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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20sequence%20%28set%20theory%29 | In set theory, a mathematical discipline, a fundamental sequence is a cofinal sequence of ordinals all below a given limit ordinal. Depending on author, fundamental sequences may be restricted to ω-sequences only or permit fundamental sequences of length . The nth element of the fundamental sequence of is commonly denoted , although it may be denoted or . Additionally, some authors may allow fundamental sequences to be defined on successor ordinals. The term dates back to (at the latest) Veblen's construction of normal functions , while the concept dates back to Hardy's 1904 attempt to construct a set of cardinality .
Definition
Given an ordinal , a fundamental sequence for is a sequence such that and . An additional restriction may be that the sequence of ordinals must be strictly increasing.
Examples
The following is a common assignment of fundamental sequences to all limit ordinals .
for limit ordinals
This is very similar to the system used in the Wainer hierarchy.
Usage
Fundamental sequences arise in some settings of definitions of large countable ordinals, definitions of hierarchies of fast-growing functions, and proof theory. Bachmann defined a hierarchy of functions in 1950, providing a system of names for ordinals up to what is now known as the Bachmann-Howard ordinal, by defining fundamental sequences for namable ordinals below . This system was subsequently simplified by Feferman and Aczel to reduce the reliance on fundamental sequences.
The fast-growing hierarchy, Hardy hierarchy, and slow-growing hierarchy of functions are all defined via a chosen system of fundamental sequences up to a given ordinal. The fast-growing hierarchy is closely related to the Hardy hierarchy, which is used in proof theory along with the slow-growing hierarchy to majorize the provably recursive functions of a given theory.
Additional conditions
A system of fundamental sequences up to is said to have the Bachmann property if for all ordinals in the domain of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam%C3%A9%27s%20theorem | Lamé's Theorem is the result of Gabriel Lamé's analysis of the complexity of the Euclidean algorithm. Using Fibonacci numbers, he proved in 1844 that when looking for the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers a and b, the algorithm finishes in at most 5k steps, where k is the number of digits (decimal) of b.
Statement
The number of division steps in Euclidean algorithm with entries and is less than times the number of decimal digits of .
Proof
Let be two positive integers. Applying to them the Euclidean algorithm provides two sequences and of positive integers such that, setting and one has
for and
The number is called the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm, since it is the number of Euclidean divisions that are performed.
The Fibonacci numbers are defined by and
for
The above relations show that and By induction,
So, if the Euclidean algorithm requires steps, one has
One has for every integer , where is the Golden ratio. This can be proved by induction, starting with and continuing by using that
So, if is the number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm, one has
and thus
using
If is the number of decimal digits of , one has and
So,
and, as both members of the inequality are integers,
which is exactly what Lamé's theorem asserts.
As a side result of this proof, one gets that the pairs of integers that give the maximum number of steps of the Euclidean algorithm (for a given size of ) are the pairs of consecutive Fibonacci numbers.
References
Bibliography
Bach, Eric (1996). Algorithmic number theory. Jeffrey Outlaw Shallit. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. .
Carvalho, João Bosco Pitombeira de (1993). Olhando mais de cima: Euclides, Fibonacci e Lamé. Revista do Professor de Matemática, São Paulo, n. 24, p. 32-40, 2 sem.
Theorems in number theory
Algorithms
Information technology
Number theoretic algorithms
Euclid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siris%208 | Siris 8 is a discontinued operating system developed by the French company CII for its Iris 80 and Mitra 15 computers. It was later replaced by Honeywell DPS 7.
Jean Ichbiah worked at CII on the rewrite of the Siris 7 operating system of the Iris 80 to create a more successful version, used to operate a three processor Iris 80 in Évry.
The first version of Siris 8 offered full compatibility with applications running on its predecessor Siris 7. Among its strong points were its excellent memory management, which took advantage of the extended virtual addresses and spaces of the Iris 80.
Siris 8 was suitable for both scientific and business computing, as well as real-time applications.
The first delivery of the uniprocessor version occurred in February 1972, and the dual-processor version in September 1972 for the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) . Siris 8 also included , networking software for transporting data to other computers.
After the CII merger with Honeywell-Bull, the functionality of Siris was adapted for the GCOS system through an emulation processes, which made it possible to retain all of the Siris 8 customers. The final version of Siris 8, C10, was shipped in 1976.
Characteristics
Before demand paged virtual memory was added in 1975, Siris 8 was described as having "two
core partitions… one for resident 'batch' tasks, one for swapped time-shared tasks."
It operated in four separate modes:
Batch processing comprising, local and remote
Transaction processing
Time sharing
Real-time processing.
The Siris 8 monitor consisted of a permanently resident portion and pagable segments.
Batch jobs could be entered through the local or a remote card reader, or by the console operator. Timesharing could be started and stopped by the operator. A timesharing job was started by the DEMON task, which performed all terminal I/O. The system maintained three types of queues of work. The multiprogramming queue could run multiple jobs at a time, with jobs sche |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IoT%20security%20device | Internet of Things (IoT) security devices are electronic tools connected via Internet to a common network and are used to provide security measures. These devices can be controlled remotely through a mobile application, web-based interface or any proprietary installed software, and they often have capabilities such as remote video monitoring, intrusion detection, automatic alerts, and smart automation features. IoT security devices form an integral part of the smart ecosystem, which is characterized by the interconnectivity of various appliances and devices through the Internet.
History
The concept of IoT security devices began to gain traction in the early 2010s with the advent of smart technology. The initial devices were primarily focused on remote surveillance that would allow monitoring of the properties remotely using webcams and similar devices. As technology advanced, these systems began to incorporate a wider range of features, such as intrusion detection and automatic alerts.
The rise of smart automation and the proliferation of IoT devices in the mid-2010s further accelerated the growth of IoT security devices. As of 2021, the market for IoT security devices is expected to continue its rapid expansion due to increasing consumer awareness about security and the continuing development of IoT technology.
Types of IoT Security Devices
Surveillance Cameras: These are one of the most common types of IoT security devices. They provide real-time video monitoring of the environment, allowing to view footage remotely from the interface.
Smart Locks: Smart locks can be controlled remotely and can provide access to authorized individuals. Some also have features such as biometric recognition and automatic locking and unlocking based on proximity.
Smart Alarms: These devices can detect potential threats such as break-ins, fire, and carbon monoxide and send automatic alerts to homeowners, security units and, in some cases, local authorities.
Door/Window Senso |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20De%20Salvo | Barbara De Salvo is an electronics engineer whose work involves the development of advanced computer memory technology and neuromorphic computing architecture. Educated in Italy, France, and the US, she has worked in France and the US. She is Research Director and Silicon Technology Strategist for the Facebook Reality Labs.
Education and career
After earning an engineering degree in 1996 from the University of Parma, De Salvo studied microelectronics at the Grenoble Institute of Technology, completing a Ph.D. in 1999. Her dissertation, Étude du transport électrique et de la fiabilité dans les isolants des mémoires non volatiles a grille flottante, was jointly directed by Gérard Ghibaudo and Georges Pananakakis. She earned a habilitation through Joseph Fourier University in 2007, and has also studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management.
She worked in Grenoble, France, at CEA-Leti: Laboratoire d'électronique des technologies de l'information, beginning in 1999 and including two years from 2013 to 2015 in Albany, New York working as part of an international collaboration with IBM. She became chief scientist and deputy director of CEA-Leti, before moving in 2019 to Meta Platforms and its Reality Labs in Menlo Park, California as Research Director and Silicon Technology Strategist.
Book
De Salvo is the author of the book Silicon Non-Volatile Memories: Paths of Innovation (Wiley, 2009).
Recognition
De Salvo was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to device physics of nonvolatile embedded and stand-alone memories".
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
University of Parma alumni
Electronics engineers
Women electrical engineers
Fellow Members of the IEEE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals%20in%20video%20games | The depiction of animals in video games has echoed the wider symbolism of animals in culture. Games feature animals in roles ranging from NPC to companion and even protagonist. Animals are depicted with varying degrees of intelligence, from realistic to possessing human levels of self-awareness. They are considered crucial to worldbuilding. However, there are unique aspects and challenges to depicting animals within a game. The behavior and appearance of animals must be digitally recreated rather than simply recorded, a difficult task that may detract from other aspects of the game, leading to discussion on whether interactivity with animals should be prioritized. At the same time, many video game developers specifically seek to include animals in their games despite the additional work involved, sometimes due to personal interest in them.
Anthropomorphic animals are also common characters in fantasy and sci-fi games, including best-selling franchises such as Mario, The Legend of Zelda and Sonic the Hedgehog. Humans can identify with them as memorable characters while they allow for unique gameplay or plot developments stemming from their animal-inspired special powers, forms, or abilities - i.e., avian humanoids being able to fly, or reptilian humanoids possessing superhuman durability or strength. Their appearance may also simply serve a symbolic role, emphasizing their character traits in visual form.
Use as NPCs
Realistic-seeming animals in a video game world are seen as critical for building player immersion, and a lack of them can cause the level to appear dull and lifeless. This becomes even more important when the game is set in a natural environment. Nevertheless, concessions are made for the sake of preserving engaging story and gameplay. For example, animals cannot be too skilled at hiding themselves or the player will have difficulty hunting them successfully, and they are restricted from entering certain places where they may cause unintentional dis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicircular%20bund | A semi-circular bund (also known as a demi-lune or half-moon) is a rainwater harvesting technique consisting in digging semilunar holes in the ground with the opening perpendicular to the flow of water.
Background
These holes are oriented against the slope of the ground, generating a small dike in the curved area with the soil from the hole itself, so they capture the rainwater running downhills.
These structures allow water to seep into the soil, retaining in the subsoil a greater amount of moisture. But also, it prevents the loss of fertile soil.
Semi-circular bunds are used to reforest arid zones with irregular rain patterns, allowing the growth of plants and trees, such as in the Sahel.
See also
Zaï
Infiltration basin
Contour plowing
Great Green Wall
Rainwater harvesting in the Sahel
References
Rainwater harvesting
Water conservation
Flood control projects
Irrigation
Desert greening
Forestry initiatives
Environmental engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Sakoda | James Sakoda (1916–2005) was a Japanese-American psychologist and pioneer in computational modeling.
Career
Sakoda was born in Lancaster, California in 1916.
During World War II, Sakoda spent time incarcerated at the Tule Lake and Minidoka internment camps. He documented the experiences of Japanese Americans in internment camps, using what may be the first "agent-based model." In 1949, he published a dissertation based on his research. As a result, he earned a psychology Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, that year.
After the war, Sakoda pursued a career in psychology and teaching. He taught at Brooklyn College, before joining the psychology department at the University of Connecticut in 1958. In 1962, he joined the sociology department at Brown University and became the director of the Social Science Computer Laboratory.
Sakoda was a well-known figure in the field of origami and published two books on the subject. These were first published in 1969 and 1992 and were republished in 1997 and 1999, respectively.
References
1916 births
2005 deaths
People from Lancaster, California
Japanese-American internees
20th-century American psychologists
American sociologists
Brown University faculty
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Brooklyn College faculty
University of Connecticut faculty
American academics of Japanese descent
Origami artists
20th-century American artists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CII%20Iris%2080 | The CII Iris 80 computer is the most powerful computer made by the French company CII as part of Plan Calcul. It was released in 1970 and had roughly the same capabilities and performance than its main rivals in Europe: the IBM 360/75 and 360/85.
The Iris 80 is the backward-compatible successor to the CII 10070, a licensed SDS Sigma-7, and to the Iris 50, an in-house development from the Sigma-9 architecture. It essentially upgraded the Iris 50 with modern integrated circuits, as well as multiprocessor capabilities. Its operating system, Siris 8, was also upgraded from Siris 7 to leverage the new capabilities of the Iris 80.
Because of a policy of national preference that the Plan Calcul imposed on the public sector, this computer was installed at four of the approximately twenty French university computing centers in the mid-1970s, as well as INRIA and other research organizations.
About a hundred Iris 80s were delivered, including 27 dual processors.
The CS 40, used for telephone switching, was derived from it.
The original successors to the Iris 80 was supposed to be the CII / Unidata X4 and X5 set to be released in 1976. However, after the eventual merger of CII with Honeywell-Bull, the Iris 80 was instead succeeded by the DPS-7, which included an Iris 80 and Siris 8 emulation mode to ensure compatibility.
Hardware
CPU
The CPU is a modification of the CII 10070 (32-bit words, largely identical instruction set), with addressing revised for multi-processor operation. Paging uses associative memory. Main memory can be expanded to 4 megabytes. Calculation precision is 64 bits, ensuring the convergence of calculations that may diverge on other machines.
Peripherals
Magnetic disk capacity increased from the MD 25 (25 megabytes) to MD 200 (200 megabytes) by 1974. Mitra 15 minicomputers are used as controllers.
Software
Operating systems
The Iris 80's operating system is a multitasking operating system known as Siris 8, a rewrite of Siris 7, intended to take a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal%20mood%20variation | Diurnal mood variation or morning depression is a prominent depression symptom characterized by gradual mood improvement thorough the day, reaching its peak sometime after twilight. While the main form of diurnal mood variation presents itself as described, a reversed form, with a worsening of mood towards the evening, also exists. While some mood changes are generally experienced by the majority of patients diagnosed with depression, such recurrent mood instability is a consistent predictor of suicidal ideation, and may cause increased mortality. Diurnal mood variation is most strongly associated with melancholic depression, which is also referred to as endogenous or somatic depression. According to the diagnostic criteria outlined in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and The International Classification of Diseases (ICD), diurnal mood variation characterized by worsening symptoms in the early morning is recognized as a hallmark symptom of melancholic features in somatic major depressive disorder.
Symptoms
Patients experiencing diurnal mood variation generally complain about the following symptoms, which gradually improve throughout the day:
feelings of sadness
irritability
trouble getting out of bed
extreme lack of energy in the morning
fatigue
psychomotor slowing
difficulty performing daily tasks, such as making the bed or dressing up
delayed cognitive function, often described as fogginess
Distinction from regular mood change
Diurnal mood variation generally does not correspond with important behavioural or environmental stimuli, unlike regular mood changes and depression in general, which can be experienced in irregular waves. According to one study, among individuals with melancholic features, mood variations tended to occur spontaneously in over half of the cases. In contrast, healthy controls predominantly attributed their mood fluctuations to their own activities or external circumstances. Patients also report a p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA%20velocity | RNA velocity is based on bridging measurements to a underlying mechanism, mRNA splicing, with two modes indicating the current and future state. It is a method used to predict the future gene expression of a cell based on the measurement of both spliced and unspliced transcripts of mRNA.
RNA velocity could be used to infer the direction of gene expression changes in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. It provides insights into the future state of individual cells by using the abundance of unspliced to spliced RNA transcripts. This ratio can indicate the transcriptional dynamics and potential fate of a cell, such as whether it is transitioning from one cell type to another or undergoing differentiation.
Software usage
There are several software tools available for RNA velocity analysis.Each of these tools has its own strengths and applications, so the choice of tool would depend on the specific requirements of your analysis:
velocyto
Velocyto is a package for the analysis of expression dynamics in single cell RNA seq data. In particular, it enables estimations of RNA velocities of single cells by distinguishing unspliced and spliced mRNAs in standard single-cell RNA sequencing protocols. It is the first paper proposed the concept of RNA velocity. velocyto predicted RNA velocity by solving the proposed differential equations for each gene. The authors envision future manifold learning algorithms that simultaneously fit a manifold and the kinetics on that manifold, on the basis of RNA velocity.
scVelo
scVelo is a method that solves the full transcriptional dynamics of splicing kinetics using a likelihood-based dynamical model. This generalizes RNA velocity to systems with transient cell states, which are common in development and in response to perturbations. scVelo was applied to disentangling subpopulation kinetics in neurogenesis and pancreatic endocrinogenesis. scVelo demonstrate the capabilities of the dynamical model on various cell lineages in hip |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophysiology | Nanophysiology is a field that concerns the function of nanodomains, such as the regulation of molecular or ionic flows in cell subcompartments, such as glial protrusions, dendritic spines, dendrites, mitochondria and many more.
Background
Molecular organization in nanocompartments provides the construction required to achieve elementary functions that can sustain higher physiological functions of a cell. This includes calcium homeostatis, protein turn over, plastic changes underlying cell communications. The goal of this field is to determine the function of these nanocompartments based on molecular organization, ionic flow or voltage distribution.
Voltage dynamics
How the voltage is regulated in nanodomains remains an open field. While the classical Goldman-Hodgkin-Huxley-Katz models in biophysics provides a foundation for electrophysiology and has been responsible for many advances in neuroscience, this theory remains insufficient to describe the voltage dynamics in small nano-compartments, such as synaptic terminals or cytoplasm around voltage-gated channels, because they are based on spatial and ionic homogeneity. Instead, electrodiffusion theory should be used to describe electrical current flow in these nanostructures and reveal the structure-function.
References
Biophysics
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CII%20Iris%2050 | The Iris 50 computer is one of the computers marketed by the French company CII as part of plan Calcul at the end of the 1960s. Designed for the civilian market, it was produced from 1968 to 1975 and was the successor to the CII 10070 (SDS Sigma 7). Its main competitor in Europe was the IBM 360/50, which, like the Iris 50, was a universal 32 bits mainframe suitable for both business and scientific applications.
At the same time that the CII was building the Iris 50, it had to study military variants for the army called P0M, P2M, and P2MS. The Iris 35 M version, used in particular to process the information needed to fire the Pluton missile, had a magnetic core memory made up of elements of 16 kilobytes each; tolerant of severe environmental conditions. Its main peripherals were a printer, a monitor, and modems.
CII concluded that it was impossible to create another CPU compatible with Iris 50. It then decided to adopt the Sigma 9 architecture, inspired by the Sigma 7 and marketed by (SETI), one of the three companies that had merged in 1966 to create CII.
The operating system for the Iris 50 was Siris 7, designed and developed by CII.
Its successor, the Iris 80, was considerably transformed and improved, both in terms of the components, which moved from DTL to TTL, and the operating system (Siris 7/8) on which the IRIA researchers worked to increase its speed.
A slower-speed version, the Iris 45, was introduced in 1972.
References
Mainframe computers
History of computing in France
Computers designed in France
External links
Technical specifications and illustrations of the Iris 50 (Fédération des Equipes Bull) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TorGuard | Torguard is a VPN and proxy software producer which also sells private email service.
Background
Torguard VPN comes with Linux and Windows and Android apps and also browser extensions. Torguard does not keep logs and/or throttle internet speed. Torguard billing uses random hash as to keep VPN secure. VPN software uses Stealth protocol good for tight internet censorship scenario.
References
External links
Software companies established in 2012
American companies established in 2012
Virtual private network services |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra%2015 | The Mitra 15 is a minicomputer made by the French company CII under Plan Calcul, along with the Iris 50 and Iris 80 mainframe computers. It was marketed from 1971 to 1985 and could function in conjunction with large systems. CII manufactured a thousand Mitra 15 machines until 1975 in its Toulouse factory, then in Crolles in the suburbs of Grenoble. A total of 7,929 units were built, most of them for the French market, with a small amount sold in Australia, Indonesia, and in other European countries.
History
The Mitra 15 is the successor to the CII 10010, also called Iris 10, a 16-bit minicomputer released in July 1967. At the time, CII also produced another 16-bit minicomputer, the CII 10020 (actually a licensed Sigma 3 from SDS) and wanted to replace them both with a new, more powerful design compatible with the latest offering of the company. The Mitra 15 was designed from the outset to complement and network with the most powerful French computer of the time, the CII Iris 80, with which it was compatible. Its name is an acronym of , meaning “Mini-machine for Real-Time and Automatic Computing”. The first versions featured a main memory of lithium ferrite cores organized in 16-bit words. It was designed and developed by a team led by Alice Recoque.
The first Mitra 15 was delivered on May 10, 1971, and produced in Crolles then Échirolles.
Intended for command and control of industrial processes such as scientific computing, the Mitra 15 is designed to be adaptable to very diverse fields of application, thanks to an innovative microprogramming system and a good price/performance ratio. Variants of this computer have also been produced according to the needs of CII's customers. The Mitra 15 was also developed into a militarized version, the Mitra 15M. Microprograms use firmware stored in a ROM, the execution of which causes a simple computer (the micromachine) to always execute the same algorithm, for the instructions of another computer: the macromachine, or simpl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdgeUno | EdgeUno is a technology company established in 2018. It provides services related to cloud computing, edge computing, and connectivity. The company was founded by Mehmet Akcin, who has previously held positions at Microsoft, Yahoo, and ICANN. EdgeUno's services are primarily targeted towards the Latin American market.
Services
EdgeUno provides a range of services including managed hosting, managed cloud, content delivery network (CDN), and Internet exchange point (IXP).
Expansion
As of 2023, EdgeUno operates 47 data centers in Latin America and has plans to increase this number by the end of the year. The company is also considering expansion into four additional Latin American countries.
Network
EdgeUno's network has a capacity of 300 Tbps and includes over 47 data centers. The company has direct peering arrangements with more than 3000 networks across Latin America.
Sports sponsorship
EdgeUno sponsors the Fortaleza football club, a professional football team based in Bogotá, Colombia.
References
External links
Internet service providers of the United States
Telecommunications companies of South America
Internet service providers
Cloud computing providers
Internet technology companies
Data centers
Web hosting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exobiology%20Extant%20Life%20Surveyor | Exobiology Extant Life Surveyor, also called EELS is a vehicle designed to explore locations such as lava tubes, Mars's polar caps, Earth's ice sheets, and the primary target being Enceladus's oceans.
It uses multiple segments containing actuation, propulsion, power and, communication electronics. The segments use corkscrews to move across the ground.
These corkscrews can act as propellers while underwater.
, the current version (1.0) weighs approximately , and is or 10 segments long. EELS has no scientific instruments, uses stereo cameras and Lidar, and it uses a tether for power and communications.
References
Robotic sensing
Lidar
Planetary rovers
Jet Propulsion Laboratory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20Internet%20Consortium | The Airborne Internet Consortium (AIC) was a working group of small companies that formed a non-profit corporation in 2004 to foster research and development and advocacy of IP networked enabled communications for aviation. The AIC's purpose was to define, develop and promote common systems elements necessary to deploy comprehensive aviation based digital datalink capabilities throughout the United States using evolving internet capabilities. The adoption of commercially available, common internet based systems is discussed as an enabling concept within the US Department of Transportation's Next Generation (NextGen) Aviation Operations Concept of Operations. Expansion of internet based providers is called for in the US Department of Transportation's 2022 update of the National Airspace System (NAS)".
History
The idea of an Airborne Internet began as a supporting technology for NASA's Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS). Program planners identified the need to establish robust communications between aircraft, operations centers and ground facilities. Based on this recognized need, Ralph Yost proposed the idea of networking aircraft, in the same way we network computers - and thus the Airborne Internet was born. <ref>U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), [https://www.tc.faa.gov/act4/insidethefence/2006/0102_03_airborne.htm Inside the Fence, ''The Future is Now: The World of the 'Airborne Internet"], by Pete Castellano, Open-file report, January 2, 2006, (FAA Technical Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey)</ref>
A working team within the NASA SATS program was formed to compile the initial definitions and concepts for an Airborne Internet. The team was funded by NASA and the FAA to undertake preliminary steps. The working team continued as an information exchange group called the Airborne Internet Collaboration Group (AICG). The private sector members of the team formed the Airborne Internet Consortium (AIC) to further devel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecohydraulics |
Definition
Ecohydraulics is an interdisciplinary science studying (1) the hydrodynamic factors that affect the survival and reproduction of aquatic organisms and (2) the activities of aquatic organisms that affect hydraulics and water quality. Considerations include habitat maintenance or development, habitat-flow interactions, and organism responses. Ecohydraulics assesses the magnitude and timing of flows necessary to maintain a river ecosystem and provides tools to characterize the relation between flow discharge, flow field, and the availability of habitat within a river ecosystem. Based on this relation and insights into the hydraulic conditions optimal for different species or communities, ecohydraulics-modeling predicts how hydraulic conditions in a river change, under different development scenarios, the aquatic habitat of species or ecological communities. Similar considerations also apply to coastal, lake, and marine eco-systems.
In the past century, hydraulic engineers have been challenged by habitat modeling, complicated by lack of knowledge regarding ecohydraulics. Since the 1990s, especially after the first International Symposium on Ecohydraulics in 1994, ecohydraulics has developed rapidly, mainly to assess the impacts of human-induced changes of water flow and sediment conditions in river ecosystems...
Ecohydraulics analyzes, models, and seeks to mitigate the adverse impacts of changes in hydraulic characteristics caused by dam construction and other human activities, on the suitability of habitat for organisms, such as fish and invertebrates, and to predict changes in biological communities and biodiversity . Many articles report research findings about fluvial ecohydraulics . For example, the International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research (IAHR) and Taylor & Francis have been publishing the Journal of Ecohydraulics since 2016. The journal spans all topics in natural and applied ecohydraulics in all environmen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global%20Human%20Settlement%20Layer | The Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) is a project from the European Commission that creates global geographical data about the evolution of human habitation on Earth. This in the form of population density maps, built-up maps, and settlement maps. This information is produced using new geographic data mining tools and knowledge and analytics based on empirical data.
The GHSL processing framework uses a range of data, including census data, archives of fine-scale global satellite imagery, and voluntarily provided geographic information. Data is processed automatically to produce analytics and knowledge that methodically and objectively describe the existence of people and developed infrastructure. The GHSL maps human presence on Earth, sourcing information from 1975 and up to 2030.
Background
In 2010–2011, the JRC Directorate E "Space, Security & Migration" developed the initial version of the GHSL concept, which was used to create the Atlases of the Human Planet. The JRC is currently supporting GHSL activities through its scientific working plans and is collaborating with the Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy (DG REGIO) and the Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space (DG DEFIS) to develop a routine and operational monitoring system.
References
External links
Official Website
World Population Density Interactive Map of urban settlements stretching from Washington to Boston
GHSL at developers.google.com
Satellite imagery
Global Human Settlement Layer
Global Human Settlement Layer
European Commission projects
Population ecology
Demography
Data mapping |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich-Yen%20Nguyen | Bich-Yen Nguyen is a Vietnamese electronics engineer specializing in advanced materials and technologies for integrated circuits. Educated in the US, she works in France as a senior fellow for Soitec, working on silicon on insulator technology.
Education and career
Nguyen is the daughter of a South Vietnamese soldier who died when she was young, leaving her family poor. Despite this hardship, her mother continued to send her to a boarding school, and then to the University of Texas at Austin in the US for her university education. While she was there, the Fall of Saigon in 1975 left the rest of her family as refugees, and she helped them resettle in the US. She graduated in 1977, with a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering.
After working briefly for the city of Austin, Texas, she began working for Motorola in 1980. Her work there included the development of the multiple-independent-gate field-effect transistor (MIGFET), as well as CMOS technology. As head of advanced transistor development activities at 2004 Motorola spinoff Freescale Semiconductor, she participated in the Crolles Alliance, an international collaboration on CMOS that extended from 2002 to 2007. She was hired by Soitec as a substrate design engineer in 2007.
Recognition
Before leaving Motorola, Nguyen was a Motorola Distinguished Innovator and Dan Noble Fellow. She was one of the winners of the 2004 Women of Color Technology Awards. Her work as a vice president of Soitec was highlighted in the 2010 video production Paris by Night 99, honoring successful Vietnamese expatriates worldwide.
She was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2020 class of fellows, "for contributions to silicon on insulator technology".
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Vietnamese engineers
Electronics engineers
Women electrical engineers
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Fellow Members of the IEEE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20Coordinate%20System | A Network Coordinate System (NC system) is a system for predicting characteristics such as the latency or bandwidth of connections between nodes in a network by assigning coordinates to nodes. More formally, It assigns a coordinate embedding to each node in a network using an optimization algorithm such that a predefined operation estimates some directional characteristic of the connection between node and .
Uses
In general, Network Coordinate Systems can be used for peer discovery, optimal-server selection, and characteristic-aware routing.
Latency Optimization
When optimizing for latency as a connection characteristic i.e. for low-latency connections, NC systems can potentially help improve the quality of experience for many different applications such as:
Online Games
Forming game groups such that all the players are close to each other and thus have a smoother overall experience.
Choosing servers as close to as many players in a given multiplayer game as possible.
Automatically routing game packets through different servers so as to minimize the total latency between players who are actively interacting with each other in the game map.
Content delivery networks
Directing a user to the closest server that can handle a request to minimize latency.
Voice over IP
Automatically switch relay servers based on who is talking in a few-to-many or many-to-many voice chat to minimize latency between active participants.
Peer-to-peer networks
Can use the latency-predicting properties of NC systems to do a wide variety of routing optimizations in peer-to-peer networks.
Onion routing networks
Choose relays such as to minimize the total round trip delay to allow for a more flexible tradeoff between performance and anonymity.
Physical positioning
Latency correlates with the physical distances between computers in the real world. Thus, NC systems that model latency may be able to aid in locating the approximate physical area a computer resides in.
Bandwid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Cleland-Huang | Jane Cleland-Huang is a software engineer whose research involves requirements engineering, requirements traceability, the safety engineering of cyber-physical systems, and agile software development, including work on air traffic control for unmanned aerial vehicles. Originally from England, she works in the US as Frank M. Freimann Professor of Computer Science, Chair of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Notre Dame, and director of the Software and Requirements Engineering Research Lab.
Education and career
Cleland-Huang grew up in Southern England, and briefly studied speech–language pathology in university before leaving England to work as an English teacher in Vietnamese refugee camps in Thailand, formed as part of the Indochina refugee crisis of the late 1970s. She continued her work in Kolkata, India, and married a coworker, an American of Chinese descent. Returning with him to the US, she began working as a self-taught computer programmer for a private university in Hawaii before moving to Chicago, raising a family, and going back to school to study computer science. She eventually earned a bachelor's degree from Governors State University and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois Chicago.
After taking a faculty position at DePaul University, she moved to Notre Dame in 2016. She was named as the Freimann Professor in 2022.
Books
Cleland-Huang is the coauthor of Software by Numbers: Low-Risk, High-Return Development (with Mark Denne, Prentice-Hall, 2004). She is the co-editor of Software and Systems Traceability (with Orlena Gotel and Andrea Zisman, Springer, 2012).
References
External links
Software and Requirements Engineering Center
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British computer scientists
British women computer scientists
Software engineering researchers
Governors State University alumni
University of Illinois Chicago alumni
DePaul University faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Engelhardt | Mike Thomas Engelhardt is an American computer programmer, author, and entrepreneur. He is renowned for developing the SPICE-based analog electronic circuit simulator computer software known as LTspice and QSPICE. LTspice is the most widely distributed and used SPICE software in the industry.
Personal life
Mike grew up in rural Michigan. His college degrees are: Bachelors in Physics (1981) from University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States); Masters in Physics (1983) from University of California, Berkeley (Berkeley, California, United States).
He was Director of Simulation Development at Linear Technology, employed from March 1998 to December 2019.
He is currently a managing member of Marcus Aurelius Software, which was started in January 2020.
Software
Mike has written simulators since 1975. The following is a list of software which Mike was either the sole or primary developer:
1992 – First known port of SPICE (3E2) to Linux.
1998 – SwitcherCAD released internally at Linear Technology.
1999 – SwitcherCAD III released to public. It ran on Windows 95, 98, 98SE, ME, NT4.0, 2K, XP.
2008 – LTspice IV released. It ran on Windows 2K, XP, Vista, 7. A native macOS 10.7+ application was introduced in 2013.
2016 – LTspice XVII released. It ran on 32 or 64-bit Windows 7, 8, 8.1, 10; and macOS 10.9+.
2023 – QSPICE beta released. Initially, it is designed to run on Windows 10 and 11.
Bibliography
The following is a list of articles and patents that Engelhardt authored or coauthored.
Articles
Design and Characteristics of a Lens Spectrometer with Electrostatic Extraction for Electron Beam Probing; Microelectronic Engineering (Elsevier); 6 pages; March 1992.
Design and Characteristics of a Magnetic Collimating Lens Spectrometer for Electron Beam Probing; Microelectronic Engineering (Elsevier); 6 pages; February 1996.
SPICE Differentiation; LT Journal of Analog Innovation (Linear Technology); 7 pages; January 2015.
Articles (coauthor)
Soft X-R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus%20Romanus | Hortus Romanus juxta systema Tournefortianum is a Latin-language field manual consisting of eight volumes of one hundred botanical illustrations each. The volumes were published in 1772, 1774, 1775, 1776, 1778, 1780, 1784, and 1793. The publication involved numerous contributors. Liberato Sabbati, Niccolò Martelli, and Costantino Sabbati were the authors; Giovanni Bouchard and Jean Joseph Gravier were publishers, and Cesare Ubertini was the artist.
Contents
The book is made of half vellum with paper-covered boards, and its spine was labelled as Hortus Romanus Tom. I (-VIII). Each page consists of a plate illustration with a Latin caption, though most also have the name of the plant in English and French. All of the illustrations in the folio are hand-colored botanical prints.
References
Botanical art
Latin books
18th-century books |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome%20scaffold | In biology, the chromosome scaffold is the backbone that supports the structure of the chromosomes. It is composed of a group of non-histone proteins that are essential in the structure and maintenance of eukaryotic chromosomes throughout the cell cycle. These scaffold proteins are responsible for the condensation of chromatin during mitosis.
Origin
In the late 1970s, Ulrich K. Laemmli and colleagues discovered a backbone structure in eukaryotic chromosomes after they depleted the histone proteins. This backbone was localized along the chromosome axis, and was termed the ‘chromosome scaffold’.
Proteins of the scaffold
In eukaryotic organisms, the DNA of each cell is organized into separated chromosomes, which are composed of chromatin, a mixture of DNA and many different groups of proteins. Among them, the structural proteins (that are not histones) bind the chromatin fiber around themselves forming a long, continuous axis or backbone that gives the chromosomes their shape. For this reason they are known as the ‘scaffold’ of chromosomes.
Three protein groups have been identified as the main components of the scaffold: DNA topoisomerase IIα, condensins, and the KIF4A kinesin. When these proteins are removed, the chromosome shape does not appear and the chromatin fibers spread out.
Topoisomerase IIα
The enzyme DNA topoisomerase IIα prominently appears along the chromosome axis as part of the scaffold. In mitosis, it is concentrated at the centromeres and the axis along the chromosome arms. It is thought that the protein has a role in untangling the DNA as the loops become more concentrated along the axis during the condensation of the chromosomes. The removal of this protein causes a dramatic loss of the chromosome structure in mitosis, and the cell cycle comes to a stop.
SMC family proteins
Condensin complexes, formed from the union of SMC2 and SMC4 (among other proteins), are responsible for the condensation of chromosomes. Condensin I regulates the timing o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-sum%20Ramsey%20theory | In mathematics, zero-sum Ramsey theory or zero-sum theory is a branch of combinatorics. It deals with problems of the following kind: given a combinatorial structure whose elements are assigned different weights (usually elements from an Abelian group ), one seeks for conditions that guarantee the existence of certain substructure whose weights of its elements sum up to zero (in ). It combines tools from number theory, algebra, linear algebra, graph theory, discrete analysis, and other branches of mathematics.
The classic result in this area is the 1961 theorem of Paul Erdős, Abraham Ginzburg, and Abraham Ziv: for any elements of , there is a subset of size that sums to zero. (This bound is tight, as a sequence of zeroes and ones cannot have any subset of size summing to zero.) There are known proofs of this result using the Cauchy-Davenport theorem, Fermat's little theorem, or the Chevalley–Warning theorem.
Generalizing this result, one can define for any abelian group G the minimum quantity of elements of G such that there must be a subsequence of elements (where is the order of the group) which adds to zero. It is known that , and that this bound is strict if and only if .
See also
Zero-sum problem
References
Further reading
Zero-sum problems - A survey (open-access journal article)
Zero-Sum Ramsey Theory: Graphs, Sequences and More (workshop homepage)
Arie Bialostocki, "Zero-sum trees: a survey of results and open problems" N.W. Sauer (ed.) R.E. Woodrow (ed.) B. Sands (ed.), Finite and Infinite Combinatorics in Sets and Logic, Nato ASI Ser., Kluwer Acad. Publ. (1993) pp. 19–29
Y. Caro, "Zero-sum problems: a survey" Discrete Math., 152 (1996) pp. 93–113
Ramsey theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swolf | The Swolf is a composite measurement in sports swimming that reflects how fast and how efficiently somebody is swimming. In contrast, time per distance (speed) neglects swimming technique, and the number of swimming strokes per lap neglects the purpose of competitive swimming: Covering a given distance in the shortest time.
Background
Swolf is a portmanteau of "swim" and "golf". As in golf, a lower number of strokes is better. The Swolf score is the number of seconds (for a given lap, 25 or 50 meters), plus the number of swimming strokes made in the same distance.
After a swimmer has learned to swim longer distances at a constant, high power output, it becomes essential to improve the swimming efficiency: Achieving a higher acceleration per swimming stroke, and gliding a longer distance between the strokes. The Swolf then becomes a useful tool to measure training progress.
Due to different body dimensions, a comparison between two swimmers is rarely useful; the Swolf is rather a guide that reflects one's own training progress. In contrast to the earlier days, where swimmers had to count their own strokes, modern sports watches carry acceleration sensors and indicate the Swolf number of a given training unit.
Weblinks
References
Swimming |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich%20L.%20Rohde | Ulrich Lothar Albert Rohde (born May 20, 1940 in Munich) is a German and American electrical engineer, entrepreneur, and university professor.
Education and career
After receiving his Abitur in Munich, Rohde studied electrical engineering at the Technische Hochschule München and the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. In 1978, he received a doctorate in radio-frequency engineering and joined the Epsilon Sigma chapter of the Eta Kappa Nu society; he then completed an executive business administration programme at Columbia University in 1980. He received his Dr.-Ing. degree (doctorate in engineering) from the Technical University of Berlin in 2004, and his habilitation from the Brandenburg University of Technology in 2011.
Since 1973, Rohde has been a partner of Rohde & Schwarz in Munich, his father's company. From 1974 to 1982, he headed the US branch of Rohde & Schwarz; after that, he was managing director of an RCA defence subsidiary.
In 1977, Rohde was appointed as a professor at the University of Florida, and in 1982 at the George Washington University as an adjunct professor, of electrical engineering.
Rohde's professional interests include computer-aided design of microwave components, low-noise microwave oscillators and amplifiers as well as active antennas. In these fields, he founded several companies and holds about 50 patents.
Awards
Rohde has been granted honorary doctorates by the Romanian universities of Oradea and Cluj-Napoca in 1997. In 2002, Rohde has been chosen as a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for "contributions to and leadership in the development and industrial implementation of microwave computer-aided design technology." He was appointed honorary senator by the Bundeswehr University Munich in 2008 and by the Brandenburg University of Technology in 2011. In 2021, he was awarded the Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.
In 2023, he received the IEEE Distinguished Industry Leader Award " |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips%20VG%208000 | The Philips VG-8000, released in 1983, was the first Philips MSX computer, although it was not 100% compliant with the standard (as it lacked a Centronics printer port, expansion bus, or audio out, and had a custom video out). It was released in Belgium, Finland, Germany, and Italy (as the Phonola VG-8000).
The computer had a poor chiclet type keyboard, with two cartridge ports above it. The keyboard layout was qwerty or azerty, according to the market the computer was sold. It had five double function keys (F1 to F10) on top, and four arrow keys on the right. There were three color leds: Power (red), Caps (orange) and Code (green).
There were three versions of this machine:
VG-8000/00, with qwerty keyboard and PAL composite video output;
VG-8000/19, with azerty keyboard and RGB video output;
VG-8000/20, with qwerty keyboard and PAL composite video output.
The machine was expensive and not successful.
The VG-8010, released in January 1984, was a more advanced model with 32KB of RAM, was popular in the Netherlands. It had a retail price of 2290 Fr in France, in September 1985. It was sold in Italy as the Phonola VG-8010.
There were two versions of this machine:
VG-8010/00, with qwerty keyboard and PAL composite video output;
VG-8010/19, with azerty keyboard and RGB video output.
Besides the mentioned Phonola branding, these machines were also sold under the Schneider and Radiola brands, as Schneider MC 810 and Radiola MK 180 (both with 48K RAM,with azerty keyboard and RGB video output).
The VG-8000 and VG-8010 were built in France, at Le Mans by Radiotechnique. They were replaced with the Philips VG-8020, a more advanced machine.
Specifications
Z80A processor running at 3.58 MHz
RAM: 16 KB (VG-8000), 32KB (VG-8010)
ROM: 32 KB (MSX BASIC V1.0)
Video processor: TMS9918
Sound: AY-3-8910
Ports: two cartridge slots, tape-recorder connector, RGB video output, two joystick sockets
References
MSX microcomputer
Philips products
Z80-based home com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaxam | ANAXAM stands for "Analytics with Neutrons And X-rays for Advanced Manufacturing" and it is a knowledge and technology transfer centre in Switzerland. It is a non-profit organisation. ANAXAM provides industry access to modern, applied material analytics with neutron and synchrotron radiation (X-rays) in the field of non-destructive material testing. The analytical services offered by ANAXAM are based on imaging (CT), diffraction, small-angle scattering and spectroscopy methods.
The combination of these methods with the use of neutron and synchrotron radiation was originally developed for basic research and requires large-scale research facilities. Due to the dimensions of these facilities, ANAXAM’s material analytics go far beyond the usual laboratory standards and are therefore a supplement and complement to laboratory analytics. Amongst others, ANAXAM uses the large-scale research facilities of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) – particularly the Swiss Spallation Neutron Source (SINQ) and the Swiss Light Source (SLS). ANAXAM is located in the immediate vicinity of the Paul Scherrer Institute on the Park Innovaare Campus in Villigen, Switzerland.
Synchrotron light sources produce X-ray radiation with a photon flux that is ten billion times higher than in standard laboratory X-ray machines. They can be used to measure materials with a significantly larger spatial and temporal resolution and can work with a much higher sample throughput. As such, synchrotron CT represents an additional method of industrial CT. Analytical methods using neutron radiation can only be carried out in large-scale research facilities and are not available in laboratory scale in any form.
With these analytical methods, ANAXAM is able to help industrial companies and research institutes to optimise processes and products and improve quality control and quality assurance. Their clients come from the raw material industry, the metal industry, the health technology industry, the pharmaceut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20construction | Marine construction is the process of building structures in or adjacent to large bodies of water, usually the sea. These structures can be built for a variety of purposes, including transportation, energy production, and recreation. Marine construction can involve the use of a variety of building materials, predominantly steel and concrete. Some examples of marine structures include ships, offshore platforms, moorings, pipelines, cables, wharves, bridges, tunnels, breakwaters and docks. Marine construction may require diving work, but professional diving is expensive and dangerous, and may involve relatively high risk, and the types of tools and equipment that can both function underwater and be safely used by divers are limited. Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) and other types of submersible equipment are a lower risk alternative, but they are also expensive and limited in applications, so when reasonably practicable, most underwater construction involves either removing the water from the building site by dewatering behind a cofferdam or inside a caisson, or prefabrication of structural units off-site with mainly assembly and installation done on-site.
Environmental influences
Some aspects of the marine environment that complicate construction:
Distance from permanent facilities causes logistical problems for provision of materials, equipment, power supplies, and accommodation.
Hydrostatic pressure due to depth in the water column. Hydrostatic pressure is linear with depth and increases at approximately 1 bar for every ten metres of depth.
Temperature of the water and the air above it. Sea surface temperature can vary from a minimum of to a maximum of about . Higher surface temperatures decrease rapidly with depth, and generally reach a steady-state of about by about , though on Australia's Northwest Shelf, water and seabed temperature may exceed at a depth of . Air temperatures may vary much more, and though the water has a moderating effect, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elive | Elive is a non-commercial Linux distribution based on Debian. It uses the Enlightenment desktop environment, offering a live DVD and a persistent USB image for 32- and 64-bit computers with Intel or AMD x86 processors.
History
Elive was established in early 2005 as a customized Knoppix Live DVD running the Enlightenment desktop. The first version to appear publicly was called Elive and referenced multiple times by DistroWatch's Ladislav Bodnar and Susan Linton. It was also distributed by UK-based LinuxFormat magazine in 2007, as well as being offered on their cover-disc.
In July 2007, Susan Linton wrote for Distrowatch, "I love Elive and version 1.0 is a wonderful first full release. Just about everything works and works well." At the time, the review was somewhat mixed, with certain criticisms pertaining to laptop usage, such as (at that time) lack of CPU throttling, or WEP when connecting to WiFi.
Controversy regarding payment model
In 2010, version 2.0 was released with improvements like upgrade mode, the "nurse" and more. Linux Magazine and Linux Journal especially touted the tight integration of the E17 window manager in their reviews. However, this version required a payment for installation to hard disk which seriously impacted the initial popularity and was subsequently changed to a voluntary donation. A March 2010 article by Koen Vervloesem of LWN.net criticized Elive 2.0 for requiring payment partway through installation to a hard drive.
Eight years after 2.0, version 3.0 was released. Elive was no longer pay-to-install, but its prolonged development cycle and certain other factors lead to mixed reviews of the project.
Releases
Three separate versions are currently available, as of 1 July 2023:
Stable (version 3.0.6), based on Debian Wheezy and E17. It has a 32-bit release only.
Beta (now at version 3.8.30), which offers a 32- and 64-bit release. It is based on Debian Bullseye and uses the E16 desktop environment.
Retrowave Stable based on 3.8 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accela | Accela is an American private government technology company. It was established in 1999 as a result of a merger with Sierra Computer Systems and Open Data Systems. Accela's platform is used by state and local government agencies in the United States and in other countries.
History
Accela was founded in 1999 as a result of a merger with Sierra Computer Systems and Open Data Systems.
Between 2014 and 2015, Accela acquired ten companies including PublicStuff, GeoTMS, IQM2, Envista, Kinsail, Government Outreach, Decade Software, Civic Insight, Springbrook Software, and SoftRight. In 2017, Accela was acquired by Berkshire Partners.
In September 2018, Accela partnered with Microsoft Azure to power its cloud-based services. On December 10, 2018, Gary Kovacs was named Chief Executive Officer of Accela.
Usage
Government agencies that use Accela's platform include those of San Joaquin County, California; Pima County, Arizona; San Antonio, Texas; San Diego, California; Baltimore County, Maryland; New York City's Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; the city and county of Denver, Colorado; El Paso, Texas; Indianapolis, Indiana; Salt Lake City, Utah; Culver City, California; Cabarrus County, North Carolina; several cities and counties across Florida; and Abu Dhabi.
The Accela Civic Platform digitizes governmental processes. Accela's Civic Applications aid governments in delivering various services, such as permitting, licensing, and code enforcement. Accela also has permitting applications for solar energy and natural disasters.
References
External links
Accela
Companies based in San Ramon, California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20Expander | The Micro Expander Model 1 (also known simply as the Expander and sold in Europe as the PAL) is an S-100-based microcomputer introduced by Micro-Expander, Inc., in 1981. The computer was the brainchild of Lee Felsenstein, designer of the Sol-20, the first home computer. After his primary client and marketers of the Sol-20, Processor Technology, went out of business in 1979, Felsenstein founded a new company, Micro-Expander, Inc., in 1980. He gained the capital to sell his prototype of a successor to the Sol-20 as the Micro Expander Model 1 with help from some Swedish investors, primarily Mats Ingemanson, who was hired to market the computer.
Specifications
The Micro Expander Model 1 is a microcomputer with a built-in, full-sized keyboard complete with a numpad, two programmable function keys, and four cursor keys. The Expander measures and features a form factor identical to the Sol-20, however missing the walnut side panels. The Expander is built on a single printed circuit board on which contains the microprocessor, ROM, the interrupt controller (which handles up to five simultaneous interrupt requests), the keyboard controller, an RS-232 serial I/O controller, a parallel interface controller, and circuitry to drive monochrome and color displays. The mainboard also contains a real-time clock, a polyphonic sound chip and internal beeper speaker, and a cassette interface controller compatible with that of Radio Shack's TRS-80 line of microcomputers.
The Expander runs off a Zilog Z80A microprocessor clocked at 4 MHz and features 64 KB of RAM stock, expandable to up to 512 KB. Like the Sol-20, the Expander features the once-ubiquitous S-100 bus, with four S-100 expansion slots on the back of the machine, allowing a wide range of expansion cards for various applications (such as computer graphics, secretarial work, and process control) to be installed into it. As stock, one of the four expansion cards is occupied by a 64-KB RAM card. Cards are allowed to be piggybac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI-assisted%20virtualization%20software | AI-assisted virtualization software is a type of technology that combines the principles of virtualization with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. This fusion is designed to allow more efficient, dynamic, and intelligent management of virtual environments and resources. This novel technology has been employed in a range of industries, including cloud computing, healthcare, data centers, and network infrastructure, to optimize performance, resource allocation, and security protocols.
History
The initial concept of virtualization dates back to the 1960s, with the advent of mainframe computers. It wasn't until the early 2000s, however, when companies like VMware and Microsoft made it mainstream. The integration of AI into this established technology is a much more recent development, evolving with the rapid advancements in AI research and applications over the last decade. AI-assisted virtualization software began to gain significant attention in the early 2020s as businesses and researchers began to acknowledge the potential of AI in automating and optimizing various aspects of virtualization.
Functionality
AI-assisted virtualization software operates by leveraging AI techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks to make more accurate predictions and decisions regarding the management of virtual environments. Key features include intelligent automation, predictive analytics, and dynamic resource allocation.
Intelligent Automation: Automating tasks such as resource provisioning and routine maintenance. The AI learns from ongoing operations and can predict and perform necessary tasks autonomously.
Predictive Analytics: Utilizing AI to analyze data patterns and trends, predicting future issues or resource requirements. It aids in proactive management and mitigation of potential problems.
Dynamic Resource Allocation: Through the analysis of real-time and historical data, the AI system dynamically assigns resources based on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carteirada | Carteirada () is a situation in which one seeks advantage or privilege due to their position, profession, financial or social status. Usually, it involves seeking minor non-financial advantages, such as using one's status to facilitate obtaining preferences, favors, tolerances, and/or courtesies that would not normally be accessible to ordinary citizens.
Luciana Tamburini case
In November 2014, Brazilian judge João Carlos de Souza Correa gained notoriety for suing a traffic officer who had fined him, being referred to as "the king of carteirada" ("flashing one's credentials"). The newspaper O Globo reported that Carlos' career has been marked by controversies, citing an incident in which the judge called the Federal Police after attempting to enter a ship to shop at a duty-free store. The judge was driving without a license, in an unmarked and undocumented vehicle, and was fined by Tamburini. After an argument, Correa arrested the officer. Correa's conduct was subject to a disciplinary process and judged by the Special Body of the Rio de Janeiro Court of Justice, which deemed the magistrate's posture appropriate. The episode sparked outrage and expressions of support for the traffic officer, demanding justice against Correa in both the media and social networks.
TAM Linhas Aéreas case
In December 2014, in the city of Imperatriz, Maranhão, Judge Marcelo Testa Baldochi arrested three employees of TAM after being prevented from boarding a flight due to a delay.
The judge accused the employees of committing a crime against the consumer. However, years earlier, he had denied compensation for a missed flight, claiming that the fault lay solely with the customer.
Baldochi was born in the state of São Paulo, passed a public examination in 2003, and took office as a judge in Maranhão in 2006.
Reactions
The Brazilian Association of Magistrates (AMB) stated in a note that it considers any action representing an abuse of power unacceptable. The president of the Maranhão |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic%20pollution%20in%20the%20Mediterranean%20sea | The Mediterranean Sea has been defined as one of the seas most affected by marine plastic pollution.
It has concentrations of microplastics which are estimated to be higher than those on average found at the global level. Studies conducted within the WWF Mediterranean Marine Initiative of 2019 have estimated that 0.57 million metric tons of plastic enter the Mediterranean Sea every year; this quantity corresponds to the dumping of 33.800 bottles made of plastic into waters every minute, representing important risks for marine ecosystems, human health, but also for the blue economy of the area, whose coastal zones are very densely populated and among the first tourist destinations worldwide.
Marine plastic pollution was found in Mediterranean waters in amounts similar to those present in the ocean gyres (Indian Ocean Gyre, North Atlantic Gyre, North Pacific Gyre, South Atlantic Gyre, South Pacific Gyre). Therefore, the Mediterranean Sea is oftentimes being defined as the "world's sixth greatest accumulation zone" for marine plastic litter or as an invisible "sixth garbage patch", primarily composed of microplastics. This is an invisible garbage patch as there is no trace of permanent litter accumulation areas in the Mediterranean Sea, primarily because of the semi-enclosed shape of its basin, the cyclonic circulation and the currents present in the region.
The Mediterranean Sea receives waste from coastal areas and from waters, such as rivers (like in the case of the Nile river, which, as of 2017, brought around 200 tonnes of plastic waste into the Mediterranean basin yearly).
A World Wide Fund for Nature report of 2019 estimates that, considering the Mediterranean countries, around 70% of plastic pollution coming from water-based sources comes from three areas: Egypt (41.3%), Turkey (19.1%) and Italy (7.6%). Plastic litter originating from land-based sources is instead estimated to be coming from, in decreasing order: Turkey, Morocco, Israel, Spain, France, Syria |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%203300 | The Wang 3300 was an minicomputer released by Wang Laboratories in 1971.
Description
Model with machine time sharing created between Wang 4000 and Wang 2200. Wang's first computer, the Wang 3300, was an 8-bit integrated circuit general-purpose minicomputer designed to be the central processor for a multi-terminal time-sharing system. Byte-oriented, it also provided a number of double-byte operand memory commands. Core memory ranged from 4,096 to 65,536 bytes in 4,096-byte increments. Up to 16 teletype terminals could be connect to one 3300. Wang claimed at the time that it was "the most easily operated minicomputer time-sharing system available" but it has become to be seen as a "false start" since programs, stored on paper tape, took up to 40 minutes to load and it only used the physical teletype terminals instead of CRTs.
Development began after hiring Rick Bensene in June 1968. The software was developed by PHI Computer Services, which Wang had purchased in 1968, on an IBM 360/65 emulating the 3300. The product was announced in February 1969 and shipped to its first customer on March 29, 1971.
References
External links
Wang 3300 Extensive information about the Wang 3300
Wang 3300 Emulator A true emulator of the Wang 3300
Wang Laboratories: From Custom Systems to Computers
Wang 3300 on YouTube Video showing a running Wang 3300 System
Minicomputers
Personal computers
1971 introductions
Wang Laboratories
BASIC programming language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%204000 | The Wang 4000 was an first programmable computer system from Wang Laboratories, released in 1967.
Description
However, already in the spring of 1968, An Wang, seeing that he was not able to compete with the PDP-8, focused on a new computer — model 3300. Allowed the use of peripheral devices, in particular printers.
References
External links
Wang 4000 Computer Extensive information about the Wang 4000
Wang 4000 on YouTube Discussing the Wang 4000
Minicomputers
1967 introductions
Wang Laboratories |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse%20cloning | Horse cloning is the process of obtaining a horse with genes identical to that of another horse, using an artificial fertilization technique. Interest in this technique began in the 1980s. The Haflinger foal Prometea, the first living cloned horse, was obtained in 2003 in an Italian laboratory. Over the years, the technique has improved. It is mainly used on high-performance but castrated or infertile animals, for reproductive cloning. These horses are then used as breeding stock. Horse cloning is only mastered by a handful of laboratories worldwide, notably in France, Argentina, North America and China. The technique is limited by the fact that some differences remain between the original and its clone, due to the influence of mitochondrial DNA.
Reproductive cloning of the Pieraz and Quidam de Revel horses began in 2005. The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI by its acronym in French) decided to ban clones from competition in 2007, before authorizing them in 2012. A few clones are used in equestrian sports, winning major titles such as the Argentine polo championship in 2013. The majority of studbooks and associations for the various horse breeds refuse to accept clones, with the European Union completely banning the trade in cloned animals in 2015. Nevertheless, the number of cloned horses is growing every year. The practice is highly controversial, particularly for bioethical reasons, since it involves a high failure rate on embryos. It also raises questions about the management of horses' genetic diversity, the future of the horse breeding profession, and the outbreak of new genetic disorders or fraud.
History
Horse cloning has undergone a rapid qualitative and quantitative evolution. While Italian professor Cesare Galli believes that horse cloning has aroused less interest than that of other large mammals, other scientists believe that the high commercial value attained by some horses has created immediate interest, unlike in the case of le |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%27s%20blood | Tiger's blood or tiger blood is a flavor of shave ice, snow cones, and other products.
It does not contain blood or anything from tigers. The flavor is a combination of strawberry, watermelon, and a smaller amount of coconut, though some syrup makers have slightly different recipes and add other flavors like cherry.
Though the flavor is strongly associated with Hawaii, some think it originated in Texas in the 1980s. However, ads from the area at the time make clear the connection to Hawaii, and the flavor was still considered exotic in Texas into the next decade. Also in the mid 1980's tiger blood was appearing in Utah and South Carolina along with imaginative flavors like "rock & roll" and "popeye". In 1977 the flavor was in Missouri at a New Orleans-style shave-ice shop.
References
Hawaiian cuisine
Flavors
Tigers in popular culture
American cuisine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikumiro%20Central%20Forest%20Reserve | Kikumiro Central Forest Reserve is a forest located in Kabarole district, 300 km2 from Kampala, western Uganda and is protected by National Forestry Authority. The reserve is bordered by Ntoroko, Kagadi district to the north, Kibaale district to the East, Kamwenge to the south and Bundibugyo district to the west. The communities living around this forest reserve include Kyarutwe, Kyembamba, Kyongera, Mitoma A, Ibaale and Barahiija communities that are close to villages of Bihanga and Kyarukomi A. It covers a total land area of 7.1 km2 and was gazette in 1948 as a forest reserve National Forestry Authority.
Setting and structure
Kikumiro Central Forest Reserve is situated at Latitude 0.65454° or 00° 39' 16.34" North and Longitude 30.28816° or 30° 17' 17.37" East. Kikumiro Central Forest Reserve is also known for its highest and most prominent mountain with a height of 1604 m above sea level approximately.
Conservation
Kikumiro Central Forest Reserve is a protected forest reserve area managed by National Forestry Authority, a government entity that enforces conservation of the existing ecosystem in all forest reserves and greatly reducing deforestation for settlement and charcoal burning.
See also
Mabira Forest
Ihimbo Central Forest Reserve
References
Forests in culture
Kabarole District
Forest reserves of Uganda |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramicolous%20lichen | A ramicolous lichen is one that lives on branches.
References
Sources
Lichenology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeetCode | LeetCode is an online platform for coding interview preparation. The service provides coding and algorithmic problems intended for users to practice coding. LeetCode has gained popularity among job seekers and coding enthusiasts as a resource for technical interviews and coding competitions.
Features
LeetCode offers both free and premium access options. While free users have access to a limited number of questions, premium users gain access to additional questions previously used in interviews at large tech companies. The performance of users' solutions is evaluated based on response speed and solution efficiency, and is ranked against other submissions in the LeetCode database.
Additionally, LeetCode provides its users with mock interviews and online assessments. LeetCode hosts weekly competitions and biweekly competitions, and its users compete against each other. LeetCode hosts weekly and biweekly contests, each having 4 problems. After you participate in a contest for the first time, you get assigned a ranking, which can be found in the profile.
LeetCode supports multiple programming languages, including Java, Python, JavaScript, and C. The platform features forums where users can engage in discussions related to problems, the interview process, and share their interview experiences.
Types of Problems
Currently, there are eighteen different categories that a LeetCode question can be from. In no particular order, these are: Arrays, Two Pointers, Stack, Binary Search, Sliding Window, Linked List, Trees, Tries, Backtracking, Heaps/Priority Queues, Graphs, Dynamic Programming, Intervals, Greedy Algorithms, Bit Manipulation, and Math/Geometry. Each problem category contains questions at three levels of difficulty; there are 736 easy questions, 1521 medium questions, and 634 hard questions available on LeetCode.
History
LeetCode was founded in Silicon Valley in 2015.
LeetCode expanded its operations to China in 2018. In 2021, LeetCode secured its first round |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abask | Abask is an e-commerce platform focused on homeware and gifting products with headquarters in London.
It was founded in 2022 by Nicolas Pickaerts and Tom Chapman, the founders of the retailer Matches Fashion.
Abask's selection is focused on crafts and hand-made designs for the home, that can be shopped by room or style.
The initial launch offered four rooms: the dining room, the study, the games room and the bar.
References
2022 establishments in the United Kingdom
E-commerce websites
Retail companies based in London |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mammals%20of%20Cantabria | The vertebrate fauna in Cantabria presents a wide diversity thanks to the variety of ecological niches existing in the community and its geographical position, equidistant between the Mediterranean region of the peninsular south and the nearby region of Atlantic Europe.
These lists show all the wild vertebrates living in Cantabria, classified according to the genus and family they belong to. In addition to the scientific name of each species, it also includes the common name in the Spanish language, the vernacular names most commonly used in this community, a brief description, a map of distribution in Spain and the conservation status.
Mammals
In Cantabria, 73 species of wild mammals can be found, grouped into 20 families. Some of them, such as the Spanish mole, the desman, the Granada hare and the broom hare, are considered Iberian endemisms, while others, such as the genet, the American mink or the coypu, are exotic species introduced by man.
In terms of distribution, species such as the fox or the hedgehog are abundant throughout Cantabria, unlike the hare or the brown bear, whose distribution is much more scarce and localized. The conservation status of wild mammals in Cantabria is also diverse, with sixteen species near-threatened, fifteen vulnerable and one, the brown bear, in critical danger of extinction.
Lagomorpha order
Lagomorphs (Lagomorpha, from the Greek lagōs, hare and morphē, form) are an order belonging to the placental mammals related to rodents, from which they differ by possessing two pairs of upper teeth covered with a layer of enamel. Four species of lagomorphs are found in Cantabria, all of them within the family Leporidae (rabbits and hares). Three of them are endemic to the Iberian Peninsula and some, such as the broom hare, only inhabit the mountainous areas of the northern peninsular, between Galicia, Asturias, León and Cantabria.
Rodentia order
Rodents (Rodentia) are the most versatile and numerous order of mammals, with approxi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Generals%20%28game%29 | The Generals, or The Generals Electronic Strategy Game, is an electronic abstract strategy game published in 1980 by Ideal Toy Company. It implements the gameplay of the 1970 game Game of the Generals, in which two players contest control of spaces on a game board by moving game pieces with ranks hidden to their opponent and challenging opposing pieces; the results of challenges are determined by the hierarchy of ranks of those pieces, in a manner similar to Stratego, and decided by an electronic arbiter.
Gameplay
The Generals is played on a 9 by 8 board of squares between a red army and a blue army each consisting of 12 Officers of different ranks, six Privates, two Agents (called "Spies" in Game of the Generals), and a Flag. To start, both players arrange their pieces in any order on the first three rows of the board with the blank sides facing their opponent; this simulates the "fog of war" by hiding the identities of opposing pieces from each player.
Players take turn alternatively, with each moving one piece per turn. All pieces can move one square forward, backwards, or sideways at a time, but cannot move diagonally or into a square already occupied by another piece. A piece moved adjacent to an opposing piece can choose to challenge it, the winner of which is determined by placing both pieces into the electronic arbiter. The weaker piece in the challenge is removed and both are eliminated if both pieces are of equal strength. Higher ranked pieces are stronger than lower ranked pieces, and all pieces except the Private can be eliminated by an Agent. If challenged, the Flag can be eliminated by any opposing piece.
The winner is the player who can either eliminate their opponent's Flag or maneuver their own Flag to the other side of the board without it being eliminated.
Electronic arbiter
Unlike Game of Generals, The Generals implements an electronic arbiter so that two players do not need a third, neutral observer to determine the result of challenges. T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Geometry | The Journal of Geometry is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering geometry, broadly considered. In particular this includes "foundations of geometry, geometric algebra, finite geometries, combinatorial geometry, and special geometries". It was established in 1971 by Walter Benz and is published by Birkhäuser. The editors-in-chief are Hans Havlicek (Technische Universität Wien) and Alexander Kreuzer (Universität Hamburg).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO databases, Emerging Sources Citation Index, Scopus, and zbMATH Open.
References
External links
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1971
Triannual journals
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20%28linguistics%29 | The economy principle in linguistics, also known as linguistic economy, is a functional explanation of linguistic form. It suggests that the organization of phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax is fundamentally based on a compromise between simplicity and clarity, two desirable but to some extent incompatible qualities. The more distinctive elements that a language has, for example, phonemes or functional markers, the more it will promote hearer-easiness. This, however, occurs on the expense of the speaker, who must make a greater effort to convey a message. An economic solution yields good communicative value without excessive time and energy costs.
The word 'economy' derives from Greek oikòs ('house') and nomòs (from némein, 'to deliver'). The notion of good household management is transferred metaphorically from a social to a linguistic level where it represents a force maintaining systemic equilibrium. The same principle—a compromise between gain and cost—also applies to biological systems. However, functional linguistics does not consider itself to be a part of evolutionary biology, but both as belonging to systems theory, and both as being governed by the logic of trade-off. In linguistics, the economy principle suggests that language change cannot make languages exceedingly difficult to produce or process, predicting that the constant changes that are natural to language, despite appearing to have a deteriorating effect, ultimately do not make languages less suited for intercommunication.
Definitions
The standard concept of economy, or, the "classical definition", was published by André Martinet in his Économie des changements phonétiques (1955). Martinet studied the manifestations of economy in phonology and syntax and defined it as the unstable balance between the needs of communication—which are always changing—and natural human inertia, two essential forces contributing to the optimization of the linguistic system.
Previous definitions included t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/198%20%28number%29 | 198 (one hundred [and] ninety-eight) is the natural number following 197 and preceding 199.
In mathematics
198 is the number of nonzero palindromes less than 104.
198 is the sum of products of terms in all partitions of the number 9.
198 is the smallest number that can be written as a sum of four positive squares in ten different ways: 198 = 12 + 22 + 72 + 122 = 12 + 42 + 92 + 102 = 22 + 32 + 42 + 132 = 22 + 32 + 82 + 112 = 22 + 52 + 52 + 122 = 22 + 72 + 82 + 92 = 32 + 32 + 62 + 122 = 32 + 52 + 82 + 102 = 42 + 52 + 62 + 112 = 62 + 72 + 72 + 82.
198 is a companion Pell number. Its corresponding Pell number is 70.
198 is the 4th term of the sequence a(n) = 10*a(n-1) - a(n-2) with a(0) = 0, a(1) = 2. This sequence has the property that for each n, if A = a(n), B = 2*a(n+1), C = 3*a(n+1) then A*B+1, A*C+1, B*C+1 are perfect squares.
198 is the first number between a twin prime pair such that product of itself by its reversal (198 x 891 = 176418) is also between a twin prime pair.
198 is a Harshad number, which means it is divisible by the sum of its digits.
198 is both the average of a twin prime pair (197, 199), and the sum of 2 successive primes (97, 101).
198 is a coordination number for hexagonal lattices, which means it is the difference between two consecutive centered hexagonal numbers. In this case, 198 is the difference between 3367 and 3169 (34th and 33rd centered hexagonal numbers), so the hexagonal spatial arrangement of 3367 has 198 dots in the border.
198 is also the 8th coordination number for cubic lattices, making it the 6th number to be part of the coordination sequences for both cubic and hexagonal lattices.
In other fields
198 is also:
The State Highway Police emergency telephone number in Brazil.
The number of ridges on a U.S. dollar coin.
See also
The year AD 198 or 198 BC
X-Men: The 198
References
Integers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaany | Almaany ( 'The Meanings') is a free online Arabic dictionary.
Its Arabic service amalgamates entries from dictionaries including Lisan al-Arab compiled by Ibn Manzur in 1290, by Firuzabadi in the 15th century, and published by Jibran Masud in 1964.
It also has bilingual dictionaries of Arabic with English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, Persian, Indonesian, German, Urdu, and Russian.
References
Arabic dictionaries
Online dictionaries |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiperidiolia | Retiperidiolia is a genus of fungi in the family Nidulariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically under 10 mm in diameter and irregularly spherical. Each produces a number of peridioles which contain the spores and are released from the disintegrating fruit bodies at maturity. Species are usually found growing on herbaceous stems and other plant debris. The genus has a tropical distribution. Species were previously referred to Mycocalia, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, found that they were not closely related.
See also
List of Agaricales genera
References
Nidulariaceae
Agaricales genera
Taxa described in 2022
Fungi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sqlmap | sqlmap is a software utility for automated discovering of SQL injection vulnerabilities in web applicatons.
Usage
The tool was used in the 2015 data breach of TalkTalk. In 2016, the Illinois Board of Election was breached using the tool, combined with Acunetix and DirBuster.
References
External links
Computer security software
Free security software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM%20Cortex-A520 | The ARM Cortex-A520 is a "little" CPU core model from Arm unveiled in TCS23
it serves as a successor to the CPU core ARM Cortex-A510. The Cortex-A500 CPU cores series generally focus on high efficiency, the CPU core can be paired with the other CPU cores in its family like ARM Cortex-A720 or/and Cortex-X4 in a CPU cluster.
Improvements
8% peak performance improvement over the Cortex-A510
Support only 64-bit applications
Up to 512 KiB of private L2 cache (From 256 KiB)
Add QARMA3 Pointer Authentication (PAC) algorithm support
Update to ARMv9.2
Architecture comparison
See also
ARM Cortex-X4, related high performance microarchitecture
ARM Cortex-A720, related efficient sustained performance microarchitecture
Comparison of ARMv8-A cores, ARMv8 family
References
ARM processors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plancherel%E2%80%93Rotach%20asymptotics | The Plancherel–Rotach asymptotics are asymptotic results for orthogonal polynomials. They are named after the Swiss mathematicians Michel Plancherel and his PhD student Walter Rotach, who first derived the asymptotics for the Hermite polynomial and Laguerre polynomial. Nowadays asymptotic expansions of this kind for orthogonal polynomials are referred to as Plancherel–Rotach asymptotics or of Plancherel–Rotach type.
The case for the associated Laguerre polynomial was derived by the Swiss mathematician Egon Möcklin, another PhD student of Plancherel and George Pólya at ETH Zurich.
Hermite polynomials
Let denote the n-th Hermite polynomial. Let and be positive and fixed, then
for and
for and
for and complex and bounded
where denotes the Airy function.
(Associated) Laguerre polynomials
Let denote the n-th associate Laguerre polynomial. Let be arbitrary and real, and be positive and fixed, then
for and
for and
for and complex and bounded
.
Literature
References
Analysis
Asymptotic analysis
Orthogonal polynomials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS%20Sonoma | macOS Sonoma (version 14) is the latest major release of macOS, Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers. The successor to macOS Ventura, it was announced at WWDC 2023 on June 5, 2023, and released on September 26, 2023. It is named after the wine region located in California's Sonoma County.
The first developer beta was released on June 5, 2023, and macOS Sonoma entered public beta on July 11, 2023.
macOS Sonoma is the first version of macOS to be exclusive to Macs with Retina display, as it drops support for the 21.5-inch 2017 iMac.
New features
macOS Sonoma includes a number of new features and improvements, mainly focused on productivity and creativity:
Widgets have been completely revamped. They are no longer constrained to the Notification Center—instead they can be placed anywhere on the screen, and the widget picker has been redesigned to resemble the iPadOS version of it.
The lock screen has been redesigned to include a date and time similar to iOS and iPadOS. The power buttons have become a context menu.
Video-conferencing apps can overlay the presenter's webcam video on top of screen sharing.
App icons have been made more rounded.
The Spotlight search bar has been made more rounded, and its width has been decreased.
Safari changes:
Browsing profiles enable separate sets of bookmarks, extensions, and cookies, which can be used to separate, for example, a personal setup from a work one.
Password sharing lets multiple people have access to the same collection of website passwords, and update them as needed, with changes syncing across all enrolled devices.
Safari web apps let the user add any website to the Dock and open it in a simplified Safari interface, just like an app. A similar feature is available in Google Chrome. This feature is somewhat different from progressive web apps since it does not require additional work from website developers.
Messages changes:
More precise search filters: for example, the contact name can be com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20medium%20contact%20method | The third medium contact (TMC) is an implicit formulation for contact mechanics. Contacting bodies are embedded in a highly compliant medium (the third medium), which becomes increasingly stiff under compression. The stiffening of the third medium allows tractions to be transferred between the contacting bodies when the third medium between the bodies is compressed. In itself, the method is inexact; however, in contrast to most other contact methods, the third medium approach is continuous and differentiable, which makes it applicable to applications such as topology optimization.
The method was first proposed by Peter Wriggers et al. where an Ogden material model was used to model the third medium. This approach requires explicit treatment of surface normals. A simplification to the method was offered by Bog et al. by applying a Hencky material with the inherent property of becoming rigid under ultimate compression. This property has made the explicit treatment of surface normals redundant, thereby transforming the third medium contact method into a fully implicit method. The addition of a new void regularization by Bluhm et al. further extended the method to applications involving moderate sliding, rendering it practically applicable
References
Engineering
Mechanical engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praiseworld%20Radio | Praiseworld Radio is Nigeria first Gospel online radio best known for broadcasting 24/7 Urban, and Gospel hip hop music. The radio began broadcasting on June 1, 2012. In 2014, Praiseworld won the Nigerian Broadcasters Merit Awards for Best Online Radio Station. In 2019, Praiseworld won the Africa Gospel Music Awards for Online Gospel Station of Excellence.
History
Praiseworld Radio was founded in 2012 by Tola Omoniyi, a Nigerian podcaster, hosting the Telling Bible Stories podcast.
Overview
On 9 February 2013, Nikki Laoye announce her radio show titled "Girls Rock with Nikki Laoye" to air for 2 hours, weekly. From 23 March to 27 March 2020, PraiseWorld Radio held its radio conference titled: Faith Hope Love Conference 2020.
Notable shows
Present
The Praise O’Clock Show (With. TOLA)
Past
Girls Rock with Nikki Laoye
Awards and nominations
References
Products introduced in 2012
Internet radio
Nigerian music websites
Music review websites
Nigerian news websites |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnezia%20VPN | Amnezia VPN is a free and open-source application that allows users to create a personal VPN using their own server. It uses the OpenVPN, WireGuard, Shadowsocks, IKev2 and Cloak protocols.
The setup takes place using a graphical user interface.
History
Amnezia VPN is a project by Internet activists from Russia, who are searching for solutions to resist state censorship. The first version was designed during the Demhack hackathon in 2020, held by digital human rights activists from Roskomsvoboda.
AmneziaFree
AmneziaFree is a Telegram bot for free access to blocked media and social networks websites. The developers launched AmneziaFree in March 2022, when Russian authorities started blocking media and global social platforms based on military censorship. One year after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, AmneziaFree had almost 100,000 active users.
References
Virtual private networks
Free security software
Free server software
Free proxy servers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20E.%20Caspersen | Danish computer scientist Michael Edelgaard Caspersen (born in 1960 in Svenborg, Denmark) has spent his academic life furthering computer science education, at all levels. His research interests are computing education, programming didactics, programming methodology, and object-oriented programming. He is best known for his work on computing education research and development, particularly his work to promote informatics as a fundamental discipline for all.
Michael has developed novel pedagogical approaches to teaching programming and program development, and his consistent and thorough use of hypothesis testing during his research
has set a standard for the field. He was one of the first to use cognitive load theory in this research.
Michael has served pivotal roles in developing informatics education in Danish high schools and, by personal invitation of the Minister of Education, at the primary and lower secondary levels. He also has provided leadership within the ACM and on various groups in Europe to improve computing/informatics education throughout Europe.
Education
Michael was born in Svendborg, Denmark. He went to Nordre Skole for primary and lower secondary school and to Svendborg Statsgymnasium for upper secondary school. He earned an M.Sc. in computer science from Aarhus University.
At Aarhus University, Michael was exposed to world-class computing education; new ideas of programming methodology developed by Dijkstra found their way into the first-year course, as did relational algebra and the semantics of programs. This educational experience had a profound impact on Michael's perspective on computing and devotion to computer science education, leading to his PhD thesis.
Personal life
Michael E. Caspersen is married to Susanne Caspersen; they have two children, Christina and Christopher, and four grandchildren, Filippa, Lucca, Asta, and Petra.
Leadership roles: Education in Computer Science / Informatics
Michael has been a major force for improvin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price%20of%20anarchy%20in%20congestion%20games | The Price of Anarchy (PoA) is a concept in game theory and mechanism design that measures how the social welfare of a system degrades due to selfish behavior of its agents. It has been studied extensively in various contexts, particularly in congestion games (CG).
Example
The inefficiency of congestion games was first illustrated by Pigou in 1920, using the following simple congestion game. Suppose there are two roads that lead from point A to point B:
Road 1 is wide but slow. Using this road, it takes 1 minute to get from A to B, regardless of how many drivers use it.
Road 2 is fast but narrow, so it becomes congested and slower as more drivers use it. If x drivers use the road, it takes them x/1000 minutes to get from A to B.
Suppose there are 1000 drivers who need to go from A to B. Each driver wants to minimize his own delay, but the government would like to minimize the total delay (the sum of delays of all drivers).
First, let us compute the minimum possible delay. Suppose x drivers go to road 2 and 1000 − x go to road 1. Then, the total delay is x2/1000+(1000 − x). This is minimized when x ≈ 500, that is, 500 drivers go to road 2 and the other 500 to road 1; the total delay is 500×1/2 + 500×1 ≈ 750 minutes.
For every single driver, the delay is always smaller when driving through road 2, as x/1000 < 1. This means that choosing road 2 is a dominant strategy. So in "anarchy" (that is, without central planning), all drivers choose road 2, their delay is 1 minute, and the total delay is 1000 minutes. The problem is that each agent minimizes his own delay, but ignores the cost imposed by his own actions on the delay of others; there is a negative externality which leads to an inefficient outcome.
In this example, selfish routing leads to a total delay that is 4/3 times higher than the optimum, so the price of anarchy is 4/3. In general, the price of anarchy may differ based on the type of congestion game, the structure of the network, and the delay funct |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukaleba%20Central%20Forest%20Reserve | Bukaleba Central Forest Reserve is located in Mayuge District and 120 km east of Kampala. It was first gazetted in 1932 as forest reserve.
Setting and structure
Bukaleba Central Forest Reserve covers four villages of Nakalanga, Bukaleba, Walumbe, and Namugongo and lies in the Chiefdom of Bunya in Mayuge District. It covers an area of 97 square kilometers with an altitudinal range of 1158m to 1334m.
The government introduced the Bukaleba Forest Project in 2012 that focused on reafforestation using pine, eucalyptus and Maesoposis Eminii tree species and is to last for 42 years.
In 2019, the government of Uganda degazetted some parts of this forest reserve to settle the landless residents of Mayuge district with help of National Environmental Management Authority alongside National Forestry Authority and the Lands Ministry.
Conservation
Bukaleba Central Forest Reserve is protected by National Forestry Authority afforestation and reforestation project with the general goal being able to contribute to the mitigation of climate change.
This forest reserve was known for Prunas Africana tree species for herbal medicine, buffalos, monkeys, leopards and 47 bird species.
Challenges
This forest reserve has experienced a number of small to medium-sized fires, extreme climatic conditions such as drought. The forest reserve is facing a problem of charcoal burning activities by the locals as confirmed by environmental officials.
References
Mayuge District
Forest reserves of Uganda
Forests in culture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-trading%20hamster | The Crypto-trading hamster, also known as Mr Goxx, was a hamster and economic experiment that was used to randomly select Cryptocurrencies to buy or sell, on a trading platform. The hamster would spin a wheel that would select from a range of Cryptocurrencies, and then, using the same method, would select what action to do with them. The hamster passed away on 26 November 2021.
Origin
The Hamster, was owned by a German student, who together with his friend coded the system and linked it to a real Cryptocurrency portfolio on an online trading platform. The pair, also created a Twitter and Twitch account for the hamster where the latest news and decisions where shared.
References
Cryptocurrencies
Experimental economics
Hamsters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilch%20%28company%29 | Zilch is a London-based BNPL payment platform. Co-founded in 2018 by Philip Belamant and Sean O’Connor, it was publicly launched in September 2020. As of 2023, Zilch has over 3 million users.
In April 2021 Zilch announced a valuation of over $500 million. Shortly after in July 2021, the company announced a funding deal partnership with Goldman Sachs and DMG Ventures.
In October 2021 Zilch reported an overall valuation of $2 billion, making it the fastest company in Europe to reach double unicorn status.
In April 2022 Zilch and Experian announced a partnership to begin reciprocal reporting of credit information in BNPL. Zilch extended its funding in June 2022, bringing the total amount to $193 million.
Zilch partnered with StepChange in February 2023, working to implement StepChange Direct's service directly into its platform.
References
Financial services companies based in London
Financial services companies established in 2018
British companies established in 2018 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril%20Hogarth | Cyril Alfred Hogarth (22 January 1924 – 6 November 2006) was a British physicist and chairman of South Bucks District Council. A pioneer in the field of oxide semiconductors, he was a professor, head of the physics department, and administrator at Brunel University London, where he worked for 31 years.
Early life and education
Hogarth was born in 1924, and grew up in Tottenham, north London. He was educated at Tottenham County School. Hogarth earned a degree from the University of London.
In 1948, he received a PhD from Queen Mary University of London, studying with Professor J. P. Andrews. That year, Hogarth's theoretical solution for determining the dependence of thermoelectric power of cadmium oxide on ambient oxygen pressure was published in Nature and in Philosophical Magazine. He later received a doctor of science degree in 1977.
Career
From 1943 to 1946, Hogarth worked on naval radar and countermeasures in the UK, Canada, the US and the Arctic. After earning his PhD, he lectured at Chelsea College of Science and Technology and the University of Reading, before spending some years at the Royal Radar Establishment.
Hogarth was "closely involved" in the founding of Brunel University London from 1958, its first professor of physics, head of its physics department, and its pro vice-chancellor for a year in 1980.
In 1969, Hogarth was elected as vice-president of the Institute of Physics and the Physical Society.
Hogarth retired from Brunel University in 1989, but continued his research and published articles regularly through the mid-1990s. In 1990 and 1991 alone, he published 17 and 13 articles, respectively, in the Journal of Materials Science. In addition to semiconductors, his research focused on materials and their properties.
Personal life and death
In 1951, Cyril married Dr Audrey Hogarth (1926 – 2010), who had a doctorate in dairy bacteriology from Reading University. The Hogarths lived in Gerrards Cross, where Audrey served as a magistrate for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational%20design%20domain | Operational design domain (ODD) is a term for a set of operating conditions for an automated system, often used in the field of autonomous vehicles. These operating conditions include environmental, geographical and time of day constraints, traffic and roadway characteristics. The ODD is used by manufacturers to indicate where their product will operate safely.
The concept of ODD indicates that autonomated systems have limitations and that they should operate within predefined restrictions to ensure safety and performance. Defining an ODD is important for developers and regulators to establish clear expectations and communicate the intended operating conditions of automated systems.
Beyond self-driving cars, ODD is also used for autonomous ships, autonomous trains, agricultural robots, and other robots.
ODD definition by standards
Structure of ODD
A report by US Department of Transportation subdivides an ODD description into six top-level categories and further immediate subcategories. The top-level categories are the physical infrastructure, operational constraints, objects, connectivity, environemental conditions and zones. The physical infrastructure includes subcategories for roadway types, surfaces, edges and geometry. The operational constraints include subcategories for speed limits and traffic conditions. Environmental conditions include weather, illumination, and similar sub-categories. Zones include subcategories like regions, states, school areas, construction sites and similar.
Examples
In 2022, Mercedes Benz announced a product with a new ODD, which is Level 3 autonomous driving at 130 km/h.
See also
Scenario (vehicular automation)
References
Vehicular automation
Robotics
Technical specifications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20database | A vector database management system (VDBMS) or simply vector database is a database used for storing high-dimensional vectors such as word embeddings or image embeddings. Vector databases are typically used to conduct Semantic Similarity Search useful when building product recommenders, Image/Audio/Video Similarity Search, and anomaly detection.
A vector database can be used to implement Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), in which relevant information is automatically added into the context window of a large language model.
List of vector databases
References
Machine learning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haldane%27s%20sieve | Haldane's sieve is a concept in population genetics named after the British geneticist J. B. S. Haldane. It refers to the fact that dominant advantageous alleles are more likely to fix in the population than recessive alleles. Haldane's sieve is particularly relevant in situations where the effects of natural selection are strong and the beneficial mutations have a significant impact on an organism's fitness.
According to Haldane's sieve, when a new advantageous mutation arises in a population, it initially occurs as single copy (de novo mutations), borne by an heterozygous individual.
This way, genetic dominance is important to estimate the fate of new mutations, that is, if new mutations are going to fix or go extinct.
Dominant alleles are more readily exposed to directional selection since the moment they are rare, and thus they are more likely to fix as a result of a "hard sweep".
The term "sieve" in Haldane's sieve metaphorically represents this filtering effect of natural selection.
When adaptation stem from the species pool of standing genetic variation, "soft sweep", the rationale does not apply, because the allele is no longer rare in the beginning of the sweep. In fact, recessive alleles are more likely to sweep than dominant sweeps when alleles are previously maintained in the population.
Haldane's sieve has important implications for understanding the dynamics of adaptation and evolution in diploid populations. It highlights the role of natural selection in driving genetic changes in the presence of genetic dominance.
See also
Population genetics
Selective sweep
Natural selection
Adaptive evolution
References
Population genetics
Genetics concepts
Classical genetics
Selection
Evolutionary processes
Evolutionary biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostering%20%28falconry%29 | Fostering, in falconry and reintroduction of birds, is a method of breeding birds for their introduction into the wild that consists of placing chicks in the nest of a couple that has others of a similar age and size. Sometimes it can also be used when the chicks have already left the nest but continue to be fed by their parents.
This method can be used in those species that do not have siblicide behaviors and that are capable of carrying out this adoption without rejecting the new chicks. In addition, the parents must have previously been assessed to find out if they are capable of feeding more chicks.
See also
Cross-fostering
Hack (falconry)
Hand-rearing
Human-guided migration
Puppet-rearing
References
Falconry
Animal reintroduction
Conservation biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppet-rearing | Puppet-rearing is a method of breeding birds in captivity for their reintroduction into the wild that consists of feeding chicks with puppets that simulate adults of their species to avoid direct contact with humans.
Through imprinting, birds associate the first care images with their parents. In artificial incubation of eggs or orphaned chicks it is necessary to feed them by hand as long as they cannot do it themselves. For this reason, puppets are used to guarantee that the birds can be released later, having generated links with their own species and remaining distrustful of the human being.
See also
Artificial incubation
Cross-fostering
Fostering (falconry)
Hack (falconry)
Hand-rearing
Human-guided migration
Falconry
References
Falconry
Animal reintroduction
Conservation biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-invertible%20symmetry | In physics, a non-invertible symmetry is a symmetry of a quantum field theory that is not described by a group, and which in particular does not have an inverse.
Non-invertible symmetries were first studied in 2-dimensional conformal field theory, where fusion categories govern the fusion rules, rather than a group.
References
External links
"A New Kind of Symmetry Shakes Up Physics" by Kevin Hartnett, Quanta Magazine
"Non-Invertible Symmetries and their Representations", video lecture by Sahand Seifnashri at Institute for Advanced Study
Quantum field theory
Quantum mechanics
Mathematical physics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic%20mimetic%20cells | Thymic mimetic cells are a heterogeneous population of cells located in the thymus that exhibit phenotypes of a wide variety of differentiated peripheral cells. They arise from medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and also function in negative selection of self-reactive T cells.
History
Some subsets of these cells were observed as early as the mid-1800s because of their distinct, seemingly misplaced, phenotype. The most readily observed subsets were those accumulating and forming microscopic structures, most notably Hassall's corpuscles resembling skin keratinocytes. Many subsets with a more dispersed distribution were found later. Substantial progress has been made in recent years owing to the rapid development of single cell sequencing methods, such as scRNA-seq or scATAC-seq.
Diversity
Although thymic mimetic cells exhibit transcriptional programmes of cells from other tissues, they are not identical to them and share a part of their gene expression with mTECs from which they arise. The entire range of phenotypes as well as the pathways that lead to them are still in need of further research. A recent review recognizes (based on expression of lineage specific transcription factors and cell products) the following subtypes: Basal (skin/lung) mTEC, Enterocyte/hepatocyte mTEC, Ciliated mTEC, Ionocyte mTEC, Keratinocyte mTEC, Microfold mTEC, Muscle mTEC, Neuroendocrine mTEC, Parathyroid mTEC, Secretory mTEC, Thyroid mTEC, Tuft mTEC.
Function
Since its discovery in 2001, AIRE (Autoimmune regulator) has been the main focus of studies of thymic (central) immune tolerance. AIRE induces the expression of many antigens specific to differentiated cells not found in the thymus (termed peripheral tissue antigens or tissue restricted antigens) thus helping to detect and remove T cells that react with these antigens. The mechanism of AIRE is complicated and there are reasons to believe that it is not the sole mechanism of TRA (tissue restricted antigen) expression. A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov%20operator | In probability theory and ergodic theory, a Markov operator is an operator on a certain function space that conserves the mass (the so-called Markov property). If the underlying measurable space is topologically sufficiently rich enough, then the Markov operator admits a kernel representation. Markov operators can be linear or non-linear. Closely related to Markov operators is the Markov semigroup.
The definition of Markov operators is not entirely consistent in the literature. Markov operators are named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov.
Definitions
Markov operator
Let be a measurable space and a set of real, measurable functions .
A linear operator on is a Markov operator if the following is true
maps bounded, measurable function on bounded, measurable functions.
Let be the constant function , then holds. (conservation of mass / Markov property)
If then . (conservation of positivity)
Alternative definitions
Some authors define the operators on the Lp spaces as and replace the first condition (bounded, measurable functions on such) with the property
Markov semigroup
Let be a family of Markov operators defined on the set of bounded, measurables function on . Then is a Markov semigroup when the following is true
.
for all .
There exist a σ-finite measure on that is invariant under , that means for all bounded, positive and measurable functions and every the following holds
.
Dual semigroup
Each Markov semigroup induces a dual semigroup through
If is invariant under then .
Infinitesimal generator of the semigroup
Let be a family of bounded, linear Markov operators on the Hilbert space , where is an invariant measure. The infinitesimale generator of the Markov semigroup is defined as
and the domain is the -space of all such functions where this limit exists and is in again.
The carré du champ operator measuers how far is from being a derivation.
Kernel representation of a Markov operator
A Markov operator |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20Ecosystems | Urban Ecosystems is an peer-reviewed bimonthly transformative international scientific journal published by Springer.
The journal is interdisciplinary, with its articles covering relationships "between socioeconomic and ecological structures and processes in urban environments." Associated with the Society for Urban Ecology, the journal was established in 1997. Additionally, the journal undergoes a hybrid publishing method.
See also
Landscape and Urban Planning
References
Academic journals established in 1997
Bimonthly journals
Ecosystems
English-language journals
Hybrid open access journals
Systems ecology
Urban studies and planning journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20English%20Lexicon | Jewish English Lexicon (JEL) is an online dictionary of the language spoken by Jewish English speakers, encompassesing a varied assortment of terms that originate from ancient and modern Hebrew, Aramaic, Yiddish, Ladino, Arabic, among other languages. The lexicon treats "Jewish English" as a Jewish dialect of English as the overall structure of English remains intact despite the numerous distinctive additions from other languages.
Overview
The Jewish English Lexicon was created by Sarah Bunin Benor, an associate professor of Jewish studies at the Los Angeles division of Hebrew Union College. Benor, a scholar of the varieties of Jewish English spoken in the United States, created the lexicon in 2012 with the support of volunteers who contribute to the growth of the lexicon's database. Benor originally formed the lexicon as a class project several years prior to its publication on the internet. The lexicon offers a variety of search tools and filters including language of origin, regions where the word is commonly used, the groups of people who tend to speak the word, and dictionaries in which the term appears.
See also
Yinglish
Yeshivish
References
Online dictionaries
Websites about Jews and Judaism
American-Jewish diaspora
Jewish libraries
American digital libraries
Jewish languages
Judeo-English languages |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four%20Core%20Genotypes%20mouse%20model | Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice are laboratory mice produced by genetic engineering that allow biomedical researchers to determine if a sex difference in phenotype is caused by effects of gonadal hormones or sex chromosome genes. The four genotypes include XX and XY mice with ovaries, and XX and XY mice with testes. The comparison of XX and XY mice with the same type of gonad reveals sex differences in phenotypes that are caused by sex chromosome genes. The comparison of mice with different gonads but the same sex chromosomes reveals sex differences in phenotypes that are caused by gonadal hormones.
Development
The FCG model was created by Paul Burgoyne and Robin Lovell-Badge at the National Institute for Medical Research, London (now Francis Crick Institute). The model involves deleting the testis-determining gene Sry from the Y chromosome, and inserting Sry onto chromosome 3. Therefore the sex chromosomes no longer determine the type of gonad, so that XX and XY mice can have the same type of gonad and gonadal hormones.
Significance
The FCG model has been used to discover that the XX and XY animals respond differently in models of human physiology and disease, including autoimmunity, metabolism, cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and neural and behavioral processes. These findings imply that some sex chromosome genes may protect from disease, rationalizing the search for therapies that enhance such protective factors.
References
date=June 2023
Genetic engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosymbiosis | Photosymbiosis is a type of symbiosis where one of the organisms is capable of photosynthesis.
Examples
Examples of photosymbiotic relationships include those in lichens, plankton, and many marine organisms including coral, giant clams, and jellyfish.
Significance
Photosymbiosis is important in the development, maintenance, and evolution of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, for example through supporting soil formation, soil stabilization, and coral reef growth and maintenance.
Photosymbiotic relationships where microalgae live within a heterotrophic host organism, is believed to have led to eukaryotes acquiring photosynthesis and the evolution of plants.
References
Photosynthesis
Symbiosis
Ecology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics%20of%20the%20Hebrew%20Bible | Statistics of the Hebrew Bible is the counting of verses, words, and letters in the Bible which has been known since the days of the Talmud (around the 3rd century). Later in the Masora period (between the 5th and 10th centuries), counting words and letters was one of the basic acts that were done to create a uniform version of the Bible and to safeguard it from disruptions. In the Babylonian Talmud, it is said that the families of the dead "scribes" in the Bible were named after a male working in counting the letters and words in the Torah. In Judaism, some regard the practice of counting letters and words as a mitzvah and a virtue.
According to the current version, the Hebrew Bible has approximately 22,864 verses, 306,757 Hebrew words, and 1,202,972 Hebrew letters. Out of these, there are 5,845 verses, 79,980 Hebrew words, and 304,805 letters in five Torah pentagrams. Various statistics of the Hebrew Bible have been published in Jewish literature over the generations.
References
Statistics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal%20circles | In geometry, two circles are said to be orthogonal if their respective tangent lines at the points of intersection are perpendicular (meet at a right angle).
A straight line through a circle's center is orthogonal to it, and if straight lines are also considered as a kind of generalized circles, for instance in inversive geometry, then an orthogonal pair of lines or line and circle are orthogonal generalized circles.
In the conformal disk model of the hyperbolic plane, every geodesic is an arc of a generalized circle orthogonal to the circle of ideal points bounding the disk.
See also
Radical axis
Power center (geometry)
Apollonian circles
Bipolar coordinates
References
Circles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise%20Extender | IBM Enterprise Extender (EE) is a standard internet transport protocol for IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) High Performance Routing traffic over IP. Enterprise Extender is analogous to, but independent of, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). EE and TCP traffic can be carried over the same connections.
Enterprise extender was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force and the APPN Implementers' Workshop, and standardized in 1997 in Internet RFC 2352.
Enterprise Extender traffic is transmitted as UDP datagrams. It is integrated with Systems Network Architecture in z/OS systems, and implemented in software, such as IBM Personal Communications of Windows (PCOM), or hardware such as Cisco routers with the SNA Switching Services feature (SNASw), in remote systems.
References
External Links
RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks
Enterprise Extender: Concepts and Considerations SHARE 2012 Winter Technical Conference Session 10821
Network software
Transport layer protocols
Systems Network Architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Germain%27s%20identity | In mathematics, Sophie Germain's identity is a polynomial factorization named after Sophie Germain stating that
Beyond its use in elementary algebra, it can also be used in number theory to factorize integers of the special form , and it frequently forms the basis of problems in mathematics competitions.
History
Although the identity has been attributed to Sophie Germain, it does not appear in her works. Instead, in her works one can find the related identity
Modifying this equation by multiplying by gives
a difference of two squares, from which Germain's identity follows. The inaccurate attribution of this identity to Germain was made by Leonard Eugene Dickson in his History of the Theory of Numbers, which also stated (equally inaccurately) that it could be found in a letter from Leonhard Euler to Christian Goldbach.
The identity can be proven simply by multiplying the two terms of the factorization together, and verifying that their product equals the right hand side of the equality. A proof without words is also possible based on multiple applications of the Pythagorean theorem.
Applications to integer factorization
One consequence of Germain's identity is that the numbers of the form
cannot be prime for . (For , the result is the prime number 5.) They are obviously not prime if is even, and if is odd they have a factorization given by the identity with and . These numbers (starting with ) form the integer sequence
Many of the appearances of Sophie Germain's identity in mathematics competitions come from this corollary of it.
Another special case of the identity with and
can be used to produce the factorization
where is the fourth cyclotomic polynomial. As with the cyclotomic polynomials more generally, is an irreducible polynomial, so this factorization of infinitely many of its values cannot be extended to a factorization of as a polynomial, making this an example of an aurifeuillean factorization.
Generalization
Germain's identity has been |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procom%20Technology | Procom Technology, Inc., was an American computer storage products manufacturer based in Orange County, California, and active from 1987 to 2005. The company initially produced a wide range of standalone magnetic and optical data storage products for the IBM PC and compatibles and the Macintosh before honing in on platform-agnostic network-attached storage (NAS) products. Toward the end of their existence, they were most well known for their CD Tower series of CD-based NAS devices. The company's intellectual property was acquired by Sun Microsystems in 2005 for $50 million.
History
Procom Technology was founded by Alex Razm'joo, Nick Shahrestany, Frank Alaghband, and Alex Aydin, in Irvine, California, in 1987. All four founders were Iranian-born immigrants who had worked various computer industry jobs while studying at the University of California, Irvine. Both Razm'joo and Shahrestany previously worked for CMS Enhancements, another data storage product firm based in Irvine. The four founded Procom with $40,000 in start-up capital. In August 1987, they released their first product, an external 5.25-inch floppy disk drive intended for use with IBM's new PS/2 line of personal computers, which replaced the IBM PC's 5.25-inch floppy disk format of choice with the new 3.5-inch floppy disk format, invented by Sony in 1982. The product was fairly successful, and by 1988 the company posted $2.5 million in annual revenue. In the late 1980s, the company released a family of external hard drives that combined with software for the Macintosh and IBM PC and compatibles allowed data to be stored and transferred between them. The company's revenue reached $12 million in 1989 and $18 million in 1990. In 1991, the company employed 125 from their office in Irvine and posted sales of $28 million. In 1992, the company moved its headquarters within Irvine to a larger 62,000-square-foot warehouse and shortly thereafter announced their intentions to go public. The company backed out of t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blended%20artificial%20intelligence | Blended artificial intelligence (Blended AI) refers to the blending of different artificial intelligence techniques or approaches to achieve more robust and effective solutions. It involves integrating multiple AI models, algorithms, and/or technologies to leverage their respective strengths and compensate for their weaknesses.
Background
In the context of machine learning, blended AI can involve using different types of models, such as generative AI, decision trees, neural networks, and support vector machines. By combining their results, predictions are more accurate and reliable. This blending of models can be done through techniques like ensemble learning, where multiple models are trained independently and their predictions are combined to make a final decision.
Blended AI can also involve combining different AI techniques or technologies, such as natural language processing, computer vision, and expert systems to tackle complex problems that require a multi-dimensional approach. For example, in a sales scenario AI could be used for lead generation and gathering information from social media such as LinkedIn posts, or understanding a prospect’s hobbies and interests. Another blended AI could achieve customer profiling including past interactions and purchasing habits, by them, their industry and growth areas.
Blended AI could be used to do predictive analytics to look at historical sales data, market trends, and external factors to generate accurate sales forecasts. This method is highly important to gauge and increase "efficiency, revenue and productivity". Lastly, another could integrate all the information into the CRM to build and maintain better prospect and customer profiles. The goal of blended AI is to leverage the strengths of different AI techniques and technologies, allowing them to complement each other and create more powerful and comprehensive AI solutions. By combining multiple approaches, blended AI aims to achieve better performance, hi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misty%20of%20Chincoteague%20%28horse%29 | Misty of Chincoteague (20 July 1946 – 16 October 1972) was a palomino pinto Chincoteague Pony mare, made famous by the children's novel Misty of Chincoteague by pony book author Marguerite Henry, who also owned Misty.
History
Misty of Chincoteague was foaled on 20 July 1946 at Beebe Ranch on Chincoteague Island, Virginia, United States. Her sire was the chestnut pinto stallion Pied Piper, and her dam was the smoky black pinto mare Phantom. Both of her parents were Chincoteague ponies. Misty grew to be a palomino pinto with a marking on her left side, resembling a map of the United States, and a blaze shaped like the state of Virginia. She bred by Clarence Beebe and Ida Beebe, the owners of Beebe Ranch.
Shortly after Misty's birth in 1946, famed children's book and pony book author Marguerite Henry visited Chincoteague Island for the annual Pony Penning and auction, looking for a story for her next book. While staying on the island, Henry met the Beebes, as well as Phantom and her foal, Misty. Henry offered to buy Misty, with the aim of using the foal as the model for her next pony book cover, but the Beebes refused. Eventually, the Beebes relented, and sold Misty to Henry after Henry promised that she would include their grandchildren, Maureen and Paul Beebe, in her next book. Henry purchased Misty for $150. Misty arrived at Henry's residence at Mole Meadow in Wayne, Illinois on November 18, 1946.
Misty stayed with Henry for over a decade, making appearances at schools, movie theaters, museums, libraries, and horse shows to promote Henry's 1947 children's book, Misty of Chincoteague. Henry kept Misty with Friday, a Morgan horse that Henry used as her personal mount; and Jiggs, a donkey who also served as the cover model for Henry's 1953 children's novel, Brighty of the Grand Canyon. Misty was trained to both ride under saddle and to perform tricks, such as standing on a stool and "shaking hands", which she became famous for. Misty was the only equine member of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delandistrogene%20moxeparvovec | Delandistrogene moxeparvovec, sold under the brand name Elevidys, is a recombinant gene therapy used for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It is designed to deliver into the body a gene that leads to production of Elevidys micro-dystrophin that contains selected domains of the dystrophin protein present in normal muscle cells. It is an adeno-associated virus vector-based gene therapy that is given by injection into a vein.
The most commonly reported side effects include vomiting, nausea, acute liver injury, pyrexia (fever), and thrombocytopenia (abnormally low platelet count in the blood).
Delandistrogene moxeparvovec was approved for medical use in the United States in June 2023. It was developed by Sarepta Therapeutics and is manufactured by Catalent.
Medical uses
Delandistrogene moxeparvovec is indicated for the treatment of ambulatory children aged four through five years of age with Duchenne muscular dystrophy with a confirmed mutation in the DMD gene.
Delandistrogene moxeparvovec is designed to deliver into the body a gene that leads to production of Elevidys micro-dystrophin, a shortened protein (138 kDa, compared to the 427 kDa dystrophin protein of normal muscle cells) that contains selected domains of the dystrophin protein present in normal muscle cells. FDA states that the conditional approval is based on detection of successful gene expression; evidence of clinical improvement is still pending.
History
The accelerated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of delandistrogene moxeparvovec was based on data from a randomized clinical trial that established that delandistrogene moxeparvovec increased the expression of the Elevidys micro-dystrophin protein observed in delandistrogene moxeparvovec-treated individuals aged four to five years with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Society and culture
Economics
Initial pricing was announced at for a single treatment which is expected to last lifetime.
References
External links
Bi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleene%20equality | Kleene equality, strong equality () is an equality operator on partial functions, that states that on a given argument either both functions are undefined, or both are defined and their values on that arguments are equal.
For example, if we have partial functions and , means that for every :
and are both defined and
or and are both undefined.
References
Computability theory
Equivalence (mathematics) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosteroid | A protosteroid or primordial fat is a lipid precursor, which can be transformed during subsequent biochemical reactions and finally become steroid. The protosteroids are biomarkers that are produced by ancient eukaryotes belonged to the microorganisms in the protosterol biota. The intermediate compounds created by these eukaryotes while making crown sterol molecules.
For the first time, the German biochemist and Nobel laureate Konrad Emil Bloch thought that instead of today's sterols, earlier life forms could have used chemical intermediates in their cells. He called these intermediates protosteroids. Later researchers synthesized protosteroids called lanosterol, cycloartenol, and 24-methylene cycloartenol. Then researchers from the Australian National University and the University of Bremen found protosteroids in rocks that formed 1.6 billion years ago in the Barney Creek Formation in Northern Australia. The researchers also found derivatives that matched the pattern produced by 24-methylene cycloartenol in 1.3-billion-year-old rocks.
References
Precambrian fossils
Fossils of Australia
Lipids
Biomarkers
Sterols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting%20boss | Lifting bosses or handling bosses are protrusions intentionally left on stones by masons to facilitate maneuvering the blocks with ropes and levers.
They are an important feature of ancient and classical construction, and were often not cut away, despite having fulfilled their purpose. Sometimes this was the result of a cost-saving measure or a construction halt. Other times bosses were left as a stylistic element, and even if dressed back, a remnant of them was kept to make their existence obvious.
See also
Boss (architecture)
Bossage
References
Further reading
Stonemasonry
Construction
Architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexell%27s%20theorem | In spherical geometry, Lexell's theorem holds that every spherical triangle with the same surface area on a fixed base has its apex on a small circle, called Lexell's circle or Lexell's locus, passing through two points antipodal to the two base vertices.
The theorem is named for Anders Johan Lexell, who presented a paper about it (published 1784) including both a trigonometric proof and a geometric one. Lexell's colleague Leonhard Euler wrote another pair of proofs in 1778 (published 1797), and a variety of proofs have been written since by Adrien-Marie Legendre (1800), Jakob Steiner (1827), Carl Friedrich Gauss (1841), Paul Serret (1855), and Joseph-Émile Barbier (1864), among others.
The theorem is the analog of propositions 37 and 39 in Book I of Euclid's Elements, which prove that every planar triangle with the same area on a fixed base has its apex on a straight line parallel to the base. An analogous theorem can also be proven for hyperbolic triangles, for which the apex lies on a hypercycle.
Statement
Given a fixed base an arc of a great circle on a sphere, and two apex points and on the same side of great circle Lexell's theorem holds that the surface area of the spherical triangle is equal to that of if and only if lies on the small-circle arc where and are the points antipodal to and respectively.
As one analog of the planar formula for the area of a triangle, the spherical excess of spherical triangle can be computed in terms of the base (the angular length of arc and "height" (the angular distance between the parallel small circles
In the limit for triangles much smaller than the radius of the sphere, this reduces to the planar formula.
The small circles and each intersect the great circle at an angle of
Proofs
There are several ways to prove Lexell's theorem, each illuminating a different aspect of the relationships involved.
Isosceles triangles
The main idea in Lexell's geometric proof – also adopted by Eugène Cat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato%20processing%20industry | The potato processing industry or potato processing market refers to the sector involved in transforming potatoes into various food products and by-products through different manufacturing processes. This industry plays a crucial role in meeting the global demand for potato-based foods, such as potato chips, french fries, mashed potatoes, and dehydrated potato products. The potato processing industry encompasses various activities, including cleaning, peeling, cutting, blanching, frying, freezing, and packaging. With its significant economic impact and contribution to the food industry, the potato processing industry serves as a vital link between potato growers, manufacturers, and consumers worldwide.
History
The origins of potato processing can be traced back to ancient times before Columbus arrived in the Americas. During this prehistoric period, people used drying techniques to preserve potatoes, reduce their size, and create flour and alcoholic beverages. As the potato became a widely consumed crop worldwide, processing methods were developed for various purposes. Initially, these methods were focused on providing sustenance for sailors and soldiers, but later expanded to meet the needs of aviation, convenience, and indulgence.
Frozen potatoes
Frozen potatoes have been among the biggest types of processed potatoes which are consumed. This is due to the convenience they offer in terms of preparation time and flexibility. They have a long shelf life and the vitamins and other nutrients are preserved in them. Frozen potatoes, as well as the different products, are obtained by processing fresh potatoes with advanced equipment at very low temperatures. They are also available in different forms, such as hash brown, French fries, shapes and mashed potatoes and also in the form of topped or stuffed potatoes and other forms. The products are consumed either in fast-food restaurants or by individual customers who buy them in retail stores.
The Netherlands and Belgi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing%20automation%20in%20email%20campaigns | Marketing automation in email campaigns refers to a numerous methods implemented in marketing for segmenting, targeting, scheduling, automating, and tracking of marketing messages.
Overview
Marketing automation in email campaigns primarily involves the use of software or web-based services to execute, manage, and automate marketing tasks and processes. Automation methods are extensively used to replace manual and repetitive tasks where possible and to implement more personalized approaches for interactions.
Features and components
Segmentation
Processing large marketing data requires segmentation. This means dividing the email list into smaller, more targeted groups based on various criteria such as demographics, psychographics, past purchases, and behavioral data.
Triggered emails
For example, when a customer signs up for a newsletter, makes a purchase, or abandons a shopping cart, an automated email can be sent in response to this trigger.
Personalization
Personalization allows businesses to tailor their email content to each recipient. This could involve customizing the greeting or delivering personalized product recommendations based on previous purchases or browsing history.
Scheduling
Automated emails can be scheduled to be sent at optimal times based on data like when recipients are most likely to open and read emails. This increases the chance of engagement and interaction.
Analytics and Reporting
Most email marketing automation tools provide detailed analytics and reporting features. This enables marketers to measure the performance of their email campaigns and make data-driven decisions to improve future campaigns.
See also
Email marketing
Digital marketing
Marketing automation
References
Digital marketing
Email
Spamming
Automation software
Marketing software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User%20agent | On the Web, a user agent is a software agent capable of and responsible for retrieving and facilitating end user interaction with Web content. This includes all common web browsers, such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Safari, some email clients, standalone download managers like youtube-dl, other command-line utilities like cURL, and arguably headless services that power part of a larger application, such as a web crawler.
The user agent plays the role of the client in a client–server system. The HTTP User-Agent header is intended to clearly identify the agent to the server. However, this header can be omitted or spoofed, so some websites use other agent detection methods.
See also
User-Agent header
References
External links
User agent at Mozilla web docs
Clients (computing) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20variable | In formal reasoning, in particular in mathematical logic, computer algebra, and automated theorem proving, a fresh variable is a variable that did not occur in the context considered so far.
The concept is often used without explanation.
Example
For example, in term rewriting, before applying a rule to a given term , each variable in should be replaced by a fresh one to avoid clashes with variables occurring in .
Given the rule
and the term
,
attempting to find a matching substitution of the rule's left-hand side, , within will fail, since cannot match .
However, if the rule is replaced by a fresh copy
before, matching will succeed with the answer substitution .
Notes
References
Rewriting systems
Automated theorem proving
Computer algebra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor%20Lake | Meteor Lake is Intel's codename for the first-generation of Intel Core Ultra mobile processors, to be released to the market on December 14, 2023.
Description
According to Intel Technology Roadmaps and Milestones published on February 17, 2022, Meteor Lake will be built on the Intel 4 process. Meteor Lake will feature XPU (Intel's device abstraction for CPU, GPU, FPGA and other accelerators) enhancements with integrated AI and a tiled GPU architecture that, according to Intel, should deliver discrete graphics-level performance. These statements were later confirmed on May 23, 2023 with additional details that emphasized Intel's collaboration with Microsoft on support of the new processor in Windows 11.
Intel will use three different technological processes dies in the Meteor Lake series processors. Chips on this microarchitecture are manufactured using the Intel 4 process. Part of the production is planned to be handled by TSMC. The Intel multi-chip module design uses Intel Foveros packaging technology.
On June 15, 2023, Intel announced that beginning with Meteor Lake it will use new branding for the Intel Core Processors:
Letter i dropped from tiering (e.g. Intel Core 5 processor);
New processor numbering (the preferred method is to put the processor number after the word "processor", such as Intel Core 5 processor ##xx).
In this announcement, Intel mentioned that Meteor Lake will be exclusively mobile architecture for laptops, and processors on this architecture will be referred to as Core Ultra, while regular Core (desktops) will be on the Raptor Lake Refresh architecture.
Features
A completely new disaggregated MCM architecture with four distinct tiles: compute (CPU), graphics, SoC and IO.
CPU
Cores
Up to 6 Redwood Cove performance cores (P-core)
Up to 8 Crestmont efficient cores (E-core)
2 low power Crestmont E-cores part of the system-on-chip tile
GPU
Xe-LPG Graphics Architecture
Up to 128 Execution Units
8K 10-bit AV1 hardware encoder
I/ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams%20in%20analytical%20psychology | Dream psychology is a scientific research field in psychology. In analytical psychology, as in psychoanalysis generally, dreams are "the royal road" to understanding unconscious content.
However, for Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, its interpretation and function in the psyche differ from the Freudian perspective. Jung explains that "the general function of dreams is to try to re-establish our psychological equilibrium by means of dream material which, in a subtle way, reconstitutes the total equilibrium of our entire psyche. This is what [he] calls the complementary (or compensatory) function of dreams in our psychic constitution". In this sense, dreams play a part in the development of the personality, at the same time as linking the subject to the vast imaginary reservoir that is the collective unconscious. According to analyst Thomas B. Kirsch, "Jung regards the dream as a natural and normal psychic phenomenon, which describes the dreamer's inner situation [and makes it a] spontaneous self-portrait, in symbolic form, of the present state of his unconscious".
Jung and his followers, such as Marie Louise von Franz (for whom dreams are "the voice of human instinct") and James Hillman, made a significant contribution to the science of dreams. Carl Gustav Jung proposed a dual reading of the dream in terms of object and subject, while representing the dream as a dramatic process with phases that shed light on its meaning, always individual but also reducible to cultural and universal issues. His method of interpretation, "amplification", allows us to compare dream messages with myths and cultural productions from all eras. Marie Louise von Franz has studied dream symbols, while James Hillman is more interested in what this other world represents for the dreamer.
As a nocturnal theater of symbols, dreams are for Jung a natural production of the unconscious, as well as the locus of personality transformation and the path to what Jung calls "individuation". The dream i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloopkundig%20Laboratorium | The (Hydraulic Research Laboratory) was an independent Dutch scientific institute specialising in hydraulics and hydraulic engineering. The laboratory was established in Delft from 1927, moving to a new location in the city in 1973. The institute later became known as WL | Delft Hydraulics. In 2008, the laboratory was incorporated into the international nonprofit Deltares institute.
Purpose
The Hydraulic Laboratory was classified by the Dutch Government as a (Major Technological Institute) and was tasked with acquiring, generating, and disseminating knowledge on hydraulics and hydraulic engineering.
The laboratory conducted research into the causes of changes in the course of rivers, estuaries, and coasts, and the possible influences on them due to hydraulic engineering activities, along with a range of studies on topics such as dredging, wave action and coastal morphodynamics. The laboratory played a significant advisory role in the conception, design, and implementation of the Zuiderzee Works and the Delta Works, along with several international projects.
History
The laboratory was established in 1927 by Rijkswaterstaat, under the directorship of Professor ir. J.Th. Thijsse (1893-1984). It was initially located in the basement of the Civil Engineering Department building at Delft University of Technology.
Thijsse's role on the Zuiderzee State Commission had introduced him to hydrodynamic model research, an innovative approach to understanding the dynamics of water. In 1927, both Rijkswaterstaat and Delft University of Technology began incorporating this research methodology, prompting the establishment of the laboratory.
The impetus for the formation of the laboratory began in the 1920s, and lay in the design of the sluices for the Afsluitdijk, a significant project requiring extensive research and experimentation. The task was initially assigned to Professor Theodor Rehbock at the (river construction laboratory) at the Technical University of Karlsruhe, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclassified%20Bradyrhizobium | Unclassified Bradyrhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative Alphaproteobacteria that has not been classified into a specific Bradyrhizobium species.
Unclassified bacteria in the soil
There is a large diversity of bacteria in the soil. Research has shown that there can be between 2000 and 18000 prokaryotic genomes in 1 gram of fresh soil.
Soil microbiological communities are affected by many natural factors, such as humidity, temperature, light, atmospheric pressure and acidity of soil. Stress in the soil environment, often caused by extreme hydrological events such as flooding, changes the functional and structural biodiversity of soil bacteria.
Due to the many factors resulting in complicated changes to the bacteria in the soil, the tools used to describe microbial communities such as next generation sequencing and advances in bioinformatics analysis currently can only provide enough information to group bacteria into a certain genera, but not more specific than that.
Validated publications
There are a total of 70 validly published species of Bradyrhizobium under the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP), the majority equipped with the function of fixing nitrogen.
References
Nitrobacteraceae
Enigmatic bacteria taxa
Undescribed species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%20is%203 | Pi is 3 is a misunderstanding that the Japanese public believed that, due to the revision of the Japanese Curriculum guideline in 2002, the approximate value of pi (π), which had previously been taught as 3.14, is now taught as 3 in arithmetic education. In fact, this is not true, and even after the revision, the approximate value of pi is still taught as 3.14.
In the Japanese Curriculum guideline published in December 1998 and implemented in 2002, regulations such as the limitation on the number of digits for decimal multiplication were changed. Although the new regulations did not change the fact that pi was to be calculated using "3.14," they added the statement that "3 is used for the purpose."
At that time, many people believed elementary school students were forced to hand calculate pi as "3", and believed that is a typical example of the negative effects of a relaxed education. This misunderstanding was not easily resolved.
Overview
In the fall of 1999, a major cram school company launched a major campaign with advertisements that read "The formula for finding the area of a circle: radius x radius x 3!", "Calculate the quadrature of a circle with pi as approximately 3 instead of 3.14."
The mass media also picked up on this issue, and it became widely wrong recognized in society that "as a result of the relaxed education system, pi is now taught as 3.
As a criticism of the decline in scholastic achievement and the relaxed education system, "Pi is 3" was widely covered in weekly and monthly magazines and other mathematics-related journals.
Details
"Use 3 if fits your purpose" guideline
The Japanese Curriculum guideline was started as a guide only, but at some point, they came to be considered legally binding. In addition to this, there was also a so-called "restrictive provision" that "has to teach without excesses or deficiencies of what the guidelines say." This statement was carried over to the 1998 revision (implemented in 2002 for elementary scho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Configuron | A configuron is an elementary configurational excitation in an amorphous material which involves breaking of a chemical bond. Coined by scientists C.A. Angell and K.J. Rao, this concept often involves the breaking and reforming of a chemical bond.
These configurational excitations, or configurons, serve as a crucial aspect of understanding the dynamic behaviors of amorphous materials. Essentially, these are the fundamental building blocks that dictate the arrangements of atoms or molecules within these substances.
Understanding configurons can open avenues in various fields, such as materials science and electronics, by allowing more precise manipulation of amorphous materials' properties.
See Also
Quasiparticle
Amorphous solid
Condensed matter physics
Configuration interaction
References
Condensed matter physics
Materials science
Quasiparticles
Amorphous solids |
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