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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series%20acceleration | In mathematics, series acceleration is one of a collection of sequence transformations for improving the rate of convergence of a series. Techniques for series acceleration are often applied in numerical analysis, where they are used to improve the speed of numerical integration. Series acceleration techniques may also be used, for example, to obtain a variety of identities on special functions. Thus, the Euler transform applied to the hypergeometric series gives some of the classic, well-known hypergeometric series identities.
Definition
Given a sequence
having a limit
an accelerated series is a second sequence
which converges faster to than the original sequence, in the sense that
If the original sequence is divergent, the sequence transformation acts as an extrapolation method to the antilimit .
The mappings from the original to the transformed series may be linear (as defined in the article sequence transformations), or non-linear. In general, the non-linear sequence transformations tend to be more powerful.
Overview
Two classical techniques for series acceleration are Euler's transformation of series and Kummer's transformation of series. A variety of much more rapidly convergent and special-case tools have been developed in the 20th century, including Richardson extrapolation, introduced by Lewis Fry Richardson in the early 20th century but also known and used by Katahiro Takebe in 1722; the Aitken delta-squared process, introduced by Alexander Aitken in 1926 but also known and used by Takakazu Seki in the 18th century; the epsilon method given by Peter Wynn in 1956; the Levin u-transform; and the Wilf-Zeilberger-Ekhad method or WZ method.
For alternating series, several powerful techniques, offering convergence rates from all the way to for a summation of terms, are described by Cohen et al.
Euler's transform
A basic example of a linear sequence transformation, offering improved convergence, is Euler's transform. It is intended to be applied t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo%27s%20Leaning%20Tower%20of%20Pisa%20experiment | Between 1589 and 1592, the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei (then professor of mathematics at the University of Pisa) is said to have dropped two spheres of the same volume but different masses from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass, according to a biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani, composed in 1654 and published in 1717. The basic premise had already been demonstrated by Italian experimenters a few decades earlier.
According to the story, Galileo discovered through this experiment that the objects fell with the same acceleration, proving his prediction true, while at the same time disproving Aristotle's theory of gravity (which states that objects fall at speed proportional to their mass). Most historians consider it to have been a thought experiment rather than a physical test.
Background
The 6th-century Byzantine Greek philosopher and Aristotelian commentator John Philoponus argued that the Aristotelian assertion that objects fall proportionately to their weight was incorrect. By 1544, according to Benedetto Varchi, the Aristotelian premise was disproven experimentally by at least two Italians. In 1551, Domingo de Soto suggested that objects in free fall accelerate uniformly. Two years later, mathematician Giambattista Benedetti questioned why two balls, one made of iron and one of wood, would fall at the same speed. All of this preceded the 1564 birth of Galileo Galilei.
Delft tower experiment
A similar experiment was conducted in Delft in the Netherlands, by the mathematician and physicist Simon Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot (the father of Hugo de Groot). The experiment is described in Stevin's 1586 book De Beghinselen der Weeghconst (The Principles of Statics), a landmark book on statics:
Let us take (as the highly educated Jan Cornets de Groot, the diligent researcher of the mysteries of Nature, and I have done) two balls of lead, the one ten times bigger and heavier than the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20medical%20graduate | An international medical graduate (IMG), earlier known as a foreign medical graduate (FMG), is a physician who has graduated from a medical school outside of the country where he or she intends to practice. The term non-local medical graduate may be similarly used in countries with distinct licensing regions within them. Generally, the medical school of graduation is one listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools (WDOM) as accredited by the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research or the World Health Organization.
Medical schools around the world vary in education standards, curricula, and evaluation methods. Many countries have their own certification program, equivalent to the ECFMG in the United States. The purpose of ECFMG Certification is to assess the readiness of international medical graduates to enter clinical specialty training programs as resident physicians and fellowship programs in the United States.
License requirements by country
The requirements to obtain a license to practice varies by country and often by state, province, or territory.
Australia
IMGs (or Overseas Trained Doctors) who wish to be licensed in Australia must apply to the Australian Medical Council (AMC) to arrange an appropriate assessment pathway. The standard pathway involves an IMG sitting a series of assessments, including an AMC MCQ Exam and an AMC clinical exam. The AMC MCQ Exam consists of 150 MCQs organized through computer adaptive scoring.
For AMC clinical exam, a candidate is required to pass 12 out of 16 cases: including one compulsory case in both gynecology and pediatrics.
IMGs who have passed the necessary exams and obtained AMC certification can then apply to Australian specialty training positions.
Australia is in the process of establishing a national registration process for all the doctors under theMedical Board of Australia.
In 2010 the Minister for Health and Ageing (Australia) launched an Inquiry process into reg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20Quality%20Index | The Life Quality Index (LQI) is a calibrated compound social indicator of human welfare that reflects the expected length of life in good health and enhancement of the quality of life through access to income. The Life Quality Index combines two primary social indicators: the expectancy of healthy life at birth, E, and the real gross domestic product per person, G, corrected for purchasing power parity as appropriate. Both are widely available and accurate statistics.
Basic concept
The three components of the Life Quality Index,L, G and q reflect three important human concerns: the duration of life in good health, the creation of wealth, and the time available to enjoy life. The available lifetime to enjoy income from wealth creation acts as a multiplying factor upon the value of that wealth. Conversely, the amount of income one has to enjoy over the lifetime acts as a multiplier on the expected duration of life.
Unlike the United Nations’ Human Development Index (HDI), the LQI is derived based on considerations of the economics of human welfare. The HDI has been used primarily to rank nations in order of human welfare (development, quality of life). In contrast to the HDI, the LQI can also serve as an objective function for optimizing risk management practices and setting national or corporate goals to guide effective allocation of society’s scarce resources for the mitigation of risks to life or health. The LQI provides an important criterion for determination of net benefit to society – or a corporate entity - for improving the overall public welfare by reducing risks to life in a cost-effective manner.
In the accounting and assessment of human development, we can view the role of individuals as the principal means, or contributors, to development as well as the ends. For example, the productivity of an individual contributes directly to the aggregate wealth creation in a society. However, the income so generated (to whomsoever it may accrue) increases the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser-assisted%20device%20alteration | Laser-assisted device alteration (LADA) is a laser-based timing analysis technique used in the failure analysis of semiconductor devices. The laser is used to temporarily alter the operating characteristics of transistors on the device.
Theory of operation
The LADA technique targets a variable power continuous wave (CW) laser at specific device transistors. The laser is typically of a short wavelength variety on the order of 1064 nm. This allows the laser to generate photo carriers in the silicon without resulting in localized heating of the device. The LADA technique is somewhat similar in execution to the Soft Defect Localization (SDL) technique, except that SDL uses a longer wavelength laser (1340 nm) in order to induce localized heating rather than generate photo carriers. Both techniques require the device to be scanned with a laser while it is under active stimulation by the tester.
The device being tested is electrically stimulated and the device output is monitored. This technique is applied to the back side of the semiconductor device, thereby allowing direct access of the laser to the device active diffusion regions. The effect of the laser on the active transistor region is to generate a localized photocurrent. This photocurrent is a temporary effect and only occurs during the time that the laser is stimulating the target region. The creation of this photocurrent alters the transistor operating parameters, which may be observed as a change in function of the device. The effect of this change in parameters may be to speed up or slow down the operation of the device. This makes LADA a suitable technique for determining critical timing paths within a semiconductor circuit.
The laser has differing effects on NMOS and PMOS transistors. In the case of NMOS, the transistor will turn on. For PMOS, however, the effect is to lower the transistor threshold voltage. The effect on the PMOS transistor becomes proportionately stronger as the laser power is increased |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicans | Communicans is a Latin word meaning "communicating". It is most commonly used in medical or biological terminology.
The rami communicans are connective spinal nerves that attach to the ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. The two branches of the nerves are termed the White ramus communicans.
The arteria comminicans are the three arteries in the brain that form the circle of Willis. Communicating artery is a synonym for this term.
The macula communicans (or zonula communicans) is a synonym for a gap junction. These are locations on the cellular membrane that lie 2–4 nm from an adjacent cell and are penetrated by a connexon.
A ductus communicans is a constriction of a swim bladder between the anterior and posterior chambers.
Medical terminology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20S.%20Croot%20III | Ernest S. Croot III is a mathematician and professor at the School of Mathematics, Georgia Institute of Technology. He is known for his solution of the Erdős–Graham conjecture, and for contributing to the solution of the cap set problem.
Education
Ernest Croot attended Centre College at Danville, Kentucky, where he received a B.S. in Mathematics and a B.S. in
Computer Science in 1994. In 2000, he completed a Ph.D. in Mathematics at the University of Georgia under the supervision of Andrew Granville. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20skimmer | An oil skimmer is a device that is designed to remove oil floating on a liquid surface from oil spills. The effectiveness of a skimmer is highly dependent on the roughness of the surrounding water that it is working on: the more choppy the surrounding wake and water, the more water the oil skimmer will take in along with the oil, rather than take in oil alone. Skimmers can be self-propelled, used from shore, or operated from vessels, with the best choice being dependent on the specifics for the job at hand. Skimmers can be pressed into use for a number of applications other than oil spills, with the correct type to use again being dependent on the nature of the intended application. Examples of possible uses include making skimmers one component of oily water treatment systems, removing oil from machine tool coolant and aqueous parts washers, and collecting fats, oils, and greases as part of wastewater treatment efforts for food manufacturing industries.
Oil skimmers are different from swimming pool sanitation skimmers, which are designed for a similar but unrelated purpose.
Oil skimmers were used to great effect to assist in the remediation of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989.
Limitation and design factors
There are many different types of oil skimmer. Each type has different design features and therefore results in different applications and use. It is important to understand the design features before employing a particular skimmer type.
Some factors to consider are:
Oil removal flow rate: Alternative Skimmer designs have different oil removal flow rates. Volume removal rates for Oleophilic skimmer types (drum, brush, disc, belt) are comparatively low. Weir type skimmers are capable of very high oil and water removal rates. ASTM F2709 standard establishes the test procedure for determining oil recovery rate (ORR).
Oil removal concentration: It is a common misconception that oil skimmers remove concentrated or pure 'oil'; when in fact they remove a mixture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saal%20Bulas%20syndrome | Saal Bulas syndrome is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that Saal Bulas syndrome, or a subtype of Saal Bulas syndrome, affects fewer than 200,000 people in the US population.
Signs and symptoms
This syndrome consists of ectrodactyly or lobster-like hands, diaphragmatic hernia and absence of the corpus callosum.
In addition to these the following problems may also be present.
abnormal alimentary tract
cardiac septal defect
low hair line in front
oligodactyly or missing fingers
respiratory distress
stillbirth/neonatal death
Diagnosis
Treatment
History
The syndrome was first described by American paediatricians Howard M. Saal and Dorothy I. Bulas in 1995. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbitel%20%28Bulgarian%20company%29 | Orbitel () is Bulgarian wireline telecommunications and Internet service provider with national licenses for voice and data. Through its national packet-switched network Orbitel provides convergent telecommunication solutions for telephony, high speed Internet and VPNs throughout Bulgaria. Orbitel also provides services such as web site hosting, domain registration, corporate e-mail and professional consultations.
Orbitel was founded in 1997 by entrepreneurs Victor Francess and Nikolai Gorchilov, who served as board members and CEOs until 2007.
Investors
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
In 2001 The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development chose Orbitel to make the first foreign investment in the Bulgarian IT sector. The company becomes one of the biggest Bulgarian Internet service providers.
Magyar Telekom
In February 2006 Orbitel became part of the leading Hungarian operator Magyar Telekom. In November 2009, Magyar Telekom decided to exit the Bulgarian alternative retail telecommunication business and focus its operations on businesses where it sees more lucrative prospects.
Spectrum Net
In November 2009 Spectrum Net, part of Alfa Finance Holding, decided to purchase the shares from Magyar Telekom.
Network
Orbitel introduced the first next generation telecommunication platform in Southeastern Europe. The company introduced the softswitch based technology for convergent voice, data and video, proven by operators such as France Telecom, Telefonica, FastWeb and Tiscali.
Orbitel's network backbone is based on MPLS technology and covers more than 35 cities, among which are all the district centers in Bulgaria and the European telecommunication center London.. Till the end of 2009 Orbitel used own national fiber network built on DWDM technology, part of long-term strategy of the company for development as a key broadband operator in Bulgaria. The backbone network of Orbitel has capacity of 10 Gbit/second and covers 23 cities in the country |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus%20campestris | Agaricus campestris is a widely eaten gilled mushroom closely related to the cultivated button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. It is commonly known as the field mushroom or, in North America, meadow mushroom.
Taxonomy
This species was originally noted and named in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus as Agaricus campestris. It was placed in the genus Psalliota by Lucien Quelet in 1872. Some variants have been isolated over the years, a few of which now have species status, for example, Agaricus bernardii Quel. (1878), Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach (1946), Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. (1887), Agaricus cappellianus Hlavacek (1987), and Agaricus silvicola (Vittad.) Peck (1872). Some were so similar they did not warrant even varietal status, while others have retained it. Agaricus campestris var. equestris (F.H.Moller) Pilat (1951) is still valid. A. campestris var. isabellinus (F.H.Moller) Pilat (1951), and A. campestris var. radicatus, are possibly still valid too.
The Latin specific epithet campestris means "of the fields". Common names given to the fungus include "meadow mushroom", "pink bottom", and "field mushroom".
An analysis of ribosomal DNA of a limited number of members of the genus showed A. campestris to be an early offshoot in the genus and sister taxon to A. cupreobrunneus.
Description
The cap is white, may have fine scales, and is in diameter; it is first hemispherical in shape before flattening out with maturity. The gills are initially pink, then red-brown and finally a dark brown, as is the spore print. The stipe is tall, 1–2 cm wide, predominantly white and bears a single thin ring. The taste is mild. The white flesh bruises a dingy reddish brown, as opposed to yellow in the poisonous Agaricus xanthodermus and similar species. The thick-walled, dark brown, elliptical spores measure 5.5–8 μm by 4–5 μm. Cheilocystidia are absent.
Similar species
Several species may be confused with Agaricus campestris. The most dangerous confusion may be with Amanita |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser%20palatine%20nerve | The lesser palatine nerves (posterior palatine nerve) are branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2). They descends through the greater palatine canal alongside the greater palatine nerve, and emerge (separately) through the lesser palatine foramen to pass posteriorward. They supply the soft palate, tonsil, and uvula.
See also
Greater palatine nerve |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20stamp%20protocol | The Time-Stamp Protocol, or TSP is a cryptographic protocol for certifying timestamps using X.509 certificates and public key infrastructure. The timestamp is the signer's assertion that a piece of electronic data existed at or before a particular time. The protocol is defined in . One application of the protocol is to show that a digital signature was issued before a point in time, for example before the corresponding certificate was revoked.
The TSP protocol is an example of trusted timestamping. It has been extended to create the ANSI ASC X9.95 Standard.
Protocol
In the protocol a Time Stamp Authority (TSA) is a trusted third party that can provide a timestamp to be associated with a hashed version of some data. It is a request-response protocol, where the request contains a hash of the data to be signed. This is sent to the TSA and the response contains a Time Stamp Token (TST) which itself includes the hash of the data, a unique serial number, a timestamp and a digital signature. The signature is generated using the private key of the TSA. The protocol can operate over a number of different transports, including email, TCP sockets or HTTP.
When presented with a TST, someone may verify that the data existed at the timestamp in the TST by verifying the signature using the public key of the TSA and that the hash of the data matches that included in the TST.
External links
IETF , official specification
IETF , ESSCertIDv2 Update for RFC 3161
Documentation for the OpenSSL ts(1) command.
OpenTSA was an open-source project to add time stamping functionalities to OpenSSL. ()
Cryptographic protocols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion%20ratio | The expansion ratio of a liquefied and cryogenic substance is the volume of a given amount of that substance in liquid form compared to the volume of the same amount of substance in gaseous form, at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure.
If a sufficient amount of liquid is vaporized within a closed container, it produces pressures that can rupture the pressure vessel. Hence the use of pressure relief valves and vent valves are important.
The expansion ratio of liquefied and cryogenic from the boiling point to ambient is:
nitrogen – 1 to 696
liquid helium – 1 to 745
argon – 1 to 842
liquid hydrogen – 1 to 850
liquid oxygen – 1 to 860
neon – Neon has the highest expansion ratio with 1 to 1445.
See also
Liquid-to-gas ratio
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
Thermal expansion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 104° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 104th meridian west forms a great circle with the 76th meridian east.
In the United States, the western boundaries of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and the eastern boundaries of Montana and Wyoming lie on the meridian 27° west of Washington, which is a couple of miles west of the meridian 104° west of Greenwich. In Colorado, the meridian 104° west of Greenwich roughly defines the eastern extent of the region of high plains protected by the Southern Rocky Mountains.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 104th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellef Ringnes Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Maclean Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Edmund Walker Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Desbarats Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Cameron Island and Île Vanier
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Byam Martin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Massey Island, Nunavut, (at ) Passing just west of Île Marc, Nunavut, (at )
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Austin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Byam Martin Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem%20auditory%20evoked%20potential | In human neuroanatomy, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs), also called brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs), are very small auditory evoked potentials in response to an auditory stimulus, which are recorded by electrodes placed on the scalp. They reflect neuronal activity in the auditory nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olive, and inferior colliculus of the brainstem. They typically have a response latency of no more than six milliseconds with an amplitude of approximately one microvolt.
Due to their small amplitude, 500 or more repetitions of the auditory stimulus are required in order to average out the random background electrical activity. Although it is possible to obtain a BAEP to a pure tone stimulus in the hearing range, a more effective auditory stimulus contains a range of frequencies in the form of a short sharp click.
Long and Allen were the first to report the abnormal BAEPs in an alcoholic woman who recovered from acquired central hypoventilation syndrome. These investigators hypothesized that their patient's brainstem was poisoned, but not destroyed, by her chronic alcoholism.
BAER testing is also recommended for dogs and white cats. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Aubin | Thierry Aubin (6 May 1942 – 21 March 2009) was a French mathematician who worked at the Centre de Mathématiques de Jussieu, and was a leading expert on Riemannian geometry
and non-linear partial differential equations. His fundamental contributions to the theory of the Yamabe equation led, in conjunction with
results of Trudinger and Schoen, to a proof of the Yamabe Conjecture: every compact Riemannian manifold
can be conformally rescaled to produce a manifold of constant scalar curvature. Along with Yau, he also showed
that Kähler manifolds with negative first Chern classes always admit Kähler–Einstein metrics, a result closely related to the Calabi conjecture. The latter result, established by Yau, provides the largest class of known examples of compact Einstein manifolds. Aubin was the first mathematician to propose the Cartan–Hadamard conjecture.
Aubin was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1979. He was elected to the Académie des sciences in 2003.
Research
In 1970, Aubin established that any closed smooth manifold of dimension larger than two has a Riemannian metric of negative scalar curvature. Furthermore, he proved that a Riemannian metric of nonnegative Ricci curvature can be deformed to positive Ricci curvature, provided that its Ricci curvature is strictly positive at one point.
In the same year, Aubin introduced an approach to the Calabi conjecture, in the field of Kähler geometry, via the calculus of variations. Later, in 1976, Aubin established the existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics on Kähler manifolds whose first Chern class is negative. Independently, Shing-Tung Yau proved the more powerful Calabi conjecture, which concerns the general problem of prescribing the Ricci curvature of a Kähler metric, via non-variational methods. As such, the existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics with negative first Chern class is often called the Aubin–Yau theorem. After learning Yau's techniques from Jerry Kazdan, Aubin found some simpli |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd%20meridian%20west | The meridian 102° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 102nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 78th meridian east.
In Canada, part of the border between the Northwest Territories and Nunavut is defined by the meridian, and part of the border between Saskatchewan and Manitoba runs about 400m west of the meridian. At the 60th parallel north, these borders form a (possible) quadripoint at the four corners of these provinces and territories. 102°W is the Second Meridian of Canada's Dominion Land Survey.
In the United States, the meridian formed the eastern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson. The eastern border of Colorado with Nebraska and Kansas lies on the 25th meridian west from Washington, which lies a couple of miles west of the 102nd meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 102nd meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Peary Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellef Ringnes Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Danish Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — King Christian Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Unnamed waterbody
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Helena Island, Nunavut, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Bathurst Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style=" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepoxilin | Hepoxilins (Hx) are a set of epoxyalcohol metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), i.e. they possess both an epoxide and an alcohol (i.e. hydroxyl) residue. HxA3, HxB3, and their non-enzymatically formed isomers are nonclassic eicosanoid derived from acid the (PUFA), arachidonic acid. A second group of less well studied hepoxilins, HxA4, HxB4, and their non-enzymatically formed isomers are nonclassical eicosanoids derived from the PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid. Recently, 14,15-HxA3 and 14,15-HxB3 have been defined as arachidonic acid derivatives that are produced by a different metabolic pathway than HxA3, HxB3, HxA4, or HxB4 and differ from the aforementioned hepoxilins in the positions of their hydroxyl and epoxide residues. Finally, hepoxilin-like products of two other PUFAs, docosahexaenoic acid and linoleic acid, have been described. All of these epoxyalcohol metabolites are at least somewhat unstable and are readily enzymatically or non-enzymatically to their corresponding trihydroxy counterparts, the trioxilins (TrX). HxA3 and HxB3, in particular, are being rapidly metabolized to TrXA3, TrXB3, and TrXC3. Hepoxilins have various biological activities in animal models and/or cultured mammalian (including human) tissues and cells. The TrX metabolites of HxA3 and HxB3 have less or no activity in most of the systems studied but in some systems retain the activity of their precursor hepoxilins. Based on these studies, it has been proposed that the hepoxilins and trioxilins function in human physiology and pathology by, for example, promoting inflammation responses and dilating arteries to regulate regional blood flow and blood pressure.
History
HxA3 and HxB3 were first identified, named, shown to have biological activity in stimulating insulin secretion in cultured rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans in Canada in 1984 by CR Pace-Asciak and JM Martin. Shortly thereafter, Pace-Asciak identified, named, and showed to have insulin secretagogue activity HxA4 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Fabiola%20Foundation%20for%20Mental%20Health | The Queen Fabiola Foundation for Mental Health is a Belgian non-profit organization, named after Queen Fabiola. It operates within the framework of the King Baudouin Foundation
The fund was founded on 10 October 2004 on World Mental Health Day. As its main objective the foundation organizes activities in the field of mental health and stimulates the exchange of ideas and good practice between the various organisations and association, which are active in this area.
Objectives
The stated objectives of the foundation are:
stress the importance of mental health in Belgian society
obtain the involvement of the users and their families in the content and organisation of mental healthcare
support the work of healthcare providers who are active in the various forms of mental healthcare
encourage the sectors and actors concerned to participate actively in the optimisation of mental health
support the reflection on the various issues of mental health
See also
Queen Elisabeth Medical Foundation
Sources
Queen Fabiola Foundation for Mental Health
External links
King Baudouin Foundation
Biomedical research foundations
Foundations based in Belgium
2004 establishments in Belgium
Organizations established in 2004
Medical and health organisations based in Belgium
King Baudouin Foundation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberjacks | Numberjacks is a British computer-animated/live-action children's television series, aimed particularly at children aged two to five, shown regularly on CBeebies and occasionally on BBC Two in the United Kingdom. It was also formerly shown on Tiny Pop until the year 2018. It is produced by Open Mind Productions for the BBC and features a mixture of computer-generated animation and live action. 67 episodes were produced. The show focuses on mathematics.
Premise
Numberjacks are a group of anthropomorphic numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Only four of them team up on a mission: Turqouise Five (a female who likes being a numberjack), Yellow Six (who is good with some tricks and jumps), Dark Blue Four (who is a smart one but not quite sure) and Pink Three (a younger one who is cheeky and funny). They go about their everyday lives inside their sofa until a call comes in from real-life child Agents, who report problems that need solving. One or two of the Numberjacks fly out on location to investigate. The Numberjacks have to work out how to put things right, and thwart the dastardly intentions of the five Meanies. After much fun, adventure and powerful thinking, the Numberjacks win the day – until next time.
Characters and voice cast
The Youngest Numberjacks
Zero (voiced by Dylan Robertson) - Zero is lime green, has blue eyes, and is the youngest out of the numbers, and does not do much at all. He is a bit special, because he can turn things into nothing, and can line up to make bigger numbers like 10 and 100. He can hardly jump at all, and often falls asleep. He can make things disappear and can make 10 together with One.
One (voiced by Dylan Robertson) - One is purple. She also has blue eyes, is nice, a bit self-centered and rather immature. She does not jump very much, and is still very much at the centre of her own universe. She is well-meaning, but sometimes the source of the problems, and she can make 10 with Zero at her side.
Two (voiced by Robert W |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulantarctica | Insulantarctica is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. It comprises scattered islands of the Southern Ocean, which show clear affinity to each other. These islands belong to different countries. Some of them constitute UNESCO's protected areas.
New Zealand Subantarctic Islands protected area (New Zealand):
Auckland Islands National Nature Reserve Ia
Campbell Islands National Nature Reserve Ia
Antipodes Islands National Nature Reserve Ia
Snares Islands National Nature Reserve Ia
Bounty Islands National Nature Reserve Ia
Auckland Islands Marine Mammal Sanctuary - Category unassigned
Territorial seas at Campbell, Antipodes, Snares and Bounty Islands - Category unassigned
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) protected area (Australia)
Macquarie Island (Australia), on World Heritage List since 1997
Kerguelen Islands protected area (France)
Tristan da Cunha Islands (United Kingdom), on World Heritage List since 1995
Prince Edward Islands protected area (South Africa)
Gough Island Wildlife Reserve (UK) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-figure | A cross-figure (also variously called cross number puzzle or figure logic) is a puzzle similar to a crossword in structure, but with entries that consist of numbers rather than words, where individual digits are entered in the blank cells. Clues may be mathematical ("the seventh prime number"), use general knowledge ("date of the Battle of Hastings") or refer to other clues ("9 down minus 3 across").
Clues
The numbers can be clued in various ways:
The clue can make it possible to find the number required directly, by using general knowledge (e.g. "Date of the Battle of Hastings") or arithmetic (e.g. "27 times 79") or other mathematical facts (e.g. "Seventh prime number")
The clue may require arithmetic to be applied to another answer or answers (e.g. "25 across times 3" or "9 down minus 3 across")
The clue may indicate possible answers but make it impossible to give the correct one without using crosslights (e.g. "A prime number")
One answer may be related to another in a non-determinate way (e.g. "A multiple of 24 down" or "5 across with its digits rearranged")
Some entries may either not be clued at all, or refer to another clue (e.g. 7 down may be clued as "See 13 down" if 13 down reads "7 down plus 5")
Entries may be grouped together for clueing purposes, e.g. "1 across, 12 across, and 17 across together contain all the digits except 0"
Some cross-figures use an algebraic type of clue, with various letters taking unknown values (e.g. "A - 2B, where neither A nor B is known in advance)
Another special type of puzzle uses a real-world situation such as a family outing and base most clues on this (e.g. "Time taken to travel from Ayville to Beetown")
Cross-figures that use mostly the first type of clue may be used for educational purposes, but most enthusiasts would agree that this clue type should be used rarely, if at all. Without this type a cross-figure may superficially seem to be impossible to solve, since no answer can apparently be filled in until |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candy%20cap | Candy cap or curry milkcap is the English-language common name for several closely related edible species of Lactarius; L. camphoratus, L. fragilis, and L. rubidus. These mushrooms are valued for their highly aromatic qualities and are used culinarily as a flavoring rather than as a constituent of a full meal.
Description and classification
Candy caps are small to medium-size mushrooms, with a pileus ranging from 2–5 cm in diameter (though L. rubidus and L. rufulus can be slightly larger), and with coloration ranging through various burnt orange to burnt orange-red to orange-brown shades. The pileus shape ranges from broadly convex in young specimens to plane to slightly depressed in older ones; lamellae are attached to subdecurrent. The entire fruiting body is quite fragile and brittle. Like all members of Lactarius, the fruiting body exudes a latex when broken, which in these species is whitish and watery in appearance, and is often compared to whey or nonfat milk. The latex may have little flavor or may be slightly sweet, but should never taste bitter or acrid. These species are particularly distinguishable by their scent, which has been variously compared to maple syrup, camphor, curry, fenugreek, burnt sugar, Malt-O-Meal, or Maggi-Würze. This scent may be quite faint in fresh specimens, but typically becomes quite strong when the fruiting body is dried.
Microscopically, they share features typical of Lactarius, including round to slightly ovular spores with distinct amyloid ornamentation and sphaerocysts that are abundant in the pileus and stipe trama, but infrequent in the lamellar trama.
The candy caps have been placed in various infrageneric groups of Lactarius depending on the author. Bon defined the candy caps and allies as making up the subsection Camphoratini of the section Olentes. Subsection Camphoratini is defined by their similarity in color, odor (with the exception of L. rostratus – see below), and by the presence of macrocystidia on their hymen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Elisabeth%20Medical%20Foundation | The Queen Elisabeth Medical Foundation (QEMF) is a Belgian non-profit organization, founded in 1926 by Elisabeth of Bavaria, wife of Albert I. She founded the organization, based on her experience with the wounded from the front-line during the First World War. The foundation wants to encourage laboratory research and contacts between researchers and clinical practitioners, with a particular focus on neurosciences. The QEMF supports seventeen university teams throughout Belgium.
See also
King Baudouin Foundation
National Fund for Scientific Research
Queen Elisabeth Music Competition
Queen Fabiola Foundation for Mental Health |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte%20Information%20Exchange | BYTE Information eXchange (BIX) was an online service created by BYTE.
History
BYTE in the October 1984 issue announced BYTEnet, "a project in computer conferencing", with 200 beta testers who received free service during the "experiment". The magazine formally announced BIX in the June 1985 issue, offering an introductory sign-up fee of $25, and evening and weekend charges of $6 per hour of connect time: the service offered direct numbers in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Boston. It was a text-only Bulletin Board System-style site running the CoSy conferencing software. BIX originally ran on an Areté multiprocessor system based on the Motorola 68000, then 68020. By June 1986 the company had more than 6000 subscribers, and the magazine printed excerpts of BIX discussions. In 1987, with 17,000 users, BIX moved to a Pyramid 9820 running DC/OSx. When the Pyramid became too expensive to run, BIX was ported to a DEC Alpha server. McGraw-Hill also used the same software internally.
BYTE staff and writers such as Jerry Pournelle were active on the service, and invitations for further discussion were printed with many articles in the magazine. Access was via local dial-in or for additional hourly charges, the Tymnet X.25 network. Monthly rates were initially $13/month for the account and $1/hour for X.25 access. Unlike CompuServe, access at higher speeds was not surcharged. Later, gateways permitted email communication outside the system. BIX was acquired by the Delphi online service in 1992.
In the mid-1990s, the Internet became more available to the masses and Usenet, mailing lists, and competing services such as CompuServe and America Online were able to offer flat-rate services, which adversely affected BIX membership levels. In the late-1990s, as the Internet became more mainstream, membership and activity plummeted forcing BIX to cut pricing to $40 per year, with no per hour connection charge by using the Internet for access.
Lower prices and full page a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20B.%20Gunn | John Battiscombe "J. B." Gunn (13 May 1928 – 2 December 2008), known as Ian or Iain, was a British physicist, who spent most of his career in the United States. He discovered the Gunn effect, which led to the invention of the Gunn diode, the first inexpensive source of microwave power that did not require vacuum tubes. He was born John Battiscombe Gunn, but only used that name in legal documents.
Early life
J. B. Gunn was born in 1928 in Cairo, Egypt, to Battiscombe "Jack" Gunn, a leading Egyptologist, and Lillian Florence (Meena) Meacham Hughes Gunn, who studied psychoanalytic technique with Sigmund Freud. In 1931 the family moved to Glen Riddle, Pennsylvania, while Jack was Curator of the Egyptian Section of the museum at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. As a young boy he already showed an interest in electronics. As his older half brother Pat (Spike) Hughes, wrote of a visit to Glen Riddle in 1933: "...at 4 years and a few months, Iain was already passionately interested in seeing how things worked, and showed a typical lack of concern for what came out of a loudspeaker, so long as he could make out why it came out at all. Thus at Iain's bedtime every night the Glen Riddle radio set had to be collected up and put together again – mainly for my benefit, for I suddenly felt myself cut off from my New York roots unless I could hear my favourite radio stations." The house at Glen Riddle was later owned by Ken Iverson, an IBM colleague and one of the inventors of APL.
The Gunn family returned to England in 1934 when Jack was appointed Professor of Egyptology at the University of Oxford. It was at this point that the younger Gunn rejected the name "John". From then on, he was known personally as "Ian" or "Iain" (the Scottish form of "John"), given to him by his aunt, the Scottish nationalist Wendy Wood. He was known professionally as "J.B. Gunn". Ian was educated in England, with the exception of two years spent at Solebury School, Pennsylvania as a w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracing%20%28software%29 | In software engineering, tracing involves a specialized use of logging to record information about a program's execution. This information is typically used by programmers for debugging purposes, and additionally, depending on the type and detail of information contained in a trace log, by experienced system administrators or technical-support personnel and by software monitoring tools to diagnose common problems with software. Tracing is a cross-cutting concern.
There is not always a clear distinction between tracing and other forms of logging, except that the term tracing is almost never applied to logging that is a functional requirement of a program (therefore excluding logging of data from an external source, such as data acquisition in a high-energy physics experiment, and write-ahead logging). Logs that record program usage (such as a server log) or operating-system events primarily of interest to a system administrator (see for example Event Viewer) fall into a terminological gray area.
This article deals primarily with tracing for debugging or diagnostic purposes.
Event logging versus tracing
Difficulties in making a clear distinction between event logging and software tracing arise from the fact that some of the same technologies are used for both, and further because many of the criteria that distinguish between the two are continuous rather than discrete. The following table lists some important, but by no means precise or universal, distinctions that are used by developers to select technologies for each purpose, and that guide the separate development of new technologies in each area:
Event logging
Event logging provides system administrators with information useful for diagnostics and auditing. The different classes of events that will be logged, as well as what details will appear in the event messages, are often considered early in the development cycle. Many event logging technologies allow or even require each class of event to be assi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%20Candy | Rat candy is rodenticide. The name is a slang nickname, the exact origins of which are not conclusively known. One possible origin is the way that a rat is attracted to rat poison like a child to candy, another possibility being the use of actual candy, particularly chocolate, as bait when luring a rat into a trap that will lead to its imprisonment or demise.
According to United States Environmental Protection Agency statistics, approximately 13,000 American children were treated for ingesting rat poison in 2004, most mistaking the rodenticide for candy.
Warfarin, an early rat poison, was derived from licorice. Tales of poisoned candy also abound in urban legends. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20structure | Understanding the structure of the atomic nucleus is one of the central challenges in nuclear physics.
Models
The liquid drop model
The liquid drop model is one of the first models of nuclear structure, proposed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1935. It describes the nucleus as a semiclassical fluid made up of neutrons and protons, with an internal repulsive electrostatic force proportional to the number of protons. The quantum mechanical nature of these particles appears via the Pauli exclusion principle, which states that no two nucleons of the same kind can be at the same state. Thus the fluid is actually what is known as a Fermi liquid.
In this model, the binding energy of a nucleus with protons and neutrons is given by
where is the total number of nucleons (Mass Number). The terms proportional to and represent the volume and surface energy of the liquid drop, the term proportional to represents the electrostatic energy, the term proportional to represents the Pauli exclusion principle and the last term is the pairing term, which lowers the energy for even numbers of protons or neutrons.
The coefficients and the strength of the pairing term may be estimated theoretically, or fit to data.
This simple model reproduces the main features of the binding energy of nuclei.
The assumption of nucleus as a drop of Fermi liquid is still widely used in the form of Finite Range Droplet Model (FRDM), due to the possible good reproduction of nuclear binding energy on the whole chart, with the necessary accuracy for predictions of unknown nuclei.
The shell model
The expression "shell model" is ambiguous in that it refers to two different items. It was previously used to describe the existence of nucleon shells according to an approach closer to what is now called mean field theory.
Nowadays, it refers to a formalism analogous to the configuration interaction formalism used in quantum chemistry.
Introduction to the shell concept
Systematic measurements of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam%20digester | The steam digester or bone digester (also known as Papin’s digester) is a high-pressure cooker invented by French physicist Denis Papin in 1679. It is a device for extracting fats from bones in a high-pressure steam environment, which also renders them brittle enough to be easily ground into bone meal. It is the forerunner of the autoclave and the domestic pressure cooker.
The steam-release valve, which was invented for Papin's digester following various explosions of the earlier models, inspired the development of the piston-and-cylinder steam engine.
History
The artificial vacuum was first produced in 1643 by Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli and further developed by German scientist Otto von Guericke with his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guerike's demonstration was documented by Gaspar Schott, in a book that was read by Robert Boyle. Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke improved Guericke's air pump design and built their own. From this, through various experiments, they formulated what is called Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a body of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Soon Jacques Charles formulated Charles' Law, which states that the volume of a gas at a constant pressure is proportional to its temperature. Boyle's and Charles' Laws were combined into the ideal gas law.
Based on these concepts in 1679 Boyle's associate, Denis Papin, built a bone digester, which is a closed vessel with a tightly fitting lid that confines steam until a high pressure is generated. Later designs implemented a steam release valve to keep the machine from exploding. By watching the valve rhythmically moving up and down, Papin conceived the idea of a piston and cylinder engine. He did not, however, follow through with his design. In 1697, independent of Papin's designs, engineer Thomas Savery built the world's first steam engine. By 1712 an improved design based on Papin's ideas was developed by Thomas Newcomen.
Boyle speaks of Papin as havi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF%20method | The GF method, sometimes referred to as FG method, is a classical mechanical method introduced by Edgar Bright Wilson to obtain certain internal coordinates for a vibrating semi-rigid molecule, the so-called normal coordinates Qk. Normal coordinates decouple the classical vibrational motions of the molecule and thus give an easy route to obtaining vibrational amplitudes of the atoms as a function of time. In Wilson's GF method it is assumed that the molecular kinetic energy consists only of harmonic vibrations of the atoms, i.e., overall rotational and translational energy is ignored. Normal coordinates appear also in a quantum mechanical description of the vibrational motions of the molecule and the Coriolis coupling between rotations and vibrations.
It follows from application of the Eckart conditions that the matrix G−1 gives the kinetic energy in terms of arbitrary linear internal coordinates, while F represents the (harmonic) potential energy in terms of these coordinates. The GF method gives the linear transformation from general internal coordinates to the special set of normal coordinates.
The GF method
A non-linear molecule consisting of N atoms has 3N − 6 internal degrees of freedom, because positioning a molecule in three-dimensional space requires three degrees of freedom, and the description of its orientation in space requires another three degree of freedom. These degrees of freedom must be subtracted from the 3N degrees of freedom of a system of N particles.
The interaction among atoms in a molecule is described by a potential energy surface (PES), which is a function of 3N − 6 coordinates. The internal degrees of freedom s1, ..., s3N−6 describing the PES in an optimal way are often non-linear; they are for instance valence coordinates, such as bending and torsion angles and bond stretches. It is possible to write the quantum mechanical kinetic energy operator for such curvilinear coordinates, but it is hard to formulate a general theory appl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide%20Area%20GPS%20Enhancement | Wide Area GPS Enhancement (WAGE) is a method to increase the horizontal accuracy of the GPS encrypted P(Y) Code by adding additional range correction data to the satellite broadcast navigation message.
Per a 1997 article, the navigation message for each satellite is updated once daily or as needed. This daily update of each satellite navigation message contains the range corrections for all the satellites in the constellation. Thus, more timely range correction information would be available for each satellite, resulting in increased horizontal accuracy. Potential improvements to the system include simplifying the upload procedure, uploading the data more often, and adding more monitor stations for better range correction.
WAGE is available only to the Precise Positioning Service (PPS) or P(Y) Code receivers. It requires at least 12.5 minutes to obtain the most recent WAGE data. After that, the process of using the corrections data is automatic and transparent to the operator. Any time the receiver is on, it continually collects WAGE data (whether the WAGE mode is on or off). The receiver always uses the most recent WAGE data available to calculate position and it will not use the data that is over 6 hours old.
A 1996 evaluation using a PLGR (a 5-channel L2 GPS receiver) found no clear advantage to using WAGE in its then-current configuration. Its overall average error of 9.1 meters was worse than when WAGE was not used.
However, the specifications information for the Defense Advanced GPS Receiver, which has replaced the PLGR, lists its WAGE accuracy as better than 4.82 m, 95% Horizontal. PPS accuracy has improved beyond WAGE specification and accuracy improvement from WAGE is now negligible. Modern receivers & atomic clocks on a chip will also outperform WAGE. Some theorize that restrictions imposed by WAGE may limit precision for both C/A, P(Y), & WAGE users more than what it provides to WAGE users only.
The capability of WAGE has been superseded by Talon NA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elastic%20recoil | Elastic recoil means the rebound of the lungs after having been stretched by inhalation, or rather, the ease with which the lung rebounds. With inhalation, the intrapleural pressure (the pressure within the pleural cavity) of the lungs decreases. Relaxing the diaphragm during expiration allows the lungs to recoil and regain the intrapleural pressure experienced previously at rest. Elastic recoil is inversely related to lung compliance.
This phenomenon occurs because of the elastin in the elastic fibers in the connective tissue of the lungs, and because of the surface tension of the film of fluid that lines the alveoli. As water molecules pull together, they also pull on the alveolar walls causing the alveoli to recoil and become smaller. But two factors prevent the lungs from collapsing: surfactant and the intrapleural pressure. Surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that comprise surfactant have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. By absorbing to the air-water interface of alveoli with the hydrophilic head groups in the water and the hydrophobic tails facing towards the air, the main lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, reduces surface tension. It also means the rate of shrinking is more regular because of the stability of surface area caused by surfactant. Pleural pressure is the pressure in the pleural space. When this pressure is lower than the pressure of alveoli they tend to expand. This prevents the elastic fibers and outside pressure from crushing the lungs. It is a homeostatic mechanism.
Notes and references
Respiratory physiology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20signature%20forgery | In a cryptographic digital signature or MAC system, digital signature forgery is the ability to create a pair consisting of a message, , and a signature (or MAC), , that is valid for , but has not been created in the past by the legitimate signer. There are different types of forgery.
To each of these types, security definitions can be associated. A signature scheme is secure by a specific definition if no forgery of the associated type is possible.
Types
The following definitions are ordered from lowest to highest achieved security, in other words, from most powerful to the weakest attack. The definitions form a hierarchy, meaning that an attacker able to mount a specific attack can execute all the attacks further down the list. Likewise, a scheme that reaches a certain security goal also reaches all prior ones.
Total break
More general than the following attacks, there is also a total break: when adversary can recover the private information and keys used by the signer, they can create any possible signature on any message.
Universal forgery (universal unforgeability, UUF)
Universal forgery is the creation (by an adversary) of a valid signature, , for any given message, . An adversary capable of universal forgery is able to sign messages they chose themselves (as in selective forgery), messages chosen at random, or even specific messages provided by an opponent.
Selective forgery (selective unforgeability, SUF)
Selective forgery is the creation of a message/signature pair by an adversary, where has been chosen by the attacker prior to the attack. may be chosen to have interesting mathematical properties with respect to the signature algorithm; however, in selective forgery, must be fixed before the start of the attack.
The ability to successfully conduct a selective forgery attack implies the ability to successfully conduct an existential forgery attack.
Existential forgery
Existential forgery (existential unforgeability, EUF) is the creation (by |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark%20point | In morphometrics, landmark point or shortly landmark is a point in a shape object in which correspondences between and within the populations of the object are preserved. In other disciplines, landmarks may be known as vertices, anchor points, control points, sites, profile points, 'sampling' points, nodes, markers, fiducial markers, etc. Landmarks can be defined either manually by experts or automatically by a computer program. There are three basic types of landmarks: anatomical landmarks, mathematical landmarks or pseudo-landmarks.
An anatomical landmark is a biologically-meaningful point in an organism. Usually experts define anatomical points to ensure their correspondences within the same species. Examples of anatomical landmark in shape of a skull are the eye corner, tip of the nose, jaw, etc. Anatomical landmarks determine homologous parts of an organism, which share a common ancestry.
Mathematical landmarks are points in a shape that are located according to some mathematical or geometrical property, for instance, a high curvature point or an extreme point. A computer program usually determines mathematical landmarks used for an automatic pattern recognition.
Pseudo-landmarks are constructed points located between anatomical or mathematical landmarks. A typical example is an equally spaced set of points between two anatomical landmarks to get more sample points from a shape. Pseudo-landmarks are useful during shape matching, when the matching process requires a large number of points.
See also
Statistical shape analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st%20meridian%20west | The meridian 101° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 101st meridian west forms a great circle with the 79th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 101st meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Peary Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellef Ringnes Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Danish Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — King Christian Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Unnamed waterbody
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Helena Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Sir William Parker Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | May Inlet
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Bathurst Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Prince of Wales Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Ommanney Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Prince of Wales Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | M' |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103rd%20meridian%20west | The meridian 103° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
In the United States, the border between New Mexico and Oklahoma is defined by the meridian.
The 103rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 77th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 103rd meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellef Ringnes Island and Thor Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Maclean Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Unnamed waterbody
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Cameron Island, Île Vanier, Massey Island and Alexander Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Austin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | M'Clintock Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Prince of Wales Island, Nunavut, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Victoria
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Queen Maud Gulf
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut Northwest Territories — from Saskatchewan — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| North Dakota South Da |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 110° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 110th meridian west forms a great circle with the 70th meridian east.
In Canada, the meridian forms the boundary between Nunavut and the Northwest Territories north of the parallel 70° north. Originally 110°W was intended as the Fourth Meridian for the Dominion Land Survey, but because of the imperfect surveying methods of the time, the meridian was placed a few hundred metres west of this longitude. The Fourth Meridian has been the entire boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan since 1905.
In the United States, the meridian formed the western border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson.
From pole to pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 110th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Northwest Territories / Nunavut border — Borden Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Wilkins Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Northwest Territories / Nunavut border — Mackenzie King Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Unnamed waterbody
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Northwest Territories / Nunavut border — Melville Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Eldridge Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Canada
| Northwest Territories / Nunavut border — Melville Island (for about 2 km)
|-
| style="background:#b0e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 111° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 111th meridian west forms a great circle with the 69th meridian east.
In the United States, the Western border of Wyoming with Montana, Idaho, and Utah lies on the meridian 34° west of Washington, which is a couple of miles west of the meridian 111° west of Greenwich.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 111th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Northwest Territories — Borden Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Wilkins Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Northwest Territories — Mackenzie King Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Unnamed waterbody
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Northwest Territories — Melville Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Northwest Territories — Victoria Island Nunavut — from on Victoria Island, and Edinburgh Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Coronation Gulf
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Hepburn Island and the mainland Northwest Territories — from , passing through the Great Slave Lake Alberta — from , passing through Lake Athabasca
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Montana Wyoming — from Utah |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-pass%20algorithm | In computing, a one-pass algorithm or single-pass algorithm is a streaming algorithm which reads its input exactly once. It does so by processing items in order, without unbounded buffering; it reads a block into an input buffer, processes it, and moves the result into an output buffer for each step in the process. A one-pass algorithm generally requires O(n) (see 'big O' notation) time and less than O(n) storage (typically O(1)), where n is the size of the input. An example of a one-pass algorithm is the Sondik partially observable Markov decision process.
Example problems solvable by one-pass algorithms
Given any list as an input:
Count the number of elements.
Given a list of numbers:
Find the k largest or smallest elements, k given in advance.
Find the sum, mean, variance and standard deviation of the elements of the list. See also Algorithms for calculating variance.
Given a list of symbols from an alphabet of k symbols, given in advance.
Count the number of times each symbol appears in the input.
Find the most or least frequent elements.
Sort the list according to some order on the symbols (possible since the number of symbols is limited).
Find the maximum gap between two appearances of a given symbol.
Example problems not solvable by one-pass algorithms
Given any list as an input:
Find the nth element from the end (or report that the list has fewer than n elements).
Find the middle element of the list. However, this is solvable with two passes: Pass 1 counts the elements and pass 2 picks out the middle one.
Given a list of numbers:
Find the median.
Find the modes (This is not the same as finding the most frequent symbol from a limited alphabet).
Sort the list.
Count the number of items greater than or less than the mean. However, this can be done in constant memory with two passes: Pass 1 finds the average and pass 2 does the counting.
The two-pass algorithms above are still streaming algorithms but not one-pass algorithms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 105° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 105th meridian west forms a great circle with the 75th meridian east.
It serves as the reference meridian for the seventh time zone west of Greenwich, known as UTC-07 or the Mountain Time Zone in North America.
In the United States, Interstate Highway I-25 roughly parallels the meridian from Douglas, Wyoming to Las Vegas, New Mexico, and from Wellington, Colorado to the Prospect Road interchange (in Fort Collins, Colorado), I-25 happens to be almost exactly aligned along the 105th meridian west. The meridian bisects Denver, Colorado, passing through Denver Union Station. Throughout the Denver metro area, Kalamath Street is the road that most closely corresponds to the 105th meridian.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 105th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellef Ringnes Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Ellef Ringnes Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Maclean Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Lougheed Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Byam Martin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Byam Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just west of Byam Mart |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COIN-OR | Computational Infrastructure for Operations Research (COIN-OR), is a project that aims to "create for mathematical software what the open literature is for mathematical theory." The open literature (e.g., a research journal) provides the operations research (OR) community with a peer-review process and an archive. Papers in operations research journals on mathematical theory often contain supporting numerical results from computational studies. The software implementations, models, and data used to produce the numerical results are typically not published. The status quo impeded researchers needing to reproduce computational results, make fair comparisons, and extend the state of the art.
The success of Linux, Apache, and other projects popularized the open-source model of software development and distribution. A group at IBM Research proposed open source as an analogous yet viable means to publish software, models, and data. COIN-OR was conceived as an initiative to promote open source in the computational operations research community and to provide the on-line resources and hosting services required to enable others to run their own open-source software projects.
The COIN-OR website was launched as an experiment in 2000, in conjunction with 17th International Symposium on Math Programming in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2007, COIN-OR had 25 application projects, including tools for linear programming (e.g., COIN-OR CLP), nonlinear programming (e.g., IPOPT), integer programming (e.g., CBC, Bcp and COIN-OR SYMPHONY), algebraic modeling languages (e.g., Coopr) and more. By 2011, this had grown to 48 projects. COIN-OR is hosted by the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, INFORMS, and run by the educational, non-profit COIN-OR Foundation.
Projects
CLP
COIN-OR LP (CLP or Clp) is an open-source linear programming solver written in C++. It is published under the Common Public License so it can be used in proprietary software with none of the rest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 106° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
106°W is the Third Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada.
The 106th meridian west forms a great circle with the 74th meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 106th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Maclean Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Lougheed Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Byam Martin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Melville Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Stefansson Island, Victoria Island and the Finlayson Islands
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Dease Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut Northwest Territories — from Saskatchewan — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Montana Wyoming — from Colorado — from New Mexico — from , passing through Santa Fe (at ) Texas — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Chihuahua Durango — from Sinaloa — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | South |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 107° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 107th meridian west forms a great circle with the 73rd meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 107th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Byam Martin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Melville Island
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound — passing just west of Stefansson Island, Nunavut, (at )
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Victoria Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Dease Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut Northwest Territories — from Saskatchewan — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Montana Wyoming — from Colorado — from New Mexico — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Chihuahua Durango — from Sinaloa — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Southern Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" | Antarctica
| Unclaimed territory
|-
|}
See also
106th meridian west
108th meridian west
w107 meridian west |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108th%20meridian%20west | The meridian 108° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 108th meridian west forms a great circle with the 72nd meridian east.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 108th meridian west passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Byam Martin Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Melville Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Kilian Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Parry Channel
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Viscount Melville Sound
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Victoria Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Hadley Bay
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — Victoria Island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Dease Strait
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — the Kent Peninsula (mainland)
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Melville Sound
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Nunavut — the Barry Islands, the Banks Peninsula (mainland), the Young Islands, and the mainland Northwest Territories — from Saskatchewan — from , passing through Lake Athabasca
|-valign="top"
|
! scope= |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlyBase | FlyBase is an online bioinformatics database and the primary repository of genetic and molecular data for the insect family Drosophilidae. For the most extensively studied species and model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, a wide range of data are presented in different formats.
Information in FlyBase originates from a variety of sources ranging from large-scale genome projects to the primary research literature. These data types include mutant phenotypes; molecular characterization of mutant alleles; and other deviations, cytological maps, wild-type expression patterns, anatomical images, transgenic constructs and insertions, sequence-level gene models, and molecular classification of gene product functions. Query tools allow navigation of FlyBase through DNA or protein sequence, by gene or mutant name, or through terms from the several ontologies used to capture functional, phenotypic, and anatomical data. The database offers several different query tools in order to provide efficient access to the data available and facilitate the discovery of significant relationships within the database. Links between FlyBase and external databases, such as BDGP or modENCODE, provide opportunities for further exploration into other model organism databases and other resources of biological and molecular information. The FlyBase project is carried out by a consortium of Drosophila researchers and computer scientists at Harvard University and Indiana University in the United States, and University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom.
FlyBase is one of the organizations contributing to the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD).
the FlyBase home page requested a website access fee of US$150.00 per person per year, stating that "The NHGRI has reduced the funding of FlyBase by 50%".
Background
Drosophila melanogaster has been an experimental organism since the early 1900s, and has since been placed at the forefront of many areas of research. As this field of research spread an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoln%C3%A1%20transmitter | The Topolná transmitter () was the central longwave broadcasting facility of the Czech Republic situated in the municipality of Topolná near the Morava River. Constructed in early 1950's, it was used for broadcasting until the end 2021 and its masts were blasted down in 2022.
History
The longwave frequency 272 kHz was assigned to Czechoslovakia in the Copenhagen Frequency Plan of 1948. It had previously been used by German Deutschlandsender during World War II. Construction of a new transmitter began in 1950 and was completed in December 1951. Tests lasted until February 1952. Its power output was 400 kW (2x 200 kW). In its first broadcasts it was transmitting the radio programme "Československo 1", later "Hvězda".
From 1957–1958 Topolná was also used to transmit a Hungarian radio programme on 49 meter wavelength. From 1953–1960 and again from 1969–1973 one of its masts was used for transmission on frequency 173 kHz. Between 1975 and 1978 the transmitter was reconstructed and from November 1978 its transmission power increased to 1500 kW.
On 1 October 1989 the frequency was changed to 270 kHz. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989 the broadcast programme was renamed from "Hvězda" to "Radiožurnál". In January 1994 one of the masts was switched off to cut costs, reducing the output power to 750 kW. Further reduction of output power followed in January 2002, to 650 kW. As there were very few other transmitters working on the frequency 270 kHz its programme ("ČRo 1 – Radiožurnál") was clearly received across the whole of Europe, especially during the night.
Since the mid-2000s Czech Radio has announced its intention to close down the transmitter several times. In late 2013 it was announced that the broadcasts would cease on 28 February 2014. The transmitter was switched off on 31. December 2021. On 28. July 2022 both masts were demolished.
Construction details
Topolná used a directional antenna, whose maxima point in an East–West direction. This radiation pattern |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20color | In particle physics phenomenology, chiral color is a speculative model which extends quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the generally accepted theory for the strong interactions of quarks. QCD is a gauge field theory based on a gauge group known as color SU(3)C with an octet of colored gluons acting as the force carriers between a triplet of colored quarks.
In Chiral Color, QCD is extended to a gauge group which is SU(3)L × SU(3)R and leads to a second octet of force carriers. SU(3)C is identified with a diagonal subgroup of these two factors. The gluons correspond to the unbroken gauge bosons and the color octet axigluons – which couple strongly to the quarks – are massive. Hence the name is Chiral Color. Although Chiral Color has presently no experimental support, it has the "aesthetic" advantage of rendering the Standard Model more similar in its treatment of the two short range forces, strong and weak interactions.
Unlike gluons, the axigluons are predicted to be massive. Extensive searches for axigluons at CERN and Fermilab have placed a lower bound on the axigluon mass of about . Axigluons may be discovered when collisions are studied with higher energy at the Large Hadron Collider. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven%20banner | The raven banner ( ; ) was a flag, possibly totemic in nature, flown by various Viking chieftains and other Scandinavian rulers during the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries. No period depiction or complete visual description of the raven banner is known, but Norse and European period artwork depicts war banners as roughly triangular, with a rounded outside edge on which there hung a series of tabs or tassels, some with a resemblance to ornately carved "weather-vanes" used aboard Viking longships.
Scholars conjecture that the raven flag was a symbol of Odin, who was often depicted accompanied by two ravens named Huginn and Muninn. Its intent may have been to strike fear in one's enemies by invoking the power of Odin. As one scholar notes regarding encounters between the Christian Anglo-Saxons and the invading pagan Scandinavians:
Raven symbolism in Norse culture
The raven is a common iconic figure in Norse mythology. The highest god Odin had two ravens named Huginn and Muninn ("thought" and "memory" respectively) who flew around the world bringing back tidings to their master. Therefore, one of Odin's many names was the "raven god" (Hrafnaguð). In Gylfaginning (c. 1220), the medieval Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson explains:
Odin was also closely linked to ravens because in Norse myths he received the fallen warriors at Valhalla, and ravens were linked with death and war due to their predilection for carrion. It is consequently likely that they were regarded as manifestations of the Valkyries, goddesses who chose the valiant dead for military service in Valhalla.
A further connection between ravens and Valkyries was indicated in the shapeshifting abilities of goddesses and Valkyries, who could appear in the form of birds.
The raven appears in almost every skaldic poem describing warfare. To make war was to feed and please the raven (hrafna seðja, hrafna gleðja). An example of this is found in Norna-Gests þáttr, where Regin recites the following poem after Sigurd |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform%20Environment%20Control%20Interface | Platform Environment Control Interface, abbreviated as PECI, is an Intel proprietary single wire serial interface that provides a communication channel between Intel processors and chipset components to external system management logic and thermal monitoring devices. Also, PECI provides an interface for external devices to read processor temperature, perform processor manageability functions, and manage processor interface tuning and diagnostics. Typically in server platforms, CPUs are the PECI slaves and PCH is the PECI master, meanwhile in client segment, CPU is usually the PECI slave and EC/BMC is the PECI master. PECI was introduced in 2006 with the Intel Core 2 Duo microprocessors.
Support for PECI was added to the Linux kernel version 5.18 in 2022.
Thermal monitoring details
While previous thermal management technologies have made use of thermal diodes, PECI instead uses on-die digital thermal sensors (DTS). These sensors, after being calibrated at the factory, are able to provide digital data concerning processor temperature information. The PECI bus, allowing access to this data from chipset components, is a proprietary single-wire interface with a variable data transfer speed (from 2 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s).
From a control standpoint, the main difference between PECI and the previously used thermal monitoring methods is that PECI reports a negative value expressing the difference between the current temperature and the thermal throttle point (at which the CPU reduces speed or shuts down to prevent damage due to overheating) instead of the absolute temperature. For example, for a CPU with maximal temperature of 85 °C and a current temperature reading of 35 °C, the value reported by PECI would be −50 °C.
Advantages
Since the value reported by PECI takes into account internal processor information about safe operating temperatures, it alleviates the need for the BIOS or operating system to make potentially incorrect assumptions about this limit. Furthermore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20Linux | The criticism of Linux focuses on issues concerning use of operating systems which use the Linux kernel.
While the Linux-based Android operating system dominates the smartphone market in many countries, and Linux is used on the New York Stock Exchange and most supercomputers, it is used in few desktop and laptop computers. Much of the criticism of Linux is related to the lack of desktop and laptop adoption, although there has been growing unease with the project's perspective on security and its adoption of systemd has been controversial.
Linux kernel criticisms
Kernel development politics
Some security professionals say that the rise in prominence of operating system-level virtualization using Linux has raised the profile of attacks against the kernel, and that Linus Torvalds is reticent to add mitigations against kernel-level attacks in official releases. Linux 4.12, released in 2017, enabled KASLR by default, but its effectiveness is debated.
Con Kolivas, a former kernel developer, tried to optimize the kernel scheduler for interactive desktop use. He finally dropped the support for his patches due to the lack of appreciation for his development. In the 2007 interview Why I quit: kernel developer Con Kolivas he stated:
Kernel performance
At LinuxCon 2009, Linux creator Linus Torvalds said that the Linux kernel has become "bloated and huge":
At LinuxCon 2014, Torvalds said he thinks the bloat situation is better because modern PCs are a lot faster:
Kernel code quality
In an interview with German newspaper Zeit Online in November 2011, Linus Torvalds stated that Linux has become "too complex" and he was concerned that developers would not be able to find their way through the software anymore. He complained that even subsystems have become very complex and he told the publication that he is "afraid of the day" when there will be an error that "cannot be evaluated anymore."
Andrew Morton, one of Linux kernel lead developers, explains that many bugs identifi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skorokhod%27s%20embedding%20theorem | In mathematics and probability theory, Skorokhod's embedding theorem is either or both of two theorems that allow one to regard any suitable collection of random variables as a Wiener process (Brownian motion) evaluated at a collection of stopping times. Both results are named for the Ukrainian mathematician A. V. Skorokhod.
Skorokhod's first embedding theorem
Let X be a real-valued random variable with expected value 0 and finite variance; let W denote a canonical real-valued Wiener process. Then there is a stopping time (with respect to the natural filtration of W), τ, such that Wτ has the same distribution as X,
and
Skorokhod's second embedding theorem
Let X1, X2, ... be a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables, each with expected value 0 and finite variance, and let
Then there is a sequence of stopping times τ1 ≤ τ2 ≤ ... such that the have the same joint distributions as the partial sums Sn and τ1, τ2 − τ1, τ3 − τ2, ... are independent and identically distributed random variables satisfying
and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain%20engineering | Strain engineering refers to a general strategy employed in semiconductor manufacturing to enhance device performance. Performance benefits are achieved by modulating strain, as one example, in the transistor channel, which enhances electron mobility (or hole mobility) and thereby conductivity through the channel. Another example are semiconductor photocatalysts strain-engineered for more effective use of sunlight.
In CMOS manufacturing
The use of various strain engineering techniques has been reported by many prominent microprocessor manufacturers, including AMD, IBM, and Intel, primarily with regards to sub-130 nm technologies. One key consideration in using strain engineering in CMOS technologies is that PMOS and NMOS respond differently to different types of strain. Specifically, PMOS performance is best served by applying compressive strain to the channel, whereas NMOS receives benefit from tensile strain. Many approaches to strain engineering induce strain locally, allowing both n-channel and p-channel strain to be modulated independently.
One prominent approach involves the use of a strain-inducing capping layer. CVD silicon nitride is a common choice for a strained capping layer, in that the magnitude and type of strain (e.g. tensile vs compressive) may be adjusted by modulating the deposition conditions, especially temperature. Standard lithography patterning techniques can be used to selectively deposit strain-inducing capping layers, to deposit a compressive film over only the PMOS, for example.
Capping layers are key to the Dual Stress Liner (DSL) approach reported by IBM-AMD. In the DSL process, standard patterning and lithography techniques are used to selectively deposit a tensile silicon nitride film over the NMOS and a compressive silicon nitride film over the PMOS.
A second prominent approach involves the use of a silicon-rich solid solution, especially silicon-germanium, to modulate channel strain. One manufacturing method involves epitaxial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20I%20Fire%20Control%20Computer | The Mark 1, and later the Mark 1A, Fire Control Computer was a component of the Mark 37 Gun Fire Control System deployed by the United States Navy during World War II and up to 1991 and possibly later. It was originally developed by Hannibal C. Ford of the Ford Instrument Company. and William Newell. It was used on a variety of ships, ranging from destroyers (one per ship) to battleships (four per ship). The Mark 37 system used tachymetric target motion prediction to compute a fire control solution. It contained a target simulator which was updated by further target tracking until it matched.
Weighing more than , the Mark 1 itself was installed in the plotting room, a watertight compartment that was located deep inside the ship's hull to provide as much protection against battle damage as possible.
Essentially an electromechanical analog computer, the Mark 1 was electrically linked to the gun mounts and the Mark 37 gun director, the latter mounted as high on the superstructure as possible to afford maximum visual and radar range. The gun director was equipped with both optical and radar range finding, and was able to rotate on a small barbette-like structure. Using the range finders and telescopes for bearing and elevation, the director was able to produce a continuously varying set of outputs, referred to as line-of-sight (LOS) data, that were electrically relayed to the Mark 1 via synchro motors. The LOS data provided the target's present range, bearing, and in the case of aerial targets, altitude. Additional inputs to the Mark 1A were continuously generated from the stable element, a gyroscopic device that reacted to the roll and pitch of the ship, the pitometer log, which measured the ship's speed through the water, and an anemometer, which provided wind speed and direction. The Stable Element would now be called a vertical gyro.
In "Plot" (the plotting room), a team of sailors stood around the Mark 1 and continuously monitored its operation. They would al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laticifer | A laticifer is a type of elongated secretory cell found in the leaves and/or stems of plants that produce latex and rubber as secondary metabolites. Laticifers may be divided into:
Articulated laticifers, i.e., composed of a series of cells joined together, or
Non-articulated laticifers, consisting of one long coenocytic cell.
Non-articulated laticifers begin their growth from the meristematic tissue of the embryo, termed the laticifer initial, and can exhibit continual growth throughout the lifetime of the plant. Laticifer tubes have irregularly edged walls and a larger inner diameter than the surrounding parenchyma cells. In the development of the cell, elongation occurs via karyokinesis and no cell plate develops resulting in coenocytic cells which extend throughout the plant. These cells can reach up to tens of centimeters long and can be branched or unbranched.
They are thought to have a role in wound healing and as defense against herbivory, as well as pathogen defense, and are often used for taxonomy.
Laticifers were first described by Anton de Bary in 1877.
Laticifers are highly specialized cells which can produce a wide variety of proteins. These proteins include enzymes functioning as proteinases and chitinases which help defend the producing plant against insects and other herbivores. In one study it was found that the presence and concentration of some proteins can differ greatly within the genus Croton relative to three species studied.
Cell Turgor
Pressurized flow of latex has been studied in multiple Asclepias species as a form of defense in addition to the secondary metabolites stored in the latex. In order to augment the defense of the plant some non-articulated laticifer cells contain highly pressurized stores of latex. It has been noted that pressure may be produced by the osmotic uptake of water into the laticifer cell resulting in a turgid cell. When pierced the cell bursts and latex travels quickly through the canal system to stop the her |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemophagocytosis | Hemophagocytosis is phagocytosis by histiocytes of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and their precursors in bone marrow and other tissues.
It is part of the presentation of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage activation syndrome. It has also been seen at autopsy of people who died of COVID-19. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20horticulture | Urban horticulture is the science and study of the growing plants in an urban environment. It focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and improve the surrounding urban area. Urban horticulture has seen an increase in attention with the global trend of urbanization and works to study the harvest, aesthetic, architectural, recreational and psychological purposes and effects of plants in urban environments.
History
Horticulture and the integration of nature into human civilization has been a major part in the establishment of cities. During neolithic revolution, cities would often be built with market gardens and farms as their trading centers. Studies in urban horticulture rapidly increased with the major growth of cities during the industrial revolution. These insights led to the field being dispersed to farmers in the hinterlands. For centuries, the built environment such as homes, public buildings, etc. were integrated with cultivation in the form of gardens, farms, and grazing lands, Kitchen gardens, farms, common grazing land, etc. Therefore, horticulture was a regular part of everyday life in the city. With the Industrial Revolution and the related increasing populations rapidly changed the landscape and replaced green spaces with brick and asphalt. After the nineteenth century, Horticulture was then selectively restored in some urban spaces as a response to the unhealthy conditions of factory neighborhoods and cities began seeing the development of parks.
Post World War II trends
Early urban horticulture movements majorly served the purposes of short term welfare during recession periods, philanthropic charity to uplift "the masses" or patriotic relief. The tradition of urban horticulture mostly declined after World War II as suburbs became the focus of residential and commercial growth. Most of the economically stable population moved out of the cities into the suburbs, leaving only slums and ghettos at the city centers. However, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-range%20Wi-Fi | Long-range Wi-Fi is used for low-cost, unregulated point-to-point computer network connections, as an alternative to other fixed wireless, cellular networks or satellite Internet access.
Wi-Fi networks have a range that's limited by the frequency, transmission power, antenna type, the location they're used in, and the environment. A typical wireless router in an indoor point-to-multipoint arrangement using 802.11n and a stock antenna might have a range of or less. Outdoor point-to-point arrangements, through use of directional antennas, can be extended with many kilometers between stations.
Introduction
Since the development of the IEEE 802.11 radio standard (marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name), the technology has become markedly less expensive and achieved higher bit rates. Long-range Wi-Fi especially in the 2.4 GHz band (as the shorter-range higher-bit-rate 5.8 GHz bands become popular alternatives to wired LAN connections) have proliferated with specialist devices. While Wi-Fi hotspots are ubiquitous in urban areas, some rural areas use more powerful longer-range transceivers as alternatives to cell (GSM, CDMA) or fixed wireless (Motorola Canopy and other 900 MHz) applications. The main drawbacks of 2.4 GHz vs. these lower-frequency options are:
poor signal penetration – 2.4 GHz connections are effectively limited to line of sight or soft obstacles;
far less range – GSM or CDMA cell phones can connect reliably at > distances; the range of GSM, imposed by the parameters of time-division multiple access, is set at ;
few service providers commercially support long-distance Wi-Fi connections.
Despite a lack of commercial service providers, applications for long-range Wi-Fi have cropped up around the world. It has also been used in experimental trials in the developing world to link communities separated by difficult geography with few or no other connectivity options. Some benefits of using long-range Wi-Fi for these applications include:
unlicensed spectru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation%20logic | In software development, presentation logic is concerned with how business objects are displayed to users of the software, e.g. the choice between a pop-up screen and a drop-down menu. The separation of business logic from presentation logic is an important concern for software development and an instance of the separation of content and presentation.
One major rationale behind "effective separation" is the need for maximum flexibility in the code and resources dedicated to the presentation logic. Client demands, changing customer preferences and desire to present a "fresh face" for pre-existing content often result in the need to dramatically modify the public appearance of content while disrupting the underlying infrastructure as little as possible.
The distinction between "presentation" (front end) and "business logic" is usually an important one, because:
the presentation source code language may differ from other code assets;
the production process for the application may require the work to be done at separate times and locations;
different workers have different skill sets, and presentation skills do not always coincide with skills for coding business logic;
code assets are easier to maintain and more readable when disparate components are kept separate and loosely coupled; |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel%20memory | An automatic channel memory system (ACMS) is a system in which a digitally controlled radio tuner such as a TV set or VCR could search and memorize TV channels automatically. While more common in television, it can also be used to store presets for radio stations. This is often called a channel scan, though that may also refer to a "preview" mode which plays each station it finds for a few seconds and then moves on to the next, without affecting memory.
Channel scanning
A typical TV device allows an automatic channel scan to be performed from a menu accessed by a button on the TV set, or sometimes only on the remote control. This applied first to analog TV sets — sometimes those with digital LED displays, or later always those with on-screen displays. These simply searched for the video carrier signal on every channel. (Before the advent of ACMS, many sets would search for the next channel every time it was changed.)
It now also applies to digital TV, which must not only find the signal itself, but also decode its metadata enough to remap channel numbers to their proper locations. In the case of the American ATSC system, the ATSC tuner uses PSIP metadata to do this. The internal channel map for digital TV stations is different from the presets or "favorites" that the user has programmed. Just as with analog TV (which worked only by turning a preset on or off for each station/channel), users of digital television adapters and other similar tuners can choose to ignore channels that are still in the channel map.
Analog station presets and digital channel maps are normally deleted when a new scan is started. On some tuners, digital channel maps can be added-to with an "easy-add" channel scan, which is useful for finding new stations without losing old ones that may be weak or currently off-air, or not aimed-at with an antenna rotator or other set-top TV antenna adjustment. If a station adds a digital subchannel, most digital TV tuners will find it automati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory%20programming | Exploratory programming, as opposed to implementation (programming), is an important part of the software engineering cycle: when a domain is not very well understood or open-ended, or it's not clear what algorithms and data structures might be needed for an implementation, it's useful to be able to interactively develop and debug a program without having to go through the usual constraints of the edit-compile-run-debug cycle. Languages such as APL, Cecil, C#, Dylan, Factor, Forth, F#, J, Java, Julia, Lisp, Mathematica, Obliq, Oz, Prolog, Python, REBOL, Perl, R, Ruby, Scala, Self, Smalltalk, Tcl, and JavaScript, often in conjunction with an IDE, provide support for exploratory programming via interactivity, dynamicity, and extensibility.
Formal specification versus exploratory programming
For some software development projects, it makes sense to do a requirements analysis and a formal specification. For other software development projects, it makes sense to let the developers experiment with the technology and let the specification of the software evolve depending upon the exploratory programming.
Similarity to Breadboarding
A similar method of exploration is used in electronics development, called Breadboarding, in which various combinations can quickly be tried and revised, accepting the tradeoff that the result is definitely temporary in nature.
See also
Live coding
Software Prototyping
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20disorder | Physical disorder (as a medical term) is a poorly defined term typically used in contrast to a mental disorder or a genetic disorder. The term mental disorder is heavily used in psychiatric medicine, and is defined in some psychiatric medicine texts, most notably the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, the more generic term of medical disorder is poorly defined, and is not mentioned in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases, nor many common medical textbooks. Attempts have been made to adopt a more universal definition, but there is no widely agreed upon definition. A physical disorder is not easily defined as the term "disorder" itself has not yet been defined by any authoritative medical body. The term "disorder" bears no special clinical relevance and could be used interchangeably with disease. The use of the term disorder likely rests on historical precedent as well as the preference of the field. For example, it is common to find examples of diseases named disorders in psychiatry and genetics, such at autosomal dominant disorders but uncommon in cardiology. In general, diseases called disorders have a relatively well understood, narrow pathophysiology, such as bipolar disorder, compared to something more generic, such as heart disease. Similarly, disorders are typically not acquired or the result of environmental factors, such as lung disease.
A disease or illness described as a physical disorder likely impacts the musculoskeletal system and lacks an inciting injury. Examples may include webbed toes, peau deficit disorder, arthritis, or ataxia, though the latter two may also reasonably be called an immune disorder and a neurological disorder, respectively.
There is a greater interest in Chiropractic care as opposed to Physical Therapy, possibly alluding to a preference in musculoskeletal treatment from the general public. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-sunrise%20and%20post-sunset%20authorization | In USA AM broadcasting, presunrise authorization (PSRA) and postsunset authorization (PSSA) are permission from the Federal Communications Commission to broadcast in AM on mediumwave using a power level higher than what would normally be permitted prior to sunrise/after sunset, or in the latter case, provide Class D stations with service into the evening where they would otherwise be required to sign off. Sunrise and sunset times are provided on the licensee's basic instrument of authorization.
The power level for both PSRA and PSSA service cannot exceed 500 watts. Power calculations are based on co-channel stations.
PSRA
At 6:00am local time, stations may power up using the station's daytime antenna (if applicable).
Daylight saving
Provided the locale participates in daylight saving time, special provisions must be made since the PSRA time is based on local time. The exact wording of the rule states:
Between the first Sunday in April and the end of the month of April, Class D stations will be permitted to conduct pre-sunrise operation beginning at 6 a.m. local time with a maximum power of 500 watts (not to exceed the station's regular daytime or critical hours power)...
For example, if the instrument of authorization states sunrise as being at 5:30am local standard time in April, the station does not require PSRA operation since sunrise time is prior to the 6:00am rule. When the clocks advance, this becomes 6:30am local time. PSRA will permit the station to power up at 5:00am standard time, since that would be 6:00am advanced time and local time would reflect the advanced time.
As of 2007 (when the new US daylight saving times went into effect), the FCC instructed licensees to use the April advanced times when DST goes into effect in March.
PSSA
At sunset, Class D stations must sign off if they do not possess a nighttime license. PSSA operation allows the station to remain on the air an additional two hours at reduced power level determined by sever |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument%20of%20authorization | The United States Federal Communications Commission uses the term instrument of authorization with its broadcast licensees. It may refer to:
Any license or permit issued
Information relating to items on the station license
Copies of the original documents
In most cases, licensees are required to post the instrument of authorization at the primary point of control. The public is permitted to see such authorizations and licensees are required to give the public access to those documents. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiepiphyte | A hemiepiphyte is a plant that spends part of its life cycle as an epiphyte. The seeds of primary hemiepiphytes germinate in the canopy and initially live epiphytically. They send roots downward, and these roots eventually make contact with the ground. Secondary hemiepiphytes are root-climbers that begin as rooted vines growing upward from the forest floor, but later break their connection to the ground. When this happens, they may send down long roots to the ground.
Strangler figs are hemiepiphytic – they may begin life as epiphytes but after making contact with the ground they encircle their host tree and "strangle" it. This usually results in the death of the host tree, either through girdling or through competition for light. Strangler figs can also germinate and develop as independent trees, not reliant on the support of a host. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive%20random-access%20memory | Resistive random-access memory (ReRAM or RRAM) is a type of non-volatile (NV) random-access (RAM) computer memory that works by changing the resistance across a dielectric solid-state material, often referred to as a memristor.
ReRAM bears some similarities to conductive-bridging RAM (CBRAM) and phase-change memory (PCM). CBRAM involves one electrode providing ions that dissolve readily in an electrolyte material, while PCM involves generating sufficient Joule heating to effect amorphous-to-crystalline or crystalline-to-amorphous phase changes. By contrast, ReRAM involves generating defects in a thin oxide layer, known as oxygen vacancies (oxide bond locations where the oxygen has been removed), which can subsequently charge and drift under an electric field. The motion of oxygen ions and vacancies in the oxide would be analogous to the motion of electrons and holes in a semiconductor.
Although ReRAM was initially seen as a replacement technology for flash memory, the cost and performance benefits of ReRAM have not been enough for companies to proceed with the replacement. Apparently, a broad range of materials can be used for ReRAM. However, the discovery that the popular high-κ gate dielectric HfO2 can be used as a low-voltage ReRAM has encouraged researchers to investigate more possibilities.
RRAM is the registered trademark name of Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronic components manufacturer, in some countries, including members of the European Union.
An energy-efficient chip called NeuRRAM fixes an old design flaw to run large-scale AI algorithms on smaller devices, reaching the same accuracy as wasteful digital computers, at least for applications needing only a few million bits of neural state. As NeuRRAM is an analog technology, it suffers from the same analog noise problems that plague other analog semiconductors. While this is a handicap, many neural processors do need bit-perfect state storage to do useful work.
History
In the early 2000s, ReRAM |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucktonia | Tucktonia was a late 1970s theme park located on Stour Road, Christchurch, Dorset, England. It was officially opened on 23 May 1976 by Arthur Askey. It originally occupied of the Tuckton Park Leisure Complex. The park was closed down in 1986. The site has since been redeveloped for residential use.
General information
The park was best known for its large model village layout, which included a representation of London.
The narrow gauge ride-on steam train and some additional fixtures and fittings, were moved to the Moors Valley Railway in the Moors Valley Country Park near Ringwood, Hampshire.
It is rumoured that just prior to the closure of the park, the owners wanted to build a roller coaster at the rear of the site, but were refused permission by the local council. Following the refusal, the park closed shortly afterwards.
Bekonscot Model Village in Buckinghamshire provided much inspiration for the designers, one of whom had his office near Bekonscot and was a frequent visitor. The bulk of the models were built by KLF Ltd, who later went on to design similar models at Britannia Park in Derbyshire (known as "The American Adventure" theme park by the time of its demise in 2006). Tucktonia was the brainchild of former double British Formula 3 champion Harry Stiller who was still living in the area in 2006, before his death in 2018.
Some sources claim that the miniature London landmarks were destroyed during the making of the 1985 alien invasion movie Lifeforce, and that the entire model village was destroyed when the park closed. However, other sources claim that, while the model village was used as the miniature set for the filming of Lifeforce, the visual effects crew actually used their own destructible miniatures in the Tucktonia streets. The model of Buckingham Palace survives; this was acquired, restored and put on display at the Wimborne Model Town, Wimborne Minster in 2002, and moved to Merrivale Model Village, Great Yarmouth in 2006.
There are nu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFTP | The Odette File Transfer Protocol (OFTP) is a protocol created in 1986, used for Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) between two communications business partners. Its name comes from the Odette Organisation (the Organization for data exchange by teletransmission in Europe).
The ODETTE File Transfer Protocol (ODETTE-FTP) was defined in 1986 by working group four of the Organisation for Data Exchange by Tele-Transmission in Europe (ODETTE) to address the electronic data interchange (EDI) requirements of the European automotive industry. It was designed in the spirit of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model utilising the Network Service provided by the CCITT X.25 recommendation.
OFTP 2 was written in 2007 by Data Interchange, as a specification for the secure transfer of business documents over the Internet, ISDN and X.25 networks. A description of OFTP 1.3 can be found in RFC 2204, whilst OFTP 2 is defined in RFC 5024.
OFTP 2 can work point-to-point or indirectly via a VAN (Value Added Network). A single OFTP 2 entity can make and receive calls, exchanging files in both directions. This means that OFTP 2 can work in a push or pull mode, as opposed to AS2, which can only work in a push mode.
OFTP 2 can encrypt and digitally sign message data, request signed receipts and also offers high levels of data compression. All of these services are available when using OFTP 2 over TCP/IP, X.25/ISDN or native X.25. When used over a TCP/IP network such as the Internet, additional session-level security is available by using OFTP 2 over Transport Layer Security (TLS).
OFTP 2 feature summary
Message encryption
Message signatures
Signed receipts
Message compression
Message integrity
Session authentication
File & session level encryption (TLS)
CMS envelopes
Sub-level addressing
Advantages
File restart
Push / pull operation
Peer-to-peer or indirect communications
File compression
Operates over TCP/IP, X.25/ISDN, native X.25
Maximum file size of 9 PB (Petabyte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic%20pulmonary%20fibrosis | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), or (formerly) fibrosing alveolitis, is a rare, progressive illness of the respiratory system, characterized by the thickening and stiffening of lung tissue, associated with the formation of scar tissue. It is a type of chronic scarring lung disease characterized by a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. The tissue in the lungs becomes thick and stiff, which affects the tissue that surrounds the air sacs in the lungs. Symptoms typically include gradual onset of shortness of breath and a dry cough. Other changes may include feeling tired, and abnormally large and dome shaped finger and toenails (nail clubbing). Complications may include pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, pneumonia or pulmonary embolism.
The cause is unknown, hence the term idiopathic. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, acid reflux disease (GERD), certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition. The underlying mechanism involves scarring of the lungs. Diagnosis requires ruling out other potential causes. It may be supported by a HRCT scan or lung biopsy which show usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). It is a type of interstitial lung disease (ILD).
People often benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation and supplemental oxygen. Certain medications like pirfenidone (Esbriet) or nintedanib (Ofev) may slow the progression of the disease. Lung transplantation may also be an option.
About 5 million people are affected globally. The disease newly occurs in about 12 per 100,000 people per year. Those in their 60s and 70s are most commonly affected. Males are affected more often than females. Average life expectancy following diagnosis is about four years. Updated international guidelines were published in 2022, which some simplification in diagnosis and the removal of antacids as a possible adjunct therapy.
Signs and symptoms
In many people, symptoms are present for a considerable time before diagnosis. The most common clinical features of I |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester%27s%20formula | In matrix theory, Sylvester's formula or Sylvester's matrix theorem (named after J. J. Sylvester) or Lagrange−Sylvester interpolation expresses an analytic function of a matrix as a polynomial in , in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of . It states that
where the are the eigenvalues of , and the matrices
are the corresponding Frobenius covariants of , which are (projection) matrix Lagrange polynomials of .
Conditions
Sylvester's formula applies for any diagonalizable matrix with distinct eigenvalues, 1, …, k, and any function defined on some subset of the complex numbers such that is well defined. The last condition means that every eigenvalue is in the domain of , and that every eigenvalue with multiplicity i > 1 is in the interior of the domain, with being () times differentiable at .
Example
Consider the two-by-two matrix:
This matrix has two eigenvalues, 5 and −2. Its Frobenius covariants are
Sylvester's formula then amounts to
For instance, if is defined by , then Sylvester's formula expresses the matrix inverse as
Generalization
Sylvester's formula is only valid for diagonalizable matrices; an extension due to Arthur Buchheim, based on Hermite interpolating polynomials, covers the general case:
,
where .
A concise form is further given by Hans Schwerdtfeger,
,
where i are the corresponding Frobenius covariants of
Special case
If a matrix is both Hermitian and unitary, then it can only have eigenvalues of , and therefore , where is the projector onto the subspace with eigenvalue +1, and is the projector onto the subspace with eigenvalue ; By the completeness of the eigenbasis, . Therefore, for any analytic function ,
In particular, and .
See also
Adjugate matrix
Holomorphic functional calculus
Resolvent formalism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructionism | Obstructionism is the practice of deliberately delaying or preventing a process or change, especially in politics.
As workplace aggression
An obstructionist causes problems. Neuman and Baron (1998) identify obstructionism as one of the three dimensions that encompass the range of workplace aggression. In this context, obstructionism refers to "behaviors intended to hinder an employee from performing their job or the organization from accomplishing its objectives".
In politics
Obstructionism or policy of obstruction denotes the deliberate interference with the progress of a legislation by various means such as filibustering or slow walking which may depend on the respective parliamentary procedures.
As political strategy
Obstructionism can also take the form of widespread agreement to oppose policies from the other side of a political debate or dispute.
Mass media
In September 2010, Jon Stewart of The Daily Show announced the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear, an event dedicated to ending political obstructionism in American mass media.
Tactics
The most common tactic is the filibuster which consists of extending the debate upon a proposal in order to delay or completely prevent a vote on its passage.
Another form of parliamentary obstruction practiced in the United States and other countries is called "slow walking". It specifically refers to the extremely slow speed with which legislators walk to the podium to cast their ballots. For example, in Japan this tactic is known as a "cow walk", and in Hawaii it's known as a "Devil's Gambit". Consequently, slow walking is also used as a synonym for obstructionism itself.
Notable obstructionists
John O'Connor Power, Joe Biggar, Frank Hugh O'Donnell, and Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalists; all were famous for making long speeches in the British House of Commons. In a letter to Cardinal Cullen, 6 August 1877, The O'Donoghue, MP for County Kerry, denounced the obstruction policy: "It is Fenianism in a new |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OtherOS | OtherOS is a feature of early versions of the PlayStation 3 video game console, allowing user installed software, such as Linux or FreeBSD. The feature was removed since system firmware update 3.21, released on April 1, 2010.
Software running in the OtherOS environment has access to 6 of the 7 Synergistic Processing Elements. Sony implemented a hypervisor restricting access to the RSX. IBM provided an introduction to programming parallel applications on the PlayStation 3.
After OtherOS was removed, a class action lawsuit was filed against Sony on behalf of users, but was dismissed with prejudice in 2011 by a federal judge. The judge stated: "As a legal matter, ... plaintiffs have failed to allege facts or articulate a theory on which Sony may be held liable." However, this decision was overturned in a 2014 appellate court decision finding that plaintiffs had indeed made clear and sufficiently substantial claims. Ultimately, in 2016, Sony settled with users who had installed Linux or had purchased a PlayStation 3 based upon the availability of OtherOS.
The settlement was then rejected in February 2017 by judge Yvonne Gonzalez, citing two problems: the lawyers' high fee percentage, and the users' difficulty in collecting. Sony responded in September 2017, offering each member of a single proposed class up to $65. This is a change from $55 and $9 payouts for members of two separate classes in the prior proposal.
History
Since 2000, Sony has marketed Linux on the PlayStation 2. It promoted the release of the PS2 Linux Kit, which includes a Linux-based operating system, a USB keyboard and mouse, a VGA adapter, a PlayStation 2 Ethernet network adapter, and a 40 GB hard disk drive (HDD).
The PlayStation 3 does not have Linux pre-installed. However, Sony included an option in the XMB menu soon after the PlayStation 3 launched that allowed booting into Linux from the hard drive or from a Live CD that the distributor's kernel would boot. The installation manual for the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific-pathogen-free | Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) is a term used for laboratory animals that are guaranteed free of particular pathogens. Use of SPF animals ensures that specified diseases do not interfere with an experiment. For example, absence of respiratory pathogens such as influenza is desirable when investigating a drug's effect on lung function.
Practical
Completely germ-free
The animals can be born through a caesarian section then special care taken so the newborn does not acquire infections, such as use of sterile isolation units with a positive pressure differential to keep all outside air and pathogens from entering. Everything that needs to be inserted into the isolator, such as food, water and equipment needs to be completely sterilized and disinfected, and inserted through an airlock that can be disinfected before opening from the inside.
A disadvantage is that any contact with pathogens may be fatal. This is because the animals have no protective bacterial microbiota on the skin or in the intestine or respiratory tract, and because they have no natural immunity to common infections as they have never been exposed to them.
Specific-pathogen-free
To certify SPF, the population is checked for presence of (antibodies against) the specified pathogens.
For SPF eggs the specific pathogens are:
Avian Adenovirus Group I,
Avian Adenovirus Group II (HEV),
Avian Adenovirus Group III (EDS),
Avian Encephalomyelitis,
Avian Influenza (Type A),
Avian Nephritis Virus,
Avian Paramyxovirus Type 2,
Avian Reovirus S 1133,
Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus;
Avian Rotavirus;
Avian Tuberculosis M. avium;
Chicken Anemia Virus;
Endogenous GS Antigen;
Fowl Pox;
Hemophilus paragallinarum Serovars A,B,C;
Infectious Bronchitis - Ark;
Infectious Bronchitis - Conn;
Infectious Bronchitis - JMK;
Infectious Bronchitis - Mass;
Infectious Bursal Disease Type 1;
Infectious Bursal Disease Type 2;
Infectious Laryngotracheitis;
Lymphoid Leukosis A, B;
Avian Lymphoid Leukosis Virus;
Lymph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial%20glands | The labial glands are minor salivary glands situated between the mucous membrane and the orbicularis oris around the orifice of the mouth.
They are circular in form, and about the size of small peas; their ducts open by minute orifices upon the mucous membrane.
Like the parotid and buccal glands, the labial glands are innervated by parasympathetic fibres that arise in the inferior salivatory nucleus, travel with the glossopharyngeal nerve and lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion, where they synapse and then continue to the labial glands. Sympathetic innervation is mediated by postganglionary fibres which arise in the superior cervical ganglion and pass through the otic ganglion without synapsing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryochemistry | Cryochemistry is the study of chemical interactions at temperatures below . It is derived from the Greek word cryos, meaning 'cold'. It overlaps with many other sciences, including chemistry, cryobiology, condensed matter physics, and even astrochemistry.
Cryochemistry has been a topic of interest since liquid nitrogen, which freezes at −210°C, became commonly available. Cryogenic-temperature chemical interactions are an important mechanism for studying the detailed pathways of chemical reactions by reducing the confusion introduced by thermal fluctuations. Cryochemistry forms the foundation for cryobiology, which uses slowed or stopped biological processes for medical and research purposes.
Low temperature behaviours
As a material cools, the relative motion of its component molecules/atoms decreases - its temperature decreases. Cooling can continue until all motion ceases, and its kinetic energy, or energy of motion, disappears. This condition is known as absolute zero and it forms the basis for the Kelvin temperature scale, which measures the temperature above absolute zero. Zero degrees Celsius (°C) coincides with 273 Kelvin.
At absolute zero most elements become a solid, but not all behave as predictably as this; for instance, helium becomes a highly unusual liquid. The chemistry between substances, however, does not disappear, even near absolute zero temperatures, since separated molecules/atom can always combine to lower their total energy. Almost every molecule or element will show different properties at different temperatures; if cold enough, some functions are lost entirely. Cryogenic chemistry can lead to very different results compared with standard chemistry, and new chemical routes to substances may be available at cryogenic temperatures, such as the formation of argon fluorohydride, which is only a stable compound at or below .
Methods of cooling
One method that used to cool molecules to temperatures near absolute zero is laser cooling. In the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20Tach | HD Tach is a software program for Microsoft Windows (2000 or XP) that tests and graphs the sequential read, random access and interface burst speeds of attached storage devices (hard drive, flash drive, removable drive etc.). Drive technologies such as SCSI, IDE/ATA, IEEE 1394, USB, SATA and RAID are supported.
A prominent feature of the software was an included library of drive benchmarks, as well as the option to save your own drive's benchmarks locally or submit them to an online database. The company's website also had a forum with over 2000 user posts.
On December 5, 2011, citing the lack of time to devote to the project, Simpli Software formally announced on its website that HD Tach had reached end-of-life and was no longer being supported. The domain has since expired.
The latest version of this application (3.0.4.0) is not fully compatible with Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8. However, HD Tach works in these operating systems by running it in Windows XP SP2 or SP3 compatibility mode. HD Tach 2.70 is the last version to work on Windows NT 4.0.
History
HD Tach was originally developed by TCD Labs, Inc. In 2000 the company was acquired by Oak Technology, Inc. Simpli Software, Inc. was formed by the original group of TCD Labs employees and acquired all rights to the benchmarks and source code from Oak Technology in 2003. The domain name displayed in the software, simplisoftware.com, began resolving to a domain reseller landing page in November 2012.
Bibliography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpolskii%20matrix | Shpolskii systems are low-temperature host–guest systems – they are typically rapidly frozen solutions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suitable low molecular weight normal alkanes. The emission and absorption spectra of lowest energy electronic transitions in the Shpolskii systems exhibit narrow lines instead of the inhomogeneously broadened features normally associated with spectra of chromophores in liquids and amorphous solids. The effect was first described by Eduard Shpolskii in the 1950s and 1960's in the journals Transactions of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and Soviet Physics Uspekhi.
Subsequent detailed studies of concentration and speed of cooling behavior of Shpolskii systems by L. A. Nakhimovsky and coauthors led to a hypothesis that these systems are metastable segregational solid solutions formed when one or more chromophores replace two or more molecules in the host crystalline lattice. The solid state quasi-equilibrium solubility in most Shpolskii systems is very low. When the Shpolskii effect is manifested, the solid state solubility increases two to three orders of magnitude. Isothermic annealing of the supersaturated rapidly frozen solutions of dibenzofuran in heptane was performed, and it was shown that the return of the metastable system to equilibrium in time reasonable for laboratory observation required the annealing temperature to be close to the melting temperature of the metastable frozen solution. Thus the Shpolskii systems are an example of a persistent metastable state.
A good match between the chromophore and the host lattice leads to a uniform environment for all the chromophores and hence greatly reduces the inhomogeneous broadening of the electronic transition's pure electronic and vibronic lines. In addition to the weak inhomogeneous broadening of the transitions, the quasi-lines observed at very low temperatures are phonon-less transitions. Since phonons originate in the lattice, an additional requirement is weak ch |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy-altruism | Empathy-altruism is a form of altruism based on moral emotions or feelings for others.
Social exchange theory holds that in seemingly altruistic behavior benefits to the altruist outweigh the costs the altruist bears and thus such behavior is self-interested. In contrast, C. Daniel Batson holds that people help others in need out of genuine concern for the well-being of the other person. The key ingredient to such helping is "empathic concern". According to Batson's "empathy-altruism hypothesis", if someone feels empathy towards another person, they will help them, regardless of what they can gain from it. An alternative hypothesis is "empathy-joy", which states a person helps because they find pleasure at seeing another person experience relief (2008). When a person does not feel empathy, the standards of social exchange theory apply.
Evidence
Debate over whether other-helping behavior is motivated by self- or other-interest has raged over the last 20 years. The prime actors in this debate are Daniel Batson, arguing for empathy-altruism, and Robert Cialdini, arguing for self-interest.
Batson recognizes that people sometimes help for selfish reasons. He and his team were interested in finding ways to distinguish between motives. In one experiment, students were asked to listen to tapes from a radio program. One of the interviews was with a woman named Carol, who talked about her bad car accident in which both of her legs were broken, her struggles and how behind she was becoming in class. Students who were listening to this particular interview were given a letter asking the student to share lecture notes and meet with her. The experimenters changed the level of empathy by telling one group to try to focus on how she was feeling (high empathy level) and the other group not to be concerned with that (low empathy level). The experimenters also varied the cost of not helping: the high cost group was told that Carol would be in their psychology class after returning |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20theory%20of%20aging | The network theory of aging supports the idea that multiple connected processes contribute to the biology of aging. Kirkwood and Kowald helped to establish the first model of this kind by connecting theories and predicting specific mechanisms. In departure of investigating a single mechanistic cause or single molecules that lead to senescence, the network theory of aging takes a systems biology view to integrate theories in conjunction with computational models and quantitative data related to the biology of aging.
Implications
The free radical theory, describing the reactions of free radicals, antioxidants and proteolytic enzymes, was computationally connected with the protein error theory to describe the error propagation loops within the cellular translation machinery.
The study of gene networks revealed proteins associated with aging to have significantly higher connectivity than expected by chance.
Investigation of aging on multiple levels of biological organization contributed to a physiome view, from genes to organisms, predicting lifespans based on scaling laws, fractal supply networks and metabolism as well as aging related molecular networks.
The network theory of aging has encouraged the development of data bases related to human aging. Proteomic network maps suggest a relationship between the genetics of development and the genetics of aging.
Hierarchical Elements
The network theory of aging provides a deeper look at the damage and repair processes at the cellular level and the ever changing balance between those processes. To fully understand the network theory as its applied to aging you must look at the different hierarchical elements of the theory as it pertains to aging.
Elementary particles of quantum systems- The aging process is described as an equation where a structure in an unbalanced state begins to change and that is seen primarily in the actions of quantum particles.
Monomers of biological macro-molecules- After a while, differen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant%20Insanity | Instant Insanity is the name given by Parker Brothers to their 1967 version of a puzzle which has existed since antiquity, and which has been marketed by many toy and puzzle makers under a variety of names, including: Devil's Dice (Pressman); DamBlocks (Schaper); Logi-Qubes (Schaeffer); Logi Cubes (ThinkinGames); Daffy Dots (Reiss); Those Blocks (Austin); PsykoNosis (A to Z Ideas), and many others.
The puzzle consists of four cubes with faces colored with four colors (commonly red, blue, green, and white). The objective of the puzzle is to stack these cubes in a column so that each side of the stack (front, back, left, and right) shows each of the four colors. The distribution of colors on each cube is unique.
This problem has a graph-theoretic solution in which a graph with four vertices labeled B, G, R, W (for blue, green, red, and white) can be used to represent each cube; there is an edge between two vertices if the two colors are on the opposite sides of the cube, and a loop at a vertex if the opposite sides have the same color. Trial and error is a slow way to solve this problem, as there are 331,776 possible arrangements of the four cubes (6 faces, 4 turns = 24 positions of each cube, times four cubes, totalling 331,776). And the solution is symmetrical 8 ways (if you have a solution, and you flip all of the four cubes forward, you have another valid solution. You can do that move 4 times multiplied by the rotation of every cube 180 degrees around its vertical axis, which gives 8 symmetries in total), so therefore the odds are 331,776 divided by 8 equals 41,472 chance of randomly tossing the cubes into a solution. The puzzle is studied by D. E. Knuth in an article on estimating the running time of exhaustive search procedures with backtracking.
Every position of the puzzle can be solved in eight moves or less.
The first known patented version of the puzzle was created by Frederick A. Schossow in 1900, and marketed as the Katzenjammer puzzle. The puzzle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrangular%20space | The quadrangular space, also known as the quadrilateral space [of Velpeau] and the foramen humerotricipitale, is one of the three spaces in the axillary space. The other two spaces are: triangular space and triangular interval.
Structure
The quadrangular space is one of the three spaces in the axillary space.
Boundaries
The quadrangular space is defined by:
above/superior: teres minor muscle.
below/inferior: teres major muscle.
medially: long head of the triceps brachii muscle (lateral margin).
laterally: surgical neck of the humerus.
anteriorly: subscapularis muscle.
Contents
The quadrangular space transmits the axillary nerve, and the posterior humeral circumflex artery.
Clinical significance
The quadrangular space is a clinically important anatomic space in the arm as it provides the anterior regions of the axilla a passageway to the posterior regions. In the quadrangular space, the axillary nerve and the posterior humeral circumflex artery can be compressed or damaged due to space-occupying lesions or disruption in the anatomy due to trauma. Symptoms include axillary nerve related weakness of the deltoid muscle in the case of any significant mass lesions in the quadrangular space.
History
The quadrangular space is so named because the three skeletal muscles and one long bone that form its boundaries leave a space in the shape of a complete quadrangle.
The quadrangular space is also known as the quadrilateral space, the quadrilateral space of Velpeau, and the foramen humerotricipitale.
See also
Quadrilateral space syndrome
Triangular space
Triangular interval
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parotid%20plexus | The parotid plexus or plexus parotideus is the branch point of the facial nerve (extratemporal) after it leaves the stylomastoid foramen. This division takes place within the parotid gland.
Branches
Commonly, it divides into the following branches (several variations):
The temporal branches, cross the zygomatic arch to the temporal region.
The zygomatic branches, cross the zygomatic bone to the orbit.
The buccal branches, pass forward to below the orbit and around the mouth.
The marginal mandibular branch passes forward to the lower lip and chin.
The cervical branch runs forward forming a series of arches over the suprahyoid region to the platysma muscle. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing%20industry%20in%20Scotland | The fishing industry in Scotland comprises a significant proportion of the United Kingdom fishing industry. A recent inquiry by the Royal Society of Edinburgh found fishing to be of much greater social, economic and cultural importance to Scotland than it is relative to the rest of the UK. Scotland has just 8.4 per cent of the UK population but lands at its ports over 60 per cent of the total catch in the UK.
Many of these are ports in relatively remote communities such as Kinlochbervie and Lerwick, which are scattered along an extensive coastline and which, for centuries, have looked to fishing as the main source of employment. Restrictions imposed under the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) affect all European fishing fleets, but they have proved particularly severe in recent years for the demersal fish or whitefish sector (boats mainly fishing for cod, haddock and whiting) of the Scottish fishing industry.
Fishing areas
The main fishing areas are the North Sea and the seas west of Scotland.
Historical development
Fish have been recognised as a major food source from the earliest times. Fishing was important to the earliest settlers in Scotland, around 7000 BC. At this stage, fishing was a subsistence activity, undertaken only to feed the fisher and their immediate community. By the medieval period, salmon and herring were important resources and were exported to continental Europe, and the towns of the Hanseatic League in particular. As the industry developed, "fishertouns" and villages sprang up to supply the growing towns and fishing became more specialised. The many religious houses in Scotland acted as a spur to fisheries, granting exclusive fishing rights and demanding part of their tithes in fish.
In the early 19th century, the British Government began to subsidise the catches of herring boats larger than 60 tons, plus an additional bounty on all herring sold abroad. This, coupled with the coming of the railways as a means of more rapid transport, gave a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20fault%20diagnostics | Semiconductor fault diagnostics are predictive software algorithms which are used to refine and localize the circuitry responsible for the failure of scan-based devices.
Fault Diagnostic Applications
Software-based fault diagnostics are used by semiconductor designers to provide information that can be used to improve or repair a semiconductor circuit. Fault diagnostics are used for the purpose of semiconductor yield improvement or for failure analysis.
Performing Fault Diagnosis
The input to a fault diagnostic is a tester datalog showing the failure characteristics of the device. The diagnostic algorithm uses an internal simulation of a fault model of the electrical circuit in order to compare the failure characteristics of the actual device with a set of simulated failure characteristics. Various fault types may be applied to the diagnostic model. Commonly used fault types are:
stuck-at faults, which simulates a node stuck high or low
stuck-open fault, which simulates a disconnected node
bridging faults, which simulate an unwanted connected between two nodes
transition-delay faults, which simulate slow signal switching on a node
The output produced by fault diagnostics consists of a list of potential failing nodes in the device. Software fault diagnostics only produce a list of ‘’potentially’’ failing nodes. In order to locate the specific failing node, software fault diagnosis may be followed up with some form of physical failure analysis in order to locate the specific failure node.
Some fault diagnostic algorithms estimate the likelihood that a node is responsible for the failure by including a probability rating for each fault candidate listed. This probability rating allows the device analyst to choose which of the nodes to examine first.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcard | Hardcard is the genericized trademark for a hard disk drive, disk controller, and host adapter on an expansion card for a personal computer.
Typically a hard disk drive (HDD) installs into a drive bay; cables connect the drive to a host adapter and power source. If the personal computer lacks an available bus on a compatible host adapter, then one may have to install an adapter into an expansion slot. The Hardcard supplies its own host adapter, and doesn't require an empty drive bay.
Plus Development, a subsidiary of Quantum Corporation, developed the first ISA Hardcard, and released it in October 1985. By June 1986, 28 of Plus Development's competitors were producing similar products. The term has been used generically to refer to any hard disk on a card.
History
Quantum Corporation formed the Plus Development subsidiary in 1983. Plus Development invested their efforts in developing a hard disk drive that the average computer owner could install easily without much technical knowledge.
By 1985, Plus Development had engineered their first Hardcard; it had a 10 megabyte (MB) capacity; its suggested retail price was $1,095. In the mid-1980s, hard drives were as small as 1.6 inches tall, but in order to fit into a single ISA PC card expansion slot a custom one-inch thick hard drive had to be designed. Having spent $15 million on the project, Plus Development started shipping Hardcard in October 1985, and trademarked the Hardcard brand in 1988.
The Hardcard provided the computer industry with the first one-inch-thick HDD, but it was an interface and form factor only compatible with the full length card slot of the ISA bus first introduced with the IBM PC. As such it had a thicker head disk assembly than the subsequently introduced 1-inch high standard form factor 3-inch HDDs.
While sources inside the company during the launch of Hardcard claim it was the first HDD controller integrated into the drive printed circuit board, Xebec, a HDD controller manufacturer in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Belytschko | Ted Bohdan Belytschko (January 13, 1943 – September 15, 2014) was an American mechanical engineer. He was Walter P. Murphy Professor and McCormick Professor of Computational Mechanics at Northwestern University. He worked in the field of computational solid mechanics and was known for development of methods like element-free Galerkin method and the Extended finite element method.
Belytschko received his B.S. in Engineering Sciences (1965) and his Ph.D. in Mechanics (1968) from the Illinois Institute of Technology. He was named in ISI Database as the fourth most cited engineering researcher in January 2004. He was also the editor of the International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. He died at the age of 71 on September 15, 2014.
Awards and honors
William Prager Medal, 2011.
Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2011)
Member of the National Academy of Engineering (1992)
John von Neumann Medal of the United States Association for Computational Mechanics (2001)
Timoshenko Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2001)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002)
Gauss Newton Medal of the International Association for Computational Mechanics (2002)
Theodore von Karman Medal, 1999. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trias%20%28game%29 | Trias is a board game authored by Ralf Lehmkuhl. It is distributed by Rio Grande Games, Tilsit Editions and Gecko Games.
The game is set in the Triassic period. Players maneuver dinosaur-shaped pieces and manage the "continental drift" of hexagonal tiles in order to spread their species and dominate the continents that make up the playing board, scoring points as they do so. The end of the game is when a meteor hits the earth, and the player with the most points wins.
The first edition of this game contains cubed wooden pieces to represent the dinosaurs. The second and later editions of the game contain vaguely dinosaur-shaped wooden playing pieces.
External links
Trias webpage at Gecko Games
rpg.net review
Biology-themed board games
Board games introduced in 2002
Board games with a modular board
Rio Grande Games games |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Magnetics | Graham Magnetics, Inc. was chartered as Datatape, Inc. in 1964. By 1966, it had opened its new magnetic tape factory in Graham, TX and changed its name to Graham Magnetics. Until the 1980s, Graham's primary product was half-inch, open-reel magnetic tape. Graham was the last manufacturer of open-reel 9-track tape, but ceased production at the end of 2001. Currently, as of 2007, Graham Magnetics buys used tape cartridges and reconditions them for reuse.
For the period 1995–1999, Graham was a part of Anacomp Corp. During this time, Anacomp/Graham was the world leader in open-reel computer tape production and one of 3 major manufacturers of IBM 3480 Family tape cartridges. They sold tape under the Graham, Memorex, and other brands.
In 1999, Anacomp spun off the magnetic tape line of business as eMag Solutions. This included the Graham magnetics division. After ending 9-track magnetic tape production, Graham entered the business of recertifying tape cartridges. In 2006, the company developed a process for eradicating data from tape cartridges while preserving the servo tracks.
In 2007, eMag sold Graham to RBE Enterprises of Dallas, TX. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20web%20browsers%20for%20Unix%20and%20Unix-like%20operating%20systems | The following is a list of web browsers for various Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Not all of these browsers are specific to these operating systems; some are available on non-Unix systems as well. Some, but not most, have a mobile version.
Graphical
Colored items in this table are discontinued.
Text-based
Links
ELinks
Line-mode browser
Lynx
w3m
See also
List of web browsers
Comparison of web browsers
Comparison of lightweight web browsers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extension%20method | In object-oriented computer programming, an extension method is a method added to an object after the original object was compiled. The modified object is often a class, a prototype or a type. Extension methods are features of some object-oriented programming languages. There is no syntactic difference between calling an extension method and calling a method declared in the type definition.
Not all languages implement extension methods in an equally safe manner, however. For instance, languages such as C#, Java (via Manifold, Lombok, or Fluent), and Kotlin don't alter the extended class in any way, because doing so may break class hierarchies and interfere with virtual method dispatching. This is why these languages strictly implement extension methods statically and use static dispatching to invoke them.
Support in programming languages
Extension methods are features of numerous languages including C#, Java via Manifold or Lombok or Fluent, Gosu, JavaScript, Oxygene, Ruby, Smalltalk, Kotlin, Dart, Visual Basic.NET and Xojo. In dynamic languages like Python, the concept of an extension method is unnecessary because non-builtin classes can be extended without any special syntax (an approach known as "monkey-patching", employed in libraries such as gevent).
In VB.NET and Oxygene, they are recognized by the presence of the "extension" keyword or attribute. In Xojo the "Extends" keyword is used with global methods.
In C# they're implemented as static methods in static classes, with the first argument being of extended class and preceded by "this" keyword.
In Java you add extension methods via Manifold, a jar file you add to your project's classpath. Similar to C# a Java extension method is declared static in an @Extension class where the first argument has the same type as the extended class and is annotated with @This. Alternatively, the Fluent plugin allows you to call any static method as an extension method without using annotations, as long as the method s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS%20Block%20III | GPS Block III (previously Block IIIA) consists of the first ten GPS III satellites, which will be used to keep the Navstar Global Positioning System operational. Lockheed Martin designed, developed and manufactured the GPS III Non-Flight Satellite Testbed (GNST) and all ten Block III satellites. The first satellite in the series was launched in December 2018.
History
The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) reached Full Operational Capability on 17 July 1995, completing its original design goals. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system led to the effort to modernize the GPS system. In 2000, the U.S. Congress authorized the effort, referred to as GPS III.
The project involves new ground stations and new satellites, with additional navigation signals for both civilian and military users, and aims to improve the accuracy and availability for all users.
Raytheon was awarded the Next Generation GPS Operational Control System (OCX) contract on 25 February 2010.
The first satellite in the series was projected to launch in 2014, but significant delays pushed the launch to December 2018. The tenth and final GPS Block III launch is projected in FY2026.
Development
Block III satellites use Lockheed Martin's A2100M satellite bus structure. The propellant and pressurant tanks are manufactured by Orbital ATK from lightweight, high-strength composite materials. Each satellite will carry eight deployable JIB antennas designed and manufactured by Northrop Grumman Astro Aerospace
Already delayed significantly beyond the first satellite's planned 2014 launch, on 27 April 2016, SpaceX, in Hawthorne, California, was awarded a US$82.7 million firm-fixed-price contract for launch services to deliver a GPS III satellite to its intended orbit. The contract included launch vehicle production, mission integration, and launch operations for a GPS III mission, to be performed in Hawthorne, California; Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida; and McGreg |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic%20sulfide%20corrosion | Biogenic sulfide corrosion is a bacterially mediated process of forming hydrogen sulfide gas and the subsequent conversion to sulfuric acid that attacks concrete and steel within wastewater environments. The hydrogen sulfide gas is biochemically oxidized in the presence of moisture to form sulfuric acid. The effect of sulfuric acid on concrete and steel surfaces exposed to severe wastewater environments can be devastating. In the USA alone, corrosion is causing sewer asset losses estimated at $14 billion per year. This cost is expected to increase as the aging infrastructure continues to fail.
Environment
Corrosion may occur where stale sewage generates hydrogen sulfide gas into an atmosphere containing oxygen gas and high relative humidity. There must be an underlying anaerobic aquatic habitat containing sulfates and an overlying aerobic aquatic habitat separated by a gas phase containing both oxygen and hydrogen sulfide at concentrations in excess of 2 ppm.
Conversion of sulfate SO42− to hydrogen sulfide H2S
Fresh domestic sewage entering a wastewater collection system contains proteins including organic sulfur compounds oxidizable to sulfates and may contain inorganic sulfates. Dissolved oxygen is depleted as bacteria begin to catabolize organic material in sewage. In the absence of dissolved oxygen and nitrates, sulfates are reduced to hydrogen sulfide as an alternative source of oxygen for catabolizing organic waste by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), identified primarily from the obligate anaerobic species Desulfovibrio.
Hydrogen sulfide production depends on various physicochemical, topographic and hydraulic parameters such as:
Sewage oxygen concentration. The threshold is 0.1 mg.l−1; above this value, sulfides produced in sludge and sediments are oxidized by oxygen; below this value, sulfides are emitted in the gaseous phase.
Temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the kinetics of H2S production.
Sewage pH. It must be included between |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isofuran | Isofurans are nonclassic eicosanoids formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid. The isofurans are similar to the isoprostanes and are formed under similar conditions, but contain a substituted tetrahydrofuran ring. The concentration of oxygen affects this process; at elevated oxygen concentrations, the formation of isofurans is favored whereas the formation of isoprostanes is disfavored. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZBJ-CD | WZBJ-CD (channel 24) is a low-power, Class A television station licensed to Lynchburg, Virginia, United States. It is a translator of Danville-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WZBJ (channel 24) which is owned by Gray Television; the WZBJ stations collectively serve as a sister outlet to Roanoke-licensed CBS affiliate WDBJ (channel 7). WZBJ-CD's transmitter is located on Candlers Mountain near the campus of the station's former owner, Liberty University; its parent station shares studios with WDBJ on Hershberger Road in northwest Roanoke.
History
The station first came on the air on January 23, 1991, as W19BC channel 19, a translator station for FamilyNet, a network owned at the time by Liberty University founder Jerry Falwell. On September 1, 1991, W19BC began originating programming and became a 24/7 local LPTV station. In 2000, it changed its callsign to WTLU-CA. The station previously branded itself as HopeNow.tv. The station's digital transmitter, WTLU-LD on channel 43, signed on in 2010; in 2012, the analog WTLU-CA transmitter went dark, and its Class A status was transferred to the digital license as WTLU-CD. The call letters changed to WLHG-CD in 2015.
On April 30, 2018, Gray Television announced it would purchase WLHG-CD from Liberty University for $50,000. Under the terms of the transaction, Gray would hold an option agreement to acquire WFFP-TV, and enter into a shared services agreement (to take effect on June 15), whereby Gray would provide programming for and receive a share of the programming and advertising revenue accrued by WLHG-CD and WFFP, which would in turn become sister stations to Gray's existing property in the Roanoke–Lynchburg market, CBS affiliate WDBJ, a station that shares its physical channel spectrum with WFFP.
Gray took control of WLHG-CD as scheduled on June 15. On the same day, it began simulcasting WDBJ's MyNetworkTV subchannel "My 19" on WLHG-CD. While the station moved to Gray's control, the station's PSIP virtual channel system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geresh | Geresh (׳ in Hebrew: or <ref>Even-Shoshan Dictionary, 2003; Shoshana Bahat and Mordechay Mishor, Dictionary of Contemporary Hebrew, 2007.</ref> , or medieval ) is a sign in Hebrew writing. It has two meanings.
An apostrophe-like sign (also known colloquially as a chupchik) placed after a letter:
as a diacritic that modifies the pronunciation of some letters (only in modern Hebrew),
as a diacritic that signifies Yiddish origin of a word or suffix, (examples below)
as a punctuation mark to denote initialisms or abbreviations,
or to denote a single-digit Hebrew numeral
A note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah and other Biblical books, taking the form of a curved diagonal stroke placed above a letter.
Diacritic
As a diacritic, the Geresh is written immediately after (left of) the letter it modifies. It indicates three sounds native to speakers of modern Hebrew that are common in loan words and slang: as in judge, as in measure and as in church. In transliteration of Arabic, it indicates Arabic phonemes which are usually allophones in modern Hebrew: is distinguished from and is distinguished from . Finally, it indicates other sounds foreign to the phonology of modern Hebrew speakers and used exclusively for the transliteration of foreign words: as in then, as in thin, ; and, in some transliteration systems, also , and . It may be compared to the usage of a following h'' in various Latin digraphs to form other consonant sounds not supported by the basic Latin alphabet, such as "sh", "th", etc.
Loanwords, slang, foreign names and transliterations
Transcriptions of Arabic
There are six additional letters in the Arabic alphabet. They are Ṯāʾ, Ḫāʾ, Ḏāl, Ḍād, Ẓāʾ, and Ghayn. Also, some letters have different sounds in Arabic phonology and modern Hebrew phonology, such as Jīm.
ט Tet Ŧ z with glottal stop at end ט׳ tet with . ظ
Tran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog%20mushroom | Hedgehog mushroom is a common name of several fungi species and may refer to:
Hydnum repandum
Hericium erinaceus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-capability%20model | The object-capability model is a computer security model. A capability describes a transferable right to perform one (or more) operations on a given object. It can be obtained by the following combination:
An unforgeable reference (in the sense of object references or protected pointers) that can be sent in messages.
A message that specifies the operation to be performed.
The security model relies on not being able to forge references.
Objects can interact only by sending messages on references.
A reference can be obtained by:
Initial conditions: In the initial state of the computational world being described, object A may already have a reference to object B.
Parenthood: If A creates B, at that moment A obtains the only reference to the newly created B.
Endowment: If A creates B, B is born with that subset of A's references with which A chose to endow it.
Introduction: If A has references to both B and C, A can send to B a message containing a reference to C. B can retain that reference for subsequent use.
In the object-capability model, all computation is performed following the above rules.
Advantages that motivate object-oriented programming, such as encapsulation or information hiding, modularity, and separation of concerns, correspond to security goals such as least privilege and privilege separation in capability-based programming.
The object-capability model was first proposed by Jack Dennis and Earl C. Van Horn in 1966.
Loopholes in object-oriented programming languages
Some object-based programming languages (e.g. JavaScript, Java, and C#) provide ways to access resources in other ways than according to the rules above including the following:
Direct assignment to the instance variables of an object in Java and C#.
Direct reflective inspection of the meta-data of an object in Java and C#.
The pervasive ability to import primitive modules, e.g. java.io.File that enable external effects.
Such use of undeniable authority violates the condition |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo%20emblems%20and%20popular%20culture | Kangaroos, Wallabies and other Macropodidae have become emblems and symbols of Australia, as well as appearing in popular culture both internationally and within Australia itself.
Kangaroos are part of cultural and spiritual significance for many Indigenous Australians. Since its European discovery, Kangaroos have since become an emblem of Australia, appearing in their coat of arms and in many state and city coat of arms, Australian logos such as the Qantas logo, names of Australian sport teams, mascots such as the Boxing Kangaroo and in public art. Kangaroos are also well represented in film, television, songs, toys and souvenirs around the world.
European first encounters
The kangaroo was considered a unique oddity when Captain Cook's HMB Endeavour arrived back in England in 1771 with a specimen on board. Over time it has come to symbolise Australia and Australian values.
Joseph Banks, the naturalist on the Endeavour voyage, commissioned George Stubbs to paint a portrait of the kangaroo specimen. When the official account of the voyage was published in 1773, it was illustrated with an engraving of Stubbs' kangaroo. From that time on, the kangaroo quickly came to symbolise the Australian continent, appearing in exhibitions, collections, art and printed works across Europe.
Kangaroo status
It took a long time for the kangaroo to achieve official recognition in Australia. Despite being a "declared noxious animal" because of its reputation for damaging crops and fences and competing with domestic animals for resources, the kangaroo finally achieved official recognition with its inclusion on Australia's coat of arms in 1908. The kangaroo is now popularly regarded as Australia's unofficial animal emblem.
Kangaroo emblems and logos
The kangaroo and emu are bearers on the Australian Coat of Arms. It has been claimed these animals were chosen to signify a country moving 'forward' because of a common belief that neither can move backward.
Two red kangaroos serve as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnist | A nocturnist is a hospital-based physician who only works overnight. Most nocturnists are trained in internal medicine or family medicine and have experience in hospital medicine. However, there are nocturnists trained in other specialties, such as pediatrics. The main role of a nocturnist is to admit patients into the hospital from an emergency department, and to care for previously admitted inpatients through the night. Nocturnists differ from on-call doctors in that they work exclusively at night, rather than being on-call and also working daytime shifts.
The average salary for a nocturnist was 2.5% lower than other hospitalists, according to a 2011 survey by the Society of Hospital Medicine and the Medical Group Management Association. Moreover, these physicians were approximately 27% less productive than other day-time physician roles. In 2019, 76.1% of hospitals reported having nocturnists on staff, primarily focused on adult and child care (68.2%). A 2015 study helped to characterize the impact of nocturnist. Compared with before implementation, there was no difference in mortality, 30-day readmissions, mean length of stay, or upgrades to intensive care with the addition of these overnight hospitalists. |
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