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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal%20effects%20of%20negligible%20senescence | The societal effects of negligible senescence considers a scenario where negligible senescence is achieved on a societal wide level in humans. There is much controversy about the realistic timeline of such a scenario. The predictions vary in time starting from 2037 till later than the 21st century. The effects of negligible senescence has a profound impact on economy, climate, demographics and impacts social structures. The baseline scenario ceteris paribus of negligible senescence is more population growth while a larger healthier labor force would spur economic growth.
Definition and characteristics
Senescence is defined as the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics. The word senescence can either refer to cellular senescence or to senescence of a whole organism. Negligible senescence is therefore defined as the lack of senescence or a very small amount of senescence. Which implies that mortality and morbidity from most causes is eliminated. The term was introduced by biogerentologist Caleb Finch to denote organisms that do not exhibit evidence of biological aging and was further popularized by gerontologist Aubrey de Grey.
Proximity of a negligible senescence society
The timeline wherein humanity will achieve a negligible senescence scenario is unclear. For instance, in the Worldbank projections of demographics until 2050 death rate per 1,000 is increasing year-on-year thus implying no projection of negligible senescence before 2050. Although visionaries like Yuval Noah Harari do mention the possibility of a negligible senescence society Noah also remarks that he seems this is not likely to happen in the 21st century. Only a few people have publicly announced that they deem negligible senescence likely in the 21st century, such as Aubrey de Grey, founder of the SENS Research Foundation.
Societal impact
Demographics
The impact of negligible senescence on worldwide demographics is widely accepted;. Coale noted that a shift toward near-immortality w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau%20function%20%28integrable%20systems%29 | Tau functions are an important ingredient in the modern mathematical theory of integrable systems, and have numerous applications in a variety of other domains. They were originally introduced by Ryogo Hirota in his direct method approach to soliton equations, based on expressing them in an equivalent bilinear form.
The term tau function, or -function, was first used systematically by Mikio Sato and his students in the specific context of the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (or KP) equation and related integrable hierarchies. It is a central ingredient in the theory of solitons. In this setting, given any -function satisfying a Hirota-type system of bilinear equations (see below), the corresponding solutions of the equations of the integrable hierarchy are explicitly expressible in terms of it and its logarithmic derivatives up to a finite order. Tau functions also appear as matrix model partition functions in the spectral theory of random matrices, and may also serve as generating functions, in the sense of combinatorics and enumerative geometry, especially in relation to moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces, and enumeration of branched coverings, or so-called Hurwitz numbers.
There are two notions of -functions, both introduced by the Sato school. The first is isospectral -functions of the Sato–Segal–Wilson type for integrable hierarchies, such as the KP hierarchy, which are parametrized by linear operators satisfying isospectral deformation equations of Lax type. The second is isomonodromic -functions.
Depending on the specific application, a -function may either be: 1) an analytic function of a finite or infinite number of independent, commuting flow variables, or deformation parameters; 2) a discrete function of a finite or infinite number of denumerable variables; 3) a formal power series expansion in a finite or infinite number of expansion variables, which need have no convergence domain, but serves as generating function for certain enumerative invariants appeari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow%20profile | Shadow profile refers to the collection of users' or non-users' information without their consent. The term is mostly commonly used to describe the practices of Facebook to collect information on people that they did not provide.
History
Early in 2012, a data breach of over six million Facebook users' personal information indicated the existence of shadow profiles, since the leaked information was not provided by the users themselves. After this, Facebook started to combine users' shadow profiles with their public profiles. The combined profiles were then further shared with the users' friends if they used Facebook's Download Your Information (DYI) tool.
Possible solutions
In addition, the conversation among users is another factor that leads to information leakage, such that people share their information with each other but they become incapable of controlling the spread of that information afterward. Thus some argue that instead of focusing on what companies can do to provide a clearer picture of the possible information access, users themselves should be the primary target of controlling over their personal information online and this would work as an efficient way to ease both companies' and consumers' concerns with data collection. Another proposed argument also emphasizes the focus on users, which claims that by making users fully aware of what they are doing online and the logistics behind online behaviors, they will put more trust into the virtual world and would take care of their personal information even more.
Instead of focusing on users, some others suggest the interdependent relationship between users and online platforms or companies, and the social contract between them: while companies collect personal data and feedback from users, users would benefit from the modified functional improvements. As a result, as companies are not merely the side notifying users about the privacy norms but a contractor responsible for maintaining a mutually benefi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror%20tree | In genealogy, a mirror tree is a family tree reconstructed through estimates of consanguinity.
References
Family trees
Genetics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apeirophobia | Apeirophobia (from ) is the phobia of infinity or eternity, causing discomfort and sometimes panic attacks. It normally starts in adolescence or earlier and it is currently not known how it normally develops over time. Apeirophobia may be caused by existential dread about eternal life or eternal oblivion following death. Due to this, it is often connected with thanatophobia (fear of dying). Sufferers commonly report feelings of derealization which may cause the perception of a dreamlike or distorted reality. Existential OCD may sometimes be the cause of obsessive thoughts about infinity or eternity, which can lead to or trigger apeirophobia.
References
Phobias |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%20Institute%20for%20Evolutionary%20Science | The Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science (TIES) is a project of the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science and a program of the Center for Inquiry which provides free workshops and materials to elementary, middle school, and, more recently, high school science teachers to enable them to effectively teach evolution based on the Next Generation Science Standards.
History
In 2013, Bertha Vazquez, TIES director and middle school science teacher in Miami, met Richard Dawkins at the University of Miami and discussed evolution education with him and a number of science professors. The discussion surrounded the issue of teachers feeling unprepared to teach evolution. This encounter and the understanding that teachers learn the most from each other inspired her to conduct workshops on evolution for her fellow teachers. After hearing about Vazquez's work, Dawkins followed up with a visit to Vazquez's school in 2014 to speak to teachers from the Miami-Dade County school district. Dawkins eventually asked Vazquez if she would be willing to take her workshop project nationwide. With the encouragement of Dawkins and funding from his foundation, and also with encouragement from Robyn Blumner of the Center for Inquiry, the Teacher Institute for Evolutionary Science began offering workshops in 2015.
Activity
The first TIES workshop was in April 2015 in collaboration with the Miami Science Museum. A total of ten workshops took place in 2015. Since then, the program has expanded, as of 2020, to over 200 workshops in all 50 states. While Bertha Vazquez presented many of the workshops earlier on, over 80 presenters are now active in the nationwide program. Presenters are usually high school or college biology educators in the states in which their workshops take place, and workshops take into account the given state's evolution education standards. Workshops vary in length, and in cases of longer workshops or webinars, scientists and other relevant guests are also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation%20in%20construction | Automation in construction is the combination of methods, processes, and systems that allow for greater machine autonomy in construction activities. Construction automation may have multiple goals, including but not limited to, reducing jobsite injuries, decreasing activity completion times, and assisting with quality control and quality assurance. Some systems may be fielded as a direct response to increasing skilled labor shortages in some countries. Opponents claim that increased automation may lead to less construction jobs and that software leaves heavy equipment vulnerable to hackers.
Transportation Construction
Kratos Defense & Security Solutions fielded the world’s first Autonomous Truck-Mounted Attenuator (ATMA) in 2017, in conjunction with Royal Truck & Equipment.
Uses of Automation in Construction
Equipment control and management: Automation can be used to control and monitor construction equipment, such as cranes, excavators, and bulldozers.
Material handling: Automated systems can be used to handle, transport, and place materials such as concrete, bricks, and stones.
Surveying: Automated survey equipment and drones can be used to collect and analyze data on construction sites.
Quality control: Automated systems can be used to monitor and control the quality of materials and construction processes.
Safety management: Automated systems can be used to monitor and control safety conditions on construction sites.
Scheduling and planning: Automated systems can be used to manage schedules, resources, and costs.
Waste management: Automated systems can be used to manage and dispose of waste materials generated during construction.
3D printing: Automated 3D printing can be used to create prototypes, models, and even full-scale building components.
Benefits of Automation in Construction
The use of automation in construction has become increasingly prevalent in recent years due to its numerous benefits. Automation in construction refers to the use of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khristianovich%20Institute%20of%20Theoretical%20and%20Applied%20Mechanics | Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, ITAM SB RAS () is a research institute in Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1957.
History
The institute was founded by Sergey Khristianovich in 1957, he also became its first director. In 1957, the institute was located within the territory of SibNIA, where it was engaged in the creation of a supersonic wind tunnel until 1960.
In 1991, the International Center for Aerophysical Research (ICAR) was established at the institute. In 1997, the institute became a member of the International Supersonic Tunnel Association (STAI).
In 2005, the institute was named after Sergey Khristianovich.
As of 2023, three scientists at the institute had been arrested on suspicion of treason of sharing hypersonic technology.
Scientific activity
The main directions of scientific research are physical-chemical mechanics, aerogasdynamics, mathematical modeling in mechanics, mechanics of rigid body, deformations, and destructions.
Magazines
Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves (together with the SB RAS, LIH SB RAS, ICKC SB RAS)
Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika (together with the SB RAS, LIH SB RAS)
Teplofizika i Aeromekhanika (together with the SB RAS, IT SB RAS)
Fizicheskaya Mezomekhanika (together with the SB RAS, ISPMS SB RAS)
Notable employees
Vladimir Aniskin is a miniature sculptor, Senior Researcher at the ITAM SB RAS, Guinness World Record Holder.
Branches
Tyumen Division of Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Siberian Branch of the RAS
Pilot Plant, it is located in ObGES Microdistrict of Novosibirsk
Bibliography
References
Research institutes in Novosibirsk
Research institutes established in 1957
Mechanical engineering organizations
Aerospace engineering organizations
Sovetsky District, Novosibirsk
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
1957 establishments in the Soviet Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%20Along | Read Along, formerly known as Bolo, is an Android language-learning app for children developed by Google for the Android operating system. The application was released on the Play Store on March 7, 2019. It features a character named Dia helping children learn to read through illustrated stories. It has the facility to learn English and Indian major languages i.e. Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Telugu, Marathi and Urdu as well as Spanish and Portuguese. It basically uses text-to-speech technology, through which the character named Dia reads the story, as well as speech-to-text technology, which mechanically identifies the matches between the text and the reading of the user. The story of Chhota Bheem and Katha Kids was added in September 2019. In April 2020, a new version of the application was released. In September 2020, it added Arabic language to its language option. A web version was launched in August 2022.
References
Google software
Android (operating system) software
2019 software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURO%20Advanced%20Tutorials%20in%20Operational%20Research | The EURO Advanced Tutorials in Operational Research are a series of short books devoted to advanced topics in Operational Research that are not available in textbooks. The scope of a Tutorial is to provide more detail about advanced topics in a relevant field to researchers and practitioners. The Book Series was established in 2014 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. It is an official publication of the Association of European Operational Research Societies.
Renata Mansini, Włodzimierz Ogryczak, M. Grazia Speranza - Linear and Mixed Integer Programming for Portfolio Optimization
Alves, C., Clautiaux, F., de Carvalho, J.V., Rietz, J. - Dual-Feasible Functions for Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization
Henggeler Antunes, Carlos, João Alves, Maria, Clímaco, João - Multiobjective Linear and Integer Programming
Lancia, Giuseppe, Serafini, Paolo - Compact Extended Linear Programming Models
Duarte, Abraham, Laguna, Manuel, Marti, Rafael - Metaheuristics for Business Analytics
Zhao, Lima, Huchzermeier, Arnd - Supply Chain Finance
van Wageningen-Kessels, Femke - Traffic Flow Modelling
Doumpos, M., Lemonakis, C., Niklis, D., Zopounidis, C. - Analytical Techniques in the Assessment of Credit Risk
Bigi, G., Castellani, M., Pappalardo, M., Passacantando, M. - Nonlinear Programming Techniques for Equilibria
Vansteenwegen, Pieter, Gunawan, Aldy - Orienteering Problems: Models and Algorithms for Vehicle Routing Problems with Profits
Fajardo, M.D., Goberna, M.A., Rodríguez, M.M.L., Vicente-Pérez, J. - Even Convexity and Optimization
Menoncin, Francesco - Risk Management for Pension Funds
Brandimarte, Paolo - From Shortest Paths to Reinforcement Learning
Maniezzo, Vittorio, Boschetti, Marco Antonio, Stützle, Thomas - Matheuristics
Anjos, Miguel F., Vieira, Manuel V.C. - Facility layout. Mathematical optimization techniques and engineering (Review )
Celso C. Ribeiro, Sebastian Urrutia, Dominique de Werra - Combinatorial Models for Scheduli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Vale%20Heath | Royal Vale Heath (5 January 1883 – 25 July 1960) was a wealthy New York stockbroker and writer who became widely known as a magician and puzzle enthusiast. His magic tricks were often based on mathematics and he introduced the term "mathemagic" to describe them in a 1933 book titled Mathemagic. He was a frequent contributor to Scripta Mathematica, Hugard's Magic Monthly, and The Jinx.
He specialized in tricks involving dice, serial numbers and magic squares. He once constructed a magic square that remained a magic square even when it was turned upside-down.
In 1988 his work was exhibited at the David Winton Bell Gallery at Brown University.
Heath played a crucial role in the career of popular mathematics writer Martin Gardner. At a magic show in 1956 he introduced Gardner to flexagons and these folded paper shapes became the subject of Gardner's December 1956 column in Scientific American which launched his quarter century tenure there. Several of Heath's tricks have been collected in Gardner book Mathematics, Magic and Mystery.
References
Recreational mathematicians
American magicians
Writers from New York City
Mathematics popularizers
1883 births
1960 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20by%20medal%20count%20at%20International%20Mathematical%20Olympiad | The following is the complete list of countries by medal count at the International Mathematical Olympiad:
Notes
A. This team is now defunct.
References
International Mathematical Olympiad
International Mathematical Olympiad, medal count |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20Verona | Project Verona is an experimental research programming language developed by Microsoft and aimed at dealing with memory situations to make other programming languages safer.
The project is being supported by C# project manager Mads Torgensen and Microsoft Research Cambridge research software engineer Juliana Franco. Project Verona is also being aided by academics at Imperial College London. Unlike in Rust where the ownership model based on a single object, it is based on groups of objects in Verona.
According to Microsoft, the goal of the project is to create a safer platform for memory management.
Project Verona is open source released under MIT License and is under active development on GitHub.
Example
while_sum(x: List[U32]) : U32
{
var sum: U32 = 0;
let iter = x.values();
while { iter.has_value() }
{
// This has to be `a`, same as in the for loop above
let a = iter();
// Increments the iterator
next iter;
// This is the body of the for loop
sum = sum + a
}
sum
}
See also
List of programming language researchers
Go (programming language)
Rust (programming language)
Cyclone (programming language)
References
External links
Project Verona - Microsoft Research
Microsoft Research
Systems programming languages
2019 software
High-level programming languages
Programming languages created in 2019
Cross-platform software
Software using the MIT license
Free and open-source software
Microsoft free software
Microsoft programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezospectroscopy | Piezospectroscopy (also known as photoluminescence piezospectroscopy) is an analytical technique that reveals internal stresses in alumina-containing materials(Al2O3, also known as aluminum oxide), particularly thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). A typical procedure involves illuminating the sample with laser light of a known wavelength, causing the material to release its own radiation in response(see fluorescence). By measuring the emitted radiation and comparing the location of the peaks to a stress-free sample, stresses in the material can be revealed without any destructive interaction.
Piezospectroscopy can be used on any material that exhibits fluorescence, but is almost exclusively used on samples containing alumina because of the presence of chromium ions, either as part of the composition or as an impurity, that greatly increase the fluorescent response. As opposed to other methods of stress measurement, such as powder diffraction or the use of a strain gauge, piezospectroscopy can measure internal stresses at higher resolution, on the order of 1 μm, and can measure very quickly, with most systems taking less than one second to acquire data.
Theory
Piezospectroscopy takes advantage of both the microstructure and composition of TBCs to generate accurate results.
A typical candidate for piezospectroscopy contains three layers:
Ceramic topcoat – A thick, highly porous layer, usually composed of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), which displays low thermal conductivity and stability at high operating temperatures
Thermally grown oxide (TGO) – A thin layer that results from oxidation of the bond coat. Because oxidation is inevitable at high temperatures, the goal of an effective TBC is slow and uniform growth of an oxide.
Metallic bond coat – A metallic layer directly above the substrate intended to prevent corrosion and oxidation
Coating failure is usually a result of spalling or cracking of the TGO layer. Because the TGO is buried beneath a thick layer o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20density | Plant density is the number of individual plants present per unit of ground area. It is most easily interpreted in the case of monospecific stands, where all plants belong to the same species and have germinated at the same time. However, it could also indicate the number of individual plants found at a given location.
Definition and concepts
Plant density is defined as the number of plants present per unit area of ground. In nature, plant densities can be especially high when seeds present in a seed bank germinate after winter, or in a forest understory after a tree fall opens a gap in the canopy. Due to competition for light, nutrients and water, individual plants will not be able to take up all resources that are required for optimal growth. This indicates that plant density not only depends on the space available to grow but it is also determined by the amount of resources available. Especially in the case of light, smaller plants will take up fewer resources than bigger plants, even less than would be expected on the basis of their size differences. As plant density increases it will affect the structure of the plant as well as the developmental patterns of the plant. This is called 'asymmetric competition' and will cause some subordinate plants to die off, in a process that has been named 'self-thinning'. The remaining plants perform better as fewer plants will now compete for resources. A key factor in agronomy and forestry is plant population density, which provides an experimental approach for better understanding plant-plant competition.
Monostands
Many of the processes related to plant density can well be studied in monocultures of even-aged individuals that are sown or planted at the same time. These can be referred to as 'monostands' and are often studied in the context of agricultural, horticultural or silvicultural questions. However, they are also highly relevant in ecology. In general, the total above-ground biomass of a monostand increases wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely%20online | Extremely online (often capitalized), also known as terminally online or chronically online, is a phrase referring to someone closely engaged with Internet culture. People said to be extremely online often believe that online posts are very important. Events and phenomena can themselves be extremely online; while often used as a descriptive term, the phenomenon of extreme online usage has been described as "both a reformation of the delivery of ideas – shared through words and videos and memes and GIFs and copypasta – and the ideas themselves". Here "online" is used to describe "a way of doing things, not [simply] the place they are done".
While the term was in use as early as 2014, it gained use over the latter half of the 2010s in conjunction with the increasing prevalence and notability of Internet phenomena in all areas of life. Extremely online people, according to The Daily Dot, are interested in topics "no normal, healthy person could possibly care about", and have been analogized to "pop culture fandoms, just without the pop". Extremely online phenomena such as fan culture and reaction GIFs have been described as "swallowing democracy" by journalists such as Amanda Hess in The New York Times; who claimed that a "great convergence between politics and culture, values and aesthetics, citizenship and commercialism" had become "a dominant mode of experiencing politics". Vulture – formerly the pop culture section of New York magazine, now a stand-alone website – has a section for articles tagged "extremely online".
Historical background
In the 2010s, many categories and labels came into wide use from media outlets to describe Internet-mediated cultural trends, such as the alt-right, the dirtbag left, and doomerism. These ideological categories are often defined by their close association with online discourse. For example, the term "alt-right" was added to the Associated Press' stylebook in 2016 to describe the "digital presence" of far-right ideologies, the d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno%20Azot | Grodno Azot (Belarusian «Гро́дна Азо́т») is an open joint-stock company, Belarusian state-run producer of nitrogen compounds and fertilizers located in Grodno, Belarus.
History
The construction of temporary auxiliary facilities started in October 1960. In January 1965, the first lines of Ammiak-1 and Karbamid-1 workshops were put in operation. In October 1970, Grodno Nitrogen and Fertiliser Plant was transformed into Grodno Chemicals Plant named after Siarhei Prytytski. In May 1975, it was transformed into Grodno Production Association Azot named after Siarhei Prytytski.
In August 2000, the association was changed into a unitary enterprise and in 2002 it became OJSC Grodno Azot.
Sanctions
In 2006, the United States imposed sanctions against nine Belarusian companies including Grodno Azot and its affiliate Grodno Khimvolokno for "undermining the democratic process”. In October 2015, the sanctions were partially lifted.
After the falsified Belarusian Presidential elections on August 9, 2020, Grodno Azot workers joined the opposition protests and national strike; however, many were detained and beaten by the police on multiple occasions.
In 2021, the United States reported that the sanctions against Grodno Azot can be renewed. On 30 March 2021, Grodno Azot's subsidiary announced a tender for the shipment of its goods. One of the terms of the tender was the possibility of not marking the affiliation of the cargo with the Grodno Azot. It was caused by the threat of sanctions, according to the tender documentation and media.
In April 2021, full-scale US sanctions against Grodno Azot and Grodno Khimvolokno were renewed. On 9 August 2021, the US has added Grodno Azot CEO Igor Lyashenko to the SDN list.
In September 2021, several Grodno Azot workers were detained. New arrests were associated with the threat of Alexander Lukashenko that workers who reveal the ways of bypassing the sanctions would be put in jail for a long time.
In December 2021, European Union san |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20industry%20in%20Taiwan | The semiconductor industry, including Integrated Circuit (IC) manufacturing, design, and packing, forms a major part of Taiwan's IT industry. Due to its strong capabilities in OEM wafer manufacturing and a complete industry supply chain, Taiwan has been able to distinguish itself as a leading microchip manufacturer and dominate the global marketplace. Taiwan’s semiconductor sector accounted for US$115 billion, around 20 percent of the global semiconductor industry. In sectors such as foundry operations, Taiwanese companies account for 50 percent of the world market, with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) the biggest player in the foundry market.
Overview
TSMC and United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) are the two largest contract chipmakers in the world, while MediaTek is the fourth-largest fabless semiconductor company globally. ASE Group is also the world's largest Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test (OSAT) provider.
History
The Taiwanese semiconductor industry got its start in 1974. In 1976 the government convinced RCA to transfer semiconductor technology to Taiwan.
In 1987, TSMC pioneered the fabless foundry model, reshaping the global semiconductor industry. From ITRI's first 3-inch wafer fabrication plant built in 1977 and the founding of UMC in 1980, the industry had developed into a world leader with 40 fabs in operation by 2002. In 2007, the semiconductor industry overtook that of the United States, second only to Japan.
The sector output reached US$39 billion in 2009, ranking first in global market share in IC manufacturing, packaging, and testing, and second in IC design. Although the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2010 affected sales and exports, the industry has rebounded with companies posting record profits for 2010. In 2010 Taiwan had the largest share of 300 nm, 90 nm, and 60 nm manufacturing capacities worldwide, and was expected to pass Japan in total IC fab capacity by mid-2011. By 2020, Taiwan was the unmatch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brochureware | Brochureware was a term used to describe "simply listing products and services on a Web site." To emphasize what's lacking, Advertising Age referred to "static brochureware" - it just stands there and "is little more than a brochure."
Overview
The New York Times wrote that it's "not the kindest of terms." IBM's initial online annual report was "standard brochureware: sticking the print annual report on the Web;" the third year they made it "easy to navigate" and added features to enable viewers to "create charts slicing the company's figures any number of bean-counting ways." In 1999 The Economist referred to "stodgily designed billboards, known in the business as brochureware which do little more than ..." Pre-Y2K political websites were described as "bland brochureware."
History
'Get us on the internet' was the mandate at a time when low dial-up speeds did not allow much use of computer graphics, and interactive features were minimal. "They put us on the internet" was a praiseworthy accomplishment.
Even after Y2K it was considered news to headline "Toyota Elevating Its Site From Brochureware." Technology was not the only obstacle. In 1997, it was still the case that "Federal financial disclosure regulations still favor paper over electrons" (something not scheduled to be remedied by SEC rule changes until 2021). Even brochureware was not that simple: "brochureware that works in multiple languages" was needed.
The computer industry's trade shows were described as hype, crowds, and "bags of brochureware." Concurrently, half of the advertising field's top 10 agencies were shoeless shoemakers, and Advertising Age wrote: "Three of the top agencies have pages that boast a full site will be coming…"
xWare
Earlier than brochureware was the use of the word vaporware. Based on an alleged 1982 coining of the word following Ann Winblad's investigating Microsoft Xenix's non-future, Esther Dyson publicized the word in 1983: the first time it appeared in print. By 1985, Com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20Technology%20Centre | The Shell Technology Centre was a chemical and oil products research institute in northern Cheshire, near Stanlow, owned by Anglo-Dutch Shell.
History
World War II
The site was first set up, in 1941, by Shell for the Ministry of Aircraft Production as the Aero Engine Research Laboratory.
Opening
It returned to Shell ownership in April 1947. The site had 70 scientists, and around 250 technicians working on quartz combustion tubes, direct fuel injection, butane fuel and the atomisation of fuel. It claimed to be the largest oil research centre in the British Empire. The site was 30 acres and 730,000 square feet, with 900 staff. The site had developed synthetic rubber, paint, varnish and soap. A new 85-acre chemicals plant was to open in 1948 (the Stanlow refinery).
Stanlow made around 24,000 tons of chemicals per year. The neighbouring oil refinery opened in 1949, although a smaller plant had been there since 1924. The Shellhaven plant, in Essex, would make 30,000 tons of chemicals. It opened officially on Thursday 20 May 1948 as Shell Research Centre. Also attending the opening was Lt-Gen Jimmy Doolittle, known for his strategy of bombing Germany, John Cunningham (Royal Navy officer), First Sea Lord, and Air Chief Marshal Arthur Barratt
Vehicle engineering
In the 1950s it was one of three main Shell research sites in the UK, the others being in Kent and Buckinghamshire.
In 1962, Shell spent £25m on research, with 19 worldwide research centres, 8 in Europe, and 11 in the US.
Pre-ignition was prevented by Ignition Control Additive (ICA), developed at the centre, which was added to Shell petrol, in the UK, from Monday 11 January 1954. ICA contained tricresyl phosphate.
Vehicle testing was conducted at the former RAF Poulton, but in 1957, this was moved to the former RAF Hooton Park, when flying operations ceased. The site had 1000 staff, with 200 graduates in 1957.
In October 1960 a three-day international symposium held entitled Wear in the gasoline engine. P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20vaccine | Most vaccines consist of viruses that have been attenuated, disabled, weakened or killed in some way so that their virulent properties are no longer effective. A simple
genetically modified vaccine, based on a thymidine kinase deficient mutant of pseudorabies virus was reportedly available as early as 2001 as a commercial vaccine to control Aujeszky's disease in Europe, North America and Japan.
References
Vaccines
Viruses
Genetically modified organisms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugate%20filter | A rugate filter, also known as a gradient-index filter, is an optical filter based on a dielectric mirror that selectively reflects specific wavelength ranges of light. This effect is achieved by a periodic, continuous change of the refractive index of the dielectric coating. The word "rugate" is derived from corrugated structures found in nature, which also selectively reflect certain wavelength ranges of light, for example the wings of the Morpho butterfly.
Characteristics
In rugate filters the refractive index varies periodically and continuously as a function of the depth of the mirror coating. This is similar to Bragg mirrors with the difference that the refractive index profile of a Bragg mirror is discontinuous. The refractive index profiles of a Rugate and a Bragg mirror are shown in the graph on the right. In Bragg mirrors, the discontinuous transitions are responsible for reflection of incident light, whereas in rugate filters, incident light is reflected throughout the thickness of the coating. According to the Fresnel equations, however, the reflection coefficient is greatest where the greatest change in refractive index occurs. For rugate filters, these are the inflection points in the refractive index profile. The theory of the Bragg mirror leads to a calculation of the wavelength at which the reflection of a rugate filter is greatest. For an alternating sequence in the Bragg mirror, the maximum reflection at a wavelength is:
In this equation and stand for the high and low refractive indices of the Bragg mirror while and are the respective thicknesses of these layers. For the more general case that the refractive index changes continuously, the previous equation can be rewritten as:
On the left hand side is the integral over the refractive index over one period of the refractive index profile divided by the period length . This term corresponds to the mean value of the refractive index profile. As a sanity check for the correctness of this e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Visual%20Augmentation%20System | The Integrated Visual Augmentation System (IVAS) is an augmented reality headset being developed by Microsoft for the United States Army, providing a wide variety of new capabilities to soldiers. Originally developed for infantry, it is also being adapted for use by mounted soldiers and aircrew. Its development was initiated in 2018 and is currently undergoing testing, although numerous problems have repeatedly delayed its deployment in the field.
Design
IVAS is an augmented reality system based on the Microsoft Hololens 2 headset. It intends to provide soldiers with "improved situational awareness, target engagement, and informed decision-making".
The system consists of a display, a computer known as a "puck", a networked data radio, and three conformal batteries. The display can augment the soldier's vision with imagery from thermal imaging and low-light imaging sensors. It also contains a digital magnetic compass for navigation and can display imagery from the Family of Weapons Sights-Individual mounted on the soldier's weapon. The radio allows data from the soldiers' individual IVAS headsets to be passed among members of the company.
The latest version of IVAS, version 1.2, weighs , although developers are working to reduce this to the target weight of . The computer is attached to the back of the helmet in order to distribute weight and move the center of mass. The display has a field of view of 60 degrees, using a flat display that can be flipped upwards.
History
Although it is unknown when the idea for IVAS was first conceived, the Army Acquisition Executive first approved IVAS's development effort on September 25, 2018, and an Other Transaction Agreement for the development of IVAS was issued to Microsoft in November 2018. Initial testing began in March 2019.
2020
As of October 2020, IVAS was on its third iteration. Previous tests used commercial Microsoft HoloLens 2 headsets which were not resistant to inclement weather. A ruggedized version of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian%20Centre%20of%20Industrial%20Biotechnology | The Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) is an international research institution for industrial biotechnology. Research facilities are located in Graz, Linz, Innsbruck, Tulln and Vienna, with additional research sites in Heidelberg, Bielefeld, Pavia, Rzeszów, Barcelona, Canterbury and Taiwan. The administrative headquarters are located in Graz.
History
ACIB was founded in 2010 and is a COMET Centre (K2) in the funding program COMET – Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies. It was preceded by the Research Centre Applied Biocatalysis in Graz and the Austrian Center of Biopharmaceutical Technology in Vienna. Owners of acib are the University of Innsbruck and the University of Graz, the Graz University of Technology, the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna and Joanneum Research. The K2 center is funded within the COMET program by the BMVIT, BMDW as well as the federal states of Styria, Vienna, Lower Austria and Tyrol. The COMET program is managed by the FFG.
Research
ACIB is developing more environmentally friendly and economic processes for the biotechnological, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. All these processes are modelled on methods and tools from nature.
Research areas include biocatalysis and chemical analytics, enzyme technologies and protein engineering, microbial biotechnology, cell line development and epigenetic, bioinformatic and simulations, bioprocess technologies as well as bioeconomy and environmental biotechnology.
Notes
External links
Research institutes in Austria
Research institutes established in 2010
Biotechnology organizations
Biochemistry research institutes
Biotechnology companies established in 2010
Biotechnology companies of Austria
Graz University of Technology
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna
University of Graz
2010 establishments in Austria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vegetation%20types%20of%20South%20Africa | Listing of the diverse vegetation types of South Africa that have been sampled, classified, described, and mapped by the SANBI VEGMAP project. Vegetation types of Lesotho and Eswatini are included in the project. The vegetation map is useful for biodiversity assessment, research, conservation management and environmental planning, and includes a database. The project is ongoing as more data becomes available over time. The first map was published in 2006, and has been updated in 2009. 2012 and 2018.
The classification system uses a hierarchy to organise the vegetation types within the nine defined biomes and a tenth azonal group. Bioregions are described within the biomes, and the vegetation types are at the more detailed level, and represent groups of communities with similar biotic and abiotic features. The vegetation types are plotted on the map in as much resolution as is available using a GIS system.
Mapping of the distribution and extent of natural vegetation of South Africa started in 1918 when the Botanical Survey of the Union of South Africa was established. Maps by Pole-Evans (1936), Acocks (1953), and Low and Rebelo (1996) preceded the current system, which is the combined effort of participants from various centres in the country.
Listed by biome:
Savanna
88 Savanna vegetation types, code SV:
Andesite Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 11)
Aoub Duneveld (SVkd 3)
Barberton Serpentine Sourveld (SVl 13)
Bhisho Thornveld (SVs 7)
Cathedral Mopane Bushveld (SVmp 3)
Central Sandy Bushveld (SVcb 12)
Delagoa Lowveld (SVl 4)
Dwaalboom Thornveld (SVcb 1)
Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 4)
Eastern Valley Bushveld (SVs 6)
Gabbro Grassy Bushveld (SVl 6)
Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 10)
Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld (SVk 7)
Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld (SVcb 9)
Gordonia Duneveld (SVkd 1)
Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld (SVkd 2)
Gordonia Plains Shrubland (SVk 16)
Granite Lowveld (SVl 3)
Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld (SVl 7)
Kaalrug Mountain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comdb2 | Comdb2 is an open source, highly available clustered RDBMS developed by Bloomberg LP, built on optimistic concurrency control techniques. It provides multiple isolation levels, including Snapshot and Serializable Isolation. Read/Write transactions run on any node, with the client library transparently negotiating connections to lowest cost (latency) node which is available. Comdb2 implements queues for publisher-to-subscriber message delivery. Queues can be combined with table triggers for time-consistent log distribution.
Comdb2 supports the SQLite dialect of SQL with some modifications, and embeds the Lua scripting language. Comdb2 maintains a fork of Berkeley DB to provide the key–value database backend to SQLite.
Comdb2 architecture was described in detail in this 2016 technical paper.
See also
Comparison of relational database management systems
Multi-master replication
References
Software that uses SQLite
Client-server database management systems
Free database management systems
Relational database management software for Linux
Software forks
Software using the Apache license |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed%20blanking | Seed blanking is a plant disease injury causing the seed producing anatomy to contain no seeds despite otherwise normal development. This term is used to contrast with other causes of seed production failure, including but not limited to earlier or more widespread damage to the plant. For one example, wheat blast causes widespread seed blanking.
References
Plant diseases
Seeds
Plants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian%20numerals | The medieval Cistercian numerals, or "ciphers" in nineteenth-century parlance, were developed by the Cistercian monastic order in the early thirteenth century at about the time that Arabic numerals were introduced to northwestern Europe. They are more compact than Arabic or Roman numerals, with a single glyph able to indicate any integer from 1 to 9,999.
Digits are based on a horizontal or vertical stave, with the position of the digit on the stave indicating its place value (units, tens, hundreds or thousands). These digits are compounded on a single stave to indicate more complex numbers. The Cistercians eventually abandoned the system in favor of the Arabic numerals, but marginal use outside the order continued until the early twentieth century.
History
The digits and idea of forming them into ligatures were apparently based on a two-place (1–99) numeral system introduced into the Cistercian Order by John of Basingstoke, archdeacon of Leicester, who it seems based them on a twelfth-century English shorthand (ars notaria). In its earliest attestations, in the monasteries of the County of Hainaut, the Cistercian system was not used for numbers greater than 99, but it was soon expanded to four places, enabling numbers up to 9,999.
The two dozen or so surviving Cistercian manuscripts that use the system date from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, and cover an area from England to Italy, Normandy to Sweden. The numbers were not used for arithmetic, fractions or accounting, but indicated years, foliation (numbering pages), divisions of texts, the numbering of notes and other lists, indexes and concordances, arguments in Easter tables, and the lines of a staff in musical notation.
Although mostly confined to the Cistercian order, there was some usage outside it. A late-fifteenth-century Norman treatise on arithmetic used both Cistercian and Indo-Arabic numerals. In one known case, Cistercian numerals were inscribed on a physical object, indicating the cale |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut%20de%20technologie%20agroalimentaire | The Institut de technologie agroalimentaire (ITA) is a collegial institute specialized in agricultural technology and food production in Quebec, Canada. The institution is composed of two campuses, one in Saint-Hyacinthe and the other in La Pocatière. The institution is managed by the Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec (MAPAQ).
History
The origins of the ITA date back to the 19th century. The first francophone school of agriculture was founded in 1859 in Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, while the dairy school in Saint-Hyacinthe was created in 1892, the first such institution in North America.
In 1962, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of Quebec (known today in French as the Ministère de l'Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, and in 1962 as the Ministère de l'Agriculture et de la Colonisation) formed the Instituts de technologie agroalimentaire. While the La Pocatière campus was an extension of the Faculty of Agronomy of Université Laval, the Saint-Hyacinthe campus was originally a dairy school founded in 1892.
Training programs
The ITA offers a total of eight CEGEP-level training programs, which lead to a Quebec Diploma of College Studies. Most programs are offered at both campuses. They include:
Gestion et technologies d'entreprise agricole
Gestion et technologies d'entreprise agricole : Profils en production animale biologique
Technologie des productions animales
Paysage et commercialisation en horticulture ornementale
Technologie de la production horticole agroenvironnementale
Technologie du génie agromécanique
Technologie des procédés et de la qualité des aliments
Techniques équines
The ITA's programs listed above allow graduates to pursue university-level studies in related fields such as agronomy, agricultural economics, agricultural engineering, food engineering, biology, food science, and landscape architecture, amongst others.
The ITA also offers one training program in equine massage therapy, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory%20gene%20regulator | Accessory gene regulator (agr) is a complex 5 gene locus that is a global regulator of virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. It encodes a two-component transcriptional quorum-sensing (QS) system activated by an autoinducing, thiolactone-containing cyclic peptide (AIP).
Agr occurs in 4 allelic subtypes that have an important role in staphylococcal evolution. The corresponding AIPs are mutually cross-inhibitory, which may enhance the evolutionary separation of the 4 groups. The agr receptor, AgrC, is a model histidine phosphokinase (HPK) that has been used to decipher the molecular mechanism of signal transduction. AIP binding to the extracellular domain of AgrC causes twisting of the intracellular a-helical domain so as to enable trans-phosphorylation of the active site histidine; the inhibitory AIPs cause the α-helical domain to twist in the opposite direction, preventing trans-phosphorylation. The agr QS circuit autoactivates transcription of agrA which, in turn upregulates the phenol-souble modulins. More importantly, it activates transcription of a divergently oriented promoter whose transcript, known as RNAIII, is a 514 nt regulatory RNA that encodes δ-hemolysin and is the major effector of the agr regulon. RNAIII acts by antisense inhibition or activation of target gene translation. In vitro, early in growth, genes encoding surface proteins important for adhesion and immune evasion (such as spa – encoding proteinA) are expressed, enabling the organism to gain a foothold. Later in growth, these genes are down-regulated by RNAIII and those encoding toxins, hemolysins and other virulence-related proteins, are turned on, enabling the organism to establish and promulgate its pathological programs, such as abscess formation. It is assumed that this program operates in vivo as well. As agr is essential for staphylococcal contagion, agr-defective mutants are not contagious, but enable the organism’s long-term survival in chronic conditions such as surgical implant infe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asok%20Ray | Asok Ray is a mechanical engineer, an applied mathematician, and Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics at the Pennsylvania State University. He has published in numerous academic and scientific journals. His contributions to the fields of signal processing, machine learning, and estimation were focused on anomaly detection and statistical pattern recognition based on the theories of symbolic dynamics, and statistical mechanics.
References
External links
Asok Ray profile at Pennsylvania State University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pennsylvania State University faculty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift72 | Shift72 is a New Zealand-based company that facilitates white-label video streaming platforms. It was founded in 2008.
Shift72 is best known for facilitating online film festivals during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which prevented physical screenings. It hosted festivals for TIFF, Sundance Film Festival, Cannes Film Festival, and SXSW. According to Indiewire, the company has hosted more than 100 virtual festivals since March 2020.
See also
Online film festivals
References below
Streaming media systems
New Zealand companies established in 2008 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20clock%20model | The quantum clock model is a quantum lattice model. It is a generalisation of the transverse-field Ising model . It is defined on a lattice with states on each site. The Hamiltonian of this model is
Here, the subscripts refer to lattice sites, and the sum is done over pairs of nearest neighbour sites and . The clock matrices and are generalisations of the Pauli matrices satisfying
and
where is 1 if and are the same site and zero otherwise. is a prefactor with dimensions of energy, and is another coupling coefficient that determines the relative strength of the external field compared to the nearest neighbor interaction.
The model obeys a global symmetry, which is generated by the unitary operator where the product is over every site of the lattice. In other words, commutes with the Hamiltonian.
When the quantum clock model is identical to the transverse-field Ising model. When the quantum clock model is equivalent to the quantum three-state Potts model. When , the model is again equivalent to the Ising model. When , strong evidences have been found that the phase transitions exhibited in these models should be certain generalizations of Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, whose physical nature is still largely unknown.
One-dimensional model
There are various analytical methods that can be used to study the quantum clock model specifically in one dimension.
Kramers–Wannier duality
A nonlocal mapping of clock matrices known as the Kramers–Wannier duality transformation can be done as follows:
Then, in terms of the newly defined clock matrices with tildes, which obey the same algebraic relations as the original clock matrices, the Hamiltonian is simply . This indicates that the model with coupling parameter is dual to the model with coupling parameter , and establishes a duality between the ordered phase and the disordered phase.
Note that there are some subtle considerations at the boundaries of the one dimensional chain; as a result of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maths%20Week%20Ireland | Maths Week Ireland (MWI) is an all-island (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) mathematics outreach initiative founded in 2006 by Eoin Gill and Sheila Donegan, based on an idea by Eoin Gill. It is a project of the Centre for the Advancement of Learning of Maths, Science and Technology (CALMAST) the STEM outreach centre at Waterford Institute of Technology. It is run by Gill and Donegan who are the directors of CALMAST. In 2019 MWI engaged over 400,000 people on an island with a population of under 7 million and is arguably the world's largest mathematics festival.
Purpose
MWI is a partnership of over 50 organizations dedicated to promoting and celebrating mathematics across the island of Ireland, including universities, institutes of technology, colleges, museums, libraries, visitor centres, and other professional bodies. Maths Week Ireland is supported by the Departments of Education in both parts of the island of Ireland, Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), the ESB Group, and various technology companies such as Google and Xilinx.
MWI targets school and universities, as well as hosting weekend "street fairs" in cities such as Dublin, Belfast and Cork. Events are run by the participants with materials delivered online by Maths Week Ireland. Most schools run their own special activities. Maths Week is a nine-day event (a Saturday to the Sunday of the following weekend, inclusive) which always includes the 16th of October, the day in 1843 when William R. Hamilton discovered quaternions.
The idea has been so successful that it has now been replicated in England and Scotland.
MWI hosts the Maths Ireland website which is home to the monthly blogs of the Annals of Irish Mathematics & Mathematicians (AIMM), authored by Colm Mulcahy.
Starting in 2016, MWI has also produced the annual Irish Maths Calendars which are also archived at the Maths Ireland site.
Presenters
Mathematicians and mathematics popularizers who have been MWI presenters include:
Rob Eastaway
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONA%20number | A MONA number (short for Moths of North America), or Hodges number after Ronald W. Hodges, is part of a numbering system for North American moths found north of Mexico in the Continental United States and Canada, as well as the island of Greenland. Introduced in 1983 by Hodges through the publication of Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico, the system began an ongoing numeration process in order to compile a list of the over 12,000 moths of North America north of Mexico. The system numbers moths within the same family close together for identification purposes. For example, the species Epimartyria auricrinella begins the numbering system at 0001 while Epimartyria pardella is numbered 0002.
The system has become somewhat out of date since its inception for several reasons:
Some numbers no longer exist as the species bearing the number have been reclassified into other species.
Some species have been regrouped into a different family and their MONA numbers are out of order taxonomically.
New species have been discovered since the implementation of the MONA system, resulting in the usage of decimal numbers as to not disrupt the numbering of other species.
Despite the issues above, the MONA system has remained popular with many websites and publications. It is the most popular numbering system used, largely replacing the older McDunnough Numbers system, while some published lists prefer to use other forms of compilation. The Moth Photographer's Group (MPG) at Mississippi State University actively monitors the expansive list of North American moths utilizing the MONA system and updates their checklists in accordance with publishings regarding changes and additions.
References
Biological classification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debonair%20Afrik | Debonair Afrik (stylised as debonairafrik) is a Ghanaian based digital media publication covering fashion, lifestyle, publishing, and current events. It was founded in 2015 by Emmanuel Ekuban (Nuel Bans), as a neo-Africanism publication. It is a popular online news portal for Ghanaians and widely acknowledged by the Sub-Saharan region.
History
Debonair Afrik was founded by fashion writer Nuel Bans in 2015 while studying at Alliance française D'Accra. It began as a digital fashion magazine and later expanded into several fields in the creative industry. The publication covers fashion news on the continent and is targeted at professionals and young people. Coverage is intended to provide a neo-African lens to subjects including designers, models, stylist photographer, makeup artists, celebrities and industry trends. During its early days, the platform concentrated on curating content and publishing magazine articles; later it established an editorial and creative arm to produce original content.
Style Lounge
The magazine also founded Style Lounge Platform and the Style Lounge Weekend Initiative, two platforms to introduce up-and-coming fashion talents to industry leaders using various fashion shows, trade events and workshops. Several fashion insiders including Aisha Ayensu of Christie Brown, Empress Jamilla and Sandra Alexandrina Don-Arthur have been guest panellists on the show.
In an interview with Afropunk, Debonair Afrik editor, Nuel Bans stated "Style Lounge seeks to disseminate knowledge, both practical and theory to everyone and to foster healthy relationships among designers, models and everyone at large.
Vogue Italia called the fashion show "a thrilling and exciting experience for sustainable fashion"
Recognition and achievements
Avance Media names Debonair Afrik Editor in Top 50 Ghanaian Bloggers
Young Achievers Awards select Nuel Bans as Panelist and Young Entrepreneur
Panelist at Accra Mall Fashion Future Fund Empowerment Summit
Nominat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Ullman%20%28author%29 | David Gordon Ullman (born March 15, 1944, in Washington, D.C.) is an American author, professor, and a specialist on product design and decision making best practices. Ullman is best known for his textbook The Mechanical Design Process, used by universities globally. To date, Ullman's work has been cited more than 7,000 times with 2,000 citations. Ullman has a PhD in mechanical engineering from The Ohio State University and was professor of mechanical design at Oregon State University for 20 years. He is a Life Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and founder of its Design Theory and Methodology committee.
Publications
Books
The Mechanical Design Process , McGraw-Hill, NY, 6th Edition.
Concurrent Engineering: The Product Development Environment for the 1990s, Mentor Graphics, 1991.
Journals and papers
Ullman, D.G., T.G. Dietterich, "Toward Expert CAD," ASME, Computers in Mechanical Engineering ," Vol. 6, No. 3, Nov.-Dec. 1987, pp. 56–70
References
American mechanical engineers
American industrial engineers
Engineering educators
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
American engineering writers
American aerospace engineers
Engineers from Washington, D.C.
Artificial intelligence researchers
Oregon State University faculty
21st-century American educators
American textbook writers
1944 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagonal%20Efficient%20Coordinate%20System | The Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System (HECS), formerly known as Array Set Addressing (ASA), is a coordinate system for hexagonal grids that allows hexagonally sampled images to be efficiently stored and processed on digital systems. HECS represents the hexagonal grid as a set of two interleaved rectangular sub-arrays, which can be addressed by normal integer row and column coordinates and are distinguished with a single binary coordinate. Hexagonal sampling is the optimal approach for isotropically band-limited two-dimensional signals and its use provides a sampling efficiency improvement of 13.4% over rectangular sampling. The HECS system enables the use of hexagonal sampling for digital imaging applications without requiring significant additional processing to address the hexagonal array.
Introduction
The advantages of sampling on a hexagonal grid instead of the standard rectangular grid for digital imaging applications include: more efficient sampling, consistent connectivity, equidistant neighboring pixels, greater angular resolution, and higher circular symmetry. Sometimes, more than one of these advantages compound together, thereby increasing the efficiency by 50% in terms of computation and storage when compared to rectangular sampling. Researchers have shown that the hexagonal grid is the optimal sampling lattice and its use provides a sampling efficiency improvement of 13.4% over rectangular sampling for isotropically band-limited two-dimensional signals. Despite all of these advantages of hexagonal sampling over rectangular sampling, its application has been limited because of the lack of an efficient coordinate system. However that limitation has been removed with the recent development of HECS.
Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System
Description
The Hexagonal Efficient Coordinate System (HECS) is based on the idea of representing the hexagonal grid as a set of two rectangular arrays which can be individually indexed using familiar integer-value |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Wilson%20method | The Smith–Wilson method is a method for extrapolating forward rates. It is recommended by EIOPA to extrapolate interest rates. It was introduced in 2000 by A. Smith and T. Wilson for Bacon & Woodrow.
Mathematical formulation
Let UFR be some ultimate forward rate and be the time to the i'th maturity. Then defines the price of a zero-coupon bond at time t.
Where
and the symmetric W matrix is
and
,
,
.
References
A Technical Note on the Smith-Wilson Method, The Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway, (1 July 2010)
Lagerås, Andreas & Lindholm, Mathias. (2016). Issues with the Smith-Wilson method. Insurance: Mathematics and Economics. 71. 10.1016/j.insmatheco.2016.08.009.
Smith, A. and Wilson, T. (2000). Fitting Yield Curves with Long Term Constraints. Research report, Bacon & Woodrow.
Technical documentation of the methodology to derive EIOPA's risk-free interest rate term structures
Financial models
Fixed income analysis
Insurance
Mathematical finance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklib | Tracklib is a music service that allows producers to sample original music and clear the samples for official use. The platform was founded with the aim to solve legal and ethical issues surrounding sampling and music clearances. The platform has been previously used to sample and clear tracks for commercial releases by J. Cole, Lil Wayne, DJ Khaled, Mary J Blige, Brockhampton, A-Reece among others.
History
Tracklib is based in Stockholm, Sweden and was originally founded in 2014. After an invite-only beta version in 2017, the music service officially launched to the public in April 2018. In May 2020, Tracklib changed their service to a subscription model.
Services
The catalog of Tracklib consists of original master recordings and stems. Each track is part of one out of three tiers (Category A, B, or C) which each its purchase and clearance costs. Users can browse and hear all music before downloading it in WAV-format to use in a digital audio workstation (DAW) such as Ableton, Reason, or FL Studio. In 2019, Tracklib developed and launched a technology for users to select and preview loops. Tracklib functions as an intermediary between record labels, publishers, copyright owners, and artists. This allows users to clear all music and purchase a license for official usage of the selected recording(s). The difference with other music services such as Splice and Loopmasters, is that Tracklib only includes original master recordings and stems. All music is previously released and no royalty-free sounds or sample packs are available on Tracklib.
Catalog
Original master recordings on Tracklib include music from artists such as Bob James, Louis Armstrong, Billie Holiday, Sly and Robbie, Ray Charles, across genres such as jazz, R&B/soul, reggae, classical music, rock music, and hip hop. The catalog also includes previously unreleased recordings by Isaac Hayes.
Releases
J. Cole - "Middle Child" (6× Platinum)
DJ Khaled - "Holy Mountain"
Brockhampton - "Dearly Depar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auke%20Ijspeert | Auke Jan Ijspeert (born 1971 in Geneva) is a Swiss-Dutch roboticist and neuroscientist. He is a professor of biorobotics in the Institute of Bioengineering at EPFL, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and the head of the Biorobotics Laboratory at the School of Engineering.
Career
He has studied physics at EPFL and
a degree of an "Ingénieur physicien" (equivalent to Master's degree) in 1995. He joined John Hallam and David Willshaw at the University of Edinburgh as a doctoral student, and in 1999 graduated with a PhD in artificial intelligence on the "Design of artificial neural oscillatory circuits for the control of lamprey- and salamander-like locomotion using evolutionary algorithms". He worked as a postdoctoral researcher with Michael A. Arbib and Stefan Schaal at University of Southern California (USC), and then at EPFL with Jean-Daniel Nicoud and with Luca Maria Gambardella (Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence Research - IDSIA).
In 2001, he became a research assistant professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Southern California, and an external collaborator at ATR (Advanced Telecommunications Research institute) in Japan. From 2003 to 2017, he was an adjunct faculty Department of Computer Science of the University of Southern California. In 2002, he received Swiss National Science Foundation assistant professorship at the School of Computer and Communication Sciences of EPFL. In 2009, he was named associate professor at EPFL's School of Engineering, and in 2016 he was promoted as full professor. He leads the Biorobotics Laboratory at the School of Engineering.
Research
The Ijspeert group's transdisciplinary research is situated at the intersection of robotics, computational neuroscience, nonlinear dynamical systems, and applied machine learning. Employing numerical simulations and robots, they aim at a better understanding of animal locomotion and movement control, and by taking inspiration in nature, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20user%20features%20of%20messaging%20platforms | Comparison of user features of messaging platforms refers to a comparison of all the various user features of various electronic instant messaging platforms. This includes a wide variety of resources; it includes standalone apps, platforms within websites, computer software, and various internal functions available on specific devices, such as iMessage for iPhones.
This entry includes only the features and functions that shape the user experience for such apps. A comparison of the underlying system components, programming aspects, and other internal technical information, is outside the scope of this entry.
Overview and background
Instant messaging technology is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted between two parties when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat.
Non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as "chat rooms", where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other (for example collaborators on a project that is using chat to facilitate communication). Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list also known as a "buddy list" or "friend list"). Depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer (direct point-to-point transmission) or client-server (an Instant message service center retransmits messages from the sender to the communication device).
By 2010, instant messaging over the Web was in sharp decline, in favor of messaging features on social networks. The most popular IM platforms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPSoverIP | GPSoverIP is a proprietary protocol for transmitting geocoordinates of moving objects to the internet. It is a very lean and narrow technology which can be used even in areas where the GSM network bandwidth is no longer sufficient for other transmission paths. The only requirement is a functioning GSM mobile phone network.
History
The GPSoverIP technology was developed by the GPSoverIP GmbH, a spin-off of the Netzwerk GmbH. In 1998, the desire for a solution for the uninterrupted transmission of the geo-positions of vehicles in short intervals to the internet led to an increased focus on the then still young field of expertise. So-called standardized transport protocols (Transport Control Protocol, TCP) are frequently used for the wireless transmission of GPS data of moving objects on the internet. These are universal and data-intensive protocols designed for the wired internet. Their original purpose is to transfer data over the wired internet. Therefore, they are only partially suitable for the transmission of GPS data of moving objects on the internet. On the one hand, this is due to the size of the overheads, a complex and data-intensive confirmation procedure, the sending of unused layers (identification, flags, version, header, checksum, etc.); on the other hand, the fluctuating quality of the bandwidths in the networks of mobile network operators represents a considerable hurdle for the TCP/IP transport protocol. It can no longer be used if the bandwidth is too low. This leads to interruptions during the transmission.
For these reasons, GPSoverIP was developed to improve the systems' performance and is specially adapted to the specific requirements of the mobile internet. The technology was completed and successfully tested in 2004. The patent was filed in the same year. In 2005 GPSoverIP GmbH was established as an independent company on the market and the first product working with the protocol was launched. The protocol is established in the OEM area. Th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20Credit | Sound Credit is a music credits platform with computer software applications for Windows, macOS, iOS, and Android. It includes the Sound Credit Publisher cross-platform desktop application, the Tracker cross-platform digital audio workstation (DAW) plug-in, physical kiosks, smart card check-in system, and online database.
Sound Credit is used in the music industry through multimodal interaction, with a free user profile option including identifier code generation, data entry and editing software developed for information quality (IQ). It also functions as a data hub and exporter for data transmission throughout the music industry supply chain for royalty payment and attribution purposes.
Music credits are loaded and saved into Sound Credit's DDEX RIN format implementation, as the first software available to the public with this capability. As of 2019, Sound Credit is included with Pro Tools subscriptions.
History
Sound Credit was originally released under the brand Soundways RIN-M. Soundways later renamed as Soundways dba Sound Credit. RIN-M was renamed as the Sound Credit Tracker plug-in during the platform expansion.
In 2019, Sound Credit partnered with Phonographic Performance Limited (PPL), a British music copyright collective, for an International Performer Number (IPN) integration as part of its cloud profile services.
Sound Credit also partnered with Avid Technologies, the makers of Pro Tools, and the Sound Credit platform applications are included with Pro Tools subscriptions.
In July 2020, Sound Credit partnered to become an ISO International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) Registration Agency, and released the first fully automated ISNI Registration feature as part of its cloud profile services.
Sound Credit was noted as being used in the delivery of credits and information on Blake Shelton's release God's Country to Warner Music. The release received a GRAMMY Award nomination in 2020 and won Single of the Year for the 2019 Country Music Asso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien%20Worlds%20%28TV%20series%29 | Alien Worlds is a British sci-fi nature docufiction narrated by Sophie Okonedo. The 4-part miniseries, depicted by using CGI techniques, blends fact with science fiction and conceptualizes what alien life might be like by applying the laws of life on Earth to imagined exoplanets. The series was released on Netflix on 2 December 2020.
Episodes
Reception
The weekend after the series' release, it was one of Netflix's top 10 shows in the UK.
Sheena Scott of Forbes called the series "entertaining and very informative science fiction" and said that the most interesting part of the series was the non-fiction sections about planet Earth, which show "the breadth of knowledge scientists have accumulated about our planet". Likewise, Emma Stefansky of Thrillist said the alien creatures were fun, but "it's the Earth-bound science that ends up being the most interesting part".
See also
Alien Planet, a 2005 Discovery Channel TV film with a similar premise
Natural History of an Alien, a 1998 TV film, also by the Discovery Channel
Extraterrestrial (Alien Worlds in the UK) a 2005 National Geographic documentary series
References
External links
"Exploring 'Alien Worlds' on Netflix" from the SETI Institute
English-language Netflix original programming
2020 British television series debuts
2020 British television series endings
Documentary films about nature
Netflix original documentary television series
2020s British documentary television series
Speculative evolution
Astrobiology
Television series by Warner Bros. Television Studios
Television series about extraterrestrial life
Television series set on fictional planets
News & Documentary Emmy Award winning programs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20coastal%20ecosystem | A marine coastal ecosystem is a marine ecosystem which occurs where the land meets the ocean. Marine coastal ecosystems include many very different types of marine habitats, each with their own characteristics and species composition. They are characterized by high levels of biodiversity and productivity.
For example, estuaries are areas where freshwater rivers meet the saltwater of the ocean, creating an environment that is home to a wide variety of species, including fish, shellfish, and birds. Salt marshes are coastal wetlands which thrive on low-energy shorelines in temperate and high-latitude areas, populated with salt-tolerant plants such as cordgrass and marsh elder that provide important nursery areas for many species of fish and shellfish. Mangrove forests survive in the intertidal zones of tropical or subtropical coasts, populated by salt-tolerant trees that protect habitat for many marine species, including crabs, shrimp, and fish.
Further examples are coral reefs and seagrass meadows, which are both found in warm, shallow coastal waters. Coral reefs thrive in nutrient-poor waters on high-energy shorelines that are agitated by waves. They are underwater ecosystem made up of colonies of tiny animals called coral polyps. These polyps secrete hard calcium carbonate skeletons that builds up over time, creating complex and diverse underwater structures. These structures function as some of the most biodiverse ecosystems on the planet, providing habitat and food for a huge range of marine organisms. Seagrass meadows can be adjacent to coral reefs. These meadows are underwater grasslands populated by marine flowering plants that provide nursery habitats and food sources for many fish species, crabs and sea turtles, as well as dugongs. In slightly deeper waters are kelp forests, underwater ecosystems found in cold, nutrient-rich waters, primarily in temperate regions. These are dominated by a large brown algae called kelp, a type of seaweed that grows several m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers%3A%20The%20Universal%20Language | Numbers: The Universal Language () is a 1996 illustrated monograph on numbers and their history. Written by the French historian of science Denis Guedj, and published in pocket format by Éditions Gallimard as the volume in their "Découvertes" collection (known as "Abrams Discoveries" in the United States, and "New Horizons" in the United Kingdom). The book was adapted into a documentary film of the same title in 2001.
Introduction
The book is part of the series (formerly belonging to series) in the "Découvertes Gallimard" collection. As a work of popularisation of mathematics, it uses simple language to describe the basics of numbers—arithmetic, integer, natural number, concepts of zero and infinity—as well as how numbers and their symbolism came to be used in art and other disciplines.
According to the tradition of "Découvertes", which is based on an abundant pictorial documentation and a way of bringing together visual documents and texts, enhanced by printing on coated paper, as commented in L'Express, "genuine monographs, published like art books". It's almost like a "graphic novel", replete with colour plates.
Contents
The book opens with a "trailer" (), that is, a series of full-page photographs showing The Powers of Ten. The body text is divided into seven chapters:
Chapter 1: "How Many?" ();
Chapter 2: "From Numbers to Figures" ();
Chapter 3: "Positional Notation" ();
Chapter 4: "Natural Numbers" ();
Chapter 5: "The Universe Expands" ();
Chapter 6: "From Zero to Infinity" ();
Chapter 7: "The Impossible Definition" ().
The second part of the book, the "Documents", containing a compilation of excerpts divided into nine parts:
Counting ();
Against Pythagoras, Against Zeno ();
Numbers and religion ();
Numbers, philosophy, and poetry ();
The science of measurement ();
The abacus and calculator ();
Music and mathematics ();
Number and psychology ();
The wit and wisdom of numbers ().
Amusing Puzzle ();
Glossary ();
Chronology ();
Fur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Horvath%20%28mathematician%29 | John Michael Horvath (born János Horváth; 30 July 1924 in Budapest – 12 March 2015) was a Hungarian-American mathematician noted for his contributions to analysis especially in functional analysis and distribution theory.
Education and career
Horvath received his doctorate in 1947 from the University of Budapest as a student of Lipót Fejér and Frigyes Riesz. Four other talented mathematicians also graduated in the class of 1947: János Aczél, Ákos Császár, László Fuchs and István Gál. Together with Horvath, they were referred to as the Big Five. After obtaining his doctorate, he went to the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) to do research, then to the University of Los Andes in Bogota, and finally, from 1957 to 1994 he taught in the United States at the University of Maryland and was then awarded the title of Professor Emeritus.
MathSciNet called his book Topological Vector Spaces and Distributions, "The most readable introduction to the theory of vector spaces available in English and possibly any other language."
His work on analytic continuations and a general definition of the Convolution of distributions was essential to Laurent Schwartz who went on to develop a full theory of distributions in the late 1940s.
In 2006 he edited and wrote one of the chapters for A Panorama of Hungarian Mathematics in the Twentieth Century.
He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Works
(2005) A Panorama of Hungarian Mathematics in the Twentieth Century Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
(1966) Topological Vector Spaces and Distributions Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
References
External links
1924 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Hungarian mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Budapest University alumni
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
University System of Maryland faculty
University of Los Andes (Colombia) alumni
Expatriate academics in the United States
Hungarian expatriates in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradyne | Paradyne Corporation, also referred to as AT&T Paradyne, was a maker of computer networking and telecommunications hardware, based in Largo, Florida. The company formed in 1969 to supply computer communications systems and expanded steadily through the 1970s and 80s. During these period they operated in the high-end modem market and competed with Motorola Codex, Racal-Milgo, and divisions of AT&T and IBM.
As one of its first major purchases after the 1982 Breakup of the Bell System, AT&T purchased the company for $250 million in 1989. The company grew to become a major supplier in the digital subscriber line (DSL) industry as that expanded. When AT&T spun off Lucent in 1996, Paradyne moved to the new company. Lucent quickly sold Paradyne to Texas Pacific Group (TPG Capital) for $175 million where it became Paradyne Networks. The company changed hands several times since then and has been owned by DZS since 2005.
References
Telecommunications equipment vendors
Networking companies of the United States
American companies established in 1969
Former AT&T subsidiaries
Defunct computer companies of the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter%20virus%20particles | Reporter virus particles (RVPs) are replication-incompetent virus particles engineered to express one or more reporter genes upon infecting susceptible cells. Since the RVP genome lacks genes essential for viral replication, RVPs are capable of only a single round of infection. Thus they are safe to work with under BSL-2 conditions, enabling the study of highly pathogenic viruses using standard laboratory facilities. Expression of a reporter such as luciferase can provide a quantitative readout of infection. With proper design and quality control, RVPs remain stable under common assay conditions and yield reproducible results that correlate with those obtained from live virus. These qualities make RVPs a safer and faster alternative to plaque assays, and especially well-suited for high-throughput applications. RVPs offer flexibility for different uses, as they are antigenically identical to wild-type virus, and can be engineered with various proteins or express mutant envelopes to study infectivity or antigenicity.
Applications
RVPs are most commonly used in neutralization assays, which measure the ability of serum or antibodies to prevent virus infectivity in vitro, with applications in vaccine development, antibody discovery, and serological testing. A related assay tests for antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), a phenomenon where non-neutralizing antibodies against viruses can increase infectivity through their binding to the cellular Fc receptor, aiding entry of the virus into host cells.
Structure
Depending on the virus of interest and the desired application, RVPs can be pseudotypes, containing a heterologous self-assembling core (typically of lentiviral origin), as well as native envelope proteins corresponding to the studied virus. This type of RVP facilitates exceptional reliability and reproducibility of neutralization assay results, while maintaining antigenicity and safety. Alternatively, for structurally complex viruses such dengue and Zika viruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythia%20%28machine%20learning%29 | Pythia is an ancient text restoration model that recovers missing characters from a damaged text input using deep neural networks. It was created by Yannis Assael, Thea Sommerschield, and Jonathan Prag, researchers from Google DeepMind and the University of Oxford.
To study the society and the history of ancient civilisations, ancient history relies on disciplines such as epigraphy, the study of ancient inscribed texts. Hundreds of thousands of these texts, known as inscriptions, have survived to our day, but are often damaged over the centuries. Illegible parts of the text must then be restored by specialists, called epigraphists, in order to extract meaningful information from the text and use it to expand our knowledge of the context in which the text was written. Pythia takes as input the damaged text, and is trained to return hypothesised restorations of ancient Greek inscriptions, working as an assistive aid for ancient historians. Its neural network architecture works at both the character- and word-level, thereby effectively handling long-term context information, and dealing efficiently with incomplete word representations. Pythia is applicable to any discipline dealing with ancient texts (philology, papyrology, codicology) and can work in any language (ancient or modern).
References
Machine learning
Digital humanities projects
Digital humanities
Epigraphy
Ancient history |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20regulatory%20circuit | Genetic regulatory circuits (also referred to as transcriptional regulatory circuits) is a concept that evolved from the Operon Model discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. They are functional clusters of genes that impact each other's expression through inducible transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements.
Genetic regulatory circuits are analogous in many ways to electronic circuits in how they use signal inputs and outputs to determine gene regulation. Like electronic circuits, their organization determines their efficiency, and this has been demonstrated in circuits working in series to have a greater sensitivity of gene regulation. They also use inputs such as trans and cis sequence regulators of genes, and outputs such as gene expression level. Depending on the type of circuit, they respond constantly to outside signals, such as sugars and hormone levels, that determine how the circuit will return to its fixed point or periodic equilibrium state. Genetic regulatory circuits also have an ability to be evolutionarily rewired without the loss of the original transcriptional output level. This rewiring is defined by the change in regulatory-target gene interactions, while there is still conservation of regulatory factors and target genes.
In-silico application
These circuits can be modelled in silico to predict the dynamics of a genetic system. Having constructed a computational model of the natural circuit of interest, one can use the model to make testable predictions about circuit performance. When designing a synthetic circuit for a specific engineering task, a model is useful for identifying necessary connections and parameter operating regimes that give rise to a desired functional output. Similarly, when studying a natural circuit, one can use the model to identify the parts or parameter values necessary for a desired biological outcome. In other words, computational modelling and experimental synthetic perturbations can be used to probe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden%20Matching%20Problem | The Hidden Matching Problem is a computation complexity problem that can be solved using quantum protocols: Let be a positive even integer. In the Hidden Matching Problem, Alice is given and Bob is given ( denotes the family of all possible perfect matchings on nodes). Their goal is to output a tuple such that the edge belongs to the matching and .
It has been used to find quantum communication problems that demonstrate super-polynomial advantage of over classical ones.
Background
Communication complexity is a model of computation first introduced by Yao in 1979. Two parties (normally called Alice and Bob) each hold a piece of data and want to solve some computational task that jointly depends on their data. Alice knows only information and Bob knows only information , and they want to solve some function . In order to do so, they will need to communicate between themselves, and their goal is to solve the problem with minimal communication obeying the restrictions of a specific communication model.
There are two key communication models that can be considered:
One-way communication is the model where Alice sends a single message to Bob who has to give an answer, based on the content of the message and his part of input.
Interactive (two-way) communication is the model where the players can interactively exchange messages till Bob decides to give an answer, based on the communication transcript and his part of input.
Communication tasks can be either functional, meaning that there is exactly one correct answer corresponding to every possible input, or relational, when multiple correct answers are allowed.
History
The Hidden Matching Problem was first defined in 2004 by Bar-Yossef, Jayram and Kerenidis. Through its definition, they were able to provide the first exponential separation between quantum and bounded-error randomized one-way communication complexity. They proved that the quantum one-way communicatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention%20%28machine%20learning%29 | Machine learning-based attention is a mechanism mimicking cognitive attention. It calculates "soft" weights for each word, more precisely for its embedding, in the context window. It can do it either in parallel (such as in transformers) or sequentially (such as recurrent neural networks). "Soft" weights can change during each runtime, in contrast to "hard" weights, which are (pre-)trained and fine-tuned and remain frozen afterwards.
Attention was developed to address the weaknesses of recurrent neural networks, where words in a sentence are slowly processed one at a time. Recurrent neural networks favor more recent words at the end of a sentence while earlier words fade away in volatile neural activations. Attention gives all words equal access to any part of a sentence in a faster parallel scheme and no longer suffers the wait time of serial processing. Earlier uses attached this mechanism to a serial recurrent neural network's language translation system (below), but later uses in Transformers large language models removed the recurrent neural network and relied heavily on the faster parallel attention scheme.
Predecessors
Predecessors of the mechanism were used in recurrent neural networks which, however, calculated "soft" weights sequentially and, at each step, considered the current word and other words within the context window. They were known as multiplicative modules, sigma pi units, and hyper-networks. They have been used in long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, multi-sensory data processing (sound, images, video, and text) in perceivers, fast weight controllers's memory, reasoning tasks in differentiable neural computers, and neural Turing machines
Core Calculations
The attention network was designed to identify the highest correlations amongst words within a sentence, assuming that it has learned those patterns from the training corpus. This correlation is captured in neuronal weights through back-propagation from unsupervised pretraining. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination%20requirements%20for%20international%20travel | Vaccination requirements for international travel are the aspect of vaccination policy that concerns the movement of people across borders. Countries around the world require travellers departing to other countries, or arriving from other countries, to be vaccinated against certain infectious diseases in order to prevent epidemics. At border checks, these travellers are required to show proof of vaccination against specific diseases; the most widely used vaccination record is the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (ICVP or Carte Jaune/Yellow Card). Some countries require information about a passenger's vaccination status in a passenger locator form.
Historic requirements
Smallpox (1944–1981)
The first International Certificate of Vaccination against Smallpox was developed by the 1944 International Sanitary Convention (itself an amendment of the 1926 International Sanitary Convention on Maritime Navigation and the 1933 International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation). The initial certificate was valid for a maximum of three years.
The policy had a few flaws: the smallpox vaccination certificates were not always checked by qualified airport personnel, or when passengers transferred at airports in smallpox-free countries. Travel agencies mistakenly provided certificates to some unvaccinated customers, and there were some instances of falsified documents. Lastly, a small number of passengers carrying valid certificates still contracted smallpox because they were improperly vaccinated. However, all experts agree that the mandatory possession of vaccination certificates significantly increased the number of travellers who were vaccinated, and thus contributed to preventing the spread of smallpox, especially when the rapid expansion of air travel in the 1960s and 1970s reduced the travelling time from endemic countries to all other countries to just a few hours.
After smallpox was successfully eradicated in 1980, the International Certific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cora%20G.%20Burwell | Cora Gertrude Burwell (June 25, 1883 – June 20, 1982) was an American astronomical researcher specialized in stellar spectroscopy. She was based at Mount Wilson Observatory from 1907 to 1949.
Early life
Cora Gertrude Burwell was born in Massachusetts and raised in Stafford Springs, Connecticut. She graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1906 and was active in Holyoke alumnae activities in the Los Angeles area.
Career
In July, 1907, Burwell was appointed to a "human computer" position at Mount Wilson Observatory. In 1910, she attended the fourth conference of the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research, when it was held at Mount Wilson.
Burwell specialized in stellar spectroscopy. She was solo author on some scientific publications, and co-authored several others (some of which she was lead author), with notable collaborators including Dorrit Hoffleit, Henrietta Swope, Walter S. Adams, and Paul W. Merrill. With Merrill she compiled several catalogs of Be stars, in 1933, 1943, 1949, and 1950. She also helped to tend the Mount Wilson Observatory Library. She retired from the observatory in 1949, but continued speaking about astronomy to community groups. She also published a book of poetry, Neatly Packed.
Personal life
Cora Burwell lived in Pasadena, and later in Monrovia with her sister, Priscilla Burwell. She died in 1982, two days before her 99th birthday, in Los Angeles.
References
1883 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American women scientists
Human computers
Mount Holyoke College alumni
American women astronomers
People from Stafford Springs, Connecticut
Scientists from Massachusetts
Scientists from Connecticut
20th-century American astronomers
Spectroscopists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe%20listening | Safe listening is a framework for health promotion actions to ensure that sound-related recreational activities (such as concerts, nightclubs, and listening to music, broadcasts, or podcasts) do not pose a risk to hearing.
While research shows that repeated exposures to any loud sounds can cause hearing disorders and other health effects, safe listening applies specifically to voluntary listening through personal listening systems, personal sound amplification products (PSAPs), or at entertainment venues and events. Safe listening promotes strategies to prevent negative effects, including hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. While safe listening does not address exposure to unwanted sounds (which are termed noise) – for example, at work or from other noisy hobbies – it is an essential part of a comprehensive approach to total hearing health.
The risk of negative health effects from sound exposures (be it noise or music) is primarily determined by the intensity of the sound (loudness), duration of the event, and frequency of that exposure. These three factors characterize the overall sound energy level that reaches a person's ears and can be used to calculate a noise dose. They have been used to determine the limits of noise exposure in the workplace.
Both regulatory and recommended limits for noise exposure were developed from hearing and noise data obtained in occupational settings, where exposure to loud sounds is frequent and can last for decades. Although specific regulations vary across the world, most workplace best practices consider 85 decibels (dB A-weighted) averaged over eight hours per day as the highest safe exposure level for a 40-year lifetime exposure. Using an exchange rate, typically 3 dB, allowable listening time is halved as the sound level increases by the selected rate. For example, a sound level as high as 100 dBA can be safely listened to for only 15 minutes each day.
Because of their availability, occupational data have been adapted |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie%20Lasby%20Tessmann | Jennie Belle Lasby Tessmann (August 23, 1882 – December 9, 1959) was an American spectroscopist and college educator. She was a "human computer" at Mount Wilson Observatory from 1906 to 1913, the first woman research assistant at the observatory. She taught astronomy and history at Santa Ana College from 1919 to 1946.
Early life
Jennie Belle Lasby was born in Castle Rock, Minnesota, the daughter of Walter Lasby and Lavinia C. Freeman Lasby. Her father was born in Ontario, Canada, and her mother was from Wisconsin. She attended Carleton College, completing a bachelor's degree in 1904. She earned a master's degree in astronomy at Mount Holyoke College in 1906.
Career
Lasby taught astronomy and mathematics at Mount Holyoke College during her graduate studies there. She was hired as a computer at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1906. She was the first woman research assistant at Mount Wilson, starting a few months before Cora G. Burwell joined the same department. In 1910, she attended the fourth conference of the International Union for Cooperation in Solar Research, when it was held at Mount Wilson. She left Mount Wilson in 1913, after co-authoring several scientific publications, including a monograph with Walter Sydney Adams. She became a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Science in 1921.
In 1914, Lasby went to work on a spectroscopy project in Germany, but she returned the following year with the start of World War I. She worked briefly at Goodsell Observatory in Minnesota, and was a librarian at Northfield, Minnesota.
From 1919 to 1946, Lasby Tessmann taught history and astronomy at Santa Ana Junior College. She helped develop the Bishop Observatory in Orange County as a teaching facility. She spoke to community groups often, and was president of the City Teachers' League and the Business and Professional Women's Club, both in Santa Ana.
Personal life
Jennie Lasby married German scientist Heinrich Arnold Johannes (John) Tessmann in 1927 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland%20Wood%20Reference%20Collection | The Wood Reference Collection is a Queensland Government scientific collection based in Queensland, Australia. It is the oldest xylotheque (also known as a xylarium) of authenticated wood specimens in Australia and the third largest in the nation. It consists of 21 separate collections of wood block samples, including 17 international collections, and a glass slide collection of timber microstructure sections. Together, they provide a comprehensive reference collection of anatomical characteristics for Queensland timbers, and some national and international timbers.
The Wood Reference Collection supports activities integral to the:
Biosecurity Act 2015
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
Illegal Logging Prohibition Act 2012
History and current use
The Wood Reference Collection was first established in the 1880's as a legacy of Australia sending wood samples to international exhibitions to promote their timber exports. The Wood Reference Collection is the only xylarium in Australia still in use for the identification of wood specimens. It is also the only public collection for the accurate identification of processed wood. The services of the collection are open for government and the public (on a fee-for-service basis), helping to ascertain the provenance of any processed wood piece, including furniture, cultural products or architecture, among others. In Queensland, the expertise connected to the collection is regularly used for insurance investigations, forensic examination and to assure compliance with trade and import laws.
The collection includes:
almost 13,000 wood samples representing 200 plant genera
more than 9,000 samples of Queensland tree species
almost 5,000 microscope slides of stained timber microstructure sections from 108 plant families
slides showing a transverse section, a radial longitudinal section and a tangential longitudinal section for each species.
Importance of the collection
The Wood Reference Collec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural%20Integrity | Structural Integrity is a scientific book series covering the research field and technical view of the structural integrity and failure area. The series was established in 2017 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editors-in-chief are José A.F.O. Correia and Abílio De Jesus (University of Porto). It is abstracted and indexed in Scopus.
Structural Integrity Awards
Every year, the awards committee, composed of the editors and the editorial advisory board, selects the best contribution to the series for the "Structural Integrity-Series Award". In addition, the "Structural Integrity Award of Merit" honors a person with outstanding contributions in the structural integrity and failure area.
the winners of the "Structural Integrity Award of Merit" have been:
2018: Francesco Iacoviello (University of Cassino and Southern Lazio)
2019: Krishnaswamy Ravi-Chandar (University of Texas at Austin)
2020: Filippo Berto (Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
References
External links
English-language journals
Engineering journals
Series of books
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 2017 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumpkin%20flour | Pumpkin flour, also known as pumpkin fruit flour is a type of flour made from dried pumpkin flesh, excluding the stem, and leaves, made with or without the rind and seeds included. Pumpkin products have drawn some commercial and research interest partly due to the low cost of pumpkin production. Additionally, pumpkin flour is a gluten-free flour which makes it suitable for people with coeliac disease, and it has been used in blends with other gluten-free flours to make baked goods. It has also been recognized as a potential additive to conventional wheat flour for producing composite flour with increased fiber, as well as being potentially useful as a natural form of food coloring for baked goods. Sun-dried pumpkin flour has a shelf-life of about 11.5 months.
References
Flour
Squash and pumpkin dishes
Food ingredients |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20hiring | Artificial intelligence (AI) in hiring involves the use of technology to automate aspects of the hiring process. Advances in artificial intelligence, such as the advent of machine learning and the growth of big data, enable AI to be utilized to recruit, screen, and predict the success of applicants. Proponents of artificial intelligence in hiring claim it reduces bias, assists with finding qualified candidates, and frees up human resource workers' time for other tasks, while opponents worry that AI perpetuates inequalities in the workplace and will eliminate jobs.
Background
Artificial intelligence has been a fascination of researchers since the term was coined in the mid-1950s. Researchers have identified four main forms of intelligence that AI would need to possess to truly replace humans in the workplace: mechanical, analytical, intuitive, and empathetic. Automation follows a predictable progression in which it will first be able to replace the mechanical tasks, then analytical tasks, then intuitive tasks, and finally empathy based tasks. However, full automation is not the only potential outcome of AI advancements. Humans may instead work alongside machines, enhancing the effectiveness of both. In the hiring context, this means that AI has already replaced many basic human resource tasks in recruitment and screening, while freeing up time for human resource workers to do other more creative tasks that can not yet be automated or do not make fiscal sense to automate. It also means that the type of jobs companies are recruiting and hiring form will continue to shift as the skillsets that are most valuable change.
Human resources has been identified as one of the ten industries most affected by AI. It is increasingly common for companies to use AI to automate aspects of their hiring process. The hospitality, finance, and tech industries in particular have incorporated AI into their hiring processes to significant extents.
Human resources is fundamentally an ind |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction%20networking | Refraction networking, also known as decoy routing, is a research anti-censorship approach that would allow users to circumvent a censor without using any individual proxy servers. Instead, it implements proxy functionality at the core of partner networks, such as those of Internet service providers, outside the censored country. These networks would discreetly provide censorship circumvention for "any connection that passes through their networks." This prevents censors from selectively blocking proxy servers and makes censorship more expensive, in a strategy similar to collateral freedom.
The approach was independently invented by teams at the University of Michigan, the University of Illinois, and Raytheon BBN Technologies. There are five existing protocols: Telex, TapDance, Cirripede, Curveball, and Rebound. These teams are now working together to develop and deploy refraction networking with support from the U.S. Department of State.
See also
Domain fronting
References
External links
Official website
Internet privacy software
Anonymity networks
Computer security
Secure communication
Internet censorship |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20k-uniform%20tilings | A k-uniform tiling is a tiling of tilings of the plane by convex regular polygons, connected edge-to-edge, with k types of vertices. The 1-uniform tiling include 3 regular tilings, and 8 semiregular tilings. A 1-uniform tiling can be defined by its vertex configuration. Higher k-uniform tilings are listed by their vertex figures, but are not generally uniquely identified this way.
The complete lists of k-uniform tilings have been enumerated up to k=6. There are 20 2-uniform tilings, 61 3-uniform tilings, 151 4-uniform tilings, 332 5-uniform tilings, and 673 6-uniform tilings. This article lists all solutions up to k=5.
Other tilings of regular polygons that are not edge-to-edge allow different sized polygons, and continuous shifting positions of contact.
Classification
Such periodic tilings of convex polygons may be classified by the number of orbits of vertices, edges and tiles. If there are orbits of vertices, a tiling is known as -uniform or -isogonal; if there are orbits of tiles, as -isohedral; if there are orbits of edges, as -isotoxal.
k-uniform tilings with the same vertex figures can be further identified by their wallpaper group symmetry.
Enumeration
1-uniform tilings include 3 regular tilings, and 8 semiregular ones, with 2 or more types of regular polygon faces. There are 20 2-uniform tilings, 61 3-uniform tilings, 151 4-uniform tilings, 332 5-uniform tilings and 673 6-uniform tilings. Each can be grouped by the number m of distinct vertex figures, which are also called m-Archimedean tilings.
Finally, if the number of types of vertices is the same as the uniformity (m = k below), then the tiling is said to be Krotenheerdt. In general, the uniformity is greater than or equal to the number of types of vertices (m ≥ k), as different types of vertices necessarily have different orbits, but not vice versa. Setting m = n = k, there are 11 such tilings for n = 1; 20 such tilings for n = 2; 39 such tilings for n = 3; 33 such tilings for n = 4; 15 such |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20performance%20positioning%20system | A high performance positioning system (HPPS) is a type of positioning system consisting of a piece of electromechanics equipment (e.g. an assembly of linear stages and rotary stages) that is capable of moving an object in a three-dimensional space within a work envelope. Positioning could be done point to point or along a desired path of motion. Position is typically defined in six degrees of freedom, including linear, in an x,y,z cartesian coordinate system, and angular orientation of yaw, pitch, roll. HPPS are used in many manufacturing processes to move an object (tool or part) smoothly and accurately in six degrees of freedom, along a desired path, at a desired orientation, with high acceleration, high deceleration, high velocity and low settling time. It is designed to quickly stop its motion and accurately place the moving object at its desired final position and orientation with minimal jittering.
HPPS requires a structural characteristics of low moving mass and high stiffness. The resulting system characteristic is a high value for the lowest natural frequency of the system. High natural frequency allows the motion controller to drive the system at high servo bandwidth, which means that the HPPS can reject all motion disturbing frequencies, which act at a lower frequency than the bandwidth. For higher frequency disturbances such as floor vibration, acoustic noise, motor cogging, bearing jitter and cable carrier rattling, HPPS may employ structural composite materials for damping and isolation mounts for vibration attenuation. Unlike articulating robots, which have revolute joints that connect their links, HPPS links typically consists of sliding joints, which are relatively stiffer than revolute joints. That is the reason why high performance positioning systems are often referred to as cartesian robots.
Performance
HPPS, driven by linear motors, can move at a combined high velocity on order of 3-5 m/s, high accelerations of 5-7 g, at micron or sub micron |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20arginine%20phosphatase | Protein Arginine Phosphatase (PAPs), also known as Phosphoarginine Phosphatase, is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of phosphoarginine residues in proteins. Protein phosphatases (PPs) are "obligatory heteromers" made up of two maximum catalytic subunits attached to a non-catalytic subunit. Arginine modification is a post-translational protein modification in gram-positive bacteria. McsB and YwIE were recently identified as phosphorylating enzymes in Bacillus Subtilis (B.Subtilis). YwIE was thought to be a protein-tyrosine-phosphatase, and McsB a tyrosine-kinase, however in 2012 Elsholz et al. showed that McsB is a protein-arginine-kinase (PAK) and YwlE is a phosphatase-arginine-phosphatase (PAP).
Many proteins rely on protein phosphatase activity for regulating their stability, localization, and interaction with other proteins. Arginine modification is a post-translational protein modification in gram-positive bacteria, and protein arginine phosphorylation regulates transcription factors, in addition to tagging rogue proteins for degradation in gram-positive bacteria. Like phosphorylation, dephosphorylation is a reversible post-translational event. It is reversible through the action of kinases (enzymes that adds a phosphate group to a protein via phosphorylation), and this antagonist activity of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins controls all aspect of prokaryotic and eukaryotic life. In general, protein phosphatases play a crucial role in cell signaling regulation in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. They act by removing a phosphate group from proteins, and their activity counteracts that of protein kinases.
Function
YwIE is a member of the low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP). It is the only active PAP present in B.subtilis, and PAPs exhibits almost no activity against Protein Serine, Protein Tyrosine, and Protein Threonine peptides. Also, YwIE has been shown to play a role in B.Subtilis's resistance to stress |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcitrate%20cycle | The methylcitrate cycle, or the MCC, is the mechanism by which propionyl-CoA is formed, generated by β-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids, and broken down to its final products, succinate and pyruvate. The methylcitrate cycle is closely related to both the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate cycle, in that they share substrates, enzymes and products. The methylcitrate cycle functions overall to detoxify bacteria of toxic propionyl-CoA, and plays an essential role in propionate metabolism in bacteria. Incomplete propionyl-CoA metabolism may lead to the buildup of toxic metabolites in bacteria, and thus the function of the methylcitrate cycle is an important biological process.
History
2-methylisocitric acid, an intermediate of the methylcitrate cycle, was first synthesized in 1886 as a mixture of four isomers. The pathway of the methylcitrate cycle was not discovered until 1973 in fungi, though it was not yet fully understood. Originally, the methylcitrate cycle was thought to be present only in fungal species, such as Candida lipolytica and Aspergillus nidulans. In 1999, it was discovered that the methylcitrate cycle was also present in bacteria Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Much research has been done on the methylcitrate cycle's role in the development and function of various fungi and strains of bacteria, as well as its virulent properties in conjunction with the glyoxylate cycle.
Steps
There are three basic steps in the methylcitrate cycle, as outlined below. Additionally, the mechanism is shown with its reactants, products, intermediates, and enzymes.
The major enzymes involved in this process are methylcitrate synthase (MCS) in step one, methylcitrate dehydratase (MCD) in step two, and 2-methylisocitrate lyase (MCL) in step three.
The PrpC gene, which encodes for enzyme methylcitrate synthase in the first step of the methylcitrate cycle, is the gene responsible for propionate metabolism in the process. Without this gene, the methylcitrate cyc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Mode%20social | Founded in 2013, X-Mode Social is a US company based in Reston, Virginia.
X-Mode specializes in the collection of smartphone-location datasets. In August 2021, the company was bought by Digital Envoy and subsequently rebranded as Outlogic.
Company history
Joshua Anton, a student at the University of Virginia, created a mobile application named Drunk Mode to prevent users from dialling phone numbers or texting while inebriated. The application was free and had more than one million downloads. He came up with the idea of collecting data from the application's users and reselling it to advertisers, and he founded X-Mode in 2013.
X-Mode offers a software development kit (SDK), which is a small piece of code that, once embedded into a given application, allows X-Mode to receive copies of the location data of the smartphone (thereby pinpointing the co-ordinates of the person who is carrying the smartphone). In total, X-Mode's SDK is present in the apps from more than 70 developers on more than 300 applications such as games, travel guides, and dating sites. In total, more than 50 million active people per month are sharing their location every 5 to 7 minutes with X-Mode.
The smartphone-location datasets are derived from GPS data, data from Bluetooth signals emitted by the phone and picked up via detection beacons, and data from Wi-Fi routers (especially inside buildings). Users are able to turn off this data-sharing by adjusting the permission settings on their smartphone. X-Mode is one of a number of firms which provide smartphone-tracking capabilities and data collection.
Because X-Mode pays money to developers to incorporate its location-tracking SDK into mobile applications, this provides a source of revenue for developers: $0.03 per U.S user per month, and $0.005 per international user. 25 million active users in the U.S. and 40 million more worldwide are tracked through more than 400 different apps. Another example, in September 2018, the company of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PogChamp | PogChamp is an emote used on the streaming platform Twitch intended to express excitement, intrigue, joy or shock. The image originally depicted streamer Ryan "Gootecks" Gutierrez with a surprised or shocked expression, which originated from a YouTube video uploaded to Gutierrez's channel, Cross Counter TV, on November 26, 2010. The original emote was added to Twitch's pool of global emotes in 2012 and was later removed in January 2021, after Gutierrez expressed support for the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Twitch responded to calls to revive the emote by alternating between several unique designs every 24 hours, each using a similar expression, and eventually allowed viewers to vote on one of these faces to become the permanent replacement during what they called "The PogChampening". Users voted for an image of a Komodo dragon, which is also the basis for the KomodoHype emote.
Ryan Gutierrez was initially reluctant to allow Twitch to use his likeness for the original PogChamp emote, but soon made a deal to allow its use for between US$50,000 and US$100,000 and undisclosed additional concessions.
The emote, like others on Twitch, is displayed at a very small size of 56 by 56 pixels. PC Gamer described the PogChamp emote as "one of the most ubiquitous emotes in Twitch history [...] used to react to decisive moments", while Kotaku stated it "[indicated] surprise and hype". CNN describes the use of PogChamp as a gamer's expression for excitement, expanding the use of the PogChamp emote to the word PogChamp and its variants "Pog" and "Poggers" to describe "particularly awesome" moments. Emotes in general have been reported by CNN to be popularly used "ad nauseum " during moments while gamer activity is livestreamed. Given the long history of the use of the PogChamp emote and its variants, Twitch acknowledges the impact of PogChamp's role in shaping the culture of its streaming services.
Etymology
The term "PogChamp" refers to a 2011 promotional video calle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%20coupled%20amino%20acid%20transporter | Proton-coupled amino acid transporters belong to the SLC26A5 family; they are protein receptors whose main function is the transmembrane movement of amino acids and their derivatives. This family of receptors is most commonly found within the luminal surface of the small intestine as well as in some lysosomes. The solute carrier family (SLC) of genes includes roughly 400 membrane proteins that are characterized by 66 families in total. The SLC36 family of genes maps to chromosome 11. The diversity of these receptors is vast, with the ability to transport both charged and uncharged amino acids along with their derivatives. In research and practice, SLC36A1/2 are both targets for drug-based delivery systems for a wide range of disorders.
Structure
The human protein acid transporter (hPAT1) is 5585 base pairs long and codes for a protein 476 amino acids long. The transporter has nine transmembrane regions where the amino terminus faces the cytoplasm. The rat protein acid transporter (rPAT1) has been widely studied and an 85% amino acid sequence match was found between hPAT1 and rPAT1. The hPAT1 gene is located on chromosome 5q31-33 and has 11 exons that are coding regions. Its translation site begins in exon 2 and exon 11 contains the termination site.
Proton-coupled amino acid transporters 1 and 2
The molecular weight of Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 is 53.28 kDA; the molecular weight of Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 is 53.22 kDA. PAT1 has been found in lysosomes in brain neurons but also in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells where it is associated with the brush border. Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 has a higher affinity for proline than it does for glycine and alanine Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 2 is found subcellularly in the kidneys, lungs, spinal cord, and brain and likely has a role in myelinating neurons. It has an overall higher affinity for glycine, alanine, and proline than PAT1 but is more specific |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedistics | Encyclopaedistics or encyclopaedics as a discipline, is the academic scholarship of encyclopedias as sources of encyclopedic knowledge and cultural objects as well; in this sense, this discipline is also known as "encyclopaedia studies" and can be termed as "theoretical encyclopaediography" by analogy with theoretical lexicography. Encyclopaedistics as a practical activity (profession or business) also called "encyclopaedic practice" or "encyclopedism" is the process of assembling encyclopaedias available to the public for sale or for free (encyclopaedia publishing or practical encyclopediography). In this sense, it is the art or craft of writing, compiling, and editing the paper or online encyclopedias. As a practical activity, encyclopaedistics originated in the Middle Ages in connection with the development of compendiums based on alphabetical structuring (e.g. first edition of Polyanthea by Dominicus Nanus Mirabellius). Encyclopaedistics is often defined as "the art and science of selecting and disseminating the information most significant to mankind".
Field of study
Encyclopaedistics is a specialized aspect of information science and communication science. At the same time, encyclopaedistics is also considered as one of scholarly disciplines which are seen as auxiliary for historical research (auxiliary sciences of history) . Third, encyclopaedics is a domain of philosophy (Romanticism). This term associated with German philosophers of the 18th century, such as Novalis, Friedrich Schlegel, who sought to create a "Scientific Bible" - both real and ideal book as the quintessence of human education (enlightenment).
In any case, the most popular topics in encyclopaedia studies refferd the history of organization of encyclopaedic knowledge, encyclopaedic knowledge determination and selection, glossary composition, current state of development of encyclopaedic activity, features of making encyclopaedias and encyclopaedic articles, usage, role and significance |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini%20Small%20Outline%20Package | The Mini Small Outline Package (MSOP) is a miniaturized version of the small outline integrated circuit packaging format for integrated circuits.
Application
Many integrated circuits are available in the MSOP form factor. They are suited for space-limited applications requiring 1 mm or less mounted height and are commonly used in disk drives, video/audio and consumer electronics.
Physical properties
The size of the Mini Small Outline Package is only 3mm × 3mm for the 8 and 10 pin versions and 3mm × 4mm for the 12 and 16 pin version. The small package offers a small footprint, short wires for improved electrical connections, and good moisture reliability.
Some versions have an exposed pad on the bottom side. The exposed pad will be soldered on the PCB to transfer heat from the package to the PCB.
Synonyms
μMAX or micro max - Maxim name for the msop package.
µMAX-EP or micro max exposed pad - Maxim name for the msop package with exposed pad.
MSE - Linear Technology name for the msop package with exposed pad.
See also
List of integrated circuit packaging types
References
Semiconductor packages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate%20capacitance | In electronics, gate capacitance is the capacitance of the gate terminal of a field-effect transistor (FET). It can be expressed as the absolute capacitance of the gate of a transistor, or as the capacitance per unit area of an integrated circuit technology, or as the capacitance per unit width of minimum-length transistors in a technology.
In generations of approximately Dennard scaling of metal-oxide-semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs), the capacitance per unit area has increased inversely with device dimensions. Since the gate area has gone down by the square of device dimensions, the gate capacitance of a transistor has gone down in direct proportion with device dimensions. With Dennard scaling, the capacitance per unit of gate width has remained approximately constant; this measurement can include gate–source and gate–drain overlap capacitances. Other scalings are not uncommon; the voltages and gate oxide thicknesses have not always decreased as rapidly as device dimensions, so the gate capacitance per unit area has not increased as fast, and the capacitance per transistor width has sometimes decreased over generations.
The intrinsic gate capacitance (that is, ignoring fringing fields and other details) for a silicon-dioxide-insulated gate can be calculated from thin-oxide capacitance per unit area as:
where:
is the gate area
is the thin-oxide capacitance per unit area, where
is the relative permittivity of silicon dioxide
is the vacuum permittivity
is the oxide thickness.
References
Semiconductor technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermitechnology | Vermitechnology is an overarching term for the following subtopics:
Vermifiltration: A process for purifying effluent that utilises earthworms (also called vermidigestion)
Vermicomposting: Utilising earthworms for composting organic material
Vermiculture: the commercial rearing of earthworms to be used for other processes e.g. fishing
Vermitechnology includes the study and commercial application of technologies that utilise earthworms for degrading waste organic materials for sanitation and agricultural re-use. Organic wastes degraded and stabilised by earthworms include those suspended or dissolved in water and also solid organic material.
References
Annelids
Soil biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Conference%20of%20Women%20Engineers%20and%20Scientists | ICWES (International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists) is an international conference for engineers and scientists. Established in 1964, it takes place every 3–4 years in countries around the world.
Since 1999, the conference has been organised by the International Network of Women Engineers and Scientists (INWES), which was founded at the World Conference on Science (Budapest, Hungary) in 1999. The first conference took place in New York City, USA in 1964, the second followed in 1967 in Cambridge, UK. Since then meetings have taken place in Turin, Italy (1971); Cracow, Poland (1975); Rouen, France (1978); Mumbai, India, (1981); Washington DC, USA (1984); Abidjan, Ivory Coast (1988); Warwick, UK (1991); Budapest, Hungary (1996); Chiba, Japan (1999); Ottawa, Canada (2002); Seoul, Korea (2005); Lille, France (2008); Adelaide, Australia (2011); Los Angeles, USA (2014); New Delhi, India (2017). ICWES 18 was postponed due to the Covid pandemic and will take place in Coventry, UK, in 2021.
ICWES I - New York City
The first ICWES conference took place in New York City, United States of America in 1964 and was organised by the American Society of Women Engineers (SWE). Beatrice Hicks was Conference Director and Ruth Shafer was Operations Chairman. The Technical Program was managed by Margaret R. Fox and the PR by Elsie Eaves. The theme of the conference was on developing engineering and scientific talent for the future.
There were 493 listed attendees from 35 different countries, including Lillian Gilbreth, Beatrice Hicks, Grace Hopper, Ayyalasomayajula Lalitha, and Isabel Hardwich. The conference received funding from the National Science Foundation, the Asia Foundation, the Engineers Joint Council, as well as other companies and individual donations. Included in the conference programme was a trip to the New York's World Fair, which was taking place at the same time. The conference proceedings published a message sent to the conference from Lyndon B. John |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle%20L.%20Richmond | Myrtle Leila Richmond (September 30, 1882 – January 2, 1973) was an American astronomical researcher, a computer who worked at the Mount Wilson Observatory from 1913 to 1947.
Early life and education
Richmond was born in Vinland, Kansas, the daughter of Frank L. Richmond and Leila Delight Richmond. Her father was construction superintendent in the railroad industry. She graduated from Smith College in 1907, and earned a master's degree in 1908 at the University of Denver. She was active in Smith College alumnae activities in Los Angeles.
Career
Richmond taught mathematics at the University of Denver, and worked at Chamberlin Observatory in Colorado in 1909. She was a fellow in mathematics and astronomy at Goodsell Observatory in 1912, where she worked on Variable stars and a comet's orbit.
Richmond joined the Mount Wilson Observatory computing department in 1913, and retired in 1947, after she "ably assisted in a large number of stellar and solar investigations." She was listed as a member of the observatory's "investigatory staff" in 1917. Her work also helped to establish the location of the planet Pluto, and of the moons of Jupiter. She contributed to several observatory publications, including A photometric study of the pleiades (1931, with Harlow Shapley), Mean distribution of stars according to apparent magnitude and galactic latitude (1925), The mean color-index of stars of different apparent magnitudes. Some relations between magnitude scales (1925), and Mount Wilson catalogue of photographic magnitudes in selected areas 1–139 (1930). She co-authored articles with American astronomer Seth Barnes Nicholson and Danish astronomer Julie Vinter Hansen.
Personal life
Richmond enjoyed hiking. She died in 1973, aged 90 years, in Pasadena. Her gravesite is in Woodstock, Vermont, her father's hometown.
References
1882 births
1973 deaths
People from Kansas
Human computers
Smith College alumni
University of Denver alumni
American women scientists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20DOM | A virtual DOM is a lightweight JavaScript representation of the Document Object Model (DOM) used in declarative web frameworks such as React, Vue.js, and Elm. Updating the virtual DOM is comparatively faster than updating the actual DOM (via JavaScript). Thus, the framework is free to make necessary changes to the virtual DOM relatively cheaply. The framework then finds the differences between the previous virtual DOM and the current one, and only makes the necessary changes to the actual DOM.
Svelte does not have a virtual DOM, and its creator Rich Harris calls the virtual DOM "pure overhead".
Related techniques include Ember.js' Glimmer and Angular's incremental DOM.
References
Web development
Object models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydration%20%28web%20development%29 | In web development, hydration or rehydration is a technique in which client-side JavaScript converts a static HTML web page, delivered either through static hosting or server-side rendering, into a dynamic web page by attaching event handlers to the HTML elements. Because the HTML is pre-rendered on a server, this allows for a fast "first contentful paint" (when useful data is first displayed to the user), but there is a period of time afterward where the page appears to be fully loaded and interactive, but is not until the client-side JavaScript is executed and event handlers have been attached.
Frameworks that use hydration include Next.js and Nuxt.js. React v16.0 introduced a "hydrate" function, which hydrates an element, in its API.
Variations
Streaming server-side rendering
Streaming server-side rendering allows one to send HTML in chunks that the browser can progressively render as it is received. This can provide a fast first paint and first contentful paint as HTML markup arrives to users faster.
Progressive rehydration
In progressive rehydration, individual pieces of a server-rendered application are “booted up” over time, rather than the current common approach of initializing the entire application at once. This can help reduce the amount of JavaScript required to make pages interactive, since client-side upgrading of low priority parts of the page can be deferred to prevent blocking the main thread. It can also help avoid one of the most common server-side rendering rehydration pitfalls, where a server-rendered DOM tree gets destroyed and then immediately rebuilt – most often because the initial synchronous client-side render required data that wasn't quite ready, perhaps awaiting Promise resolution.
Partial rehydration
Partial rehydration has proven difficult to implement. This approach is an extension of the idea of progressive rehydration, where the individual pieces (components/views/trees) to be progressively rehydrated are analyzed and thos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Bowick | Mark John Bowick (born 1957) is a theoretical physicist in condensed matter theory and high energy physics. He is the deputy director of the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Visiting Distinguished Professor of Physics in UCSB's Physics Department.
Early life and education
Bowick was born in Rotorua, New Zealand, and earned his bachelor's degree, B.Sc. (Hons.), at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch. In 1983, he received his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from the California Institute of Technology, where he held an Earle C. Anthony Graduate Fellowship.
Professional career
Bowick then spent three years at Yale University as the research associate of their Sloane Physics Lab's "Particle Theory Group," followed by a two-year postdoctoral position at the Center for Theoretical Physics, at MIT.
He was awarded first prize in the 1986 Gravity Research Foundation Essay Competition. In 1987, he joined the faculty of the physics department at Syracuse University, where he was granted an Outstanding Junior Investigator award, from the United States Department of Energy, for the years 1987 to 1994. At Syracuse, Bowick served as assistant and associate professor from 1987 to 1998, was promoted to full professor of physics in 1998, and went on to become director of the Soft Matter Program from 2011 to 2016.
In August 2016, the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, at the University of California, Santa Barbara, invited Bowick to join as deputy director and visiting distinguished professor of physics.
Research
Bowick's research interests include symmetry breaking, the interplay of order and geometry, topological defects, building blocks for supramolecular self-assembly, membrane statistical mechanics, shaped structures, and common themes in condensed matter and particle physics.
Since 2002, his career has been split between high-energy physics and condensed matter physics, with ongoing research suppor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary%20Habitability%20Laboratory | The Planetary Habitability Laboratory (PHL) is a research remote laboratory intended to study the habitability of the Solar System and other stellar systems, specifically, potentially habitable exoplanets. The PHL is managed by the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo with the collaboration of international scientists from different organizations including the SETI Institute and NASA. The Laboratory is directed by astrobiologist Professor Abel Méndez. PHL is especially known for its Habitable Exoplanets Catalog, one of the most comprehensive catalogs on exoplanetary habitability.
See also
List of potentially habitable exoplanets
References
University of Puerto Rico
NASA
Astrobiology
Arecibo, Puerto Rico |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Csicsery | George Paul Csicsery (born March 17, 1948) is a Hungarian-American writer and independent filmmaker who has directed 35 films including performance films, dramatic shorts and documentaries. He is best known for his documentaries about mathematicians and mathematical communities.
Life and career
George Csicsery was born in Regensburg, Germany to Hungarian parents who had fled their native country after WWII (his father was a monarchist army officer). In 1951, the family emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio. After a series of menial jobs his father became a successful stained glass and enamel artist and his mother became head of the slide library at the Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA), and assistant to renowned Asian art historian, Sherman Lee.
George obtained a BA in Comparative Religion from UC Berkeley (1969), and an MFA in Film Production from San Francisco State University (1972).
He taught film editing at Film Arts Foundation in San Francisco from 1982 to 1997, and general cinema courses to undergraduates at San Francisco State University in 1996 and at UC Davis in 1998.
He once said, "I am interested in people who can find happiness in creating their own world. That is true of mathematicians and romance writers. These people are creating universes different from where they live." In 2009 he received the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics (JPBM) Communications Award for his work showing the process of mathematical thinking through the medium of film.
Csicsery has written about the difficulties of being a displaced person after WWII, and about his two brothers−one of whom fought in the Hungarian Revolution.
Reception
Writing in Nature Magazine Davide Castelvecchi said, "Csicsery has carved a niche as a maker of compelling films about mathematicians".
Beginning in March 2022, as part of the celebration of Women's History Month, Secrets of the Surface: The Mathematical Vision of Maryam Mirzakhani will be shown on more than 300 PBS stations.
Filmography
Songs Along |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20Processes | Point Processes is a book on the mathematics of point processes, randomly located sets of points on the real line or in other geometric spaces. It was written by David Cox and Valerie Isham, and published in 1980 by Chapman & Hall in their Monographs on Applied Probability and Statistics book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
Although Point Processes covers some of the general theory of point processes, that is not its main focus, and it avoids any discussion of statistical inference involving these processes. Instead, its aim is to present the properties and descriptions of several specific processes arising in applications of this theory, which had not been previously collected in texts in this area.
Three of its six chapters concern more general material, while the final three are more specific. The first chapter includes introductory material on standard processes: Poisson point processes, renewal processes, self-exciting processes, and doubly stochastic processes. The second chapter provides some general theory including stationarity, orderliness (meaning that the probability of multiple arrivals in short intervals is sublinear in the interval length), Palm distributions, Fourier analysis, and probability-generating functions. Chapter four (the third of the more general chapters) concerns point process operations, methods of modifying or combining point processes to generate other processes.
Chapter three, the first of the three chapters on more specific models, is titled "Special models". The special models that it covers include non-stationary Poisson processes, compound Poisson processes, and the Moran process, along with additional treatment of doubly stochastic processes and renewal processes. Until this point, the book focuses on point processes on the real line (possibly also with a time dimension), but the two final chapters c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20modulation | Spatial modulation is a technique that enables modulation over space, across different antennas (radio) at a transmitter. Unlike multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) wireless (where all the transmitting antennas are active and transmitting digital modulated symbols such as phase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation), in spatial modulation, only a single antenna among all transmitting antennas is active and transmitting, while all other remaining transmitting antennas sit idle. The duty of the receiver (information theory) is: to estimate the active antenna index at the transmitter and to decode the symbol sent by the transmitting antenna.
Both processes carry a message bit. Since only one transmitting antenna is active at a particular instant, one single RF chain for the active antenna is required, unlike MIMO systems in which NT (number of transmitting antennas) antennas are active and correspondingly NT number of RF chains are required. RF chains are costly, which makes spatial modulation (SM) much cheaper to implement. Conventional MIMO systems suffer from problems such as inter-antenna interference and transmit antenna synchronization issues because all transmitting antennas are active.
Procedure
In SM, a series of information bits come to the transmitter. The transmitter divides the incoming bits in a chunk of k+l bits, where k is an exponent of two used for deciding the antenna index from which the l bits will be transmitted after applying an M-ary transmission or modulation scheme. In fact, only l bits are transmitted practically, since the antenna index also carries information of k bits, hence in total k+l bits will be decoded at the receiver.
Example
An SM transmitter with NT=2 antennas uses a binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulator. In that case, the transmitter can transmit a BPSK symbol by performing BPSK modulation, which will carry a message bit. The antenna index from which the BPSK symbol is transmitted carries an additional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specificity%20%28symbiosis%29 | Specificity in symbiosis refers to the taxonomic range with which an organism associates in a symbiosis. In a symbiosis between a larger organism such as a plant or an animal (called host) and a microorganism (called symbiont) specificity can be looked at both from the perspective of the host i.e. how many different species of symbionts does the host associate with (symbiont specificity), as well as from the perspective of the symbiont i.e. how many different host species can a symbiont associate with (host specificity).
There are two major approaches to determine specificity, the field based (ecological) approach and the physiological (experimental) approach. In the field based approach specificity is assessed by determining the natural range of hosts or symbionts an organism associates with. In the physiological approach combinations of potential symbiotic partners are brought together artificially in the laboratory and the successful establishment of symbiosis is assessed. For example, while in the laboratory the midgut crypts of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris can be colonized by a large diversity of bacterial species in nature it only occurs with one specific Burkholderia species.
References
Symbiosis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset%20flip | An asset flip is a type of shovelware in which a video game developer legally purchases pre-made assets and uses them to create numerous permutations of generic games and sell them at low prices. While not technically illegal, they tend to be viewed by gamers as uncreative, and as diverting attention from less popular high-quality titles. Asset flips have been noted to be a problem on many online distribution platforms, especially Steam. The Nintendo Switch eShop has also been accused of allowing the sale of asset flips.
As mobile gaming became popular during the 2010s, app stores such as the Android Store have predominantly featured games which utilize "knockoffs" of popular IPs in a similar format.
Definition
The term "asset flip" was coined by games journalist James Stephanie Sterling around 2015. The term is largely applied in a pejorative sense, referring to low quality games produced using pre-made assets. Vice referred to such titles as "cobbled together, barely-functioning games". The meaning of the term received considerable debate after the launch of PUBG in 2017, as while the game made use of pre-made assets, it was successful and influential in the development of battle royale as a genre.
History
The asset flip game rose to prominence in the 2010s with the advent of pre-made royalty-free assets. The Unity store launched in 2010, and Unity acknowledged the problem of "flips" in a 2015 blog post, and Sterling's initial coining of the term took place around this time. In February 2017, developers Digital Homicide Studios were accused of creating asset flips by Sterling, who reviewed one of their games, The Slaughtering Grounds. In response, they sued Sterling for US$10 million, as well as anonymous Steam users for US$18 million. These lawsuits were dismissed, and the developer's games were removed from Steam for violating their terms of service.
In September 2017, Steam removed 173 asset flip titles released by the studio Silicon Echo and associated |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin%20shrink%20small%20outline%20package | The Thin Shrink Small Outline Package (TSSOP) is a rectangular surface mount plastic integrated circuit (IC) package with gull-wing leads.
Application
They are suited for applications requiring 1 mm or less mounted height and are commonly used in analog and operation amplifiers, controllers and Drivers, Logic, Memory, and RF/Wireless, Disk drives, video/audio and consumer electronics.
Physical properties
The Thin shrink small outline package has a smaller body and smaller lead pitch than the standard SOIC package. It is also smaller and thinner than a TSOP with the same lead count. Body widths are 3.0 mm, 4.4 mm and 6.1 mm. The lead counts range from 8 to 80 pins. The lead pitches are 0.5 or 0.65 mm.
Exposed Pad
Some TSSOP packages have an exposed pad. This is a rectangular metal pad on the bottom side of the package. The exposed pad will be soldered on the pcb to transfer heat from the package to the pcb. In most applications, the exposed pad is connected to ground.
HTSSOP
The Heat sink thin shrink small outline package (HTSSOP) is Texas Instruments name for a TSSOP with an exposed pad on the bottom side. There are some other manufacturers who use the same name.
See also
List of integrated circuit packaging types
Small outline integrated circuit
Similar package types
Shrink Small Outline Package
Mini Small Outline Package
Small outline integrated circuit
References
External links
Soldering a TSSOP chip by hand
Semiconductor packages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Geometry%20of%20Numbers | The Geometry of Numbers is a book on the geometry of numbers, an area of mathematics in which the geometry of lattices, repeating sets of points in the plane or higher dimensions, is used to derive results in number theory. It was written by Carl D. Olds, Anneli Cahn Lax, and Giuliana Davidoff, and published by the Mathematical Association of America in 2000 as volume 41 of their Anneli Lax New Mathematical Library book series.
Authorship and publication history
The Geometry of Numbers is based on a book manuscript that Carl D. Olds, a New Zealand-born mathematician working in California at San Jose State University, was still writing when he died in 1979. Anneli Cahn Lax, the editor of the New Mathematical Library of the Mathematical Association of America, took up the task of editing it, but it remained unfinished when she died in 1999. Finally, Giuliana Davidoff took over the project, and saw it through to publication in 2000.
Topics
The Geometry of Numbers is relatively short, and is divided into two parts. The first part applies number theory to the geometry of lattices, and the second applies results on lattices to number theory. Topics in the first part include the relation between the maximum distance between parallel lines that are not separated by any point of a lattice and the slope of the lines, Pick's theorem relating the area of a lattice polygon to the number of lattice points it contains, and the Gauss circle problem of counting lattice points in a circle centered at the origin of the plane.
The second part begins with Minkowski's theorem, that centrally symmetric convex sets of large enough area (or volume in higher dimensions) necessarily contain a nonzero lattice point. It applies this to Diophantine approximation, the problem of accurately approximating one or more irrational numbers by rational numbers. After another chapter on the linear transformations of lattices, the book studies the problem of finding the smallest nonzero values of quadr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Faraday%20Institution | The Faraday Institution is a British research institute aiming to advance battery science and technology. It was established in 2017 as part of the UK's wider Faraday Battery Challenge. It states its mission as having four key areas: "electrochemical energy storage research, skills development, market analysis and early-stage commercialisation". The Institution is headquartered at the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus near Oxford. It is a limited company and is a registered charity with an independent board of trustees.
Name
The Faraday Institution is named after Michael Faraday, an English scientist who contributed to the basic understanding of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He popularised the now common battery terminology "anode", "cathode", "electrode" and "ion". Faraday lectured on education at the Royal Institution in 1854 and appeared before a Public Schools Commission to give his views on education in Great Britain. Between 1827 and 1860 at the Royal Institution, Faraday presented nineteen Christmas lectures for young people. The Royal Institution Christmas Lectures series continues today, broadcast on the BBC.
Following this tradition, the Faraday Institution runs education and public engagement activities. In 2019, it launched a public discussion series on batteries with the Royal Institution and continued the programme in 2020, 2021 and 2022.
Research programmes
The Faraday Institution currently focuses on research in lithium-ion batteries, "beyond" lithium-ion battery technologies and energy storage for emerging economies. Research is conducted in multidisciplinary teams with expertise that ranges across chemical engineering, chemistry, data and computer science, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, law, materials science, maths and physics.
Lithium ion
Battery degradation
Multi-scale modelling
Battery recycling and reuse
Electrode manufacturing
Cathode materials
Battery safety
Beyond Lithium ion
Solid-stat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot-die%20coating | Slot-die coating is a coating technique for the application of solution, slurry, or extruded thin films onto typically flat substrates such as glass, metal, paper, fabric or plastic foils. The process was first developed for the industrial production of photographic papers in the 1950's. It has since become relevant in numerous commercial processes and nanomaterials related research fields.
Slot-die coating produces thin films via solution processing. The desired coating material is typically dissolved or suspended into a precursor solution or slurry (sometimes referred to as "ink") and delivered onto the surface of the substrate through a precise coating head known as a slot-die. The slot-die has a high aspect ratio outlet controlling the final delivery of the coating liquid onto the substrate. This results in the continuous production of a wide layer of coated material on the substrate, with adjustable width depending on the dimensions of the slot-die outlet. By closely controlling the rate of solution deposition and the relative speed of the substrate, slot-die coating affords thin material coatings with easily controllable thicknesses in the range of 10 nanometers to hundreds of micrometers after evaporation of the precursor solvent.
Commonly cited benefits of the slot-die coating process include its pre-metered thickness control, non-contact coating mechanism, high material efficiency, scalability of coating areas and throughput speeds, and roll-to-roll compatibility. The process also allows for a wide working range of layer thickness and precursor solution properties such as material choice, viscosity, and solids content. Commonly cited drawbacks of the slot-die coating process include its comparatively high complexity of apparatus and process optimization relative to similar coating techniques such as blade coating and spin coating. Furthermore, slot-die coating falls into the category of coating processes rather than printing processes. It is therefore bet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Themis%20programme | The Themis programme is an ongoing European Space Agency programme that is developing a prototype reusable rocket first stage and plans to conduct demonstration flights. The prototype rocket will also be called Themis, with flights slated to begin as early as 2023.
Context
Themis is expected to provide valuable information on the economic value of reusability for the European government space program and develop technologies for potential use on future European launch vehicles.
Themis will be powered by the ESA's Prometheus rocket engine.
Two possible landing sites have been mentioned in discussions surrounding the project:
The former Diamant launch complex, which will be used for the flight testing phase;
The Ariane 5 launch complex, which will become available after the transition from the Ariane 5 to the next-generation Ariane 6.
The estimated program timeline, , is as follows:
2020: Basic stage testing, composed of tank filling and ground support equipment tests.
2021: Prometheus engine testing
2022: Low-altitude hop tests (short flights up from and down to the launch site)
2023: Initial flight test
2023–2024: Loop tests (repeated flights of the reusable demonstration vehicle)
2025: Full flight envelope test
Suborbital flight tests are slated to begin as early as 2023 at Europe's Spaceport in Kourou, French Guiana.
Eventually, lessons learned with Themis' development will pave the way for developing the European reusable launcher Ariane Next, which should first fly in the 2030s.
History
On 15 December 2020, ESA signed a contract worth €33 million with prime contractor ArianeGroup in France for the ‘Themis Initial Phase’. This first phase of the Themis programme involves development of the flight vehicle technologies and test bench and static fire demonstrations in Vernon, France. It also includes the preparation of the ground segment at the Esrange Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden, for the first hop tests and any associated flight vehicle modifica |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindh%20Barrage | <noinclude>
Sindh Barrage is a proposed project in Sindh, Pakistan that will be constructed on the River Indus in between the Kotri Barrage and the Indus River outfall into the Arabian Sea.
The barrage site is proposed to be located about 30 km upstream the Indus River outfall from the Arabian Sea, 10 km east of Baghan village, 75 km south of Thatta city & 105 km east of Karachi city in the province of Sindh. The plan is to construct a twelve meter high barrage with dykes on both banks in flood plain that would be four to nine metres high. The reservoir in flood plain from the barrage would be 160km upstream to prevent sea intrusion into the Indus River. There will be two canals on each side for irrigation and drinking water in the coastal area up to Dhabeji and Tharparkar. The project study will be completed in September 2021 and construction work is expected to start in January, 2022 and will finish December, 2024 and will cost about 125 billion Pakistani Rupees or about 750 million US Dollars. The barrage will irrigate about 55,000 acres of land that has been lost due to desertification and high soil salinity. The barrage will also bring farming and agriculture production back to these desolated areas and help facilitate the diminishing maritime flora and fauna.
See also
List of barrages and headworks in Pakistan
List of dams and reservoirs in Pakistan
List of power stations in Pakistan
References
External links
WAPDA: Sindh barrage project status
Dams in Sindh
Tidal barrages
Irrigation projects
Irrigation in Pakistan
Proposed dams
Dams on the Indus River |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corestriction | In mathematics, a corestriction of a function is a notion analogous to the notion of a restriction of a function. The duality prefix co- here denotes that while the restriction changes the domain to a subset, the corestriction changes the codomain to a subset. However, the notions are not categorically dual.
Given any subset we can consider the corresponding inclusion of sets as a function. Then for any function , the restriction of a function onto can be defined as the composition .
Analogously, for an inclusion the corestriction of onto is the unique
function such that there is a decomposition . The corestriction exists if and only if contains the image of . In particular, the corestriction onto the image always exists and it is sometimes simply called the corestriction of . More generally, one can consider corestriction of a morphism in general categories with images. The term is well known in category theory, while rarely used in print.
Andreotti introduces the above notion under the name coastriction, while the name corestriction reserves to the notion categorically dual to the notion of a restriction. Namely, if is a surjection of sets (that is a quotient map) then Andreotti considers the composition , which surely always exists.
References
Set theory
Functions and mappings
Category theory
Hopf algebras
Abelian group theory
Mathematics articles needing expert attention |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest%20Landscape%20Integrity%20Index | The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification. Created by a team of 48 scientists, the FLII, in its measurement of 300m pixels of forest across the globe, finds that ~17.4 million km2 of forest has high landscape-level integrity (with a score from 9.6–10), compared to ~14.6 million with medium integrity (6–9.6) and ~12.2 million km2 with low integrity (0–6).
The FLII finds that most remaining high-integrity forest landscapes are found in Canada, Russia, Rocky Mountains, Alaska, the Amazon, the Guianas, southern Chile, Central Africa, and New Guinea. Low integrity forests, on the other hand, are found in Western and Central Europe, the American Southwest, South-East Asia west of New Guinea, the Andes, much of China and India, the Albertine Rift, West Africa, Mesoamerica, and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil.
The results are meant to help decision-makers at all levels achieve their commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Forest Integrity
An ecosystem is considered to have integrity when its structure, composition, and ecological processes are within their natural range.
Country rankings
172 countries have been ranked:
Background
The index was authored by a global team of forest conservation experts, including:
See also
Intact forest landscape
List of countries by forest area
References
External links
Official site & map
Biodiversity
Sustainable forest management
Environmental terminology
Forest conservation
Environmental indices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NordLocker | NordLocker is a file encryption software integrated with end-to-end encrypted cloud storage. It is available on Windows and macOS. NordLocker is developed by Nord Security, a company behind the NordVPN virtual private network, and is based in the UK and the Netherlands.
NordLocker uses a freemium business model, where users are offered a free account with unlimited local file encryption and a set amount of cloud storage with sync and backup features. More cloud storage is available via a paid subscription.
History
In May 2019, NordVPN announced the upcoming launch of NordLocker, “an app with a zero-knowledge encryption process”. Although the initial estimated time of arrival was summer 2019, the actual launch took place in November. The app was launched as a local file encryption tool with secure sharing. Users were able to encrypt up to 5 GB of data for free or pay for unlimited encryption.
In March 2020, NordLocker announced newly implemented cloud sharing integrations with Dropbox and Google Drive.
In August 2020, NordLocker launched a cloud storage add-on, a feature allowing users to back up their data and synchronize it across multiple devices.
Features
NordLocker is an encryption software with cloud integration. The software uses so called "lockers" - encrypted folders to encrypt and store user files. Users can create an unlimited number of lockers, drop files in to encrypt them, and transfer lockers separately.
The app uses client-side encryption to secure files on the user's device first. It's a zero-knowledge encryption system, where the developers have no data about users' files. After the encryption process, the user can decide whether to store data locally or sync it via NordLocker’s cloud. NordLocker syncs files via a private cloud, so they can be accessed from any computer with the NordLocker app installed.
The program uses AES-256 and 4096-bit RSA encryption algorithms as well as Argon2 and ECC (with XChaCha20, EdDSA, and Poly1305). NordLocke |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20pandemic | The COVID-19 pandemic has created and popularized many terms relating to disease and videoconferencing.
A
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External links
Glossary on the COVID-19 pandemic - Government of Canada
Lang, Cady (December 14, 2020). "Social Distancing, Doomscroll and Defund: The Words That Defined 2020". Time.
Glossaries of biology
COVID-19 pandemic
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumeration%20reducibility | In computability theory and computational complexity theory, enumeration reducibility is a method of reduction that determines if there is some effective procedure for determining enumerability between sets of natural numbers. An enumeration in the context of e-reducibility is a listing of the elements in a particular set, or collection of items, though not necessarily ordered or complete.
E-reducibility is a form of positive reducibility, meaning that only positive information is processed. Positive information denotes the logic syntax for "and" () and "or" (). The syntax for negation, "not" () is not included or used.
According to Hartley Rogers Jr., an intuitive model that can be used to explain e-reducibility is as follows:Let sets and be given. Consider a procedure that is determined by a finite set of instructions in the following way. A computation is begun. The computation proceeds algorithmically except that, from time to time, the computing agent may be requested to obtain an “input" integer, and, from time to time the procedure yields an “output” integer. When an input is requested, any integer, or no integer, may be supplied. Assume that when the members of are supplied, in any order whatsoever as inputs, then the computation always eventually yields the set , in some order, as outputs. The order in which the members of appear may vary as the order of inputs varies. (We permit repetitions in the listing of and in the listing of .) If such a procedure exists we say that is enumeration reducible to .The concept of e-reducibility was first introduced by the results of John Myhill, which concluded that "a set is many-one complete if and only if it is recursively enumerable and its complement is productive". This result extends to e-reducibility as well. E-reducibility was later formally codified by Rogers and his collaborator Richard M. Friedberg in Zeitschrift für mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik (the predecessor of Mathematical Log |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blichfeldt%27s%20theorem | Blichfeldt's theorem is a mathematical theorem in the geometry of numbers, stating that whenever a bounded set in the Euclidean plane has area , it can be translated so that it includes at least points of the integer lattice. Equivalently, every bounded set of area contains a set of points whose coordinates all differ by integers.
This theorem can be generalized to other lattices and to higher dimensions, and can be interpreted as a continuous version of the pigeonhole principle. It is named after Danish-American mathematician Hans Frederick Blichfeldt, who published it in 1914. Some sources call it Blichfeldt's principle or Blichfeldt's lemma.
Statement and proof
The theorem can be stated most simply for points in the Euclidean plane, and for the integer lattice in the plane. For this version of the theorem, let be any measurable set, let denote its area, and round this number up to the next integer value, . Then Blichfeldt's theorem states that can be translated so that its translated copy contains at least points with integer coordinates.
The basic idea of the proof is to cut into pieces according to the squares of the integer lattice, and to translate each of those pieces by an integer amount so that it lies within the unit square having the origin as its lower right corner. This translation may cause some pieces of the unit square to be covered more than once, but if the combined area of the translated pieces is counted with multiplicity it remains unchanged, equal to . On the other hand, if the whole unit square were covered with multiplicity its area would be , less than . Therefore, some point of the unit square must be covered with multiplicity at least . A translation that takes to the origin will also take all of the points of that covered to integer points, which is what was required.
More generally, the theorem applies to -dimensional sets , with -dimensional volume , and to an arbitrary -dimensional lattice (a set of points in -dimen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi%20Fukami | Tadashi Fukami is an associate Professor of Biology and community ecologist at Stanford University. He is currently the head of Fukami Lab which is a community ecology research group that focuses on "historical contingency in the assembly of ecological communities." Fukami is an elected Fellow of the Ecological Society of America.
Early life and education
In an interview with Oikos Editorial Office, Fukami explains that even though he grew up near Tokyo, he would visit Wakayama with his family for vacation several times a year, sparking his interest in nature.
Fukami received his Bachelor's degree from Waseda University in 1996, his Master's degree at the University of Tokyo in 1998, and his Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in 2003.
Career and research
Fukami was a postdoctoral fellow at Landcare Research in New Zealand from 2003-2005. He then went on to be an assistant professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa from 2006-2008. He has been at Stanford University since 2008.
Fukami's work has aimed to better understand how patterns of species immigration into communities, including via dispersal, influences community assembly. In 2019, he was elected as a fellow to the Ecological Society of America for his "contributions to advancing community, ecosystem, and evolutionary ecology through a novel focus on historical contingency in community assembly". His work has also explored how historical contingency and priority effects influences the function as well as the structure of ecological communities.
Notable publications
Fukami's research on community ecology, community assembly, alternate stable states and historical contingency has been published in multiple academic journals. Below, some of his most-cited papers are listed.
Selected publications
McFall-Ngai, M., Hadfield, M.G., Bosch, T.C., Carey, H.V., Domazet-Lošo, T., Douglas, A.E., Dubilier, N., Eberl, G., Fukami, T., Gilbert, S.F. and Hentsche |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots%20Unravelled | Knots Unravelled: From String to Mathematics is a book on the mathematics of knots, intended for schoolchildren and other non-mathematicians. It was written by mathematician Meike Akveld and mathematics publisher Andrew Jobbings, and published in 2011 by Arbelos, Jobbings's firm.
Topics
The main problem studied in the book is the use of knot invariants to test whether a loop is knotted or distinguish knots from each other. It has seven short chapters, separated by "interludes" providing examples including Celtic knots, knotted papercraft, neckties, ropework, torus knots, and a form of the trefoil knot that can only sit on a plane with two points in contact. Small exercises, called "tasks" and often involving practical experiments rather than mathematical calculation, are scattered throughout the book, with answers at the end.
The first chapter is introductory, and the second describes knot diagrams and the Reidemeister moves that change one diagram to another without changing the underlying knot. The next three chapters discuss particular knot invariants. These begin with the crossing number of a knot, the minimum number of crossings in its diagrams. Chapter four discusses another invariant, the unknotting number, the minimum number of local changes to a diagram that can unknot a given knot, while also discussing chirality (the phenomenon of a knot being different from its mirror image) and composite knots. Chapter five covers tricolorability, an invariant defined by coloring the arcs of a diagram according to certain rules. Chapter six generalizes the problem from knots to links, systems of more than two loops that cannot be separated from each other. The final chapter, necessarily more mathematical than the others, is on the Jones polynomial.
Other material in the book includes historical asides, pointers to research topics, many illustrations, and an appendix with a table of small knots.
Audience and reception
This book is unusual among books on knot theory, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20War%20II%3A%20TCG | World War II: TCG is a free-to-play, online turn-based digital collectible card game developed and published by FrozenShard Games. The game was released on March 6, 2014 for iOS, June 19, 2014 for Android, and February 23, 2019 for Steam. It is the first release from FrozenShard Games, which was founded on September 24, 2012 by three former Blizzard Entertainment employees and was created following a successful Kickstarter campaign.
World War II: TCG is based on the events of World War II.
Gameplay
As of 2015, World War II: TCG allows players to join five different distinct factions including: The Germans, Russians, Japanese, Americans, and the British. Players can enjoy the game in a variety of ways by playing in a single player mode, online co-op, an online PvP mode, and even a cross-platform PvP mode so players can play each other on a variety of different consoles.
World War II: TCG contains four major types of cards in: Units, Items, Orders, and Commands. Each card type is based on World War II technology, such as the Japanese A6M Zero plane and Tiger tank.
The game has a unique resource system in which the player starts with three action points that can be used to play cards from their first turn onwards. Players can use their action points to promote units and become more powerful; a card that starts as an infantry unit gains more attack power, health, and abilities after being promoted. If a card is destroyed, it returns to the player's deck and may be drawn again in its promoted state.
And though World War II: TCG had a good fan base behind it, as of October 3, FrozenShard announed the official end of the game itself. Due to the fact that Gamesparks, the backend provider of FrozenShard, ultimately decided to end their services. And with no other viable options/services to be able to support the game, FrozenShard in turn ultimately decided to shut down the game.
Expansions
Release dates in chronological order:
Sea Lords - Added ships and submarin |
Subsets and Splits
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