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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20cross%20section | In physics, absorption cross section is a measure for the probability of an absorption process. More generally, the term cross section is used in physics to quantify the probability of a certain particle-particle interaction, e.g., scattering, electromagnetic absorption, etc. (Note that light in this context is described as consisting of particles, i.e., photons.) Typical absorption cross section has units of cm2⋅molecule−1. In honor of the fundamental contribution of Maria Goeppert Mayer to this area, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the "GM". One GM is 10−50 cm4⋅s⋅photon−1.
In the context of ozone shielding of ultraviolet light, absorption cross section is the ability of a molecule to absorb a photon of a particular wavelength and polarization. Analogously, in the context of nuclear engineering it refers to the probability of a particle (usually a neutron) being absorbed by a nucleus. Although the units are given as an area, it does not refer to an actual size area, at least partially because the density or state of the target molecule will affect the probability of absorption. Quantitatively, the number of photons absorbed, between the points and along the path of a beam is the product of the number of photons penetrating to depth times the number of absorbing molecules per unit volume times the absorption cross section :
.
The absorption cross-section is closely related to molar absorptivity and mass absorption coefficient.
For a g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities%20of%20Peru | Municipalities, in Peru, are the government organizations that govern the provinces and districts of that country.
Classification
According to the Base law of Municipalities, these entities are classified in to Provincial Municipalities and District Municipalities. The provincial municipalities also have functions pertaining to the provincial seat which is the capital district. Rural municipalities (those whose seat has an urban population less than 50% the total) receive different classification.
Structure
They are composed of two entities, the council and the mayor. The council, made up of the mayor and elected officials, is normative and. The mayor's office however, is the executive power.
Election of authorities
The election of the mayor and council is held by universal suffrage for a period of three years. The number of council members is defined by the National Jury of Elections according to Laws of Municipal Elections.
References
Government of Peru
Subdivisions of Peru
es:Municipalidades del Perú |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20synthase | Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.
Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. It is not a single enzyme but a whole enzymatic system composed of two identical 272 kDa multifunctional polypeptides, in which substrates are handed from one functional domain to the next.
Its main function is to catalyze the synthesis of palmitate (C16:0, a long-chain saturated fatty acid) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, in the presence of NADPH.
The fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Following each round of elongation the beta keto group is reduced to the fully saturated carbon chain by the sequential action of a ketoreductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enoyl reductase (ER). The growing fatty acid chain is carried between these active sites while attached covalently to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and is released by the action of a thioesterase (TE) upon reaching a carbon chain length of 16 (palmitic acid).
Classes
There are two principal classes of fatty acid synthases.
Type I systems utilise a single large, multifunctional polypeptide and are common to both animals and fungi (although the structural arrangement of fungal and animal syntheses differ). A Type I fatty acid synthase system is also found in the CMN group of bacteria (corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-Aminoquinoline | 8-Aminoquinoline is the 8-amino derivative of quinoline. Often abbreviated AQ, it is a pale yellow solid. It is structurally analogous to 8-hydroxyquinoline.
Drug derivatives
The derivatives primaquine, tafenoquine and pamaquine have been tested for anti-malaria activity. Primaquine is still used routinely worldwide as part of the treatment of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malaria, although how it prevents malarial recurrences is not, at present, clear. Tafenoquine was approved for medical use in Australia and in the United States in 2018.
Directing group
The amine functional group is amenable to formation of amides, and thus can serve as a directing group in organic synthesis.
Preparation
The original synthesis of AQ involved nitration of quinoline to give a mixture of the 5- and 8-nitroderivatives, which were separated by distillation and sublimation. Reduction of the 8-nitro isomer with tin powder in the presence of hydrochloric acid gave the amines. AQ can also be produced by amination of 8-chloroquinoline.
References
Abandoned drugs
Antimalarial agents
Quinolines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Spy%20and%20the%20Crystals%20of%20Armageddon | Guy Spy and the Crystals of Armageddon is an action game by ReadySoft that was released for DOS, Atari ST, and Amiga in 1992. Guy Spy is a cartoon adventure similar to Dragon's Lair and Space Ace but with longer sections.
Plot
Guy is summoned before the chief of international security and informed that the evil Baron Von Max has located the whereabouts of the legendary Crystals of Armageddon. Max needs these crystals to power the doomsday machine he has constructed in the mountains at an unknown location.
Reception
Computer Gaming World praised the graphics and the variety of gameplay in the 13 levels, concluding that it "does a great job of providing thrills for the average arcade player".
References
CU Amiga, August 1992, page 54-56
1992 video games
DOS games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Commodore CDTV games
ReadySoft Incorporated games
Video games scored by Mark Knight
Video games developed in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal%20and%20meridional%20flow | Zonal and meridional flow are directions and regions of fluid flow on a globe.
Zonal flow follows a pattern along latitudinal lines, latitudinal circles or in the west–east direction.
Meridional flow follows a pattern from north to south, or from south to north, along the Earth's longitude lines, longitudinal circles (meridian) or in the north–south direction.
These terms are often used in the atmospheric and earth sciences to describe global phenomena, such as "meridional wind", or "zonal average temperature".
In the context of physics, zonal flow connotes a tendency of flux to conform to a pattern parallel to the equator of a sphere. In meteorological term regarding atmospheric circulation, zonal flow brings a temperature contrast along the Earth's longitude. Extratropical cyclones in zonal flows tend to be weaker, moving faster and producing relatively little impact on local weather.
Extratropical cyclones in meridional flows tend to be stronger and move slower. This pattern is responsible for most instances of extreme weather, as not only are storms stronger in this type of flow regime, but temperatures can reach extremes as well, producing heat waves and cold waves depending on the equator-ward or poleward direction of the flow.
For vector fields (such as wind velocity), the zonal component (or x-coordinate) is denoted as u, while the meridional component (or y-coordinate) is denoted as v.
In plasma physics Zonal flow (plasma) means poloidal, which is the opposite |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kummer | Paul Kummer (22 August 1834 – 6 December 1912) was a minister, teacher, and scientist in Zerbst, Germany, known chiefly for his contribution to mycological nomenclature. Earlier classification of agarics by pioneering fungal taxonomist Elias Magnus Fries designated only a very small number of genera, with most species falling into Agaricus. These few genera were divided into many tribus ("tribes"; not tribes in the modern sense). In his 1871 work, Der Führer in die Pilzkunde, Kummer raised the majority of Fries "tribus" to the status of genus, thereby establishing many of the generic names for agarics that are in use to this day.
From 1857 to 1863, he worked as a private lecturer, then served as a curate in Zerbst (1863–1877). From 1877 onward, he was a minister in Hann Munden.
Bibliography
"Der Führer in die Pilzkunde. Anleitung zum methodischen, leichten und sichern Bestimmen der in Deutschland vorkommenden Pilze, mit Ausnahme der Schimmel- und allzu winzigen Schleim- und Kern-Pilzchen." 1. Auflage. Zerbst (E. Luppe); (1871).
"Der Führer in die Mooskunde. Anleitung zum leichten und sicheren Bestimmen der deutschen Moose". 119 S.; Berlin. (1873).
"Der Führer in die Lebermoose und die Fefäßkryptogamen" (Schachtelhalme, Bärlappe, Farne, Wurzelfrüchtler). 1. Aufl.; Berlin (Springer); (1875).
"Kryptogamische Charakterbilder". VIII+251 S., 220 Abb.; Hannover, (1878).
"Der Führer in die Mooskunde. Anleitung zum leichten und sicheren Bestimmen der deutschen Moose", 2. Aufl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartrate-resistant%20acid%20phosphatase | Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP or TRAPase), also called acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant (ACP5), is a glycosylated monomeric metalloprotein enzyme expressed in mammals. It has a molecular weight of approximately 35kDa, a basic isoelectric point (7.6–9.5), and optimal activity in acidic conditions. TRAP is synthesized as latent proenzyme and activated by proteolytic cleavage and reduction. It is differentiated from other mammalian acid phosphatases by its resistance to inhibition by tartrate and by its molecular weight.
The mechanism of phosphate ester hydrolysis by TRAP is through a nucleophilic attack mechanism, whereby, catalysis occurs with the binding of a phosphate-substrate to the Fe2+ in the active site of TRAP. This is then followed by a nucleophilic attack by a hydroxide ligand on the bound phosphorus atom, resulting in cleavage of the phosphate ester bond and production of an alcohol. The exact identity and mechanism of the hydroxide ligand is unclear, but it is thought to be either a hydroxide that bridges the metal ions within the active site or a terminal hydroxide bound to Fe3+, with conflicting reports for both mechanisms.
TRAP expression and cell localization
Under normal circumstances, TRAP is highly expressed by osteoclasts, activated macrophages, neurons, and by the porcine endometrium during pregnancy. In newborn rats, TRAP is also detectable in the spleen, thymus, liver, kidneys, skin, lung, and heart at low levels. TRAP expression is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence%20Analytical%20Services%20and%20Advice | Defence Analytical Services and Advice (DASA) was a statistical and economic unit within the MoD, initially created in 1992 from various statistics branches within the Ministry of Defence (MoD), as the Defence Analytical Services Agency. DASA was initially an executive agency of the MoD but lost its agency status on 1 April 2008, becoming an administrative unit within the MOD, changing its name to Defence Analytical Services and Advice, retaining the acronym DASA. On 1 April 2013, DASA was split into two separate units within the MoD; Defence Economics and Defence Statistics.
The role of DASA was to compile staffing, financial and logistical statistics to provide professional analytical, economic and statistical services and advice to the MoD, Parliament, Ministers, Senior MoD Officials and other government departments, mainly through its publication of Defence related National Statistics Publications and responses to Parliamentary Questions and ad hoc queries. DASA also provided planning and forecasting models to the British Armed Services to help to inform their decisions. In addition to this, DASA was also responsible for providing members of the public with defence related statistics through the Freedom of Information Act 2000.
DASA employed a mixture of statisticians, economists, IT specialists, other analysts and specialists, and administrative staff.
DASA was part of both the Government Statistical Service and the Government Economic Service. As such, DASA Directors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL2 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha (MIP2-alpha), Growth-regulated protein beta (Gro-beta) and Gro oncogene-2 (Gro-2). CXCL2 is 90% identical in amino acid sequence as a related chemokine, CXCL1. This chemokine is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and hematopoietic stem cells. The gene for CXCL2 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines. CXCL2 mobilizes cells by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2.
CXCL2, like related chemokines, is also a powerful neutrophil chemoattractant and is involved in many immune responses including wound healing, cancer metastasis, and angiogenesis. A study was published in 2013 testing the role of CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL1 in the migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) migration which plays a significant role in asthma. The results of this study showed that CXCL2 and CXCL3 both help with the mediation of normal and asthmatic ASMC migration through different mechanisms.
Clinical development
CXCL2 in combination with the CXCR4 inhibitor plerixafor rapidly mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral blood.
This rapid peripheral blood stem cell mobilization regimen entered Phase 2 clinical trials in 2021 in development by Magenta Therapeutics as a new method to collect stem cells for bone marrow tr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20replacement | Molecular replacement (MR) is a method of solving the phase problem in X-ray crystallography. MR relies upon the existence of a previously solved protein structure which is similar to our unknown structure from which the diffraction data is derived. This could come from a homologous protein, or from the lower-resolution protein NMR structure of the same protein.
The first goal of the crystallographer is to obtain an electron density map, density being related with diffracted wave as follows:
With usual detectors the intensity is being measured, and all the information about phase () is lost. Then, in the absence of phases (Φ), we are unable to complete the shown Fourier transform relating the experimental data from X-ray crystallography (in reciprocal space) to real-space electron density, into which the atomic model is built. MR tries to find the model which fits best experimental intensities among known structures.
Principles of Patterson-based molecular replacement
We can derive a Patterson map for the intensities, which is an interatomic vector map created by squaring the structure factor amplitudes and setting all phases to zero. This vector map contains a peak for each atom related to every other atom, with a large peak at 0,0,0, where vectors relating atoms to themselves "pile up". Such a map is far too noisy to derive any high resolution structural information—however if we generate Patterson maps for the data derived from our unknown structure, and from the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonic%20acid | Methylmalonic acid (MMA) (conjugate base methylmalonate) is a dicarboxylic acid that is a C-methylated derivative of malonic acid.
The coenzyme A linked form of methylmalonic acid, methylmalonyl-CoA, is converted into succinyl-CoA by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, in a reaction that requires vitamin B12 as a cofactor. In this way, it enters the Krebs cycle, and is thus part of one of the anaplerotic reactions.
Pathology
Increased methylmalonic acid levels may indicate a vitamin B12 deficiency. However, it is sensitive (those with the deficiency almost always test positive) but not specific (those that do not have vitamin B12 deficiency may have elevated levels of methylmalonic acid detected). MMA is elevated in 90–98% of patients with B12 deficiency. It has lower specificity as 20–25% of patients over the age of 70 have elevated levels of MMA, but 25–33% of them do not have B12 deficiency. For this reason, MMA test is not routinely recommended in the elderly. Moreover, MMA accumulation in the blood with age has been linked with tumour progression in 2020.
Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine can also lead to elevated levels of methylmalonic acid due to the competition of bacteria in the absorption process of vitamin B12. This is true of vitamin B12 from food and oral supplementation and can be circumvented by vitamin B12 injections. It is also hypothesized from case studies of patients with short bowel syndrome that intestinal bacterial overgrowth leads to increased prod |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL3 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates its effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. More recently, it has been shown that Cxcl3 regulates cell autonomously the migration of the precursors of cerebellar granule neurons toward the internal layers of cerebellum, during the morphogenesis of cerebellum. Moreover, if the expression of Cxcl3 is reduced in cerebellar granule neuron precursors, this highly enhances the frequency of the medulloblastoma, the tumor of cerebellum. In fact, the reduced expression of Cxcl3 forces the cerebellar granule neuron precursors to remain at the surface of the cerebellum, where they highly proliferate under the stimulus of Sonic hedgehog, becoming target of transforming insults. Remarkably, the treatment with CXCL3 completely prevents the growth of medulloblastoma lesions in a Shh-type mouse model of medulloblastoma. Thus, CXCL3 is a target for medulloblastoma therapy. Cxcl3 is directly regulated transcriptionally by BTG2
The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.
References
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaite | Ikaite is the mineral name for the hexahydrate of calcium carbonate, . Ikaite tends to form very steep or spiky pyramidal crystals, often radially arranged, of varied sizes from thumbnail size aggregates to gigantic salient spurs. It is only found in a metastable state and decomposes rapidly by losing most of its water content once removed from near-freezing water. This "melting mineral" is more commonly known through its pseudomorphs.
Distribution
It is usually considered a rare mineral, but this is likely due to difficulty in preserving samples. It was first discovered in nature by the Danish mineralogist Pauly in the Ikka (then spelt Ika) fjord in southwest Greenland, close to Ivittuut, the locality of the famous cryolite deposit. Here ikaite occurs in truly spectacular towers or columns (up to tall) growing out of the fjord floor towards the surface water, where they are naturally truncated by waves, or unnaturally by the occasional boat. At the Ikka Fjord, it is supposed that the ikaite towers are created as the result of a groundwater seep, rich in carbonate and bicarbonate ions, entering the fjord bottom in the form of springs, where it hits the marine fjord waters rich in calcium. Ikaite has also been reported as occurring in high-latitude marine sediments at Bransfield Strait, Antarctica; Sea of Okhotsk, Eastern Siberia, off Sakhalin; and Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada. In addition it has been reported in a deep sea fan off the Congo, and therefore probab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sequenced%20archaeal%20genomes | This list of sequenced archaeal genomes contains all the archaea known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and deposited in public databases. Methanococcus jannaschii was the first archaeon whose genome was sequenced, in 1996.
Currently in this list there are 39 genomes belonging to Crenarchaeota species, 105 belonging to the Euryarchaeota, 1 genome belonging to Korarchaeota and to the Nanoarchaeota, 3 belonging to the Thaumarchaeota and 1 genome belonging to an unclassified Archaea, totalling 150 Archaeal genomes.
Crenarchaeota
Acidilobales
Desulforococcales
Sulfolobales
Thermoproteales
Euryarchaeota
Archaeoglobi
Halobacteria
Methanobacteria
Methanococci
Methanomicrobia
Methanopyri
Thermococci
Thermoplasmata
Unclassified Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota
Cenarchaeales
Nitrosopumilales
Unclassified Archaea
See also
Genome project
Human microbiome project
Lists of sequenced genomes
References
External links
GOLD:Genomes OnLine Database v 2.0
SUPERFAMILY comparative genomics database Includes genomes of completely sequenced archaea, and sophisticated datamining plus visualisation tools for analysis
Archaea biology
Archaeal
Biology-related lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet%20%28fluid%29 | A jet is a stream of fluid that is projected into a surrounding medium, usually from some kind of a nozzle, aperture or orifice. Jets can travel long distances without dissipating.
Jet fluid has higher momentum compared to the surrounding fluid medium. In the case that the surrounding medium is assumed to be made up of the same fluid as the jet, and this fluid has a viscosity, the surrounding fluid is carried along with the jet in a process called entrainment.
Some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion, as do rocket engines and jet engines.
Applications
Liquid jets are used in many different areas. In everyday life, you can find them for instance coming from the water tap, the showerhead, and from spray cans. In agriculture, they play a role in irrigation and in the application of crop protection products. In the field of medicine, you can find liquid jets for example in injection procedures or inhalers. Industry uses liquid jets for waterjet cutting, for coating materials or in cooling towers. Atomized liquid jets are essential for the efficiency of internal combustion engines. But they also play a crucial role in research, for example in the study of proteins, phase transitions, extreme states of matter, laser plasmas, High harmonic generation, and also in particle physics experiments. Also some animals, notably cephalopods, move by jet propulsion. Gas jets are found in rocket engines and jet engines.
Microscopic liquid jets have been studied for their po |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL5 | C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5 or ENA78) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CXCL5 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene, CXCL5 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as epithelial-derived neutrophil-activating peptide 78 (ENA-78). It is produced following stimulation of cells with the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Expression of CXCL5 has also been observed in eosinophils, and can be inhibited with the type II interferon IFN-γ. This chemokine stimulates the chemotaxis of neutrophils possessing angiogenic properties. It elicits these effects by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL5 has four exons and is located on human chromosome 4 amongst several other CXC chemokine genes. CXCL5 has been implicated in connective tissue remodelling. CXCL5 has been also described to regulate neutrophil homeostasis.
Clinical significance
CXCL5 plays a role in reducing sensitivity to sunburn pain in some subjects, and is a "potential target which can be utilized to understand more about pain in other inflammatory conditions like arthritis and cystitis.". CXCL5 is well known to have chemotactic and activating functions on neutrophil, mainly during acute inflammatory responses. However CXCL5 expression is also higher in atherosclerosis (a chronic inflammatory condition) but is not associated with neutrophil infiltration. Instead CXCL5 has a protective ro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-opt | In optimization, 2-opt is a simple local search algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem.
The 2-opt algorithm was first proposed by Croes in 1958, although the basic move had already been suggested by Flood. The main idea behind it is to take a route that crosses over itself and reorder it so that it does not. A complete 2-opt local search will compare every possible valid combination of the swapping mechanism. This technique can be applied to the traveling salesman problem as well as many related problems. These include the vehicle routing problem (VRP) as well as the capacitated VRP, which require minor modification of the algorithm.
Pseudocode
Visually, one swap looks like:
- A B - - A - B -
× ==>
- C D - - C - D -
In pseudocode, the mechanism by which the 2-opt swap manipulates a given route is as follows. Here v1 and v2 are the first vertices of the edges you wish to swap when traversing through the route:
procedure 2optSwap(route, v1, v2) {
1. take route[0] to route[v1] and add them in order to new_route
2. take route[v1+1] to route[v2] and add them in reverse order to new_route
3. take route[v2+1] to route[start] and add them in order to new_route
return new_route;
}
Here is an example of the above with arbitrary input:
Example route: A → B → E → D → C → F → G → H → A
Example parameters: v1=1, v2=4 (assuming starting index is 0)
Contents of new_route by step:
(A → B)
A → B → (C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-opt |
See also
2-opt
Local search (optimization)
Lin–Kernighan heuristic
References
Heuristic algorithms
Travelling salesman problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nqthm | Nqthm is a theorem prover sometimes referred to as the Boyer–Moore theorem prover. It was a precursor to ACL2.
History
The system was developed by Robert S. Boyer and J Strother Moore, professors of computer science at the University of Texas, Austin. They began work on the system in 1971 in Edinburgh, Scotland. Their goal was to make a fully automatic, logic-based theorem prover. They used a variant of Pure LISP as the working logic.
Definitions
Definitions are formed as totally recursive functions, the system makes extensive use of rewriting and an induction heuristic that is used when rewriting and something that they called symbolic evaluation fails.
The system was built on top of Lisp and had some very basic knowledge in what was called "Ground-zero", the state of the machine after bootstrapping it onto a Common Lisp implementation.
This is an example of the proof of a simple arithmetic theorem. The function is part of the (called a "satellite") and is defined to be
(DEFN TIMES (X Y)
(IF (ZEROP X)
0
(PLUS Y (TIMES (SUB1 X) Y))))
Theorem formulation
The formulation of the theorem is also given in a Lisp-like syntax:
(prove-lemma commutativity-of-times (rewrite)
(equal (times x z) (times z x)))
Should the theorem prove to be true, it will be added to the knowledge basis of the system and can be used as a rewrite rule for future proofs.
The proof itself is given in a quasi-natural language manner. The authors randomly choose typical mathema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%E2%80%93Kernighan%20heuristic | In combinatorial optimization, Lin–Kernighan is one of the best heuristics for solving the symmetric travelling salesman problem. It belongs to the class of local search algorithms, which take a tour (Hamiltonian cycle) as part of the input and attempt to improve it by searching in the neighbourhood of the given tour for one that is shorter, and upon finding one repeats the process from that new one, until encountering a local minimum. As in the case of the related 2-opt and 3-opt algorithms, the relevant measure of "distance" between two tours is the number of edges which are in one but not the other; new tours are built by reassembling pieces of the old tour in a different order, sometimes changing the direction in which a sub-tour is traversed. Lin–Kernighan is adaptive and has no fixed number of edges to replace at a step, but favours small numbers such as 2 or 3.
Derivation
For a given instance of the travelling salesman problem, tours are uniquely determined by their sets of edges, so we may as well encode them as such. In the main loop of the local search, we have a current tour and are looking for new tour such that the symmetric difference is not too large and the length of the new tour is less than the length of the current tour. Since is typically much smaller than and , it is convenient to consider the quantity
— the gain of using when switching from —
since : how much longer the current tour is than the new tour . Naively -opt can be regarded as exa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Herman%20Muller | Cornelius Herman ("Neil") Muller, born Müller, (July 22, 1909 – January 26, 1997) was an American botanist and ecologist who pioneered the study of allelopathy and oak classification.
Personal life
Müller was born in Collinsville, Illinois, but moved at an early age to Cuero, Texas, and was educated there. He was graduated with a BA in botany from the University of Texas in 1932, and an MA from the same institution in 1933. He first married Mary Elizabeth Taylor, but they divorced in 1936; he changed his name to Muller in the following year.
After graduating from the University of Illinois in 1938 with a Ph.D. in botany, Muller worked for the Illinois Natural History Survey for one year and then for the US Department of Agriculture in various capacities from 1938 to 1945. Summers were usually spent on plant collecting trips to Mexico, the Southwest, and the southern United States. His work focused on vegetation studies in Texas and Mexico and most prominently on oaks. In 1939, Muller married Katherine Kinsel, also a botanist, who directed the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden from 1950 to 1973. She was a partner with her husband in much of his vegetation studies and oak collecting trips, sharing in the creation of the extensive field notes found in this collection. He and Katherine also collaborated on a publication about Jean-Louis Berlandier's plant collecting in Mexico in the 1820s. Muller died in Santa Barbara on January 26, 1997, at the age of 88.
Professional career
Mull |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi%20DX07 | The Hitachi DX07 is a 2.9 inch (73 mm) liquid crystal display screen which went into mass production in December 2006:
62mm x 37mm
800x480 pixels
1.677 million colours
400:1 contrast ratio
250cd/m2
IPS TFT (in-plane switching)
Each pixel is therefore 78µm x 77µm (1µm = 1/1000mm).
Note: It's also safe to assume that this is an 8-bit per channel display (a 6-bit per channel display can only dither 1.62 million colours)
Optical Properties of the DX07
The DX07 has a number of interesting properties related to its small size and high resolution. The following are true for someone with "normal" vision using this screen as a hand held device:
Smallest pixel size to comfortably view a hand held device without loss of detail
Smallest hand held screen without loss of detail for NTSC DVB content (720x480 pixels)
Smallest hand held screen without loss of detail for NTSC DVD content (720x480 pixels)
Notes:
"Normal" vision is when someone can distinguish detail at 1/60 of a degree (an arcminute)
The closest a hand held screen can comfortably be viewed is 250mm (approx. 10 inches)
Smallest Visible Pixel Size for a Hand Held Device
The smallest visible pixel size (p) for a hand held device can be calculated assuming the screen is held at a comfortable distance (250mm) for someone with "normal" vision (able to see detail at a 1/60 degree angle):
It can therefore be concluded that the pixel size for the Hitachi DX07 screen is only 5% greater than the smallest possible for practical use. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20dopant%20fluctuation | Random dopant fluctuation (RDF) is a form of process variation resulting from variation in the implanted impurity concentration. In MOSFET transistors, RDF in the channel region can alter the transistor's properties, especially threshold voltage. In newer process technologies RDF has a larger effect because the total number of dopants is fewer, and the addition or deletion of a few impurity atoms can significantly alter transistor properties. RDF is a local form of process variation, meaning that two neighbouring transistors may have significantly different dopant concentrations.
References
Semiconductor device fabrication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20butterflies%20of%20the%20Western%20Ghats | This is a list of butterfly species found in the Western Ghats region. This region is a biodiversity hotspot and about 334 species of butterflies have been recorded.
Papilionidae—swallowtail butterflies (19 species)
Pieridae—yellow-white butterflies (34 species)
Nymphalidae—brush-footed butterflies (97 species)
Riodinidae—metalmark butterflies (1 species)
Lycaenidae—blues, hairstreaks and gossamer-winged butterflies (101 species)
Hesperiidae—skipper butterflies (83 species)
Family Papilionidae
Subfamily Papilioninae
Genus Graphium (Pathysa)—swordtails and zebras
Spot swordtail, Pathysa nomius (Esper, 1798)
Fivebar swordtail, Pathysa antiphates (Cramer, 1775)
Genus Graphium—bluebottles and jays
Common jay, Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864)
Tailed jay, Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758)
Common bluebottle, Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758)
Genus Atrophaneura (Pachliopta)—roses
Common rose, Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775)
Crimson rose, Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758)
Malabar rose, Pachliopta pandiyana (Moore, 1881)
Genus Troides—birdwings
Southern birdwing, Troides minos (Cramer, 1779)
Genus Papilio (Chilasa)—mimes
Common mime, Papilio (Chilasa) clytia, Linnaeus, 1758
Genus Papilio (Papilio)—swallowtails
Malabar banded swallowtail, Papilio liomedon (Moore, 1874)
Blue Mormon, Papilio polymnestor (Cramer, 1775)
Red Helen, Papilio helenus ( Linnaeus, 1758)
Common Mormon, Papilio polytes ( Linnaeus, 1758)
Malabar raven, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20fog | Ice fog is a type of fog consisting of fine ice crystals suspended in the air. It occurs only in cold areas of the world, as water droplets suspended in the air can remain liquid down to . It should be distinguished from diamond dust, a precipitation of sparse ice crystals falling from a clear sky.
Ice fog is not the same thing as freezing fog, a phenomenon where the liquid water droplets making up the fog freezes to surfaces forming a rime.
In the United States
Ice fog can be quite common in interior and northern Alaska, since the temperature frequently drops below in the winter months. Ice fog only forms under specific conditions; the humidity has to be near 100% as the air temperature drops to well below , allowing ice crystals to form in the air. The ice crystals will then settle onto surfaces.
Supposedly, early settlers called it "white death" because they believed the crystals got into their lungs and caused death.
References
External links
Fog
Precipitation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20High%20School%20%28Massachusetts%29 | Palmer High School is a public high school located in the city of Palmer, Massachusetts, United States.
Demographics and statistics
For the 20152016 school year, Palmer High School enrolled 489 students in grades 8 through 12. Out of these students, 88.8% were Caucasian, 2.0% were African American, 5.1% were Hispanic, 0.0% were Native American, 0.2% were Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and 1.4% were Multi-Ethnic. About 52.1% of the student population is male, while 47.9% is female.
Notable alumni
Todd Smola, member of Massachusetts House of Representatives (class of 1995)
References
High schools in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Public high schools in Massachusetts
Palmer, Massachusetts
1991 establishments in Massachusetts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS-controlled%20thyristor | An MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) is a voltage-controlled fully controllable thyristor, controlled by MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). It was invented by V.A.K. Temple in 1984, and was principally similar to the earlier insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). MCTs are similar in operation to GTO thyristors, but have voltage controlled insulated gates. They have two MOSFETs of opposite conductivity types in their equivalent circuits. One is responsible for turn-on and the other for turn-off. A thyristor with only one MOSFET in its equivalent circuit, which can only be turned on (like normal SCRs), is called an MOS-gated thyristor.
Positive voltage on the gate terminal with respect to the cathode turns the thyristor to the on state.
Negative voltage on the gate terminal with respect to the anode, which is close to cathode voltage during the on state, turns the thyristor to the off state.
MCTs were commercialized only briefly.
External links
Field-effect-controlled thyristor
"MOS GTO—A Turn Off Thyristor with MOS-Controlled Emitter Shorts," IEDM 85, M. Stoisiek and H. Strack, Siemens AG, Munich FRG pp. 158–161.
"MOS-Controlled Thyristors—A New Class of Power Devices", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-33, No. 10, Oct. 1986, Victor A. K. Temple, pp. 1609 through 1618.
References
Solid state switches
Power electronics
Thyristor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20animation | Fluid animation refers to computer graphics techniques for generating realistic animations of fluids such as water and smoke. Fluid animations are typically focused on emulating the qualitative visual behavior of a fluid, with less emphasis placed on rigorously correct physical results, although they often still rely on approximate solutions to the Euler equations or Navier–Stokes equations that govern real fluid physics. Fluid animation can be performed with different levels of complexity, ranging from time-consuming, high-quality animations for films, or visual effects, to simple and fast animations for real-time animations like computer games.
Relationship to computational fluid dynamics
Fluid animation differs from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in that fluid animation is used primarily for visual effects, whereas computational fluid dynamics is used to study the behavior of fluids in a scientifically rigorous way.
Development
The development of fluid animation techniques based on the Navier–Stokes equations began in 1996, when Nick Foster and Dimitris Metaxas implemented solutions to 3D Navier-Stokes equations in a computer graphics context, basing their work on a scientific CFD paper by Harlow and Welch from 1965. Up to that point, a variety of simpler methods had primarily been used, including ad-hoc particle systems, lower dimensional techniques such as height fields, and semi-random turbulent noise fields.
In 1999, Jos Stam published the "Stable Fluids" m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin%20protein%201 | The family of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) consists of highly conserved proteins, which have important functions in the cell nucleus. These functions include gene repression by heterochromatin formation, transcriptional activation, regulation of binding of cohesion complexes to centromeres, sequestration of genes to the nuclear periphery, transcriptional arrest, maintenance of heterochromatin integrity, gene repression at the single nucleosome level, gene repression by heterochromatization of euchromatin, and DNA repair. HP1 proteins are fundamental units of heterochromatin packaging that are enriched at the centromeres and telomeres of nearly all eukaryotic chromosomes with the notable exception of budding yeast, in which a yeast-specific silencing complex of SIR (silent information regulatory) proteins serve a similar function. Members of the HP1 family are characterized by an N-terminal chromodomain and a C-terminal chromoshadow domain, separated by a hinge region. HP1 is also found at some euchromatic sites, where its binding can correlate with either gene repression or gene activation. HP1 was originally discovered by Tharappel C James and Sarah Elgin in 1986 as a factor in the phenomenon known as position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster.
Paralogs and orthologs
Three different paralogs of HP1 are found in Drosophila melanogaster, HP1a, HP1b and HP1c. Subsequently orthologs of HP1 were also discovered in S. pombe (Swi6), Xen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Juventus%20FC%20records%20and%20statistics | Juventus Football Club is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin, Piedmont that competes in Serie A, the top football league in the country. The club was formed in 1897 as Sport Club Juventus by a group of Massimo d'Azeglio Lyceum young students and played its first competitive match on 11 March 1900, when it entered the Piedmont round of the third Federal Championship.
This list encompasses the major honours won by Juventus and records set by the club, their managers and their players. The individual records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. The club's players have received, among others, a record twelve Serie A Footballer of the Year, the award given by the Italian Footballers' Association (AIC), eight Ballon d'Or awards and four FIFA World Player of the Year awards, more than any other Italian club and third overall in the latter two cases.
Honours
Italy's most successful club of the 20th century with the most title in the history of Italian football, Juventus have won the Italian League Championship, the country's premier football club competition and organised by Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A (LNPA), a record 36 times and have the record of consecutive triumphs in that tournament (nine, between 2011–12 and 2019–20). They have also won the Coppa Italia, the country's primary single-elimination competition, a record fourteen times, becoming th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace%20theorem | In mathematics, the subspace theorem says that points of small height in projective space lie in a finite number of hyperplanes. It is a result obtained by .
Statement
The subspace theorem states that if L1,...,Ln are linearly independent linear forms in n variables with algebraic coefficients and if ε>0 is any given real number, then
the non-zero integer points x with
lie in a finite number of proper subspaces of Qn.
A quantitative form of the theorem, which determines the number of subspaces containing all solutions, was also obtained by Schmidt, and the theorem was generalised by to allow more general absolute values on number fields.
Applications
The theorem may be used to obtain results on Diophantine equations such as Siegel's theorem on integral points and solution of the S-unit equation.
A corollary on Diophantine approximation
The following corollary to the subspace theorem is often itself referred to as the subspace theorem.
If a1,...,an are algebraic such that 1,a1,...,an are linearly independent over Q and ε>0 is any given real number, then there are only finitely many rational n-tuples (x1/y,...,xn/y) with
The specialization n = 1 gives the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem. One may also note that the exponent 1+1/n+ε is best possible by Dirichlet's theorem on diophantine approximation.
References
Diophantine approximation
Theorems in number theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenascin | Tenascins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins. They are abundant in the extracellular matrix of developing vertebrate embryos and they reappear around healing wounds and in the stroma of some tumors.
Types
There are four members of the tenascin gene family: tenascin-C, tenascin-R, tenascin-X and tenascin-W.
Tenascin-C is the founding member of the gene family. In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage.
Tenascin-R is found in the developing and adult nervous system.
Tenascin-X is found primarily in loose connective tissue; mutations in the human tenascin-X gene can lead to a form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Tenascin-W is found in the kidney and in developing bone.
The basic structure is 14 EGF-like repeats towards the N-terminal end, and 8 or more fibronectin-III domains which vary upon species and variant.
Tenascin-C is the most intensely studied member of the family. It has anti-adhesive properties, causing cells in tissue culture to become rounded after it is added to the medium. One mechanism to explain this may come from its ability to bind to the extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin and block fibronectin's interactions with specific syndecans. The expression of tenascin-C in the stroma of certain tumors is associated with a poor prognosis.
References
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneurin | Teneurins are a family of phylogenetically conserved single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins expressed during pattern formation and morphogenesis. The name refers to "ten-a" (from "tenascin-like protein, accessory") and "neurons", the primary site of teneurin expression. Ten-m refers to tenascin-like protein major.
Teneurins are highly conserved between Drosophila, C. elegans and vertebrates. In each species, they are expressed by a subset of neurons as well as at sites of pattern formation and morphogenesis. In Drosophila, a teneurin known as ten-m or Odz is a pair-rule gene, and its expression is required for normal development. The knockdown of teneurin (ten-1) expression in C. elegans with RNAi leads to abnormal neuronal pathfinding and abnormal development of the gonads.
The intracellular domain of some, if not all, teneurins can be cleaved and transported to the cell nucleus, where it proposed to act as a transcription factor. A peptide derived from the terminus of the extracellular domain shares structural homology with certain neuropeptides.
There are four teneurin genes in vertebrates, named teneurin-1 through -4. Other names found in the literature include Odz-1 through -4 and Tenm-1 through -4.
History
Originally discovered as ten-m and ten-a in Drosophila melanogaster, the teneurin family is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans (ten-1) to vertebrates, in which four paralogs exist (teneurin-1 to -4 or odz-1 to -4). Their distinct protein domain architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Rossiter | Martin Rossiter (born 15 May 1970) is a Welsh singer, who was lead singer of the British indie band Gene from 1993 until their break-up in 2004. He released a solo album in 2012.
Career
Though Gene was labelled as a Britpop band, Rossiter was never happy being included in the genre saying "It was played out under the dirty shadow of the union flag which I always found quite distasteful. I never had any desire to represent Great Britain. At the time I said that I regarded myself as European rather than British. I'm a Socialist and I've always felt very uncomfortable with the idea of nationalism because it can be a very dangerous thing." He recorded four albums with the band over the period 1995 to 2001, and performed live until 2004.
In addition to writing and recording as a solo artist, he is also a member of the band Call Me Jolene, who released the four-track May EP in 2013. He works as a music teacher for BIMM, and artist development officer at Access to Music.
In 2011 Rossiter made his solo live debut in Brighton, where he performed new material, which was later released as Live at the Unitarian Church. His debut solo album The Defenestration of St Martin was released 3 December 2012 on the Drop Anchor Music label. He wrote most of the songs on piano over a five-year period and financed the record through crowd-funding. Rossiter embarked on a UK tour in support of the album. It was followed in 2014 by a live album accompanied by a DVD entitled Live at Bush Hall.
On 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitter%20transporter | Neurotransmitter transporters are a class of membrane transport proteins that span the cellular membranes of neurons. Their primary function is to carry neurotransmitters across these membranes and to direct their further transport to specific intracellular locations. There are more than twenty types of neurotransmitter transporters.
Vesicular transporters move neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles, regulating the concentrations of substances within them. Vesicular transporters rely on a proton gradient created by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in order to carry out their work: v-ATPase hydrolyzes ATP, causing protons to be pumped into the synaptic vesicles and creating a proton gradient. Then the efflux of protons from the vesicle provides the energy to bring the neurotransmitter into the vesicle.
Neurotransmitter transporters frequently use electrochemical gradients that exist across cell membranes to carry out their work. For example, some transporters use energy obtained by the cotransport, or symport, of Na+ in order to move glutamate across membranes. Such neurotransporter cotransport systems are highly diverse, as recent development indicates that uptake systems are generally selective and associate with a specific neurotransmitter.
Normally, transporters in the synaptic membrane serve to remove neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and prevent their action or bring it to an end. However, on occasion transporters can work in reverse, tran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesting%20algorithm | Nesting algorithms are used to make the most efficient use of material or space by evaluating many different possible combinations via recursion.
Linear (1-dimensional): The simplest of the algorithms illustrated here. For an existing set there is only one position where a new cut can be placed – at the end of the last cut. Validation of a combination involves a simple Stock - Yield - Kerf = Scrap calculation.
Plate (2-dimensional): These algorithms are significantly more complex. For an existing set, there may be as many as eight positions where a new cut may be introduced next to each existing cut, and if the new cut is not perfectly square then different rotations may need to be checked. Validation of a potential combination involves checking for intersections between two-dimensional objects.
Packing (3-dimensional): These algorithms are the most complex illustrated here due to the larger number of possible combinations. Validation of a potential combination involves checking for intersections between three-dimensional objects.
References
Geometric algorithms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary%20structure%20prediction | Secondary structure prediction is a set of techniques in bioinformatics that aim to predict the secondary structures of proteins and nucleic acid sequences based only on knowledge of their primary structure. For proteins, this means predicting the formation of protein structures such as alpha helices and beta strands, while for nucleic acids it means predicting the formation of nucleic acid structures like helixes and stem-loop structures through base pairing and base stacking interactions.
Secondary structure prediction can refer to:
Protein structure prediction
Nucleic acid structure prediction
See also
List of protein secondary structure prediction programs
List of RNA structure prediction software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frataxin | Frataxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXN gene.
It is located in the mitochondrion and Frataxin mRNA is mostly expressed in tissues with a high metabolic rate. The function of frataxin is not clear but it is involved in assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. It has been proposed to act as either an iron chaperone or an iron storage protein. Reduced expression of frataxin is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia.
Structure
X-ray crystallography has shown that human frataxin consists of a β-sheet that supports a pair of parallel α-helices, forming a compact αβ sandwich. Frataxin homologues in other species are similar, sharing the same core structure. However, the frataxin tail sequences, extending from the end of one helix, diverge in sequence and differ in length. Human frataxin has a longer tail sequence than frataxin found in bacteria or yeast. It is hypothesized that the purpose of the tail is to stabilize the protein.
Like most mitochondrial proteins, frataxin is synthesized in cytoplasmic ribosomes as large precursor molecules with mitochondrial targeting sequences. Upon entry into mitochondria, the molecules are broken down by a proteolytic reaction to yield mature frataxin.
Function
Frataxin is localized to the mitochondrion. The function of frataxin is not entirely clear, but it seems to be involved in assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. It has been proposed to act as either an iron chaperone or an iron storage protein.
Frataxin mRNA is predominant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine%20dihydroiodide | Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) is a water-soluble salt derived from ethylenediamine and hydroiodic acid. It is a colorless to light yellow crystalline powder. The salt consists of the ethylenediammonium dication C2H4(NH3)22+ and iodide anions.
Application
EDDI is used as an additive in pet food and cattle feed with high bioavailability. Used to prevent iodine deficiency, this salt is one of the major uses of the element iodine. The United States Food and Drug Administration suggests a limit of intake to 50 mg/head/day. Although EDDI is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) only as a nutrient source of iodine, administration of EDDI also has preventative effects on foot rot in cattle.
Other iodine supplements for animal feed include calcium iodate (most stable) and potassium iodide.
See also
Calcium iodates are another source of nutritional iodide.
References
Diamines
Food additives
Iodides |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma-1%20receptor | The sigma-1 receptor (σ1R), one of two sigma receptor subtypes, is a chaperone protein at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that modulates calcium signaling through the IP3 receptor. In humans, the σ1 receptor is encoded by the SIGMAR1 gene.
The σ1 receptor is a transmembrane protein expressed in many different tissue types. It is particularly concentrated in certain regions of the central nervous system. It has been implicated in several phenomena, including cardiovascular function, schizophrenia, clinical depression, the effects of cocaine abuse, bipolar disorder, and cancer. Much is known about the binding affinity of hundreds of synthetic compounds to the σ1 receptor.
An endogenous ligand for the σ1 receptor has yet to be conclusively identified, but tryptaminergic trace amines and neuroactive steroids have been found to activate the receptor. Especially progesterone, but also testosterone, pregnenolone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) bind to the σ1 receptor.
Characteristics
The σ1 receptor is defined by its unique pharmacological profile. In 1976 Martin reported that the effects of N-allylnormetazocine (SKF-10,047) could not be due to activity at the μ and κ receptors (named from the first letter of their selective ligands morphine and ketazocine, respectively) and a new type of opioid receptor was proposed; σ (from the first letter of SKF-10,047). The opioid classification was eventually dropped however resulting from it not possessing the canon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic%20code | The epigenetic code is hypothesised to be a defining code in every eukaryotic cell consisting of the specific epigenetic modification in each cell. It consists of histone modifications defined by the histone code and additional epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. The base for the epigenetic code is a system above the genetic code of a single cell. While in one individual the genetic code in each cell is the same, the epigenetic code is tissue and cell specific. The epigenetic code can be multidimensional in nature. It could include any of the three major cellular macromolecucles; namely, DNA (code independent), RNA, and/or protein. In some ciliates potential structural codes have also been suggested.
See also
Histone code
Epigenetics
DNA methylation
References
Epigenetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20health | Plant health includes the protection of plants, as well as scientific and regulatory frameworks for controlling plant pests or pathogens. Plant health is concerned with:
Ecosystem health with a special focus on plants
Tree health
The control of plant pests
The control of plant pathology
See also
Plant disease forecasting, predicting the occurrence or change in severity of plant diseases
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
American Phytopathological Society
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Pest risk analysis
Global Plant Clinic
Medicinal plants
References
Botany
Ecology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Shephard | Neil Shephard (born 8 October 1964), FBA, is an econometrician, currently Frank B. Baird Jr., Professor of Science in the Department of Economics and the Department of Statistics at Harvard University.
His most well known contributions are: (i) the formalisation of the econometrics of realised volatility, which nonparametrically estimates the volatility of asset prices, (ii) the introduction of the auxiliary particle filter (signal extraction), (iii) the nonparametric identification of jumps in financial economics, through multipower variation, (iv) stochastic volatility models based on non-Gaussian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, known as 'Barndorff-Nielsen-Shephard' models.
Early life and education
Neil Shephard was born in Plymouth, England, but moved to Norfolk, England, aged one. His mother was Tydfil Shephard (1930-1972), who was a high school teacher.
His father was Tom Shephard (1930-2023), who was a Norfolk high school head. Since 1975 Gillian Shephard has been his step-mother. He attended the Marshland High School West Walton, King Edward VII Grammar School in King's Lynn and 1981-1983 City of Norwich School (he studied pure mathematics & statistics, economics and politics at A-level). He studied economics and statistics as an undergraduate at the University of York in the UK 1983-1986, awarded a first class degree with distinction. He did his M.Sc. (awarded in 1987, with distinction) and Ph.D. (examined in 1989 and graduated in 1990) at the LSE.
Academic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM%20%28protocol%29 | DREAM is an ad hoc location-based routing protocol. DREAM stands for Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility.
References
"A distance routing effect algorithm for mobility (DREAM)" in
Network protocols
Ad hoc routing protocols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20gun | A flood gun is an electromechanical device that provides a steady flow of low-energy electrons to a desired target or "flood area."
Typically, the target is an area on an insulator or semiconductor where another "writing gun" has just left a net positive charge.
If the energy of a flood gun's electrons is properly balanced, each impinging flood gun electron knocks out one secondary electron from the target, thus preserving the net charge in the target area. This is called "charge neutralization."
Flood guns are typically used in photoelectron spectroscopy, oscilloscopes and ion beam implanters as their secondary electron gun.
References
Barnard, B. R. "Flood Gun for Charge Neutralization", 2005
Vacuum tube displays |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20generation | Harmonic generation (HG, also called multiple harmonic generation) is a nonlinear optical process in which photons with the same frequency interact with a nonlinear material, are "combined", and generate a new photon with times the energy of the initial photons (equivalently, times the frequency and the wavelength divided by ).
General process
In a medium having a substantial nonlinear susceptibility, harmonic generation is possible. Note that for even orders (), the medium must have no center of symmetry (non-centrosymmetrical).
Because the process requires that many photons are present at the same time and at the same place, the generation process has a low probability to occur, and this probability decreases with the order . To generate efficiently, the symmetry of the medium must allow the signal to be amplified (through phase matching, for instance), and the light source must be intense and well-controlled spatially (with a collimated laser) and temporally (more signal if the laser has short pulses).
Sum-frequency generation (SFG)
A special case in which the number of photons in the interaction is , but with two different photons at frequencies and .
Second-harmonic generation (SHG)
A special case in which the number of photons in the interaction is . Also a special case of sum-frequency generation in which both photons are at the same frequency .
Third-harmonic generation (THG)
A special case in which the number of photons in the interaction is , if all |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20membrane%20Ca2%2B%20ATPase | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase}}
The plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells that functions as a calcium pump to remove calcium (Ca2+) from the cell. PMCA function is vital for regulating the amount of Ca2+ within all eukaryotic cells. There is a very large transmembrane electrochemical gradient of Ca2+ driving the entry of the ion into cells, yet it is very important that they maintain low concentrations of Ca2+ for proper cell signalling. Thus, it is necessary for cells to employ ion pumps to remove the Ca2+. The PMCA and the sodium calcium exchanger (NCX) are together the main regulators of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Since it transports Ca2+ into the extracellular space, the PMCA is also an important regulator of the calcium concentration in the extracellular space.
PMCAs belong to the family of P-type primary ion transport ATPases which form aspartyl phosphate intermediates.
Various forms of PMCA are expressed in different tissues, including the brain.
Actions
The pump is powered by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with a stoichiometry of one Ca2+ ion removed for each molecule of ATP hydrolysed. It binds tightly to Ca2+ ions (has a high affinity, with a Km of 100 to 200 nM) but does not remove Ca2+ at a very fast rate. This is in contrast to the NCX, which has a low affinity and a high capacity. Thus, the PMCA is effective at binding Ca2+ even when its concentrations within the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OmniVision%20Technologies | OmniVision Technologies Inc. is an American subsidiary of Chinese semiconductor device and mixed-signal integrated circuit design house Will Semiconductor. The company designs and develops digital imaging products for use in mobile phones, laptops, netbooks and webcams, security and surveillance cameras, entertainment, automotive and medical imaging systems. Headquartered in Santa Clara, California, OmniVision Technologies has offices in the US, Western Europe and Asia.
In 2016, OmniVision was acquired by a consortium of Chinese investors consisting of Hua Capital Management Co., Ltd., CITIC Capital Holdings Limited and Goldstone Investment Co., Ltd.
History
OmniVision was founded in 1995 by Aucera Technology (TAIWAN:奧斯來科技).
Some company milestones:
1999: First Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
2000: IPO
2005: Acquired CDM-Optics, a company founded to commercialize wavefront coding.
2010: Acquires Aurora Systems and adds LCOS to its product line
2011: Acquired Kodak patents
2015: Signed an agreement to be acquired by a group of Chinese investors, including Hua Capital Management, CITIC Capital Holdings and GoldStone Investment, for about $1.9 billion in cash in April 2015.
2016: Becomes a private company due to buyout by Chinese private equity consortium
2018/2019: Will Semiconductor acquired OmniVision Technologies (for $2.178 billion) and SuperPix Micro Technology, merging them to form Omnivision Group
2019: Achieved Guinness World Record for world |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer%20Genome%20Project | The Cancer Genome Project is part of the cancer, aging, and somatic mutation research based at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom. It aims to identify sequence variants/mutations critical in the development of human cancers. Like The Cancer Genome Atlas project within the United States, the Cancer Genome Project represents an effort in the War on Cancer to improve cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prevention through a better understanding of the molecular basis of the disease. The Cancer Genome Project was launched by Michael Stratton in 2000, and Peter Campbell is now the group leader of the project. The project works to combine knowledge of the human genome sequence with high throughput mutation detection techniques.
The project operates within the scope of the International Cancer Genome Consortium, working with the other participating organizations and countries to build a database of genomic changes present in different types of cancer. The somatic mutation information gathered by the project can be located in the COSMIC database. The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute's project currently has several internal partners that each focus on different types of cancer and mutagenesis utilizing different methods. Research goes beyond just sequencing to include therapeutic biomarker discoveries made utilizing bioinformatics programs. Among these discoveries are drug sensitivity biomarkers and inhibitor biomarkers. These discoveries paired with the evolution o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2824952%29%201997%20QJ4 | , also written as 1997 QJ4, is a plutino and as such, it is trapped in a 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on 28 August, 1997, by Jane X. Luu, Chad Trujillo, David C. Jewitt and K. Berney. This object has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at 30.463 AU and an aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) at 48.038 AU, so it moves in a relatively eccentric orbit (0.224). It has an estimated diameter of 139 km; therefore, it is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet.
References
Sources
List of Trans Neptunian Objects, Minor Planet Center
Another list of TNOs at johnstonsarchive
External links
1997 QJ4, Luu, J. X., Trujillo, C., Jewitt, D., Berney, K., Williams, G. V. 1997, Minor Planet Electronic Circular, 1997-R09
Close Approaches of Trans-Neptunian Objects to Pluto Have Left Observable Signatures on Their Orbital Distribution, Nesvorný, D., Roig, F., Ferraz-Mello, S. 2000, The Astronomical Journal, Volume 119, Issue 2, pp. 953–969
Search for Cometary Activity in KBO (24952) , Meech, K. J., Hainaut, O. R., Boehnhardt, H., Delsanti, A. 2003, Earth, Moon, and Planets, Volume 92, Issue 1, pp. 169–181
(24952) data at MPC
Plutinos
1997 QJ4
19970828
1997 QJ4
1997 QJ4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound%20rate | In basketball statistics, rebound rate or rebound percentage is a statistic to gauge how effective a player is at gaining possession of the basketball after a missed field goal or free throw. Rebound rate is an estimate of the percentage of missed shots a player rebounded while he was on the floor. Using raw rebound totals to evaluate rebounding fails to take into account external factors unrelated to a player's ability, such as the number of shots taken in games and the percentage of those shots that are made. Both factors affect the number of missed shots that are available to be rebounded. Rebound rate takes these factors into account.
The formula are:
In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the statistic is available for seasons since the 1970–71 season. The highest career rebound rate by a player is 23.4, by Dennis Rodman. The highest rebound rate for one season is 29.7, also by Dennis Rodman, which he achieved during the season. He also owned seven of the top ten rebound percentage seasons (four of the top five) in NBA history, all time.
References
Basketball statistics
Rates |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golod%E2%80%93Shafarevich%20theorem | In mathematics, the Golod–Shafarevich theorem was proved in 1964 by Evgeny Golod and Igor Shafarevich. It is a result in non-commutative homological algebra which solves the class field tower problem, by showing that class field towers can be infinite.
The inequality
Let A = K⟨x1, ..., xn⟩ be the free algebra over a field K in n = d + 1 non-commuting variables xi.
Let J be the 2-sided ideal of A generated by homogeneous elements fj of A of degree dj with
2 ≤ d1 ≤ d2 ≤ ...
where dj tends to infinity. Let ri be the number of dj equal to i.
Let B=A/J, a graded algebra. Let bj = dim Bj.
The fundamental inequality of Golod and Shafarevich states that
As a consequence:
B is infinite-dimensional if ri ≤ d2/4 for all i
Applications
This result has important applications in combinatorial group theory:
If G is a nontrivial finite p-group, then r > d2/4 where d = dim H1(G,Z/pZ) and r = dim H2(G,Z/pZ) (the mod p cohomology groups of G). In particular if G is a finite p-group with minimal number of generators d and has r relators in a given presentation, then r > d2/4.
For each prime p, there is an infinite group G generated by three elements in which each element has order a power of p. The group G provides a counterexample to the generalised Burnside conjecture: it is a finitely generated infinite torsion group, although there is no uniform bound on the order of its elements.
In class field theory, the class field tower of a number field K is created by iterating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCJR%20algorithm | The BCJR algorithm is an algorithm for maximum a posteriori decoding of error correcting codes defined on trellises (principally convolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv. This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting codes, including turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes.
Steps involved
Based on the trellis:
Compute forward probabilities
Compute backward probabilities
Compute smoothed probabilities based on other information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel)
Variations
SBGT BCJR
Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima simplification.
Log-Map BCJR
Implementations
Susa framework implements BCJR algorithm for forward error correction codes and channel equalization in C++.
See also
Forward-backward algorithm
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation
Hidden Markov model
References
External links
The online textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay, discusses the BCJR algorithm in chapter 25.
The implementation of BCJR algorithm in Susa signal processing framework
Error detection and correction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myophosphorylase | Myophosphorylase or glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated (PYGM) is the muscle isoform of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase and is encoded by the PYGM gene. This enzyme helps break down glycogen (a form of stored carbohydrate) into glucose-1-phosphate (not glucose), so it can be used within the muscle cell. Mutations in this gene are associated with McArdle disease (GSD-V, myophosphorylase deficiency), a glycogen storage disease of muscle.
Myophosphorylase comes in two forms: form 'a' is phosphorylated by phosphorylase kinase, form 'b' is not phosphorylated. Form 'a' is de-phosphorylated into form 'b' by the enzyme phosphoprotein phosphatase, which is activated by elevated insulin.
Both forms 'a' and 'b' of myophosphorylase have two conformational states: active (R or relaxed) and inactive (T or tense). When either form 'a' or 'b' are in the active state, then the enzyme converts glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate.
Myophosphorylase-b is allosterically activated by elevated AMP within the cell, and allosterically inactivated by elevated ATP and/or glucose-6-phosphate. Myophosphorylase-a is active, unless allosterically inactivated by elevated glucose within the cell. In this way, myophosphorylase-a is the more active of the two forms as it will continue to convert glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate even with high levels of glycogen-6-phosphate and ATP. (See Glycogen phosphorylase§Regulation).
Structure
PYGM is located on the q arm of chromosome 11 in position 13.1 and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%27s%20box%20paradox | Bertrand's box paradox is a veridical paradox in elementary probability theory. It was first posed by Joseph Bertrand in his 1889 work Calcul des Probabilités.
There are three boxes:
a box containing two gold coins,
a box containing two silver coins,
a box containing one gold coin and one silver coin.
The question is to calculate the probability, after choosing a box at random and withdrawing one coin at random, if that happens to be a gold coin, of the next coin drawn from the same box also being a gold coin.
A veridical paradox is when the correct solution to a puzzle appears to be counterintuitive. It may seem intuitive that the probability that the remaining coin is gold should be , but the probability is actually . However, this is not the paradox Bertrand referred to. He showed that if were correct, it would lead to a contradiction, so cannot be correct.
This simple but counterintuitive puzzle is used as a standard example in teaching probability theory. The solution illustrates some basic principles, including the Kolmogorov axioms.
Solution
The problem can be reframed by describing the boxes as each having one drawer on each of two sides. Each drawer contains a coin. One box has a gold coin on each side (GG), one a silver coin on each side (SS), and the other a gold coin on one side and a silver coin on the other (GS). A box is chosen at random, a random drawer is opened, and a gold coin is found inside it. What is the chance of the coin on the other side |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterimmunoelectrophoresis | Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to evaluate the binding of an antibody to its antigen, it is similar to immunodiffusion, but with the addition of an applied electrical field across the diffusion medium, usually an agar or polyacrylamide gel. The effect is rapid migration of the antibody and antigen out of their respective wells towards one another to form a line of precipitation, or a precipitin line, indicating binding.
See also
Electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005107/http://www.lib.mcg.edu/edu/esimmuno/ch4/electro.htm
Immunologic tests
Blood tests |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Urawa%20Red%20Diamonds%20records%20and%20statistics | This article contains records and statistics for the Japanese professional football club, Urawa Red Diamonds.
J.League
Domestic cup competitions
Major international competitions
Top scorers by season
International Games
Key:
aet - after extra time
PS - after penalty shootout
References
Urawa Red Diamonds
Urawa Red Diamonds |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxylase | Steroid 21-hydroxylase (also known as steroid 21-monooxygenase, cytochrome P450C21, 21α-hydroxylase and less commonly 21β-hydroxylase) is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position and is involved in biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol. The enzyme converts progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, respectively, within metabolic pathways that ultimately lead to aldosterone and cortisol. Deficiency in the enzyme may cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of monooxygenase enzymes that uses an iron containing heme cofactor to oxidize substrates. The enzyme is localized in endoplasmic reticulum membranes of adrenal cortex, and is encoded by the gene in humans, which is located near the CYP21A1P pseudogene with high degree of sequence similarity. This similarity makes it difficult to analyze the gene at the molecular level, and sometimes leads to loss-of-function mutations of the gene due to intergenic exchange of DNA.
Function
The steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position. The enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction in which the hydroxyl group (-OH) is added at the C21 position of the steroid biomolecule.
The enzyme is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenase enzymes. The cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other li |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderomotive%20energy | In strong-field laser physics, ponderomotive energy is the cycle-averaged quiver energy of a free electron in an electromagnetic field.
Equation
The ponderomotive energy is given by
,
where is the electron charge, is the linearly polarised electric field amplitude, is the laser carrier frequency and is the electron mass.
In terms of the laser intensity , using , it reads less simply:
,
where is the vacuum permittivity.
For typical orders of magnitudes involved in laser physics, this becomes:
,
where the laser wavelength is , and is the speed of light. The units are electronvolts (eV), watts (W), centimeters (cm) and micrometers (μm).
Atomic units
In atomic units, , , where . If one uses the atomic unit of electric field, then the ponderomotive energy is just
Derivation
The formula for the ponderomotive energy can be easily derived. A free particle of charge
interacts with an electric field . The force on the charged particle is
.
The acceleration of the particle is
.
Because the electron executes harmonic motion, the particle's position is
.
For a particle experiencing harmonic motion, the time-averaged energy is
.
In laser physics, this is called the ponderomotive energy .
See also
Ponderomotive force
Electric constant
Harmonic generation
List of laser articles
References and notes
Laser science
Energy (physics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20acid%20phosphatases | Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) () are metalloenzymes that hydrolyse phosphate esters and anhydrides under acidic condition. In their oxidised form, PAPs in solution are purple in colour. This is due to the presence of a dinuclear iron centre, to which a tyrosine residue is connected via a charge transfer. This metallic centre is composed of Fe3+ and M, where M is Fe3+, Zn2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+. The conserved Fe3+ is stabilised in the ferric form, whereas M may undergo reduction. Upon treatment with mild reductants, PAPs are converted to their enzymatically active, pink form. Treatment with strong reducing agents dissociates the metallic ions, and renders the enzyme colourless and inactive.
PAPs are highly conserved within eukaryotic species, with >80% amino acid homology in mammalian PAPs, and >70% sequence homology in PAPs of plant origin. However sequence analysis reveals that there is minimal homology between plant and mammal PAPs (<20%), except for the metal-ligating amino acid residues which are identical. The metallic nucleus of PAPs also varies between plants and mammals. Mammalian PAPs which have been isolated and purified have, to this point, been composed exclusively of iron ions, whereas in plants the metallic nucleus is composed of Fe3+ and either Zn2+ or Mn2+. PAPs have also been isolated in fungi, and DNA sequences encoding for possible PAPs have been identified in prokaryotic organisms, such as in Cyanobacteria spp. and Mycobacteria spp.
Currently there is no defi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore-forming%20toxin | Pore-forming proteins (PFTs, also known as pore-forming toxins) are usually produced by bacteria, and include a number of protein exotoxins but may also be produced by other organisms such as apple snails that produce perivitellin-2 or earthworms, who produce lysenin. They are frequently cytotoxic (i.e., they kill cells), as they create unregulated pores in the membrane of targeted cells.
Types
PFTs can be divided into two categories, depending on the alpha-helical or beta-barrel architecture of their transmembrane channel that can consist either of
Alpha-pore-forming toxins
e.g., Haemolysin E family, actinoporins, Corynebacterial porin B, Cytolysin A of E. coli.
Beta-barrel pore-forming toxins
e.g. α-hemolysin (Fig 1), PVL – Panton-Valentine leukocidin, various insecticidal toxins.
Other categories:
Large beta-barrel pore-forming toxins
MACPF and Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), gasdermin
Binary toxins
e.g., Anthrax toxin, Pleurotolysin
Small pore-forming toxins
e.g., Gramicidin A
According to TCDB, there are following families of pore-forming toxins:
1.C.3 α-Hemolysin (αHL) family:
1.C.4 Aerolysin family
1.C.5 ε-toxin family
1.C.11 RTX-toxin superfamily
1.C.12 Membrane attack complex/perforin superfamily
1.C.13 Leukocidin family
1.C.14 Cytohemolysin (CHL) family
1.C.39 Thiol-activated cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family
1.C.43 Lysenin family
1.C.56 Pseudomonas syringae HrpZ cation channel family
1.C.57 Clostridial cytotoxin family
1.C.7 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Kashima%20Antlers%20records%20and%20statistics | This article contains records and statistics for the Japanese professional football club, Kashima Antlers.
J.League
Domestic cup competitions
Major international competitions
Top scorers by season
References
Kashima Antlers
Kashima Antlers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HELP%20assay | For the purpose of DNA replication, the HpaII tiny fragment Enrichment by Ligation-mediated PCR Assay (HELP Assay) is one of several techniques used for determining whether DNA has been methylated. The technique can be adapted to examine DNA methylation within and around individual genes, or it can be expanded to examine methylation in an entire genome.
The technique relies upon the properties of two restriction enzymes: HpaII and MspI. The HELP assay compares representations generated by HpaII and by MspI digestion of the genome followed by ligation-mediated PCR. HpaII only digests 5'-CCGG-3' sites when the cytosine in the central CG dinucleotide is unmethylated, the HpaII representation is enriched for the hypomethylated fraction of the genome. The MspI representation is a control for copy number changes and PCR amplification difficulties.
It was recently shown that cytosine methylation patterns tend to be concordant over short (~1 kb) regions. The patterns represented by the HpaII sites therefore tend to be representative of other CG dinucleotides locally.
The analysis of HELP data involves quality analysis and normalization. An analytical pipeline written in the R programming language was recently published to allow HELP data processing.
References
External links
The protocol for the HELP assay
Microbiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmrpipe | NMRPipe is a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance data processing program.
The project was preceded by other functionally similar programs but is, by and large, one of the most popular software packages for NMR Data Processing in part due to its efficiency (due to its utilization of Unix pipes) and ease of use (due to the large amount of logic embedded in its individual functions).
NMRPipe consists of a series of "functions" which can be applied to a FID data file in any sequence, by using UNIX pipes.
Each individual function in NMRPipe has a specific task and a set of arguments which can be sent to configure its behavior.
See also
Comparison of NMR software
External links
NmrPipe website
nmrPipe on NMR wiki
Nuclear magnetic resonance software
Medical software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigate%20device | A multigate device, multi-gate MOSFET or multi-gate field-effect transistor (MuGFET) refers to a metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) that has more than one gate on a single transistor. The multiple gates may be controlled by a single gate electrode, wherein the multiple gate surfaces act electrically as a single gate, or by independent gate electrodes. A multigate device employing independent gate electrodes is sometimes called a multiple-independent-gate field-effect transistor (MIGFET). The most widely used multi-gate devices are the FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) and the GAAFET (gate-all-around field-effect transistor), which are non-planar transistors, or 3D transistors.
Multi-gate transistors are one of the several strategies being developed by MOS semiconductor manufacturers to create ever-smaller microprocessors and memory cells, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law (in its narrow, specific version concerning density scaling, exclusive of its careless historical conflation with Dennard scaling). Development efforts into multigate transistors have been reported by the Electrotechnical Laboratory, Toshiba, Grenoble INP, Hitachi, IBM, TSMC, UC Berkeley, Infineon Technologies, Intel, AMD, Samsung Electronics, KAIST, Freescale Semiconductor, and others, and the ITRS predicted correctly that such devices will be the cornerstone of sub-32 nm technologies. The primary roadblock to widespread implementation is manufacturability, as bot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel%20Guerry | André-Michel Guerry (; December 24, 1802 – April 9, 1866) was a French lawyer and amateur statistician. Together with Adolphe Quetelet he may be regarded as the founder of moral statistics which led to the development of criminology, sociology and ultimately, modern social science.
Early life and education
Guerry was born in Tours, Indre-et-Loire, the only child of Michel Guerry, a building contractor, whose family had a long history as innkeepers, merchants, farmers and trades-people. About 1817-1820 he studied at the Imperial College of Tours (now the Lyceum Descartes, founded in 1807) and subsequently studied law at the University of Poitiers.
About 18241825 he moved to Paris and was admitted to the bar as a royal advocate. Shortly after, he was employed by the Ministry of Justice. Guerry worked with the data on crime statistics in France collected as part of the General office for administration of criminal justice in France, the first centralized national system of crime reporting. Guerry was so fascinated with these data, and the possibility to discover empirical regularities and laws that might govern them, that he gave up the active practice of law to devote the rest of his life to study crime and its relation to other moral variables.
Moral statistics and criminology
Guerry's first work on what would come to be called moral statistics was a large, one page sheet containing three shaded maps of France, prepared together with the Venetian geographer, Adriano Balb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny%20woodrat | The Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister), is a species of "pack rat" in the genus Neotoma. Once believed to be a subspecies of the eastern woodrat (Neotoma floridana), extensive DNA analysis has proven it to be a distinct species.
Description
The Allegheny woodrat is a medium-sized rodent almost indistinguishable from the closely related eastern woodrat, although slightly larger on average, and often with longer whiskers. Adults typically range from in total length, including a tail measuring . Males weigh on average, while females are slightly smaller, weighing an average of .
It is the second-largest member of the native North American rats, and can weigh up to a pound, roughly the size of an eastern gray squirrel.
The fur is long, soft, and brownish-gray or cinnamon in color, while the undersides and feet are white. They have large eyes, and naked ears. Their most distinguishing feature is their tails: while the tails of European rats are naked with only slightly visible hairs, the tails of woodrats are completely furred with hairs about one-third of an inch long, and predominantly black above and white beneath.
The whiskers are unusually long, typically over in length. About 50 whiskers are found on each side, consisting of a mixture of stiff black hairs and softer white ones.
Habitat and ecology
Allegheny woodrats prefer rocky outcrops associated with mountain ridges such as cliffs, caves, talus slopes, and even mines. This is mostly true for Pennsylvania and Mar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterson%20power%20cell | The Patterson power cell is an electrolysis device invented by chemist James A. Patterson, which he said created 200 times more energy than it used, and neutralizes radioactivity without emitting any harmful radiation. It is one of several cells that some observers classified as cold fusion; cells which were the subject of an intense scientific controversy in 1989, before being discredited in the eyes of mainstream science.
The Patterson power cell is given little credence by scientists. Physicist Robert L. Park describes the device as fringe science in his book Voodoo Science.
Construction
The cell has a non-conductive housing. The cathode is composed of thousands of sub-millimeter microspheres (co-polymer beads), with a flash coat of copper and multiple layers of electrolytically deposited thin film (650 Angstrom) nickel and palladium. The beads are submerged in water with a lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) electrolyte solution.
Company formed
In 1995, Clean Energy Technologies Inc. was formed to produce and promote the power cell.
Claims and observations
Patterson variously said it produced a hundred or two hundred times more power than it used. Clean Energy Technologies, Inc. (CETI) representatives promoting the device at the Power-Gen '95 Conference said that an input of 1 watt would generate more than 1,000 watts of excess heat (waste heat). This supposedly happens as hydrogen or deuterium nuclei fuse together to produce heat through a form of low energy nuclear reaction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba%20%28disambiguation%29 | Amoeba (sometimes amœba or ameba, plural amoebae, amoebas or amebas) is a type of cell or organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.
Amoeba or variants may also refer to:
Biology
Amoeba (genus), a genus of single-celled protists in the family Amoebidae
Amoebozoa, a large group of protists that includes the genus Amoeba
Arts and entertainment
Amoeba Music, an independent music chain
Amoeba (band), an experimental music group with Robert Rich and Rick Davies
Amoeba (album), a 1991 album by the band Critters Buggin
"Amoeba" (song), a 1981 song by the Adolescents
Amoeba (film), a 2016 Malayalam film
Other uses
Ameba (website), a Japanese social networking website
Amoeba (mathematics), a certain type of set
Amoeba order, a mathematical construction in set theory
Amoeba (operating system)
Amoeba defense, a basketball strategy
Amoeba method, a type of downhill search algorithm for finding minima (optima)
Amoeba Management, a management system designed by Kyocera founder Kazuo Inamori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop%20modeling | Loop modeling is a problem in protein structure prediction requiring the prediction of the conformations of loop regions in proteins with or without the use of a structural template. Computer programs that solve these problems have been used to research a broad range of scientific topics from ADP to breast cancer. Because protein function is determined by its shape and the physiochemical properties of its exposed surface, it is important to create an accurate model for protein/ligand interaction studies. The problem arises often in homology modeling, where the tertiary structure of an amino acid sequence is predicted based on a sequence alignment to a template, or a second sequence whose structure is known. Because loops have highly variable sequences even within a given structural motif or protein fold, they often correspond to unaligned regions in sequence alignments; they also tend to be located at the solvent-exposed surface of globular proteins and thus are more conformationally flexible. Consequently, they often cannot be modeled using standard homology modeling techniques. More constrained versions of loop modeling are also used in the data fitting stages of solving a protein structure by X-ray crystallography, because loops can correspond to regions of low electron density and are therefore difficult to resolve.
Regions of a structural model that are predicted by non-template-based loop modeling tend to be much less accurate than regions that are predicted using temp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot-operated%20relief%20valve | Like other pressure relief valves (PRV), pilot-operated relief valves (PORV) are used for emergency relief during overpressure events (e.g., a tank gets too hot and the expanding fluid increases the pressure to dangerous levels). PORV are also called pilot-operated safety valve (POSV), pilot-operated pressure relief valve (POPRV), or pilot-operated safety relief valve (POSRV), depending on the manufacturer and the application. Technically POPRV is the most generic term, but PORV is often used generically (as in this article) even though it should refer to valves in liquid service.
In conventional PRVs, the valve is normally held closed by a spring or similar mechanism that presses a disk or piston on a seat, which is forced open if the pressure is greater than the mechanical value of the spring. In the PORV, the valve is held shut by piping a small amount of the fluid to the rear of the sealing disk, with the pressure balanced on either side. A separate actuator on the piping releases pressure in the line if it crosses a threshold. This releases the pressure on the back of the seal, causing the valve to open.
The essential parts of a PORV are a pilot valve (or control pilot), a main valve, a pilot tube, the dome, a disc or piston, and a seat. The volume above the piston is called the dome.
Mode of functioning
The pressure is supplied from the upstream side (the system being protected) to the dome often by a small pilot tube. The downstream side is the pipe or open air wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracaspase | Paracaspases (human: MALT1) are members of the C14 family of cysteine proteases. Paracaspases are proteins related to caspases present in animals and slime mold, in contrast to metacaspases, which are present in plants, fungi, and "protists". The phylogenetic distribution is a bit confusing, since slime mold diverged earlier than the animal/fungal split.
Paracaspase has been first identified in a recurrent t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosomal translocation associated with a subset of MALT lymphoma. This leads to a fusion oncoprotein consisting of the carboxyl terminus of MALT1 and the amino terminus of c-IAP2. Paracaspases are more similar to caspases than metacaspases are, indicating that this group of proteases diverged from caspases from a common metacaspase ancestor.
Structure and Evolution
Most non-metazoan paracaspases found in amoebas or bacteria are "type 2" paracaspases with only a caspase-like domain. The animal paracaspases are most likely not directly related to the amoeba paracaspase. It is currently unclear whether the paracaspases (and caspases) found in eukaryotes are a result from several (at least 2) independent horizontal gene transfer events from prokaryotes or if there has been a convergent evolution of (para)caspases evolved from the metacaspases in several different organisms within the eukaryotes.
Animals
"Type 2"
The "type 2" paracaspases in animals represent the ancestral form which only consists of a caspase-like domain. This form of paracaspase can b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murchison%20Widefield%20Array | The Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) is a joint project between an international consortium of organisations to construct and operate a low-frequency radio array. 'Widefield' refers to its very large field of view (on the order of 30 degrees across). Operating in the frequency range 70–300 MHz, the main scientific goals of the MWA are to detect neutral atomic Hydrogen emission from the cosmological Epoch of Reionization (EoR), to study the Sun, the heliosphere, the Earth's ionosphere, and radio transient phenomena, as well as map the extragalactic radio sky. It is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO).
Along with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), also at the MRO, and two radio telescopes in South Africa, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and MeerKAT, the MWA is one of four precursors to the international project known as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA).
Development
The MWA was to be situated at Mileura Station where initial testing had been conducted then moved southwest to Boolardy Station in outback Western Australia, at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO), north of Perth. This location offers a quiet radio environment and stable climate for observations. The MRO is also the site of CSIRO's Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and one of two selected sites in Australia for the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). In addition to the geographic link, the MWA is one of four official SKA precurso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restrict | In the C programming language, restrict is a keyword, introduced by the C99 standard, that can be used in pointer declarations. By adding this type qualifier, a programmer hints to the compiler that for the lifetime of the pointer, no other pointer will be used to access the object to which it points. This allows the compiler to make optimizations (for example, vectorization) that would not otherwise have been possible.
restrict limits the effects of pointer aliasing, aiding optimizations. If the declaration of intent is not followed and the object is accessed by an independent pointer, this will result in undefined behavior.
Optimization
If the compiler knows that there is only one pointer to a memory block, it can produce better optimized code. For instance:
void updatePtrs(size_t *ptrA, size_t *ptrB, size_t *val)
{
*ptrA += *val;
*ptrB += *val;
}
In the above code, the pointers ptrA, ptrB, and val might refer to the same memory location, so the compiler may generate less optimal code:
; Hypothetical RISC Machine.
ldr r12, [val] ; Load memory at val to r12.
ldr r3, [ptrA] ; Load memory at ptrA to r3.
add r3, r3, r12 ; Perform addition: r3 = r3 + r12.
str r3, [ptrA] ; Store r3 to memory location ptrA, updating the value.
ldr r3, [ptrB] ; 'load' may have to wait until preceding 'store' completes.
ldr r12, [val] ; Have to load a second time to ensure consistency.
add r3, r3, r12
str r3, [ptrB]
However, if the restrict keyword is used and the ab |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Hunt%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201982%29 | David John Hunt (born 10 September 1982) is a former English football midfielder.
Playing career
Born in London, Hunt began as a trainee with Crystal Palace, but made only a few appearances after turning professional. He moved to Leyton Orient in 2003, playing 74 times in all competitions in two seasons. He then moved to Northampton Town, where he was a key player in the club's successful promotion season of 2005–06, with his long throw-in being a prominent weapon in the team's tactical arsenal that year.
Hunt signed for Shrewsbury Town on 15 May 2007, on a two-year deal after rejecting an offer of a contract extension at Northampton. In January 2009, he came to an agreement with Paul Simpson, the Shrewsbury Town boss, on the remainder of his contract and consequently left the club as he attempted to move back down south as his family failed to settle in the area. His spell at the club was littered by injuries, resulting in few appearances over the one-and-a-half seasons he was at the club.
Hunt signed for Brentford on 9 January 2009, on a contract until the end of the season. He scored two crucial goals for the Bees in their promotion campaign including a well-struck free kick against Gillingham. He signed a new two-year contract in June 2009.
He signed for Crawley Town on 31 December 2010, initially on a one-month loan, with a view to a permanent move being completed at the end of January 2011. He made his debut for the club the next day as a 63rd-minute substitute agai |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil%20%28mycology%29 | A veil or velum, in mycology, is one of several structures in fungi, especially the thin membrane that covers the cap and stalk of an immature mushroom.
Veils fall into two categories:
Partial veil
Universal veil
References
Fungal morphology and anatomy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan%20urban%20area | The Wigan Urban Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics consisting of the built-up, or 'urbanised' area containing Wigan in Greater Manchester and Skelmersdale in West Lancashire.
The Urban Area includes the integrated conurbation around Wigan, (containing the contiguous areas of Ince-in-Makerfield and Wigan itself), along with the outlying areas of Standish, Abram and the West Lancashire town of Skelmersdale.
The Wigan Urban Area has a total population of 175,405. This is an increase of 5% on the 2001 figure of 166,840.
Constituent parts
The historic town of Wigan forms an integrated conurbation along with the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan district of Ince-in-Makerfield, this is connected by ribbon development to Standish, Platt Bridge and Abram. These areas, together with Skelmersdale in West Lancashire, are defined by the Office for National Statistics as the Wigan Urban Area.
Breakdown
The ONS figures were broken down into constituent parts, and an individual population figure given for each. These were:
Notes
Orrell is included under the Wigan subdivision in the 2011 census data.
The Abram subdivision was renamed Platt Bridge in the 2011 census.
The Worthington subdivision was part of the Standish subdivision in the 2001 census.
References
Office for National Statistics: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas
Errata
Urban areas of England
Geography of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Geography of Lancashire |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivariate%20probit%20model | In statistics and econometrics, the multivariate probit model is a generalization of the probit model used to estimate several correlated binary outcomes jointly. For example, if it is believed that the decisions of sending at least one child to public school and that of voting in favor of a school budget are correlated (both decisions are binary), then the multivariate probit model would be appropriate for jointly predicting these two choices on an individual-specific basis. J.R. Ashford and R.R. Sowden initially proposed an approach for multivariate probit analysis. Siddhartha Chib and Edward Greenberg extended this idea and also proposed simulation-based inference methods for the multivariate probit model which simplified and generalized parameter estimation.
Example: bivariate probit
In the ordinary probit model, there is only one binary dependent variable and so only one latent variable is used. In contrast, in the bivariate probit model there are two binary dependent variables and , so there are two latent variables: and .
It is assumed that each observed variable takes on the value 1 if and only if its underlying continuous latent variable takes on a positive value:
with
and
Fitting the bivariate probit model involves estimating the values of and . To do so, the likelihood of the model has to be maximized. This likelihood is
Substituting the latent variables and in the probability functions and taking logs gives
After some rewriting, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane%20fluidity | In biology, membrane fluidity refers to the viscosity of the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane or a synthetic lipid membrane. Lipid packing can influence the fluidity of the membrane. Viscosity of the membrane can affect the rotation and diffusion of proteins and other bio-molecules within the membrane, there-by affecting the functions of these things.
Membrane fluidity is affected by fatty acids. More specifically, whether the fatty acids are saturated or unsaturated has an effect on membrane fluidity. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, and the maximum amount of hydrogen. The absence of double bonds increases fluidity. Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond, creating a "kink" in the chain. The double bond decreases fluidity. While the addition of one double bond raises the melting temperature, research conducted by Xiaoguang Yang et. al. supports that four or more double bonds has a direct correlation to membrane fluidity. Membrane fluidity is also affected by cholesterol. Cholesterol can make the cell membrane fluid as well as rigid.
Factors determining membrane fluidity
Membrane fluidity can be affected by a number of factors. The main facotrs affecting membrane fluidity are environmental (ie. temperature), and compositionally. One way to increase membrane fluidity is to heat up the membrane. Lipids acquire thermal energy when they are heated up; energetic lipids move around more, arranging and rearranging randomly, making |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byteflight | Byteflight is an automotive databus created by BMW and partners Motorola, Elmos Semiconductor and Infineon to address the need for a modernized safety-critical, fault tolerant means of electronic communication between automotive components. It is a message-oriented protocol. As a predecessor to FlexRay, byteflight uses a hybrid synchronous/asynchronous TDMA based means of data transfer to circumvent deficiencies associated with pure event-triggered databuses.
It was first introduced in 2001 on the BMW 7 Series (E65).
Eclipse 500 jet aeroplanes use Byteflight to connect the avionics displays.
Data frame
In Byteflight terminology, a data frame is called a telegraph.
A telegraph starts with a start sequence containing six dominant bits. This start sequence
is followed by a one byte message identifier. This is followed by a length field indicating the
length in bytes of the transmitted data. The telegraph ends with a 15 bit CRC value encoded in two bytes
leaving the LSB unused.
All bytes are framed by a recessive start bit at the beginning and a dominant stop bit at the end.
References
External links
byteflight website
Auto parts
Computer buses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20LaDou | Joseph LaDou (born 1938) is an occupational and environmental medicine physician who practiced in Silicon Valley during the early years of the semiconductor and computer industries. He was appointed the first Chief of the University of California, San Francisco (MC) Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , and was co-director of the residency program there from 1982-1991.
LaDou was founding editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, serving in that capacity from 1992 to 2005. During the same years, LaDou was director of UCSF's International Center for Occupational Medicine.
Career
From 1983 to 2002, in addition to his other responsibilities, LaDou was the director to "Advances in Occupational and Environmental Medicine", a continuing medical education course that trained more than 3,000 physicians (500 from developing countries) in occupational medicine.
LaDou's study of the global migration of hazardous industries has led to efforts to control occupational and environmental hazards. As one example, his study of asbestos in developing countries led to a call for an international ban on asbestos mining and use in commercial products.
Currently, LaDou is Clinical Professor Emeritus at UCSF.
Works
Among LaDou's notable publications:
LaDou, Joseph, ed. 1986. Special Issue on "The Microelectronics Industry," State of the Art Reviews: Occupational Medicine 1 (1, January–March). Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus.
LaDou, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSm | In molecular biology, LSm proteins are a family of RNA-binding proteins found in virtually every cellular organism. LSm is a contraction of 'like Sm', because the first identified members of the LSm protein family were the Sm proteins. LSm proteins are defined by a characteristic three-dimensional structure and their assembly into rings of six or seven individual LSm protein molecules, and play a large number of various roles in mRNA processing and regulation.
The Sm proteins were first discovered as antigens targeted by so-called anti-Sm antibodies in a patient with a form of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a debilitating autoimmune disease. They were named Sm proteins in honor of Stephanie Smith, a patient who suffered from SLE. Other proteins with very similar structures were subsequently discovered and named LSm proteins. New members of the LSm protein family continue to be identified and reported.
Proteins with similar structures are grouped into a hierarchy of protein families, superfamilies, and folds. The LSm protein structure is an example of a small beta sheet folded into a short barrel. Individual LSm proteins assemble into a six or seven member doughnut ring (more properly termed a torus), which usually binds to a small RNA molecule to form a ribonucleoprotein complex. The LSm torus assists the RNA molecule to assume and maintain its proper three-dimensional structure. Depending on which LSm proteins and RNA molecule are involved, this ribonucleopr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL13 | Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13), also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC) or B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), is a protein ligand that in humans is encoded by the CXCL13 gene.
Function
CXCL13 is a small chemokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. As its other names suggest, this chemokine is selectively chemotactic for B cells belonging to both the B-1 and B-2 subsets, and elicits its effects by interacting with chemokine receptor CXCR5. CXCL13 and its receptor CXCR5 control the organization of B cells within follicles of lymphoid tissues and is expressed highly in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and gut of humans. The gene for CXCL13 is located on human chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.
In T lymphocytes, CXCL13 expression is thought to reflect a germinal center origin of the T cell, particularly a subset of T cells called follicular B helper T cells (or TFH cells). Hence, expression of CXCL13 in T-cell lymphomas, such as Angioimmunoblastic T-cell Lymphoma, is thought to reflect a germinal center origin of the neoplastic T-cells.
References
External links
Cytokines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20Scheduling | Hybrid Scheduling is a class of scheduling mechanisms that mix different scheduling criteria or disciplines in one algorithm. For example, scheduling uplink and downlink traffic in a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network, such as IEEE 802.11e) using a single discipline or framework is an instance of hybrid scheduling. Other examples include a scheduling scheme that can provide differentiated and integrated (guaranteed) services in one discipline. Another example could be scheduling of node communications where centralized communications and distributed communications coexist. Further examples of such schedulers are found in the following articles:
References
1- Y. Pourmohammadi Fallah, H. Alnuweiri,"Hybrid Polling and Contention Access Scheduling in IEEE 802.11e WLANs", Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Elsevier, Vol 67, Issue 2, Feb. 2007, pp. 242–256.
Computer networking |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%20number%20%28disambiguation%29 | A lucky number, in number theory, is a natural number generated by a particular sieve algorithm.
Lucky number may also refer to:
Film and television
The Lucky Number, a 1933 British comedy film
Lucky Number (film), a 1951 Donald Duck cartoon
Lucky Numbers, a 2000 American comedy film
#Lucky Number, a 2015 film starring Tom Pelphrey
Lucky Numbers (TV series), a 1995–1997 British game show
Music
Lucky Number (album) or the title song, by Jolin Tsai, 2001
Lucky Numbers (album), by Frank Sinatra, 1998
Lucky Number: The Best of Lene Lovich, an album by Lene Lovich, 2004
"Lucky Number" (song), by Lene Lovich, 1979
"Lucky Number", a song by Saves the Day from Saves the Day, 2013
Other uses
Lucky numbers of Euler, producing prime-generating polynomials
A number believed to affect one's luck
Lucky number combinations, an element of Chinese numerology
Lucky Numbers, a discontinued Cadbury product |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Pink | Brian Pink was the Australian Statistician, the head of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), between 5 March 2007 and 12 January 2014.
Prior to September 1999, Brian Pink was ABS's Statistical Support Group Manager, when he was appointed as the Government Statistician for New Zealand and Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand.
Biography
Pink's career in official statistics began in Australia with the then Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics in Sydney in 1966, followed by postings to various state offices of its successor, the Australian Bureau of Statistics. He was Government Statistician and Chief Executive of Statistics New Zealand from late October 2000 to March 2007.
As well as his duties as ex officio member of the Australian Statistics Advisory Council, Pink is Vice Chairman of the OECD Committee on Statistics, and Australia's Head of Delegation to the United Nations Statistical Commission. He was President of the International Association for Official Statistics from 2005 to 2007.
Brian Pink professes strong views about the importance of the role of official statistics in society, beyond necessary government use.
Controversy
Brian Pink has been involved in a number of controversies relating to employees of the ABS.
Bulletin
In April 2008, the distribution of a staff bulletin by union employees led Brian Pink to issue a letter which advised employees that continued distribution of bulletins would be in breach of the Australian Public Service C |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vacuum%20tubes | This is a list of vacuum tubes or thermionic valves, and low-pressure gas-filled tubes, or discharge tubes. Before the advent of semiconductor devices, thousands of tube types were used in consumer electronics. Many industrial, military or otherwise professional tubes were also produced. Only a few types are still used today, mainly in high-power, high-frequency applications.
Heater or filament ratings
Receiving tubes have heaters or filaments intended for direct battery operation, parallel operation off a dedicated winding on a supply transformer, or series string operation on transformer-less sets. High-power RF power tubes are directly heated; the heater voltage must be much smaller than the signal voltage on the grid and is therefore in the 5...25 V range, drawing up to hundreds of amperes from a suitable heater transformer. In some valve part number series, the voltage class of the heater is given in the part number, and a similar valve might be available with several different heater voltage ratings.
Tube bases and envelopes
Abbreviations used in this list
ST – Shouldered tube
GT – Glass tube
MT – Miniature tube, such as Noval B9A or Miniature 7-pin B7G
FL – Subminiature all-glass elliptical body and flat bases with long, inline "flying leads" (wire-ends) that are soldered into the circuit
SL – Subminiature all-glass elliptical body and flat bases with short inline leads that can be soldered or can be mated with a special socket. (Flying leads can be cut short to fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsse | Tsse may refer to:
Tsse (Cyrillic) (Ꚑ ꚑ), a letter of the Cyrillic script
TssE, a constituent protein in the baseplate of a Type VI secretion system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal%20carpal%20branch%20of%20the%20radial%20artery | The dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery (posterior radial carpal artery) is a small vessel which arises beneath the extensor tendons of the thumb; crossing the carpus transversely toward the medial border of the hand, it anastomoses with the dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery.
The dorsal branch of the radial artery also branches into the dorsalis pollicis artery; more distally it branches into the princeps pollicis artery, and anastomoses with perforating branches of the deep palmar arch
References
External links
- "Dorsum of the hand, deep dissection, posterior view"
Arteries of the upper limb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior%20compartment%20of%20the%20forearm | The posterior compartment of the forearm (or extensor compartment) contains twelve muscles which primarily extend the wrist and digits. It is separated from the anterior compartment by the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna.
Structure
Muscles
There are generally twelve muscles in the posterior compartment of the forearm, which can be further divided into superficial, intermediate, and deep. Most of the muscles in the superficial and the intermediate layers share a common origin which is the outer part of the elbow, the lateral epicondyle of humerus. The deep muscles arise from the distal part of the ulna and the surrounding interosseous membrane.
The brachioradialis, flexor of the elbow, is unusual in that it is located in the posterior compartment, but it is actually a muscle of flexor / anterior compartment of the forearm. The anconeus, assisting in extension of the elbow joint, is by some considered part of the posterior compartment of the arm.
The majority of muscles found in the posterior compartment are extrinsic, meaning that their origin has some distance from the part moved. The brachioradialis and the anconeus are considered intrinsic muscles because they both arise within the forearm and they both move the forearm.
Extensor tendon compartments
Extensor tendons pass through the extensor retinaculum at wrist joint in 6 synovial sheaths, also referred to compartments.
The supinator and the anconeus are the two extensor muscles in the posterior |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmus%20Ayya | Turmus Ayya () is a Palestinian town located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate in the West Bank, in Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), it had a population of 2,464 in 2017. An estimated 80% of the residents are Palestinian binationals with US citizenship.
Turmus Ayya is the frequent target of Israeli settler violence.
Geography
Turmus Ayya is located northeast of the city of Ramallah. Its surrounding villages are Sinjil and Khirbet Abu Falah as well as the Israeli settlement of Shilo. Its jurisdiction is about . Turmus Ayya is 720 m above sea level. It is also the northernmost town in the Ramallah District. Turmus Ayya's climate is similar to that of the central West Bank, which is rainy in the winter, and hot and humid in the summer.
History
Potsherds from the late Iron Age (8 -7th century B.C.E.) period and later have been found, and it is estimated that the village has existed continuously since then.
Turmus Ayya is generally accepted as being the Turbasaim in Crusader sources. A little northeast of Turmus Ayya is Khirbet Ras ad-Deir/Deir el-Fikia, believed to be the Crusader village of Dere. In 1145, half of the income from both villages were given to the Abbey of Mount Tabor, so that they could maintain the church at Sinjil. In 1175, all three villages; Turmus Ayya, Dere and Sinjil, were transferred to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Ottoman era
In 1517, Turmus Ayya was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABCB5 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 5 also known as P-glycoprotein ABCB5 is a plasma membrane-spanning protein that in humans is encoded by the ABCB5 gene. ABCB5 is an ABC transporter and P-glycoprotein family member principally expressed in physiological skin and human malignant melanoma.
Clinical significance
ABCB5 has been suggested to regulate skin progenitor cell fusion and mediate chemotherapeutic drug resistance in stem-like tumor cell subpopulations in human malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It is commonly over-expressed on circulating melanoma tumour cells. Furthermore, the ABCB5+ melanoma- initiating cells were demonstrated to express FLT1 (VEGFR1) receptor tyrosine kinase which was functionally required for efficient xenograft tumor formation, as demonstrated by shRNA knockdown experiments.
In colorectal cancer, ABCB5 was shown to act as a mediator of 5-FU patient chemoresistance, and had a further direct role in tumorigenesis shown by shRNA-mediated colorectal cancer cell-line ABCB5 knockdowns that impeded tumorigenesis in human-to-mouse xenografts. It has been shown that in some highly aggressive tumors, such as mesothelioma and melanoma, ABCB5 contributes to multi-drug chemotherapy resistance, and tumor growth, controlling a proinflammatory signaling circuit utilizing TLR4, IL-1β, IL8 and CXCR1 signaling involving reciprocal paracrine interactions between the cancer stem cells and tumor bulk population (in a rheo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/s | C/s may refer to:
Client–server model, a computer network programming model
Cycle per second, a now-obsolete unit of frequency
C/S, a Philippine television network
See also
CS (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchhoff%20equations | In fluid dynamics, the Kirchhoff equations, named after Gustav Kirchhoff, describe the motion of a rigid body in an ideal fluid.
where and are the angular and linear velocity vectors at the point , respectively; is the moment of inertia tensor, is the body's mass; is
a unit normal to the surface of the body at the point ;
is a pressure at this point; and are the hydrodynamic
torque and force acting on the body, respectively;
and likewise denote all other torques and forces acting on the
body. The integration is performed over the fluid-exposed portion of the
body's surface.
If the body is completely submerged body in an infinitely large volume of irrotational, incompressible, inviscid fluid, that is at rest at infinity, then the vectors and can be found via explicit integration, and the dynamics of the body is described by the Kirchhoff – Clebsch equations:
Their first integrals read
Further integration produces explicit expressions for position and velocities.
References
Kirchhoff G. R. Vorlesungen ueber Mathematische Physik, Mechanik. Lecture 19. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877.
Lamb, H., Hydrodynamics. Sixth Edition Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. 1932.
Mechanics
Classical mechanics
Rigid bodies
Gustav Kirchhoff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supakorn%20Kitsuwon | Supakorn Kitsuwon (, born December 28, 1972, in Uthai Thani Province, Thailand) (nickname Tok ) is a Thai film and stage actor. Among his starring roles are as Pan in Monrak Transistor and Khun Krabi in SARS Wars. He had notable supporting roles in Tears of the Black Tiger as Mahesuan and in Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters as Pu Bottlebomb.
Kitsuwon graduated from Amnuay Silpa School and a diploma from Canada. He entered the showbiz in the early 90's as a model and backup dancer for famous singer and rapper Jetrin Wattanasin.
Filmography
Dang Bireley's and Young Gangsters (1997) as Pu Bottlebomb
Crime Kings (1998)
Extra Legal (1999)
Tears of the Black Tiger (2000) as Mahesuan
The Legend of Suriyothai (2001) as Sir Sriyod
Monrak Transistor (2001) as Phaen (Pan)
Goodman Town (2002)
Ukkabat (The Meteor) (2004) - Oam
SARS Wars (2004) - Khun Krabii
Perfect Killer (2005) as Kieb
Rambo (2008) as Myint
Busaba Bold and Beautiful (Suay Sing Krating Sab) (2008) as Pod
Art of the Devil 3 (Llong khong 2) (2008) as Dis
Puen yai jon salad (2008) as Chief of Yahol Pirates
Ong Bak 2 (2008) as Master Armer
Young Bao the Movie (2013) as Thanis
Adam (2017)
The 400 Bravers (2018)
Sisters (2019)
Khun Phaen Begins (2019) as Master Det
Television dramas
2000 Mae Nak Phra Khanong (2000) (แม่นากพระโขนง) (Step Aonvert/Ch.3) as Mak (มาก) with Kullanat Preeyawat
2001 Keuy Ban Nok (2001) (เขยบ้านนอก) (TV Scene & Picture/Ch.3) as Kamnuan Lhaopana () with Athitaya Dithipen
2002 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20universal%20sampling | Stochastic universal sampling (SUS) is a technique used in genetic algorithms for selecting potentially useful solutions for recombination. It was introduced by James Baker.
SUS is a development of fitness proportionate selection (FPS) which exhibits no bias and minimal spread. Where FPS chooses several solutions from the population by repeated random sampling, SUS uses a single random value to sample all of the solutions by choosing them at evenly spaced intervals. This gives weaker members of the population (according to their fitness) a chance to be chosen.
FPS can have bad performance when a member of the population has a really large fitness in comparison with other members. Using a comb-like ruler, SUS starts from a small random number, and chooses the next candidates from the rest of population remaining, not allowing the fittest members to saturate the candidate space.
Described as an algorithm, pseudocode for SUS looks like:
SUS(Population, N)
F := total fitness of Population
N := number of offspring to keep
P := distance between the pointers (F/N)
Start := random number between 0 and P
Pointers := [Start + i*P | i in [0..(N-1)]]
return RWS(Population,Pointers)
RWS(Population, Points)
Keep = []
for P in Points
I := 0
while fitness sum of Population[0..I] < P
I++
add Population[I] to Keep
return Keep
Where Population[0..I] is the set of individuals with array-index 0 to (and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agur | Agur ben Jakeh () was a sage of Arab descent and a compiler of a collection of proverbs found in Proverbs 30, which is sometimes known as the Book of Agur or Sayings of Agur.
Biblical accounts
The initial text of the chapter runs as follows (JPS translation), and bears great similarity to . This translation is not universally accepted as correct; see below.
The text (verse 1) seems to say that he was a "Massaite," the gentilic termination not being indicated in the traditional writing "Ha-Massa." This place has been identified by some Assyriologists with the land of Mash, a district between Judea and Babylonia, and the traces of nomadic or semi-nomadic life and thought found in and give some support to the hypothesis. Heinrich Graetz, followed by Bickell and Cheyne, conjectures that the original reading is ("Ha-Moshel" = "the collector of proverbs"). Even still, the root word maššā denotes something that is carried, and it is used several times in the prophetic books of the Hebrew Bible (, , , etc.) to describe the words or predictions of prophets. Though Agur is not explicitly called a prophet, this may indicate that maššā is being used to give his words an oracular quality.
In rabbinical literature
"Agur", and the enigmatical names and words which follow in Proverbs 30:1, are interpreted by the Aggadah as epithets of Solomon, playing upon the words as follows: "Agur" denotes "the compiler; the one who first gathered maxims together". "The son of Jakeh" denotes "the o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear%20acoustics | Nonlinear acoustics (NLA) is a branch of physics and acoustics dealing with sound waves of sufficiently large amplitudes. Large amplitudes require using full systems of governing equations of fluid dynamics (for sound waves in liquids and gases) and elasticity (for sound waves in solids). These equations are generally nonlinear, and their traditional linearization is no longer possible. The solutions of these equations show that, due to the effects of nonlinearity, sound waves are being distorted as they travel.
Introduction
A sound wave propagates through a material as a localized pressure change. Increasing the pressure of a gas or fluid increases its local temperature. The local speed of sound in a compressible material increases with temperature; as a result, the wave travels faster during the high pressure phase of the oscillation than during the lower pressure phase. This affects the wave's frequency structure; for example, in an initially plain sinusoidal wave of a single frequency, the peaks of the wave travel faster than the troughs, and the pulse becomes cumulatively more like a sawtooth wave. In other words, the wave distorts itself. In doing so, other frequency components are introduced, which can be described by the Fourier series. This phenomenon is characteristic of a nonlinear system, since a linear acoustic system responds only to the driving frequency. This always occurs but the effects of geometric spreading and of absorption usually overcome the self-dist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoon%20rest | A spoon rest (also known as a dublé) is a piece of kitchenware that serves as a place to lay spoons and other cooking utensils, to prevent cooking fluids from getting onto countertops, as well as keeping the spoon from touching any contaminants that might be on the counter (the rest is easier to keep clean).
A typical design of a spoon rest is that of an "oversized spoon" with a shallow bowl and a notch on a side or an oversized ladle on feet (so called ladle rest). The rests are made of many materials, including wood, plastic, ceramic, stainless steel.
See also
Spoon and chopstick rest
References
External links
Kitchenware
Spoons |
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