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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant | A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e., bind) dyes on fabrics. It does this by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue preparations. Although mordants are still used, es... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version%207%20Unix | Version 7 Unix, also called Seventh Edition Unix, Version 7 or just V7, was an important early release of the Unix operating system. V7, released in 1979, was the last Bell Laboratories release to see widespread distribution before the commercialization of Unix by AT&T Corporation in the early 1980s. V7 was originall... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers%20and%20Typesetting | Computers and Typesetting is a 5-volume set of books by Donald Knuth published in 1986 describing the TeX and Metafont systems for digital typography. Knuth's computers and typesetting project was the result of his frustration with the lack of decent software for the typesetting of mathematical and technical documents... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4000-series%20integrated%20circuits | The 4000 series is a CMOS logic family of integrated circuits (ICs) first introduced in 1968 by RCA. It was slowly migrated into the 4000B buffered series after about 1975. It had a much wider supply voltage range than any contemporary logic family (3V to 18V recommended range for "B" series). Almost all IC manufacture... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic%20exchange%20telephone%20radio%20service | The basic exchange telephone radio service or BETRS is a fixed radio service where a multiplexed, digital radio link is used as the last segment of the local loop to provide wireless telephone service to subscribers in remote areas. BETRS technology was developed in the mid-1980s and allows up to four subscribers to us... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risch%20algorithm | In symbolic computation, the Risch algorithm is a method of indefinite integration used in some computer algebra systems to find antiderivatives. It is named after the American mathematician Robert Henry Risch, a specialist in computer algebra who developed it in 1968.
The algorithm transforms the problem of integrati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water%20hydrology | Surface-water hydrology is the sub-field of hydrology concerned with above-earth water (surface water), in contrast to groundwater hydrology that deals with water below the surface of the Earth. Its applications include rainfall and runoff, the routes that surface water takes (for example through rivers or reservoirs),... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilradical%20of%20a%20ring | In algebra, the nilradical of a commutative ring is the ideal consisting of the nilpotent elements:
It is thus the radical of the zero ideal. If the nilradical is the zero ideal, the ring is called a reduced ring. The nilradical of a commutative ring is the intersection of all prime ideals.
In the non-commutative ri... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xine | xine is a multimedia playback engine for Unix-like operating systems released under the GNU General Public License. xine is built around a shared library (xine-lib) that supports different frontend player applications. xine uses libraries from other projects such as liba52, libmpeg2, FFmpeg, libmad, FAAD2, and Ogle. x... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%20%28ring%20theory%29 | In algebra, a unit or invertible element of a ring is an invertible element for the multiplication of the ring. That is, an element of a ring is a unit if there exists in such that
where is the multiplicative identity; the element is unique for this property and is called the multiplicative inverse of . The set ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahini | Tahini () or tahina (, ) is a Middle Eastern condiment made from toasted ground hulled sesame. It is served by itself (as a dip) or as a major ingredient in hummus, baba ghanoush, and halva.
Tahini is used in the cuisines of the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean, the South Caucasus, the Balkans, South Asia, Central Asi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA%20Grand%20Challenge | The DARPA Grand Challenge is a prize competition for American autonomous vehicles, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the most prominent research organization of the United States Department of Defense. Congress has authorized DARPA to award cash prizes to further DARPA's mission to sponsor revolu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity | Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The measurement of turbidity is a key test of both water clarity and water quality.
Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particle... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut%20butter | Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground, dry-roasted peanuts. It commonly contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers. Consumed in many countries, it is the most commonly used of the nut butters, a group that also includes cashew butter and... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignments%20of%20random%20points | The study of alignments of random points in a plane seeks to discover subsets of points that occupy an approximately straight line within a larger set of points that are randomly placed in a planar region.
Studies have shown that such near-alignments occur by chance with greater frequency than one might intuitively exp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan-out | In digital electronics, the fan-out is the number of gate inputs driven by the output of another single logic gate.
In most designs, logic gates are connected to form more complex circuits. While no logic gate input can be fed by more than one output at a time without causing contention, it is common for one output to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20GS/OS | GS/OS is an operating system developed by Apple Computer for its Apple IIGS personal computer. It provides facilities for accessing the file system, controlling input/output devices, loading and running program files, and a system allowing programs to handle interrupts and signals. It uses ProDOS as its primary filing ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society%20of%20Broadcast%20Engineers | The Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE) is a professional organization for engineers in broadcast radio and television. The SBE also offers certification in various radio frequency and video and audio technology areas for its members.
Background
The organization was founded in 1964.
The society elected its first fem... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus | Scribus () is free and open-source desktop publishing (DTP) software available for most desktop operating systems. It is designed for layout, typesetting, and preparation of files for professional-quality image-setting equipment. Scribus can also create animated and interactive PDF presentations and forms. Example uses... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess%20as%20mental%20training | There are efforts to use the game of chess as a tool to aid the intellectual development of young people. Chess is significant in cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence (AI) studies, because it represents the domain in which expert performance has been most intensively studied and measured.
New York–based Ch... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch | Conch () is a common name of a number of different medium-to-large-sized sea snails. Conch shells typically have a high spire and a noticeable siphonal canal (in other words, the shell comes to a noticeable point on both ends).
In North America, a conch is often identified as a queen conch, indigenous to the waters of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelometer | A nephelometer or aerosol photometer is an instrument for measuring the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam. Particle density is then... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. ( ; ) is a Chinese multinational technology corporation headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It designs, develops, manufactures and sells telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics, smart devices and various rooftop solar products. The corporation was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengf... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20Compact%20Cassette | The Digital Compact Cassette (DCC) is a magnetic tape sound recording format introduced by Philips and Matsushita Electric in late and marketed as the successor to the standard analog Compact Cassette. It was also a direct competitor to Sony's MiniDisc (MD), but neither format toppled the then-ubiquitous analog casset... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-clocking%20signal | In telecommunications and electronics, a self-clocking signal is one that can be decoded without the need for a separate clock signal or other source of synchronization. This is usually done by including embedded synchronization information within the signal, and adding constraints on the coding of the data payload suc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20mob | A smart mob is a group whose coordination and communication abilities have been empowered by digital communication technologies. Smart mobs are particularly known for their ability to mobilize quickly.
The concept was introduced by Howard Rheingold in his 2002 book Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Rheingold def... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanism | Pythagoreanism originated in the 6th century BC, based on and around the teachings and beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans. Pythagoras established the first Pythagorean community in the ancient Greek colony of Kroton, in modern Calabria (Italy). Early Pythagorean communities spread throughout... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleusis%20%28card%20game%29 | Eleusis is a shedding-type card game where one player chooses a secret rule to determine which cards can be played on top of others, and the other players attempt to determine the rule using inductive logic.
The game was invented by Robert Abbott in 1956, and was first published by Martin Gardner in his Mathematical G... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-adic%20analysis | In mathematics, p-adic analysis is a branch of number theory that deals with the mathematical analysis of functions of p-adic numbers.
The theory of complex-valued numerical functions on the p-adic numbers is part of the theory of locally compact groups. The usual meaning taken for p-adic analysis is the theory of p-a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization | Renormalization is a collection of techniques in quantum field theory, statistical field theory, and the theory of self-similar geometric structures, that are used to treat infinities arising in calculated quantities by altering values of these quantities to compensate for effects of their self-interactions. But even i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renormalization%20group | In theoretical physics, the term renormalization group (RG) refers to a formal apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different scales. In particle physics, it reflects the changes in the underlying force laws (codified in a quantum field theory) as the energy ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon%20emission%20computed%20tomography | Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT, or less commonly, SPET) is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera (that is, scintigraphy), but is able to provide true 3D information. This information i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadleirian%20Professor%20of%20Pure%20Mathematics | The Sadleirian Professorship of Pure Mathematics, originally spelled in the statutes and for the first two professors as Sadlerian, is a professorship in pure mathematics within the DPMMS at the University of Cambridge. It was founded on a bequest from Lady Mary Sadleir for lectureships "for the full and clear explicat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-circuit%20emulation | In-circuit emulation (ICE) is the use of a hardware device or in-circuit emulator used to debug the software of an embedded system. It operates by using a processor with the additional ability to support debugging operations, as well as to carry out the main function of the system. Particularly for older systems, with ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatou%27s%20lemma | In mathematics, Fatou's lemma establishes an inequality relating the Lebesgue integral of the limit inferior of a sequence of functions to the limit inferior of integrals of these functions. The lemma is named after Pierre Fatou.
Fatou's lemma can be used to prove the Fatou–Lebesgue theorem and Lebesgue's dominated c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary%20of%20field%20theory | Field theory is the branch of mathematics in which fields are studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject. (See field theory (physics) for the unrelated field theories in physics.)
Definition of a field
A field is a commutative ring in which and every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse. In a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR%20linked%20list | An XOR linked list is a type of data structure used in computer programming. It takes advantage of the bitwise XOR operation to decrease storage requirements for doubly linked lists.
Description
An ordinary doubly linked list stores addresses of the previous and next list items in each list node, requiring two addres... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command%E2%80%93query%20separation | Command-query separation (CQS) is a principle of imperative computer programming. It was devised by Bertrand Meyer as part of his pioneering work on the Eiffel programming language.
It states that every method should either be a command that performs an action, or a query that returns data to the caller, but not both.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%20Meyer | Bertrand Meyer (; ; born 21 November 1950) is a French academic, author, and consultant in the field of computer languages. He created the Eiffel programming language and the idea of design by contract.
Education and academic career
Meyer received a master's degree in engineering from the École Polytechnique in Paris,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARK%20%28programming%20language%29 | SPARK is a formally defined computer programming language based on the Ada programming language, intended for the development of high integrity software used in systems where predictable and highly reliable operation is essential. It facilitates the development of applications that demand safety, security, or business ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction%20to%20gauge%20theory | A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. The word gauge means a measurement, a thickness, an in-between distance (as in railroad tracks), or a resulting number of units per certain parameter (a number of loops in an inch of fabric or a number of lead balls in a pound of ammunition). Modern theories describe physi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminorm | In mathematics, particularly in functional analysis, a seminorm is a vector space norm that need not be positive definite. Seminorms are intimately connected with convex sets: every seminorm is the Minkowski functional of some absorbing disk and, conversely, the Minkowski functional of any such set is a seminorm.
A t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic | Stochastic (; ) refers to the property of being well-described by a random probability distribution. Although stochasticity and randomness are distinct in that the former refers to a modeling approach and the latter refers to phenomena themselves, these two terms are often used synonymously. Furthermore, in probability... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologist%27s%20sine%20curve | In the branch of mathematics known as topology, the topologist's sine curve or Warsaw sine curve is a topological space with several interesting properties that make it an important textbook example.
It can be defined as the graph of the function sin(1/x) on the half-open interval (0, 1], together with the origin, und... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial%20game%20theory | Combinatorial game theory is a branch of mathematics and theoretical computer science that typically studies sequential games with perfect information. Study has been largely confined to two-player games that have a position that the players take turns changing in defined ways or moves to achieve a defined winning cond... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive%20closure | In mathematics, the transitive closure of a homogeneous binary relation on a set is the smallest relation on that contains and is transitive. For finite sets, "smallest" can be taken in its usual sense, of having the fewest related pairs; for infinite sets is the unique minimal transitive superset of .
For examp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission%20spectrum | The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the spectrum of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation emitted due to electrons making a transition from a high energy state to a lower energy state. The photon energy of the emitted photons is equal to the energy difference between the two states. T... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube%20root | In mathematics, a cube root of a number is a number such that . All nonzero real numbers have exactly one real cube root and a pair of complex conjugate cube roots, and all nonzero complex numbers have three distinct complex cube roots. For example, the real cube root of , denoted , is , because , while the other c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20vector%20space | In mathematics, a symplectic vector space is a vector space V over a field F (for example the real numbers R) equipped with a symplectic bilinear form.
A symplectic bilinear form is a mapping that is
Bilinear Linear in each argument separately;
Alternating holds for all ; and
Non-degenerate for all implies that... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback | Biofeedback is the technique of gaining greater awareness of many physiological functions of one's own body by using electronic or other instruments, and with a goal of being able to manipulate the body's systems at will. Humans conduct biofeedback naturally all the time, at varied levels of consciousness and intention... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name%20your%20own%20price | Name your own price (NYOP) is a pricing strategy under which buyers make a suggestion for a product’s price (unlike the traditional way where sellers quote a certain price) and the transaction occurs only if a seller accepts this quoted price. What happens is that the seller waits for a potential buyer's offer and can ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene%20terephthalate | Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video%20game%20remake | A video game remake is a video game closely adapted from an earlier title, usually for the purpose of modernizing a game with updated graphics for newer hardware and gameplay for contemporary audiences. Typically, a remake of such game software shares essentially the same title, fundamental gameplay concepts, and core ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator | An actuator is a component of a machine that produces force, torque, or displacement, usually in a controlled way, when an electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic input is supplied to it in a system (called an actuating system). An actuator converts such an input signal into the required form of mechanical energy. It is a t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX512 | DMX512 is a standard for digital communication networks that are commonly used to control lighting and effects. It was originally intended as a standardized method for controlling stage lighting dimmers, which, prior to DMX512, had employed various incompatible proprietary protocols. It quickly became the primary met... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium%20chloride | Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula NH4Cl and a white crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. In its naturally occurring mineralogic form, it is known as sal ammoniac. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac%20OS%20X%20Panther | Mac OS X Panther (version 10.3) is the fourth major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system. It followed Mac OS X Jaguar and preceded Mac OS X Tiger. It was released on October 24, 2003, with the retail price of US$129 for a single user and US$199 for a five user, family license.
The main feature... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA%20SecurID | RSA SecurID, formerly referred to as SecurID, is a mechanism developed by RSA for performing two-factor authentication for a user to a network resource.
Description
The RSA SecurID authentication mechanism consists of a "token"—either hardware (e.g. a key fob) or software (a soft token)—which is assigned to a comput... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20electron%20emission | Field electron emission, also known as field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field. The most common context is field emission from a solid surface into a vacuum. However, field emission can take place from solid or liquid surfaces, into a vacuum, a fluid (... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-panel%20display | A flat-panel display (FPD) is an electronic display used to display visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment.
Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade T... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a character is (most commonly) a special kind of function from a group to a field (such as the complex numbers). There are at least two distinct, but overlapping meanings. Other uses of the word "character" are almost always qualified.
Multiplicative character
A multiplicative character (or linear cha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2A-algebra | In mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a *-algebra (or involutive algebra) is a mathematical structure consisting of two involutive rings and , where is commutative and has the structure of an associative algebra over . Involutive algebras generalize the idea of a number system equipped with conj... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilinear%20map | In mathematics, a function between two complex vector spaces is said to be antilinear or conjugate-linear if
hold for all vectors and every complex number where denotes the complex conjugate of
Antilinear maps stand in contrast to linear maps, which are additive maps that are homogeneous rather than conjugate ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, an involution, involutory function, or self-inverse function is a function that is its own inverse,
for all in the domain of . Equivalently, applying twice produces the original value.
General properties
Any involution is a bijection.
The identity map is a trivial example of an involution. Exam... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Alembert%20operator | In special relativity, electromagnetism and wave theory, the d'Alembert operator (denoted by a box: ), also called the d'Alembertian, wave operator, box operator or sometimes quabla operator (cf. nabla symbol) is the Laplace operator of Minkowski space. The operator is named after French mathematician and physicist Jea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%20convention | In physics, a sign convention is a choice of the physical significance of signs (plus or minus) for a set of quantities, in a case where the choice of sign is arbitrary. "Arbitrary" here means that the same physical system can be correctly described using different choices for the signs, as long as one set of definitio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20paper | Graph paper, coordinate paper, grid paper, or squared paper is writing paper that is printed with fine lines making up a regular grid. The lines are often used as guides for plotting graphs of functions or experimental data and drawing curves. It is commonly found in mathematics and engineering education settings and i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift-to-drag%20ratio | In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio (or L/D ratio) is the lift generated by an aerodynamic body such as an aerofoil or aircraft, divided by the aerodynamic drag caused by moving through air. It describes the aerodynamic efficiency under given flight conditions. The L/D ratio for any given body will vary according t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddington%E2%80%93Finkelstein%20coordinates | In general relativity, Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are a pair of coordinate systems for a Schwarzschild geometry (e.g. a spherically symmetric black hole) which are adapted to radial null geodesics. Null geodesics are the worldlines of photons; radial ones are those that are moving directly towards or away from ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavr%20Savr | Flavr Savr (also known as CGN-89564-2; pronounced "flavor saver"), a genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. It was developed by the Californian company Calgene in the 1980s. The tomato has an improved shelf-life, increased... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUnet | GNUnet is a software framework for decentralized, peer-to-peer networking and an official GNU package. The framework offers link encryption, peer discovery, resource allocation, communication over many transports (such as TCP, UDP, HTTP, HTTPS, WLAN and Bluetooth) and various basic peer-to-peer algorithms for routing, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a subset of a given set is closed under an operation of the larger set if performing that operation on members of the subset always produces a member of that subset. For example, the natural numbers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: is not a natural number, although both 1 and 2 are... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph%20number | In mathematics, particularly in set theory, the aleph numbers are a sequence of numbers used to represent the cardinality (or size) of infinite sets that can be well-ordered. They were introduced by the mathematician Georg Cantor and are named after the symbol he used to denote them, the Hebrew letter aleph ().
The ca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensionality | In logic, extensionality, or extensional equality, refers to principles that judge objects to be equal if they have the same external properties. It stands in contrast to the concept of intensionality, which is concerned with whether the internal definitions of objects are the same.
Example
Consider the two functions... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20size%20%28cryptography%29 | In modern cryptography, symmetric key ciphers are generally divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on a fixed length string of bits. The length of this bit string is the block size. Both the input (plaintext) and output (ciphertext) are the same length; the output cannot be shorter than th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connect%20Four | Connect Four (also known as Connect 4, Four Up, Plot Four, Find Four, Captain's Mistress, Four in a Row, Drop Four, and Gravitrips in the Soviet Union) is a game in which the players choose a color and then take turns dropping colored tokens into a six-row, seven-column vertically suspended grid. The pieces fall strai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetization%20of%20analysis | The arithmetization of analysis was a research program in the foundations of mathematics carried out in the second half of the 19th century.
History
Kronecker originally introduced the term arithmetization of analysis, by which he meant its constructivization in the context of the natural numbers (see quotation at bot... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20%28cryptography%29 | Fish (sometimes capitalised as FISH) was the UK's GC&CS Bletchley Park codename for any of several German teleprinter stream ciphers used during World War II. Enciphered teleprinter traffic was used between German High Command and Army Group commanders in the field, so its intelligence value (Ultra) was of the highest... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20assembler | A molecular assembler, as defined by K. Eric Drexler, is a "proposed device able to guide chemical reactions by positioning reactive molecules with atomic precision". A molecular assembler is a kind of molecular machine. Some biological molecules such as ribosomes fit this definition. This is because they receive ins... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DragonFly%20BSD | DragonFly BSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system forked from FreeBSD 4.8. Matthew Dillon, an Amiga developer in the late 1980s and early 1990s and FreeBSD developer between 1994 and 2003, began working on DragonFly BSD in June 2003 and announced it on the FreeBSD mailing lists on 16 July 2003.
Dillon... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable | In physics, an observable is a physical property or physical quantity that can be measured. Examples include position and momentum. In systems governed by classical mechanics, it is a real-valued "function" on the set of all possible system states. In quantum physics, it is an operator, or gauge, where the property of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson%20bracket | In mathematics and classical mechanics, the Poisson bracket is an important binary operation in Hamiltonian mechanics, playing a central role in Hamilton's equations of motion, which govern the time evolution of a Hamiltonian dynamical system. The Poisson bracket also distinguishes a certain class of coordinate transfo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi%20identity | In mathematics, the Jacobi identity is a property of a binary operation that describes how the order of evaluation, the placement of parentheses in a multiple product, affects the result of the operation. By contrast, for operations with the associative property, any order of evaluation gives the same result (parenthes... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons%20form | In mathematics, the Chern–Simons forms are certain secondary characteristic classes. The theory is named for Shiing-Shen Chern and James Harris Simons, co-authors of a 1974 paper entitled "Characteristic Forms and Geometric Invariants," from which the theory arose.
Definition
Given a manifold and a Lie algebra valued ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlock | An airlock is a compartment which permits passage between environments of differing atmospheric pressure or composition while minimizing the mixing of environments or change in pressure in the adjoining spaces. "Airlock" is sometimes written as air-lock or air lock, or abbreviated to just lock.
An airlock consists of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative%20property | In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Most familiar as the name of the property that says something like or , the property can also be used in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20Co-op | Code Co-op is the peer-to-peer revision control system made by Reliable Software.
Distinguishing features
Code Co-op is a distributed revision control system of the replicated type.
It uses peer-to-peer architecture to share projects among developers and to control changes to files. Instead of using a centralized dat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20derivative | In differential geometry, the Lie derivative ( ), named after Sophus Lie by Władysław Ślebodziński, evaluates the change of a tensor field (including scalar functions, vector fields and one-forms), along the flow defined by another vector field. This change is coordinate invariant and therefore the Lie derivative is de... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indentation%20style | In computer programming, an indentation style is a convention governing the indentation of blocks of code to convey program structure. This article largely addresses the free-form languages, such as C and its descendants, but can be (and often is) applied to most other programming languages (especially those in the cur... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20System/38 | The System/38 is a discontinued minicomputer and midrange computer manufactured and sold by
IBM. The system was announced in 1978. The System/38 has 48-bit addressing, which was unique for the time, and a novel integrated database system. It was oriented toward a multi-user system environment. At the time, the typical ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20strobe%20encoding | Data strobe encoding (or D/S encoding) is an encoding scheme for transmitting data in digital circuits.
It uses two signal lines (e.g. wires in a cable or traces on a printed circuit board), Data and Strobe. These have the property that either Data or Strobe changes its logical value in one clock cycle, but never both.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Bull%20Flugtag | Red Bull Flugtag (, 'airshow' ) is an event organized by Red Bull in which competitors attempt to fly home-made, human-powered flying machines, size-limited to around and weight-limited to approximately . The flying machines are usually launched off a pier about high into the sea or body of water. Most competitors en... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20forum | An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people can hold conversations in the form of posted messages. They differ from chat rooms in that messages are often longer than one line of text, and are at least temporarily archived. Also, depending on the access level of a user or the forum set... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20World | People's World, official successor to the Daily Worker, is a Marxist-Leninst and American leftist national daily online news publication. Founded by activists, socialists, communists, and those active in the labor movement in the early 1900s, the current publication is a result of a merger between the Daily World and t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-correlation%20matrix | The cross-correlation matrix of two random vectors is a matrix containing as elements the cross-correlations of all pairs of elements of the random vectors. The cross-correlation matrix is used in various digital signal processing algorithms.
Definition
For two random vectors and , each containing random elements who... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%20Beckmann | Petr Beckmann (November 13, 1924 – August 3, 1993) was a professor of electrical engineering who became a well-known advocate of libertarianism and nuclear power. Later in his life he disputed Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and other accepted theories in modern physics.
Biography
In 1939, when Beckmann was 14,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Lagrange%20equation | In the calculus of variations and classical mechanics, the Euler–Lagrange equations are a system of second-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions are stationary points of the given action functional. The equations were discovered in the 1750s by Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler and Italian mathematicia... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email%20address | An email address identifies an email box to which messages are delivered. While early messaging systems used a variety of formats for addressing, today, email addresses follow a set of specific rules originally standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in the 1980s, and updated by . The term email addr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source%20lines%20of%20code | Source lines of code (SLOC), also known as lines of code (LOC), is a software metric used to measure the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in the text of the program's source code. SLOC is typically used to predict the amount of effort that will be required to develop a program, as well as to e... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salammoniac | Salammoniac, also sal ammoniac or salmiac, is a rare naturally occurring mineral composed of ammonium chloride, NH4Cl. It forms colorless, white, or yellow-brown crystals in the isometric-hexoctahedral class. It has very poor cleavage and is brittle to conchoidal fracture. It is quite soft, with a Mohs hardness of 1.5 ... |
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