source stringlengths 31 203 | text stringlengths 28 2k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Malin%20Rodgers | Thomas Malin Rodgers (August 1, 1943 — April 12, 2012) was an Atlanta-based businessman and puzzle collector who is remembered as the originator of the Gathering 4 Gardner (G4G) educational foundation, first conceived in 1992. He co-founded G4G with magician and toy inventor Mark Setteducati and UC Berkeley professor Elwyn Berlekamp. Over the past three decades it hosted 14 biennial conferences for aficionados of the recreational mathematician and Scientific American columnist and writer Martin Gardner. Rodgers also edited 6 volumes of Martin Gardner tribute books, published by AK Peters. Rodgers' personal physical puzzle collection was legendary.
Gathering 4 Gardner
Through his monthly Mathematical Games column and his extensive correspondence, Gardner had created a large network of fans and had achieved an almost cult-like status. Rodgers knew many of the other people in the ever expanding Gardner circle and a decade after Gardner stopped writing his column, Rodgers decided that a conference in his honor was merited. He managed to convince the usually shy Gardner to attend and then used Gardner's own voluminous and meticulous files to assemble a list of invitees. They called it The Gathering 4 Gardner, which was subsequently shortened to G4G. Gardner attended the first G4G in 1993 and the second, dubbed G4G2, in 1996. Since then, there has been a gathering every two years up to G4G13 in 2018, and then G4G14 in 2022, delayed because of the Covid pandemic. For the first two decades G4G was sustained mostly by Rodgers with "seemingly unfettered access to his personal time and resources."
By the time of G4G7 in 2006, the conference was attracting a wide assortment of people, including Mathematician Daina Taimina, gaming hobbyist Lou Zocchi, puzzle designer Wei-Hwa Huang, magic square expert Lee Sallows, puzzle historian David Singmaster, computer scientist and origamist Ron Resch, and spidron inventor Dániel Erdély—in addition to establishment mathematicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste%20detection%20threshold | Taste detection threshold is the minimum concentration of a flavoured substance detectable by the sense of taste. Sweetness detection thresholds are usually measured relative to that of sucrose, sourness relative to dilute hydrochloric acid, saltiness relative to table salt (NaCl), and bitterness to quinine. These substances have a reference index of 1. Thresholds for bitter substances can be considerable lower than those for other flavoured substances, this may be due to the importance of ingesting large amounts of energy-rich or salty food while avoiding even small quantities of poisonous substances, which are often bitter.
Variation in sensitivity among individuals plays a role in dietary selection and there is evidence that diet reciprocally affects taste sensitivity. One study found that non-vegetarians had less sensitivity to sweetness while vegetarians had higher sensitivity to caffeine, a bitter substance.
See also
Odor detection threshold
References
Gustation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTA%20GView | DTA GVeiw is a program in which genomes of several organisms can be pulled up on the program to immediately show a list of known genes and where they are located in the genome. It has been referred to as a "google maps" of genomes.
Purpose
The purpose of DTA GVeiw is to collect data of organisms, in the hope of one day engineering microbial organisms to help make mars a suitable place for life.
DARPA, the creator of DTA GVeiw, Hopes one day they will be enabled to "pick and choose" desired genes to create new organisms capable of living on a foreign planet.
References
Terraforming
Genetic engineering
Bioinformatics software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Photonics%20Technology%20Letters | IEEE Photonics Technology Letters is a semi-monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which focuses on the theory, design, fabrication, and performance of lasers and optical devices as well as optical fibre technologies. It is published by the IEEE Photonics Society and was established in 1989. The editor-in-chief is Boon S. Ooi (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.486.
References
External links
Semi-monthly journals
Academic journals established in 1989
Engineering journals
Optics journals
English-language journals
IEEE academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCD%20matrix | In mathematics, a greatest common divisor matrix (sometimes abbreviated as GCD matrix) is a matrix.
Definition
Let be a list of positive integers. Then the matrix having the greatest common divisor as its entry is referred to as the GCD matrix on .The LCM matrix is defined analogously.
The study of GCD type matrices originates from who evaluated the determinant of certain GCD and LCM matrices.
Smith showed among others that the determinant of the matrix is , where is Euler's totient function.
Bourque–Ligh conjecture
conjectured that the LCM matrix on a GCD-closed set is nonsingular. This conjecture was shown to be false by and subsequently by . A lattice-theoretic approach is provided by .
References
Matrix theory
Number theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FluBot | FluBot is a sophisticated SMS computer virus –specifically a banking Trojan– of global reach which aims to steal private data from Android smart phones. Unlike much malware, FluBot has proven exceptionally durable, coming in waves or "campaigns" with each redesign. It masquerades as innocuous messages such as missed calls and deliveries, asking the receiver to click links that download spyware. A variant, TeaBot, has infiltrated official app stores, including Google Play Store, in the guise of a QR-code reader.
16,000 reports of FluBot were reported to the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission's Scamwatch in Australia across eight weeks in 2021. Although coverage of FluBot primarily centres on Australia and New Zealand, the scam has also targeted European countries such as Germany and Poland in 2022 campaigns.
In May 2022, FluBot infrastructure was taken down in an operation involving 11 countries and it is not expected to resurge.
References
Virus
Internet security
Deception
Security breaches
Types of malware
Android (operating system) malware |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon%20tech | Carbon tech is a group of existing and emerging technologies that are rapidly transforming oil and gas to low emissions energy. Combined, these technologies take a circular carbon economy approach for managing and reducing carbon footprints, while optimizing biological and industry processes. It builds on the principles of the circular economy for managing carbon emissions: to reduce the amount of carbon emissions entering the atmosphere, to reuse carbon emissions as a feedstock in different industries, to recycle carbon through the natural carbon cycle with bioenergy, and to remove carbon and store it. Carbon tech provides a third option for climate and environmental policy as an alternate to the binary business as usual and radical change.
Carbon management can be achieved through nature-based solutions such as reforestation and afforestation, or through technological strategies. Technologies available range from Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS), to negative emissions technologies such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, direct air carbon capture, as well as enhanced weathering, biofuels, and biochar from waste that exists in today's processes.
Principles
The circular carbon economy is a closed loop system that encompasses 4Rs - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Remove and applies them to managing carbon emissions.
Reduce
Energy efficiency, flaring minimization, modern SCADA controls, artificial intelligence, and making consumer products greener are among the strategies used to control the anthropogenic release of carbon emissions. It is complementary to opportunities to reduce fossil fuel use through substitution with low-carbon energy sources like nuclear, hydropower, bioenergy, and non-carbon emitting renewables.
Reuse
Carbon can be reused by pooling streams for energy generation, in waste management and product manufacturing. It can be reused in fuels, enhanced oil recovery, chemicals, bioenergy, food and beverages.
can be reused in bu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20data%20model | A common data model (CDM) can refer to any standardised data model which allows for data and information exchange between different applications and data sources. Common data models aim to standardise logical infrastructure so that related applications can "operate on and share the same data", and can be seen as a way to "organize data from many sources that are in different formats into a standard structure".
A common data model has been described as one of the components of a "strong information system". A standardised common data model has also been described as a typical component of a well designed agile application besides a common communication protocol. Providing a single common data model within an organisation is one of the typical tasks of a data warehouse.
Examples of common data models
Border crossings
X-trans.eu was a cross-border pilot project between the Free State of Bavaria (Germany) and Upper Austria with the aim of developing a faster procedure for the application and approval of cross-border large-capacity transports. The portal was based on a common data model that contained all the information required for approval.
Climate data
The Climate Data Store Common Data Model is a common data model set up by the Copernicus Climate Change Service for harmonising essential climate variables from different sources and data providers.
General information technology
Within service-oriented architecture, S-RAMP is a specification released by HP, IBM, Software AG, TIBCO, and Red Hat which defines a common data model for SOA repositories as well as an interaction protocol to facilitate the use of common tooling and sharing of data.
Content Management Interoperability Services (CMIS) is an open standard for inter-operation of different content management systems over the internet, and provides a common data model for typed files and folders used with version control.
The NetCDF software libraries for array-oriented scientific data implements a commo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submit%20It%21 | Submit It! was a search-business internet advertising product that Scott Banister created in 1995, while he was a student at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Co-founded by Bill Younker and Larry Gormley, it was acquired by LinkExchange in June 1998.
Description
The New York Times reported, "Scott Banister started Submit It, a free, automated resource for bringing your page to the attention of many Web-searching outfits at once."
In 1996, Business Wire said, "Submit It!, Inc. is a privately held company headquartered in Bedford, Mass. The company's services today are used by Web site developers and marketers throughout the world who are responsible for promoting Web sites on the Internet. Submit It!'s mission is to develop and market services and products that allow anyone to easily submit and send information on the Internet."
According to Ali Partovi, Banister created a search-business model, "a simple but elegant concept that turned out to be one of the best business ideas in history". Partovi wrote that Banister created Submit It! as a service that
History
Banister was still a student at UIUC in 1995 when he created ListServe. Eventually he and his friends added a bot tool to manage lists, and they renamed the company SubmitIt/Listbot, the precursor of Submit It!
In 1996, LinkExchange became partners with Submit It! Business Wire described the resulting partnership as "the world's most popular service for registering web sites with search engines and directories. The two companies will join forces to provide web site owners with the most powerful, simple and effective solutions to promote their sites online." In 1998, LinkExchange announced acquisition of Submit It! and its developers.
Microsoft subsequently acquired LinkExchange, including integration of its employees, in December 1998. According to Partovi, none of the former LinkExchange employees "...received a meaningful role at Microsoft. Not one stayed at Microsoft more than a few mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moder%20humus | Moder is a forest floor type formed under mixed-wood and pure deciduous forests. Moder is a kind of humus whose properties are the transition between :mor humus and mull humus types. Moders are similar to mors as they are made up of partially to fully humified organic components accumulated on the mineral soil. Compared to mulls, moders are zoologically active. In addition, moders present as in the middle of mors and mulls with a higher decomposition capacity than mull but lower than mor. Moders are characterized by a slow rate of litter decomposition by litter-dwelling organisms and fungi, leading to the accumulation of organic residues. Moder humus forms share the features of the mull and mor humus forms.
Properties
Moders develop in semiarid, temperate, and Mediterranean climates. Moders' chemical characteristics show low acidity, total carbon, carbon-nitrogen ratio, cation exchange capacity, and high total nitrogen and base saturation. Moders have a higher availability of nutrients than mors.
Formation of moder humus forms
Morders form in deciduous forest situations when the soil has few micro-organisms, bacteria, and invertebrates, such as earthworms, to decompose the organic matter on the soil surface. The organic matter accumulation horizon could identify by capitalized letters. It is generally possible to observe three distinct "sub-layers" or horizons designated by the litter (L) *, fermentation (F) *, and humus (H) * layers.
Identify different layers for moder
"L" litter: A horizon is defined by accumulating primary leaves (and needles), twigs, and woody materials, with the original structures visible.
"F" Fermentation: A horizon defined by the buildup of partially decomposed organic matter generated primarily from leaves, twigs, and woody materials. Some of the original structures are difficult to identify, and materials may have been pounded into small pieces or particles in part by soil fauna, as in a "MODER".
"H" Humus: A horizon defined by th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliable%20Data%20Transfer | Reliable Data Transfer is a topic in computer networking concerning the transfer of data across unreliable channels. Unreliability is one of the drawbacks of packet switched networks such as the modern internet, as packet loss can occur for a variety of reasons, and delivery of packets is not guaranteed to happen in the order that the packets were sent. Therefore, in order to create long-term data streams over the internet, techniques have been developed to provide reliability, which are generally implemented in the Transport layer of the internet protocol suite.
In instructional materials, the topic is often presented in the form of theoretical example protocols which are themselves referred to as "RDT", in order to introduce students to the problems and solutions encountered in Transport layer protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol. These sources often describe a pseudo-API and include Finite-state machine diagrams to illustrate how such a protocol might be implemented, as well as a version history. These details are generally consistent between sources, yet are often left uncited, so the origin of this theoretical RDT protocol is unclear.
Example Versions
Sources that describe an example RDT protocol often provide a "version history" to illustrate the development of modern Transport layer techniques, generally resembling the below:
Reliable Data Transfer 1.0
With Reliable Data Transfer 1.0, the data can only be transferred via a reliable data channel. It is the most simple of the Reliable Data Transfer protocols in terms of algorithm processing.
Reliable Data Transfer 2.0
Reliable Data Transfer 2.0 supports reliable data transfer in unreliable data channels. It uses a checksum to detect errors. The receiver sends acknowledgement message if the message is complete, and if the message is incomplete, it sends a negative acknowledgement message and requests the data again.
Reliable Data Transfer 2.1
Reliable Data Transfer 2.1 also suppor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holomastigotoides | Holomastigotoides is a genus of parabasalids found in the hindgut of lower termites. It is characterized by its dense, organized arrangement of flagella on the cell surface and the presence of a mitotic spindle outside its nucleus during the majority of its cell cycle. As a symbiont of termites, Holomastigotoides is able to ingest wood and aid its host in digestion. In return, Holomastigotoides is supplied with a stable habitat and steady supply of food. Holomastigotoides has notably been studied to observe the mechanisms of chromosomal pairing and segregation in haploid and diploid cells.
Taxonomy
Holomastigotoides was first described by Max Hartmann in 1910. Hartmann mistakenly identified Holomastigotoides as the female form of the parabasalid Trichonympha hertwigi, which he observed living in a species of termite, Coptotermes sp., in Brazil. After initial discovery, Giovanni Battista Grassi and Anna Foa reclassified Hartmann's “male” form of T. hertwigi to Holomastigotoides in 1911, thus establishing the first use of the genus. The original host species of Holomastigotoides described by Hartmann was later invalidated due to lack of description, and Coptotermes testaceus was subsequently named the type host for Holomastigotoides hertwigi as it is the only species of Coptotermes native to Brazil.
The following species are recognized:
H. aureus
H. batututi
H. bigfooti
H. hartmanni
H. minor
H. mirabile
H. oxyrhynchus
Habitat and ecology
Holomastigotoides is an obligate symbiont of lower termites. Holomastigotoides lives in hindguts of lower termites, where it feeds on wood and assists the termite in wood digestion. This allows the termite to access and use nutrients found in wood that they would not have been able to digest otherwise. Holomastigotoides can be transferred from termite to termite by way of feeding on anal secretions of other termites during juvenile stages.
Since discovery, Holomastigotoides species have been found in multiple termite ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathernews%20LiVE | (WNL) is a Japanese 24-hour live streaming channel owned and operated by (WNI), the largest privately owned weather company in the world. WNL started broadcasting 16 April 2018, replacing SOLiVE 24, a similar streaming service also operated by WNI since 27 April 2009.
Programming
Weathernews LiVE broadcasts six live programmes of three hours each from 05:00 to 23:00 JST every day; the programmes are routinely divided into 30-minute blocks (around 25 minutes of content and intervals of approximately 5 minutes). The remaining hours are filled with updated weather information and no on-air talent; in case of an emergency, special programming is broadcast and, if necessary, a meteorologist and/or a presenter will provide updates. The channel is focused on weather and meteorological information for Japan, including typhoons, volcanic activity and earthquakes.
Most of the content is provided by meteorology professionals at parent company WNI, with weather reports sent by users of the company's mobile app featured during the programming, including guides on how to use some of its features and how to send a report. Some segments, depending on the hour of the day, include the anniversaries of the day, the Japanese seasonal days, weather or Japanese culture-related quizzes, or simply ad lib by the presenters known as casters, who routinely interact with the audience through YouTube or Niconico's chat feature.
WNL broadcasts live on the internet through YouTube, Niconico, Twitch, Twitter, TikTok, and LINE Live. As of May 2023, some programmes are simulcast on satellite channels BS Fuji (the first half hour of Weathernews LiVE Morning) and BS Yoshimoto (the third half hour of Weathernews LiVE Morning), and a digital subchannel of Mie Prefecture's local station MTV (some programmes on weekdays' daytime on channel 072).
WNL is home to Weatheroid Type A Airi (nicknamed Ponko), a character based on presenter Airi Yamagishi, who also dubs her voice during her weekly programme o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeReal | BeReal (stylized as BeReal.) is a French social media app released in 2020, developed by Alexis Barreyat and Kévin Perreau. Its main feature is a daily notification that encourages users to share a photo of themselves and their immediate surroundings given a randomly selected two-minute window every day. Critics noted its emphasis on authenticity, which some felt crossed the line into the mundane. The name "BeReal" is a pun. Its primary reference relates to its focus on users uploading unpolished photos, while also being a pun of the term b-reel.
According to the app's description on Apple's App Store, BeReal encourages its users to "show their friends who they really are, for once," by removing filters and opportunities to stage or edit photos.
After a couple of years of relative obscurity, it rapidly gained popularity in early and mid-2022, before experiencing a decrease in use in 2023.
History
The app was developed by Alexis Barreyat, a former employee of GoPro in Munich, Germany, and Kévin Perreau, a graduate from 42 in Paris. Initially released in 2020, it first gained widespread popularity in early 2022. It first spread widely on college campuses, partially due to a paid ambassador program. In late August 2022, the application had over 10 million active daily users and 21.6 million active monthly users. As of February 2023, the app has grown to 13 million active daily users and 47.8 million active monthly users.
In June 2021, BeReal received a $30 million funding round led by Andreessen Horowitz and Accel. In May 2022, BeReal secured $85 million in a funding round led by Yuri Milner's DST Global, increasing its valuation to about $600 million.
On July 25, 2022, BeReal topped Apple's free app list in the iOS App Store, and remained until September 2022. BeReal also received Apple's iPhone App of the Year in 2022.
By late spring 2023, the app's momentum was waning, as daily users dropped to about 6 million, from 15 million in October 2022.
Features
Once |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20organisms%20named%20after%20the%20Star%20Wars%20series | Newly created taxonomic names in biological nomenclature often reflect the discoverer's interests or honour those the discoverer holds in esteem, including fictional elements from works like Star Wars.
This is a list of real organisms with scientific names chosen to reference the fictional Star Wars series created by George Lucas.
Named after Darth Vader
Named after Yoda
Named after Chewbacca
Named after Luke Skywalker
Named after Han Solo
Named after Padmé Amidala
Named after Porgs
Named after other characters and elements
Named after Star Wars actors
See also
List of unusual biological names
List of organisms named after works of fiction
List of organisms named after famous people
References
Star Wars
organisms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20%28RemObjects%20BASIC%20programming%20language%29 | Mercury (promoted as Modern Visual Basic) is a programming language developed by RemObjects Software. RemObjects extends VB.Net underlying language and plans to add more features to it.
Mercury is a commercial product and is the sixth language supported by RemObjects Elements Compiler toolchain, next to C#, Swift, Java, Go and Oxygene. It integrates with Microsoft's Visual Studio on Windows, as well as RemObjects Elements IDE called Water on Windows and Fire on macOS.
References
Programming languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NordLayer | NordLayer, formerly known as NordVPN Teams, is a network access security service with applications for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android and iOS. The software is marketed as a privacy and security tool running on zero trust architecture providing protection on hybrid and multi-cloud cloud environments.
It is developed by Nord Security (Nordsec Ltd), a company that creates cybersecurity software, and was initially supported by the Lithuanian startup accelerator and business incubator Tesonet.
History
NordLayer was founded in 2019 as NordVPN Teams as a subsidiary of NordSecurity, a technology company that develops and provides virtual private network (VPN) services, such as NordVPN and SurfShark.
NordLayer is based on NordVPN, a VPN service provider for private customers, which was established in 2012.
In October 2020, NordVPN Team relocated to the United States as part of a larger effort to expand its operations and better serve its enterprise clients. Nevertheless, Nordlayer committed to maintaining its Panamanian corporate structure, allowing it to remain outside the jurisdiction of the Fourteen Eyes intelligence sharing pact, which includes the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and other countries.
In September 2021, the NordVPN Teams were renamed to NordLayer. The rebranding was part of their transition towards secure access service edge (SASE) framework.
Products
NordLayer is based on a cloud-based cybersecurity architecture, secure access service edge (SASE), which enables cloud-based platform for remote access to corporate networks.
Nordlayer offers a Single Sign-On (SSO) login option to its users, allowing users to log into multiple applications using a single set of login credentials. SSO logins are currently supported through various providers, including Google SSO, Azure AD, Okta, and OneLogin. NordLayer supports various second-factor confirmation methods, including SMS authentication, Time-based One-Time Password (TOTP) a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Segerman | Henry Segerman (born 1979 in Manchester, UK) is an Associate Professor of mathematics at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma who does research in three-dimensional geometry and topology, especially three-manifolds, triangulations and hyperbolic geometry.
He was the first person to publish a book on mathematical 3D printing, and is also a recreational mathematician and mathematical artist with expertise in virtual reality. His frequent collaborators include Vi Hart, Elisabetta Matsumoto and Saul Schleimer.
Education and career
Segerman received his Master of Mathematics (MS) at the University of Oxford (2001) and then his PhD at Stanford University (2007) for the dissertation "Incompressible Surfaces in Hyperbolic Punctured Torus Bundles are Strongly Detected" under Steven Paul Kerckhoff.
He was a Lecturer at the University of Texas at Austin (2007–2010) and was a Research Fellow at University of Melbourne (2010–2013). He became an Assistant Professor at Oklahoma State University (2013–2018) and then an Associate Professor there in 2018 until the present.
Segerman's research lends itself to mathematics with a strong visual component. This led directly to his involvement with 3D printing. In 2016 he wrote the book Visualizing Mathematics With 3D Printing. Laura Taalman in a review said, "Segerman's book is an inside tour of mathematics with breathtaking 3D-printed scenery."
3D printing
Mathematicians used to rely on wooden or plaster models to visualizing complex geometrical shapes. Nowadays, if they can be described mathematically, we can "print" them with 3D printers. Segerman uses mathematical tools including quaternions, Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries and stereographic projection to create instructions for 3D printers. Sometimes the goal is to produce a work of art. Sometimes it is to shed light on four-dimensional geometry or some other field such as mathematical group theory. Sometimes it is both. One of his sculptures depicts a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios%20%28mixing%20console%29 | Helios was a brand of mixing consoles custom-designed and built for use in recording studios. Produced from 1969 to 1979, Helios consoles were utilized by many key recording studios to produce numerous notable recordings and played a vital part in the history of British rock.
History
Background
Richard "Dick" Swettenham was a British technician and engineer who was the Technical Director at Olympic Studios in the 1960s, where he designed and custom-built the studios' innovative wraparound mixing consoles. In 1968, when Island Records wanted a mixing console for the company's new Basing Street Studios, Glyn Johns persuaded Swettenham to leave Olympic Studios and partner with Island Records founder Chris Blackwell to start his own mixing console manufacturing company, and Helios Electronics was established in 1969.
10 years later, in 1979, Helios Electronics ceased operations. Helios founder Swettenham died of cancer on April 9, 2000.
Console design
Like their predecessors at Olympic Studios, Helios mixing consoles feature a wraparound design with console sections positioned at a much higher angle, putting controls easier for the engineer to reach than traditional console designs. Some Helios consoles also featured flattering mic preamps with Lustraphone transformers and characteristic 3-band EQ.
Helios consoles
The first Helios mixing console was commissioned by Keith Grant for Olympic Studios' new Studio Two in 1969, where the console was used to record projects by Jimi Hendrix, Procol Harum, Led Zeppelin, Traffic, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, and others.
Also in 1969, Island Records commissioned a 20-input, 8-bus Helios console with 16-channel monitoring for their new Basing Street Studios, where the console was used to record Black Sabbath, Jethro Tull, Genesis, Bob Marley & The Wailers, Dire Straits, and Led Zeppelin album Led Zeppelin IV, including "Black Dog" and "Stairway to Heaven".
In the mid- to late-'70s, Richard Branson commissioned Helios con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary%20review | In software engineering, a tertiary review is a systematic review of systematic reviews. It is also referred to as a tertiary study in the software engineering literature. However, Umbrella review is the term more commonly used in medicine.
Kitchenham et al. suggest that methodologically there is no difference between a systematic review and a tertiary review. However, as the software engineering community has started performing tertiary reviews new concerns unique to tertiary reviews have surfaced. These include the challenge of quality assessment of systematic reviews, search validation and the additional risk of double counting.
Examples of Tertiary reviews in software engineering literature
Test quality
Machine Learning
Test-driven development
References
Software engineering
Meta-analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leray%E2%80%93Schauder%20degree | In mathematics, the Leray–Schauder degree is an extension of the degree of a base point preserving continuous map between spheres or equivalently to a boundary sphere preserving continuous maps between balls to boundary sphere preserving maps between balls in a Banach space , assuming that the map is of the form where is the identity map and is some compact map (i.e. mapping bounded sets to sets whose closure is compact).
The degree was invented by Jean Leray and Juliusz Schauder to prove existence results for partial differential equations.
References
Topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20Scientific%20and%20Engineering%20Professions | Women in Scientific and Engineering Professions is a 1984 book co-edited by American authors Violet B. Haas and Carolyn C. Perrucci. It was published through University of Michigan Press. The book was reviewed in several academic journals.
References
1984 non-fiction books
Women in science and technology
University of Michigan Press books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored%20Coins | Colored Coins is an open-source protocol built on the Bitcoin 2.0 that allows users to represent and manipulate immutable digital resources on top of Bitcoin transactions. They are a class of methods for representing and maintaining real-world assets on the Bitcoin blockchain, which may be used to establish asset ownership. Colored coins are bitcoins with a mark on them that specifies what they may be used for. Colored coins are also considered the initial step toward NFTs built on top of the Bitcoin network.
Although bitcoins are fungible on the protocol level, they can be marked to be distinguished from other bitcoins. These marked coins have specific features that correspond to physical assets like vehicles and stocks, and owners may use them to establish their ownership of physical assets. Colored coins aim to lower transaction costs and complexity so that an asset's owner may transfer ownership as quickly as a Bitcoin transaction.
Colored coins are commonly referred to as meta coins because this imaginative coloring is the addition of metadata. This enables a portion of a digital representation of a physical item to be encoded into a Bitcoin address. The value of the colored coins is independent of the current prices of the bitcoin; instead, it is determined by the value of the underlying actual asset/service and the issuer's desire and capacity to redeem the colored coins in return for the equivalent actual asset or service.
History
Colored coins arose due to the necessity to generate new tokens and move assets on the Bitcoin network. These tokens can be used to represent any asset in the world, including equities, commodities, real estate, fiat currency, and even other cryptocurrencies.
Yoni Assia, the CEO of eToro, was the first to suggest Colored coins in an article published on March 27, 2012. In the article titled bitcoin 2.X (aka Colored bitcoin), Assia claimed that the initial specifications that bitcoins transmitted using the "Genesis Transaction" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandy%201400%20LT | The Tandy 1400 LT is the first MS-DOS compatible laptop sold by Tandy Corporation. Introduced in November 1987, it had two 3.5 inch floppy drives and a flip-up monochrome LCD screen, powered by an internal battery.
Features
The 1400LT (catalog number 25-3500) had two 3.5 inch floppy diskettes with a capacity of 720 KB each. The processor was the Intel 8088–compatible NEC V20, with a clock speed of 7.16 MHz or 4.77 MHZ for compatibility with IBM PC programs. The system came with 768 KB of RAM. A socket was provided for an optional 8087 numeric coprocessor. The back-lit monochrome LCD screen had a resolution of 640 by 200 pixels and was IBM CGA compatible, mapping colors to greyscale. Text modes supported included 80 by 25 and 40 by 25.
The computer came with a parallel printer port, 9-pin RS-232 serial port, and a socket for an external color monitor and a composite video output. The system also had a DIN socket to accept a PC XT-style external keyboard. Two internal slots allowed for installation of an optional internal 1200-baud modem or other devices. The system had an internal battery-backed real-time clock.
The system could operate from AC power with an external adapter, which also charged the internal battery. The system could operate for about four hours on the battery, which was replaceable by the user.
The unit weighed about 13.5 lbs (5 kg) and was approximately when closed.
At introduction, the computer list price was US$1599.
For interchange of data with desktop systems, Tandy later made available an external 5.25-inch diskette drive.
Later revised designs were the 1400 FD, which was lighter, omitted the composite video port, and had an external floppy drive connector. The 1400 HD was similar to the FD but replaced one internal floppy drive with a 20 megabyte hard drive. All members of the 1400 family were dropped from Radio Shack catalogs after 1991.
Similar systems
The "clamshell" configuration of the Tandy 1400 was similar to that of the e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Food%20and%20Drug%20Analysis | The Journal of Food and Drug Analysis is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by the Taiwanese Food and Drug Administration. It contains review and research articles covering food science, pharmacology, and chemical analysis. The journal was established in 1993 and the editor-in-chief is Gow-Chin Yen (National Chung Hsing University).
Editors
The following persons are or have been editor-in-chief of the journal:
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 6.157.
References
External links
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1993
Food science journals
Pharmacology journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piers%20Morgan%20Uncensored | Piers Morgan Uncensored is a television programme presented by Piers Morgan. It has been broadcast on TalkTV weeknights at 8 pm in the UK since 25 April 2022. It is also broadcast internationally by Sky News Australia in Australia and Fox Nation in the United States, which are both owned by subsidiaries or affiliates of TalkTV's parent company News Corp (News Corp Australia and Fox Corporation).
Show content is also available as an Acast podcast and as YouTube videos.
History
Morgan left Good Morning Britain and ITV in March 2021 following a controversy over his remarks about Oprah with Meghan and Harry, which included a heated on-air argument with Alex Beresford.
On 16 September 2021, News UK announced its new channel TalkTV would launch in 2022, with Morgan being the first name signed up. The show made its debut on 25 April 2022. The opening two editions of the programme featured a two-part interview with former US President Donald Trump.
On 6 June 2022 TalkTV aired a two-hour special of the show to cover that day's Conservative Party vote of confidence in the leadership of Boris Johnson. Extended versions of the programme were also aired in July 2022 as the government crisis unfolded, leading to the resignation of Johnson.
The 25 July 2022 edition of the show began three days of editions covering Morgan's visit to Ukraine, where he was invited by First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska to host her second Kyiv Summit of First Ladies and Gentlemen. Morgan also recorded an hour-long interview with President Volodymyr Zelensky and his wife First Lady Olena Zelenska, the first interview the couple have given to international television, and which was broadcast on 27 July.
A three-hour special edition was aired on the evening of 8 September 2022, shortly after the announcement of the death of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, reflecting on the Queen's life following the breaking news. A two-hour special edition was aired on the evening following the state funeral of E |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCX%20score | VCX score is a smartphone camera benchmarking score described as "designed to reflect the user experience regarding the image quality and the performance of a camera in a mobile device". developed by a non-profit organization - VCX-Forum.
VCX scores are used by specialist media and by VCX-Forum members to showcase the benchmarking of smartphones, as well as market photography technology.
VCX scoring methodology has been cited in various published books and independent imaging organizations:
Book: Camera image quality benchmarking
Article in Journal of Electronic Imaging - VCX: An industry initiative to create an objective camera module evaluation for mobile devices.
Article in Journal of Electronic Imaging - VCX Version 2020: Further development of a transparent and objective evaluation scheme for mobile phone cameras.
Service Provider
VCX-Forum (where VCX is an acronym for Valued Camera eXperience) is an independent, non-governmental, standard-setting organization for image quality measurement and benchmarking (VCX score). Its members are drawn from mobile phone manufacturers, mobile operators, imaging labs, mobile and computer chipset manufacturers, sensor manufacturers, device manufacturers, software companies, equipment providers, and camera & accessory manufacturers among others.
VCX-Score methodology
Tenets
VCX score methodologies are based on the 5 Tenets:
VCX-Forum test measurements shall ensure the out-of-the-box experience
VCX-Forum shall remain 100% objective
VCX-Forum shall remain open and transparent
VCX-Forum shall employ an independent imaging lab for testing
VCX-Forum shall seek continuous improvement
Parameters
To ensure the test results accurately reflect the user experience, the image quality is evaluated for five parameters:
Spatial Resolution
Texture loss – the ability of the device to reproduce low contrast, fine details
Sharpening – the ability of the device to sharpen with minimum distracting artifacts
Noise – the a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20and%20Quantum%20Electronics | Optical and Quantum Electronics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by Springer Science+Business Media. It covers original research and tutorials in optical physics, optoelectronics, photonics, and quantum electronics. Its editors-in-chief are Daoxin Dai, Trevor M. Benson, and Marian Marciniak.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in different databases, including:
Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology
Inspec
Science Citation Index Expanded
Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.0 .
References
External links
Optics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Academic journals established in 1969
English-language journals
Monthly journals
Electronics journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20isotope%20biogeochemistry | Silicon isotope biogeochemistry is the study of environmental processes using the relative abundance of Si isotopes. As the relative abundance of Si stable isotopes varies among different natural materials, the differences in abundance can be used to trace the source of Si, and to study biological, geological, and chemical processes. The study of stable isotope biogeochemistry of Si aims to quantify the different Si fluxes in the global biogeochemical silicon cycle, to understand the role of biogenic silica within the global Si cycle, and to investigate the applications and limitations of the sedimentary Si record as an environmental and palaeoceanographic proxy.
Background
Silicon in nature is typically bonded to oxygen, in a tetravalent oxidation state. The major forms of solid Si are silicate minerals and amorphous silica, whereas in aqueous solutions the dominant forms are orthosilicic acid and its dissociated species. There are three stable isotopes of Si, associated with the following mean natural abundances: 28Si– 92.23%, 29Si– 4.67%, and 30Si– 3.10%. The isotopic composition of Si is often formulated by the delta notation, as the following:
The reference material (standard) for defining the δ30Si of a sample is the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) 28 Sand Quartz, which has been certified and distributed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and is also named NIST RM 8546. Currently, there are four main analytical methods for the measurement of Si isotopes: Gas Source Isotope-Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-IRMS), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC–IPC–MS), and Laser Ablation MC–ICP–MS.
Si isotopes in the Si biogeochemical cycle
Primary minerals and weathering
Primary minerals are the minerals that crystalize during the formation of Earth's crust, and their typical δ30Si isotopic value is in the range of −0.9‰ – +1.4‰. Earth's crust is constantly undergoing weath |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Wallet | Google Wallet (or simply Wallet) is a digital wallet platform developed by Google. It is available for the Android, Wear OS, and Fitbit OS operating systems, and was announced on May 11, 2022, at the 2022 Google I/O keynote. It began rolling out on Android smartphones on July 18.
History
The "Google Wallet" brand name was first used for the company's mobile payment system of the same name, which was introduced in 2011 before being merged with Android Pay into a new app called Google Pay in 2018. The old Wallet app, with its functionality reduced to a peer-to-peer payments service, was rebranded Google Pay Send before it was discontinued as well in 2020. In 2020, the Google Pay app underwent an extensive redesign based on Google's India-focused Tez app, expanding into an all-encompassing personal finance app. This replaced the Tez app on the Play Store, while the 2018 Google Pay app continued to co-exist as a separate, pre-installed app on Android smartphones.
Google Wallet (2011) launches
Google demonstrated the original version of the original Google Wallet app at a press conference on May 26, 2011. The first app was released in the US only on September 19, 2011. Initially, the app only supported Mastercard cards issued by Citibank.
On May 15, 2013, Google announced the integration of Google Wallet and Gmail, allowing users to send money through Gmail attachments. While Google Wallet was available only in the United States, the Gmail integration was made available in the U.S. and the United Kingdom.
In 2015, a physical Google Wallet card was launched as an optional addition to the app, which allowed users to make purchases at point-of-sale (in stores or online) drawing from funds in their Google Wallet account, attached debit card account, or bank account. The card could also be used to withdraw cash at ATMs with no Google-associated fee, and could be used like a debit card for virtually any purpose, including such things as renting a car. The Wallet Card was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charis%20Galanakis | Charis M. Galanakis (Greek:Χάρης Γαλανάκης) is a Greek researcher, and food, agricultural and environmental scientist.
Early life and education
Galanakis was born on April 3, 1981, in Chania, Greece to a family of chemists. He earned his degree in chemistry in 2002 and his certificate for Oenology in 2004, both at the Patras University. He also finished his master's degree in Food Technology in 2004 from Patras University-University of Ioannina-Ulster University. In 2010, he finished his doctoral degree at the Technical University of Crete.
Career
Galanakis started as a Chemist-Oenologist in 2004 in a family-owned business—a laboratory in Chania, Greece. In 2009, Galanakis, along with Eva Tornberg, founded Phenoliv AB which developed a patented process of extracting polyphenol antioxidants from waste water used in olive oil while purifying the same waste water in the same extraction process. The patent, however, was later abandoned due to unknown reasons. In the same year, his first research publication—which highlighted the innovation for the use of dietary fiber suspensions from olive mill wastewater as potential fat replacements in meat products—attracted public interest.
As an agricultural, environmental and food scientist, Galanakis' work is mainly focused on innovation and sustainability in the food industry, particularly more in the activity of "food waste recovery." The same research aims to high added-value compounds from wasted by-products in different stages of food production, re-utilize them in the food chain, and make bigger impact in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—such as SDGs 2, 3, 6, 12, 13 and 15. This concept of "food waste recovery" was greatly highlighted in the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic which had greatly affected—among others—various global food production chains, food safety, food security, and environmental impacts caused by unsustainable food production around the world.
As an educator, he was a professor in Kin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda%20Bradford | Dr. Amanda Bradford is a marine mammal biologist who is currently researching cetacean population dynamics for the National Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Bradford is currently a Research Ecologist with the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center's Cetacean Research Program. Her research primarily focuses on assessing populations of cetaceans, including evaluating population size, health, and impacts of human-caused threats, such as fisheries interactions. Bradford is a cofounder and organizer of the Women in Marine Mammal Science (WIMMS) Initiative.
Education
Undergraduate education
Bradford received her Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology from Texas A&M University in Galveston, Texas in 1998. She worked in the lab of Bernd Würsig.
While Bradford was an undergraduate, she was a volunteer at the Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network from 1994 to 1998. Bradford, monitored live stranded delphinids and performed basic husbandry and life-support for bottlenose dolphins and false killer whales. Bradford also participated in marine mammal necropsies.
During her senior year, Bradford began analyzing photo-identification data from the western North Pacific population of gray whales. Shortly after graduation, Bradford traveled to northeastern Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East to join a collaborative Russia-U.S. field study of these whales on their primary feeding ground. Once Bradford returned from the field, she spent a year as a research assistant for this project based at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, California.
Graduate education
Bradford attended the University of Washington, School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences (SAFS) in Seattle, Washington, receiving her Masters of Science in 2003 and then Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) in 2011. Bradford studied under the late Glenn VanBlaricom for both degrees.
During her time at SAFS, Bradford spent 10 summers in the Russian Far East studying |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTbio | SCTbio is global contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) providing cGMP services of Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs). It operates in Europe and North America. The company has strong expertise in the development of autologous cell-based products, cell banking and all needle-to-needle GMP operations, including a validated apheresis collection sites network, product manufacturing, QC, GMP storage, QA/QP release, and worldwide drug products supply for clinical and commercial scale.
Founding
SCTbio was founded in 2021 and is a part of the larger PPF Biotech network. SCTbio was initially part of the SOTIO group, providing drug development and manufacturing capabilities. On July 1, 2021, SOTIO implemented an official split into two sister companies, SCTbio and SOTIO Biotech.
Operations
SCTbio conducts global operations in Europe and in the USA. The cGMP cell manufacturing facility is based in Prague, Czech Republic. The GMP facility features over 2,000 square meters of total space, including 420 square meters of total clean room area (4,520 sq ft). SCTbio offers the ability to of manufacture genetically modified products that require the separation of viral and non-viral components. The physical segregation minimizes any risk of cross-contamination.
Services
CGMP Manufacturing and Quality control: SCTbio provides full production services covering autologous, or allogenic cell and gene therapy products, and in collaboration with sister Cambridge facility recently expanded to the area of viral vectors. SCTbio leads manufacturing processes from various starting materials, including apheresis products, whole blood, and tumor tissues. The company also conducts quality control testing based on a variety of cellular and molecular methods and provides rapid sterility testing.
Analytical Development: SCTbio conducts development, optimization and implementation of analytical methods, including expertise in cellular, flow cytometry, molecular a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxman-Bahcall%20bound | The Waxman-Bahcall bound is a computed upper limit on the observed flux of high energy neutrinos based on the observed flux of high energy cosmic rays. Since the highest energy neutrinos are produced in the same interactions as high energy cosmic rays, the observed rate of production of the latter places a limit on the former. It is named for John Bahcall and Eli Waxman.
Cosmic rays
The Waxman-Bahcall limit comes from the analysis of cosmic rays at various energy levels and their respective fluxes. Cosmic rays are high energy particles, like protons or atomic nuclei that move at near the speed of light. These rays can come from a variety of sources such as the Sun, the Solar System, the Milky Way galaxy, or even further beyond.
Upon entry into our atmosphere, these cosmic rays often interact with particles or photons in the atmosphere, resulting in cosmic ray showers. These showers break up the initial cosmic ray particle into multiple other subatomic particles, such as muons or neutrinos. These neutrinos can be studied and a general plot of the energy of said neutrinos and their fluxes can be determined and created. A plot of the energy and flux of the neutrinos is shown below and was created from the culmination of various experiments and their respective data sets to help with this plot.
The plot can be split up into a couple different sections, the ankle, heel, and toe, where the toe corresponds to the higher energy and lower flux portion of the plot above.
During Waxman's and Bahcall's research and work into neutrinos, there seemed to be a gap of very high energetic neutrinos, past the atmospheric neutrino limit, but still below the GZK limit, meaning there exists some extra-galactic high energy neutrino source yet to be detected.
Atmospheric neutrinos
Atmospheric neutrinos are produced in the atmosphere, about 15 km above the Earth's surface. They are the result of particles, usually protons or light atomic nuclei, hitting other particles in the atmosp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20material%20published%20by%20Distributed%20Denial%20of%20Secrets | Since its formation in 2018, non-profit whistleblower website Distributed Denial of Secrets (abbreviated DDoSecrets) has published dozens of terabytes of data leaked from more than 200 organizations .
2018
Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs
In December 2018, DDoSecrets listed a leak from Russia's Ministry of Internal Affairs, portions of which detailed the deployment of Russian troops to Ukraine at a time when the Kremlin was denying a military presence there. About half of the material from that leak was published in 2014; the other half emerged in 2016. WikiLeaks reportedly rejected a request to host the full cache of files in 2016, at a time when founder Julian Assange was focused on exposing Democratic Party documents passed to WikiLeaks by Kremlin hackers.
2019
"Dark Side of the Kremlin"
In January 2019, DDoSecrets published hundreds of gigabytes of hacked Russian documents and emails from pro-Kremlin journalists, oligarchs, and militias. The New York Times called the release "a symbolic counterstrike against Russia's dissemination of hacked emails to influence the American presidential election in 2016", though DDoSecrets founder Emma Best stated it was not a retaliatory action. According to the Times, the documents exposed new information on the Russio-Ukrainian War, connections between the Kremlin and the Russian Orthodox Church, and oligarchs' business activities. According to an internal bulletin issued by the United States Department of Homeland Security, the "hack-and-leak activity" was conducted by DDoSecrets, though the organization says it is not involved in hacking, and reporting by Al Jazeera and The Daily Beast identified several independent hacktivists and hacker groups as responsible for the hacks.
Cayman National Bank and Trust
In November 2019, DDoSecrets published over 2 terabytes of data from the Cayman National Bank and Trust. The files were provided by the hacktivist known as Phineas Fisher, and included lists of the bank's politi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector%20%28microcomputer%29 | Hector (or Victor Lambda) are a series of a microcomputers produced in France in the early 1980s.
In January 1980, Michel Henric-Coll founded a company named "Lambda Systems" in Toulouse, that would import a computer (produced by "Interact Electronics Inc" of Ann Arbor, Michigan) to France. The computer was sold under the name of "Victor Lambda".
"Lambda Systems" went bankrupt in July 1981, along with "Interact". In December 1981, "Micronique", an electronic components company based in southern Paris, acquires the rights to the "Victor Lambda".
In 1982, "Victor Lambda Diffusion", a subsidiary, distributes the "Victor Lambda". The first machines built in the United States were not a success, and the following models were designed and produced in France at the headquarters of the "Micronique" company. The company uses the slogan: "The French Personal Computer".
In 1983, the "Victor" is renamed "Hector", to avoid confusion with the machines from the Californian company "Victor Technologies" (formerly "Sirius Systems Technology").
The last model introduced was the Hector MX, with production of the series ending in 1985. The series was not successful, due to the focus on the French market, intense competition from Amstrad machines and high prices.
Models
Victor Lambda
The Victor Lambda was a rebranded Interact Home Computer(also called The Interact Family Computer 2) microcomputer. Introduced in 1980, it had a chiclet keyboard and built-in cassette recorder for data storage.
Specifications:
CPU: Intel i8080, 2.0 MHz
Memory: 8K RAM, expandable to 16K RAM; 2K ROM
OS: Basic Level II (Microsoft BASIC v4.7); EDU-Basic (both loaded from tape)
Keyboard: 53-key chiclet
Display: 17 × 12 characters text in 8 colors; 112 × 78 with 4 colors from a palette of 8
Sound: SN76477 (one voice, four octaves)
Ports: Television (RGB), two joysticks, RS232 (optional)
Built-in cassette recorder (1200 B/s)
PSU: External AC transformer
Hector 1 (Victor Lambda 2)
The Hector 1 wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrastructural%20identity | Ultrastructural identity is a concept in biology. It asserts that evolutionary lineages of eukaryotes in general and protists in particular can be distinguished by complements and arrangements of cellular organelles. These ultrastructural components can be visualized by electron microscopy.
The concept emerged following the application of electron microscopy to protists.
Protists
Early ultrastructural studies revealed that many previously accepted groupings of protists based on optical microscopy included organisms with differing cellular organelles. Those groups included amoebae, flagellates, heliozoa, radiolaria, sporozoa, slime molds, and chromophytic algae. They were deemed likely to be polyphyletic, and their inclusion in efforts to assemble a phylogenetic tree would cause confusion. As an example of this work, German cell biologist Christian Bardele established unexpected diversity with the simply organized heliozoa. His work made it evident that heliozoa were not monophyletic and subsequent studies revealed that the heliozoa was composed of seven types of organisms: actinophryids, centrohelids, ciliophryids, desmothoracids, dimporphids, gymnosphaerids and taxopodids.
A critical advance was made by British phycologist David Hibberd. He demonstrated that two types of chromophytic algae, previously presumed to be closely related, had different organizations that were revealed by electron microscopy. The number and organization of locomotor organelles differed (chrysophyte - two flagella; haptophyte - two flagella and haponema), the surfaces of which differed (chrysophyte - with tripartite flagellar hairs now regarded as apomorphic for stramenopiles; haptophyte - naked), as did the transitional zone between axoneme and basal body (chrysophyte with helix); as did flagellar anchorage systems; presence or absence of embellishments on the cell surface (chrysophyte - naked; haptophyte - with scales), plastids especially eyespot, location and functions of dictyosom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20collapse | In modal logic, modal collapse is the condition in which every true statement is necessarily true, and vice versa; that is to say, there are no contingent truths, or to put it another way, that "everything exists necessarily". In the notation of modal logic, this can be written as .
In the context of philosophy, the term is commonly used in critiques of ontological arguments for the existence of God and the principle of divine simplicity. For example, Gödel's ontological proof contains as a theorem, which combined with the axioms of system S5 leads to modal collapse. Since some regard divine freedom as essential to the nature of God, and modal collapse as negating the concept of free will, this then leads to the breakdown of Gödel's argument.
References
Collapse
Philosophical logic
Theology
Necessity |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycelium-based%20materials | Mycelium, the fungal equivalent of roots in plants, has been identified as an ecologically friendly substitute to a litany of materials throughout different industries, including but not limited to packaging, fashion and building materials. Such substitutes present a biodegradable alternative (also known as a "Living Building Material") to conventional materials.
Mycelium was most notably first examined as an ecologically friendly material alternative in 2007. It was widely popularized by Eben Bayer and Gavin McIntyre, through their work developing mycelium packaging and founding their company, Ecovative. during their time at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Since its inception, the material function has diversified into many niches.
Species and biological structures
Mycelium-based composites require a fungus and substrate. “Mycelium” is a term referring to the network of branching fibers, called hyphae, that are created by a fungus to grow and feed. When introduced to a substrate, the fungi will penetrate using their mycelium network, which then breaks down the substrate into basic nutrients for the fungi. By this method, the fungi can grow. For mycelium-based composites, the substrate is not fully broken down during this process and is instead kept intertwined with the mycelium.
The main components of fungi are chitin, polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins. Different compositional amounts of these molecules change the properties of the composites. This is also true for different substrates. Substrates that have higher amounts of chitin and are harder for the mycelium to break down and lead to a stiffer composite formation.
Commonly used species of fungi to grow mycelium are aerobic basidiomycetes, which include Ganoderma sp., Pleurotus sp., and Trametes sp. Basidiomycetes have favorable properties as fungi for creating mycelium based composites because they grow at a relatively steady and quick pace, and can use many different types of organic waste as subs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20J.%20Calkin | Neil J. Calkin (born 29 March 1961) is a professor at Clemson University in the Algebra and Discrete Mathematics group of the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences. His interests are in combinatorial and probabilistic methods, mainly as applied to number theory.
Together with Herbert Wilf he founded The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics in 1994. He and Wilf developed the Calkin–Wilf tree and the associated Calkin–Wilf sequence.
Biography
Neil Calkin was born 29 March 1961, in Hartford, Connecticut and moved to the UK around the age of 3. He grew up there and studied mathematics at Trinity College Cambridge before moving to Canada in 1984 to study in the Department of Combinatorics and Optimization at the University of Waterloo where he was awarded a PhD (1988) for his thesis "Sum-Free Sets and Measure Spaces" written under the supervision of Ian Peter Goulden.
He was the Zeev Nehari Visiting Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Carnegie Mellon University (1988—1991), an assistant professor at Georgia Tech (1991—1997), and joined the Algebra and Discrete Mathematics group of the School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at Clemson University in 1997.
Calkin has an Erdös number of 1. He was one of the last people to collaborate with Erdős and once said of him, "One of my greatest regrets is that I didn't know him when he was a million times faster than most people. When I knew him he was only hundreds of times faster."
Selected papers
Books
References
External links
Neil Calkin at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Neil J. Calkin's Publications
20th-century English mathematicians
21st-century English mathematicians
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
University of Waterloo alumni
Clemson University faculty
Combinatorial game theorists
Recreational mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
Combinatorialists
Probability theorists
Number theorists
1961 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20abiogenesis%20scenarios | A scenario is a set of related concepts pertinent to the origin of life (abiogenesis), such as the iron-sulfur world. Many alternative abiogenesis scenarios have been proposed by scientists in a variety of fields from the 1950s onwards in an attempt to explain how the complex mechanisms of life could have come into existence. These include hypothesized ancient environments that might have been favourable for the origin of life, and possible biochemical mechanisms.
Environments
Many environments have been proposed for the origin of life.
Fluctuating salinity: dilute and dry-down
Harold Blum noted in 1957 that if proto-nucleic acid chains spontaneously form duplex structures, then there is no way to dissociate them.
The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis addresses the formation, but not the dissociation, of nucleic acid polymers and duplexes. However, nucleic acids are unusual because, in the absence of counterions (low salt) to neutralize the high charges on opposing phosphate groups, the nucleic acid duplex dissociates into single chains. Early tides, driven by a close moon, could have generated rapid cycles of dilution (high tide, low salt) and concentration (dry-down at low tide, high salt) that exclusively promoted the replication of nucleic acids through a process dubbed tidal chain reaction (TCR). This theory has been criticized on the grounds that early tides may not have been so rapid, although regression from current values requires an Earth–Moon juxtaposition at around two Ga, for which there is no evidence, and early tides may have been approximately every seven hours. Another critique is that only 2–3% of the Earth's crust may have been exposed above the sea until late in terrestrial evolution.
The TCR (tidal chain reaction) theory has mechanistic advantages over thermal association/dissociation at deep-sea vents because TCR requires that chain assembly (template-driven polymerization) takes place during the dry-down phase, when precursors are most concent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Ann%20Ferguson | Patricia Ann Ferguson (12 February 1936, Dundee – 24 March 2022, Auchterarder) was a Scottish civil engineer. She was chairwoman of Fife Health Board.
She studied at the High School of Dundee and St Margaret's School for Girls, and as a mature student, the University of St Andrews and the Royal Military College of Science, having been approved by Denis Healey. She was a chief civil engineer constructing oil platforms.
She was a competitive showjumper.
References
1936 births
2022 deaths
Scottish civil engineers
Engineers from Dundee
Scottish women engineers
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Alumni of the University of St Andrews |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian%20National%20Encyclopedia | The Latvian National Encyclopedia () is a universal encyclopedia in Latvian, which was published in 2018 to mark the centenary of the independence of Latvia. The National Encyclopaedia Editorial Office works as an affiliate of the Administration Branch of the National Library of Latvia.
Overview
Background
The first attempt at creating a national encyclopedia in independent Latvia was launched in the interwar period by the publishing house of . The first edition of the was published in 1927, but after 21 volumes (the last one ending with the article about Giovanni Battista Tiepolo) the work was cut short by the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940. The first complete encyclopedia, with content suited to Soviet ideology, was issued during the Soviet occupation as the Latvian Soviet Encyclopedia from 1981 to 1988.
Modern edition
The National Encyclopedia project was launched in late 2014. , a Latvian IT company, was selected as the provider of the electronic platform of the encyclopedia on 18 December 2014. The editorial board of the encyclopedia began its work in July 2015.
The making of the encyclopedia is supervised by the Council of the National Encyclopedia led by the Latvian Minister of Culture (Dace Melbārde at the time of the launch). The Board of Editors consists of four editors and the Chief Editor, Dr. hist. Valters Ščerbinskis, whereas the Professional Editor Board () is made up of 46 consultants, each assigned to a certain topic, and is led by National Library of Latvia director . From 2014 to 2018, annual budget funding towards the creation of the encyclopedia was €200-250 thousand, which in total amounted to €1,1 million.
The 864-page thick, first paper edition of the encyclopedia was released in October 2018 with a price tag of €38.50. It is thematically focused on Latvian topics and is dedicated to the Centenary of the Republic of Latvia. Due to high demand, the 3000 copies of the issue were sold out in a few days and an additional batch of 100 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated%20drug%20delivery%20systems | Gated drug delivery systems are a method of controlled drug release that center around the use of physical molecules that cover the pores of drug carriers until triggered for removal by an external stimulus. Gated drug delivery systems are a recent innovation in the field of drug delivery and pose as a promising candidate for future drug delivery systems that are effective at targeting certain sites without having leakages or off target effects in normal tissues. This new technology has the potential to be used in a variety of tissues over a wide range of disease states and has the added benefit of protecting healthy tissues and reducing systemic side effects.
Uses
Gated drug delivery systems are an emerging concept that have drawn a lot of attention for their wide variety of potential applications in the medical field. The abnormal physiological conditions found within the tumor environment provide a breadth of options that could be used for externally stimulating these systems to release cargo. Gated systems in cancer therapy also have the added effect of reducing off target effects and decreasing leakage and delivery of drug to normal tissues. Another use for this technology could also be antibacterial regulation. These systems could be used to limit bacterial resistance as well as accumulation of antibiotics within the body. Antibacterial regulation potentially opens the door to using gated systems in theranostics, in which the system is able to detect an issue and then provide a therapeutic response.
There is also the potential for inhalable pulmonary drug delivery. With an increase in respiratory disease cases, the need for a drug delivery system that can be targeted to the lungs and provide sustained release is becoming more severe. This type of system would be applicable to patients experiencing asthma, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary disease, and a number of other lung related diseases.
History
The history of gated drug delivery systems starts in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PiliPinas%20Forum%202022 | PiliPinas Forum 2022 is a televised interview series produced under the partnership of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP). It is intended to feature candidates of 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections.
Cast
Candidates
For president
Ernesto Abella
Leody de Guzman
Norberto Gonzales
Faisal Mangondato
Jose Montemayor
Manny Pacquiao
For vice president
Walden Bello
Rizalito David
Manny Lopez
Carlos Serapio
Tito Sotto
Interviewers
Karmina Constantino (ABS-CBN)
Dan Andrew Cura (FEBC)
Tony Velasquez (ABS-CBN)
Bombo Elmar Acol (Bombo Radyo)
Bombo Jane Buna (Bombo Radyo)
Rico Hizon (CNN PH)
Pia Hontiveros (CNN PH)
Ricky Rosales (RMN)
Pinky Webb (CNN PH)
Dennis Antenor Jr. (MBC)
Cesar Chavez (MBC)
Deo Macalma (MBC)
Angelo Palmones (MBC)
Maricel Halili (TV5)
Shawn Yao (TV5)
Ed Lingao (TV5)
Jay Taruc (TV5)
Production
PiliPinas Forum 2022 was organized after the last two of the five planned debates of Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and Impact Hub's PiliPinas Debates 2022 was cancelled. PiliPinas Forum 2022 in contrast to PiliPinas Debates 2022 which was a series of debates broadcast live, will be a collection of pre-taped interviews involving candidates of the 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections with a three-member panel whose composition is sourced from a pool of interviewers provided by television and radio networks. The candidates were given until noon of April 29, 2022 to confirm their participation in the interviews.
Broadcast
PiliPinas Forum 2022 will air from May 3 to May 6, 2022. The participating television and/or radio networks for the PiliPinas Forum 2022 are the Manila Broadcasting Company, Bombo Radyo Philippines, Radio Mindanao Network, ABS-CBN Corporation, TV5 Network Inc., CNN Philippines, Radyo Pilipino, Primax Broadcasting Network, and Vanguard Broadcasting. The order of airing by candidate will be determined through a drawing of lots. The order was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinyoung%20Park%20%28mathematician%29 | Jinyoung Park (; born 1982) is a South Korean mathematician at Stanford University working in combinatorics and graph theory. In 2022, she released a preprint containing a 6-page proposed proof of the Kahn–Kalai conjecture with Huy Tuan Pham.
Education and career
Park entered Seoul National University in 2001 and received her B.S. in Mathematics Education in 2004. She worked as a mathematics teacher in secondary schools in Seoul from 2005 to 2011. She began her graduate studies at Rutgers University in 2014, where she received her Ph.D. in 2020 under the supervision of Jeff Kahn. Her doctoral work earned the 2022 Dissertation Prize from the Association for Women in Mathematics.
She was a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study from 2020 to 2021. Since 2021, she has continued her postdoctoral work as a Szegö Assistant Professor at Stanford University, where her postdoctoral mentor is Jacob Fox. In 2023, Park received the Maryam Mirzakhani New Frontiers Prize for contributions to the resolution of several major conjectures on thresholds and selector processes.
Selected works
Frankston, Keith; Kahn, Jeff; Narayanan, Bhargav; Park, Jinyoung "Thresholds versus fractional expectation-thresholds." Ann. of Math. (2) 194 (2021), no. 2, 475–495.
References
External links
Profile at Stanford
Living people
21st-century South Korean mathematicians
South Korean women mathematicians
Combinatorialists
Rutgers University alumni
1982 births
Seoul National University alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Geometry%20of%20the%20Octonions | The Geometry of the Octonions is a mathematics book on the octonions, a system of numbers generalizing the complex numbers and quaternions, presenting its material at a level suitable for undergraduate mathematics students. It was written by Tevian Dray and Corinne Manogue, and published in 2015 by World Scientific. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
The book is subdivided into three parts, with the second part being the most significant. Its contents combine both a survey of past work in this area, and much of its authors' own researches.
The first part explains the Cayley–Dickson construction, which constructs the complex numbers from the real numbers, the quaternions from the complex numbers, and the octonions from the quaternions. Related algebras are also discussed, including the sedenions (a 16-dimensional real algebra formed in the same way by taking one more step past the octonions) and the split real unital composition algebras (also called Hurwitz algebras). A particular focus here is on interpreting the multiplication operation of these algebras in a geometric way. Reviewer Danail Brezov notes with disappointment that Clifford algebras, although very relevant to this material, are not covered.
The second part of the book uses the octonions and the other division algebras associated with it to provide concrete descriptions of the Lie groups of geometric symmetries. These include rotation groups, spin groups, symplectic groups, and the exceptional Lie groups, which the book interprets as octonionic variants of classical Lie groups.
The third part applies the octonions in geometric constructions including the Hopf fibration and its generalizations, the Cayley plane, and the E8 lattice. It also connects them to problems in physics involving the four-dimensional Dirac equation, the quantum mechanics of relativistic fermions, spinors, and the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20line%20segment%20length | In geometry, the mean line segment length is the average length of a line segment connecting two points chosen uniformly at random in a given shape. In other words, it is the expected Euclidean distance between two random points, where each point in the shape is equally likely to be chosen.
Even for simple shapes such as a square or a triangle, solving for the exact value of their mean line segment lengths can be difficult because their closed-form expressions can get quite complicated. As an example, consider the following question:
What is the average distance between two randomly chosen points inside a square with side length 1?
While the question may seem simple, it has a fairly complicated answer; the exact value for this is .
Formal definition
The mean line segment length for an n-dimensional shape S may formally be defined as the expected Euclidean distance ||⋅|| between two random points x and y,
where λ is the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure.
For the two-dimensional case, this is defined using the distance formula for two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
Approximation methods
Since computing the mean line segment length involves calculating multidimensional integrals, various methods for numerical integration can be used to approximate this value for any shape.
One such method is the Monte Carlo method. To approximate the mean line segment length of a given shape, two points are randomly chosen in its interior and the distance is measured. After several repetitions of these steps, the average of these distances will eventually converge to the true value.
These methods can only give an approximation; they cannot be used to determine its exact value.
Formulas
Line segment
For a line segment of length , the average distance between two points is .
Triangle
For a triangle with side lengths , , and , the average distance between two points in its interior is given by the formula
where is the semiperimeter, and denotes .
For an equilate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous%20and%20the%20Russian%20invasion%20of%20Ukraine | Anonymous, a decentralized international activist and hacktivist collective, has conducted numerous cyber-operations against Russia since February 2022 when the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine began.
Prelude
Starting from late 2021, Anonymous took notice of the military build-up near the Russia-Ukraine border and thus acted to propagate peace plans to end the war in Donbas by defacing various websites, such as United Nations' Networks on Migration, Polar Research Institute of China, Convention on Biological Diversity, and various government websites in China.
In the hacking campaign named "Operation Samantha Smith", which is a reference to the 1980s child peace activist, they called for a referendum in Ukraine on whether to presumably follow the now-defunct Minsk Protocol or hand over the separatist-controlled territories to a UN peacekeeping administration. Later, a second referendum in the separatist regions would then ask voters to choose to reunite with Ukraine, gain independence, or join Russia. Besides that, they also called for the creation of a "neutral grouping" of countries "wedged between NATO and Russia" that would include Ukraine, Finland, Belarus, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Moldova. Anonymous argued that the so-called "neutral security belt" could serve as an alliance similar to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) or the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) that acts as a cordon sanitaire between NATO and CSTO countries in order to "assuage Russia's fears without NATO losing its face."
As the situation escalated, they threatened to take hostage of industrial control systems and implicitly warned Russia that the "sole party to be blamed if we escalate on that, will be the same one who started it in the very first place with troop buildups, childish threats, and waves of unreasonable ultimatums." Furthermore, they urged the United Nations to immediately deploy peacekeepers on "at least the Ukrainian side of the frontline |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullulan%20bioconjugate | Pullulan bioconjugates are systems that use pullulan as a scaffold to attach biological materials to, such as drugs. These systems can be used to enhance the delivery of drugs to specific environments or the mechanism of delivery. These systems can be used in order to deliver drugs in response to stimuli, create a more controlled and sustained release, and provide a more targeted delivery of certain drugs.
Pullulan formulation
Pullulan is generated by the microbial A. pullulans through the processing mainly of glucose, but can also be produced from maltose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, and mannose. In a commercial setting, pullulan is obtained from a strain of A. pullulans that is non-toxic, non-pathogenic, and unmodified genetically that is given a liquid form of starch in a set environment. The pullulan produced can be modified by different conditions such as the nutrients provided, temperature, pH, oxygen content, and other supplements. The microbial needs to be provided with a source of carbon and nitrogen in order to produce pullulan and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen needs to be precise in order to maximize pullulan production. Higher levels of nitrogen than carbon are required as excess carbon can decrease the efficiency of the enzymes and excess nitrogen can increase the production of biomass, but does not affect the pullulan production. Oxygen is also important for the proliferation of the A. pullulans cells and the production of pullulan. Further supplements can be used in order to increase the level of pullulan production, such as olive oil and tween 80.
While the manufacturing conditions of pullulan can be altered in order to increase yield, chemical modifications of pullulan can also be used to alter the properties of the pullulan. The unmodified structure of pullulan contains nine hydroxyl groups attached to the backbone of the molecule, and these hydroxyl groups can be replaced with other functional groups. Some examples of processes that can mo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20S.%20Holmes | Frederick S. Holmes was an American safe and vault engineer, and inventor who designed the largest vaults in the world. During his career, Holmes designed hundreds of vaults throughout the United States, Canada and Japan from 1895 to 1941. The majority of Holmes designed vaults are located in New York's Financial District; many are publicly accessible and in buildings on the National Register of Historic Places. His name is engraved on the builder's plaques, typically located on the encased jamb controls of these vaults.
Holmes' vault designs evolved over time to keep up with attacks from safe-crackers or 'Yeggmen' adept at vault penetration. A Holmes advertisement from 1921 reads, "Newly discovered methods of attack necessitate radical departures from hitherto accepted standards of design". Holmes specialized in jamb-controlled vaults where the combination locks and bolt-throwing mechanism are located inside the vault creating a solid vault door with no spindle holes. Entry requires two points of attack (door and jamb), which doubles the time required for burglars to breach the vault.
In recognition of their significant contributions to the field of bank vault engineering, a tribute was written in The Journal of the Franklin Institute, “Coincident with the modern development of the safe and bank vault industry was that of the profession of the Bank Vault Engineer. The industry owes much of its progress to the work done by the pioneers of this profession: William H. Hollar, John M. Mossman, George L. Damon, Emil A. Strauss, Frederick S. Holmes, Benjamin F. Tripp, and George L. Remington.”
Holmes collaborated with prominent architects such as Cass Gilbert and Alfred Bossom and leading vault builders including Bethlehem Steel, Carnegie Steel, Damon Safe & Iron Works, Diebold, Herring-Hall-Marvin, J&J Taylor, LH Miller Safe & Iron Works, Mosler Safe, Remington & Sherman, and York Safe & Lock.
Career
Published works
Includes Holmes articles, copyrights, court |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%20Dreamlight%20Valley | Disney Dreamlight Valley is an upcoming life simulation adventure game developed by Gameloft Montreal and published by Gameloft. The game has players tend to a magical valley populated by various Disney and Pixar characters who previously underwent a curse that caused them to lose their memories of their lives in the valley.
The game was released in early access for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on September 6, 2022, while the macOS version released in early access on December 6, 2022, alongside the game's second content update. While payment for a "Founder's Pack" or an Xbox Game Pass subscription is needed to play the game in early access, it was planned to be a free-to-play game before the decision was reversed in October 2023. A full release is planned for December 5, 2023, which will also see the release of the game's first paid expansion, A Rift in Time.
Gameplay
Disney Dreamlight Valley takes place in the titular "Dreamlight Valley", a magical valley with various biomes populated by Disney and Pixar characters. The game features nonlinear gameplay similar to Nintendo's Animal Crossing games where players take control of a customizable human player character living in the valley. The valley is synced to real time based on the time set on the player's console or computer.
The player can explore the valley to gather resources and use their magic to clear away "Night Thorns", unwanted plants with dark magic that spawn throughout the valley. Foods can be cooked into various meals at a cooking station such as an oven or a campfire, while other resources can be crafted into materials or furniture at a crafting station. The player can eat food to replenish energy, which is required to use magic-imbued tools including a pickaxe, a shovel, a fishing rod, and a watering can; meals can replenish greater amounts of energy than foods grown, harvested, or purchased in the valley, and can make the player "well fed", |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO%20World%20Engineering%20Day%20for%20Sustainable%20Development | The World Engineering Day for Sustainable Development (acronym: WED) is one of the UNESCO international days and is celebrated every 4 March. It was proclaimed by UNESCO General Conference on 25 November 2019, based on a proposal by the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (WFEO).
It is celebrated by major engineering professional institutions, such as the Institution of Civil Engineers, the China Association for Science and Technology, Engineers Canada, Engineers Australia, Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France, as well as NGOs such as DiscoverE, Engineers Without Borders, universities such as Imperial College London or Technische Hochschule Georg Agricola and corporations supporting the event.
The first edition of WED in 2019, as well as the following ones, were based on the concept of holding simultaneous online and on-site celebrations, hosted by UNESCO, WFEO, engineering institutions members of WFEO, as well as generating social media trends and message on the theme of event, engaging with UN agencies such as UNEP, corporate bodies, other associations, media and students.
In 2022, the concept extended to a 24-hour streaming hosted by WFEO, live streaming featured celebrations in various regions of the world.
Since 2022, the celebration includes global events such as an international hackathon competition for engineering students in relations to sustainable development matters.
References
UNESCO
Engineering
United Nations days |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie%20Popa%20%28mathematician%29 | Ilie Popa (July 20, 1907 – July 26, 1983) was a Romanian mathematician and Head of the Mathematical Analysis Department at the University of Iași. He is known for his contributions to differential geometry, mathematical analysis, and the history of mathematics.
Born in Iași, he attended the Costache Negruzzi High School in his native city. In 1927 he enrolled at the University of Iași, graduating in 1931. Upon graduation, he became an assistant professor at the Faculty of Science of the University of Iași and began his research activity under the guidance of his advisor, Alexander Myller. In 1932 Popa published his first papers (in differential geometry), in collaboration with . He obtained his Ph.D. in 1934 with thesis Contributions to Centro-Affine Differential Geometry, in which he pursued research themes of his two mentors, Myller and Octav Mayer. In 1936, the Romanian Academy awarded him a two-year scholarship to pursue his postdoctoral studies in Italy and Germany; during this period, he visited Enrico Bompiani at Sapienza University of Rome and Wilhelm Blaschke at the University of Hamburg. While away, he was promoted to associate professor in the Department of Higher Algebra at the University of Iași. After a brief stint in 1942 at the Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași, he returned to the University of Iași as Professor. In 1948 he became the Head of the Mathematical Analysis Department, a position that he held until his retirement in 1973. From 1944 to 1945 and again from 1965 to 1971 he was pro-rector of the university.
References
1907 births
1983 deaths
Scientists from Iași
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
Academic staff of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
Romanian mathematicians
Historians of mathematics
Differential geometers
Mathematical analysts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial%20anxiety | Spatial anxiety is a sense of anxiety an individual experiences while processing environmental information contained in one's geographical space (in the sense of Montello's classification of space), with the purpose of navigation and orientation through that space (usually unfamiliar, or very little known). Spatial anxiety is also linked to the feeling of stress regarding the anticipation of a spatial-content related performance task (such as mental rotation, spatial perception, spatial visualisation, object location memory, dynamic spatial ability). Particular cases of spatial anxiety can result in a more severe form of distress, as in agoraphobia.
Classification
It is still investigated whether spatial anxiety would be considered as one solid, concrete ("unitary") construct (including the experiences of anxiety due to any spatial task), or whether it could be considered to be a "multifactorial construct" (including various subcomponents), attributing the experience of anxiety to several aspects. Evidence has shown that spatial anxiety seems to be a "multifactorial construct" that entails two components; that of anxiety regarding navigation and that of anxiety regarding the demand of rotation and visualization skills.
Gender and further individual differences
Gender differences appear to be one of the most prominent differences in spatial anxiety as well as in navigational strategies. Evidence show higher levels of spatial anxiety in women, who tend to choose route strategies, as opposed to men, who tend to choose orientation strategies (a fact which, in turn, has been found to be negatively related to spatial anxiety).
Spatial anxiety levels also seem to vary across different age groups. Evidence has shown spatial anxiety to appear also, early on, during the elementary school years, with anxiety varying in level and tending to be stable; with minimum fluctuations, across life span.
Measuring instruments
There are two primary ways of measuring spatial anxiet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromeny | Necromeny is a symbiotic relationship where an animal (typically a juvenile stage nematode) infects a host and waits inside its body until its death, at which point it develops and completes its life-cycle on the cadaver, feeding on the decaying matter and the subsequent bacterial growth. As the necromenic animal benefits from the relationship while the host is unharmed, it is an example of commensalism.
An example of this is the facultative parasitic nematode species, Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita. It can kill certain types of slugs and snails (Arionidae, Milacidae and Limacidae), but for more resistance species, it lies dormant until the host dies naturally. Conversely, entomopathogenic nematodes (or EPNs) such as Steinernema and Heterorhabditis also thrive on the decaying corpses of their hosts, but they seek out to actively kill their hosts through the release of a symbiotic bacterium (Xenorhabdus/Photorhabdus and Paenibacillus, respectively).
Necromeny has also been observed in mites, including species of Histiostoma and Sancassania.
References
Parasitism
Parasitology
Ecology
Disease ecology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphism%20of%20finite%20type | For a homomorphism A → B of commutative rings, B is called an A-algebra of finite type if B is a finitely generated as an A-algebra. It is much stronger for B to be a finite A-algebra, which means that B is finitely generated as an A-module. For example, for any commutative ring A and natural number n, the polynomial ring A[x1, ..., xn] is an A-algebra of finite type, but it is not a finite A-module unless A = 0 or n = 0. Another example of a finite-type morphism which is not finite is .
The analogous notion in terms of schemes is: a morphism f: X → Y of schemes is of finite type if Y has a covering by affine open subschemes Vi = Spec Ai such that f−1(Vi) has a finite covering by affine open subschemes Uij = Spec Bij with Bij an Ai-algebra of finite type. One also says that X is of finite type over Y.
For example, for any natural number n and field k, affine n-space and projective n-space over k are of finite type over k (that is, over Spec k), while they are not finite over k unless n = 0. More generally, any quasi-projective scheme over k is of finite type over k.
The Noether normalization lemma says, in geometric terms, that every affine scheme X of finite type over a field k has a finite surjective morphism to affine space An over k, where n is the dimension of X. Likewise, every projective scheme X over a field has a finite surjective morphism to projective space Pn, where n is the dimension of X.
See also
Finitely generated algebra
References
Algebraic geometry
Morphisms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaeromyces%20robustus | Anaeromyces robustus is a fungal microorganism that lives in the gut rumen of many ruminant herbivores such as cows and sheep. Previously thought to be protozoa from their flagellated zoospores, they are biomass degraders and help the animal by breaking down carbohydrates and plant materials from the food the animal ingests. This fungus, therefore, is anaerobic and lives without oxygen. Gut fungi are dramatically outnumbered by other organisms in the microbiome; however, they are important members of the gut microbiome in ruminants and hind-gut fermenters and play a key role in digestion.
Taxonomy
Initially, this fungal species was isolated from sheep fecal material in the Santa Barbara Zoo in 2017. With how this was found, it fit into the order of the Neocallimastigomycota as all species within this order live in the gut rumen of large herbivores.
Description
A. robustus is characterized by its long hyphal segments and its ability to reproduce asexually from flagellated zoospores. With the production of zoospores, this fungus's lifecycle is very representative of species of fungi from the phylum Chitridiomycota. This fungus has polycentric sporangia development as many sporangia develop throughout the thallus. With this, there is also nucleus movement through many repeated divisions through the rhizoids.
Ecology
As stated beforehand, this fungus helps animals with digestion of plant materials. Certain enzymes produced from A. robustus have significantly more enzymatic activity when compared to bacteria and other organisms inside of the gut rumen. Other gut bacteria and archaea, however, can have a positive impact on the way A. robustus functions. There is a species of archaea, Methanobacterium bryantii, that enhances the function of the fungus. In particular, this archaea increases the fungus's ability to break down carbohydrates by increasing the CAZyme production of the fungus. When exposed to harmful gut bacteria, rumen fungi are known to produce their own |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psammophyte | A psammophyte is a plant that grows in sandy and often unstable soils. Psammophytes are commonly found growing on beaches, deserts, and sand dunes. Because they thrive in these challenging or inhospitable habitats, psammophytes are considered extremophiles, and are further classified as a type of psammophile.
Etymology
The word "psammophyte" consists of two Greek roots, psamm-, meaning "sand", and -phyte, meaning "plant". The term "psammophyte" first entered English in the early twentieth century via German botanical terminology.
Description
Psammophytes are found in many different plant families, so may not share specific morphological or phytochemical traits. They also come in a variety of plant life-forms, including annual ephemerals, perennials, subshrubs, hemicryptophytes, and many others. What the many diverse psammophytes have in common is a resilience to harsh or rapidly fluctuating environmental factors, such as shifting soils, strong winds, intense sunlight exposure, or saltwater exposure, depending on the habitat. Psammophytes often have specialized traits, such as unusually tenacious or resilient roots that enable them to anchor and thrive despite various environmental stressors. Those growing in arid regions have evolved highly efficient physiological mechanisms that enable them to survive despite limited water availability.
Distribution and habitat
Psammophytes grow in regions all over the world and can be found on sandy, unstable soils of beaches, deserts, and sand dunes. In China's autonomous Inner Mongolia region, psammophytic woodlands are found in steppe habitats.
Ecology
Psammophytes often play an important ecological role by contributing some degree of soil stabilization in their sandy habitats. They can also play an important role in soil nutrient dynamics. Depending on the factors at play at a given site, psammophyte communities exhibit varying degrees of species diversity. For example, in the dunes of the Sahara Desert, psammophyte commu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt.culture | alt.culture was an online encyclopedia of youth culture, especially relating to Generation X, in the 1990s, based on the book Alt.Culture: An A-to-Z Guide to the 90's - Underground, Online and Over-the-Counter by Nathaniel Wice and Steven Daly.
The website was described by Chuck Klosterman in The Nineties as "an unknowing precursor to Wikipedia" and provided "countercultural definitions for things that weren't important enough to be defined anywhere else." It had entries "covering everything from Alicia Silverstone to *69," which the book described as "a relationship-altering phone feature, also a 1994 song by R.E.M."
In 1997, Wice and Daly signed an agreement with Pathfinder, Time Warner Inc.'s content portal, which contracted them to write five new entries a week and regularly updating the site.
See also
List of online encyclopedias
References
External links
Internet properties established in 1996
Defunct websites
Online encyclopedias |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut%20f%C3%BCr%20Kunststoffverarbeitung | The Institut für Kunststoffverarbeitung in Industrie und Handwerk (IKV), the Institute for Plastics Processing in Industry and Trade at the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany, is a teaching and research institute for the study of plastics technology. It stands for practice-oriented research, innovation and technology transfer. The focus of the IKV is the integrative view of product development in the material, construction and processing sectors, in particular in plastics and rubber. The sponsor is a non-profit association that currently includes around 300 companies from the plastics industry worldwide (as of December 2018) and through which the institute maintains a close connection between industry and science. In addition, the IKV is a member of the (AiF).
The institute was founded in 1950 and, with around 350 employees, has become Europe's largest research and training institute in the field of plastics technology. The first head of the institute was , followed in 1959 by A. H. Henning. From 1965 to 1988 headed the institute, and until his retirement in 2011. Since 2011, the current head of the institute, and at the same time managing director of the association, is . He also holds the Chair for within the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University.
Tasks
The tasks of the institute are:
scientific and practice-oriented research in the field of plastics technology
the training of students to become qualified junior staff for the plastics industry
the training of practitioners in the craft industry in the field of plastics technology
Structure
The scientific departments injection molding/PUR technology, extrusion and further processing, molded part design/materials engineering and fibre-reinforced plastics are the operative units of the institute. The (KAP) (English: Center for Plastics Analysis and Testing) at the IKV supports and advises scientific departments and is available as a service for the industr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20dust%20measurement | Space dust measurement refers to the study of small particles of extraterrestrial material, known as micrometeoroids or interplanetary dust particles (IDPs), that are present in the Solar System. These particles are typically of micrometer to sub-millimeter size and are composed of a variety of materials including silicates, metals, and carbon compounds. The study of space dust is important as it provides insight into the composition and evolution of the Solar System, as well as the potential hazards posed by these particles to spacecraft and other space-borne assets. The measurement of space dust requires the use of advanced scientific techniques such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to accurately characterize the physical and chemical properties of these particles.
Overview
From the ground, space dust is observed as scattered sun light from myriads of interplanetary dust particles and as meteoroids entering the atmosphere. By observing a meteor from several positions on the ground, the trajectory and the entry speed can be determined by triangulation. Atmospheric entry speeds of up to 72,000 m/s have been observed for Leonid meteors.
Even sub-millimeter sized meteoroids hitting spacecraft at speeds around 300 m/s (much faster than bullets) can cause significant damage. Therefore, the early US Explorer 1, Vanguard 1, and the Soviet Sputnik 3 satellites carried simple 0.001 m2 sized microphone dust detectors in order to detect impacts of micron sized meteoroids. The obtained fluxes were orders of magnitude higher than those estimated from zodiacal light measurements. However, the latter determination had big uncertainties in the assumed size and heliocentric radial dust density distributions. Thermal studies in the lab with microphone detectors suggested that the high count-rates recorded were due to noise generated by temperature variations in Earth orbit.
An exc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyss%20Institute%20for%20Biologically%20Inspired%20Engineering | The Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering (pronounced "veese") is a cross-disciplinary research institute at Harvard University focused on bridging the gap between academia and industry (translational medicine) by drawing inspiration from nature's design principles to solve challenges in health care and the environment. It is focused on the field of biologically inspired engineering to be distinct from bioengineering and biomedical engineering. The institute also has a focus on applications, intellectual property generation, and commercialization. The Wyss Institute is located in Boston's Longwood Medical Area and has 375 full-time staff. The Wyss is organized around eight focus areas, each of which integrate faculty, postdocs, fellows, and staff scientists. The focus areas are bioinspired therapeutics & diagnostics, diagnostics accelerator, immuno-materials, living cellular devices, molecular robotics, 3D organ engineering, predictive bioanalytics and synthetic biology.
History
In 2005, Harvard University established a faculty working group to envision the future of bioengineering. The group was called the Harvard Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering (HIBIE), with the committee focused on synthetic biology, living materials, and biological control. HIBIE was co-chaired by Harvard professors Donald E. Ingber and David J. Mooney. In January 2009, institute was reformed into the Wyss Institute upon receiving a $125 million gift from Hansjörg Wyss. Ingber became the founding director of the Wyss Institute and David Mooney became a founding Core Faculty member, along with Professors Joanna Aizenberg, David A. Edwards, Kit Parker, George M. Whitesides, George Church, Ary Goldberger, William Shih, Robert Wood, James J. Collins, L. Mahadevan, Radhika Nagpal, and Pamela Silver.
In 2013, Hansjörg Wyss gave another $125 million to Harvard University, doubling his initial gift. The funding was used to further the Institute's interdisciplinary rese |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n%20Dineen | Seán Dineen (born February 1944) is an Irish mathematician specialising in complex analysis. His academic career was spent, in the main, at University College Dublin (UCD) where he was Professor of Mathematics, serving as Head of Department and as Head of the School of Mathematical Sciences before retiring in 2009.
Education
Seán Dineen was born in Clonakilty, Co. Cork, Ireland in February 1944. He attended St Mary's, the first secondary school for boys in Clonakilty, which his parents Jerry (Jeremiah) and Margaret Dineen had founded in 1938. His father had died in 1953 and the school was subsequently run by his mother. He entered University College Cork (UCC) in 1961 to study mathematics, graduating with honours BSc in mathematics in 1964. While at UCC, he was involved in setting up the student mathematics society there. His tutors and lecturers included Finbarr Holland, Michael Mortell, Tagdh Carey, Paddy Kennedy, Paddy Barry and Siobhán O'Shea (later Siobhán Vernon). He completed his MSc there in 1965, and was awarded a National University of Ireland Travelling Studentship.
Dineen was the first student of pure mathematics from UCC to travel to the USA to do his doctorate, where he did his coursework in the University of Maryland. His official supervisor there was John Horvath, but his PhD research was carried out in Rio de Janeiro at Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) under the supervision of Leopoldo Nachbin. He completed his thesis on "Holomorphy Types on a Banach Space" in 1970.
UCD Career
Dineen spent the year 1969-1970 at Johns Hopkins as an instructor before returning to Ireland. After two years at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies (DIAS), he secured a position at University College Dublin. Seven years later, in 1979, he was appointed to the professorship and chair of mathematics vacated by J. R. Timoney.
Mathematics
Dineen's work has principally been in the area of infinite dimensional complex analysis and the topological s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermotomaculum%20hydrothermale | Thermotomaculum hydrothermale is a species of Acidobacteriota.
References
Bacteria
Bacteria described in 2017 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RightForge | RightForge is a conservative American limited liability company aimed at providing internet hosting for conservative causes that describes itself as "The first global Internet infrastructure company committed to American principles online". Founded in 2021, it aims to provide "cancel-proof" hosting services. The company's CEO, Martin Avila, has described the company as "absolutely ideological".
It provided the original infrastructure for the Donald Trump-backed social media network Truth Social.
In late August 2022, Fox Business reported that RightForge had claimed that it was owed $1.6M by Truth Social, and was planning legal action over the dispute.
References
External links
Technology companies of the United States
Web hosting
2021 establishments
Alt-tech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable%20Connectivity%20Program | The Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP) is a United States government-sponsored program that aims to provide wireless internet for low-income households. Several companies have signed on to participate in the program, including Verizon Communications, Frontier Communications, T-Mobile, Spectrum, Cox, AT&T, Xfinity, Optimum and Comcast. The program is administered by the Federal Communications Commission. The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act provides $14.2 billion in funding for $30 subsidies for those with low incomes, and $75 subsidies on tribal lands.
History
2021
In 2021, US Congress passed a $1 trillion infrastructure package including $14.2 billion for the Affordable Connectivity Program. The program replaced the Emergency Broadband Benefit program, with $14 billion dedicated to the act. The ACB replaced the EBB on December 31, 2021.
When the act was remarked upon by US President Biden on May 9, 2022, close to 40% of American households qualified for assistance, i.e. households or individuals earned twice the poverty level or less. There are higher limits in Hawaii and Alaska. According to NPR, an estimated 48 million Americans qualified, with the plans to provide at least 100 megabits per second of speed for a maximum of $30. One person in the household must participate in government assistance programs, if the household is above 200% of the Federal Poverty Guidelines.
Twenty internet providers were initially involved, including regional companies such as Hawaiian Telcom and Jackson Energy Authority in Tennessee. The full list included Allo Communications, Altafiber, Altice USA, Astound, AT&T, Breezeline, Comcast, Comporium, Frontier, IdeaTek, Cox Communications, Jackson Energy Authority, MediaCom, MLGC, Spectrum, Verizon, Vermont Telephone Company, Vexus Fiber, and Wow! Internet, Cable, and TV. Aristata Communications joined the program in August 2023.
In 2021, Pew Research Center engaged in a study on the act along with the University of South |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20organisms%20named%20after%20works%20of%20fiction | Newly created taxonomic names in biological nomenclature often reflect the discoverer's interests or honour those the discoverer holds in esteem, including fictional elements.
This is a list of real organisms with scientific names chosen to reference works of fiction.
Literature
Greek mythology
Gargantua and Pantagruel
William Shakespeare
Don Quixote
Robinson Crusoe
Gulliver's Travels
Victor Hugo
The Three Musketeers
Moby-Dick
Lewis Carroll
Mark Twain
The Adventures of Pinocchio
Arthur Conan Doyle
Rudyard Kipling
Cyrano de Bergerac
Dracula
Peter Pan
H. P. Lovecraft
Winnie-the-Pooh
Vladimir Nabokov
J. R. R. Tolkien
Enid Blyton
Dune
Aubrey–Maturin series
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
Discworld
The Witcher
A Song of Ice and Fire
Harry Potter
Rumo and His Miraculous Adventure
Ready Player One
Other literature
Comics
The Adventures of Tintin
Asterix
DC Comics
Marvel Comics
Peanuts
Calvin and Hobbes
Other comics
Films
Disney and Pixar
Looney Tunes
Orson Welles
Godzilla
Star Wars
Alien
Terminator
Crocodile Dundee
Predator
The Fifth Element
The Big Lebowski
Avatar
Other films
Television
Doctor Who
Star Trek
Sesame Street and The Muppets
Dungeons & Dragons
SpongeBob SquarePants
Battlestar Galactica
The Big Bang Theory
Other television series
Games
Galaga
Super Mario
The Legend of Zelda
Street Fighter
Pokémon
Bioshock
Other games
Other media
See also
List of unusual biological names
List of organisms named after famous people
References
Fiction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orca%20types%20and%20populations | Orcas or killer whales have a cosmopolitan distribution and several distinct populations or types have been documented or suggested. Three to five types of orcas may be distinct enough to be considered different races, subspecies, or possibly even species (see Species problem). The IUCN reported in 2008, "The taxonomy of this genus is clearly in need of review, and it is likely that O. orca will be split into a number of different species or at least subspecies over the next few years." Although large variation in the ecological distinctiveness of different orca groups complicate simple differentiation into types. Mammal-eating orcas in different regions were long thought likely to be closely related, but genetic testing has refuted this hypothesis.
Northern waters
North Pacific
Research off the west coast of Canada and the United States in the 1970s and 1980s identified the following three types:
Resident: These are the most commonly sighted of the three populations in the coastal waters of the northeast Pacific. Residents' diets consist primarily of fish and sometimes squid, and they live in complex and cohesive family groups called pods. Female residents characteristically have rounded dorsal fin tips that terminate in a sharp corner. They visit the same areas consistently. British Columbia and Washington resident populations are amongst the most intensively studied marine mammals anywhere in the world. Resident orcas can be divided into at least three distinct communities; northern, southern and southern Alaskan. Southern Alaskan resident orcas are distributed from southeastern Alaska to the Kodiak Archipelago and number over 700 individuals. These whales consist of two interbreeding clans distinguished by acoustic calls and whose ranges overlap. The northern resident community lives in coastal and inland waters from southeastern Alaska to Vancouver Island. It consists of three clans and 16 pods and number over 300 orcas total. The southern resident community |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20of%20the%20Incas | The mathematics of the Incas (or of the Tawantinsuyu) was the set of numerical and geometric knowledge and instruments developed and used in the nation of the Incas before the arrival of the Spaniards. It can be mainly characterized by its usefulness in the economic field. The quipus and yupanas are proof of the importance of arithmetic in Inca state administration. This was embodied in a simple but effective arithmetic, for accounting purposes, based on the decimal numeral system; they too had a concept of zero, and mastered addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The mathematics of the Incas had an eminently applicative character to tasks of management, statistics, and measurement that was far from the Euclidean outline of mathematics as a deductive corpus, since it was suitable and useful for the needs of a centralized administration.
On the other hand, the construction of roads, canals and monuments, as well as the layout of cities and fortresses, required the development of practical geometry, which was indispensable for the measurement of lengths and surfaces, in addition to architectural design. At the same time, they developed important measurement systems for length and volume, which took parts of the human body as reference. In addition, they used appropriate objects or actions that allowed to appreciate the result in another way, but relevant and effective.
Inca numeral system
The prevailing numeral system was the base-ten. One of the main references confirming this are the chronicles that present a hierarchy of organized authorities, using the decimal numeral system with its arithmometer: Quipu.
It is also possible to confirm the use of the decimal system in the Inca system by the interpretation of the quipus, which are organized in such a way that the knots — according to their location — can represent: units, tens, hundreds, etc.
However, the main confirmation of the use of this system is expressed in the denomination of the numbers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-domain%20system | The two-domain system is a biological classification by which all organisms in the tree of life are classified into two big domains, Bacteria and Archaea. It emerged from development of knowledge of archaea diversity and challenges to the widely accepted three-domain system that defines life into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. It was preceded by the eocyte hypothesis of James A. Lake in the 1980s, which was largely superseded by the three-domain system, due to evidence at the time. Better understanding of archaea, especially of their roles in the origin of eukaryotes through symbiogenesis with bacteria, led to the revival of the eocyte hypothesis in the 2000s. The two-domain system became more widely accepted after the discovery of a large group (superphylum) of archaea called Asgard in 2017, which evidence suggests to be the evolutionary root of eukaryotes, implying that eukaryotes are members of the domain Archaea.
While the features of Asgard archaea do not directly rule out the three-domain system, the notion that eukaryotes originated from archaea and thus belong to Archaea has been strengthened by genetic and proteomic studies. Under the three-domain system, Eukarya is mainly distinguished by the presence of "eukaryotic signature proteins", that are not found in archaea and bacteria. However, Asgards contain genes that code for multiple such proteins, indicating that "eukaryotic signature proteins" originated in archaea.
Background
Classification of life into two main divisions is not a new concept, with the first such proposal by French biologist Édouard Chatton in 1938. Chatton distinguished organisms into:
Procaryotes (including bacteria)
Eucaryotes (including protozoans)
These were later named empires, and Chatton's classification as the two-empire system. Chatton used the name Eucaryotes only for protozoans, excluded other eukaryotes, and published in limited circulation so that his work was not recognised. His classification was rediscovered by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss%20of%20load | Loss of load in an electrical grid is a term used to describe the situation when the available generation capacity is less than the system load. Multiple probabilistic reliability indices for the generation systems are using loss of load in their definitions, with the more popular being Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) that characterizes a probability of a loss of load occurring within a year. Loss of load events are calculated before the mitigating actions (purchasing electricity from other systems, load shedding) are taken, so a loss of load does not necessarily cause a blackout.
Loss-of-load-based reliability indices
Multiple reliability indices for the electrical generation are based on the loss of load being observed/calculated over a long interval (one or multiple years) in relatively small increments (an hour or a day). The total number of increments inside the long interval is designated as (e.g., for a yearlong interval if the increment is a day, if the increment is an hour):
Loss of load probability (LOLP) is a probability of an occurrence of an increment with a loss of load condition. LOLP can also be considered as a probability of involuntary load shedding;
Loss of load expectation (LOLE) is the total duration of increments when the loss of load is expected to occur, . Frequently LOLE is specified in days, if the increment is an hour, not a day, a term loss of load hours (LOLH) is sometimes used. Since LOLE uses the daily peak value for the whole day, LOLH (that uses different peak values for each hour) cannot be obtained by simply multiplying LOLE by 24; although in practice the relationship is close to linear, the coefficients vary from network to network;
Loss of load events (LOLEV) a.k.a. loss of load frequency (LOLF) is the number of loss of load events within the interval (an event can occupy several contiguous increments);
Loss of load duration (LOLD) characterizes the average duration of a loss of load event:
One-day-in-ten-years criteri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle%20of%20partition%20numbers | In the number theory of integer partitions, the numbers denote both the number of partitions of into exactly parts (that is, sums of positive integers that add to ), and the number of partitions of into parts of maximum size exactly . These two types of partition are in bijection with each other, by a diagonal reflection of their Young diagrams. Their numbers can be arranged into a triangle, the triangle of partition numbers, in which the th row gives the partition numbers :
Recurrence relation
Analogously to Pascal's triangle, these numbers may be calculated using the recurrence relation
As base cases, , and any value on the right hand side of the recurrence that would be outside the triangle can be taken as zero. This equation can be explained by noting that each partition of into pieces, counted by , can be formed either by adding a piece of size one to a partition of into pieces, counted by , or by increasing by one each piece in a partition of into pieces, counted by .
Row sums and diagonals
In the triangle of partition numbers, the sum of the numbers in the th row is the partition number . These numbers form the sequence
omitting the initial value of the partition numbers.
Each diagonal from upper left to lower right is eventually constant, with the constant parts of these diagonals extending approximately from halfway across each row to its end. The values of these constants are the partition numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, ... again.
References
Triangles of numbers
Integer partitions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20lens | Broadcast lens in television industry are lenses that are used for broadcasting in television studio or on the location/field. Main manufacturers of broadcast lenses are Canon and Fujifilm's Fujinon brand. Broadcast lenses can be box-shaped, which are heavier and for use in limited range or classically shaped, lighter and for portable use.
Types
Lens are generally classified into three types:
Studio zoom lenses, used mainly in the television broadcasting studio.
Field zoom lenses, used for relay broadcasting of sports and other type of live events.
Electronic news-gathering/Electronic field production (ENG/EFP) lenses, used for production of news and on-location events.
Features
Typically broadcast lenses have:
Less focus breathing
Variable focal lengths (18-35mm)
Zoom which maintains focus as the focal length changes (parfocal lens)
Aspherical lens with fast and large lens aperture
Servomotor control of zoom, focus and aperture via remote control handles
Built-in image stabilization
Multi-group zoom lens system
See also
Cine lens
Zoom lens
Telephoto lens
Wide-angle lens
Camera lens
References
Television terminology
Broadcast engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20artists | Many notable artificial intelligence artists have created a wide variety of artificial intelligence art from the 1960s to today. These include:
20th century
Harold Cohen, active from 1960s to 2010s. Cohen's work is primarily with AARON, a series of computer programs that autonomously create original images.
Eric Millikin, active from 1980s to present. Millikin's work includes AI-generated virtual reality, video art, poetry, music, and performance art, on topics such as animal rights, climate change, anti-racism, witchcraft, and the occult.
Karl Sims, active from 1980s to present. Sims is best known for using particle systems and artificial life in computer animation.
21st century
Sougwen Chung, active from 2010s to present. Chung's work includes performances with a robotic arm that uses AI to attempt to draw in a manner similar to Chung.
Stephanie Dinkins, active from 2010s to present. Dinkins' work includes recordings of conversations with an artificially intelligent robot that resembles a black woman, discussing topics such as race and the nature of being.
Jake Elwes, active from 2010s to present. Their practice is the exploration of artificial intelligence, queer theory and technical biases.
Libby Heaney, active from 2010s to present. Heaney's practice includes work with chatbots.
Mario Klingemann, active from 2010s to present. Klingemann's works examine creativity, culture, and perception through machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Mauro Martino, active from 2010s to present. Martino's work work includes design, data visualization and infographics.
Trevor Paglen, active from 2000s to present. Paglen's practice includes work in photography and geography, on topics like mass surveillance and data collection.
Anna Ridler, active from 2010s to present. Ridler works with collections of information, including self-generated data sets, often working with floral photography.
References
Artificial intelligence artists, List of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20of%20sight | The line of sight, also known as visual axis or sightline (also sight line), is an imaginary line between a viewer/observer/spectator's eye(s) and a subject of interest, or their relative direction. The subject may be any definable object taken note of or to be taken note of by the observer, at any distance more than least distance of distinct vision. In optics, refraction of a ray due to use of lenses can cause distortion. Shadows, patterns and movement can also influence line of sight interpretation (as in optical illusions).
The term "line" typically presumes that the light by which the observed object is seen travels as a straight ray, which is sometimes not the case as light can take a curved/angulated path when reflected from a mirror, refracted by a lens or density changes in the traversed media, or deflected by a gravitational field. Fields of study feature specific targets, such as vessels in navigation, marker flags or natural features in surveying, celestial objects in astronomy, and so on. To have optimal observational outcome, it is preferable to have a completely unobstructed sightline.
Applications
Sightline (architecture)
Line-of-sight range
Line-of-sight (missile), the straight line between the missile and the target
Line-of-sight propagation, electro-magnetic waves travelling in a straight line
Non-line-of-sight propagation
Line-of-sight fire, shooting directly at a visible target on a relatively flat trajectory
Line-of-sight velocity, an object's speed straight towards or away from an observer
Line-of-sight double star, one in which two stars are only coincidentally close together as seen from Earth
Beyond visual line of sight
References
Geometry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20Center%20for%20PC | Music Center for PC is a music player and transfer software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Sony and first released in 2017.
Overview
The software was created to replace Media Go and x-APPLICATION (Japanese: x-アプリ). Unlike those, Music Center for PC only focuses on audio and as a result it has had several features removed, such as CD burning, or non-audio media functionalities like photo or video playback and transfer. It is also not compatible for transfer with phones or consoles, but only with audio devices like Walkman, home stereos and theater systems, active speakers, and others.
Version 1.0 of Music Center for PC is based on x-APPLICATION (and in turn, SonicStage). Version 2.0 was released in late 2018 and had a major overhaul of the user interface developed on Electron. Additionally there is now also support for DSEE HX.
Gracenote tagging of music is also integrated into Music Center for PC. The mora music store is also integrated for Japanese customers to directly purchase music.
Format support
Music Center for PC supports the playback of numerous formats including high-resolution audio, namely: ATRAC (.oma/.aa3), ATRAC Advanced Lossless (.oma/.aa3), WAV (.wav), MP3 (.mp3), AAC (.3gp/.mp4/.m4a), HE-AAC (.3gp/.mp4/.m4a), WMA (.wma), DSD (.dsf/.dff), FLAC (.flac), MQA (.mqa.flac), APE (.ape), ALAC (.mp4/.m4a) and AIFF (.aiff/.aif).
It can also play audio CDs, but ripping a CD is only possible into FLAC, WAV, MP3 or AAC formats.
References
Digital audio
Jukebox-style media players
Sony
Windows CD ripping software
Windows media players
Sony software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CyborgNest | CyborgNest Ltd was a wearable start-up company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The start-up created a wearable which used haptic technology (vibrations) to convey information to the wearer called NorthSense. The device was released in 2017 to connect wearers to the Earth's magnetic field.
NorthSense
In 2017 CyborgNest released the NorthSense, a miniaturized circuit board with over 200 components, with a silicone sleeve. The device was attached to the wearer's chest via steel piercings, and indicated when the wearer faced magnetic north, via a vibration. The device was inspired by a previous wearable called NorthPaw created by Sensebridge. It is unclear whether humans do, or did, possess this sense,
The device was made in a production batch of 400 units. NorthSense was documented in some technology articles.
The technology follows the principles of Sensory Substitution Devices (SSD), created by neuroscientist Paul Bach-y-Rita in the 1960s. SSDs are devices which translate one sense into another in order to compensate for an impaired sense. NorthSense also builds on the research of other similar haptics devices, such as the naviBelt (previously feelspace belt), which gives directional information through haptic motors around the wearer's waist. NorthSense was created using SSD principles but as a non-therapeutic device (not for medical use), transmitting non-human sensory information (the Earth's magnetic field), and therefore it is categorised as a ‘sensory augmentation’ technology.
Controversies
Sentero
CyborgNest ran an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign for the Sentero (presale) in July 2020 where crowdfunders raised approximately £50,000. Sentero was never delivered to its crowdfunders and production has now been indefinitely delayed.
Like the NorthSense, Sentero claimed that it would allow wearers to haptically feel the Earth's magnetic field (North), and also added the ability to 'sense' the direction of places and people, and feel their heartb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20dimension | The spectral dimension is a real-valued quantity that characterizes a spacetime geometry and topology. It characterizes a spread into space over time, e.g. a ink drop diffusing in a water glass or the evolution of a pandemic in a population. Its definition is as follow: if a phenomenon spreads as , with the time, then the spectral dimension is . The spectral dimension depends on the topology of the space, e.g., the distribution of neighbors in a population, and the diffusion rate.
In physics, the concept of spectral dimension is used, among other things, in
quantum gravity,
percolation theory,
superstring theory, or
quantum field theory.
Examples
The diffusion of ink in an isotropic homogeneous medium like still water evolves as , giving a spectral dimension of 3.
Ink in a 2D Sierpiński triangle diffuses following a more complicated path and thus more slowly, as , giving a spectral dimension of 1.3652.
See also
Dimension
Fractal dimension
Hausdorff dimension
References
Geometry
Diffusion
Quantum gravity
Power laws |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StaDyn%20%28programming%20language%29 | StaDyn is an object-oriented general-purpose programming language for the .NET platform that supports both static and dynamic typing in the same programming language.
The StaDyn compiler gathers type information for the dynamically typed code. That type information is used to detect type errors at compilation time and to perform significant optimizations. For that purpose, it provides type reconstruction (inference), flow-sensitive types, union and intersection types, constraint-based typing, alias analysis and method specialization.
Its first prototype appeared in 2007, as a modification of C# 3.0. Type inference was supported by including var as a new type, unlike C#, which only offers var to define initialized local variables. Flow-sensitive types of var references are inferred by the compiler, providing type-safe duck typing. When a more lenient approach is required by the programmer, the dynamictype could be used instead of var. Although type inference is still performed, dynamic references behave closer to those in dynamic languages.
StaDyn is designed by Francisco Ortin from the University of Oviedo. The language has been implemented by different members of the Computational Reflection research group, including Miguel Garcia, Jose Baltasar García Perez-Schofield and Jose Quiroga, besides Francisco Ortin.
The name StaDyn is a portmanteau of static and dynamic, denoting its aim to provide the benefits of both static and dynamic typing.
Code samples
Variables with different types
Just like dynamic languages, variables may hold different types in the same scope:
using System;
class Program {
public static void Main() {
Console.Write("Number: ");
var age = Console.In.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Digits: " + age.Length);
age = Convert.ToInt32(age);
age++;
Console.WriteLine("Happy birthday, you are " + age +
" years old now.");
int length = age.Length; // * Compiler er |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Woodall | Douglas Robert Woodall (born November 1943 in Stoke-on-Trent) is a British mathematician and psephologist. He studied mathematics at the University of Cambridge, and earned his Ph.D. at the University of Nottingham in 1969, his thesis being "Some results in combinatorial mathematics". He worked in the Department of Mathematics from 1969 until his retirement in 2007, as researcher, lecturer, associate professor and reader. He devised the later-no-harm criterion, a voting system criterion that is considered important in the comparison of electoral systems. Woodall has done a lot of work exploring the monotonicity criterion. He also contributed to the problem of fair cake-cutting, for example, by presenting an algorithm for finding a super-proportional division.
Selected publications
See also
Woodall's conjecture on dicuts and dijoins in directed graphs
References
External links
1943 births
Living people
Psephologists
Voting theorists
Combinatorialists
British mathematicians
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Academics of the University of Nottingham
People from Stoke-on-Trent
Fair division researchers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure%20field%20map | Structure field maps (SFMs) or structure maps are visualizations of the relationship between ionic radii and crystal structures for representing classes of materials. The SFM and its extensions has found broad applications in geochemistry, mineralogy, chemical synthesis of materials, and nowadays in materials informatics.
History
The intuitive concept of the SFMs led to different versions of the visualization method established in different domains of materials science.
Structure field map was first introduced in 1954 by MacKenzie L. Keith and Rustum Roy to classify structural prototypes for the oxide perovskites of the chemical formula ABO3. It was later popularized by a compiled handbook written by Olaf Muller and Rustum Roy, published in 1974 that included many more known materials.
Examples
A structure field map is typically two-dimensional, although higher dimensional versions are feasible. The axes in an SFM are the ionic sequences. For example, in oxide perovskites ABO3, where A and B represent two metallic cations, the two axes are ionic radii of the A-site and B-site cations. SFMs are constructed according to the oxidation states of the constituent cations. For perovskites of the type ABO3, three ways of cation pairings exist: A3+B3+O3, A2+B4+O3, and A1+B5+O3, therefore, three different SFMs exist for each pairs of cation oxidation states.
See also
Goldschmidt tolerance factor
Ramachandran plot
References
Materials science
Crystallography
Scientific visualization
Inorganic chemistry
Mineralogy concepts |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Network%20for%20Digital%20Commerce | Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), is a private non-profit Section 8 company established by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) of Government of India to develop open e-commerce. It was incorporated on 31 December 2022 with initial investment from Quality Council of India and Protean eGov Technologies Limited (formerly NSDL e-Governance Infrastructure Limited).
History
ONDC is not an application, an intermediary, or software, but a set of specifications designed to foster open interchange and connections between shoppers, technology platforms, and retailers. ONDC was incorporated with the mission and vision of creating an inclusive ecosystem of e-commerce.
On 5 July 2021, a nine-member Advisory Council was constituted by Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT). The Quality Council of India (QCI) was tasked with incubating the ONDC based on open source methodologies using open specifications and network protocols. It incorporates inventory, logistics, dispute resolution and is planning to cover 25% of domestic digital commerce within two years of launch. ONDC will unbundle delivery services so that customers can choose their own logistics provider. Till 26 October 2021, QCI established a team of experts and on-boarded some small and medium size industries as volunteers for project execution while DPIIT approved ₹10 crore as initial investment.
From November 2021 to March 2022, various public and private sector entities picked up stakes in ONDC by investing seed money to become early promoters. This includes Punjab National Bank (9.5% for ₹25 crore). State Bank of India (7.84% for ₹10 crore). Axis Bank (7.84%). Kotak Mahindra Bank (7.84%). BSE Investments (5.88%). Central Depository Services (6.78%). ICICI Bank (5.97% for ₹10 crore). Small Industries Development Bank of India (7.84% for ₹10 crore). On 23 March 2022, Common Service Centres (CSC) under Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LF%20Energy | Linux Foundation Energy (known as LF Energy) is an initiative launched by the US-based Linux Foundation in 2018 to improve the power grid. Its aim is to spur the uptake of digital technologies within the electricity sector and adjoining sectors using open source software and practices, with a key application being the smarter grid.
History
LF Energy was formed in 2018. The organization was founded by Shuli Goodman, who serves as its executive director. RTE supported the creation of LF Energy since early 2018 and became its first Strategic Member. LF Energy is an umbrella organization that includes energy companies such as Alliander and RTE. Energy company executives such as Arjan Stam (Director of System Operations at Alliander) and Lucian Balea (Director of Open Source) have joined LF Energy as governing board members. LF Energy helped develop Alliander's open source program offices after Alliander joined the organization in 2019.
The organization formally launched in May 2019.
LF Energy launched the open industrial IoT platform GXF (Grid eXchange Fabric) in collaboration with Alliander in February 2020.
LF Energy partnered with GE Renewable Energy, Schneider Electric, National Grid, and RTE (Réseau de Transport d'Électricité) to launch the Digital Substation Automation Systems (DSAS) initiative and the related Configuration Modules for Power Industry Automation Systems (CoMPAS) project in 2020. The DSAS initiative aims to use open-source technology to convert electrical substations into digital substations to accelerate progress towards achieving carbon neutrality. In like manner, CoMPAS provided software modules for automation systems in the power industry.
In 2020, LF Energy launched the second DSAS open-source project SEAPATH, which provided a platform for virtualized automation for power grids and substations.
In 2021, LF Energy collaborated with Sony Computer Science Laboratory on the microgrid initiative Hyphae, which aims to automate peer-to-peer rene |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMS%20Enhancements | CMS Enhancements Inc. (originally Complete Management Systems) was an American computer company headquartered in Irvine, California. Founded in 1983, the company's main product lines in the 1980s were internal and external hard drives and tape drives. The company's hard drives were chiefly sourced from Seagate and reconfigured in bespoke configurations for certain computing platforms, such as the Macintosh (under the MacLite name), the IBM PC, and the Compaq Deskpro, among others.
The company encountered financial difficulty in the early 1990s following two failed attempts at selling its own personal computers, and it reorganized into AmeriQuest Technologies in 1993.
History
1983–1990
CMS Enhancements was founded in Irvine, California, as Complete Management Systems in July 1983, by Jamshed "Jim" Farooquee, Mason Tarkeshian, and Tom Ong. Farooquee, the principal founder, had moved to the United States after graduating from a technical college in Karachi, Pakistan, in 1976. He funded CMS's start-up period with $12,000 of his personal funds. In 1986, the company went public. Early in the next year CMS achieved a $36 share price, its peak.
Fueled by growth in 1987 leading to $133 million in sales, CMS expanded rapidly in 1988. The company by 1989 had more than 300 distinct mass storage products—now including tape drives—and had introduced graphic cards, memory expansion boards, and uninterruptible power supplies under the CMS brand. While most of these were rebadged or re-engineered products from OEMs (such as Seagate for their hard drives), the tape drive products were of CMS' manufacture, the result of the purchase of North Atlantic Industries' Data Storage Products division in April 1988. Based in Long Island, New York, North Atlantic's DSP division had manufactured a wide variety of tape drives for personal and enterprise computers. Along with the acquisition of its intellectual property, inventory, and tooling came a 10,000-square-foot facility in Singapore a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food%20psychology | Food psychology is the psychological study of how people choose the food they eat (food choice), along with food and eating behaviors. Food psychology is an applied psychology, using existing psychological methods and findings to understand food choice and eating behaviors. Factors studied by food psychology include food cravings, sensory experiences of food, perceptions of food security and food safety, price, available product information such as nutrition labeling and the purchasing environment (which may be physical or online). Food psychology also encompasses broader sociocultural factors such as cultural perspectives on food, public awareness of "what constitutes a sustainable diet", and food marketing including "food fraud" where ingredients are intentionally motivated for economic gain as opposed to nutritional value. These factors are considered to interact with each other along with an individual's history of food choices to form new food choices and eating behaviors.
The development of food choice is considered to fall into three main categories: properties of the food, individual differences and sociocultural influences. Food psychology studies psychological aspects of individual differences, although due to the interaction between factors and the variance in definitions, food psychology is often studied alongside other aspects of food choice including nutrition psychology.
, there are no specific journals for food psychology, with research being published in both nutrition and psychology journals.
Eating behaviors which are analysed by food psychology include disordered eating, behavior associated with food neophobia, and the public broadcasting/streaming of eating (mukbang). Food psychology has been studied extensively using theories of cognitive dissonance and fallacious reasoning.
COVID-19
Food psychology has been used to examine how eating behaviors have been globally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Changed food preferences due to COVID-19 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroplasticity | Electroplasticity, describes the enhanced plastic behavior of a solid material under the application of an electric field. This electric field could be internal, resulting in current flow in conducting materials, or external. The effect of electric field on mechanical properties ranges from simply enhancing existing plasticity, such as reducing the flow stress in already ductile metals, to promoting plasticity in otherwise brittle ceramics. The exact mechanisms that control electroplasticity vary based on the material and the exact conditions (e.g., temperature, strain rate, grain size, etc.). Enhancing the plasticity of materials is of great practical interest as plastic deformation provides an efficient way of transforming raw materials into final products. The use of electroplasticity to improve processing of materials is known as electrically assisted manufacturing.
History
Electroplasticity was first discovered by Eugene S. Machlin, who reported in 1959 that applying an electric field made NaCl weaker and more ductile. Since then, the effect of electric fields on plasticity has been studied in many materials systems including metal, ceramics, and semiconductors. Various mechanisms have been posited to explain electroplastic effects and their dependence on materials properties and external conditions. For most materials the electroplastic effect arises from a combination of multiple mechanisms. This should not be all that surprising given that the electric fields directly affect electrons which dictate the bonding in materials and therefore all higher level phenomena such as dislocation motion, flow stress, vacancy diffusion, etc.
Electroplasticity in Metals
The application of DC electric fields is known to reduce the flow stress of metals and metal alloys while increasing the fracture strain. Several mechanisms have been put forth to explain this effect including Joule heating, electron wind force, dissolution of metallic bonds, and unpinning of dislocatio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virological.org | Virological.org is a discussion forum for the pre-publication sharing and discussion of pathogenic virus sequence data. The forum was launched in November 2014 by Andrew Rambaut. Scientists have often used the forum to publicly share the first available outbreak sequences, e.g. during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the 2022–2023 mpox outbreak, and the Ebola virus epidemic in Guinea.
Overview
Virological.org is used for rapid pre-publication dissemination of public health related information by a community of virologists, phylogeneticists and epidemiologists.
See also
Bioinformatics
GISAID
Virology
Online databases
COVID-19 pandemic
References |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsulimonas | Capsulimonas is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, aerobic and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Capsulimonadaceae with one known species (Capsulimonas corticalis). Capsulimonas corticalis has been isolated from the surface of a beech (Fagus crenata)
References
Bacteria
Bacteria genera
Monotypic bacteria genera
Taxa described in 2019 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lichenologist | The Lichenologist is a peer-reviewed scientific journal specializing in lichenology. It is published bimonthly by the British Lichen Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the 2020 impact factor of The Lichenologist is 1.514, ranking it 149 out of 235 in plant sciences and 26 of 29 in mycology.
More than 51,000 lichen-related articles were published up to 2019, about 4.7% (over 2400) of which were published in The Lichenologist; about half of these were published under the senior editorship of Peter Crittenden, who had a 20-year tenure at the journal, from 2000 to 2020.
References
Cited literature
Botany journals
Academic journals established in 1958
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Mycology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Vig | John Vig (born 31 May 1942) is a physicist, executive and inventor. His career has been with the U.S. Army Research Lab and he has also been active with the IEEE. He is known for his inventions in UV-ozone cleaning, chemical polishing of quartz surfaces, polyimide bonding of resonators and noise in MEMS.
Early life and education
Born in Budapest to a Jewish family during World War II, he survived The Holocaust and left Hungary with his immediate family during the Hungarian Revolution in 1956. He settled in New York City with his family in 1957 and subsequently received a B.S. degree from City College New York in 1964. In 1969 he received a Ph.D. in Physics from Rutgers University. After graduating he began his professional career at the Electronic Components Laboratory at Fort Monmouth.
Career
He has served the IEEE in multiple roles, including:
IEEE President and CEO.
President of the Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society (UFFC-S)
Founding President of the Sensors Council
Division Director, Member of the Board of Directors
He was elected Fellow of the IEEE in 1988 "for contributions to the technology of quartz crystals for precision frequency control and timing."
While in senior management roles in the IEEE, John focused heavily on key issues affecting the organization as demographics, technologies and globalization shifted the environment in which it operated. A key example was the management of diversity as the membership shifted away from being primarily a US-based organization. Another example was helping to kick-start the IEEE Internet of Things Journal after having founded the IEEE Sensors Journal.
One of the IEEE Sensors Council's awards, the John Vig Meritorious Service Award, is named after John.
References
Living people
1942 births
Jewish physicists
Jewish Hungarian scientists
Holocaust survivors
Semiconductor physicists
People from Colts Neck Township, New Jersey
Rutgers University alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwania%203 | Taiwania 3 (Traditional Chinese (Taiwan): 台灣杉三號) is one of the supercomputers made by Taiwan, and also the newest one (August, 2021). It is placed in the National Center for High-performance Computing of NARLabs. There are 50,400 cores in total with 900 nodes, using Intel Xeon Platinum 8280 2.4 GHz CPU (28 Cores/CPU) and using CentOS as Operating System. It is an open access for public supercomputer. It is currently open access to scientists and more to do specific research after get permission from Taiwan's National Center for High-performance Computing. This is the third supercomputer of the Taiwania series. It uses CentOS x86_64 7.8 as its system operator and Slurm Workload Manager as workflow manager to ensure better performance. Taiwania 3 uses InfiniBand HDR100 100Gbit/s high speed Internet connection to ensure better performance of the supercomputer. The main memory capability is 192GB. There's currently two Intel Xeon Platinum 8280 2.4 GHz CPU (28 Cores/CPU) inside each node. The full calculation capability is 2.7PFLOPS. It is launched into operation in November 2020 before schedule due to the needed for COVID-19. It is currently ranked number 227 on Top 500 list of June, 2021 and number 80 on Green 500 list. It is manufactured by Quanta Computer, Taiwan Fixed Network, and ASUS Cloud.
Capability and specifications
This supercomputer's Rmax is 2297.6 TFLOPS, with Rpeak at 4354.6 TFLOPS and Nmax at 4,354,560, costing 563.85 kW. The housing is mainly designed and manufactured by ASUS Cloud, which has experiences on constructing supercomputer housing and storage device housing The hardware is provided by Quanta Computer, which mainly manufactures servers.
Software
Software details are listed below (all data are according to Top 500 and NCHC):
Operating system : CentOS x86_64 7.8
Workload manager : Slurm Workload Manager
Compiler : Intel Parallel Studio XE Composer Edition for Fortran and C++ Linux 2020 Update 4
Math library : Intel Math Kernel Library for L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophin%20mimetics | Neurotrophin mimetics are small molecules or peptide like molecules that can modulate the action of the neurotrophin receptor.
One of the main causes of neurodegeneration involves changes in the expression of neurotrophins (NTs) and/or their receptors (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC and p75NTR). Indeed, these imbalances or changes in their activity, lead to neuronal damage resulting in neurological and neurodegenerative conditions. The therapeutic properties of neurotrophins attracted the focus of many researchers during the years, but the poor pharmacokinetic properties, such as reduced bioavailability and low metabolic stability, the hyperalgesia, the inability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier and the short half-lives render the large neurotrophin proteins not suitable to be implemented as drugs.
For this reason, several efforts have been made to develop neurotrophin mimetics (small molecules and peptidomimetics) that can modulate the action of the neurotrophin receptors (Trks and p75NTR) and possess drug-like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Specifically, these mimetics can be classified as TrkA and TrkB receptor agonists and p75NTR modulators/antagonists.
Synthetic small molecule neurotrophin mimetics
TrkA agonists
Among the TrkA agonists, the small molecule gambogic amide exerts a potent neurotrophic activity decreasing apoptosis in primary hippocampal neurons. The non-peptidic TrkA agonist MT2 protects neurons from Aβ amyloid-mediated death in NGF-deficient neurons and talaumidin and its derivatives show neuroprotective effects, promoting neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Furthermore, the peptidomimetic cerebrolysin is known for its protective role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It was shown to improve the activities of daily living and the psychiatric symptoms in patients with mild to severe form of AD, after intravenous administration in a double-blind trial. In addition, the cyclic peptide tavilermide (MIM-D3), acting as a partial TrkA receptor agonist, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning%20augmented%20algorithm | A learning augmented algorithm is an algorithm that can make use of a prediction to improve its performance.
Whereas in regular algorithms just the problem instance is inputted, learning augmented algorithms accept an extra parameter.
This extra parameter often is a prediction of some property of the solution.
This prediction is then used by the algorithm to improve its running time or the quality of its output.
Description
A learning augmented algorithm typically takes an input . Here is a problem instance and is the advice: a prediction about a certain property of the optimal solution. The type of the problem instance and the prediction depend on the algorithm. Learning augmented algorithms usually satisfy the following two properties:
Consistency. A learning augmented algorithm is said to be consistent if the algorithm can be proven to have a good performance when it is provided with an accurate prediction. Usually, this is quantified by giving a bound on the performance that depends on the error in the prediction.
Robustnesss. An algorithm is called robust if its worst-case performance can be bounded even if the given prediction is inaccurate.
Learning augmented algorithms generally do not prescribe how the prediction should be done. For this purpose machine learning can be used.
Examples
Binary search
The binary search algorithm is an algorithm for finding elements of a sorted list . It needs steps to find an element with some known value in a list of length .
With a prediction for the position of , the following learning augmented algorithm can be used.
First, look at position in the list. If , the element has been found.
If , look at positions until an index with is found.
Now perform a binary search on .
If , do the same as in the previous case, but instead consider .
The error is defined to be , where is the real index of .
In the learning augmented algorithm, probing the positions takes steps.
Then a binary search is performed on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better%20Days%20%28Natalia%20Gutierrez%20y%20Angelo%20song%29 | "Better Days" (Spanish: "Mejores Dias") is a 2010 Colombian pop song by Natalia Gutierrez y Angelo. The song was created by the Colombian army and Radio Bemba, a small recording studio for commercial jingles, with the purpose of communicating a hidden message to Colombian soldiers held captive by FARC guerrillas.
The song is a hopeful dance-pop track about how difficult situations will improve, and hidden in the chorus is Morse code disguised as a European dance beat. The message says, "19 people rescued. You’re next. Don't lose hope." This was to let the soldiers held hostage know that the Colombian army was infiltrating FARC-controlled areas and coming to rescue them.
The song was played on over 130 small radio stations and heard by three million people. The Colombian military controlled all of the local radio stations that the FARC would have access to. Crucially, Major General helped the operation by appearing on live television and appealing to the guerrillas directly. He requested that the radio be played for their captives, supposedly so they could hear the voices of their families, who called into radio shows frequently. In reality, it was so they could hear this song and know they were about to be rescued.
Origin and Background of the song
During the Colombian conflict, a low-intensity asymmetric war between the Colombian government and various paramilitary and guerrilla forces, over 6,800 people had been kidnapped by far-left guerrilla group FARC.
In 2010, the Colombian army discovered a hostage camp deep in the jungle guarded by armed FARC guerrillas. There were approximately 500 soldiers held hostage in this camp, and some had been there for more than 10 years. The Colombian army had infiltrated the controlled territory and were planning to free the soldiers soon. They needed some way to let them know that help was coming. Colonel Jose Espejo reached out to his close friend, an advertising executive named Juan Carlos Ortiz, who had helped the Colo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness%20Blender | Fitness Blender is an American digital fitness content publisher founded by personal trainers Kelli and Daniel Segars. The company offers free and paid at-home exercise videos through their website and YouTube channel. In 2017, it was the most-watched fitness channel on YouTube.
History
Fitness Blender was founded in 2009 as a YouTube channel by personal trainers and fitness instructors Daniel and Kelli Segars with the goal to create a minimalistic alternative to other online fitness brands.
Products
Fitness Blender offers individual workouts and workout plans. Workout formats include high intensity interval training (HIIT), bodyweight workouts, strength training routines, and other offerings. The company offers free content as well as additional content through a paid membership program called FB Plus.
References
External links
Health and fitness YouTubers
2009 establishments in the United States
Internet culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinjiang%20Police%20Files | The Xinjiang Police Files are leaked documents from the Xinjiang internment camps, forwarded to anthropologist Adrian Zenz from an anonymous source. On May 24, 2022, an international consortium of 14 media groups published information about the files, which consist of over 10 gigabytes of speeches, images, spreadsheets and protocols dating back to 2018.
The Xinjiang Police Files were published at the same time as the UN Human Rights Commissioner Michelle Bachelet started her visit to China on May 23. Her briefing included exploring the situation of the Uyghurs in Xinjiang as part of the visit.
Background
According to estimates by U.N. and U.S. officials, one million Uyghurs and other Turkic groups were held in Chinese government camps in 2018. The existence of China's "re-education" and an extrajudicial program for mass detention were first detected in satellite photos, and testimonies from Uyghur refugees. The documents of the leak were collected during the mass detention program's highest level of intensity.
Initially, China denied the existence of Xinjiang camps; in 2018, the Chinese government started referring to the camps as "vocational training schools", and that attendance was voluntarily. China has also referred to the system as a "de-radicalization" program.
A previous investigation into Xinjiang by a large group of media organisations occurred in 2019, and was released under the name China Cables. This leak, based on classified Chinese government documents, exposed the operations manual for Xinjiang detention camps and the region's system of mass surveillance. The Xinjiang Police Files leak is the second major data leak related to Xinjiang, after more than 400 pages of internal documents were leaked in 2019.
The Xinjiang Police Files documents were obtained by Adrian Zenz, a senior fellow at the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, who subsequently shared the documents with a group of 14 news organizations. According to Zenz, the files were made |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintmaster%20mark | Mintmaster marks (German: Münzmeisterzeichen, abbreviation Mmz.) are often the initials of the mintmaster of a mint or small symbols (cross, star, coat of arms, heraldic device, etc.) for example at the size of the letters on a coin inscription to denote the coins made under his direction. With his mark, the mintmaster assumed responsibility for ensuing the coins issued by his mint were in accordance with the regulations. Mintmaster marks were used as early as the time of bracteate coinage in the Holy Roman Empire, but these can only rarely be deciphered. All mintmaster marks since the beginning of the minting of Thalers have been identified.
The picture on the right shows the mintmaster's mark, an acorn on a stem, of the Dresden mintmaster, Constantin Rothe, on a Reichstaler issued under Duke John George II of Saxony from the year 1662.
Variants
Sometimes there are pictographs and letters on a coin. In this case, the pictorial symbol is usually found in the circumscription of the coin and the letters are divided in the field on both sides of the coin's crest. Mintmasters often used their coats of arms as mintmaster symbols. For example in the Electorate of Saxony:
Constantin Rothe, mintmaster from 1640 to 1678 in Dresden, put the letters C-R on his coins and also the acorn on a stem from his family coat of arms.
Andreas Alnpeck, the last mintmaster of the Freiberg Mint, used a six-pointed star from 1546 to 1555 and from 1554 to 1555 also the eagle's head from his coat of arms as the mintmaster's mark.
Ernst Peter Hecht, mintmaster 1693–1714 in Leipzig, used the letters E P H as the mintmaster's mark and also the pike from his coat of arms.
In Brandenburg:
Paul Mühlrad, mintmaster 1538-1542 in Berlin put a mill wheel on his coinage.
In Mecklenburg:
Johann Hund (1512–1526) used a dog as his canting arms and subsidiary image in the corners of the cross on the Rostock schillings.
In Florence:
Alongside the marks of issue, mintmasters also set their coats of a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Journal%20of%20Extreme%20Manufacturing | The International Journal of Extreme Manufacturingis a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering extreme manufacturing, ranging from fundamentals to process, measurement and systems, as well as materials, structures, and devices with extreme functionalities. The journal was established in 2019.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Science Citation Index Expanded
Chemical Abstracts Service
Ei Compendex
Scopus
Inspec
NASA Astrophysics Data System
ProQuest databases
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 10.036.
References
External links
Mechanical engineering journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 2019
IOP Publishing academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderemi%20Kuku | Aderemi Oluyomi Kuku (March 20, 1941 – February 13, 2022), popularly known as Kuku, was a Nigerian professor of mathematics and a former president of the African Mathematical Union (AMU) and the African Academy of Sciences Kenya.
Life
Aderemi Kuku was born in Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, on March 20, 1941, as the third child of the family of Busari Adeoye Kuku and Abusatu Oriaran Baruwa who were Photographer and trader respectively.
Education
Aderemi Kuku attended both Bishop Oluwole Memorial School, Agege, Lagos State and St James School Anglican primary school, Oke-Odan, Ogun State in order to obtain his primary school leaving certificate. In 1959, he obtained his West African Senior School Certificate from Eko Boys High School, Lagos, Nigeria. He received his B.Sc. in mathematics from University of London, MSc and PhD from University of Ibadan from 1965 to 1971.
Career
In 1966, Kuku was an assistant Lecturer at the University of Ife Ile Ife in Osun State, Nigeria. In 1968, he became lecturer II at University of Ibadan. In 1976, he became a senior lecturer at University of Ibadan. In 1980, he became a reader and in 1982, he became a full professor of mathematics at the University of Ibadan.
Awards and honors
Kuku has received the following:
He was a fellow and the president of the African Academy of Sciences
He was member of the European Academy of Arts Science and Humanities
He was a Member and the immediate past President of African Mathematical Union
He was a Founder fellow of Mathematical Association of Nigeria
He received the Ogun State Special Merit Award in 1987
He was a fellow of the Nigerian Academy of Science
He was a fellow of The World Academy of Sciences
He received a Distinguished Achievement Award from the USA National Association of Mathematicians in 1993
He was awarded the African Mathematical Union Medal in 2000
He was a foreign Fellow of Mongolian Academy of Sciences
He received the presidential award of Officer of the Ord |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.