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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization%20identity | In linear algebra, a branch of mathematics, the polarization identity is any one of a family of formulas that express the inner product of two vectors in terms of the norm of a normed vector space.
If a norm arises from an inner product then the polarization identity can be used to express this inner product entirely ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/216%20%28number%29 | 216 (two hundred [and] sixteen) is the natural number following 215 and preceding 217. It is a cube, and is often called Plato's number, although it is not certain that this is the number intended by Plato.
In mathematics
216 is the cube of 6, and the sum of three cubes:
It is the smallest cube that can be represent... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name%E2%80%93value%20pair | A name–value pair, also called an attribute–value pair, key–value pair, or field–value pair, is a fundamental data representation in computing systems and applications. Designers often desire an open-ended data structure that allows for future extension without modifying existing code or data. In such situations, all o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAST%20storage%20utility | PAST is a large-scale, distributed, persistent storage system based on the Pastry peer-to-peer overlay network.
See also
Pastry (DHT) (PAST section)
External links
A. Rowstron and P. Druschel. Storage management and caching in PAST, a large-scale, persistent peer-to-peer storage utility. 18th ACM SOSP'01, Lake Loui... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity%20%28operating%20system%29 | Singularity is an experimental operating system developed by Microsoft Research between July 9, 2003, and February 7, 2015. It was designed as a high dependability OS in which the kernel, device drivers, and application software were all written in managed code. Internal security uses type safety instead of hardware me... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetch-and-add | In computer science, the fetch-and-add (FAA) CPU instruction atomically increments the contents of a memory location by a specified value.
That is, fetch-and-add performs the operation
increment the value at address by , where is a memory location and is some value, and return the original value at .
in such a way... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managed%20retreat | Managed retreat involves the purposeful, coordinated movement of people and buildings away from risks. This may involve the movement of a person, infrastructure (e.g., building or road), or community. It can occur in response to a variety of hazards such as flood, wildfire, or drought.
Politicians, insurers and reside... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globus%20Cassus | Globus Cassus is an art project and book by Swiss architect and artist Christian Waldvogel presenting a conceptual transformation of planet Earth into a much bigger, hollow, artificial world with an ecosphere on its inner surface. It was the Swiss contribution to the 2004 Venice Architecture Biennale and was awarded th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent | An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin adstringere, which means "to bind fast". Calamine lotion, witch hazel, and yerba mansa, a Californian plant, are astringents, as are the powdered leaves of the myrtle.
Astringency, the dr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20West | Joseph Thomas West III (November 22, 1939 – May 19, 2011) was an American technologist. West is notable for being the key figure in the Pulitzer Prize winning non-fiction book The Soul of a New Machine.
West began his career in computer design at RCA, after seven years at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20biotechnology | Environmental biotechnology is biotechnology that is applied to and used to study the natural environment. Environmental biotechnology could also imply that one try to harness biological process for commercial uses and exploitation. The International Society for Environmental Biotechnology defines environmental biote... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogenesis | Histogenesis is the formation of different tissues from undifferentiated cells. These cells are constituents of three primary germ layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The science of the microscopic structures of the tissues formed within histogenesis is termed histology.
Germ layers
A germ layer is a collec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional%20control | Proportional control, in engineering and process control, is a type of linear feedback control system in which a correction is applied to the controlled variable, and the size of the correction is proportional to the difference between the desired value (setpoint, SP) and the measured value (process variable, PV). Two... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer-scale%20integration | Wafer-scale integration (WSI) is a rarely used system of building very-large integrated circuit (commonly called a "chip") networks from an entire silicon wafer to produce a single "super-chip". Combining large size and reduced packaging, WSI was expected to lead to dramatically reduced costs for some systems, notably ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%20Biolympiad | The USA Biolympiad (USABO), formerly called the USA Biology Olympiad before January 1, 2020, is a national competition sponsored by the Center for Excellence in Education to select the competitors for the International Biology Olympiad. Each year, twenty National Finalists gather at a nationally recognized institution... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaslavskii%20map | The Zaslavskii map is a discrete-time dynamical system introduced by George M. Zaslavsky. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. The Zaslavskii map takes a point () in the plane and maps it to a new point:
and
where mod is the modulo operator with real arguments. The map depends on ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplan%E2%80%93Yorke%20map | The Kaplan–Yorke map is a discrete-time dynamical system. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. The Kaplan–Yorke map takes a point (xn, yn ) in the plane and maps it to a new point given by
where mod is the modulo operator with real arguments. The map depends on only the one constan... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20and%20British%20English%20spelling%20differences | Despite the various English dialects spoken from country to country and within different regions of the same country, there are only slight regional variations in English orthography, the two most notable variations being British and American spelling. Many of the differences between American and British/Commonwealth E... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hot | In digital circuits and machine learning, a one-hot is a group of bits among which the legal combinations of values are only those with a single high (1) bit and all the others low (0). A similar implementation in which all bits are '1' except one '0' is sometimes called one-cold. In statistics, dummy variables represe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20by%20exception | Coding by exception is an accidental complexity in a software system in which the program handles specific errors that arise with unique exceptions. When an issue arises in a software system, an error is raised tracing the issue back to where it was caught and then where that problem came from, if applicable. Exception... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergeometric%20function | In mathematics, the Gaussian or ordinary hypergeometric function 2F1(a,b;c;z) is a special function represented by the hypergeometric series, that includes many other special functions as specific or limiting cases. It is a solution of a second-order linear ordinary differential equation (ODE). Every second-order linea... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20room%20correction | Digital room correction (or DRC) is a process in the field of acoustics where digital filters designed to ameliorate unfavorable effects of a room's acoustics are applied to the input of a sound reproduction system. Modern room correction systems produce substantial improvements in the time domain and frequency domai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20transmitter | A television transmitter is a transmitter that is used for terrestrial (over-the-air) television broadcasting. It is an electronic device that radiates radio waves that carry a video signal representing moving images, along with a synchronized audio channel, which is received by television receivers ('televisions' or ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20transmitter | A broadcast transmitter is an electronic device which radiates radio waves modulated with information content intended to be received by the general public. Examples are a radio broadcasting transmitter which transmits audio (sound) to broadcast radio receivers (radios) owned by the public, or a television transmitte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine%20life | Marine life, sea life, or ocean life is the plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the salt water of seas or oceans, or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the planet. Marine organisms, mostly microorganisms, produce oxygen and sequester carbon. ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widlar%20current%20source | A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor, enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor values.
The Widlar circuit may be used with bipolar transistors, MOS ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20interpolation | In mathematical logic, Craig's interpolation theorem is a result about the relationship between different logical theories. Roughly stated, the theorem says that if a formula φ implies a formula ψ, and the two have at least one atomic variable symbol in common, then there is a formula ρ, called an interpolant, such tha... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void%20type | The void type, in several programming languages derived from C and Algol68, is the return type of a function that returns normally, but does not provide a result value to its caller. Usually such functions are called for their side effects, such as performing some task or writing to their output parameters. The usage ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20Locator%20Server | An Internet Locator Server (abbreviated ILS) is a server that acts as a directory for Microsoft NetMeeting clients. An ILS is not necessary within a local area network and some wide area networks in the Internet because one participant can type in the IP address of the other participant's host and call them directly. A... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet%20Storm | Packet Storm Security is an information security website offering current and historical computer security tools, exploits, and security advisories. It is operated by a group of security enthusiasts that publish new security information and offer tools for educational and testing purposes.
Overview
The site was origin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable%20polynomial | In the context of the characteristic polynomial of a differential equation or difference equation, a polynomial is said to be stable if either:
all its roots lie in the open left half-plane, or
all its roots lie in the open unit disk.
The first condition provides stability for continuous-time linear systems, and th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substructure%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematical logic, an (induced) substructure or (induced) subalgebra is a structure whose domain is a subset of that of a bigger structure, and whose functions and relations are restricted to the substructure's domain. Some examples of subalgebras are subgroups, submonoids, subrings, subfields, subalgebras of algeb... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICMG | PICMG, or PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group, is a consortium of over 140 companies. Founded in 1994, the group was originally formed to adapt PCI technology for use in high-performance telecommunications, military, and industrial computing applications, but its work has grown to include newer technologies. PI... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelf | Twelf is an implementation of the logical framework LF developed by Frank Pfenning and Carsten Schürmann at Carnegie Mellon University. It is used for logic programming and for the formalization of programming language theory.
Introduction
At its simplest, a Twelf program (called a "signature") is a collection of dec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT%201301 | The ICT 1301 and its smaller derivative ICT 1300 were early business computers from International Computers and Tabulators. Typical of mid-sized machines of the era, they used core memory, drum storage and punched cards, but they were unusual in that they were based on decimal logic instead of binary.
Description
The... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-algebra | Prealgebra is a common name for a course in middle school mathematics in the United States, usually taught in the 7th grade or 8th grade. The objective of it is to prepare students for the study of algebra. Usually, algebra is taught in the 8th and 9th grade.
As an intermediate stage after arithmetic, prealgebra helps... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific%20community%20metaphor | In computer science, the scientific community metaphor is a metaphor used to aid understanding scientific communities. The first publications on the scientific community metaphor in 1981 and 1982 involved the development of a programming language named Ether that invoked procedural plans to process goals and assertion... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGMA%20%28verification%20service%29 | SIGMA is an electronic verification service offered by Nielsen Media Research and is generally used for commercials, infomercials, video news releases, public service announcements, satellite media tours, and electronic press kits.
It operates by encoding the SIGMA encoder ID, date of encoding, and time of encoding i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20set%20theory%20topics | This page is a list of articles related to set theory.
Articles on individual set theory topics
Lists related to set theory
Glossary of set theory
List of large cardinal properties
List of properties of sets of reals
List of set identities and relations
Set theorists
Societies and organizations
Associati... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological%20soil%20crust | Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found throughout the world with varying species composition and cover depending on topography, soil characteristics, climate, plant community, microhabitats, and disturbance regimes. Biological soil... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes%20G-function | In mathematics, the Barnes G-function G(z) is a function that is an extension of superfactorials to the complex numbers. It is related to the gamma function, the K-function and the Glaisher–Kinkelin constant, and was named after mathematician Ernest William Barnes. It can be written in terms of the double gamma functio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche%20%28P2P%29 | Avalanche is the name of a proposed peer-to-peer (P2P) network created by Pablo Rodriguez and Christos Gkantsidis at Microsoft, which claims to offer improved scalability and bandwidth efficiency compared to existing P2P systems.
The proposed system works in a similar way to BitTorrent, but aims to improve some of its... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20SSEC | The IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (SSEC) was an electromechanical computer built by IBM. Its design was started in late 1944 and it operated from January 1948 to August 1952. It had many of the features of a stored-program computer, and was the first operational machine able to treat its instructions as ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20game | In game theory, a sequential game is a game where one player chooses their action before the others choose theirs. The other players must have information on the first player's choice so that the difference in time has no strategic effect. Sequential games are governed by the time axis and represented in the form of de... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward%20induction | Backward induction is the process of reasoning backwards in time, from the end of a problem or situation, to determine a sequence of optimal actions. It proceeds by examining the last point at which a decision is to be made and then identifying what action would be most optimal at that moment. Using this information, o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Voigt%20material | A Kelvin-Voigt material, also called a Voigt material, is the most simple model viscoelastic material showing typical rubbery properties. It is purely elastic on long timescales (slow deformation), but shows additional resistance to fast deformation. It is named after the British physicist and engineer Lord Kelvin and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction%20puzzles | Induction puzzles are logic puzzles, which are examples of multi-agent reasoning, where the solution evolves along with the principle of induction.
A puzzle's scenario always involves multiple players with the same reasoning capability, who go through the same reasoning steps. According to the principle of induction, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20optical%20disc%20authoring%20software | This is a list of optical disc authoring software.
Open source
Multi-platform
cdrtools, a comprehensive command line-based set of tools for creating and burning CDs, DVDs and Blu-rays
cdrkit, a fork of cdrtools by the Debian project
cdrdao, open source software for authoring and ripping of CDs in Disk-At-Once mode... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20Tauber | Alfred Tauber (5 November 1866 – 26 July 1942) was an Austrian Empire-born Austrian mathematician, known for his contribution to mathematical analysis and to the theory of functions of a complex variable: he is the eponym of an important class of theorems with applications ranging from mathematical and harmonic analysi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes%20Germanicus | The (Latin for Germanic frontier) is the name given in modern times to a line of frontier () fortifications that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Inferior, Germania Superior and Raetia, dividing the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes from the years 83 to about 260 AD. The Limes used either a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffing%20map | The Duffing map (also called as 'Holmes map') is a discrete-time dynamical system. It is an example of a dynamical system that exhibits chaotic behavior. The Duffing map takes a point (xn, yn) in the plane and maps it to a new point given by
The map depends on the two constants a and b. These are usually set to a = 2... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic%20integrator | In mathematics, a symplectic integrator (SI) is a numerical integration scheme for Hamiltonian systems. Symplectic integrators form the subclass of geometric integrators which, by definition, are canonical transformations. They are widely used in nonlinear dynamics, molecular dynamics, discrete element methods, acceler... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click-through%20rate | Click-through rate (CTR) is the ratio of clicks on a specific link to the number of times a page, email, or advertisement is shown. It is commonly used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign for a particular website, as well as the effectiveness of email campaigns.
Click-through rates for ad campaign... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Bernoulli%20beam%20theory | Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case corresponding to small deflections of a beam that is subj... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spam%20and%20Open%20Relay%20Blocking%20System | SORBS ("Spam and Open Relay Blocking System") is a list of e-mail servers suspected of sending or relaying spam (a DNS Blackhole List). It has been augmented with complementary lists that include various other classes of hosts, allowing for customized email rejection by its users.
History
The SORBS DNSbl project was ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20algae | Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice.
On sea ice in the polar oceans, ice algae communities play an important role in primary production. The timing of blooms of the algae is especially important for supporting higher t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Sapolsky | Robert Morris Sapolsky (born April 6, 1957) is an American neuroendocrinology researcher and author. He is a professor of biology, neurology, neurological sciences, and neurosurgery at Stanford University. In addition, he is a research associate at the National Museums of Kenya.
Early life and education
Sapolsky was ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial%20peptides | Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life. Fundamental differences exist between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that may represent targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antimicr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopesticide | A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seen as pests. Biological pest management intervention involves predatory, parasitic, or chemical relationships.
They are obtained from organisms including plants, bacteria and other microbes, fungi, nematodes, etc. They are ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanolichen | Cyanolichens are lichens that apart from the basic fungal component ("mycobiont"), contain cyanobacteria, otherwise known as blue-green algae, as the photosynthesizing component ("photobiont"). Overall, about a third of lichen photobionts are cyanobacteria and the other two thirds are green algae.
Some lichens contai... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticking%20probability | The sticking probability is the probability that molecules are trapped on surfaces and adsorb chemically. From Langmuir's adsorption isotherm, molecules cannot adsorb on surfaces when the adsorption sites are already occupied by other molecules, so the sticking probability can be expressed as follows:
where is the in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%20tantalate | Lithium tantalate is the inorganic compound with the formula LiTaO3. It is a white, diamagnetic, water-insoluble solid. The compound has the perovskite structure. It has optical, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric properties that make it valuable for nonlinear optics, passive infrared sensors such as motion detectors, te... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Farol%20Bar%20problem | The El Farol bar problem is a problem in game theory. Every Thursday night, a fixed population want to go have fun at the El Farol Bar, unless it's too crowded.
If less than 60% of the population go to the bar, they'll all have more fun than if they stayed home.
If more than 60% of the population go to the bar, they... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentation | In mathematics, pentation (or hyper-5) is the next hyperoperation (infinite sequence of arithmetic operations) after tetration and before hexation. It is defined as iterated (repeated) tetration (assuming right-associativity), just as tetration is iterated right-associative exponentiation. It is a binary operation defi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20chaotic%20maps | In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (namely, an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Discrete maps usually take the form of iterated functions. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems.
Chaot... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent%20map | In mathematics, the tent map with parameter μ is the real-valued function fμ defined by
the name being due to the tent-like shape of the graph of fμ. For the values of the parameter μ within 0 and 2, fμ maps the unit interval [0, 1] into itself, thus defining a discrete-time dynamical system on it (equivalently, a rec... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costas%20array | In mathematics, a Costas array can be regarded geometrically as a set of n points, each at the center of a square in an n×n square tiling such that each row or column contains only one point, and all of the n(n − 1)/2 displacement vectors between each pair of dots are distinct. This results in an ideal "thumbtack" auto... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability%20radius | In mathematics, the stability radius of an object (system, function, matrix, parameter) at a given nominal point is the radius of the largest ball, centered at the nominal point, all of whose elements satisfy pre-determined stability conditions. The picture of this intuitive notion is this:
where denotes the nomi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle%20group | In mathematics, a triangle group is a group that can be realized geometrically by sequences of reflections across the sides of a triangle. The triangle can be an ordinary Euclidean triangle, a triangle on the sphere, or a hyperbolic triangle. Each triangle group is the symmetry group of a tiling of the Euclidean plane... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNMOS | SUNMOS (Sandia/UNM Operating System) is an operating system jointly developed by Sandia National Laboratories and the Computer Science Department at the University of New Mexico. The goal of the project, started in 1991, is to develop a highly portable, yet efficient, operating system for massively parallel-distributed... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGI%20Crimson | The IRIS Crimson (code-named Diehard2) is a Silicon Graphics (SGI) computer released in 1992. It is the world's first 64-bit workstation.
Crimson is a member of Silicon Graphics's SGI IRIS 4D series of deskside systems; it is also known as the 4D/510 workstation. It is similar to other SGI IRIS 4D deskside workstation... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular%20mathematics | Popular mathematics is mathematical presentation aimed at a general audience. Sometimes this is in the form of books which require no mathematical background and in other cases it is in the form of expository articles written by professional mathematicians to reach out to others working in different areas.
Notable wor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156%20%28number%29 | 156 (one hundred [and] fifty-six) is the natural number, following 155 and preceding 157.
In mathematics
156 is an abundant number, a pronic number, a dodecagonal number, and a refactorable number.
156 is the number of graphs on 6 unlabeled nodes.
156 is a repdigit in base 5 (1111), and also in bases 25, 38, 51, 77... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heun%20function | In mathematics, the local Heun function is the solution of Heun's differential equation that is holomorphic and 1 at the singular point z = 0. The local Heun function is called a Heun function, denoted Hf, if it is also regular at z = 1, and is called a Heun polynomial, denoted Hp, if it is regular at all three fi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleoresin | Oleoresins are semi-solid extracts composed of resin and essential or fatty oil, obtained by evaporation of the solvents used for their production. The oleoresin of conifers is known as crude turpentine or gum turpentine, which consists of oil of turpentine and rosin.
Properties
In contrast to essential oils obtained... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis%20Caffarelli | Luis Ángel Caffarelli (; born December 8, 1948) is an Argentine–American mathematician. He studies partial differential equations and their applications.
Career
Caffarelli was born and grew up in Buenos Aires. He obtained his Masters of Science (1968) and Ph.D. (1972) at the University of Buenos Aires. His Ph.D. advis... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebesgue%20constant | In mathematics, the Lebesgue constants (depending on a set of nodes and of its size) give an idea of how good the interpolant of a function (at the given nodes) is in comparison with the best polynomial approximation of the function (the degree of the polynomials are fixed). The Lebesgue constant for polynomials of de... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey%20Satellite%20Technology | Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, or SSTL, is a company involved in the manufacture and operation of small satellites. A spin-off company of the University of Surrey, it is presently wholly owned by Airbus Defence and Space.
The company began out of research efforts centred upon amateur radio satellites, known by the U... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping%20lemma%20for%20regular%20languages | In the theory of formal languages, the pumping lemma for regular languages is a lemma that describes an essential property of all regular languages. Informally, it says that all sufficiently long strings in a regular language may be pumped—that is, have a middle section of the string repeated an arbitrary number of tim... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabinovich%E2%80%93Fabrikant%20equations | The Rabinovich–Fabrikant equations are a set of three coupled ordinary differential equations exhibiting chaotic behaviour for certain values of the parameters. They are named after Mikhail Rabinovich and Anatoly Fabrikant, who described them in 1979.
System description
The equations are:
where α, γ are consta... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20Card | Java Card is a software technology that allows Java-based applications (applets) to be run securely on smart cards and more generally on similar secure small memory footprint devices which are called "secure elements" (SE). Today, a Secure Element is not limited to its smart cards and other removable cryptographic toke... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-theta%20function | In mathematics, the q-theta function (or modified Jacobi theta function) is a type of q-series which is used to define elliptic hypergeometric series.
It is given by
where one takes 0 ≤ |q| < 1. It obeys the identities
It may also be expressed as:
where is the q-Pochhammer symbol.
See also
elliptic hypergeometr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixminion | Mixminion is the standard implementation of the Type III anonymous remailer protocol. Mixminion can send and receive anonymous e-mail.
Mixminion uses a mix network architecture to provide strong anonymity, and prevent eavesdroppers and other attackers from linking senders and recipients. Volunteers run servers (called... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic%20gamma%20function | In mathematics, the elliptic gamma function is a generalization of the q-gamma function, which is itself the q-analog of the ordinary gamma function. It is closely related to a function studied by , and can be expressed in terms of the triple gamma function. It is given by
It obeys several identities:
and
where θ is... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional%20growth%20delay | Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) is a term describing a temporary delay in the skeletal growth and thus height of a child with no physical abnormalities causing the delay. Short stature may be the result of a growth pattern inherited from a parent (familial) or occur for no apparent reason (idiopathic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel%20filter | In electronics and signal processing, a Bessel filter is a type of analog linear filter with a maximally flat group delay (i.e., maximally linear phase response), which preserves the wave shape of filtered signals in the passband. Bessel filters are often used in audio crossover systems.
The filter's name is a referen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing%20%28construction%29 | Framing, in construction, is the fitting together of pieces to give a structure support and shape. Framing materials are usually wood, engineered wood, or structural steel. The alternative to framed construction is generally called mass wall construction, where horizontal layers of stacked materials such as log buildin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-beam | An I-beam is any of various structural members with an or -shaped cross-section. Technical terms for similar items include H-beam (for universal column, UC), w-beam (for "wide flange"), universal beam (UB), rolled steel joist (RSJ), or double-T (especially in Polish, Bulgarian, Spanish, Italian and German). I-beams ar... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Genetic%20Diversity%3A%20Lewontin%27s%20Fallacy | "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy" is a 2003 paper by A. W. F. Edwards. He criticises an argument first made in Richard Lewontin's 1972 article "The Apportionment of Human Diversity", that the practice of dividing humanity into races is taxonomically invalid because any given individual will often have more ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93win%20game | In game theory, a win–win game (often called a win–win scenario) is a special case of a non-zero-sum game that produces a mutually beneficial outcome for two or more parties. If a win–win scenario is not achieved, the scenario becomes a lose–lose scenario by default, since all parties lose if the venture fails. It is a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitotoxin | A mitotoxin is a cytotoxic molecule targeted to specific cells by a mitogen. Generally found in snake venom. Mitotoxins are responsible for mediating cell death by interfering with protein or DNA synthesis. Some mechanisms by which mitotoxins can interfere with DNA or protein synthesis include the inactivation of ribo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-order%20cybernetics | Second-order cybernetics, also known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique. It is cybernetics where "the role of the observer is appreciated and acknowledged rather than disguised, as had become tra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold | In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point. More precisely, an -dimensional manifold, or -manifold for short, is a topological space with the property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to an open subset of -dimensional Euclidean space.
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20oxidation | In biochemistry and metabolism, beta oxidation (also β-oxidation) is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the el... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20encryption | Television encryption, often referred to as scrambling, is encryption used to control access to pay television services, usually cable, satellite, or Internet Protocol television (IPTV) services.
History
Pay television exists to make revenue from subscribers, and sometimes those subscribers do not pay. The prevention ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Pedoe | Dan Pedoe (29 October 1910, London – 27 October 1998, St Paul, Minnesota, USA) was an English-born mathematician and geometer with a career spanning more than sixty years. In the course of his life he wrote approximately fifty research and expository papers in geometry. He is also the author of various core books on ma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydra%20%28chess%29 | Hydra was a chess machine, designed by a team with Dr. Christian "Chrilly" Donninger, Dr. Ulf Lorenz, GM Christopher Lutz and Muhammad Nasir Ali. Since 2006 the development team consisted only of Donninger and Lutz. Hydra was under the patronage of the PAL Group and Sheikh Tahnoon Bin Zayed Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi. The ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batcher%20odd%E2%80%93even%20mergesort | Batcher's odd–even mergesort
is a generic construction devised by Ken Batcher for sorting networks of size O(n (log n)2) and depth O((log n)2), where n is the number of items to be sorted. Although it is not asymptotically optimal, Knuth concluded in 1998, with respect to the AKS network that "Batcher's method is much ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20dimension | In chaos theory, the correlation dimension (denoted by ν) is a measure of the dimensionality of the space occupied by a set of random points, often referred to as a type of fractal dimension.
For example, if we have a set of random points on the real number line between 0 and 1, the correlation dimension will be ν = 1... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process%20%28anatomy%29 | In anatomy, a process () is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. For instance, in a vertebra, a process may serve for muscle attachment and leverage (as in the case of the transverse and spinous processes), or to fit (forming a synovial joint), with another vertebra (as in the case of the articular p... |
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