecule. This allows HLA-E to assemble correctly and to be expressed on the cell su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xibe%20language | The Sibe language (, also Sibo, Xibe) is a Tungusic language spoken by members of the Sibe minority of Xinjiang, in Northwest China.
Classification
Sibe is conventionally viewed as a separate language within the southern group of Tungusic languages alongside the more well-known Manchu language, having undergone more than 200 years of development separated from the Tungusic-speaking heartland since Sibe troops were dispatched to the Xinjiang frontiers in 1764. Some researchers such as Jerry Norman hold that Sibe is a dialect of Manchu, whereas Xibologists such as An Jun argue that Sibe should be considered the "successor" to Manchu. Ethnohistorically, the Sibe people are not considered Manchu people, because they were excluded from chieftain Nurhaci's 17th-century tribal confederation to which the name "Manchu" was later applied.
Phonology
Sibe is mutually intelligible with Manchu, although unlike Manchu, Sibe has reported to have eight vowel distinctions as opposed to the six found in Manchu, as well as differences in morphology, and a more complex system of vowel harmony.
Consonants
Fricative sounds are often voiced as , when occurring after a resonant sound.
often are voiced as , when occurring in word-medial positions.
can be heard as labio-dental , when preceding a .
Vowels
Allophones of , , and are , , .
Morphology
Sibe has seven case morphemes, three of which are used quite differently from modern Manchu. The categorization of morphemes as case markers i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFRA | SFRA may refer to:
Science Fiction Research Association
Special Flight Rules Area, a type of U.S. aviation airspace with special restrictions
Strategic Flood Risk Assessment
Sweep frequency response analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endemic%20birds%20of%20Indonesia | Indonesia has more endemic birds than any other country. Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil).
Most endemic birds are in the Wallacea region of eastern Indonesia. Sulawesi supports twelve endemic bird genera. Of all Indonesian endemic birds, about sixty-one species are threatened: thirty-seven species are listed as vulnerable, twenty-three are endangered and eleven species are listed as critical on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Conservation status
Craciformes
Megapodiidae
Aepypodius bruijnii (Bruijn's brush-turkey) - EN
Talegalla cuvieri (red-billed brush-turkey) - LC
Macrocephalon maleo (maleo) - EN
Eulipoa wallacei (Moluccan scrubfowl) - VU
Megapodius bernsteinii (Sula scrubfowl) - NT
Megapodius tenimberensis (Tanimbar scrubfowl) - NE
Megapodius geelvinkianus (Biak scrubfowl) - VU
Galliformes
Phasianidae
Anurophasis monorthonyx (Snow Mountain quail) - NT
Arborophila orientalis (white-faced hill-partridge) - VU
Arborophila javanica (chestnut-bellied partridge) - LC
Arborophila rubrirostris (red-billed partridge) - LC
Gallus varius (green junglefowl) - LC
Lophura hoogerwerfi (Hoogerwerf's pheasant) - VU
Lophura inornata (Salvadori's pheasant) - VU
Polyplectron chalcurum (bronze-tailed peacock-pheasant) - LC
Falconiformes
Falconidae
Falco moluccensis (spotted kestrel) - LC
Accipitridae
Spilornis rufipectus (Sulawesi serpent eagle) - LC
Accipi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20birds%20of%20Indonesia | Indonesia, with its vast islands, tropical weather and rainforests is one of the world's richest and most important countries in terms of biodiversity. In addition to the many resident birds, a considerable number of migratory species winter in the country to escape their northern breeding grounds.
The avifauna of Indonesia include a total of 1809 species, of which 786 are endemic, and 3 have been introduced by humans. 150 species are globally threatened.
This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Indonesia.
The following tags have been used to highlight several categories. The commonly occurring native species do not fall into any of these categories.
(A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Indonesia
(E) Endemic - a species that is native only to Indonesia
(Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Indonesia although populations exist elsewhere
(I) Introduced - a species introduced to Indonesia as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions
Cassowaries and emu
Order: StruthioniformesFamily: Casuariidae
The cassowaries are large flightless birds native to Au |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPZ | CPZ may refer to:
CPZ (gene), a gene coding for the enzyme carboxypeptidase Z
CPZ: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system
Circuit Park Zandvoort, a motorsport track near Zandvoort, the Netherlands
Continuous permafrost zone, an area where permafrost cannot thaw
Controlled parking zone, a type of UK parking restriction
Chlorpromazine, an antipsychotic drug
Compass Airlines (North America) (ICAO designator), a U.S. airline
Corner Patrol Zone, a type of hazard in the Robot Wars Arena
Zoos
Capron Park Zoo, Attleboro, Massachusetts
Central Park Zoo, Manhattan, New York City
Charles Paddock Zoo, San Luis Obispo County, California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabozoa | In the classification of eukaryotes (living organisms with a cell nucleus), Cabozoa was a taxon proposed by Cavalier-Smith. It was a putative clade comprising the Rhizaria and Excavata. More recent research places the Rhizaria with the Alveolata and Stramenopiles instead of the Excavata, however, so the "Cabozoa" is polyphyletic.
See also
Corticata
References
Obsolete eukaryote taxa
Bikont unranked clades |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germund%20Dahlquist | Germund Dahlquist (16 January 1925 – 8 February 2005) was a Swedish mathematician known primarily for his early contributions to the theory of numerical analysis as applied to differential equations.
Dahlquist began to study mathematics at Stockholm University in 1942 at the age of 17, where he cites the Danish mathematician Harald Bohr (who was living in exile after the occupation of Denmark during World War II) as a profound influence.
He received the degree of licentiat from Stockholm University in 1949, before taking a break from his studies to work at the Swedish Board of Computer Machinery (Matematikmaskinnämnden), working on (among other things) the early computer BESK, Sweden's first. During this time, he also worked with Carl-Gustaf Rossby on early numerical weather forecasts.
Dahlquist returned to Stockholm University to complete his Ph.D., Stability and Error Bounds in the Numerical Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations, which he defended in 1958, with Fritz Carlson and Lars Hörmander as his advisors. As part of this work he introduced the logarithmic norm (also introduced by Russian mathematician Sergei Lozinskii the same year).
In 1959 he moved to the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), where he would later establish what became the Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science (NADA) in 1962 (now part of the School of Computer Science and Communication), and become Sweden's first Professor of Numerical Analysis in 1963. He helped establish the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20System%20%28disambiguation%29 | The Solar System comprises the Sun and the objects that orbit it, including the satellites of those objects.
Solar System may also refer to:
a photovoltaic system, alternately called a "solar system"
a planetary system, sometimes referred to as a "solar system"
The Solar System (film), a 2017 Peruvian-Spanish comedy-drama film
Solar System (song), a song by the Beach Boys
"II. Solar System", a song by the Microphones from Mount Eerie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakuri | Karakuri () may refer to:
Karakuri (manga), a manga by Masashi Kishimoto
Karakuri puppet, Japanese 18th/19th century mechanized puppet or automaton |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Koch%27s%20postulates | Molecular Koch's postulates are a set of experimental criteria that must be satisfied to show that a gene found in a pathogenic microorganism encodes a product that contributes to the disease caused by the pathogen. Genes that satisfy molecular Koch's postulates are often referred to as virulence factors. The postulates were formulated by the microbiologist Stanley Falkow in 1988 and are based on Koch's postulates.
Postulates
As per Falkow's original descriptions, the three postulates are:
"The phenotype or property under investigation should be associated with pathogenic members of a genus or pathogenic strains of a species.
Specific inactivation of the gene(s) associated with the suspected virulence trait should lead to a measurable loss in pathogenicity or virulence.
Reversion or allelic replacement of the mutated gene should lead to restoration of pathogenicity."
To apply the molecular Koch's postulates to human diseases, researchers must identify which microbial genes are potentially responsible for symptoms of pathogenicity, often by sequencing the full genome to compare which nucleotides are homologous to the protein-coding genes of other species. Alternatively, scientists can identify which mRNA transcripts are at elevated levels in the diseased organs of infected hosts. Additionally, the tester must identify and methods for inactivating and reactivating the gene being studied.
In 1996, Fredricks and Relman proposed seven molecular guidelines for establishing m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMAC%20%28cryptography%29 | PMAC, which stands for parallelizable MAC, is a message authentication code algorithm. It was created by Phillip Rogaway.
PMAC is a method of taking a block cipher and creating an efficient message authentication code that is reducible in security to the underlying block cipher.
PMAC is similar in functionality to the OMAC algorithm.
Patents
PMAC is no longer patented and can be used royalty-free. It was originally patented by Phillip Rogaway, but he has since abandoned his patent filings.
References
External links
Phil Rogaway's page on PMAC
Changhoon Lee, Jongsung Kim, Jaechul Sung, Seokhie Hong, Sangjin Lee. "Forgery and Key Recovery Attacks on PMAC and Mitchell's TMAC Variant", 2006. (ps)
Rust implementation
Message authentication codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20cervical%20lymph%20nodes | The deep cervical lymph nodes are a group of cervical lymph nodes in the neck that form a chain along the internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath.
Structure
Classification
The deep cervical lymph nodes are subdivided into a superior group and an inferior group.
Alternatively, they can be divided into deep anterior cervical lymph nodes and deep lateral cervical lymph nodes.
They can also be divided into three groups: "superior deep jugular", "middle deep jugular", and "inferior deep jugular".
Relations
The deep cervical lymph nodes are contained in the carotid sheath in the neck, close to the internal jugular vein. They connect to the meningeal lymphatic vessels superiorly.
Afferents
All lymphatic vessels of the head and neck ultimately drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes - either by way of other lymph nodes or directly from tissues.
CNS lymphatic vessels have been found to drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes in a 2016 animal study.
Efferents
Efferents of the deep cervical lymph nodes form the ipsilateral jugular trunk.
References
Lymphatics of the head and neck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28118378%29%201999%20HT11 | , provisional designation: , is a trans-Neptunian object from the outermost region of the Solar System, locked in a 4:7 orbital resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on 17 April 1999, by astronomers at the Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, in the United States. The very red object measures approximately in diameter. , it has not been named.
Discovery
was first observed on the night of 17 April 1999, by astronomers using the 4-meter Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Five additional objects were discovered on the same weekend: , , (Deucalion), and . The observing astronomers were Robert Millis, James Elliot, Matthew Holman, Mark Wagner as well as Kim Falinski. Follow-up observations with the Nordic Optical Telescope at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma, Spain, were made three weeks later. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak on 17 April 1999.
Orbit and classification
This minor planet orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.7–49.0 AU once every 290 years and 7 months (106,124 days; semi-major axis of 43.87 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. , it is at 39.7 AU from the Sun with an apparent magnitude of 23.42, and will come to perihelion in 2047.
is a resonant trans-Neptunian object that stays in a 4:7 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune, orbiting exactly four times the Sun for every seven orbits Ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMO | NMO may refer to:
Neuromyelitis optica, also known as Devic's disease or Devic's syndrome
N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide, an organic compound
Nitronate monooxygenase, an enzyme
Normal Move Out, in reflection seismology
National Measurement Office, a government agency in the United Kingdom
New Motorola, a mobile antenna connector
COMMSTA NMO, a United States Coast Guard Communication Station in Honolulu, Hawaii |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Bowry | Robert John Bowry (born 19 May 1971) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1990 until 2008.
He played in the Premier League with Crystal Palace, and in the Football League with Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Colchester United. He finished his career in non-league football with Gravesend & Northfleet and Bromley. Born in England, he represented the Saint Kitts and Nevis national team. Upon retiring he worked as a coach and is now a football agent.
Playing career
Bowry began his career at Queens Park Rangers, but he failed to make a first-team league appearance. He moved to Crystal Palace in April 1992 on a free transfer. Helping the team win Division Two in 1993–94, he had made 50 league appearances and scored one goal at Palace before being sold to Millwall in July 1995 for £220,000. Bowry spent six years at Millwall, making 140 league appearances, scoring 5 goals, and also appeared twice in 2000 for Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team. He was released from Millwall in 2001, and signed for Colchester United, where he made 106 league appearances and scored 2 goals. In May 2005, Bowry was released by Colchester. He was signed by Gravesend & Northfleet in July 2005 on a one-year contract. After one season at Gravesend, he joined Bromley in a player-coach role. After two seasons at Bromley, Bowry quit when the club was put up for sale and retired.
Football agent
He is now believed to be a football agent with a number of Premier League |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Palace%20Dinosaurs | The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are a series of sculptures of dinosaurs and other extinct animals, incorrect by modern standards, in the London borough of Bromley's Crystal Palace Park. Commissioned in 1852 to accompany the Crystal Palace after its move from the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, they were unveiled in 1854 as the first dinosaur sculptures in the world. The models were designed and sculpted by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins under the scientific direction of Sir Richard Owen, representing the latest scientific knowledge at the time. The models, also known as Dinosaur Court, were classed as Grade II listed buildings from 1973, extensively restored in 2002, and upgraded to Grade I listed in 2007.
The models represent 15 genera of extinct animals, only three of which are true dinosaurs. They are from a wide range of geological ages, and include true dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs mainly from the Mesozoic era, and some mammals from the more recent Cenozoic era. Today, the models are notable for representing the scientific inaccuracies of early paleontology, the result of improperly reconstructed fossils and the nascent nature of the science in the 19th century, with the Iguanodon and Megalosaurus models being particularly singled out.
History
Following the closure of the Great Exhibition in October 1851, Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace was bought and moved to Penge Place atop Sydenham Hill, South London, by the newly formed Crystal Palace Company. The grounds tha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL22 | C-C motif chemokine 22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL22 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is secreted by dendritic cells and macrophages, and elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with cell surface chemokine receptors such as CCR4. The gene for CCL22 is located in human chromosome 16 in a cluster with other chemokines called CX3CL1 and CCL17.
References
Further reading
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20Institute | Vector Institute may refer to:
State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, a Russian biological research center.
The Vector Institute, a private artificial intelligence research institute in Toronto. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CX3CL1 | Fractalkine, also known as chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CX3CL1 gene.
Function
Fractalkine is a large cytokine protein of 373 amino acids, it contains multiple domains and is the only known member of the CX3C chemokine family. It is also commonly known under the names fractalkine (in humans) and neurotactin (in mice). The polypeptide structure of CX3CL1 differs from the typical structure of other chemokines. For example, the spacing of the characteristic N-terminal cysteines differs; there are three amino acids separating the initial pair of cysteines in CX3CL1, with none in CC chemokines and only one intervening amino acid in CXC chemokines. CX3CL1 is produced as a long protein (with 373-amino acid in humans) with an extended mucin-like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the surface of certain cells. However a soluble (90 kD) version of this chemokine has also been observed. Soluble CX3CL1 potently chemoattracts T cells and monocytes, while the cell-bound chemokine promotes strong adhesion of leukocytes to activated endothelial cells, where it is primarily expressed. CX3CL1 elicits its adhesive and migratory functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Its gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.
Fractalkine is found commonly throughout the brain, particularly in neural cells, and its receptor is known |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettong | Bettongs, species of the genus Bettongia, are potoroine marsupials once common in Australia. They are important ecosystem engineers displaced during the colonisation of the continent, and are vulnerable to threatening factors such as altered fire regimes, land clearing, pastoralism and introduced predatory species such as the fox and cat.
Conservation status
All species of the genus have been severely affected by ecological changes since the European settlement of Australia. Those that have not become extinct became largely confined to islands and protected reserves and are dependent on re-population programs. The diversity of the genus was poorly understood before their extirpation from the mainland, and new taxa have been identified in specimens newly discovered and already held in museum collections. In 2021 August, 40 bettongs were released in different parts of South Australia after being raised in captivity to increase their numbers.
Taxonomy
Four extant species are recognised in the work Mammal Species of the World (2005):
Bettongia gaimardi, Eastern bettong, also known as the Tasmanian bettong
Bettongia lesueur Boodie
Bettongia penicillata Woylie
Bettongia tropica Wakefield, 1967. Northern bettong
In addition, at least three extinct species are known:
Bettongia moyesi, Middle Miocene bettong from Riversleigh
Bettongia pusilla, Nullarbor dwarf bettong, known only from subfossil remains, probably became extinct after colonisation
Bettongia anhydra, describe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20I-M438 | Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (ISOGG 2019), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of haplogroup I-M170. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE. It originated in Europe and developed into several main subgroups : I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596. The haplogroup can be found all over Europe and reaches its maximum frequency in the Dinaric Alps (Balkans) via founder effect. Examples of basal I-M438* have been found in males from Crete and Sicily .
Origin & prehistoric presence
Haplogroup I2a was the most frequent Y-DNA among western European mesolithic hunter gatherers (WHG) belonging to Villabruna Cluster. A 2015 study found haplogroup I2a in 13,500 year old remains from the Azilian culture (from Grotte du Bichon, modern Switzerland). Subclades of I2a1 (I-P37.2), namely I-M423 and I-M26 have been found in remains of Western European Hunter-Gatherers dating from 10,000 to 8,000 years before present respectively.
In a 2015 study published in Nature, the remains of six individuals from Motala ascribed to the Kongemose culture were successfully analyzed. With regards to Y-DNA, two individuals were ascribed to haplogroup I2a1b, one individual was ascribed to haplogroup I2a1, and one individual was ascribed to haplogroup I2c.
Subclades of I-L460
I-P37.2
The I-P37.2+, also known as I2a1a (ISOGG 2019) (The subclade divergence for I-P37.2 occurred 10.7±4.8 kya. The age of YSTR variation for the P37.2 subclade is 8.0±4.0 kya. It i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20Theory | Membrane Theory may refer to:
M-theory, a theory in physics that unifies all of the consistent versions of superstring theory
Membrane theory of shells, describes the mechanical properties of shells
Membrane potential, a theory that explained the resting potential of nerve and muscle as a diffusion potential |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liao%20%28surname%29 | Liao () is a Chinese surname, most commonly found in Taiwan and Southern China. Statistics show it is among the 100 most common surnames in mainland China; figures from the Ministry of Public Security showed it to be the 61st most common surname, shared by around 4.2 million Chinese citizens.
The pinyin romanisation of the Mandarin pronunciation is . Its Cantonese pronunciation is generally transcribed as Liu. Other romanisations of the name include Leo, Leow, Liau, Liaw, Liauw, Leeau, Lio, Liow, Leaw, Leou, Lau, Loh, Liu, Liêu, Liew, Liw and Lew.
Notable people surnamed 廖
People with the surname Liao include:
Ashley Liao (born 2001), American actress
Bernice Liu (, born 1979), Canadian actress and former TVB model
Liao Cheng-hao, Minister of Justice of the Republic of China (1996–1998)
Liao Chengzhi (1908–1983), Chinese politician
Liao Chi-chun (1902–1976), Taiwanese oil painter and sculptor
Liao Feng-teh (1951–2008), Taiwanese politician
Gladys Liu, Hong Kong-born Australian politician
Liao Hua (died 264), military general
Liao Hui (born 1942), Hong Kong politician
Liao Hui (born 1987), Chinese weightlifter
Liao Liou-yi, Magistrate of Taichung County (1989–1997)
Martin Liao (born 1957), Hong Kong politician
Liao Qiuyun (born 1995), Chinese weightlifter
Liao Tianding
Liao Yaoxiang (1906–1968), a high-ranking Kuomintang commander
Liao Yiwu (born 1958), Chinese author and poet
Liao Zhongkai (1877–1925), Kuomintang leader
Liau Huei-fang, Deputy Minister of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xar | Xar may refer to:
Xar (graphics), a file format used with vector graphics
XAR, a file archiver and its associated file format
Michael Portnoy, who uses the stage name XAR
The ICAO Code for Travel Express Aviation Services, Indonesia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myriocin | Myriocin, also known as antibiotic ISP-1 and thermozymocidin, is a non-proteinogenic amino acid derived from certain thermophilic fungi.
Myriocin is a very potent inhibitor of serine palmitoyltransferase, the first step in sphingosine biosynthesis. Due to this property, it is used in biochemical research as a tool for depleting cells of sphingolipids.
Myriocin was shown to inhibit the proliferation of an IL-2-dependent mouse cytotoxic T cell line.
Myriocin possesses immunosuppressant activity. It is reported to be 10- to 100-fold more potent than ciclosporin.
The multiple sclerosis drug fingolimod was derived from myriocin by using structure–activity relationship studies to determine the parts of the molecule important to its activity.
References
Antibiotics
Alpha-Amino acids
Beta hydroxy acids
Vicinal diols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20atlantoaxial%20ligament | The posterior atlantoaxial ligament is a broad, thin membrane attached, above, to the lower border of the posterior arch of the atlas; below, to the upper edges of the laminæ of the axis.
It supplies the place of the ligamenta flava, and is in relation, behind, with the Obliqui capitis inferiores.
See also
Atlanto-axial joint
References
External links
Description at spineuniverse.com
Ligaments of the head and neck
Bones of the vertebral column |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20atlantoaxial%20ligament | The anterior atlantoaxial ligament is a strong membrane, fixed above the lower border of the anterior arch of the atlas; below, to the front of the body of the axis.
It is strengthened in the middle line by a rounded cord, which connects the tubercle on the anterior arch of the atlas to the body of the axis. It is a continuation upward of the anterior longitudinal ligament.
Anatomy
Anatomical relations
The anterior atlantoaxial ligament is situated anterior to the longus capitis muscle.
See also
Atlanto-axial joint
References
External links
Description at spineuniverse.com
Ligaments of the head and neck
Bones of the vertebral column |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior%20atlantooccipital%20membrane | The anterior atlantooccipital membrane (anterior atlantooccipital ligament) is a broad, dense membrane extending between the anterior margin of the foramen magnum (superiorly), and (the superior margin of) the anterior arch of atlas (inferiorly).
The membrane helps limit excessive movement at the atlanto-occipital joints.
Anatomy
Structure
It is composed of broad, densely woven fibers; especially towards the midline where the membrane is continuous medially with the anterior longitudinal ligament. It is innervated by the cervical spinal nerve 1.
Relations
Medially, it is continuous with the anterior longitudinal ligament.
Laterally, it is blends with either articular capsule.
This membrane is in relation in anteriorly with the rectus capitis anterior muscles, and posteriorly with the alar ligaments.
See also
Posterior atlantooccipital membrane
References
External links
Human head and neck |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20atlantooccipital%20membrane | The posterior atlantooccipital membrane (posterior atlantooccipital ligament) is a broad but thin membrane extending between the to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum above, and posterior arch of atlas (first cervical vertebra) below. It forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle.
The membrane helps limit excessive movement of the atlanto-occipital joints.
Anatomy
Attachments
The superior attachment of the membrane at the posterior margin of the foramen magnum, and its inferior attachment is at the superior margin of the posterior arch of atlas (cervical vertebra C1).
The membrane additionally attaches posteriorly (by a soft tissue bridge which may contain muscle or tendon fibres) to the recti capitis posteriores minores mucles, and anteriorly to the dura mater.
Innervation
The membrane is innervated by the spinal nerve C1.
Relations
At either lateral extremity, the membrane is pierced by the vertebral artery and cervical spinal nerve C1. The free border of the membrane arches over the artery and nerve, and is sometimes ossified (converting the passage for the vertebral artery into a foramen).
Laterally, the membrane blends with the articular capsules.
It is superficial/anterior to the dura mater of the spinal canal (onto which it attaches). The membrane overlies the grooves for vertebral arteries, vertebral venous plexuses, and cervical spinal nerves C1.
The membrane forms the floor of the suboccipital triangle. It is deep to the recti capitis posterior |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL19 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL19 gene.
This gene is one of several CC cytokine genes clustered on the p-arm of chromosome 9. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. The CC cytokines are proteins characterized by two adjacent cysteines. The cytokine encoded by this gene may play a role in normal lymphocyte recirculation and homing. It also plays an important role in trafficking of T cells in thymus, and in T cell and B cell migration to secondary lymphoid organs. It specifically binds to chemokine receptor CCR7.
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as EBI1 ligand chemokine (ELC) and macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta (MIP-3-beta). CCL19 is expressed abundantly in thymus and lymph nodes, with moderate levels in trachea and colon and low levels in stomach, small intestine, lung, kidney and spleen. The gene for CCL19 is located on human chromosome 9. This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by binding to the chemokine receptor chemokine receptor CCR7. It attracts certain cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells and antigen-engaged B cells, CCR7+ central-memory T-Cells.
References
Further reading
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL23 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 23 (CCL23) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as Macrophage inflammatory protein 3 (MIP-3) and Myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 1 (MPIF-1). CCL23 is predominantly expressed in lung and liver tissue, but is also found in bone marrow and placenta. It is also expressed in some cell lines of myeloid origin. CCL23 is highly chemotactic for resting T cells and monocytes and slightly chemotactic for neutrophils. It has also been attributed to an inhibitory activity on hematopoietic progenitor cells. The gene for CCL23 is located on human chromosome 17 in a locus containing several other CC chemokines. CCL23 is a ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR1.
References
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL24 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 24 (CCL24) also known as myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor 2 (MPIF-2) or eosinophil chemotactic protein 2 (eotaxin-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL24 gene. This gene is located on human chromosome 7.
Function
CCL24 is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. CCL24 interacts with chemokine receptor CCR3 to induce chemotaxis in eosinophils. This chemokine is also strongly chemotactic for resting T lymphocytes and slightly chemotactic for neutrophils.
Clinical significance
Elevated levels of eotaxin-2 has been seen in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), such as asthma. People with lower plasma levels of eotaxin-2 have not been showing tendency to develop aspirin inducible asthma.
References
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valero | Valero may refer to:
People
Valero (name)
Other
Valero, a prefix referring to derivatives of valeric acid
Valero Energy, an American Fortune 500 company operating a variety of energy production and fuel retail operations, based in San Antonio, Texas
Valero, Salamanca, a municipality in the province of Salamanca, Spain
Valero Texas Open, professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour
Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero, football stadium located in Elche, Spain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20Ausaille | The Diocese of Cell Ausaille is now a titular see of the Catholic Church.
When it was a residential see, it had its centre at Killossy, near Naas, County Kildare, Ireland.
The first titular bishop of this ancient see was appointed on 24 April 1970.
For an adjectival form in Latin referring to the see, use is made of Cellae Sancti Auxilii.
References
Cell Ausaille
Former dioceses in Ireland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCL26 | Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 26 (CCL26) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also called Eotaxin-3, Macrophage inflammatory protein 4-alpha
(MIP-4-alpha), Thymic stroma chemokine-1 (TSC-1), and IMAC. It is expressed by several tissues including heart, lung and ovary, and in endothelial cells that have been stimulated with the cytokine interleukin 4. CCL26 is chemotactic for eosinophils and basophils and elicits its effects by binding to the cell surface chemokine receptor CCR3. This gene for chemokine is located on human chromosome 7.
References
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organophosphate-induced%20delayed%20neuropathy | Organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), also called organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), is a neuropathy caused by killing of neurons in the central nervous system, especially in the spinal cord, as a result of acute or chronic organophosphate poisoning.
A striking example of OPIDN occurred during the 1930s Prohibition Era when thousands of men in the American South and Midwest developed arm and leg weakness and pain after drinking a "medicinal" alcohol substitute. The drink, called "Ginger Jake," contained an adulterated Jamaican ginger extract containing tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) which resulted in partially reversible neurologic damage. The damage resulted in the limping called "jake paralysis" – and also "jake leg" or "jake walk", which were terms frequently used in the blues music of the period. Europe and Morocco both experienced outbreaks of TOCP poisoning from contaminated abortifacients and cooking oil, respectively.
The disorder may contribute to the chronic multisymptom illnesses of the Gulf War veterans as well as aerotoxic syndrome (especially tricresyl phosphate poisoning)
The exact cause of the syndrome is unknown, although it has been associated with inhibition of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 6 (PNPLA6, aka neuropathy target esterase). There is no specific treatment, and recovery is usually incomplete, affecting only sensory nervous system, while motor neuropathy persists.
See also
Aerotoxi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweep%20line%20algorithm | In computational geometry, a sweep line algorithm or plane sweep algorithm is an algorithmic paradigm that uses a conceptual sweep line or sweep surface to solve various problems in Euclidean space. It is one of the critical techniques in computational geometry.
The idea behind algorithms of this type is to imagine that a line (often a vertical line) is swept or moved across the plane, stopping at some points. Geometric operations are restricted to geometric objects that either intersect or are in the immediate vicinity of the sweep line whenever it stops, and the complete solution is available once the line has passed over all objects.
History
This approach may be traced to scanline algorithms of rendering in computer graphics, followed by exploiting this approach in early algorithms of integrated circuit layout design, in which a geometric description of an IC was processed in parallel strips because the entire description could not fit into memory.
Applications
Application of this approach led to a breakthrough in the computational complexity of geometric algorithms when Shamos and Hoey presented algorithms for line segment intersection in the plane, and in particular, they described how a combination of the scanline approach with efficient data structures (self-balancing binary search trees) makes it possible to detect whether there are intersections among segments in the plane in time complexity of . The closely related Bentley–Ottmann algorithm uses a sweep line tec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education%20in%20the%20member%20states%20of%20the%20Organisation%20of%20Islamic%20Cooperation | The public spending on education in the 57 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries is one of the lowest in the world.
Statistics
Public expenditure on education (% of GDP)
Scientifically productive countries
Most productive universities in OIC
Notes
See also
List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population
Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
External links
Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
OIC Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-forcing%20equalizer | The zero-forcing equalizer is a form of linear equalization algorithm used in communication systems which applies the inverse of the frequency response of the channel. This form of equalizer was first proposed by Robert Lucky.
The zero-forcing equalizer applies the inverse of the channel frequency response to the received signal, to restore the signal after the channel. It has many useful applications. For example, it is studied heavily for IEEE 802.11n (MIMO) where knowing the channel allows recovery of the two or more streams which will be received on top of each other on each antenna. The name zero-forcing corresponds to bringing down the intersymbol interference (ISI) to zero in a noise-free case. This will be useful when ISI is significant compared to noise.
For a channel with frequency response the zero-forcing equalizer is constructed by . Thus the combination of channel and equalizer gives a flat frequency response and linear phase .
In reality, zero-forcing equalization does not work in most applications, for the following reasons:
Even though the channel impulse response has finite length, the impulse response of the equalizer needs to be infinitely long
At some frequencies the received signal may be weak. To compensate, the magnitude of the zero-forcing filter ("gain") grows very large. As a consequence, any noise added after the channel gets boosted by a large factor and destroys the overall signal-to-noise ratio. Furthermore, the channel may have zeros i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofiltration | Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process used most often to soften and disinfect water.
Overview
Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration-based method that uses nanometer sized pores through which particles smaller than 10 nanometers pass through the membrane. Nanofiltration membranes have pore sizes from 1-10 nanometers, smaller than that used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration, but a little bit bigger than that in reverse osmosis. Membranes used are predominantly created from polymer thin films. Materials that are commonly used include polyethylene terephthalate or metals such as aluminum. Pore dimensions are controlled by pH, temperature and time during development with pore densities ranging from 1 to 106 pores per cm2.
Membranes made from polyethylene terephthalate and other similar materials, are referred to as "track-etch" membranes, named after the way the pores on the membranes are made. "Tracking" involves bombarding the polymer thin film with high energy particles. This results in making tracks that are chemically developed into the membrane, or "etched" into the membrane, which are the pores.
Membranes created from metal such as alumina membranes, are made by electrochemically growing a thin layer of aluminum oxide from aluminum metal in an acidic medium.
Range of applications
Historically, nanofiltration and other membrane technology used for molecular separation was applied entirely on aqueous systems. The original uses for nanofiltration were wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartle%20taxonomy%20of%20player%20types | The Bartle taxonomy of player types is a classification of video game players (gamers) based on a 1996 paper by Richard Bartle according to their preferred actions within the game. The classification originally described players of multiplayer online games (including MUDs and MMORPGs), though now it also refers to players of single-player video games.
The taxonomy is based on a character theory. This character theory consists of four characters: Achievers, Explorers, Socializers, and Killers. These are imagined according to a quadrant model where the X axis represents preference for interacting with other players vs. exploring the world and the Y axis represents preference for interaction vs. unilateral action.
A test known as Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology based on Bartle's taxonomy was created in 1999–2000 by Erwin Andreasen and Brandon Downey, containing a series of questions and an accompanying scoring formula. Although the test has been met with some criticism for the dichotomous nature of its question-asking method, as of October 2011, it had been taken over 800,000 times. As of February 2018, the Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology hosted by GamerDNA is no longer available. Alternative online implementations of the test exist, however.
The result of the Bartle Test is the "Bartle Quotient", which is calculated based on the answers to a series of 30 random questions in the test, and totals 200% across all categories, with no single category exceeding 100%.
Achievers
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEA-M | In cryptography, FEA-M (Fast Encryption Algorithm for Multimedia) is a block cipher developed in 2001 by X. Yi, C. H. Tan, C. K. Siew, and M. R. Syed.
With the unusually large block size of 4096 bits, all of FEA-M's calculations operate on 64×64 binary matrices. Unlike most block ciphers, FEA-M does not use multiple rounds of encryption. Each block is encrypted using just two multiplications and two additions. The data is encrypted using a pair of session keys chosen for just that message. The key is an invertible matrix used to encrypt the session keys, and the encrypted session keys must be sent along with the ciphertext. Since only invertible matrices can be used for the key, the effective key size is about 4094.2 bits.
FEA-M is insecure; an attack found by Youssef and Tavares (2003) recovers the secret key using only 1 known plaintext and 2 chosen plaintexts.
References
Further reading
Broken block ciphers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL10 | C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) also known as Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) or small-inducible cytokine B10 is an 8.7 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL10 gene. C-X-C motif chemokine 10 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family.
Gene
The gene for CXCL10 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster among several other CXC chemokines.
Function
CXCL10 is secreted by several cell types in response to IFN-γ. These cell types include monocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. CXCL10 has been attributed to several roles, such as chemoattraction for monocytes/macrophages, T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, promotion of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells, antitumor activity, and inhibition of bone marrow colony formation and angiogenesis.
This chemokine elicits its effects by binding to the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3.
Structure
The three-dimensional crystal structure of this chemokine has been determined under 3 different conditions to a resolution of up to 1.92 Å. The Protein Data Bank accession codes for the structures of CXCL10 are , , and .
Biomarkers
CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 have proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodeling.
Clinical significance
Baseline pre-treatment plasma levels of CXCL10 are e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20circuit | An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow. It is a type of electrical circuit and to be referred to as electronic, rather than electrical, generally at least one active component must be present. The combination of components and wires allows various simple and complex operations to be performed: signals can be amplified, computations can be performed, and data can be moved from one place to another.
Circuits can be constructed of discrete components connected by individual pieces of wire, but today it is much more common to create interconnections by photolithographic techniques on a laminated substrate (a printed circuit board or PCB) and solder the components to these interconnections to create a finished circuit. In an integrated circuit or IC, the components and interconnections are formed on the same substrate, typically a semiconductor such as doped silicon or (less commonly) gallium arsenide.
An electronic circuit can usually be categorized as an analog circuit, a digital circuit, or a mixed-signal circuit (a combination of analog circuits and digital circuits). The most widely used semiconductor device in electronic circuits is the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor).
Breadboards, perfboards, and stripboards are common for testing new designs. They allow the designer to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL11 | C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL11 gene.
C-X-C motif chemokine 11 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate.
Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-γ and IFN-β, and weakly induced by IFN-α. This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. CXCL11 is chemotactic for activated T cells. Its gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.
Biomarkers
CXCL9, -10, -11 have proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodeling.
References
External links
Further reading
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimm | Zimm may refer to:
Bruno H. Zimm (1920–2005), American polymer chemist and DNA researcher
Zimm-Bragg model, a helix-coil transition model in statistical mechanics
Bruno Louis Zimm (1867-1943) American sculptor
Maurice Zimm (1909–2005), American radio, television and film writer
ZentralInstitut für Mathematik und Mechanik, part of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, also known as the Academy of Sciences (ADW) of the German Democratic Republic :de:Liste der Institute der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR
Zimm., taxonomic author abbreviation for Albrecht Zimmermann (1860–1931), German botanist
See also
Zim (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Argonauts%20all-time%20records%20and%20statistics | The following is a list of Toronto Argonauts all time records and statistics current to the 2023 CFL season. Each category lists the top five players, where known, except for when the fifth place player is tied in which case all players with the same number are listed.
Grey Cup Championships
as a Player
6 - Jack Wedley
5 - Joe Krol, Bill Zock, Les Ascott
4 - Royal Copeland
3 - Teddy Morris, Frankie Morris, Bill Stukus, Wes Cutler, Pinball Clemons, Mike O'Shea, Paul Masotti, Adrion Smith, Noah Cantor
as a Head Coach
3 - Lew Hayman, Teddy Morris
2 - Frank Clair, Don Matthews
Games Played
222 – Don Moen (1982–94)
208 – Noel Prefontaine (1998–2007, 2010–13)
205 – Mike O'Shea (1996–99, 2001–08)
204 – Danny Nykoluk (1955–71)
199 – Jeff Johnson (2000–13)
195 – Chad Folk (1997–2008)
189 – Paul Masotti (1988–99)
186 – Michael Clemons (1989–2000)
175 – Dan Ferrone (1981–92)
166 – Adrion Smith (1996–2005)
Scoring
Most Points – Career
1498 – Lance Chomyc (1985–93)
1228 – Noel Prefontaine (1998–2007, 2010–13)
899 – Zenon Andrusyshyn (1971–77, 1980–82)
550 – Dick Shatto (1954–65)
549 – Mike Vanderjagt (1996–97, 2008)
Most Points – Season
236 – Lance Chomyc – 1991
207 – Lance Chomyc – 1988
200 – Lance Chomyc – 1990
198 – Mike Vanderjagt – 1996
193 – Lance Chomyc – 1987
Most Points – Game
27 – Cookie Gilchrist – versus Montreal Alouettes, October 30, 1960
26 – Lance Chomyc – versus Ottawa Rough Riders, October 14, 1988
24 – six players, seven times, most recently Derrell Mitchell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafail%20Ostrovsky | Rafail Ostrovsky is a distinguished professor of computer science and mathematics at UCLA and a well-known researcher in algorithms and cryptography.
Biography
Rafail Ostrovsky received his Ph.D. from MIT in 1992.
He is a member of the editorial board of Algorithmica
, Editorial Board of Journal of Cryptology and Editorial and Advisory Board of the International Journal of Information and Computer Security .
Awards
2022 W. Wallace McDowell Award "for visionary contributions to computer security theory and practice, including foreseeing new cloud vulnerabilities and then pioneering corresponding novel solutions"
2021 AAAS Fellow
2021 Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for contributions to the foundations of cryptography"
2019 Academia Europaea Foreign Member
2018 RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics "for contributions to the theory and to new variants of secure multi-party computations"
2017 IEEE Edward J. McCluskey Technical Achievement Award "for outstanding contributions to cryptographic protocols and systems, enhancing the scope of cryptographic applications and of assured cryptographic security."
2017 IEEE Fellow, "for contributions to cryptography”
2013 IACR Fellow "for numerous contributions to the scientific foundations of cryptography and for sustained educational leadership in cryptography"
1993 Henry Taub Prize
Publications
Some of Ostrovsky's contributions to computer science include:
1990 Introduced (with R. Venkatesan and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical%20wheel | A helical wheel is a type of plot or visual representation used to illustrate the properties of alpha helices in proteins.
The sequence of amino acids that make up a helical region of the protein's secondary structure are plotted in a rotating manner where the angle of rotation between consecutive amino acids is 100°, so that the final representation looks down the helical axis.
Polarity and Characteristics
The plot reveals whether hydrophobic amino acids are concentrated on one side of the helix, usually with polar or hydrophilic amino acids on the other. This arrangement is common in alpha helices within globular proteins, where one face of the helix is oriented toward the hydrophobic core and one face is oriented toward the solvent-exposed surface. Specific patterns characteristic of protein folds and protein docking motifs are also revealed, as in the identification of leucine zipper dimerization regions and coiled coils. This projection diagram is often called and "Edmundson wheel" after its inventor.
Drawing Helical Wheels
Helical wheels can be drawn by a variety of software packages including helixvis in R, heliquest in R, or via the HELIQUEST server.
References
Further reading
External links
Less traditional, more colorful wheels (requires Macromedia Flash)
DrawCoil 1.0
Helical Wheel Projections, UC Riverside
NetWheels, High quality Helical Wheel and Net projections
High-quality helical wheels in R
Protein structure
Protein methods
Amino acids |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM%20Racing | RPM Racing (short for Radical Psycho Machine Racing) is a Super Nintendo Entertainment System racing game developed by Silicon & Synapse (now known as Blizzard Entertainment) and published by Interplay Productions.
It is a successful remake of the Commodore 64 video game Racing Destruction Set, developed by Electronic Arts in 1985. It claims to be the first American-developed game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. A spiritual successor, Rock n' Roll Racing, was released in 1993.
Gameplay
Players can race in a regular season, a single race, or create their own course. The courses can be straight and oval, curvy and or hilly and unpredictable. The winner gets money and a chance to score their initials for the fastest time.
Development
RPM Racing was developed in four months, using the Sluggo development system created by Rebecca Heineman and her partner. It allowed uploading of bin files to a cartridge simulator for the SNES. It was programmed in 65c816 assembly language using a cross compiler on an IBM computer.
RPM is one of the first SNES games developed in high resolution graphics mode which allows for sharper detail but fewer colors. This limits the amount of unique graphics displayed from the SNES video memory. Due to this, the sequel, Rock n' Roll Racing, was developed in the lower resolution graphics mode, allowing for much more vibrant colors and graphic detail.
The logic engine and track editor for RPM were ported from an older Electronic Arts game Rac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Connection%20%28cocktail%29 | A French Connection is a cocktail made with equal parts Cognac and Amaretto liqueur. The cocktail is named for the Gene Hackman film of the same name.
See also
List of cocktails
References
Cocktails with brandy
Cocktails with liqueur
Two-ingredient cocktails |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal%20Alouettes%20all-time%20records%20and%20statistics | The following is a list of Montreal Alouettes all time records and statistics current to the 2023 CFL season.
This list includes the records for the Montreal Concordes (1982 to 1985) but does not include Baltimore CFLers or Stallions records (1994 to 1995).
Grey Cups
Most Grey Cups Won, Player
3 - Peter Dalla Riva
3 - Sonny Wade
3 - Gordon Judges
3 - Barry Randall
3 - Anthony Calvillo
3 - Ben Cahoon
3 - Anwar Stewart
3 - Scott Flory
Most Grey Cup Appearances, Player
8 - Anthony Calvillo
8 - Ben Cahoon
8 - Scott Flory
7 - Bryan Chiu
Most Grey Cups Won, Head Coach
2 - Marv Levy
2 - Marc Trestman
1 - Lew Hayman
1 - Sam Etcheverry
1 - Don Matthews
Most Grey Cup Appearances, Head Coach
3 - Peahead Walker
3 - Marv Levy
3 - Don Matthews
3 - Marc Trestman
Coaching
Most Seasons Coached
8 - Lew Hayman
6 - Peahead Walker
6 - Jim Popp
5 - Marv Levy
5 - Don Matthews
5 - Marc Trestman
Most Games Coached
108 - Peahead Walker
90 - Marc Trestman
86 - Don Matthews
78 - Marv Levy
72 - Lew Hayman
Most Wins
59 - Peahead Walker
59 - Marc Trestman
58 - Don Matthews
43 - Marv Levy
37 - Lew Hayman
Most Losses
48 - Peahead Walker
41 - Joe Galat
36 - Jim Popp
33 - Lew Hayman
31 - Marv Levy
31 - Marc Trestman
31 - Kay Dalton
Games
Most Games Played
269 – Anthony Calvillo (1998–2013)
242 – Scott Flory (1999–2013)
230 – John Bowman (2006–19)
229 – Chip Cox (2006–18)
224 – Ben Cahoon (1998–2010)
218 – Bryan Chiu (1997–2009)
203 – Glen Weir (1972–84)
Most Seasons Played
16 – Anthony Calvill |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chou%E2%80%93Fasman%20method | The Chou–Fasman method is an empirical technique for the prediction of secondary structures in proteins, originally developed in the 1970s by Peter Y. Chou and Gerald D. Fasman. The method is based on analyses of the relative frequencies of each amino acid in alpha helices, beta sheets, and turns based on known protein structures solved with X-ray crystallography. From these frequencies a set of probability parameters were derived for the appearance of each amino acid in each secondary structure type, and these parameters are used to predict the probability that a given sequence of amino acids would form a helix, a beta strand, or a turn in a protein. The method is at most about 50–60% accurate in identifying correct secondary structures, which is significantly less accurate than the modern machine learning–based techniques.
Amino acid propensities
The original Chou–Fasman parameters found some strong tendencies among individual amino acids to prefer one type of secondary structure over others. Alanine, glutamate, leucine, and methionine were identified as helix formers, while proline and glycine, due to the unique conformational properties of their peptide bonds, commonly end a helix. The original Chou–Fasman parameters were derived from a very small and non-representative sample of protein structures due to the small number of such structures that were known at the time of their original work. These original parameters have since been shown to be unreliable and have been u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial%20membrane%20transport%20protein | Mitochondrial membrane transport proteins, also known as mitochondrial carrier proteins, are proteins which exist in the membranes of mitochondria. They serve to transport molecules and other factors, such as ions, into or out of the organelles. Mitochondria contain both an inner and outer membrane, separated by the inter-membrane space, or inner boundary membrane. The outer membrane is porous, whereas the inner membrane restricts the movement of all molecules. The two membranes also vary in membrane potential and pH. These factors play a role in the function of mitochondrial membrane transport proteins. There are 53 discovered human mitochondrial membrane transporters, with many others that are known to still need discovered.
Mitochondrial outer membrane
The outer mitochondrial membrane forms the border of mitochondria towards the cellular environment. The outer membrane mitochondrial proteins carry out functions for mitochondrial biogenesis and integration between mitochondria and the cellular system. The outer membrane consists of two types of integral proteins, including proteins with transmembrane β-barrel and proteins with one or more α-helical membrane anchors.
β-Barrel Outer Membrane Proteins
TOM complex
The TOM complex, part of the TOM/TIM supercomplex, is essential for the translocase of almost all mitochondrial proteins which consists of at least 7 different subunits. Tom20 and Tom70 are the primary receptors while Tom40, Tom22, Tom7, Tom6, and Tom5 subunits f |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharging%20method%20%28discrete%20mathematics%29 | The discharging method is a technique used to prove lemmas in structural graph theory. Discharging is most well known for its central role in the proof of the four color theorem. The discharging method is used to prove that every graph in a certain class contains some subgraph from a specified list. The presence of the desired subgraph is then often used to prove a coloring result.
Most commonly, discharging is applied to planar graphs.
Initially, a charge is assigned to each face and each vertex of the graph.
The charges are assigned so that they sum to a small positive number. During the Discharging Phase the charge at each face or vertex may be redistributed to nearby faces and vertices, as required by a set of discharging rules. However, each discharging rule maintains the sum of the charges. The rules are designed so that after the discharging phase each face or vertex with positive charge lies in one of the desired subgraphs. Since the sum of the charges is positive, some face or vertex must have a positive charge. Many discharging arguments use one of a few standard initial charge functions (these are listed below). Successful application of the discharging method requires creative design of discharging rules.
An example
In 1904, Wernicke introduced the discharging method to prove the following theorem, which was part of an attempt to prove the four color theorem.
Theorem: If a planar graph has minimum degree 5, then it either has an edge
with endpoints b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Kanapkis | Fernando Alfredo Kanapkis García (born 6 June 1966) is a Uruguayan retired footballer who played as a defender. He was part of Uruguay national team at 1993 Copa América.
Career statistics
International
References
External links
Profile
1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Montevideo
Men's association football defenders
Uruguayan people of Greek descent
Uruguayan people of Spanish descent
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguay men's international footballers
Centro Atlético Fénix players
Danubio F.C. players
Textil Mandiyú footballers
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
Club Nacional de Football players
Rampla Juniors players
Racing Club de Montevideo players
1993 Copa América players
Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinobanksin | Pinobanksin is an antioxidant bioflavonoid (specifically a flavanonol, a category of flavonol) that inhibits peroxidation of low density lipoprotein and it has electron donor properties reducing alpha-tocopherol radicals. It is present in sunflower honey.
Pinobanksin is biosynthesized from pinocembrin.
References
External links
Flavanonols
Flavonoid antioxidants
Honey |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-enhanced%20laser%20desorption/ionization | Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is a soft ionization method in mass spectrometry (MS) used for the analysis of protein mixtures. It is a variation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In MALDI, the sample is mixed with a matrix material and applied to a metal plate before irradiation by a laser, whereas in SELDI, proteins of interest in a sample become bound to a surface before MS analysis. The sample surface is a key component in the purification, desorption, and ionization of the sample. SELDI is typically used with time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers and is used to detect proteins in tissue samples, blood, urine, or other clinical samples, however, SELDI technology can potentially be used in any application by simply modifying the sample surface.
Sample preparation and instrumentation
SELDI can be seen as a combination of solid-phase chromatography and TOF-MS. The sample is applied to a modified chip surface, which allows for the specific binding of proteins from the sample to the surface. Contaminants and unbound proteins are then washed away. After washing the sample, an energy absorbing matrix, such as sinapinic acid (SPA) or α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), is applied to the surface and allowed to crystallize with the sample. Alternatively, the matrix can be attached to the sample surface by covalent modification or adsorption before the sample is applied. The sample is then irradiated by a pulsed laser, causing abl |
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