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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20%28software%29 | Legion is a computer software system variously classified as a distributed operating system, a peer-to-peer system, metacomputing software, and middleware. It is an object-based system designed to provide secure, transparent access to large numbers of machines, both to computational power and data.
The project was fun... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecash | Ecash was conceived by David Chaum as an anonymous cryptographic electronic money or electronic cash system in 1982. It was realized through his corporation Digicash and used as micropayment system at one US bank from 1995 to 1998.
Design
Chaum published the idea of anonymous electronic money in a 1983 paper; eCash so... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20PC | Virtual PC is an x86 emulator for PowerPC Mac hosts and a virtualization app for Microsoft Windows hosts. It was created by Connectix in 1997 and acquired by Microsoft in 2003. The Mac version was discontinued in 2006 following the Mac transition to Intel, while the Windows version was discontinued in 2011 in favour of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous%20process | In thermodynamics, a spontaneous process is a process which occurs without any external input to the system. A more technical definition is the time-evolution of a system in which it releases free energy and it moves to a lower, more thermodynamically stable energy state (closer to thermodynamic equilibrium). The sign ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigram | Trigrams are a special case of the n-gram, where n is 3. They are often used in natural language processing for performing statistical analysis of texts and in cryptography for control and use of ciphers and codes.
Frequency
Context is very important, varying analysis rankings and percentages are easily derived by dra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20function%20%28number%20theory%29 | In number theory, the partition function represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer . For instance, because the integer 4 has the five partitions , , , , and .
No closed-form expression for the partition function is known, but it has both asymptotic expansions that accurately approximate ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20theorem%20%28complex%20analysis%29 | In complex analysis, Liouville's theorem, named after Joseph Liouville (although the theorem was first proven by Cauchy in 1844), states that every bounded entire function must be constant. That is, every holomorphic function for which there exists a positive number such that for all is constant. Equivalently, non-... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche%20photodiode | An avalanche photodiode (APD) is a highly sensitive semiconductor photodiode detector that exploits the photoelectric effect to convert light into electricity. From a functional standpoint, they can be regarded as the semiconductor analog of photomultiplier tubes. The avalanche photodiode was invented by Japanese engi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liouville%27s%20theorem%20%28Hamiltonian%29 | In physics, Liouville's theorem, named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville, is a key theorem in classical statistical and Hamiltonian mechanics. It asserts that the phase-space distribution function is constant along the trajectories of the system—that is that the density of system points in the vicinity of... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectomorphism | In mathematics, a symplectomorphism or symplectic map is an isomorphism in the category of symplectic manifolds. In classical mechanics, a symplectomorphism represents a transformation of phase space that is volume-preserving and preserves the symplectic structure of phase space, and is called a canonical transformatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametogenesis | Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life cycle of the organism, gametogenesis occurs by meiotic division of diploid gametocytes into various gametes, or by mitosis. For exa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Birdman | The International Birdman was a series of English competitions held in the West Sussex towns of Bognor Regis, Selsey and Worthing. The competition involved human 'birdmen' attempting to fly off the end of a pier into the sea for prize money. The event began in 1971 and was held on piers in West Sussex, on the south co... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20system%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, an autonomous system or autonomous differential equation is a system of ordinary differential equations which does not explicitly depend on the independent variable. When the variable is time, they are also called time-invariant systems.
Many laws in physics, where the independent variable is usually a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20system%20%28Internet%29 | An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of connected Internet Protocol (IP) routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operators on behalf of a single administrative entity or domain, that presents a common and clearly defined routing policy to the Internet. Each AS is assigned an autonomous system num... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20total%20variance | In probability theory, the law of total variance or variance decomposition formula or conditional variance formulas or law of iterated variances also known as Eve's law, states that if and are random variables on the same probability space, and the variance of is finite, then
In language perhaps better known to sta... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillus%20niger | Aspergillus niger is a mold classified within the Nigri section of the Aspergillus genus. The Aspergillus genus consists of common molds found throughout the environment within soil and water, on vegetation, in fecal matter, on decomposing matter, and suspended in the air. Species within this genus often grow quickly a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-Yard%20Fight | is an American football sports video game that was developed and published in Japan by Irem for arcades in 1983. It was published overseas by Taito in the Americas, by Electrocoin in Europe, and by ADP Automaten GmbH in West Germany.
Gameplay
10-Yard Fight is viewed in a top-down perspective and is vertical scrolling... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20morphology | Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on graphs, surface meshes, solids, and many other spatial s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots%20per%20inch | Dots per inch (DPI, or dpi) is a measure of spatial printing, video or image scanner dot density, in particular the number of individual dots that can be placed in a line within the span of . Similarly, dots per centimetre (d/cm or dpcm) refers to the number of individual dots that can be placed within a line of .
DPI... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle%20in%20religion%20and%20mythology | There are varying beliefs about cattle in societies and religions.
Cattle are considered sacred in Indian religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, as well as in African paganism. Cattle played other major roles in many religions, including those of ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, ancient Israel, anci... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20analysis | In mathematics, the term local analysis has at least two meanings, both derived from the idea of looking at a problem relative to each prime number p first, and then later trying to integrate the information gained at each prime into a 'global' picture. These are forms of the localization approach.
Group theory
In gro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20normal%20form | In linear algebra, a Jordan normal form, also known as a Jordan canonical form (JCF),
is an upper triangular matrix of a particular form called a Jordan matrix representing a linear operator on a finite-dimensional vector space with respect to some basis. Such a matrix has each non-zero off-diagonal entry equal to 1, i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20%28physics%29 | In physics, action is a scalar quantity that describes how the energy of a physical system has changed over time (its dynamics). Action is significant because the equations of motion of a system can be derived through the principle of stationary action.
In the simple case of a single particle moving with a constant ve... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator | Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often mistakenly called power shovels, as power shovels m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20oxysporum | Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht as emended by Snyder and Hansen), an ascomycete fungus, comprises all the species, varieties and forms recognized by Wollenweber and Reinking within an infrageneric grouping called section Elegans. It is part of the family Nectriaceae.
Although their predominant role in native soils may be... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20division | In arithmetic, long division is a standard division algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit Hindu-Arabic numerals (Positional notation) that is simple enough to perform by hand. It breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps.
As in all division problems, one number, called the dividend, is divided... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum%20analyzer | A spectrum analyzer measures the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency within the full frequency range of the instrument. The primary use is to measure the power of the spectrum of known and unknown signals. The input signal that most common spectrum analyzers measure is electrical; however, spectral compositio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah-wah%20pedal | A wah-wah pedal, or simply wah pedal, is a type of electric guitar effects pedal that alters the tone and frequencies of the guitar signal to create a distinctive sound, mimicking the human voice saying the onomatopoeic name "wah-wah". The pedal sweeps the peak response of a frequency filter up and down in frequency to... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20decoder | In digital electronics, a binary decoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts binary information from the n coded inputs to a maximum of 2n unique outputs. They are used in a wide variety of applications, including instruction decoding, data multiplexing and data demultiplexing, seven segment displays, and as... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture%20%28Marvel%20Comics%29 | The Vulture is the alias of several supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of whom are depicted as recurring enemies of the superhero Spider-Man and belong to the collection of adversaries that make up his rogues gallery, typically using special suits which allow them to fly at... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block%20%28data%20storage%29 | In computing (specifically data transmission and data storage), a block, sometimes called a physical record, is a sequence of bytes or bits, usually containing some whole number of records, having a maximum length; a block size. Data thus structured are said to be blocked. The process of putting data into blocks is cal... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinGate | WinGate is an integrated multi-protocol proxy server, email server and internet gateway from Qbik New Zealand Limited in Auckland. It was first released in October 1995, and began as a re-write of SocketSet, a product that had been previously released in prototype form by Adrien de Croy.
WinGate proved popular, and b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot%20polynomial | In the mathematical field of knot theory, a knot polynomial is a knot invariant in the form of a polynomial whose coefficients encode some of the properties of a given knot.
History
The first knot polynomial, the Alexander polynomial, was introduced by James Waddell Alexander II in 1923. Other knot polynomials were no... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D%20projection | A 3D projection (or graphical projection) is a design technique used to display a three-dimensional (3D) object on a two-dimensional (2D) surface. These projections rely on visual perspective and aspect analysis to project a complex object for viewing capability on a simpler plane.
3D projections use the primary quali... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulldozer | A bulldozer or dozer (also called a crawler) is a large, motorized machine equipped with a metal blade to the front for pushing material: soil, sand, snow, rubble, or rock during construction work. It travels most commonly on continuous tracks, though specialized models riding on large off-road tires are also produced... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20concept%20analysis | In information science, formal concept analysis (FCA) is a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties. Each concept in the hierarchy represents the objects sharing some set of properties; and each sub-concept in the hierarchy represents a subset o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSTS/E | RSTS () is a multi-user time-sharing operating system developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC, now part of Hewlett-Packard) for the PDP-11 series of 16-bit minicomputers. The first version of RSTS (RSTS-11, Version 1) was implemented in 1970 by DEC software engineers that developed the TSS-8 time-sharing operat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body%20orifice | A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal.
External
In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the external body orifices are:
The nostrils, for breathing and the associated sense of smell
The mouth, for eating, drinking, breathing, and vocalizations such as speech
The ear canals, for the sen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych | A triptych ( ) is a work of art (usually a panel painting) that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works. The middle panel is typically the largest and it is flanked b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemometrics | Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial%20long%20division | In algebra, polynomial long division is an algorithm for dividing a polynomial by another polynomial of the same or lower degree, a generalized version of the familiar arithmetic technique called long division. It can be done easily by hand, because it separates an otherwise complex division problem into smaller ones. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-infinity%20methods%20in%20control%20theory | H∞ (i.e. "H-infinity") methods are used in control theory to synthesize controllers to achieve stabilization with guaranteed performance. To use H∞ methods, a control designer expresses the control problem as a mathematical optimization problem and then finds the controller that solves this optimization. H∞ technique... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel%20shifter | A barrel shifter is a digital circuit that can shift a data word by a specified number of bits without the use of any sequential logic, only pure combinational logic, i.e. it inherently provides a binary operation. It can however in theory also be used to implement unary operations, such as logical shift left, in cases... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius%20transformation | In geometry and complex analysis, a Möbius transformation of the complex plane is a rational function of the form
of one complex variable z; here the coefficients a, b, c, d are complex numbers satisfying .
Geometrically, a Möbius transformation can be obtained by first applying the inverse stereographic projection f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Trithemius | Johannes Trithemius (; 1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born Johann Heidenberg, was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist. He is considered the founder of modern cryptography (a claim shared with Leon Battista ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Developer%20%28magazine%29 | Game Developer was a magazine for video game creators, originally started in March 1994 by Miller Freeman, Inc as quarterly, later bimonthly, and finally monthly. In each issue, industry leaders and experts shared technical solutions, reviewed new game development tools, and discussed strategies for creating innovative... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic%20division | In algebra, synthetic division is a method for manually performing Euclidean division of polynomials, with less writing and fewer calculations than long division.
It is mostly taught for division by linear monic polynomials (known as Ruffini's rule), but the method can be generalized to division by any polynomial.
Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monic%20polynomial | In algebra, a monic polynomial is a non-zero univariate polynomial (that is, a polynomial in a single variable) in which the leading coefficient (the nonzero coefficient of highest degree) is equal to 1. That is to say, a monic polynomial is one that can be written as
with
Uses
Monic polynomials are widely used in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume%27s%20principle | Hume's principle or HP says that the number of Fs is equal to the number of Gs if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence (a bijection) between the Fs and the Gs. HP can be stated formally in systems of second-order logic. Hume's principle is named for the Scottish philosopher David Hume and was coined by Geor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective%20programming | In computer science, reflective programming or reflection is the ability of a process to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior.
Historical background
The earliest computers were programmed in their native assembly languages, which were inherently reflective, as these original architectures cou... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean%20prime%20ideal%20theorem | In mathematics, the Boolean prime ideal theorem states that ideals in a Boolean algebra can be extended to prime ideals. A variation of this statement for filters on sets is known as the ultrafilter lemma. Other theorems are obtained by considering different mathematical structures with appropriate notions of ideals, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert%20Kroemer | Herbert Kroemer (; born August 25, 1928) is a German-American physicist who, along with Zhores Alferov, received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for "developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics". Kroemer is professor emeritus of electrical and computer engineering at the Univer... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM%20%28operating%20system%29 | VM (often: VM/CMS) is a family of IBM virtual machine operating systems used on IBM mainframes System/370, System/390, zSeries, System z and compatible systems, including the Hercules emulator for personal computers.
The following versions are known:
Virtual Machine Facility/370
VM/370, released in 1972, is a System/... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous%20multithreading | Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with hardware multithreading. SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better use the resources provided by modern processor architectures.
Details
The term multithreading is ambiguous, because no... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal%20antibody | A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell.
Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, binding only to the same epitope (the part of an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity | Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells. Examples of toxic agents are an immune cell or some types of venom, e.g. from the puff adder (Bitis arietans) or brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa).
Cell physiology
Treating cells with the cytotoxic compound can result in a variety of cell fates. The cells ma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NorthPoint%20Communications | NorthPoint Communications Group, Inc. was a competitive local exchange carrier focused on data transmission via digital subscriber lines. The company had relationships with Microsoft, Tandy Corporation, Intel, Verio, Cable & Wireless, Frontier Corporation, Concentric Network, ICG Communications, Enron, Network Plus, an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionomics | Bionomics (Greek: bio = life; nomos = law) has two different meanings:
the first is the comprehensive study of an organism and its relation to its environment. As translated from the French word Bionomie, its first use in English was in the period of 1885–1890. Another way of expressing this word is the term currentl... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Rainier%20%28packet%20writing%29 | Mount Rainier (MRW) is a format for writable optical discs which provides the packet writing and defect management. Its goal is the replacement of the floppy disk. It is named after Mount Rainier, a volcano near Seattle, Washington, United States.
Mount Rainier can be used only with drives that explicitly support it (... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoderm | Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in the very early embryo. The other two layers are the ectoderm (outside layer) and mesoderm (middle layer). Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm.
The endoderm consists at first of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20angle | In geometry, the golden angle is the smaller of the two angles created by sectioning the circumference of a circle according to the golden ratio; that is, into two arcs such that the ratio of the length of the smaller arc to the length of the larger arc is the same as the ratio of the length of the larger arc to the fu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP-67 | CP-67 is a hypervisor, or Virtual Machine Monitor, from IBM for its System/360 Model 67 computer.
CP-67 is the control program portion of CP/CMS, a virtual machine operating system developed by IBM's Cambridge Scientific Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was a reimplementation of their earlier research system CP-... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/CMS | CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) is a discontinued time-sharing operating system of the late 1960s and early 1970s, known for its excellent performance and advanced features. Among its three versions, CP-40/CMS was an important "one-off" research system that established the CP/CMS virtual machine archi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20Tone-Coded%20Squelch%20System | In telecommunications, Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System or CTCSS is one type of in-band signaling that is used to reduce the annoyance of listening to other users on a shared two-way radio communication channel. It is sometimes referred to as tone squelch or PL for Private Line, a trademark of Motorola. It does th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed%20indicator | The airspeed indicator (ASI) or airspeed gauge is a flight instrument indicating the airspeed of an aircraft in kilometres per hour (km/h), knots (kn), miles per hour (MPH) and/or metres per second (m/s). The recommendation by ICAO is to use km/h, however knots is currently the most used unit. The ASI measures the pres... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetKernel | NetKernel is a British software company and software platform by the same name that is used for High Performance Computing, Enterprise Application Integration, and Energy Efficient Computation.
It allows developers to cleanly separate code from architecture. It can be used as an application server, embedded in a Java ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan%20game | In combinatorial game theory, a game is partisan (sometimes partizan) if it is not impartial. That is, some moves are available to one player and not to the other.
Most games are partisan. For example, in chess, only one player can move the white pieces. More strongly, when analyzed using combinatorial game theory, ma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icosian%20calculus | The icosian calculus is a non-commutative algebraic structure discovered by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1856.
In modern terms, he gave a group presentation of the icosahedral rotation group by generators and relations.
Hamilton's discovery derived from his attempts to find an algebra of "triplets... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angband%20%28video%20game%29 | Angband is a dungeon-crawling roguelike video game derived from Umoria. It is based on the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, in which Angband is the fortress of Morgoth. The current version of Angband is available for all major operating systems, including Unix, Windows, Mac OS X, and Android. It is identified as one of th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular%20error%20probable | In the military science of ballistics, circular error probable (CEP) (also circular error probability or circle of equal probability) is a measure of a weapon system's precision. It is defined as the radius of a circle, centered on the mean, whose perimeter is expected to enclose the landing points of 50% of the rounds... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gated%20community | A gated community (or walled community) is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles, and often characterized by a closed perimeter of walls and fences. Historically, cities have built defensive city walls and controlled gates t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibration | The notion of a fibration generalizes the notion of a fiber bundle and plays an important role in algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics.
Fibrations are used, for example, in Postnikov systems or obstruction theory.
In this article, all mappings are continuous mappings between topological spaces.
Formal definit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrhart%20polynomial | In mathematics, an integral polytope has an associated Ehrhart polynomial that encodes the relationship between the volume of a polytope and the number of integer points the polytope contains. The theory of Ehrhart polynomials can be seen as a higher-dimensional generalization of Pick's theorem in the Euclidean plane.
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20damage | Ecological damage may refer to:
environmental degradation
something adversely affecting ecological health
something adversely affecting ecosystem health
Ecology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization%20%28signal%20processing%29 | Quantization, in mathematics and digital signal processing, is the process of mapping input values from a large set (often a continuous set) to output values in a (countable) smaller set, often with a finite number of elements. Rounding and truncation are typical examples of quantization processes. Quantization is in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significant%20figures | Significant figures, also referred to as significant digits or sig figs, are specific digits within a number written in positional notation that carry both reliability and necessity in conveying a particular quantity. When presenting the outcome of a measurement (such as length, pressure, volume, or mass), if the numbe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quine%E2%80%93McCluskey%20algorithm | The Quine–McCluskey algorithm (QMC), also known as the method of prime implicants, is a method used for minimization of Boolean functions that was developed by Willard V. Quine in 1952 and extended by Edward J. McCluskey in 1956. As a general principle this approach had already been demonstrated by the logician Hugh Mc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20complexity | Combinatorial game theory measures game complexity in several ways:
State-space complexity (the number of legal game positions from the initial position),
Game tree size (total number of possible games),
Decision complexity (number of leaf nodes in the smallest decision tree for initial position),
Game-tree comple... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%20request%20broker | In distributed computing, an object request broker (ORB) is a concept of a middleware, which allows program calls to be made from one computer to another via a computer network, providing location transparency through remote procedure calls. ORBs promote interoperability of distributed object systems, enabling such sys... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover%20%28topology%29 | In mathematics, and more particularly in set theory, a cover (or covering) of a set is a family of subsets of whose union is all of . More formally, if is an indexed family of subsets (indexed by the set ), then is a cover of if . Thus the collection is a cover of if each element of belongs to at least one of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCPH%20Department%20of%20Mathematical%20Sciences | The UCPH Department of Mathematical Sciences () is a department under the Faculty of Science at the University of Copenhagen (UCPH). The department is based at the university's North Campus in Copenhagen.
Location
The department is located in the E building of the Hans Christian Ørsted Institute, on Universitetsparken... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibromyalgia | Fibromyalgia is a medical condition defined by the presence of chronic widespread pain, fatigue, waking unrefreshed, cognitive symptoms, lower abdominal pain or cramps, and depression. Other symptoms include insomnia and a general hypersensitivity.
The cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, but is believed to involve a com... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20Institute%20for%20Research%20in%20Computer%20Science%20and%20Automation | The National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria) () is a French national research institution focusing on computer science and applied mathematics.
It was created under the name French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (IRIA) () in 1967 at Rocquencourt near Paris, p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish%20experiment | The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant. Because of the unit conventions then in use, the gravitational constant ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Halmos | Paul Richard Halmos (; March 3, 1916 – October 2, 2006) was a Hungarian-born American mathematician and statistician who made fundamental advances in the areas of mathematical logic, probability theory, statistics, operator theory, ergodic theory, and functional analysis (in particular, Hilbert spaces). He was also rec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica%20universalis | The musica universalis (literally universal music), also called music of the spheres or harmony of the spheres, is a philosophical concept that regards proportions in the movements of celestial bodies – the Sun, Moon, and planets – as a form of music. The theory, originating in ancient Greece, was a tenet of Pythagorea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic%20space | In mathematics, hyperbolic space of dimension n is the unique simply connected, n-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant sectional curvature equal to -1. It is homogeneous, and satisfies the stronger property of being a symmetric space. There are many ways to construct it as an open subset of with an explicitly w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryophyte | The Embryophyta (), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. Embryophytes () have a common ancestor with green algae, having emerged within the Phragmoplastophyta clade of green algae as sister of the Zygnematophyceae. The Embryophyta consist of the bryophytes plus ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalcule | Animalcule (; ) is an archaic term for microscopic organisms that included bacteria, protozoans, and very small animals. The word was invented by 17th-century Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek to refer to the microorganisms he observed in rainwater.
Some better-known types of animalcule include:
Actinophrys, an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland%20spar | Iceland spar, formerly called Iceland crystal ( , ) and also called optical calcite, is a transparent variety of calcite, or crystallized calcium carbonate, originally brought from Iceland, and used in demonstrating the polarization of light.
Characteristics
Iceland spar occurs in large readily cleavable crystals, w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosimetry | Radiation dosimetry in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body. This applies both internally, due to ingested or inhaled radioactive substances, or externally due to irradiation by s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20function | In computer science and computer programming, a function f is said to be strict if, when applied to a non-terminating expression, it also fails to terminate. A strict function in the denotational semantics of programming languages is a function f where . The entity , called bottom, denotes an expression that does not ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strict%20programming%20language | A strict programming language is a programming language which employs a strict programming paradigm, allowing only strict functions (functions whose parameters must be evaluated completely before they may be called) to be defined by the user. A non-strict programming language allows the user to define non-strict functi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilament | Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin, but are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell. Microfilaments are usually about 7 nm in diameter and m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous%20%28Plan%209%29 | Rendezvous is a data synchronization mechanism in Plan 9 from Bell Labs. It is a system call that allows two processes to exchange a single datum while synchronizing.
The rendezvous call takes a tag and a value as its arguments. The tag is typically an address in memory shared by both processes. Calling rendezvous cau... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-configuration%20networking | Zero-configuration networking (zeroconf) is a set of technologies that automatically creates a usable computer network based on the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) when computers or network peripherals are interconnected. It does not require manual operator intervention or special configuration servers. Without zeroco... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20tangents | In trigonometry, the law of tangents or tangent rule is a statement about the relationship between the tangents of two angles of a triangle and the lengths of the opposing sides.
In Figure 1, , , and are the lengths of the three sides of the triangle, and , , and are the angles opposite those three respective sides.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative%20execution | Speculative execution is an optimization technique where a computer system performs some task that may not be needed. Work is done before it is known whether it is actually needed, so as to prevent a delay that would have to be incurred by doing the work after it is known that it is needed. If it turns out the work was... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon%20controlled%20rectifier | A silicon controlled rectifier or semiconductor controlled rectifier is a four-layer solid-state current-controlling device. The name "silicon controlled rectifier" is General Electric's trade name for a type of thyristor. The principle of four-layer p–n–p–n switching was developed by Moll, Tanenbaum, Goldey, and Holo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7400-series%20integrated%20circuits | The 7400 series is a popular logic family of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits (ICs).
In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the SN5400 series of logic chips, in a ceramic semiconductor package. A low-cost plastic package SN7400 series was introduced in 1966 which quickly gained over 50% of the lo... |
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