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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Worthington | Brian Worthington (9 June 1938 – 9 December 2007) was the first radiologist to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and is acknowledged as a pioneer in clinical magnetic resonance imaging. He was born in Oldham, England and was educated at Hulme Grammar School, training at Guy's Hospital after graduating in physiology and medicine. After graduation his career developed rapidly, particularly in the field of MRI research and he was subsequently admitted as a Fellow of the Royal College of Radiologists.
Early career
From grammar school he won a scholarship to Guy's Hospital, where he won three major prizes in medicine and graduated with MB BS in medicine and BSc (Hons) in physiology. After his medical training, he worked at Guy's Hospital and then moved from London and worked as a consultant radiologist in Nottingham and Derby hospitals and from 1971 as a consultant neuroradiologist. He was part of the developing medical school in the then recently built Queen's Medical Centre (QMC) teaching hospital Nottingham, and formed a close working relationship with Rex Coupland who was Foundation Professor in the University of Nottingham Department of Human Morphology. In 1975, he was appointed as a Reader in the Department of Human Morphology and in 1981 as Professor of Diagnostic Radiology.
MRI development
Although primarily a neuroradiologist, he was also interested in neuroimaging of the brain and when the University of Nottingham became a centre of early MRI development, it quickly became apparent that there was a need for accurate correlation of magnetic resonance images with anatomical structures and Worthington was considered to be the local expert. Raymond Andrew's research group had published small novel cross sectional images of fruit and also a human wrist in the scientific journal Nature and it was with this group that he made his first clinical evaluations in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging. When the research group scaled up to whole body imaging experim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual%20futures | In finance, a perpetual futures contract, also known as a perpetual swap, is an agreement to non-optionally buy or sell an asset at an unspecified point in the future. Perpetual futures are cash-settled, and differ from regular futures in that they lack a pre-specified delivery date, and can thus be held indefinitely without the need to roll over contracts as they approach expiration. Payments are periodically exchanged between holders of the two sides of the contracts, long and short, with the direction and magnitude of the settlement based on the difference between the contract price and that of the underlying asset, as well as, if applicable, the difference in leverage between the two sides.
Perpetual futures were first proposed by economist Robert Shiller in 1992, to enable derivatives markets for illiquid assets. However, perpetual futures markets have only developed for cryptocurrencies, with specific "inverse perpetual" type being invented by Alexey Bragin in 2011 for ICBIT exchange first, following their wider adoption in 2016 by other derivatives exchanges like BitMEX., Kraken Cryptocurrency perpetuals are characterised by the availability of high leverage, sometimes over 100 times the margin, and by the use of auto-deleveraging, which compels high-leverage, profitable traders to forfeit a portion of their profits to cover the losses of the other side during periods of high market volatility, as well as insurance funds, pools of assets intended to prevent the need for auto-deleveraging. Prior to spread of stablecoins in cryptomarkets all perpetual futures traded on unlicensed crypto exchanges were inverse (non-linear) futures contract, with asset being US dollar, and the price being quoted in US dollars for 1 Bitcoin. The contract is called non-linear inverse bitcoin futures because of the added non-linearity in the calculation. This makes the contract useful as a financial instrument and enables to do all accounting in Bitcoin at the same time, unlike qu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Zoologist%27s%20Guide%20to%20the%20Galaxy | The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy. What Animals on Earth Reveal about Aliens – and Ourselves is a 2020 popular science book by the Cambridge University zoologist Arik Kershenbaum. It discusses the possible nature of life on other planets, based on the study of animal life on Earth.
The book argues that the evolutionary processes that are observed operating on Earth are universal, and a necessary requirement for the presence of complex life on any planet. As a result, many aspects of animal behavior are likely to be present in the equivalent lifeforms on alien planets. This includes certain features of social behavior, communication, and movement, the evolutionary origin of which on Earth is underpinned by universal processes.
The book has been praised by critics for its accessibility and engaging conversational tone, and described by Richard Dawkins as "A wonderfully insightful sidelong look at Earthly biology".
Author
Kershenbaum is a College Lecturer at Girton College, University of Cambridge, and an academic visitor at the Department of Zoology. He studies animal communication and particularly the vocal communication of wolves and dolphins.
Book
Context
Although the field of astrobiology usually investigates possibilities of simple lifeforms that may exist on alien planets, The Zoologist's Guide to the Galaxy considers the possibilities of complex life, and in particular, life that might be considered as animal life. The book begins by laying out the argument that evolution by natural selection is the only mechanism by which complex life can evolve. It then examines the implications of natural selection for life on other planets. The book ends by examining the question of whether humanity is a parochial Earth-centric concept, or whether intelligent alien life should also be considered human.
The book draws on the work of paleontologist Simon Conway Morris on convergent evolution, and on Universal Darwinism, popularised by Richard Dawkins.
Contents
1. I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe%20%28platform%29 | Universe (stylized as UNIVERSE; ) was a Korean mobile app and web platform created by the video game developer NCSoft and operated by its entertainment subsidiary Klap.
The global K-pop entertainment platform revealed all 38 participating artists individually from November 12, 2020, to August 29, 2022. The platform officially closed and its service was transferred to Dear U bubble on February 17, 2023.
Development
Ahead of its launch day, Universe surpassed four million pre-registered users on both the App Store and Google Play. As of January 2021, K-pop fans from 188 countries around the world including South Korea, the United States, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Brazil completed pre-registration with 80% of these users residing overseas. Two months after its launch, Universe achieved more than five million global downloads with a total 692 exclusive contents released. Four months after its launch, the K-pop entertainment platform surpassed ten million downloads.
Within ten months of its release, Universe surpassed 20 million downloads. The proportion of overseas users increased to 89% while the total number of original content released rose to 5,122 with a cumulative view count of 21.46 million. As of July 2022, after the Universe service completely reorganized, with a total of 6,288 original contents, the monthly revisit rate increased 10 times, the cumulative number of views reached 24 million, and the number of global downloads exceeded 24 million.
Artists
Current
Astro
Ateez
Brave Girls
CIX
Choi Ye-na
DKZ
Drippin
Epex
Ghost9
(G)I-dle
Ha Sung-woon
Heo Young-ji
Iz*One
Jo Yu-ri
Kang Daniel
Kard
Kep1er
Kim Bum
Kwon Eun-bi
Lee Dong-wook
Park Ji-hoon
Ren
Viviz
WEi
Weki Meki
Wonho
Yoo Yeon-seok
Youngjae (Got7)
Former
Oh My Girl
Yerin
SF9
The Boyz
Lightsum
AB6IX
Monsta X
WJSN
Cravity
Ive
Universe Originals
Series
Kang Daniel – Agent Blackjack K (10 Episodes)
Monsta X – Area 51: The Code (10 Episodes)
Iz*One – Fantastic I*z: Hidden School (10 Episo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN%2066303 | The German standard DIN 66303 is a character set standard, which is used for character encoding in computer systems. The standard DIN 66303 bears the title "Information Technology: 8-Bit-Code" and was established in November 1986 (DIN 66303:1986-11). The most recent edition is from June 2000 (DIN 66303:2000-06).
The character set of the 2000 edition (DIN 66303:2000-06) corresponds in layout and repertoire to the international standard ISO/IEC 8859-1. The still often-used forerunner DIN 66303:1986-11 specified two code pages, the General Reference Version of the 8-Bit-Code (, ARV8) and the German Reference Version of the 8-Bit-Code (, DRV8).
DRV8 is an extension of DIN 66003 (the German adaptation of ISO/IEC 646) with European characters, whereas ARV8 represents a re-arrangement of the DIN 66003 characters to their internationally used (ISO-8859-1 or DEC MCS) code points.
Tables for the 1986 edition
DIN 66303:1986-11 – German Reference Version of the 8-bit Code (DRV8)
The DRV8 code corresponds to ISO-8859-1 with certain characters swapped, such as to make it an extension of DIN 66003 as opposed to of ASCII.
DIN 66303:1986-11 – General Reference Version of the 8-Bit-Code (ARV8)
The name "ARV8" is associated with ISO-8859-1 without rearrangement. Shown below is the common subset of the Latin parts of ISO 8859, which corresponds to the definition of ARV8 in the 1986 edition of DIN 66303.
References
Character encoding
ISO/IEC 8859
66303 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrospinota | Nitrospinota is a bacterial phylum. Despite only few described species, members of this phylum are major nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in surface waters in oceans. By oxidation of nitrite to nitrate they are important in the process of nitrification in marine environments.
Although genus Nitrospina is aerobic bacterium, it was shown to oxidize nitrite also in oxygen minimum zone of the ocean. Depletion of oxygen in such zones leads to preference of anaerobic processes such as denitrification and nitrogen loss through anammox. Nitrospina thus outweigh nitrogen loss by nitrification also in these oxygen depleted zones.
Among the cultivated isolates within the genus Nitrospina are Nitrospina gracilis and Nitrospina watsonii. Further genomes were resolved by culture-independent metagenome binning. The two Nitrospina species are, however, distantly related to environmentally abundant uncultured Nitrospinota. The two other strains were cultivated in 2020 each in the binary culture with alphaproteobacterial heterotroph. They are called "Candidatus Nitrohelix vancouverensis" and "Candidatus Nitronauta litoralis". "Nitrohelix vancouverensis" is closely related to uncultivated environmentally abundant Nitrospinota clades 1 and 2.
Taxonomy
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Phylum Nitrospinota Lücker et al. 2021
Class "Nitrospinia" Lücker et al. 2013
Order "Nitrospinales" Lücker et al. 2013
Family Nitrospinaceae Garrity, Bell & Lilburn 2006
Genus "Candidatus Nitrohelix" Mueller et al. 2021
"Ca. N. vancouverensis" Mueller et al. 2021
Genus "Candidatus Nitromaritima" Ngugi et al. 2016
Genus "Candidatus Nitronauta" Mueller et al. 2021
"Ca. N. litoralis" Mueller et al. 2021
Genus Nitrospina Watson & Waterbury 1971
N. gracilis Watson & Waterbury 1971
"N. watsonii" Spieck et al. 2014
References
Nitrogen cycle
Bacteria phyla
Bacteria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-personal%20data | Non-Personal Data (NPD) is electronic data that does not contain any information that can be used to identify a natural person. Thus, it can either be data that has no personal information to begin with (such as weather data, stock prices, data from anonymous IoT sensors); or it is data that had personal data that was subsequently pseudoanonymized (for example, identifiable strings substituted with random strings) or anonymized (such as by irreversibly removing all personal data). NPD is part of the overall Data Governance Strategy of a region or country. While personal data are covered by Data Protection Legislation such as GDPR, other kinds of data would fall under the scope of NPD Regulation.
Importance of Non-personal Data
It has been pointed out that the future is data-driven. What this means is that much of the present innovation taking place in domains such as Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence is fueled by data, which is needed for calibrating the complex models (comprising neural network-based as well as other kinds). The larger the volume, diversity and quality of the data, the higher is the quality of the model, leading to better predictions and explanations.
However, there is a flip-side to data availability. The newly-emerging awareness of privacy and the consequent need for powerful Data Protection Regulations (such as GDPR) makes it increasingly difficult or impossible to obtain data in the quantities required. This is a contradiction, and the only way out would be to remove all personal data from data sets (either by Data anonymization or Pseudonymization coupled with noise injection, at which point it becomes NPD.
Therefore, many innovation-friendly countries are coming out with regulatory regimes that would ensure that personal data is protected, while, at the same time, non-personal data can be extracted from personal data so that innovation is fostered. In other words, NPD 'unlocks' value that was locked away in data sets that have p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seega%20%28game%29 | Seega is an abstract strategy game that originated in Egypt. It can be played on boards with cells in a 5×5, 7×7 or 9×9 disposition. Other names include Seejeh, Siga and Sidjah.
The board starts out empty, and players take turns placing two pieces in any empty cell, excluding the center cell. Then, players move their pieces trying to bound their opponent's pieces to remove them.
The game has been described in literature at least since 1836.
Rules
The game is played by two players, one with dark pieces and the other with clear pieces. Both start with the same number of pieces, equal to half the number of cells in the board minus one cell. Therefore, if the board has 25 cells, each player starts with 12 pieces. If the board has 49 cells, each player starts with 24 pieces. Some Seega boards have an X in the center cell.
Similar to Yoté, the Seega board starts empty, and players may place their pieces in the cells of their own choice.
The game has two stages. In the first, the positioning stage, players place their pieces in the board cells, and cannot place any piece in the center cell. In each turn, each player places two pieces, until they have placed all their pieces.
In the second stage, the moving stage, players move their pieces and capture their opponent's pieces. The first move of player 1 must be moving a piece to the center of the board. Pieces can be moved horizontally or vertically, never diagonally, and cannot jump over other pieces.
To capture a piece, a player must move one of their pieces in such way as to "bound" an opponent piece in one way (either vertically or horizontally). That is, if moving a dark piece results in a clear piece having a dark piece to its right and to its left (that is, the piece that has just been moved and another one), the clear piece will be removed. Same thing happens if the clear piece has a dark piece below and above it. If a player places one of its pieces between two opponent's pieces, nothing happens: captures on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors%20and%20Reflections | Mirrors and Reflections: The Geometry of Finite Reflection Groups is an undergraduate-level textbook on the geometry of reflection groups. It was written by Alexandre V. Borovik and Anna Borovik and published in 2009 by Springer in their Universitext book series. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
Mirrors and Reflections is divided into five major parts, with two appendices. The first part provides background material in affine geometric spaces, geometric transformations,, arrangements of hyperplanes,, and polyhedral cones. The second part introduces the definitions of reflection systems and reflection groups, the special case of dihedral groups, and root systems.
Part III of the book concerns Coxeter complexes, and uses them as the basis for some group theory of reflection groups, including their length functions and parabolic subgroups. Part IV, "the highlight in this book", proves the classification of finite reflection groups and of root systems. The final part of the book studies in more detail and through more elementary methods the three-dimensional finite reflection groups and the symmetries of the regular icosahedron. Appendices provide suggestions for mathematical visualization, and list hints and solutions for exercises.
Audience and reception
Mirrors and Reflections is aimed at undergraduate mathematics students, and uses an intuitive and heavily visual approach suitable for that level. its readers are expected to already have a solid background in linear algebra and some group theory. Reviewer Gizem Karaali recommends the book, both as a textbook for a "capstone" undergraduate course, and as individual reading for students interested in this topic.
Related works
There are several other standard textbooks on reflection groups, including Groupes et algèbres de Lie, Chapitres 4, 5 et 6 (Bourbaki, 1968), Finite Reflection Groups (L. C. G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20of%20Probability%20Measures | Convergence of Probability Measures
is a graduate textbook in the field of mathematical probability theory.
It was written by Patrick Billingsley and published by Wiley in 1968. A second edition in 1999 both simplified its treatment of previous topics and updated the book for more recent developments. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries. Readers are expected to already be familiar with both the fundamentals of probability theory and the topology of metric spaces.
The subject weak convergence of measures involves
rigorous study of how a continuous time (or space) stochastic process arises as a
scaling limit of a discrete time (or space) process.
A fundamental example, Donsker's theorem, is convergence of
rescaled random walk to Brownian motion.
The mathematical theory, combining probability and functional analysis,
was first developed in the 1950s by Skorokhod and Prokhorov, but was regarded as a specialized advanced topic. This book's contribution was a self-contained treatment at a useful basic level of abstraction, that of Polish space. It covers key theory tools such as Prokhorov's theorem on relative compactness of measures and the Skorokhod space of càdlàg functions. The second edition includes
Skorokhod's representation theorem. Though criticized by Dudley for insufficient generality, a reviewer wrote "the subject matter is of great current interest and the exposition is lucid and elegant." By being widely accessible it was for many years the standard reference, as evidenced by over 22,000 citations on Google Scholar. In particular, the subject became a highly valuable tool within burgeoning fields of applied probability such as queueing theory and empirical process theory in statistics.
References
Mathematics textbooks
1968 non-fiction books
1999 non-fiction books
Probability theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungoogled-chromium | ungoogled-chromium is a free and open-source variant of the Chromium web browser that removes all Google-specific web services. It achieves this with a series of patches applied to the Chromium codebase during the compilation process. The result is functionally similar to regular Chromium.
Features
Disabling functionality that requires Google domains, including Google Safe Browsing.
Replacing Google web domains in the Chromium source code with non-existent web domains and blocking internal requests to those domains.
Removing binary blobs from the Chromium source code and replacing them with custom alternatives.
The browser also adds smaller non-essential features such as flags protecting against fingerprinting and borrows features from other projects such as Debian. Some Chromium features do not work on ungoogled-chromium, a notable one being installing extensions directly from the Chrome Web Store.
History
The ungoogled-chromium project was founded by a hobbyist with the user name Eloston in 2015. It was first developed for Linux, then for other operating systems. Eloston used to release builds, but eventually he stopped doing so and allowed others to provide builds with his patches.
Starting in 2019, Eloston greatly reduced his involvement in the project, and other hobbyists have continued to maintain the patches. In 2022, the GitHub repository was transferred from Eloston's personal account to a new "ungoogled-software" account.
References
External links
Free web browsers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20flattenability | Flattenability in some -dimensional normed vector space is a property of graphs which states that any embedding, or drawing, of the graph in some high dimension can be "flattened" down to live in -dimensions, such that the distances between pairs of points connected by edges are preserved. A graph is -flattenable if every distance constraint system (DCS) with as its constraint graph has a -dimensional framework. Flattenability was first called realizability, but the name was changed to avoid confusion with a graph having some DCS with a -dimensional framework.
Flattenability has connections to structural rigidity, tensegrities, Cayley configuration spaces, and a variant of the graph realization problem.
Definitions
A distance constraint system , where is a graph and is an assignment of distances onto the edges of , is -flattenable in some normed vector space if there exists a framework of in -dimensions.
A graph is -flattenable in if every distance constraint system with as its constraint graph is -flattenable.
Flattenability can also be defined in terms of Cayley configuration spaces; see connection to Cayley configuration spaces below.
Properties
Closure under subgraphs. Flattenability is closed under taking subgraphs. To see this, observe that for some graph , all possible embeddings of a subgraph of are contained in the set of all embeddings of .
Minor-closed. Flattenability is a minor-closed property by a similar argument as above.
Flattening dimension. The flattening dimension of a graph in some normed vector space is the lowest dimension such that is -flattenable. The flattening dimension of a graph is closely related to its gram dimension. The following is an upper-bound on the flattening dimension of an arbitrary graph under the -norm.
Theorem. The flattening dimension of a graph under the -norm is at most .
For a detailed treatment of this topic, see Chapter 11.2 of Deza & Laurent.
Euclidean flattenability
This section concern |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comodule%20over%20a%20Hopf%20algebroid | In mathematics, at the intersection of algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, there is the notion of a Hopf algebroid which encodes the information of a presheaf of groupoids whose object sheaf and arrow sheaf are represented by algebras. Because any such presheaf will have an associated site, we can consider quasi-coherent sheaves on the site, giving a topos-theoretic notion of modules. Duallypg 2, comodules over a Hopf algebroid are the purely algebraic analogue of this construction, giving a purely algebraic description of quasi-coherent sheaves on a stack: this is one of the first motivations behind the theory.
Definition
Given a commutative Hopf-algebroid a left comodule pg 302 is a left -module together with an -linear mapwhich satisfies the following two properties
(counitary)
(coassociative)
A right comodule is defined similarly, but instead there is a mapsatisfying analogous axioms.
Structure theorems
Flatness of Γ gives an abelian category
One of the main structure theorems for comodulespg 303 is if is a flat -module, then the category of comodules of the Hopf-algebroid is an Abelian category.
Relation to stacks
There is a structure theorempg 7 relating comodules of Hopf-algebroids and modules of presheaves of groupoids. If is a Hopf-algebroid, there is an equivalence between the category of comodules and the category of quasi-coherent sheaves for the associated presheaf of groupoidsto this Hopf-algebroid.
Examples
From BP-homology
Associated to the Brown-Peterson spectrum is the Hopf-algebroid classifying p-typical formal group laws. Notewhere is the localization of by the prime ideal . If we let denote the idealSince is a primitive in , there is an associated Hopf-algebroid There is a structure theorem on the Adams-Novikov spectral sequence relating the Ext-groups of comodules on to Johnson-Wilson homology, giving a more tractable spectral sequence. This happens through an equivalence of categories of comodules of to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20rigidity | In discrete geometry, geometric rigidity is a theory for determining if a geometric constraint system (GCS) has finitely many -dimensional solutions, or frameworks, in some metric space. A framework of a GCS is rigid in -dimensions, for a given if it is an isolated solution of the GCS, factoring out the set of trivial motions, or isometric group, of the metric space, e.g. translations and rotations in Euclidean space. In other words, a rigid framework of a GCS has no nearby framework of the GCS that is reachable via a non-trivial continuous motion of that preserves the constraints of the GCS. Structural rigidity is another theory of rigidity that concerns generic frameworks, i.e., frameworks whose rigidity properties are representative of all frameworks with the same constraint graph. Results in geometric rigidity apply to all frameworks; in particular, to non-generic frameworks.
Geometric rigidity was first explored by Euler, who conjectured that all polyhedra in -dimensions are rigid. Much work has gone into proving the conjecture, leading to many interesting results discussed below. However, a counterexample was eventually found. There are also some generic rigidity results with no combinatorial components, so they are related to both geometric and structural rigidity.
Definitions
The definitions below, which can be found in, are with respect to bar-joint frameworks in -dimensional Euclidean space, and will be generalized for other frameworks and metric spaces as needed. Consider a linkage , i.e. a constraint graph with distance constraints assigned to its edges, and the configuration space consisting of frameworks of . The frameworks in consist of maps that satisfy
for all edges of . In other words, is a placement of the vertices of as points in -dimensions that satisfy all distance constraints . The configuration space is an algebraic set.
Continuous and trivial motions. A continuous motion is a continuous path in that describe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20power%20electronics | This glossary of power electronics is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to power electronics in general and power electronic capacitors in particular. For more definitions in electric engineering, see Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering. For terms related to engineering in general, see Glossary of engineering.
The glossary terms fit in the following categories in power electronics:
Electronic power converters; converters, rectifiers, inverters, filters.
Electronic power switches and electronic AC power converters; switches and controllers.
Essential components of electric power equipment; device, stack, assembly, reactor, capacitor, transformer, AC filter, DC filter, snubber circuit.
Circuits and circuit elements of power electronic equipment; arms and connections.
Operations within power electronic equipment; commutations, quenchings, controls, angles, factors, states, directions, intervals, periods, frequencies, voltages, breakthroughs and failures, breakdowns, blocking and flows.
Properties of power electronic equipment
Characteristic curves of power electronic equipment
Power supplies
A
B
C
D
E
F
H
I
J
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
Overview of electronic power converters
See also
Glossary of engineering
Glossary of civil engineering
Glossary of mechanical engineering
Glossary of structural engineering
Notes
References
Attribution
External links
Websites
Online Electrotechnical Vocabulary
A Glossary of Electrical Terms
Electronic Terminology
Electronics Glossary
Glossary / Dictionary of Electronics Terms
PDFs
Pictorial Glossary
Electrical Engineering Dictionary
Electrical engineering
Electronic engineering
Power electronics
Power electronics
Power electronics
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat%20band%20potential | In semiconductor physics, the flat band potential of a semiconductor defines the potential at which there is no depletion layer at the junction between a semiconductor and an electrolyte or p-n-junction. This is a consequence of the condition that the redox Fermi level of the electrolyte must be equal to the Fermi level of the semiconductor and therefore preventing any band bending of the conduction and valence band. An application of the flat band potential can be found in the determining the width of the space charge region in a semiconductor-electrolyte junction. Furthermore, it is used in the Mott-Schottky equation to determine the capacitance of the semiconductor-electrolyte junction and plays a role in the photocurrent of a photoelectrochemical cell. The value of the flat band potential depends on many factors, such as the material, pH and crystal structure of the material
Background semiconductor physics
In semiconductors, valence electrons are located in energy bands. According to band theory, the electrons are either located in the valence band (lower energy) or the conduction band (higher energy), which are separated by an energy gap. In general, electrons will occupy different energy levels following the Fermi-Dirac distribution; for energy levels higher than the Fermi energy Ef , the occupation will be minimal. Electrons in lower levels can be excited into the higher levels through thermal or photoelectric excitations, leaving a positively-charged hole in the band they left. Due to conservation of net charge, the concentration of electrons (n) and of protons or holes (p) in a (pure) semiconductor must always be equal. Semiconductors can be doped to increase these concentrations: n-doping increases the concentration of electrons while p-doping increases the concentration of holes. This also affects the Fermi energy of the electrons: n-doped means a higher Fermi energy, while p-doped means a lower energy. At the interface between a n-doped and p-doped |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder%20angle%20indicator | A rudder angle indicator is a device used to indicate the present position of the rudder blade, usually fitted near the Ship's wheel on the bridge and in the engine control room.
See also
Ship's wheel
References
Measuring instruments
Navigational equipment
Watercraft components |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20polynomial%20of%202cos%282pi/n%29 | For an integer , the minimal polynomial of is the non-zero monic polynomial of degree for and degree for with integer coefficients, such that . Here denotes the Euler's totient function. In particular, for one has and
For every , the polynomial is monic, has integer coefficients, and is irreducible over the integers and the rational numbers. All its roots are real; they are the real numbers with coprime with and (coprimality implies that can occur only for ). These roots are twice the real parts of the primitive th roots of unity.
The polynomials are typical examples of irreducible polynomials whose roots are all real and which have a cyclic Galois group.
Examples
The first few polynomials are
Explicit form if n is odd
If is an odd prime, the polynomial can be written in terms of binomial coefficients following a "zigzag path" through Pascal's triangle:
Putting and
then we have for primes .
If is odd but not a prime, the same polynomial , as can be expected, is reducible and, corresponding to the structure of the cyclotomic polynomials reflected by the formula , turns out to be just the product of all for the divisors of , including itself:
This means that the are exactly the irreducible factors of , which allows to easily obtain for any odd , knowing its degree . For example,
Explicit form if n is even
From the below formula in terms of Chebyshev polynomials and the product formula for odd above, we can derive for even
Independently of this, if is an even prime power, we have for the recursion (see )
,
starting with .
Roots
The roots of are given by , where and . Since is monic, we have
Combining this result with the fact that the function is even, we find that is an algebraic integer for any positive integer and any integer .
Relation to the cyclotomic polynomials
For a positive integer , let , a primitive -th root of unity. Then the minimal polynomial of is given by the -th cyclotomic polynomial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signify%20N.V. | Signify N.V., formerly known as Philips Lighting N.V., is a Dutch multinational lighting corporation formed in 2016 as a result of the spin-off of the lighting division of Philips, by means of an I.P.O. The company manufactures electric lights, light fixtures and control systems for consumers, professionals and the IoT. In 2018, Philips Lighting changed its name to Signify. The company still produces lights under the Philips brand.
History
The Lighting division was part of the first activities of Philips, that started in 1891 with an incandescent lamp factory in Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
In September 2014, Philips announced that the company intended to split the company into two market-leading entities, one focused on health and medical technology and the other on connected LED lighting.
On 3 May 2016, Philips announced the formation of the separated company called Philips Lighting N.V.. Philips stated that the main reason for the demerger was that the medical technology business accounted for more than 40% of sales, while its lighting arm remained a major money-spinner, selling products in 180 countries. The separated entity had an initial public offering on 27 May 2016, valued at US$3.4 billion; 25% of the shares were offered. The company listed on Euronext Amsterdam under ticker code "LIGHT".
In March 2018, Philips Lighting announced that the company would change its name to Signify, which became effective on 16 May 2018. However, Signify continued to produce some of its lighting products under the Philips brand.
On 16 April 2019, Signify acquired the Hong Kong-based Wi-Fi connected lighting provider, WiZ Connected, for an undisclosed amount.
On 2 March 2020, Eaton sold its lighting business, Cooper Lighting Solutions, to Signify for $1.4 billion.
In July 2021, Signify acquired the UK based company Telensa, a smart street lighting controls company.
On 20 December 2021, Signify announced it has entered a final agreement with AMS Osram to acquire horticu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope%20effect%20on%20lipid%20peroxidation | Isotope effect is observed when molecules containing heavier isotopes of the same atoms (for example, deuterium instead of hydrogen) are engaged in a chemical reaction at a slower rate. Deuterium-reinforced lipids can be used for the protection of living cells by slowing the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation. The lipid bilayer of the cell and organelle membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of cell and organelle membranes. Any process that either increases oxidation of PUFAs or hinders their ability to be replaced can lead to serious disease. Correspondingly, drugs that stop the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation have preventive and therapeutic potential.
Mechanism of isotope effect in general
The mass of the atoms forming a chemical bond affects the bond’s strength. When two different isotopes of the same element exist, the heavier ones form stronger bonds. Stronger bonds make bond cleavage reactions run more slowly, leading to the kinetic isotope effect, a well-studied concept in physical chemistry. To illustrate this with an example from soccer, if one of the two identical soccer balls is filled up with air and another one with water, they will look identical on the ground, but a stronger kick would be required to send the water-filled ball the same distance as the air-filled one. Of the two stable isotopes of hydrogen (H), Deuterium (2H) is twice as heavy as protium (1H), thus giving the largest kinetic isotope effect of all stable (non-radioactive) atoms.
The kinetic isotope effect is sometimes applied in another context in drug development, modulating drug properties in a favorable/patient-friendly way (deuterated drugs). Small molecules used as drugs are recognized as “foreign” to the body, and an organism’s defense systems often mount a response. Typically, drug metabolism alters the drug molecule through oxidation into derivatives that are easier to excrete, reducing the drug’s half-life. This can be slowed down by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endospory%20in%20plants | Endospory in plants is the retention and development of gametophytes, partially or entirely, within the walls of the generative spore. This is a trait present in many heterosporous plant species.
Origin
There is debate as to whether endospory or heterospory evolved first. Some debate centers upon the requirement of endospory to develop before heterospory. Endospory is assumed to follow heterospory but it has been suggested that without endospory, early plant species dependency on water fertilization and environmental impacts on gametophytic gene expression would have reduced the chances of heterospory in the Late Devonian. Heterospory and endospory are often found co-occurring and the origin of endospory is drawn from comparisons in extant species. Fossils provide evidence of the origin of heterospory in the middle to late Devonian with earliest record of fossil taxa being Cyclostigma and Bisporangiostrobus, late Devonian genera. Early fossil records of endospory have not been discussed in literature, but the oldest extant lineage with heterospory, the Selaginella, have been recognized as a potential intermediate in the morphological evolution to endospory due to its megaspores' potential for photosynthesis and rhizoids extending from the trilete structure.
Ovule structures began diversifying during the late Devonian, suggesting that endospory originated in around this time. It is possible that in some lineages, heterospory was an consequence of endospory through developmental changes of endospory. In tracheophytes specifically, endospory and heterospory may have evolved separately a number of times.
It has been suggested that heterospory and endospory may be adaptively linked, but with independent developmental control. Phylogenetic inference of hornworts demonstrates that endospory is homoplastic. This is observed in the separate origins of endospory across multiple orders of liverworts.
Endosporic gametophytes
Endosporic megagametophytes extend only rhizo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20flow%20microperfusion | Open flow microperfusion (OFM) is a sampling method for clinical and preclinical drug development studies and biomarker research. OFM is designed for continuous sampling of analytes from the interstitial fluid (ISF) of various tissues. It provides direct access to the ISF by insertion of a small, minimally invasive, membrane-free probe with macroscopic openings. Thus, the entire biochemical information of the ISF becomes accessible regardless of the analyte's molecular size, protein-binding property or lipophilicity.
OFM is capable of sampling lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds, protein bound and unbound drugs, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins, antibodies, nanoparticles and nanocarriers, enzymes and vesicles.
Method
The OFM probes are perfused with a physiological solution (the perfusate) which equilibrates with the ISF of the surrounding tissue. Operating flow rates range from 0.1 to 10 μL/min. OFM allows unrestricted exchange of compounds via an open structure across the open exchange area of the probe. This exchange of compounds between the probe’s perfusate and the surrounding ISF is driven by convection and diffusion, and occurs non-selectively in either direction (Figure 1).
The direct liquid pathway between the probe’s perfusate and the surrounding fluid results in collection of ISF samples. These samples can be collected frequently and are then subjected to bioanalytical analysis to enable monitoring of substance concentrations with temporal resolution during the whole sampling period.
The concentric OFM probe (Figure 2) works according to the same principle. The perfusate is pumped to the tip of the OFM probe through the inner, thin lumen and exits beyond the Open Exchange Area, where it then mixes with exogenous substances present in the ISF before being withdrawn through the outer, thick lumen.
History
The first OFM sampling probe to be used as an alternative to microdialysis was described in an Austrian patent application filed by Falko |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyl%20ribonucleoside | Vanadyl ribonucleoside is a potent transition-state analog of ribonucleic acid and potent inhibitor of many species of ribonuclease formed from a vanadium coordination complex and one ribonucleoside. Vanadium's [Ar] 3d3 4s2 electron configuration allows it to make five sigma bonds and two pi bonds with adjacent atoms.
History
RNA is notoriously unstable and vulnerable to ribonucleases, which has thus been an obstacle to the production and analysis of the cellular transcriptome. First referenced by Berger et al., the substance was used to prevent the digestion of RNA during isolation from white blood cells, and was rapidly adopted for such purposes as the acquisition of RNA from green beans.
Production
Vanadyl ribonucleoside is produced by combining vanadyl sulphate with various ribonucleosides (such as guanosine) in a 1:10 molar ratio.
Use
Vanadyl ribonucleoside, along with other RNase inhibitors, has been a staple of molecular biochemistry since its invention by allowing for the stability of RNA in its storage and use.
References
Ribonucleases
Molecular biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20Kewe | Crystal Kewe is a web and app developer based in Papua New Guinea and the CEO and CTO of Crysan Technology Ltd.
Early life and education
Kewe's interest in programming started with an interest in video gaming, and around age 12, she started teaching herself to program software writing in python. She attended Paradise High School in Papua New Guinea up until grade 10, in 2014, after which she stopped going to school and continued pursuing a self-created education in programming.
Kewe intends on seeking a college degree in New Zealand in 2022.
Advocacy
Kewe has been a guest lecturer at the University of Papua New Guinea, and she currently serves as on the academic advisory board for Papua New Guinea's International Training Institute. She says that the supportive infrastructure is the most important part of successful educational systems, and that institutions do not fairly support different groups of people, highlighting girls as a marginalized group in scientific and technical education.
Career
In 2014, Kewe and her father co-founded the technology company Crysan when she was 15, making her one of the world's youngest CEO's of a software development company. The company has since expanded to include a team of over 20 employees, some of whom are based in Southeast Asia, Europe, and South America, and has partnered with the Papua New Guinea government on education initiatives as well as building a platform designed to provide transparency surrounding public development funding.
Apec App Challenge
Kewe and her father won first prize in the 24-hour hackathon which is a partnership between Apec, The Asia Foundation, and Google. The challenge was to “build an app that would help bilum artisans and entrepreneurs in Papua New Guinea," as bilum makers often face difficult hurdles selling their crafts. The team won for the conception and development of an app called Biluminous which is an e-commerce platform that features bilum makers and highlights their process wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme%20stock | A meme stock is a stock that gains popularity among retail investors through social media. The popularity of meme stocks is generally based on internet memes shared among traders, on platforms such as Reddit's r/wallstreetbets. Investors in such stocks are often young and inexperienced investors. As a result of their popularity, meme stocks often trade at prices that are above their estimated value on the basis of fundamental analysis, and are known for being extremely speculative and volatile.
History
Interest in meme stocks started in 2020, in what the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has called a "meme stock phenomenon". The stock of American video game retailer GameStop has been one of the most popular meme stocks, with mass purchases of the stock leading to a short squeeze on GameStop in early 2021. The stock of entertainment company AMC is also cited as a prominent example. Other examples include the stocks of Bed, Bath & Beyond, National Beverage, and Koss. The distinction between a meme stock and a non-meme stock is not always clear; for example, Tesla has some of the characteristics of a meme stock: a high price-earnings ratio and being frequently discussed by amateur retail traders on social media, yet some professional analysts do not consider it to be overpriced.
Interest in meme stocks is associated with trading platform Robinhood, which pioneered commission-free trading. According to The New York Times, "Robinhood was the tool of choice for traders in the original meme stocks".
Some meme stocks have often become popular among retail investors after being targeted by short-selling professional investors, such as hedge funds, with participants having the explicit aim of causing losses among those firms. News coverage has described the choice to purchase such stocks as an act of rebellion intended to humble short-selling professional investors.
According to an SEC report, while some hedge funds had big losses, the meme stocks phenomenon did n |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20super-resolution | Video super-resolution (VSR) is the process of generating high-resolution video frames from the given low-resolution video frames. Unlike single-image super-resolution (SISR), the main goal is not only to restore more fine details while saving coarse ones, but also to preserve motion consistency.
There are many approaches for this task, but this problem still remains to be popular and challenging.
Mathematical explanation
Most research considers the degradation process of frames as
where:
— original high-resolution frame sequence,
— blur kernel,
— convolution operation,
— downscaling operation,
— additive noise,
— low-resolution frame sequence.
Super-resolution is an inverse operation, so its problem is to estimate frame sequence from frame sequence so that is close to original . Blur kernel, downscaling operation and additive noise should be estimated for given input to achieve better results.
Video super-resolution approaches tend to have more components than the image counterparts as they need to exploit the additional temporal dimension. Complex designs are not uncommon. Some most essential components for VSR are guided by four basic functionalities: Propagation, Alignment, Aggregation, and Upsampling.
Propagation refers to the way in which features are propagated temporally
Alignment concerns on the spatial transformation applied to misaligned images/features
Aggregation defines the steps to combine aligned features
Upsampling describes the method to transform the aggregated features to the final output image
Methods
When working with video, temporal information could be used to improve upscaling quality. Single image super-resolution methods could be used too, generating high-resolution frames independently from their neighbours, but it's less effective and introduces temporal instability. There are a few traditional methods, which consider the video super-resolution task as an optimization problem. Last years deep learning based methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERS-7 | The AIBO ERS-7 is an entertainment robot created for the commercial market. Initially released in 2003, it was the first AIBO installment to be explicitly referred to as a dog and saw adoption in both research and popular culture. It was the last robot developed before the dissolution of Sony's robotics division in 2006 and the eventual release of the ERS-1000 in 2018.
Hardware
The first and only 3rd generation AIBO, the ERS-7 was intended to be the culmination of the product's development to that point. The robot was designed to evoke the theme of 'clean and clear' and implemented an array of LEDs called 'Illume-face', as well as capacitive touch sensors, for the expression of emotion and numeric information.
Specifications
Hardware revisions
The ERS-7 underwent multiple revisions, beginning with the ERS-7M2 in 2004 and followed by the ERS-7M3 in 2005. Every release added an additional available color to the product catalogue and shipped with an updated version of the 'MIND' software.
Software
The ERS-7 used an updated version of Sony's Aperios operating system and OPEN-R application layer present in each AIBO release. Sony distributed the OPEN-R SDK, AIBO Remote Framework, and AIBO Motion Editor for the noncommercial creation of software and published an updated version of the R-CODE scripting language for both commercial and consumer applications.
MIND
The official software for the ERS-7 existed as a single personality called MIND that received incremental upgrades and service pack updates. This differentiated it from its predecessors, particularly the ERS-210 that offered unique features, such as teleoperation and a virtual pet-like 'life cycle' in separate software packages. MIND was capable of self-charging, recognizing unique faces, and remembering names. Pattern recognition used in targeting the charging station and recognizing AIBO cards was derived from technology developed by Evolution Robotics. Two pieces of PC software were distributed with the i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insup%20Lee | Insup Lee is the Cecilia Fitler Moore Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science at the University of Pennsylvania, United States. He is also the Director and co-founder of the PRECISE Center.
Lee obtained his B.S. in mathematics from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1977, followed by his M.S. and Ph.D. in Computer Science at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1983. That same year, he joined the University of Pennsylvania as an assistant professor. Lee's research is predominantly focused on cyber-physical systems (CPS), real-time computing, high-confidence medical devices, formal methods and tools, and run-time verification. Much of his recent work has been related to CPS security, particularly for medical devices. Lee is also a Fellow of the ACM, IEEE, and AAAS.
Awards and honors
Runtime Verification Test-of-Time Award, issued 2019 for ENTCS 2001 paper "Jav-MaC: Run-time Assurance Tool for Java Programs" (with Oleg Sokolsky, Sampath Kannan, Moonzoo Kim, and Mahesh Viswanathan).
IEEE TC-RTS Outstanding Technical Achievement and Leadership Award, issued Dec 2008.
The Edward M. Kennedy Award for Health Care Innovation, issued by CIMIT in 2007 for the Medical Device “PnP” Interoperability Team - Julian Goldman (leader), Dave Arney, Insup Lee, et al.
References
External links
Insup Lee homepage
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Formal methods people
American computer scientists
Fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-particle%20trajectory | Single-particle trajectories (SPTs) consist of a collection of successive discrete points causal in time. These trajectories are acquired from images in experimental data. In the context of cell biology, the trajectories are obtained by the transient activation by a laser of small dyes attached to a moving molecule.
Molecules can now by visualized based on recent super-resolution microscopy, which allow routine collections of thousands of short and long trajectories. These trajectories explore part of a cell, either on the membrane or in 3 dimensions and their paths are critically influenced by the local crowded organization and molecular interaction inside the cell, as emphasized in various cell types such as neuronal cells, astrocytes, immune cells and many others.
SPTs allow observing moving molecules inside cells to collect statistics
SPT allowed observing moving particles. These trajectories are used to investigate cytoplasm or membrane organization, but also the cell nucleus dynamics, remodeler dynamics or mRNA production. Due to the constant improvement of the instrumentation, the spatial resolution is continuously decreasing, reaching now values of approximately 20 nm, while the acquisition time step is usually in the range of 10 to 50 ms to capture short events occurring in live tissues. A variant of super-resolution microscopy called sptPALM is used to detect the local and dynamically changing organization of molecules in cells, or events of DNA binding by transcription factors in mammalian nucleus. Super-resolution image acquisition and particle tracking are crucial to guarantee a high quality data
Assembling points into a trajectory based on tracking algorithms
Once points are acquired, the next step is to reconstruct a trajectory. This step is done known tracking algorithms to connect the acquired points. Tracking algorithms are based on a physical model of trajectories perturbed by an additive random noise.
Extract physical parameters from re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20industrial%20automation | This glossary of industrial automation is a list of definitions of terms and illustrations related specifically to the field of industrial automation. For a more general view on electric engineering, see Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering. For terms related to engineering in general, see Glossary of engineering.
A
See also
Glossary of engineering
Glossary of power electronics
Glossary of civil engineering
Glossary of mechanical engineering
Glossary of structural engineering
Notes
References
Attribution
External links
Websites
Glossary of Industrial Automation
Automation Glossary of terms
Glossary of technical terms commonly used by ABB
An automation glossary
Glossary - Industrial Electronic/Electrical Terms
Robotics Glossary: a Guide to Terms and Technologies
PDFs
Glossary of Terms used in Programmable Controller-based Systems
Glossary of Terms for Process Control
INDUSTRY 4.0: Glossary of terms/buzzwords/jargon
Electrical engineering
Electronic engineering
Industrial automation
Industrial automation
Industrial automation
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBRY | LBRY (pronounced "library") is a blockchain-based file-sharing and payment network that powers decentralized platforms, primarily social networks and video platforms. LBRY's creators also created Odysee, an open-source video-sharing website that uses the network, which was split into a separate company on October 1, 2021. Video platforms built on LBRY, such as Odysee, have been described as decentralized, fringe alternatives to YouTube. Odysee lightly moderates content based on community guidelines; its web site delists videos containing pornography and the promotion of violence and terrorism, although delisted videos remain available on the platform's blockchain data store.
LBRY, Inc.'s CEO was Jeremy Kauffman, a libertarian activist who was inspired to create LBRY to "provide people with choices for content", implicitly critical of the curated choices provided by YouTube. The company closed in July 2023 after losing a lawsuit from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission which found that LBRY had sold unregistered securities.
History
The LBRY protocol is a decentralized file-sharing and payment network built using blockchain and BitTorrent technology. It allows anyone to create an account and register content that cannot be deleted by the company. LBRY uses BitTorrent technology to serve content without relying on their own servers by using peer-to-peer file-sharing. Creators can record video content to the LBRY blockchain, as well as other digital content including music, images, podcasts, and e-books. The LBRY projects are open source.
In October 2017, LBRY, Inc. released a media hosting site built atop the protocol called spee.ch. It stopped being supported in December 2019, in favor of LBRY, Inc.'s LBRY.tv website. Odysee, another video website built by LBRY, Inc. using their LBRY protocol, entered beta in September 2020 and officially launched that December. Odysee was split into a separate corporate entity with its own CEO on October 1, 2021 as LBRY fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL%20sequence | JPL sequences or JPL codes consist of two linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) whose code sequence lengths La and Lb must be prime (relatively prime). In this case the code sequence length of the generated overall sequence Lc is equal to:
It is also possible for more than two LFSRs to be interconnected through multiple XORs at the output for as long as all code sequence lengths of the individual LFSR are relatively prime to one another.
JPL sequences were originally developed in the Jet Propulsion Labs, from which the name for these code sequences is derived.
Areas of application include distance measurements utilizing spread spectrum signals for satellites and in space technology. They are also utilized in the more precise military P/Y code used in the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, they are currently replaced by the new M-code.
Due to the relatively long spreading sequences, they can be used to measure relatively long ranges without ambiguities, as required for deep space missions. By having a rough synchronziation between receiver and transmitter, this can be achieved with shorter sequences as well.
Their major advantage is, that they produce relatively long sequences with only two LFSRs, which makes it energy efficient and very hard to detect due to huge spreading factor. The same structure can be used to realize a dither generator, used as an additive noise source to remove a numerical bias in digital computations (due to fixed point arithmetics, that have one more negative than positive number, i.e. the mean value is slightly negative).
See also
Gold sequence
Kasami sequence
References
External links
https://www.gps.gov/technical/icwg/
Line codes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala%20D%27Ottaviano | Itala Maria Loffredo D'Ottaviano (born 1944) is a Brazilian mathematical logician who was president of the Brazilian Logic Society. Topics in her work have included non-classical logic, paraconsistent logic, many-valued logic, and the history of logic.
Education
After graduating from the , a music school in Campinas, in 1960, D'Ottaviano studied mathematics at the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, graduating in 1966. She earned a master's degree in mathematics at the University of Campinas in 1974, and completed a Ph.D. there in 1982, advised by Mário Tourasse Teixeira and Newton da Costa, respectively. Her doctoral dissertation, Sobre Uma Teoria de Modelos Trivalente, concerned the model theory of three-valued logic. She earned a habilitation at the University of Campinas in 1987.
Career
D'Ottaviano was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Stanford University, and the University of Oxford. She taught mathematics at the University of Campinas beginning in 1969, and became a titular professor there in 1998. From 2013 to 2014 she was Provost of Graduate Studies at the university.
She was president of the Brazilian Logic Society twice, from 1994 to 2003 and again from 2011 to 2014. She also headed the Committee on Logic in Latin America of the Association for Symbolic Logic from 1993 to 1999.
Book
With Roberto Cignoli and Daniele Mundici, D'Ottaviano is a coauthor of the book Algebraic Foundations of Many-Valued Reasoning (Kluwer, 2000).
Recognition
D'Ottaviano is a full member of the International Academy of Philosophy of Science.
References
External links
1944 births
Living people
Brazilian mathematicians
Brazilian women mathematicians
State University of Campinas alumni
Mathematical logicians
Women logicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Panasonic%20video%20projectors | This is an incomplete list of Panasonic Projectors
Home Theater Projectors
Front projection with a widescreen ratio for home use and budget.
References
Panasonic
Projectors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CalyxOS | CalyxOS is an operating system for smartphones based on Android with mostly free and open-source software. It is produced by the Calyx Institute as part of its mission to "defend online privacy, security and accessibility."
CalyxOS preserves the Android security model, using Android's Verified Boot system of cryptographic signing of the operating system, and running with a locked bootloader, partly thanks to an installer that guides the user through the process of unlocking and then re-locking the bootloader.
History
The Calyx Institute annual reports state CalyxOS was publicly launched during their 2018–2019 fiscal year. Inspiration included Tails and Qubes OS, and goals were said to be "completely open source", removing proprietary Google tracking, and including apps Tor, Signal and CalyxVPN for increased privacy.
CalyxOS supports Google Pixel smartphones Pixel 3 and newer. CalyxOS supports Fairphone 4. In September 2023, CalyxOS announced support for Fairphone 5.
In April 2022, CalyxOS announced support for OnePlus 8T, 9, and 9 Pro. However, in May 2022, CalyxOS announced OnePlus builds were pulled because of a bootloader "relock issue". As of July 2022, according to CalyxOS the OnePlus relock issue had not been resolved.
Software
CalyxOS ships with MicroG as an open-source alternative to the Google Mobile Services, including Mozilla Location Services as an optional replacement to the location services provided by Google, but gives the user the option to disable microG and its location services.
Reception
In October 2020, Moritz Tremmel reviewed CalyxOS. A month later, Tremmel explained why he preferred CalyxOS over LineageOS. A year later in September 2021, Tremmel further explained how CalyxOS was different from other ROMs because it did not require as much "fiddling". Rahul Nambiampurath, writing for MakeUseOf in March 2021, termed CalyxOS, "[one of the] best [Android] ROMs for privacy ... offers the perfect middle ground between convenience and pri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20network | Tensor networks or tensor network states are a class of variational wave functions used in the study of many-body quantum systems. Tensor networks extend one-dimensional matrix product states to higher dimensions while preserving some of their useful mathematical properties.
The wave function is encoded as a tensor contraction of a network of individual tensors. The structure of the individual tensors can impose global symmetries on the wave function (such as antisymmetry under exchange of fermions) or restrict the wave function to specific quantum numbers, like total charge, angular momentum, or spin. It is also possible to derive strict bounds on quantities like entanglement and correlation length using the mathematical structure of the tensor network. This has made tensor networks useful in theoretical studies of quantum information in many-body systems. They have also proved useful in variational studies of ground states, excited states, and dynamics of strongly correlated many-body systems.
Diagrammatic notation
In general, a tensor network diagram (Penrose diagram) can be viewed as a graph where nodes (or vertices) represent individual tensors, while edges represent summation over an index. Free indices are depicted as edges (or legs) attached to a single vertex only. Sometimes, there is also additional meaning to a node's shape. For instance, one can use trapezoids for unitary matrices or tensors with similar behaviour. This way, flipped trapezoids would be interpreted as complex conjugates to them.
Connection to machine learning
Tensor networks have been adapted for supervised learning, taking advantage of similar mathematical structure in variational studies in quantum mechanics and large-scale machine learning. This crossover has spurred collaboration between researchers in artificial intelligence and quantum information science. In June 2019, Google, the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, and X (company), released TensorNetwork, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pray.com | Pray.com is a Christian social networking service and mobile app that serves as a social media platform for religious communities. The Pray platform includes social media, daily prayers, sermons, biblical content, and podcasts. Pray.com was founded in 2016 by Steve Gatena, Michael Lynn, Ryan Beck and Matthew Potter.
Pray.com platform
Social media
Pray.com serves as a social media platform for religious communities. Congregations can create their own groups on the platform, where members and leaders can engage in discussions, livestream services, and solicit and receive donations. The social media communities on Pray.com allow members to participate in “prayer communities” where Pray users are able to ask for and answer prayer requests.
Biblical content
A paid subscription includes access to premium audio content, such as biblically-inspired meditations and bedtime stories, and Bible stories for children. Pray.com produces Radio drama style with actors voicing stories from the bible. Some of the actors have been Kristen Bell and Blair Underwood.
History
Funding
In June 2017, Pray.com announced it had raised $2 million in seed funding, led by Science Inc. with participation from Greylock Partners and Spark Capital. In March 2018, Pray.com announced it had raised an additional $14 million in a Series A round led by TPG Growth with participation from Science Inc. and Greylock Partners. Gatena, in an interview with Bloomberg News, recalled a mixed reception to faith-based technology from a few venture capital firms: “A few were very disrespectful and borderline discriminatory against our customers."
COVID-19 pandemic
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic's limitations on religious gatherings, Pray.com has experienced major growth in active users, subscribers, and downloads. Downloads for Pray.com increased by 955% during the pandemic. During the pandemic, Pray.com partnered with churches to provide a platform for their ministries while in-person services were restricted |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapteyn%20series | Kapteyn series is a series expansion of analytic functions on a domain in terms of the Bessel function of the first kind. Kapteyn series are named after Willem Kapteyn, who first studied such series in 1893. Let be a function analytic on the domain
with . Then can be expanded in the form
where
The path of the integration is the boundary of . Here , and for , is defined by
Kapteyn's series are important in physical problems. Among other applications, the solution of Kepler's equation can be expressed via a Kapteyn series:
Relation between the Taylor coefficients and the coefficients of a function
Let us suppose that the Taylor series of reads as
Then the coefficients in the Kapteyn expansion of can be determined as follows.
Examples
The Kapteyn series of the powers of are found by Kapteyn himself:
For it follows (see also )
and for
Furthermore, inside the region ,
See also
Schlömilch's series
References
Series expansions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman%20filter | The Bellman filter is an algorithm that estimates the value sequence of hidden states in a state-space model. It is a generalization of the Kalman filter, allowing for nonlinearity in both the state and observation equations. The principle behind the Bellman filter is an approximation of the maximum a posteriori estimator, which makes it robust to heavy-tailed noise. It is in general a very fast method, since at each iteration only the very last state value is estimated. The algorithm owes its name to the Bellman equation, which plays a central role in the derivation of the algorithm.
References
Control theory
Nonlinear filters
Signal estimation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB%20The%20Show%2021 | MLB The Show 21 is a baseball video game by San Diego Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment, based on Major League Baseball (MLB). It was released for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5, as well as the Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S (a first for the franchise) which included it being on Xbox Game Pass at the release for the first time, with MLB Advanced Media co-publishing digital versions on the latter platforms. The sixteenth entry of the MLB: The Show franchise, it was released on April 20, 2021. San Diego Padres shortstop Fernando Tatís Jr. is featured as the cover star, and at age 22 is the youngest player to do so.
Gameplay
Matt Vasgersian, Mark DeRosa and Dan Plesac return as play-by-play commentators for the last time, Heidi Watney as sideline reporter and Alex Miniak as public address commentator.
New to the series is the ballpark creator feature, which gives players the ability to change ballpark dimensions, wall height, foul territory and other scenery options. This feature also allows players to share and download ballparks that other players have created online. It was exclusive to the ninth generation versions of the game.
Release
For the first time in the series, the game was made available on Xbox consoles, with cross-platform compatibility between the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5. It was also announced that the Xbox versions of the game would be available for Xbox Game Pass subscribers at no additional cost at release, a decision made solely by digital co-publisher MLB Advanced Media and not Sony themselves.
Baseball legend Jackie Robinson was on the cover of his namesake editions, with $1 donated to his foundation for each copy of the edition sold in the United States.
Reception
MLB The Show 21 received "generally favorable reviews" from critics, according to review aggregate Metacritic.
GameSpot gave the game 7/10, praising the Stadium Creator and changes to pitching but criticizing the lack of additions to Road to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20technology | Living technology is the field of technology that derives its functionality and usefulness from the properties that make natural organisms alive (see life). It may be seen as a technological subfield of both artificial life and complex systems and is relevant beyond biotechnology to nanotechnology, information technology, artificial intelligence, environmental technology and socioeconomic technology for managing human society.
Overview
Living technology is broadly defined as technology that derives its usefulness primarily from its life-like properties.
Living technologies are "characterized by robustness, autonomy, energy efficiency, sustainability, local intelligence, self-repair, adaptation, self-replication and evolution, all properties current technology lack, but living systems possess." Thus, the potential usefulness of technologies that are engineered to become more life-like stem from the properties of life itself.
The word “technology,” from the Greek techne, usually evokes physical technologies like artificial intelligence, smartphones or genetically engineered organisms. But there is an older meaning. By Jacob Bigelow’s 1829 definition, technology can describe a process that benefits society. In that sense, social institutions, like governments and healthcare systems, can be seen, and studied as technologies. Physical technologies may be defined as tools for transforming matter, energy or information in pursuit of our goals while social technologies are tools for organizing people in pursuit of our goals. Under this definition, our social institutions, economy, and laws are technologies that, like physical technologies, can be studied and improved. In the broadest sense living technology are technologies that possess properties that characterize living processes.
History
The term "living technology" was coined by Mark Bedau, John McCaskill, Norman Packard and Steen Rasmussen in 2001, in a pitch to form a center for living technology. The ideas m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechini%20process | A process related to the sol-gel route is the Pechini, or liquid mix, process (named after its American inventor, Maggio Pechini). An aqueous solution of suitable oxides or salts is mixed with an alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acid such as citric acid. Chelation, or the formation of complex ring-shaped compounds around the metal cations, takes place in the solution. A polyhydroxy alcohol is then added, and the liquid is heated to 150–250 °C (300–480 °F) to allow the chelates to polymerize, or form large, cross-linked networks. As excess water is removed by heating, a solid polymeric resin results. Eventually, at still higher temperatures of 500–900 °C (930–1,650 °F), the resin is decomposed or charred, and ultimately a mixed oxide is obtained. Particle size is extremely small, typically 20 to 50 nanometres (although there is agglomeration of these particles into larger clusters), with intimate mixing taking place on the atomic scale.
The Pechini method was proposed in 1967 as a technique of depositing dielectric films of titanates and niobates of lead and alkaline-earth elements in the production of capacitors. Later, the process was customised for the in-lab synthesis of multicomponent finely dispersed oxide materials.
Pechini process
This method has been used for synthesizing over 100 mixed metal oxides including lanthanum manganite for solid oxide fuel cells and BaTiO3 (Lessing 1989). Unlike the sol–gel process in which the metal alkoxide participates in the gel-forming reactions this process is based on a gelation reaction between the alcohol and acid used as solvents. A polymeric resin containing a good distribution of cations is obtained which yields the oxide upon calcination. The use of polyacrylic acid with higher functionality results in highly cross-linked resins containing a more uniform distribution of the reacting cations. The gel structures can be varied depending on the acid-to-alcohol ratio. A low organic content is preferred to decrease the calcination |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory-acquired%20infection | A laboratory-acquired infection or LAI is an infection that is acquired in a laboratory, usually as part of a medical research facility or hospital.
Causes
There are various microbes, viruses, fungi, and parasites that can infect a host via several routes of transmission.
Prevention
Laboratory facilities handling microbes, viruses and/or parasites adhere to various biosecurity measures in order to prevent biosecurity accidents and incidents.
OECD Best Practice Guidelines for Biological Resource Centres
In 2001, experts from OECD countries created a consensus report called, calling upon "national governments to undertake actions to bring the BRC concept into being in concert with the international scientific community". The report details "Biological Resource Centres" (BRCs) as "repositories and providers of high-quality biological materials and information".
History
The first laboratory-acquired infection was reported at the time of Pasteur and Koch in 1890.
Prior to 1950, few reports were made on laboratory-acquired infections, due to the lower level of awareness concerning the problem. In 1951, a paper from Sulkin and Pike presented data on viral infections contracted in laboratories, which advised caution on handling viruses in laboratory environments and brought public awareness to the issue. Soon after, the American Public Health Association formed a standing committee on Laboratory Infections and Accidents and created a file to document cases of laboratory-acquired infections reported by the public and through private communications.
See also
Dora Lush
Biotechnology risk
Biosafety level
List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity
Reference section
Virology
Microbiology
Infectious diseases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limosilactobacillus | Limosilactobacillus is a thermophilic and heterofermentative genus of lactic acid bacteria created in 2020 by splitting from Lactobacillus. The name is derived from the Latin "slimy", referring to the property of most strains in the genus to produce exopolysaccharides from sucrose. The genus currently includes 31 species or subspecies, most of these were isolated from the intestinal tract of humans or animals. Limosilactobacillus reuteri has been used as a model organism to evaluate the host-adaptation of lactobacilli to the human and animal intestine and for the recruitment of intestinal lactobacilli for food fermentations.
Limosilactobacilli are heterofermentative and produce lactate, CO2, and acetate or ethanol from glucose; several limosilactobacilli, particularly strains of Lm. reuteri convert glycerol or 1,2-propanediol to 1,3 propanediol or propanol, respectively. Most strains do not grow in presence of oxygen, or in de Man, Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium, the standard medium for cultivation of lactobacilli. Addition of maltose, cysteine and fructose to MRS is usually sufficient for cultivation of limosilactobacilli.
Species
The genus Limosilactobacillus comprises the following species:
Limosilactobacillus agrestis Li et al. 2021
Limosilactobacillus albertensis Li et al. 2021
Limosilactobacillus alvi Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus antri (Roos et al. 2005) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus balticus Li et al. 2021
Limosilactobacillus caviae (Killer et al. 2017) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus coleohominis (Nikolaitchouk et al. 2001) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus equigenerosi (Endo et al. 2008) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus fastidiosus Li et al. 2021
Limosilactobacillus fermentum (Beijerinck 1901) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus frumenti (Müller et al. 2000) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus gastricus (Roos et al. 2005) Zheng et al. 2020
Limosilactobacillus gorillae (Tsuchida et al. 2014) Zheng et al. 2020
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20functions%20in%20imaging | This article is about the transfer functions used in pictures and videos and describing the relationship between electrical signal, scene light and displayed light.
Definition
The opto-electronic transfer function (OETF) is the transfer function having the scene light as input and converting into the picture or video signal as output. This is typically done within a camera.
The electro-optical transfer function (EOTF) is the transfer function having the picture or video signal as input and converting it into the linear light output of the display. This is done within the display device.
The opto-optical transfer function (OOTF) is the transfer function having the scene light as input and the displayed light as output. The OOTF is the result of the OETF and the EOTF and is usually non-linear.
List of transfer functions
Linear
Raw formats
Some OETF and EOTF have an initial linear portion followed by a non-linear part (e.g. sRGB and Rec.709).
Gamma
Rec. 601, Rec. 709 and Rec. 2020: The ITU-R recommendations BT.601, BT.709 and BT.2020 describe the reference OETF of respectively SD-TV, HD-TV and UHD-TV. They are identical OETF based on a gamma curve and used for SDR-TV.
BT.1886: The ITU-R Recommendation BT.1886 is the reference EOTF of Standard Dynamic Range TV (SDR).
sRGB: sRGB defines a transfer function based on a gamma curve and used for monitors, printers, and the Web. sRGB is standardized as IEC 61966-2-1:1999
Logarithmic
S-Log: Developed by Sony for digital cameras in order to increase captured dynamic range
Canon Log: Developed by Canon for digital cameras in order to increase captured dynamic range
Arri Log C: Developed by Arri for digital cameras in order to increase captured dynamic range
HDR
These transfer functions have been developed to allow HDR display:
Perceptual quantizer: PQ is a transfer function developed by Dolby for HDR and allowing a luminance level of up to 10,000 cd/m2. It is standardized in Rec. 2100 and also as SMPTE ST 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semgrep | semgrep or Semgrep CLI is a free open-source static code analysis tool developed by Semgrep, Inc. (formerly r2c) and open-source contributors. It has stable support for C#, Go, Java, JavaScript, JSON, Python, PHP, Ruby, and Scala. It has experimental support for nineteen other languages, as well as a language agnostic mode.
The name is a combination of semantic and grep, referring to semgrep being a text search command-line utility that is aware of source code semantics.
Services
To complement semgrep, Semgrep, Inc. provides a continuous integration service (called Semgrep CI) with supply chain scanning. It also maintains a rule library (called Semgrep Registry). Basic individual use of these services are offered for free while paid tiers cover team and commercial use-cases.
Compared to other popular static application security testing (SAST) tools, Semgrep CI is the only one with an open source engine which is able to run on private codes for free.
History
Semgrep CLI was based on sgrep which was an open source tool part of pfff, a program analysis library developed at Facebook in 2009. Pfff was inspired by Coccinelle, an open-source utility for programs written in C. Yoann Padioleau, the original author of sgrep and a contributor to Coccinelle joined r2c in 2019. sgrep was forked by r2c from pfff. In 2020 r2c's sgrep fork was renamed to semgrep to avoid name collisions with existing projects.
Redpoint Ventures and Sequoia Capital backed r2c in an unannounced seed round and later also funded a Series A round with $13 million in 2020. The company's product portfolio consisted only of Semgrep and its ecosystem at the time.
Semgrep, Inc. announced in 2023 that it has raised $53 million for its Series C funding round with Lightspeed Venture Partners leading the investment and participation from previous investors Felicis Ventures, Redpoint Ventures, and Sequoia Capital. The company has raised a total of $93 million, including the funds raised in this round.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter%20verification | X verification, formerly known as Twitter verification, is a system intended to communicate the authenticity of a Twitter account. Since November 2022, Twitter users whose accounts are at least 90 days old and have a verified phone number receive verification upon subscribing to Twitter Blue or Verified Organizations; this status persists as long as the subscription remains active.
When introduced in June 2009, the system provided the site's readers with a means to distinguish genuine notable account holders, such as celebrities and organizations, from impostors or parodies. Until November 2022, a blue checkmark displayed against an account name indicated that Twitter had taken steps to ensure that the account was actually owned by the person or organization whom it claimed to represent. The checkmark does not imply endorsement from Twitter, and does not mean that tweets from a verified account are necessarily accurate or truthful in any way. People with verified accounts on Twitter are often colloquially referred to as "blue checks" on social media and by reporters.
In November 2022, the verification program was modified heavily by new owner Elon Musk, extending verification to any account with a verified phone number, and has an active subscription to an eligible Twitter Blue plan. These changes faced criticism from users and the media, who believed that the changes would ease impersonation, and allow accounts spreading misleading information to feign credibility. In a related change, Twitter introduced additional gold and gray checkmarks, used by Verified Organizations and government-affiliated accounts, respectively. Twitter claims that the changes to verification are required to "reduce fraudulent accounts and bots".
Twitter users who had been verified through the previous system were known as "legacy verified" accounts; legacy verification was deprecated in April 2023, and stripped from accounts who do not meet the new payment requirements. Musk later impl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20engineering | Quantum engineering is the development of technology that capitalizes on the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum engineering uses quantum mechanics as a toolbox for the development of quantum technologies, such as quantum sensors or quantum computers.
There are many devices available which rely on quantum mechanical effects and have revolutionized society through medicine, optical communication, high-speed internet, and high-performance computing, just to mention a few examples. Nowadays, after the first quantum revolution that brought us lasers, MRI imagers and transistors, a second wave of quantum technologies is expected to impact society in a similar way. This second quantum revolution makes use of quantum coherence and capitalizes on the great progress achieved in the last century in understanding and controlling atomic-scale systems. It is expected to help solve many of today's global challenges and has triggered several initiatives and research programs all over the globe. Quantum mechanical effects are used as a resource in novel technologies with far-reaching applications, including quantum sensors and novel imaging techniques, secure communication (quantum internet) and quantum computing.
Education programs
Quantum engineering is evolving into its own engineering discipline. The quantum industry requires a quantum-literate workforce, a missing resource at the moment. Currently, scientists in the field of quantum technology have mostly either a physics or engineering background and have acquired their ”quantum engineering skills” by experience. A survey of more than twenty companies aimed to understand the scientific, technical, and “soft” skills required of new hires into the quantum industry. Results show that companies often look for people that are familiar with quantum technologies and simultaneously possess excellent hands-on lab skills.
Several technical universities have launched education programs in this domain. For example, ETH Zurich has init |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openn%20Negotiation | Openn is a platform that facilitates real time communication and negotiation in a property transaction. Openn Negotiation combines flexibility of a private treaty with the transparency of auction price discovery. Openn Offers supports a traditional private treaty process with improved transparency. Openn Tender allows buyers to submit tender offers digitally before a set deadline for the agent and seller to review. It was launched in Australia in 2016, and has seen significant growth largely due to COVID-19 restrictions on traditional home inspections and on-site auctions.
Operations
The Openn platform has been built with the intention to offer multiple sales methods for property transactions. Openn Negotiation is the primary product offering and sales process – it combines the flexibility of a private treaty with the transparency of auction price discovery.
Functionally, the Openn platform provides agents with a tool to facilitate real time communication and negotiation between all stakeholders in a property transaction. The platform provides additional benefits to agents such as digital contracting, data retention and integration to agency customer relationship management (CRM) systems to promote efficient work processes and improved outcomes for their customers.
Openn Negotiation’s online bidding platform is transparent for buyers, sellers and agents.
Since 2017, Openn Negotiation has sold $4.95 billion worth of property in Australia.
Partnerships and integrations
August 2021 – CoreLogic onthehouse.com.au
April 2022 – The Canadian Real Estate Association REALTOR.ca
Awards
March 2021 – United States National Association of Realtors REACH Program
Patents
Australian Patent – 2017280108
US Patent – US 11,250,498 B2
See also
Online auction
References
External links
Openn Negotiation
Real estate
Australian companies established in 2016
Financial services companies established in 2016
Companies based in Western Australia
Software companies of Austra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20Classification%20of%20Protein%20Domains | The Evolutionary Classification of Protein Domains (ECOD) is a biological database that classifies protein domains available from the Protein Data Bank. The ECOD tries to determine the evolutionary relationships between proteins.
Similar to Pfam, CATH, and SCOP, ECOD compiles domains instead of whole proteins. However, ECOD focuses on evolutionary relationships more heavily: instead of grouping proteins by folds, which may simply represent convergent evolution, ECOD groups proteins by demonstratable homology only.
References
Protein structure
Protein classification
Biological databases
Protein superfamilies |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20block%20storage | Distributed block storage is a computer data storage architecture that the data is stored in volumes (known as blocks:) across multiple physical servers, as opposed to other storage architectures like file systems which manages data as a file hierarchy, and object storage which manages data as objects. A common distributed block storage system is a Storage Area Network (SAN).
Distributed storage
Distributed storage, as opposed to centralized storage, typically takes the form of a cluster of storage units, with a mechanism for data synchronization and coordination between cluster nodes. Distributed storage has several advantages.
Scalability: support to scale the storage system horizontally by adding or removing storage units to the system.
Redundancy: store the replication of the same data across multiple servers, for high availability, backup, and disaster recovery purposes.
Cost saving: it is possible to use cheaper, commodity servers to store large volumes of data at low cost.
Performance: offer better performance than a single server in some scenarios, for example, it can store data closer to its consumers, or enable massively parallel access to large files.
Block storage
Block storage decouples data from the user’s environment and allows the data to be spread across multiple environments. The storage is organized as blocks with unique identifiers by which they may be stored and retrieved as individual hard drives, and operating systems can connect to. It is an efficient and reliable way to store, use and manage data. The block storage can almost be used for any kinds of application, including but not limited to database storage and virtualization platform storage.
Storage blocks are generally accessed by iSCSI, Fibre Channel or Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) protocols. Block storage provides high performance for mission-critical applications and can provide high I/O performance and low latency. it is commonly used in Storage Area Network environ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VISC%20architecture | In computing, VISC (Virtual Instruction Set Computing) architecture is a processor instruction set architecture and microarchitecture developed by Soft Machines, which uses the Virtual Software Layer (translation layer) to dispatch a single thread of instructions to the Global Front End which splits instructions into virtual hardware threadlets which are then dispatched to separate virtual cores. These virtual cores can then send them to the available resources on any of the physical cores. Multiple virtual cores can push threadlets into the reorder buffer of a single physical core, which can split partial instructions and data from multiple threadlets through the execution ports at the same time. Each virtual core keeps track of the position of the relative output. This form of multithreading can increase single threaded performance by allowing a single thread to use all resources of the CPU.
The allocation of resources is dynamic on a near-single cycle latency level (1–4 cycles depending on the change in allocation depending on individual application needs. Therefore, if two virtual cores are competing for resources, there are appropriate algorithms in place to determine what resources are to be allocated where.
Unlike the traditional processor designs, VISC doesn't use physical cores, instead the resources of the chip are made available as 'virtual cores' and 'virtual hardware threads' according to workload needs.
References
Digital electronics
Electronic design
Electronic design automation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical%20Product%20Specification%20and%20Verification | Geometrical Product Specification and Verification (GPS&V) is a set of ISO standards developed by ISO Technical Committee 213. The aim of those standards is to develop a common language to specify macro geometry (size, form, orientation, location) and micro-geometry (surface texture) of products or parts of products so that the language can be used consistently worldwide.
Background
GPS&V standards cover:
dimensional specifications
macrogeometrical specifications (form, orientation, location and run-out)
surface texture specifications
measuring equipment and calibration requirements
uncertainty management for measurement and specification acceptance
Other ISO technical committees are strongly related to ISO TC 213.
ISO Technical Committee 10 is in charge of the standardization and coordination of technical product documentation (DPT).
The GPS&V standards describe the rules to define geometrical specifications which are further included in the DPT. The DPT is defined as the:
"means of conveying all or part of a design definition or specification of a product".
The DPT can be either a conventional documentation made of two dimensional Engineering drawings or a documentation based on Computer-aided design (CAD) models with 3RD annotations. The ISO rules to write the documentation are mainly described in ISO 128 and ISO 129 series while the rules for 3RD annotations are described in ISO 16792.
ISO Technical Committee 184 develops standards that are closely related to GPS&V standards. In particular ISO TC 184/SC4 develops ISO 10303 standard known as STEP standard.
GPS&V shall not to be confused with the use of ASME Y.14.5 which is often referred to as Geometric Dimension and Tolerance (GD&T).
History and concepts
History
ISO TC 213 was born in 1996 by merging three previous committees:
ISO Technical Committee 10 Sub-committee 5 (ISO/TC 10/SC5) Geometrical Tolerancing
ISO Technical Committee 57 (ISO/TC 57) Surface Texture
ISO Technical Committee 3 (ISO/TC |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphonization | Diaphonization (or diaphonisation), also known as clearing and staining, is a staining technique used on animal specimens that first renders the body of the animal transparent by bathing it in trypsin, and then stains the bones and cartilage with various dyes, usually alizarin red and alcian blue.
History
Diaphonization was first developed by O. Schultze in 1897, and later was modified by numerous researchers.
Technique
Clearing renders the animals transparent and is achieved by bathing the specimens in a soup of trypsin, a digestive enzyme that slowly breaks down flesh. The dyes alizarin red and alcian blue are most commonly used in the staining of bone and cartilage accordingly. When cleared, the specimen is put in glycerin. Despite its merits, diaphonization is not widely used in the scientific field. Advancements in imaging technology have rendered the practice all but obsolete, though it is expanding as an art form.
Diaphonization is not suitable for animals longer than 30 centimeters (except for snakes) due to the limited ability of the trypsin bath to penetrate the tissues of larger animals. It is usually used to preserve animals that are too delicate to dissect, and instead are kept as wet specimens.
References
Staining
Staining dyes
Scientific techniques
Laboratory techniques
Zoology
Skeletal system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syko%20Cipher%20Device | The SYKO cipher device was a compact British cipher apparatus in use during World War II. It was invented and patented by Morgan O'Brien before the war. O'Brien developed a sophisticated cipher typewriter, which was complex and delicate, but then came up with the relatively simple device adopted by the military that was known the SYKO. Although the German crypt analysts managed to break the SYKO code, it remained in use for much of the war as a quick method for low-level encoding of radio traffic, particularly from aircraft. Code breaking took considerable time plus a sufficient sample of messages, and for certain classes of radio traffic (such as an aircraft's position) decoded information that became available many hours later was of little value.
Description
The SYKO machine is a purely mechanical device. Details of its mechanical construction can be found in GB Patent 534615 (Morgan O'Brien and O'Brien Cipher Machines Ltd, London) Robust, small, and lightweight, it fitted in a brown hardcover case, with an optional canvas outer bag. A few machines survive, and operating instructions issued by the Royal Australian Air Force in November 1940 have been made available on-line.
When the grey top cover is opened up it reveals 32 vertical columns of letters. Each column has the characters reading downwards from A to Z then 9 to 0 followed by a pause character (37 characters in all). These columns are moveable on an endless band. The SYKO case contains a propelling pencil with a small brass pin at the other end, which is inserted in a notch at each letter allowing the columns to be moved as required. Use of the device requires the code card for that day. This is placed within the machine and is revealed as the columns are moved down.
The code card contains 32 columns of symbols, each column having the same 37 characters as in the moveable columns but in a random order. Code cards were different for each day, and usually aircraft only carried the card for the day. I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylacetone | Geranylacetone is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)(CH2)2CH=C(CH3)(CH2)2CH=C(CH3)2. A colorless oil, it is the product of coupling geranyl and acetonyl groups. It is a precursor to synthetic squalene.
Synthesis and occurrence
Geranylacetone can be produced by transesterification of ethyl acetoacetate with linalool:
The esterification of linalool can also be effected with ketene or isopropenyl methyl ether. The resulting linalyl ester undergoes Carroll rearrangement to give geranylacetone. Geranyl acetone is a precursor to isophytol, which is used in the manufacture of Vitamin E. Other derivatives of geranyl acetone are farnesol and nerolidol.
Geranylacetone is a flavor component of many plants including rice, mango, and tomatoes.
Together with other ketones, geranylacetone results from the degradation of vegetable matter by ozone.
Biosynthesis
It arises by the oxidation of certain carotenoids. Such reaction are catalyzed by carotenoid oxygenase.
References
Monoterpenes
Flavors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Mars | Jason O. Mars (Born May 27, 1983) is an American computer scientist, author, and entrepreneur. He is best known for his research into computer architecture and artificial intelligence, particularly in the design and deployment of conversational AI. The best-selling author of Breaking Bots: Inventing a New Voice in the AI Revolution, he has been involved in multiple AI initiatives and startups over the course of his career, including ZeroShotBot, Jaseci, Clinc, Myca, and ImpactfulAI.
Mars holds a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Virginia(UVA), and is currently employed as an Associate Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Michigan(U-M). He is also acting co-director of U-M's Clarity Lab alongside his wife, Professor Lingjia Tang. There, Mars helps direct advanced research within artificial intelligence, large-scale computing, and coding. Among the lab's most notable projects is the open source Sirius, later rebranded as Lucida.
A virtual assistant capable of understanding both visual and auditory queries, Lucida was intended by Mars and his colleagues as a sandbox that would help programmers explore the complexities of speech recognition. Mars also hoped that it would act as a foundation for the development of hardware better-suited for conversational AI. The project was supported by Google, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and the National Science Foundation.
Jason Mars was one of ten individuals celebrated at the 28th Annual Caribbean American Heritage (CARAH) Awards. Mars received the Vanguard Award from the Institute of Caribbean Studies for his technological impact and "contributions to America and the world." Other winners include Pfizer Principal Scientist for Viral Vaccines Vidia Roopchand and Grammy-winning songwriter Gordon Chambers. Past honorees of the CARAH Awards include former United States Attorney General Eric Holder, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations Andrew Youn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Research%20Center%20for%20Applied%20Microbiology | The State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (aka Institute of Microbiology and NPO Biosintez) is a research laboratory in Obolensk, Moscow Oblast.
History
The facility was built in the 1970s after the Biological Weapons Convention prompted the formation of the Biopreparat directorate at the Soviet Union Ministry of Health. It reached a peak level of activity in the mid-1980s. Facilities at this complex "included at least forty two-story tall fermentation tanks, maintained at Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) inside huge ring-shaped biocontainment zones in a building called Corpus One." A variety of bacterial microbes, especially Yersinia pestis, were studied during at minimum the last years of the 20th century.
As the USSR crumbled, the British and the Americans convinced the Russians to open up for inspection their state laboratory facilities, including their biological ones.
The joint British-American weapons-inspection team toured four Biopreparat facilities in January 1991, including the high-security Obolensk facility. They found that the BSL4 production tanks were capable of making enormous quantities of agent, much like a beer brewery. The inspectors reported the tanks were clean.
In order to dissuade the staff from collaborating with rogue states, the Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme offered incentives to former biological weapons scientists, as well as upgrading the physical security and biosafety of the Obolensk facilities.
In 1997, a scientist working at the Institute named Pomerantsev published a paper in which were described some genetic modifications to the Anthrax bacteria.
References
Biological hazards
Laboratories in Russia
Research institutes in Russia
Biological warfare
Medical research institutes in the Soviet Union
Soviet biological weapons program
Pharmaceutical companies of Russia
Pharmaceutical companies of the Soviet Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Applied%20Biochemistry | The Institute of Applied Biochemistry is a research laboratory and bioweapons production facility located in Omutninsk, Kirov Oblast. For a time in the 1980s, the facility was directed by Ken Alibek.
Wild rodents like rats that live in the woods outside the factory are chronically infected with the "Schu-4 military strain" of tularemia due to a "small leak" in a basement pipe found in the twilight years of the USSR to be dripping a viral suspension into the ground.
References
Biological hazards
Laboratories in Russia
Research institutes in Russia
Biological warfare
Medical research institutes in the Soviet Union
Soviet biological weapons program
Pharmaceutical companies of Russia
Pharmaceutical companies of the Soviet Union |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter%20R%C3%B6dding | Dieter Rödding (24 August 1937 in Hattingen (Ruhr) – 4 June 1984 in Münster) was a German mathematician who main research interest was mathematical logic.
Dieter Rödding was born on 24 August 1937 in Hattingen, Ruhr, Germany. In 1956, Rödding began his studies at the Westphalian Wilhelms-University in Münster, Germany. In 1961, he received his doctorate with the dissertation "Representative sentences about (in the Kalmár-Czillagian sense) elementary functions", supervised by Gisbert Hasenjaeger. In 1964, he completed his habilitation at Münster with the thesis "Theory of recursivity over the domain of finite sets of finite rank". In 1966, he succeeded Hans Hermes as the Chair and Director of the Institute of Mathematical Logic and Fundamental Research at the Westphalian Wilhelms-University, founded by Heinrich Scholz in 1936.
Rödding became known through his results on the classification of recursive functions, on recursive types of classical predicate logic, on Scholz's spectrum problem, as well as on quantifiers in predicate logic, and on the arithmetical hierarchy (aka the Kleene-Mostowski hierarchy). Rödding was one of the first to use a machine-oriented concept of complexity for the investigation of recursive functions and logical decision problems, before the establishment of computer science as an academic field.
His students included Egon Börger, Hans Kleine Büning, Hans Georg Carstens, Elmar Cohors-Fresenborg, Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus, Thomas Ottmann, Lutz Priese, and Helmut Schwichtenberg.
A complete list of Rödding's publications can be found in an obituary written by his student Egon Börger.
References
External links
Literature by and about Dieter Rödding in the catalogue of the German National Library
Photo with Heinrich Behnke (1967)
1937 births
1984 deaths
People from Hattingen
20th-century German mathematicians
University of Münster alumni
Academic staff of the University of Münster
German logicians
Mathematical logicians
Model theorists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplification%20of%20disjunctive%20antecedents | In formal semantics and philosophical logic, simplification of disjunctive antecedents (SDA) is the phenomenon whereby a disjunction in the antecedent of a conditional appears to distribute over the conditional as a whole. This inference is shown schematically below:
This inference has been argued to be valid on the basis of sentence pairs such as that below, since Sentence 1 seems to imply Sentence 2.
If Yde or Dani had come to the party, it would have been fun.
If Yde had come to the party, it would be been fun and if Dani had come to the party, it would have been fun.
The SDA inference was first discussed as a potential problem for the similarity analysis of counterfactuals. In these approaches, a counterfactual is predicted to be true if holds throughout the possible worlds where holds which are most similar to the world of evaluation. On a Boolean semantics for disjunction, can hold at a world simply in virtue of being true there, meaning that the most similar -worlds could all be ones where holds but does not. If is also true at these worlds but not at the closest worlds here is true, then this approach will predict a failure of SDA: will be true at the world of evaluation while will be false.
In more intuitive terms, imagine that Yde missed the most recent party because he happened to get a flat tire while Dani missed it because she hates parties and is also deceased. In all of the closest worlds where either Yde or Dani comes to the party, it will be Yde and not Dani who attends. If Yde is a fun person to have at parties, this will mean that Sentence 1 above is predicted to be true on the similarity approach. However, if Dani tends to have the opposite effect on parties she attends, then Sentence 2 is predicted false, in violation of SDA.
SDA has been analyzed in a variety of ways. One is to derive it as a semantic entailment by positing a non-classical treatment of disjunction such as that of alternative semantics or inquisitive semanti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu%20code | In quantum information, the gnu code refers to a particular family of quantum error correcting codes, with the special property of being invariant under permutations of the qubits. Given integers g (the gap), n (the occupancy), and m (the length of the code), the two codewords are
where are the Dicke states consisting of a uniform superposition of all weight-k words on m qubits, e.g.
The real parameter scales the density of the code. The length , hence the name of the code. For odd and , the gnu code is capable of correcting erasure errors, or deletion errors.
References
Quantum information science
Fault-tolerant computer systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand%20Indicators%20for%20Message%20Identification | Brand Indicators for Message Identification, or BIMI (), is a specification allowing for the display of brand logos next to authenticated e-mails.
Design
There are two parts to BIMI: a method for domain owners to publish the location of their indicators, and a means for Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs) to verify the authenticity of the indicator.
To implement BIMI, companies need a valid DMARC DNS record with a policy of either quarantine or reject, an exact square logo for the brand in SVG Tiny P/S format, and a DNS TXT record for the domain indicating the URI location of the SVG file. The only supported transport for the SVG URI is HTTPS. The BIMI DNS record is in the following format:
default._bimi TXT "v=BIMI1; l=https://example.com/image.svg; a=https://example.com/image/certificate.pem"
Additionally, services such as Gmail require that a Verified Mark Certificate (VMC) be acquired and presented with the TXT record in order for the brand logo to be displayed in the inbox. These factors alone will not guarantee a BIMI logo will be displayed as heuristics (like spam and spoofing) and reputation will be a key part in BIMI validity.
To query the value of the default._bimi TXT record for a given domain, one can use the Dig command-line tool. For example, the following command will query the TXT record for the example.com domain: dig +short default._bimi.example.com TXT.
Implementations
A working group of several companies named "BIMI Group" has formed to develop and support standardization of BIMI in IETF.
As of June 2023 the following e-mail services have implemented support for BIMI:
References
Email authentication |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessboard%20paradox | The chessboard paradox or paradox of Loyd and Schlömilch is a falsidical paradox based on an optical illusion. A chessboard or a square with a side length of 8 units is cut into four pieces. Those four pieces are used to form a rectangle with side lengths of 13 and 5 units. Hence the combined area of all four pieces is 64 area units in the square but 65 area units in the rectangle, this seeming contradiction is due an optical illusion as the four pieces don't fit exactly in the rectangle, but leave a small barely visible gap around the rectangle's diagonal. The paradox is sometimes attributed to the American puzzle inventor Sam Loyd (1841–1911) and the German mathematician Oskar Schlömilch (1832–1901)
Analysis
Upon close inspection one can see that the four pieces don't fit quite together but leave a small barely visible gap around the diagonal of the rectangle. This gap has the shape of a parallelogram, which can be checked by showing that the opposing angles are of equal size.
An exact fit of the four pieces along the rectangle's requires the parallelogram to collapse into a line segments, which means its need to have the following sizes:
Since the actual angles deviate only slightly from those values, it creates the optical illusion of the parallelogram being just a line segment and the pieces fitting exactly. Alternatively one can verify the parallelism by placing the reactangle in a coordinate system and compare slopes or vector representation of the sides.
The side length and diagonals of the parallelogram are:
Using Heron's formula one can compute the area of half of the parallelogram (). The halved circumference is
which yields the area of the whole parallelogram:
So the area of the gap accounts exactly for the additional area of the rectangle.
Generalization
The line segments occurring in the drawing of the last chapters are of length 2, 3, 5, 8 and 13. These are all sequential Fibonacci numbers, suggesting a generalization of the dissectio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-like%20structure | Bio-like structures were claimed to be a form of synthetic life obtained by the Soviet microbiologist V. O. Kalinenko in distilled water, as well as on an agar gel, under the influence of an electric field. However, these entities are most likely non-living inorganic structures.
Description
The original idea behind the experiments was a consequence of Kalinenko's observations made during an expedition studying microorganisms that live at the bottom of sea and ocean waters. It was assumed that test samples were not contaminated, since the experiments were carried out in sterile laboratory conditions and the formed structures did not resemble microorganisms currently known to science. Kalinenko described the process as the creation of life forms from inanimate matter—water, air, and electricity. The structures were reported to have various amoeba-like shapes, resembling discs, cigars and caudate rockets. They seemingly possessed the basic characteristics of living organisms in that they could move, grow and multiply, and cell "nuclei" were observed, which, similarly to naturally occurring nuclei, contained "chromosomes". Some "amoebas" turned out to be "predators" that could envelop and then digest their "victims". Moreover, Kalinenko argued the structures exhibited enzymatic activity by dissolving calcite and magnesite crystals; therefore, it might be concluded that they were not minerals themselves. Kalinenko did not give the structures a formal name; instead, he referred to them as "bio-like structures", "biostructures" and "artificial cells". As evidence to support his claims, Kalinenko presented numerous photographs showing the various stages of the formation and development of "biostructures". Kalinenko termed the process of the synthesis of these structures as "energobiosis" and claimed that the method he described might also be used to synthesize protein-based cells.
Scientific reviews
The structures have been described by Kalinenko as "living" microorg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20lab%20leak%20theory | The COVID-19 lab leak theory, or lab leak hypothesis, is the idea that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic, came from a laboratory. The claim is highly controversial; most scientists believe the virus spilled into human populations through natural zoonosis (transfer directly from an infected non-human animal), similar to the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV outbreaks, and consistent with other pandemics in human history. Available evidence suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was originally harbored by bats, and spread to humans from infected wild animals, functioning as an intermediate host, at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. Several candidate animal species have been identified as potential intermediate hosts. There is no evidence SARS-CoV-2 existed in any laboratory prior to the pandemic, or that any suspicious biosecurity incidents happened in any laboratory.
Many scenarios proposed for a lab leak are characteristic of conspirary theories. Central to many is a misplaced suspicion about the proximity of the outbreak to a virology institute that studies coronaviruses, the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV). Most large Chinese cities have laboratories that study coronaviruses, and virus outbreaks typically begin in rural areas, but are first noticed in large cities. If a coronavirus outbreak occurs in China, there is a high likelihood it will occur near a large city, and therefore near a laboratory studying coronaviruses. The idea of a leak at the WIV also gained support due to secrecy during the Chinese government's response. The lab leak theory is informed by racist undercurrents, and has resulted in anti-Chinese sentiment. Scientists from WIV had previously collected SARS-related coronaviruses from bats in the wild, and allegations that they also performed undisclosed risky work on such viruses are central to some versions of the idea. Some versions, particularly those alleging genome engineering, are based on misinfo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher%20gauge%20theory | In mathematical physics higher gauge theory is the general study of counterparts of gauge theory that involve higher-degree differential forms instead of the traditional connection forms of gauge theories.
Frameworks for higher gauge theory
There are several distinct frameworks within which higher gauge theories have been developed. Alvarez et al. extend the notion of integrability to higher dimensions in the context of geometric field theories. Several works of John Baez, Urs Schreiber and coauthors have developed higher gauge theories heavily based on category theory. Arthur Parzygnat has a detailed development of this framework. An alternative approach, motivated by the goal of constructing geometry over spaces of paths and higher-dimensional objects, has been developed by Saikat Chatterjee, Amitabha Lahiri, and Ambar N. Sengupta.
The mathematical framework for traditional gauge theory places the gauge potential as a 1-form on a principal bundle over spacetime. Higher gauge theories provide geometric and category-theoretic, especially higher category theoretic, frameworks for field theories that involve multiple higher differential forms.
See also
Gauge theory
Introduction to gauge theory
Gauge group (mathematics)
Yang–Mills theory
Yang–Mills equations
References
Differential geometry
Mathematical physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AssemblyScript | AssemblyScript is a TypeScript-based programming language that is optimized for, and statically compiled to, WebAssembly (currently using , the reference AssemblyScript compiler). Resembling ECMAScript and JavaScript, but with static types, the language is developed by the AssemblyScript Project with contributions from the AssemblyScript community.
Overview
In 2017, the availability of support for WebAssembly, a standard definition for a low-level bytecode and an associated virtual machine, became widespread among major web browsers, providing web developers a lower-level and potentially higher-performance compilation target for client-side programs and applications to execute within web browsers, in addition to the interpreted (and in practice dynamically compiled) JavaScript web scripting language. WebAssembly allows programs and code to be statically compiled ahead of time in order to run at potentially native-level or “bare-metal” performance within web browsers, without the overhead of interpretation or the initial latency of dynamic compilation.
With the adoption of WebAssembly in major web browsers, Alon Zakai, creator of Emscripten, an LLVM/Clang-based C and C++ compiler that targeted a subset of JavaScript called asm.js, added support for WebAssembly as a compilation target in Emscripten, allowing C and/or C++ programs and code to be compiled directly to WebAssembly.
While Emscripten and similar compilers allow web developers to write new code, or port existing code, written in a high-level language such as C, C++, Go, and Rust to WebAssembly to achieve potentially higher, native-level execution performance in web browsers, this forces web developers accustomed to developing client-side web scripts and applications in ECMAScript/JavaScript (the de facto client-side programming language in web browsers) to use a different language for targeting WebAssembly than JavaScript. AssemblyScript, as a variant of TypeScript that is syntactically similar to Jav |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggelos%20Kiayias | Aggelos Kiayias () FRSE is a Greek cryptographer and computer scientist, currently a professor at the University of Edinburgh and the Chief Science Officer at Input Output Global (formerly IOHK), the company behind Cardano.
Education
Kiayias received his PhD in 2002 at the City University of New York; his advisors were Moti Yung and Stathis Zachos.
Career and research
Kiayias is the chair in cyber security and privacy, and director of the Blockchain Technology Laboratory at the University of Edinburgh, as well as a member of its Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science. He is also the chief scientist at the blockchain technology company IOHK (IOG). Previously he worked at the University of Connecticut and at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. In 2017, Kiayias started a blockchain course, making Edinburgh “one of the first big European universities to launch a blockchain course”, according to the Financial Times. The Blockchain Technology Laboratory is based in the Bayes Centre at the university. It investigates decentralized systems in collaboration with industry and government bodies. By 2021, the laboratory listed nine staff and 21 researchers and PhD students. In that year Kiayias was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).
Kiayias has worked in a number of cryptographic areas:
Primarily, he investigated and designed algorithms in the area of cryptocurrency: developing the Cardano (cryptocurrency platform) and the Ouroboros (protocol) for the proof of stake mechanism.
In addition, he has worked on topics such as group signatures, traitor tracing, anonymity, and key generation (see some selected publications below and ).
He has also worked on cryptographic voting systems.
Kiayias has served on program committees and organizing committees of numerous cryptography conferences. In particular, within forums organized by the International Association for Cryptologic Research, he served as the general chair of Eurocrypt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo%20%28social%20network%29 | Koo is an Indian microblogging and social networking service, owned by Bangalore-based Bombinate Technologies. It was co-founded by entrepreneurs Aprameya Radhakrishna and Mayank Bidawatka. The app was launched in early 2020; it won the government's Atmanirbhar App Innovation Challenge which selected the best apps from some 7,000 entries across the country.
As of November 2022, the company is valued at over $275 million. Investors in Bombinate Technologies include Tiger Global, Blume Ventures, Kalaari Capital and Accel Partners India, and former Infosys CFO TV Mohandas Pai's 3one4 Capital.
History
Initial growth
According to statistics provided by analytics provider Sensor Tower, Koo saw 2.6 million installs from Indian app stores in 2020, compared to 2.8 crore (28 million) installs observed for Twitter. From February 6 to February 11, the installations of Koo increased rapidly. The app increased in popularity after a weeklong standoff between Twitter and the Government of India over Twitter's refusal to block accounts during the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest. The government demanded that Twitter block the accounts of hundreds of activists, journalists, and politicians, accusing them of spreading misinformation. Twitter complied with a majority of the orders, but refused some, citing freedom of expression. Following this standoff, many Cabinet Ministers such as Piyush Goyal and various government officials moved to Koo and urged supporters to follow. This led to a surge in Koo's user base. In April 2021, Ravi Shankar Prasad became the first minister with 2.5 million followers on Koo.
Koo in Nigeria
Koo was the go-to alternative to Twitter in Nigeria after the country indefinitely banned Twitter for deleting a tweet by Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari. The tweet had threatened a crackdown on regional separatists "in the language they understand". Twitter claimed the post was in violation of Twitter rules, but gave no further details. Twitter was official |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20matting | Video matting is a technique for separating the video into two or more layers, usually foreground and background, and generating alpha mattes which determine blending of the layers. The technique is very popular in video editing because it allows to substitute the background, or process the layers individually.
Video matting methods
Problem definition
When combining two images the alpha matte is utilized, also known as the transparency map. In the case of digital video, the alpha matte is a sequence of images. The matte can serve as a binary mask, defining which of the image parts are visible. In a more complicated case it enables smooth blending of the images, the alpha matte is used as the transparency map of the top image. Film production has known alpha matting since the very creation of filmmaking. The mattes were drawn by hand. Nowadays, the process can be automatized with computer algorithms.
The basic matting problem is defined as following: given an image , compute the foreground , background and alpha matte , such that the equation holds true. This equation has trivial solution , , is any image. Thus, usually an additional trimap must be provided as input. The trimap specifies background, foreground, and uncertain pixels, which will be decomposed into foreground and background by the matting method.
The main criteria for video matting methods from a user perspective are following:
Accurate edge processing
Time stability
Minimal user intervention
Methods description
The first known video matting method was developed in 2001. The method utilizes optical flow for trimap propagation and a Bayesian image matting technique which is applied to each image separately.
Video SnapCut, which later was incorporated in Adobe After Effects as Roto Brush tool, was developed in 2009. The method makes use of local classifiers for binary image segmentation near the target object's boundary. The results of the segmentation are propagated to the next frame usin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced%20lipids | Reinforced lipids are lipid molecules in which some of the fatty acids contain deuterium instead of hydrogen. They can be used for the protection of living cells by slowing the chain reaction due to isotope effect on lipid peroxidation. The lipid bilayer of the cell and organelle membranes contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are key components of cell and organelle membranes. Any process that either increases oxidation of PUFAs or hinders their ability to be replaced can lead to serious disease. Correspondingly, use of reinforced lipids that stop the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation has preventive and therapeutic potential.
Examples of reinforced lipids
There is a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be reinforced by deuterisation. They include (the names of the reinforces deuterised versions are separated by a slash):
linoleic acid / D2-linoleic acid (D2-Lin)
α-linolenic acid / D4-α-linolenic acid (D4-Lnn)
arachidonic acid / D6-arachidonic acid (D6-ARA)
eicosapentaenoic acid / D8-eicosapentaenoic acid (D8-EPA)
docosahexaenoic acid / D10-docosahexaenoic acid (D10-DHA)
Mechanism of action
Hydrogen is a chemical element with an atomic number of 1. It has just one proton and one electron. Deuterium is the heavier naturally occurring, non-radioactive, stable isotope of hydrogen. Deuterium contains one proton, one electron, and a neutron, effectively doubling the mass of the deuterium isotope without changing its properties significantly. Substituting deuterium for hydrogen yields deuterated compounds that are similar in size and shape to hydrogen-based compounds.
One of the most pernicious and irreparable types of oxidative damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon biomolecules involves the carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage (hydrogen abstraction). In theory, replacing hydrogen with deuterium "reinforces" the bond due to the kinetic isotope effect, and such reinforced biomolecules taken up by the body will be more resistant to ROS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20Capensis | Flora Capensis is a book that described the flora found in colonial South Africa, encompassing the Cape Colony, Kaffraria and the Colony of Natal, as it was known during the second half of the 19th century. Creating the book was suggested by the famous English botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker. William Henry Harvey and Otto Wilhelm Sonder took up the work of writing the first three volumes of the Flora Capensis, which were published between 1860 and 1865 by Hodges, Smith and Co. in Dublin, and A.S. Robertson in Cape Town. Parts 4 to 6 were edited by William Turner Thiselton-Dyer and issued over the following decades, with the supplement published in 1933.
References
External links
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15231#page/2/mode/1up
Florae (publication)
Botany
Flora of South Africa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Monaghan%20%28engineer%29 | Paul Monaghan is a British Formula One engineer. He is currently the chief engineer at the Red Bull Racing Formula One team.
Career
Monaghan gained his master's degree in Mechanical Engineering and then began his motorsport career working at McLaren Racing in 1990 starting out in research and development department before moving to the special projects division. He eventually advanced to the position of data engineer, working alongside David Coulthard.
In 2000, seeking a new challenge, Monaghan joined the Benetton squad, which was in the process of transitioning into the Renault F1 Team. Initially, Monaghan worked as a performance engineer but soon after he joined, he took on the role of Race Engineer for Jenson Button. After Button left the team, Monaghan began working with Renault's exciting new prospect Fernando Alonso, engineering the young Spaniard to his first victory in 2003.
After a brief stint at Jordan Grand Prix, Monaghan joined Red Bull Racing at the end of 2005. Monaghan was initially appointed Head of Race Engineering but over time this has transitioned into the role of Chief Engineer, Car Engineering. This role sees him responsible for extracting maximum performance from the team's machinery across a grand prix weekend and turning racing concepts into performance gains.
References
1967 births
Living people
21st-century British engineers
Formula One engineers
Data engineers
Benetton Formula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandes%20%28software%29 | Sandes is an Indian state-owned freeware instant messaging platform developed by the Government of India. It runs on Android, iOS and in web browsers. The platform is hosted exclusively at Government infrastructure and both are governed by the rules and regulations of Government of India.
Sandes offers instant messaging, VoIP, File sharing and integration within various Indian Government digital services. In initial releases it was only accessible by government officials but now it is available for the public. At present, full features of the platform are only available to verified users.
History
In 2019, the Government of India started a project to build an instant messaging platform named Government Instant Messaging System (GIMS) as part of its Make in India initiative. The main goal of the project was to provide a secure messaging platform to government employees for internal communication which doesn't arouse the security concerns attached with the communication platforms hosted abroad or those owned by foreign entities. The initial software testing started in mid-September 2019 and ran for an extensive period of time. Around 6,600 government officials from various departments participated in this pilot program which reported to have exchanged about 20 lakh messages. Later in February 2021 the client application was rebranded as Sandes and published in the official website. This time the program was made available to the public in limited number.
Features
Sandes allows users to make end-to-end encrypted one-to-one and group messages. Also allows users to make end-to-end encrypted one-to-one voice and video calls. Messaging feature include forward, forward to mail, broadcast, backup, text customisation and tag. Tag is a functionality to mark a message as Confidential, on Priority or as Auto Delete. If a message is marked Auto Delete then it will be automatically deleted once the recipient reads it. Currently Sandes is integrated with NIC email, DigiLocker a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie%20%28microarchitecture%29 | Curie is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, and released in 2004, as the successor to Rankine microarchitecture. It was named with reference to the Polish physicist Marie Salomea Skłodowska–Curie and used with the GeForce 6 and 7 series. Curie was followed by Tesla.
Graphics features
DirectX 9.0c (9_3)
OpenGL 2.1
Shader Model 3.0
Nvidia PureVideo (first generation)
Reintroduced support for Z compression
Hardware support for MSAA anti-aliasing algorithm (up to 4x)
The lack of unified shaders makes DirectX 9.0c the last supported version of DirectX for GPUs based on this microarchitecture.
GPU list
GeForce 6 (6xxx) series
Features
GeForce 7 (7xxx) series
Features
See also
List of eponyms of Nvidia GPU microarchitectures
List of Nvidia graphics processing units
Nvidia PureVideo
Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
Qualcomm Adreno
References
GPGPU
Nvidia Curie
Nvidia microarchitectures
Parallel computing
Graphics cards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine%20%28microarchitecture%29 | Rankine is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, and released in 2003, as the successor to Kelvin microarchitecture. It was named with reference to Macquorn Rankine and used with the GeForce FX series.
Graphics features
DirectX 9.0a
OpenGL 1.5 (2.1)
Shader Model 2.0a
Vertex Shader 2.0a
Max VRAM size bumped to 256MB
Chips
GeForce FX series and GeForce FX (5xxx) series
NV39, 82 million transistor
NV38, 135 million transistor
NV37, 45 million transistor
NV36, 82 million transistor
NV35
NV34
NV31
NV30, 125 million transistor
GPU list
GeForce 5 (5xxx) series
See also
List of eponyms of Nvidia GPU microarchitectures
List of Nvidia graphics processing units
Nvidia PureVideo
Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
Qualcomm Adreno
References
External links
GPGPU
Nvidia Curie
Nvidia microarchitectures
Parallel computing
Graphics cards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%20%28microarchitecture%29 | Kelvin is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, and released in 2001, as the successor to Celsius microarchitecture. It was named with reference to William Thomson (Baron Kelvin) and used with the GeForce 4 and 3 series.
Graphics features
DirectX 8.0
OpenGL 1.2 (1.5)
Shader Model 1.3
Vertex Shader 1.1
Max VRAM size bumped to 128MB
New memory controller with Z compression
Chips
GeForce 3 (3xxx) series
NV20, 57 million transistor
GeForce 4 (4xxx) series
NV2A (Xbox GPU), 57 million transistor
NV25, 63 million transistor
NV28, 36 million transistor
NV17
NV18
GPU list
GeForce 3 (3xxx) series
GeForce 4 (4xxx) series
See also
List of eponyms of Nvidia GPU microarchitectures
List of Nvidia graphics processing units
Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
Qualcomm Adreno
References
Nvidia Kelvin
Nvidia microarchitectures
Graphics cards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius%20%28microarchitecture%29 | Celsius is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia, and released in 1999, as the successor to Fahrenheit (NV4, NV3...) microarchitecture. It was named with reference to Celsius and used with the GeForce 256 and GeForce 2 series.
Graphics features
DirectX 7.0
OpenGL 1.2 (1.5)
Max VRAM size bumped to 128MB
Chips
GeForce 256
NV10, 17 million transistor
GeForce 2 series
NV11, 20 million transistor
NV15, 25 million transistor
NV17, 29 million transistor
NV18, 29 million transistor
Crush11, 20 million transistor
Crush17, 29 million transistor
GPU list
GeForce 256
GeForce 2 series
See also
List of Nvidia graphics processing units
Scalable Link Interface (SLI)
Qualcomm Adreno
References
External links
GPGPU
Nvidia Curie
Nvidia microarchitectures
Parallel computing
Graphics cards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiPay | WiPay is a Caribbean-based payment technology company that specializes in facilitating electronic payments for businesses. It provides the necessary infrastructure and financial technologies for sub-merchants to accept credit card payments, enabling them to streamline their payment processes and receive funds efficiently.
Founded in 2016 by Aldwyn Wayne Jr., a Trinidadian businessman and graduate of Georgia Tech Institute, WiPay has emerged as a leading player in the Caribbean's financial services industry. The company offers a comprehensive range of services, including credit card processing, website plugins through application programming interfaces (APIs), peer-to-peer transfers, remittances, bill payments, and government services.
In September 2019, WiPay formed a strategic partnership with MasterCard to enhance electronic payment solutions across the Caribbean. As a result, WiPay became the only licensed Payment Facilitator (PAYFAC) on both the MasterCard and Visa networks in the region, solidifying its position as a trusted and authorized payment processor.
WiPay's services have played a crucial role in advancing e-commerce and digital payments in the Caribbean, which is estimated to be a $5 billion industry. By offering secure and efficient payment processing solutions, WiPay has helped businesses and individuals overcome the challenges associated with online payments in the region.
With its headquarters located in Trinidad and Tobago, WiPay currently serves multiple countries, including Trinidad, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Jamaica, and Guyana. The company's commitment to innovation and its dedication to providing reliable payment solutions have earned it a reputation as the "PayPal of the Caribbean."
See also
Electronic commerce
List of online payment service providers
Payment gateway
Payment service provider
References
External links
Business software
Financial services companies established in 2016
Financial technology
Online payments
Payment se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moove%20It | Moove It is a software engineering company based in Austin, Texas, with offices in San Francisco, Montevideo and Cali. The company specializes in design, development and implementation of technology applications in several areas like education, health, financial technology, entertainment and telecommunications. Its clients include companies like Disney Streaming Services, Hulu, Ripple, Shopify, Unilever and Bancard, among others.
History
Moove It was founded in Montevideo, Uruguay in 2006 by Martín Cabrera, a systems engineer graduated from the University of the Republic, as a small business selling IP cameras. Later, they started to focus on consulting and software development.
In 2008, systems engineers Ariel Ludueña (from the software development company Boutique), and Conrado Viña (creator of the Feng Office application), joined the company. A year later they were hired by an american company called Staton and decided to focus most of their operations in the United States, initially developing applications with Ruby on Rails, an open source framework. Gradually they included other types of development technologies to expand their portfolio.
In 2014 the company created StartUp House, a hostel for entrepreneurs that offered cooperative workspace and web hosting. In 2015 Moove It experienced financial growth with the arrival of internationally recognized clients and two years later established its headquarters in Austin, Texas. In 2018 it made a $150,000 investment in brand modernization.
In 2019 it started operations in the city of Cali, Colombia. By that year, Moove It had achieved an average growth of 30% and, although 70% growth was expected in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic did not allow reaching those numbers. In June 2020 Moove It invested in Marvik, an uruguayan company specialized in machine learning.
Services
Moove It specializes in the design, development and branding of software applications using programming technologies such as Ruby on Rails, Java |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candido%27s%20identity | __notoc__
Candido's identity, named after the Italian mathematician Giacomo Candido, is an identity for real numbers. It states that for two arbitrary real numbers and the following equality holds:
The identity however is not restricted to real numbers but holds in every commutative ring.
Candido originally devised the identity to prove the following identity for Fibonacci numbers:
Proof
A straightforward algebraic proof can be attained by simply completely expanding both sides of the equation. The identity however can also be interpreted geometrically. In this case it states that the area of square with side length equals twice the sum of areas of three squares with side lengths , and . This allows for the following proof due to Roger B. Nelsen:
Further reading
S. Melham: "'YE OLDE FIBONACCI CURIOSITY SHOPPE REVISITED". In: Fibonacci Quarterly, 2004, 2, pp. 155–160
Zvonko Cerin: "ON CANDIDO LIKE IDENTITIES". In: Fibonacci Quarterly, Volume 55, No. 5, 2017, pp. 46–51
Claudi Alsina, Roger B. Nelsen: "On Candido's Identity". In: Mathematics Magazine, Band 80, Nr. 3 (June, 2007), pp. 226-228 (JSTOR)
External links
Candido's identity at cut-the-knot.org
References
Mathematical identities
Fibonacci numbers
Articles containing proofs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniffer%20%28protocol%20analyzer%29 | The Sniffer was a computer network packet and protocol analyzer developed and first sold in 1986 by Network General Corporation of Mountain View, CA. By 1994 the Sniffer had become the market leader in high-end protocol analyzers. According to SEC 10-K filings and corporate annual reports, between 1986 and March 1997 about $933M worth of Sniffers and related products and services had been sold as tools for network managers and developers.
The Sniffer was the antecedent of several generations of network protocol analyzers, of which the current most popular is Wireshark.
Background
The Sniffer was the first product of Network General Corporation, founded on May 13, 1986 by Harry Saal and Len Shustek to develop and market network protocol analyzers. The inspiration was an internal test tool that had been developed within Nestar Systems, a personal computer networking company founded in October 1978 by Saal and Shustek along with Jim Hinds and Nick Fortis. In 1982 engineers John Rowlands and Chris Reed at Nestar’s UK subsidiary Zynar Ltd developed an ARCNET promiscuous packet receiver and analyzer called TART (“Transmit and Receive Totaliser”) for use as an internal engineering test tool. It used custom hardware, and software for an IBM PC written in a combination of BASIC and 8086 assembly code. When Nestar was acquired by Digital Switch Corporation (now DSC Communications) of Plano, Texas in 1986, Saal and Shustek received the rights to TART.
At Network General, Saal and Shustek initially sold TART as the “R-4903 ARCNET Line Analyzer (‘The Sniffer’)”. They then reengineered TART for IBM’s Token Ring network hardware, created a different user interface with software written in C, and began selling it as The Sniffer™ in December 1986. The company had four employees at the end of that year.
In April 1987 the company released an Ethernet version of the Sniffer, and in October, versions for ARCNET, StarLAN, and IBM PC Network Broadband. Protocol interpreters were wri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreeable%20subset | An agreeable subset is a subset of items that is considered, by all people in a certain group, to be at least as good as its complement. Finding a small agreeable subset is a problem in computational social choice.
An example situation in which this problem arises is when a family goes on a trip and has to decide which items to take. Since their car is limited in size, they cannot pick all items, so they have to agree on a subset of items which are most important. If they manage to find a subset of items such that all family members agree that it is at least as good as the subset of items remaining at home, then this subset is called agreeable.
Another use case is when the citizens in some city want to elect a committee from a given pool of candidates, such that all citizens agree that the subset of elected candidates is at least as good as the subset of non-elected ones. Subject to that, the committee size should be as small as possible.
Definitions
Agreeable subset
There is a set S containing m objects. There are n agents who have to choose a subset of S. Each agent is characterized by a preference-relation on subsets of S. The preference-relation is assumed to be monotone - an agent always weakly prefers a set to all its subsets. A subset T of S is called agreeable if all agents prefer T to S\T.
If an agent's preference relation is represented by a subadditive utility function u, then for any agreeable subset T, u(T) ≥ u(S)/2.
As an example, suppose there are two objects - bread and wine, and two agents - Alice and George. The preference-relation of Alice is {bread,wine} > {bread} > {wine} > {}. If the preference-relation of George is the same, then there are two agreeable subsets: {bread,wine} and {bread}. But if George's preference-relation is {bread,wine} > {wine} > {bread} > {}, then the only agreeable subset is {bread,wine}.
Necessarily-agreeable subset
If the agents' preference relations on the subsets are given, it is easy to check whether a sub |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20laser%20interference%20patterning | In materials science, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a laser-based technology that uses the physical principle of interference of high-intensity coherent laser beams to produce functional periodic microstructures. In order to obtain interference, the beam is divided by a beam splitter, special prisms, or other elements. The beams are then folded together to form an interference pattern. Sufficiently high power of the laser beam can thus result in the removal of material at the interference maximums thanks to ablation phenomenon, leaving the material intact at the minimums. In this way, a repeatable pattern can be permanently fixed on the surface of a given material. DLIP can be applied to almost any material and can change the properties of surfaces in many technological areas with regard to electrical and optical properties, tribology (friction and wear), light absorption and wettability (e.g., which can be related to hygienic properties).
History
In the 1990s, Frank Mücklich learned about Martin Stutzmann's method for local crystallization of amorphous layers from him at the Technical University of Munich. The method he utilized was based on the interference principle using laser radiation. Mücklich, who had already gained intensive theoretical and experimental experience with interference phenomena during his doctorate, decided to use it by applying high laser intensity for the development of local and periodic variation of the microstructure due to metallurgical effects. With the help of funding he got from the Alfried Krupp sponsorship in 1997, he was able to realise this concept in the laboratories of his Chair for Functional Materials at Saarland University, by acquiring a nanosecond laser and the necessary optical equipment.
What was noticeable in the experiments, however, was that in addition to the local metallurgical effects observed, i.e. microstructural changes in the material (like grain size distribution, orientation), also the micr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle%20time%20%28software%29 | In software engineering, cycle time is a software metric which estimates development speed in agile software projects. The cycle time measures how long it takes to process a given job - whether it's a client request, an order, or a defined production process stage. The crucial aspect of measuring the cycle time is considering only the active, operating processing time and discarding any idle, waiting, or service times occurring mid-process.
According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), cycle time is the "total elapsed time from the start of a particular activity or work item to its completion."
The cycle time is a useful metric. In contrast to lead time, which measures the time that the customer waits for their request to be realized, cycle time only counts the time the team spends actively working on the request. The core use of cycle times is to identify the average development times for specific teams or given request types. This lets the software engineering manager predict team engagements and better schedule work.
See also
Software quality
Statistical quality control
Further reading
What is waste? (Agile Alliance)
Takt time - Cycle time (The Lean Thinker)
Lead time versus Cycle Time – Untangling the confusion
Citations
References
Rates
Clock signal
Instruction processing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Committee%20on%20Structural%20Safety | The Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS) is an international scientific and technical association concerned with research, development and best practice in structural reliability in civil engineering. This includes methods for calculating the reliability of structures, but also the discussion and development of recommendations on acceptable reliability (how safe is safe enough).
The JCSS also deals with risk-based and risk-informed decision making for engineering systems. The JCSS is a voluntary organisation that aims to establish the foundations and benefits of probabilistic methods in engineering practice.
The JCSS has met twice a year since 1971 and coordinates and presents the work done. The JCSS regularly organises workshops to promote and facilitate professional exchange and regularly offers courses.
History
The Joint Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS) is an international body established in 1971 by the Liaison Committee of International Associations of Civil Engineering (Liaison Committee), i.e.
IABSE: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering
CIB: International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction
ECCS: European Convention for Constructional Steelwork
fib: International Federation for Structural Concrete
IASS: International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures
RILEM: International Union of Laboratories and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems and Structures
to improve the general knowledge of structural reliability and technical risk assessments among engineers and to coordinate the activities of civil engineering associations in the field of structural reliability.
In the initial phase of the JCSS, the focus was particularly on pre-normative research and development in the field of structural reliability theory and risk analysis. Basic principles were discussed and developed to accompany the development of the first generation of European structural design standards, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symposium%20on%20Experimental%20Algorithms | The International Symposium on Experimental Algorithms (SEA), previously known as Workshop on Experimental Algorithms (WEA), is a computer science conference in the area of algorithm engineering.
Notes
Computer science conferences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondel%27s%20experiments | Blondel's experiments are a series of experiments performed by physicist André Blondel in 1914 in order to determine what was the most general law of electromagnetic induction. In fact, noted Blondel, "Significant discussions have been raised repeatedly on the question of what is the most general law of induction: we should consider the electromotive force (e.m.f.) as the product of any variation of magnetic flux () surrounding a conductor or of the fact that the conductor sweeps part of this flux?".
In the first case Blondel referred to Faraday-Neumann law, which is often considered the most general law, while in the second case he referred to Lorentz force.
Normally experiments to verify the first case consist of measuring the induced current in a closed conducting circuit, concatenated to the magnetic induction field of a magnet, with varying in time, while for the verification of the second case usually we measure the induced current in a closed circuit of variable shape or moving by cutting perpendicularly a field constant.
The second case, however, is due to a variation of the magnetic flux , not so much because the intensity of varies, but because the surface crossed by the field varies.
Blondel, on the other hand, devised "a new device which consists in varying the total magnetic flux passing through a coil, by a continuous variation of the number of turns of this coil". In this way and are constant for each coil, but the total flux varies with the number of coils affected by the field .
It follows that, given the flux concatenated to a single loop and the total number of loops, by Faraday-Neumann's law, the resulting electromotive force is:
i.e. dependent on the variation of the number of turns in time.
Blondel tested four configurations of his apparatus in which he demonstrates that a change in flux does not always generate an e.m.f. in a circuit concatenated to it, concluding that the Faraday-Neumann law cannot be the general law.
Apparat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertson%E2%80%93Webb%20query%20model | In computer science, the Robertson–Webb (RW) query model is a model of computation used by algorithms for the problem of fair cake-cutting. In this problem, there is a resource called a "cake", and several agents with different value measures on the cake. The goal is to divide the cake among the agents such that each agent will consider his/her piece as "fair" by his/her personal value measure. Since the agents' valuations can be very complex, they cannot - in general - be given as inputs to a fair division algorithm. The RW model specifies two kinds of queries that a fair division algorithm may ask the agents: Eval and Cut. Informally, an Eval query asks an agent to specify his/her value to a given piece of the cake, and a Cut query (also called a Mark query) asks an agent to specify a piece of cake with a given value.
Despite the simplicity of the model, many classic cake-cutting algorithms can be described only by these two queries. On the other hand, there are fair cake-cutting problems that provably cannot be solved in the RW model using finitely many queries.
The Eval and Cut queries were first described in the book of Jack M. Robertson and William A. Webb. The name "Robertson–Webb model" was coined and formalized by Woeginger and Sgall.
Definitions
The standard RW model assumes that the cake is an interval, usually the interval [0,1]. There are n agents, and each agent i has a value measure vi on the cake. The algorithm does not know vi, but can access it using two kinds of queries:
An eval query: given two real numbers x and y, Evali(x,y) asks agent i to report the value of the interval [x,y], i.e., vi ([x,y]).
A mark query (also called a cut query): given two real numbers x and r, Marki(x,r) asks agent i to report some value y such that vi([x,y]) = r.
Example
The classic Divide and choose algorithm, for cutting a cake between two children, can be done using four queries.
Ask Alice an Eval(0,1) query; let V1 be the answer (this is Alice's value of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized%20web | The decentralized web is a research program which proposes to reorganize the Internet using peer-to-peer or federated infrastructure rather than centralized data hosting services. Interest in the decentralized web arose due to the lack of trust in network maintenance organizations, due to scandals involving widespread espionage and content control. Proposed mechanisms include decentralized identifiers and distributed ledgers.
Decentralized identifiers
Decentralized identifiers are an important part of decentralized web applications. Decentralized identifiers are sometimes encapsulated in "decentralized identifier documents" (referred to as "DIDs"). Decentralized web applications frequently rely on URLs to decentralized identifier documents. The World Wide Web Consortium has several recommendations regarding DIDs. These identity documents are intended to identify any subject (e.g., a person, organization, thing, data model, abstract entity, etc.) that the controller of the DID decides that it identifies.
Cryptocurrency
A decentralized currency can be a helpful element in a decentralized web platform. A "cryptocurrency" (or crypto currency or crypto for short) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange wherein individual coin ownership records are stored in a ledger. The ledger is a form of computerized database using strong cryptography to secure transaction records, to control the creation of additional coins, and to verify the transfer of coin ownership. It typically does not exist in physical form (like paper money) and is typically not issued by a central authority. Cryptocurrencies typically use decentralized control as opposed to centralized digital currency and central banking systems.
When a cryptocurrency is minted or created prior to issuance or issued by a single issuer, it is generally considered centralized. When implemented with decentralized control, each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology, typically a b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered%20cellular%20magmatic | Engineered cellular magmatics (ECMs) are synthetic stone of glass and ceramic. ECMs replicate rare, naturally occurring volcanic materials, and exhibit useful structural and chemical properties of those materials. The US Department of Energy has recognized ECMs as an advanced material, funding further research into the manufacture and application of ECMs through ARPA-E and Savannah River National Laboratory.
Properties
ECMs can be engineered to include a broad range of silicate species, with various reactivity. Their physical structure can range from closed to open cell, resembling pumice or porous ceramic. They can be composed of internal pore and vesicular structures with individual cross sections that can measure from millimeter down to nanometer scale. Open cell varieties exhibit extensive surface areas which amplify ion exchange capabilities (both cationic and anionic). These features make them well suited for various cement construction filtration and remediation applications. They typically contain both amorphous and crystalline structures.
Application
Known uses for ECMs include air and water filtration, biological and chemical remediation, microbial habitat, soil and cementitious amendments. They can also be used in the manufacture of various forms of zeolite due to the resulting silicate lattice, and in various reactors for chemical separation. They meet and exceed the ASTM Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete, and exceed ASTM standards for vegetative green roof media.
History
ECMs share a history with foam glass, but are engineered for specific chemical reactivity and structural properties not generally considered the domain of foam glass. The term engineered cellular magmatic was adopted to describe the material in late 2019 by inventor Robert Hust. Other named inventors include Gene Ramsey, Cory Trivelpiece, Gert Nielsen, and Philip Galland.
Manufacture
ECMs can be manufactured from raw materials (minerals w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended%20natural%20numbers | In mathematics, the extended natural numbers is a set which contains the values and (infinity). That is, it is the result of adding a maximum element to the natural numbers. Addition and multiplication work as normal for finite values, and are extended by the rules (), and for .
With addition and multiplication, is a semiring but not a ring, as lacks an additive inverse. The set can be denoted by , or . It is a subset of the extended real number line, which extends the real numbers by adding and .
Applications
In graph theory, the extended natural numbers are used to define distances in graphs, with being the distance between two unconnected vertices. They can be used to show the extension of some results, such as the max-flow min-cut theorem, to infinite graphs.
In topology, the topos of right actions on the extended natural numbers is a category PRO of projection algebras.
In constructive mathematics, the extended natural numbers are a one-point compactification of the natural numbers, yielding the set of non-increasing binary sequences i.e. such that . The sequence represents , while the sequence represents . It is a retract of and the claim that implies the limited principle of omniscience.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Number theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuen%20Tze%20Lo | Yuen Tze Lo (; January 31, 1920 – May 10, 2002) was a Chinese American electrical engineer and academician. He was a professor emeritus at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He is best known for his contributions to the theory and design of antennas. He is the editor of the textbook series, Antenna Handbook.
The Yuen T. Lo Outstanding Research Award at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign is named after him.
Biography
Lo was born on January 31, 1920, in Hankou, Republic of China. He received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from National Southwestern Associated University in 1942. Between 1946 and 1948, he worked at the National Tsing Hua University in Kunming as an instructor; he worked briefly at the Yenching University as well. He obtained his M.S. and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from University of Illinois at Urbana in 1949 and 1952, respectively.
Between 1952 and 1956, Lo worked at Channel Master Corporation at Ellenville, New York, as an engineer. In 1956, Lo joined University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign as faculty member, conducting research at the Antenna Laboratory. Lo stayed as faculty member at University of Illinois until his retirement in 1990. He was also the director of the Electromagnetics Lab from 1982 to 1990.
Lo had served as a distinguished lecturer in microstrip antenna theory. In 1986, Lo was elected to the National Academy of Engineering, "for inventions and innovative ideas which have advanced significantly the theory and design of antennas and arrays." In 1996, he received IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society's Distinguished Achievement Award for "fundamental contributions to the theory of antenna arrays."
Lo was married to Sara de Mundo and had two children. He died on May 10, 2002.
Research
Lo's research interests included antenna theory, design and applications. He is regarded as the inventor of the broadband television-receiving ante |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto%20Lopo%20de%20Carvalho | Fausto Lopo Patrício de Carvalho (15 May 1890 – 23 May 1970), more commonly known as Fausto Lopo de Carvalho, was a Portuguese pulmonologist specialising in phthisiology, and the developer of pulmonary angiography in 1931, with Egas Moniz and Almeida Lima.
He was the son of eminent phthisiologist Lopo de Carvalho (founder of the first sanatorium in Portugal, in Guarda), and his wife Leopoldina dos Anjos Patrício de Carvalho. He studied at the University of Coimbra, earning a degree in medicine with the highest possible grade (20 out of a possible 20) in 1916; after completing his medical studies he worked at the Guarda Sanatorium under his father's guidance, where he prepared his thesis for a doctorate, entitled Artificial Pneumothorax. He taught Medical Propaedeutics, first at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Coimbra and later at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, until 1934, when he was appointed to the newly-created Chair of Chest Diseases.
He was President of the International Union Against Tuberculosis from 1937 to 1939, and also presided over the Portuguese National Assistance for the Tuberculous from 1931 to 1938.
Distinctions
National orders
Grand Officer of the Order of Saint James of the Sword (7 February 1985)
Grand Officer of the Order of Public Instruction (5 October 1931)
Foreign orders
Commander of the Order of Leopold (Belgium)
Officer of the Legion of Honour (France)
Knight of the Order of Charles III (Spain)
References
1890 births
1970 deaths
20th-century Portuguese physicians
Officers of the Legion of Honour
Grand Officers of the Order of Saint James of the Sword
People from Guarda, Portugal
Tuberculosis researchers
Portuguese pulmonologists
University of Coimbra alumni
Academic staff of the University of Coimbra
Academic staff of the University of Lisbon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy%20pixel | Spy pixels or tracker pixels are hyperlinks to remote image files in HTML email messages that have the effect of spying on the person reading the email if the image is downloaded. They are commonly embedded in the HTML of an email as small, imperceptible, transparent graphic files. Spy pixels are commonly used in marketing, and there are several countermeasures in place that aim to block email tracking pixels. However, there are few regulations in place that effectively guard against email tracking approaches.
History
Invented in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson, emails have made it much more convenient to send and receive messages as opposed to traditional postal mail. In 2020, there were 4 billion email users worldwide and approximately 306 billion emails sent and received daily. The email sender, however, still has to wait for a reply email from the recipient in order to confirm that their message was delivered. There are some situations where the recipient doesn't respond to the sender even when they have read the email, which is why the email tracking method emerged. Most email services do not provide indicators as to whether an email was read, so third-party applications and plug-ins have provided the convenience of email tracking. The most common method is the email tracking beacon or spy pixel.
Spy pixels were described as "endemic" in February 2021. The "Hey" email service, contacted by BBC News, estimated that it blocked spy pixels in about 600,000 out of 1,000,000 messages per day.
Mechanism
HTML email messages typically contain hyperlinks to online resources. Common software used by a recipient of email may, by default, automatically download remote image files from hyperlinks, without asking the user for confirmation. After downloading an image file, the software displays the image to the recipient. A spy pixel is an image file that is deliberately made small, often of a single pixel and of a colour that makes it "impossible to spot with the naked eye even if y |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20Mars%202020 | The Mars 2020 mission, along with its rover Perseverance and helicopter Ingenuity, was launched from Earth on July 30, 2020. On February 15, 2022, The New York Times provided an overview of the Mars 2020 mission events since the landing in Jezero crater on Mars in February 2021. As of , , Perseverance has been on the planet Mars for sols ( total days; ).
Current weather data on Mars is being monitored by the Curiosity rover and the Insight lander. The Perseverance rover is also collecting weather data. (See the External links section)
Overview of mission
Prelaunch (2012–2020)
4 December 2012: Mars 2020 mission announced by NASA.
8–10 February 2017: Workshop held to discuss eight proposed landing sites for the mission. The three sites chosen were Jezero crater, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, and Columbia Hills.
30 July 2020: Atlas V rocket launched from Cape Canaveral.
Landing and initial tests (February–May 2021)
After arriving on February 18th, Perseverance focused on validating its systems. During this phase, it used its science instruments for the first time, generated oxygen on Mars with MOXIE, and deployed Ingenuity. Ingenuity began the technology demonstration phase of its mission, completing five flights before transitioning to the operations demonstration phase of its mission.
18 February 2021: Landing in Jezero crater on Mars.
20 February 2021: Perseverance records the first audio from the surface of another planet.
4 March 2021: Perseverance rover's first test drive.
5 March 2021: NASA named the Perseverance rover landing site "Octavia E. Butler Landing".
3 April 2021: Deployment of Ingenuity.
8 April 2021: NASA reported the first MEDA weather report on Mars: for 3–4 April 2021, the high was "minus-7.6 degrees, and a low of minus-117.4 degrees ... [winds] gusting to ... 22 mph".
19 April 2021: First major flight test of Ingenuity.
20 April 2021: MOXIE made 5.37 g of oxygen gas from carbon dioxide on its first test on Mars
22 April |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20M.%20Pozar | David Michael Pozar (born January 15, 1952) is an American electrical engineer, educator and professor emeritus at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Massachusetts Amherst. His research interests concentrate mainly on antenna theory and design. Pozar is also the author of the textbook, Microwave Engineering.
Biography
David Michael Pozar was born on January 15, 1952, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He obtained his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from University of Akron in 1975 and 1976, respectively. He completed his PhD. studies under the supervision of Carlton H. Walter in 1980 at Ohio State University.
Pozar joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1980; he was promoted to the full professorship in 1989. In 1988, he worked at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne as a visiting professor during his sabbatical. He served as the associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation in between 1983 and 1986, as well as between 1989 and 1992. He became a Distinguished
Lecturer for the IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society in 1993 and retired in 2004. He is an IEEE fellow.
Pozar's research interests focus on the design and analysis of microstrip antennas and phased arrays. He has authored multiple books on antenna and microwave engineering, including Antenna Design Using Personal Computers (1985), Microwave Engineering (1990) and Microwave and RF Design of Wireless Systems (2000). Pozar introduced the widely used printed antenna feed techniques of aperture coupling in 1984 and proximity coupling in 1987. He is also the author of PCAAD, computer-aided design package for antennas.
Selected publications
Books
Articles
References
External links
Living people
1952 births
American electronics engineers
American telecommunications engineers
Microwave engineers
Electrical engineering academics
University of Massachusetts Amherst fac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprotrophic%20bacteria | Saprotrophic bacteria are bacteria that are typically soil-dwelling and utilize saprotrophic nutrition as their primary energy source. They are often associated with soil fungi that also use saprotrophic nutrition and both are classified as saprotrophs.
A saprotroph is a type of decomposer that feeds exclusively on dead and decaying plant matter. Saprotrophic organisms include fungi, bacteria, and water molds which are critical to decomposition and nutrient cycling, providing nutrition for consumers at higher trophic levels. They obtain nutrients via absorptive nutrition, in which nutrients are digested by a variety of enzymes and subsequently secreted by the saprotroph.
Community composition and proliferation rates of saprotrophic indicator bacteria are often considered signals of community health in soil, aquatic, and bodily systems.
Structure and life cycle
All saprotrophic bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes, and reproduce asexually through binary fission. Variation in the turnover times (the rate at which a nutrient is depleted and replaced in a particular nutrient pool) of the bacteria may be due in part to variation in environmental factors including temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, substrate type and concentration, plant genotype, and toxins. These factors can, in turn, alter the rates of decomposition and soil organic matter turnover, impacting ecosystem productivity.
When colonizing a new environment, the population of a saprotrophic strain of bacteria initially decreases and then reaches a point of population stabilization. While they are common in soil environments, they can persist anywhere with available food resources, such as in aquatic environments, or in fecal matter. As such, they are a common organism in waste products, where they break down various compounds to obtain nourishment.
Growth rate
Saprotrophic bacterial growth rate is very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions, making it a good variable to detect rapid and subt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrovirology | Astrovirology is an emerging subdiscipline of astrobiology which aims to understand what role viruses played in the origin and evolution of life on Earth as well as the potential for viruses beyond Earth.
Viruses and early life on Earth
Viruses drive evolution
Viruses are a major driving force in evolution; the arms race between viruses and their host, or the Red Queen hypothesis, causes strong evolutionary pressures in both the host and viruses. The host evolves to evade and destroy viruses, while the virus evolves mechanisms to continue infecting the host. Evolution is also influenced by viral horizontal gene transfer. Viral genes can be inserted into the host genome (ex. Retroviruses) and sometimes these genes are evolutionarily favorable. One common example of beneficial horizontal gene transfer in humans is the gene for syncytin, which came from ancient viruses and is important in placenta development.
Viruses influence major evolutionary events
Though unproven, some virologists posit that viruses may have played an important role in major evolutionary events, including the emergence of a DNA genome from an RNA world, divergence from LUCA to the three domains of life, archaea, bacteria, and eukarya, and development of multicellularity. Emergence of a DNA genome and divergence from LUCA may have been aided by horizontal gene transfer of polymerases and other gene-editing enzymes from viruses. Meanwhile, viral selection pressures could have also aided divergence from LUCA to defend against different viruses, while multicellularity provides greater cell population protection from viruses.
Viruses and Earth's environment
Viruses influence biogeochemical cycles
Viruses cause nutrient cycling in the ocean via the viral shunt, and up to 25% of the available carbon in the upper ocean is attributed to virus-induced cell lysis.
Around 5% of Earth's oxygen is thought to be produced by cells infected by viruses encoding photosynthetic genes otherwise absent from t |
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