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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%20performance | In software development, the programming language Java was historically considered slower than the fastest 3rd generation typed languages such as C and C++. The main reason being a different language design, where after compiling, Java programs run on a Java virtual machine (JVM) rather than directly on the computer's processor as native code, as do C and C++ programs. Performance was a matter of concern because much business software has been written in Java after the language quickly became popular in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Since the late 1990s, the execution speed of Java programs improved significantly via introduction of just-in-time compilation (JIT) (in 1997 for Java 1.1), the addition of language features supporting better code analysis, and optimizations in the JVM (such as HotSpot becoming the default for Sun's JVM in 2000). Hardware execution of Java bytecode, such as that offered by ARM's Jazelle, was also explored to offer significant performance improvements.
The performance of a Java bytecode compiled Java program depends on how optimally its given tasks are managed by the host Java virtual machine (JVM), and how well the JVM exploits the features of the computer hardware and operating system (OS) in doing so. Thus, any Java performance test or comparison has to always report the version, vendor, OS and hardware architecture of the used JVM. In a similar manner, the performance of the equivalent natively compiled program will depend on the quality of its generated machine code, so the test or comparison also has to report the name, version and vendor of the used compiler, and its activated compiler optimization directives.
Virtual machine optimization methods
Many optimizations have improved the performance of the JVM over time. However, although Java was often the first virtual machine to implement them successfully, they have often been used in other similar platforms as well.
Just-in-time compiling
Early JVMs always interpreted Java b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derepression | In genetics and cell biology, repression is a mechanism often used to decrease or inhibit the expression of a gene. Removal of repression is called derepression. This mechanism may occur at different stages in the expression of a gene, with the result of increasing the overall RNA or protein products. Dysregulation of derepression mechanisms can result in altered gene expression patterns, which may lead to negative phenotypic consequences such as disease.
Derepression of transcription
Transcription can be repressed in a variety of ways, and therefore can be derepressed in different ways as well. A common mechanism is allosteric regulation. This is when a substrate binds a repressor protein and causes it to undergo a conformational change. If the repressor is bound upstream of a gene, such as in an operator sequence, then it would be repressing the gene's expression. This conformational change would take away the repressor’s ability to bind DNA, thus removing its repressive effect on transcription.
Another form of transcriptional derepression uses chromatin remodeling complexes. For transcription to occur, RNA polymerase needs to have access to the promoter sequence of the gene or it cannot bind the DNA. Sometimes these sequences are wrapped around nucleosomes or are in condensed heterochromatin regions, and are therefore inaccessible. Through different chromatin remodeling mechanisms these promoter sequences can become accessible to the RNA polymerase, and transcription becomes derepressed.
Transcriptional derepression may also occur at the level of transcription factor activation. Certain families of transcription factors are non-functional on their own because their active domains are blocked by another part of the protein. Substrate binding to this second, regulatory domain causes a conformational change in the protein to allows access to the active domain. This lets the transcription factor bind to DNA and serve its function, thus derepressing the transcript |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharitonov%20region | A Kharitonov region is a concept in mathematics. It arises in the study of the stability of polynomials.
Let be a simply-connected set in the complex plane and let be the polynomial family.
is said to be a Kharitonov region if
is a subset of Here, denotes the set of all vertex polynomials of complex interval polynomials and denotes the set of all vertex polynomials of real interval polynomials
See also
Kharitonov's theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinPT | WinPT or Windows Privacy Tray is frontend to the Gnu Privacy Guard (GnuPG) for the Windows platform. Released under GPL, it is compatible with OpenPGP compliant software.
WinPT represents a collection of user interface tools designed to ease the use of asymmetric encryption software. Based on GnuPG, and OpenPGP-compatible, WinPT is intended for Windows users to use for everyday message signing, verification, encryption and general key management.
If installation defaults are used, WinPT will then reside in the task bar tray, and on the right-click menu within Windows Explorer. A Start menu item includes launchers for a GPG commandline (console), WinPT tray, and documentation.
, latest version (1.5.3 Beta) is only compatible with GnuPG 1.4.x and not with the most recent version 2.0.x.
WinPT is included in the GnuPT installer (that includes the latest version of GnuPG 1.4.x, WinPT 1.4.3 stable and WinPT latest beta.)
History
On April 4, 2007, the project's author, Timo Schulz, announced that development on WinPT has been suspended for an indefinite period.
However, on October 27, 2008, Schulz announced a new version 1.30, described as a bug fix release.
On December 14, 2009, Timo Schulz announced that WinPT is discontinued due to lack of resources.
On January 19, 2012, Timo Schulz announced work on a new release and asked the community to contact him in regards to further development past future revision 1.5 if they are interested.
On October 21, 2012, Timo Schulz announced that the project had a new dedicated website.
See also
GNU Privacy Guard
Gpg4win
PGP
Public-key cryptography
Cryptography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator%20truck | A refrigerator truck or chiller lorry (also called a reefer), is a van or truck designed to carry perishable freight at low temperatures. Most long-distance refrigerated transport by truck is done in articulated trucks pulling refrigerated hardside (box) semi-trailers, although insulated curtainsiders are common in some countries. Occasionally, refrigerated trailers have been used as temporary morgues, and second-hand refrigerated trailers are frequently sold for use in tiny home conversions due to their insulation and existing status as a vehicle.
History
The first successful mechanically refrigerated trucks were made for the ice cream industry in 1925. American inventor Frederick McKinley Jones is known to be the first person to invent a refrigerated truck. There were around 4 million refrigerated road vehicles in use in 2010 worldwide.
Features
Like refrigerator cars, refrigerated trucks differ from simple insulated and ventilated vans (commonly used for transporting fruit), neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus.
Refrigerator trucks can be ice-cooled, equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems powered by small displacement diesel engines, or utilize carbon dioxide (either as dry ice or in liquid form) as a cooling agent. They are often equipped with small "vent doors" at the rear and front of the trailer. The purpose of these doors is to be kept open while hauling non-refrigerated cargo (often "backhaul"), so as to air out the trailer.
See also
Cold chain
Fuel cell auxiliary power unit
Reefer (container)
Reefer ship
Refrigerated van
Refrigerator car
Temperature data logger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure%20regulator | A pressure regulator is a valve that controls the pressure of a fluid to a desired value, using negative feedback from the controlled pressure. Regulators are used for gases and liquids, and can be an integral device with a pressure setting, a restrictor and a sensor all in the one body, or consist of a separate pressure sensor, controller and flow valve.
Two types are found: The pressure reduction regulator and the back-pressure regulator.
A pressure reducing regulator is a control valve that reduces the input pressure of a fluid to a desired value at its output. It is a normally-open valve and is installed upstream of pressure sensitive equipment.
A back-pressure regulator, back-pressure valve, pressure sustaining valve or pressure sustaining regulator is a control valve that maintains the set pressure at its inlet side by opening to allow flow when the inlet pressure exceeds the set value. It differs from an over-pressure relief valve in that the over-pressure valve is only intended to open when the contained pressure is excessive, and it is not required to keep upstream pressure constant. They differ from pressure reducing regulators in that the pressure reducing regulator controls downstream pressure and is insensitive to upstream pressure. It is a normally-closed valve which may be installed in parallel with sensitive equipment or after the sensitive equipment to provide an obstruction to flow and thereby maintain upstream pressure.
Both types of regulator use feedback of the regulated pressure as input to the control mechanism, and are commonly actuated by a spring loaded diaphragm or piston reacting to changes in the feedback pressure to control the valve opening, and in both cases the valve should be opened only enough to maintain the set regulated pressure. The actual mechanism may be very similar in all respects except the placing of the feedback pressure tap. As in other feedback control mechanisms, the level of damping is important to achieve a bal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forming%20gas | Forming gas is a mixture of hydrogen (mole fraction varies) and nitrogen. It is sometimes called a "dissociated ammonia atmosphere" due to the reaction which generates it:
2 NH3 → 3 H2 + N2
It can also be manufactured by thermal cracking of ammonia, in an ammonia cracker or forming gas generator.
Forming gas is used as an atmosphere for processes that need the properties of hydrogen gas. Typical forming gas formulations (5% H2 in N2) are not explosive. It is used in chambers for gas hypersensitization, a process in which photographic film is heated in forming gas to drive out moisture and oxygen and to increase the base fog of the film. Hypersensitization is used particularly in deep-sky astrophotography, which deals with low-intensity incoming light, requires long exposure times, and is thus particularly sensitive to contaminants in the film.
Forming gas is also used to regenerate catalysts in glove boxes and as an atmosphere for annealing processes. It can be purchased at welding supply stores. It is sometimes used as a reducing agent for high-temperature soldering and brazing, to remove oxidation of the joint without the use of flux. It also finds application in microchip production, where a high-temperature anneal in forming gas assists in silicon-silicon dioxide interface passivation.
Quite often forming gas is used in furnaces during annealing or sintering for the thermal treatment of metals, because it reduces oxides on the metal surface.
See also
Endothermic gas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%20Sunshine%20%28song%29 | "Country Sunshine" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Dottie West, remembered both as one of West's biggest chart hits, and also as the jingle from a classic Coca-Cola television ad: co-written by West with Billy Davis and Dianne Whiles, "Country Sunshine" was released September 1973 as the first single from West's Country Sunshine album.
Content
The song is about a contented country girl whose love interest hopes to coax into relocating with him to an urban area: although the singer admits "it's inviting to go where life is more exciting" the implication is that she must stay put, having been "raised on country sunshine".
History
Dottie West's recording of "Country Sunshine" had originally been prepared as a jingle for a TV commercial for Coca-Cola, being produced by Billy Davis of McCann-Erickson Advertising who'd been responsible for the classic Coca-Cola jingles "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)", "It's the Real Thing", and "Things Go Better With Coke".
Prior to "Country Sunshine", Davis had co-written the song "I'm Your Country Girl" with West, which had been featured in a Coca-Cola commercial as recorded by West: West had been recruited to write this earlier Coca-Cola jingle after a McCann-Erickson associate heard her 1968 single "Country Girl".
The lyrics of "Country Sunshine" heard in the commercial vary - in some versions West sings that "the simple things" are "a Saturday night dance, a bottle of Coke [ie. Coca Cola], and the joy that the bluebird brings", in others "bottle of Coke" is replaced by "a picture show. Because of "Country Sunshine"'s success as a commercial jingle West was awarded a Clio in 1974.
After the "Country Sunshine" commercial aired, West's "Country Sunshine" was issued as a single to ultimately become her biggest hit this far, just missing the top spot of the Billboard C&W charts with a #2 peak.
"Country Sunshine" was a milestone recording for West who had last charted in t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Office/36 | Office/36 was a suite of applications marketed by IBM from 1983 to 2000 for the IBM System/36 family of midrange computers. IBM announced its System/36 Office Automation (OA) strategy in 1985.
Office/36 could be purchased in its entirety, or piecemeal. Components of Office/36 include:
IDDU/36, the Interactive Data Definition Utility.
Query/36, the Query utility.
DisplayWrite/36, a word processing program.
Personal Services/36, a calendaring system and an office messaging utility.
Query/36 was not quite the same as SQL, but it had some similarities, especially the ability to very rapidly create a displayed recordset from a disk file. Note that SQL, also an IBM development, had not been standardized prior to 1986.
DisplayWrite/36, in the same category as Microsoft Word, had online dictionaries and definition capabilities, and spell-check, and unlike the standard S/36 products, it would straighten spillover text and scroll in real time.
Considerable changes were required to S/36 design to support Office/36 functionality, not the least of which was the capability to manage new container objects called "folders" and produce multiple extents to them on demand. Q/36 and DW/36 typically exceeded the 64K program limit of the S/36, both in editing and printing, so using Office products could heavily impact other applications. DW/36 allowed use of bold, underline, and other display formatting characteristics in real time. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copositive%20matrix | In mathematics, specifically linear algebra, a real matrix A is copositive if
for every nonnegative vector . The collection of all copositive matrices is a proper cone; it includes as a subset the collection of real positive-definite matrices.
Copositive matrices find applications in economics, operations research, and statistics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20%28mutation%29 | white, abbreviated w, was the first sex-linked mutation discovered, found in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In 1910 Thomas Hunt Morgan and Lilian Vaughan Morgan collected a single male white-eyed mutant from a population of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies, which usually have dark brick red compound eyes. Upon crossing this male with wild-type female flies, they found that the offspring did not conform to the expectations of Mendelian inheritance. The first generation (the F1) produced 1,237 red-eyed offspring and three white-eyed male flies. The second generation (the F2) produced 2,459 red-eyed females, 1,011 red-eyed males, and 782 white-eyed males. Further experimental crosses led them to the conclusion that this mutation was somehow physically connected to the "factor" that determined sex in Drosophila. This led to the discovery of sex linkage, in which the gene for a trait is found on a sex chromosome. Morgan named this trait white, now abbreviated w. Flies possessing the white allele are frequently used to introduce high school and college students to genetics.
Function
The protein coded by the white gene functions as an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. It carries the precursors of the red and brown eye color pigments, guanine and tryptophan, into the developing eyes during pupation. White-eyed flies are not blind; instead they are easily temporarily blinded by bright light at certain frequencies because they lack the protection provided by the red and brown pigments. The human version of white is ABCG1, and is involved in transporting lipids and cholesterol into cells.
Effects mutation
Drosophila melanogaster with the white eye mutation typically have shorter life spans than wildtype Drosophila. They also experience many neurological deficiencies in addition to eye defects. Some of the deficiencies that they experience includes difficulty in mobility, and a low stress tolerance. Drosophila melanogaster with the white eye mutation often e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LedgerSMB | LedgerSMB is a free software double entry accounting and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Accounting data is stored in a SQL database server and a standard web browser can be used as its user interface. The system uses the Perl programming language and a Perl database interface module for processing, and PostgreSQL for data storage. LedgerSMB is a client-server application, with server access through a web browser.
LedgerSMB is distributed under the terms of the GPL-2.0-or-later license.
Features
LedgerSMB features
a full general ledger, with multi-currency support.
accounts receivable & payable, with outstanding & aging reports.
project accounting and other flexible accounting dimensions.
financial reports, with multi-period comparisons:
Income statement (Profit & Loss report)
Balance sheet
Trial balance.
quotations and order management.
time tracking.
invoicing capabilities (mailing, printing), with invoices based on:
orders (which in turn can be based on quotations)
shipments
time cards.
inventory tracking, with activity reports.
fixed assets.
full separation of duties for invoices and GL transactions.
LedgerSMB supports multiple currencies, multiple sales or VAT tax rates and per-user language and locale (number formatting) settings. It also supports per-customer language settings, so invoices can be translated into various languages when printed, and per-language invoice templates are also an option.
Releases
1.10.0 was released on 2022-10-08 with a wide variety of improvements and fixes. This release saw many small user-visible changes. The larger changes were on the technical side, moving parts of the UI to Vue3 and introducing web services to back the Vue3-based UI.
1.9.0 (End of Life) was released on 2021-09-24 with a wide variety of improvements and fixes, including repair of the ability to send out AR/AP aging reports by e-mail (which regressed in 1.3.42). Where prior releases had a central theme or special focus, this rel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska%20%28The%20X-Files%29 | "Tunguska" is the eighth episode of the fourth season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files. It premièred on the Fox network on . It was directed by Kim Manners, and written by Frank Spotnitz and series creator Chris Carter. "Tunguska" featured guest appearances by John Neville, Nicholas Lea and Fritz Weaver. The episode helped explore the series' overarching mythology. "Tunguska" earned a Nielsen household rating of 12.2, being watched by 18.85 million people in its initial broadcast.
In the episode, FBI special agent Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) travels to Russia to investigate the source of a black oil contamination. His partner Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and assistant director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) are summoned to attend a United States Senate hearing on Mulder's whereabouts. "Tunguska" is a two-part episode, with the plot continuing in the next episode, "Terma".
"Tunguska" was inspired by reports of evidence of extraterrestrial life possibly being found in the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite, while the gulag setting was inspired by the works of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. The story offered the writers a chance to expand the scale of the series' mythology globally, although production of the episode was described as troublesome and expensive.
Plot
The episode opens in medias res to Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) as she is brought before a Senate select committee to be questioned about the whereabouts of Fox Mulder (David Duchovny). Scully refuses to answer the committee's questions and attempts to read a statement denouncing the conspiracy within the government. Senator Sorenson threatens to hold Scully in contempt of Congress.
Ten days earlier, at Honolulu Airport, a courier returning from the Republic of Georgia (David Bloom) is searched by customs officers. One of the officers (Andy Thompson) removes a glass canister from the courier's briefcase and accidentally shatters it, exposing both men to the black oil. Meanwhile, in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary%20sequences | For complementary sequences in biology, see complementarity (molecular biology). For integer sequences with complementary sets of members see Lambek–Moser theorem.
In applied mathematics, complementary sequences (CS) are pairs of sequences with the useful property that their out-of-phase aperiodic autocorrelation coefficients sum to zero. Binary complementary sequences were first introduced by Marcel J. E. Golay in 1949. In 1961–1962 Golay gave several methods for constructing sequences of length 2N and gave examples of complementary sequences of lengths 10 and 26. In 1974 R. J. Turyn gave a method for constructing sequences of length mn from sequences of lengths m and n which allows the construction of sequences of any length of the form 2N10K26M.
Later the theory of complementary sequences was generalized by other authors to polyphase complementary sequences, multilevel complementary sequences, and arbitrary complex complementary sequences. Complementary sets have also been considered; these can contain more than two sequences.
Definition
Let (a0, a1, ..., aN − 1) and (b0, b1, ..., bN − 1) be a pair of bipolar sequences, meaning that a(k) and b(k) have values +1 or −1. Let the aperiodic autocorrelation function of the sequence x be defined by
Then the pair of sequences a and b is complementary if:
for k = 0, and
for k = 1, ..., N − 1.
Or using Kronecker delta we can write:
So we can say that the sum of autocorrelation functions of complementary sequences is a delta function, which is an ideal autocorrelation for many applications like radar pulse compression and spread spectrum telecommunications.
Examples
As the simplest example we have sequences of length 2: (+1, +1) and (+1, −1). Their autocorrelation functions are (2, 1) and (2, −1), which add up to (4, 0).
As the next example (sequences of length 4), we have (+1, +1, +1, −1) and (+1, +1, −1, +1). Their autocorrelation functions are (4, 1, 0, −1) and (4, −1, 0, 1), which add up to (8, 0, 0, 0). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread%20Toolkit | The Spread Toolkit is a computer software package that provides a high performance group communication system that is resilient to faults across local and wide area networks. Spread functions as a unified message bus for distributed applications, and provides highly tuned application-level multicast, group communication, and point to point support. Spread services range from reliable messaging to fully ordered messages with delivery guarantees.
The toolkit consists of a messaging server, and client libraries for many software development environments, including C/C++ libraries (with and without thread support), a Java class to be used by applets or applications, and interfaces for Perl, Python, and Ruby. Interfaces for many other software environments have been provided by third parties.
In typical operation, each computer in a cluster runs its own instance of the Spread server, and client applications connect locally to that server process. The Spread servers, in turn, communicate with each other to pass messages to subscriber applications. It can also be configured so that clients distributed across the network all communicate with a Spread server process on one host.
The Spread Toolkit is developed by Spread Concepts LLC, with much support by the Distributed Systems and Networks Lab (DSN) at Johns Hopkins University, and the Experimental Networked Systems Lab at George Washington University.
Partial funding was provided by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and The National Security Agency (NSA).
Bindings
Bindings for Spread Toolkit exist for many languages and platforms:
Ada
C
C++
C#
Haskell
Java
Lua
Microsoft Excel
OCaml
Perl
PHP
Python
Ruby
Squeak
Scheme
TCL |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption%20cross%20section | In physics, absorption cross section is a measure for the probability of an absorption process. More generally, the term cross section is used in physics to quantify the probability of a certain particle-particle interaction, e.g., scattering, electromagnetic absorption, etc. (Note that light in this context is described as consisting of particles, i.e., photons.) Typical absorption cross section has units of cm2⋅molecule−1. In honor of the fundamental contribution of Maria Goeppert Mayer to this area, the unit for the two-photon absorption cross section is named the "GM". One GM is 10−50 cm4⋅s⋅photon−1.
In the context of ozone shielding of ultraviolet light, absorption cross section is the ability of a molecule to absorb a photon of a particular wavelength and polarization. Analogously, in the context of nuclear engineering it refers to the probability of a particle (usually a neutron) being absorbed by a nucleus. Although the units are given as an area, it does not refer to an actual size area, at least partially because the density or state of the target molecule will affect the probability of absorption. Quantitatively, the number of photons absorbed, between the points and along the path of a beam is the product of the number of photons penetrating to depth times the number of absorbing molecules per unit volume times the absorption cross section :
.
The absorption cross-section is closely related to molar absorptivity and mass absorption coefficient.
For a given particle and its energy, the absorption cross-section of the target material can be calculated from mass absorption coefficient using:
where:
is the mass absorption coefficient
is the molar mass in g/mol
is Avogadro constant
This is also commonly expressed as:
where:
is the absorption coefficient
is the atomic number density
See also
Cross section (physics)
Photoionisation cross section
Nuclear cross section
Neutron cross section
Mean free path
Compton scattering
Tra |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability-based%20addressing | In computer science, capability-based addressing is a scheme used by some computers to control access to memory as an efficient implementation of capability-based security. Under a capability-based addressing scheme, pointers are replaced by protected objects (called capabilities) that can be created only through the use of privileged instructions which may be executed only by either the kernel or some other privileged process authorised to do so. Thus, a kernel can limit application code and other subsystems access to the minimum necessary portions of memory (and disable write access where appropriate), without the need to use separate address spaces and therefore require a context switch when an access occurs.
Practical implementations
Two techniques are available for implementation:
Require capabilities to be stored in a particular area of memory that cannot be written to by the process that will use them. For example, the Plessey System 250 required that all capabilities be stored in capability-list segments.
Extend memory with an additional bit, writable only in supervisor mode, that indicates that a particular location is a capability. This is a generalization of the use of tag bits to protect segment descriptors in the Burroughs large systems, and it was used to protect capabilities in the IBM System/38.
Capability addressing in the IBM System/38 and AS/400
The System/38 CPF operating system supported two types of object pointer – authorized pointers which implemented capability-based addressing, and unauthorized pointers which did not. Both types of pointer could only be manipulated using privileged instructions, and differed only by whether or not object authorizations (i.e. access rights) were encoded in the contents of the pointer. Unauthorized pointers lacked object authorizations, and required the operating system to look up the authorization when the pointer was used. Authorized pointers encoded object authorizations and were irrevocable by design |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein%20Papers%20Project | The Einstein Papers Project (EPP) produces the historical edition of the writings and correspondence of Albert Einstein. The EPP collects, transcribes, translates, annotates, and publishes materials from Einstein's literary estate and a multitude of other repositories, which hold Einstein-related historical sources. The staff of the project is an international collaborative group of scholars, editors, researchers, and administrators working on the ongoing authoritative edition, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (CPAE).
The EPP was established by Princeton University Press (PUP) in 1977 at the Institute for Advanced Study. The founding editor of the project was professor of physics John Stachel. In 1984, the project moved from Princeton to Stachel's home institution, Boston University. The first volume of the CPAE was published by PUP in 1987. The following year, historian of science Martin J. Klein of Yale University was appointed senior editor of the project. Volumes 1-6 and 8 of the series were completed during the project's time in Boston.
In 2000, professor of history Diana Kormos-Buchwald was appointed general editor and director of the EPP and established offices for the project at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) In Pasadena, California. Volumes 7 and 9-16 of the CPAE have been completed since the project's move to Caltech. (Volume 11 in the series is a comprehensive index and bibliography to Volumes 1-10).
The CPAE volumes include Einstein's books, his published and unpublished scientific and non-scientific articles, his lecture and research notebooks, travel diaries, book reviews, appeals, and reliable records of his lectures, speeches, interviews with the press, and other oral statements. The volumes also include his professional, personal, and political correspondence. Each annotated volume, referred to as the documentary edition, presents full text documents in their original language, primarily German. Introductions, endnotes, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20allergy%20test | Skin allergy testing comprises a range of methods for medical diagnosis of allergies that attempts to provoke a small, controlled, allergic response.
Methods
A microscopic amount of an allergen is introduced to a patient's skin by various means:
Skin prick test: pricking the skin with a needle or pin containing a small amount of the allergen.
Skin scratch test: a deep dermic scratch is performed with help of the blunt bottom of a lancet.
Intradermic test: a tiny quantity of allergen is injected under the dermis with a hypodermic syringe.
Skin scrape Test: a superficial scrape is performed with help of the back of a needle to remove the superficial layer of the epidermis.
Patch test: applying a patch to the skin, where the patch contains the allergen
If an immuno-response is seen in the form of a rash, urticaria (hives), or anaphylaxis it can be concluded that the patient has a hypersensitivity (or allergy) to that allergen. Further testing can be done to identify the particular allergen.
The "skin scratch test" as it is called, is not very commonly used due to the increased likelihood of infection. On the other hand, the "skin scrape test" is painless, does not leave residual pigmentation, and does not have a risk of infection, since it is limited to the superficial layer of the skin.
Some allergies are identified in a few minutes but others may take several days. In all cases where the test is positive, the skin will become raised, red, and appear itchy. The results are recorded - larger wheals indicating that the subject is more sensitive to that particular allergen. A negative test does not conclusively rule out an allergy; occasionally, the concentration needs to be adjusted, or the body fails to elicit a response.
Immediate reactions tests
In the prick, scratch and scrape tests, a few drops of the purified allergen are gently pricked on to the skin surface, usually the forearm. This test is usually done in order to identify allergies to pet dander, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRX%20expansion%20board | The SRX are a series of expansion boards produced by Roland Corporation. First introduced in 2000, they are small boards of electronic circuitry with 64MB ROMs containing patches (timbres) and rhythm sets (drum kits). They are used to expand certain models of Roland synthesizers, music workstations, keyboards, and sound modules.
Predecessor formats include the 15 SN-U110 PCM cards (U-110, U-20, U-220, D-70, CM-64 and CM-32P), 8 SL-JD80 PCM card/preset RAM card (JD-only) sets and 8 SO-PCM1 1-2 MB cards (both JD-800, JD-990, JV-80, JV-880, JV-90, JV-1000 and JV-1080), 22 SR-JV80 expansion boards (JD-990, JV-880, JV-1010, JV-1080, JV-2080, XV-3080, XV-5080, JV-80, JV-90, JV-1000, XP-30, XP-50, XP-60, XP-80, Fantom FA76, XV-88) and others.
Expansion boards
SRX-01 Dynamic Drum Kits
SRX-02 Concert Piano
SRX-03 Studio SRX
SRX-04 Symphonique Strings
SRX-05 Supreme Dance
SRX-06 Complete Orchestra
SRX-07 Ultimate Keys
SRX-08 Platinum Trax
SRX-09 World Collection
SRX-10 Big Brass Ensemble
SRX-11 Complete Piano
SRX-12 Classic EPs
SRX-96 World Collection and Legendary XP Essentials (special SRX board 2008)
SRX-97 Jon Lord's Rock Organ (special SRX board 2007)
SRX-98 Analog Essentials (special SRX board 2006)
SRX-99 Special Wave Expansion (promo released mid-2004)
Compatible hosts
According to Roland, the following products accept SRX expansion boards. The number in parentheses indicates the number of SRX boards each unit can accept.
Fantom workstation (2)
Fantom-S series (4)
Fantom-X series (4)
Fantom-XR rack unit (6)
Juno-G (1)
Juno-Stage (2)
RD-700, RD-700SX, and RD-700GX (2)
V-Combo (2)
G-70 (1)
E-80 (2)
Roland MC-909 (1)
SonicCell module (2)
XV-88 (2)
XV-5050, XV-3080, and XV-2020 modules (2)
XV-5080 (4)
V-Studio 700 (1)
Some later SRX cards, for example the SRX96 and 97 do not work in the XV3080 host synthesizer module nor in the XV-88 keyboard synthesizer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar%20Hall%20sensor | The planar Hall sensor is a type of magnetic sensor based on the planar Hall effect of ferromagnetic materials. It measures the change in anisotropic magnetoresistance caused by an external magnetic field in the Hall geometry. As opposed to an ordinary Hall sensor, which measures field components perpendicular to the sensor plane, the planar Hall sensor responds to magnetic field components in the sensor plane. Generally speaking, for ferromagnetic materials, the resistance is larger when the current flows along the direction of magnetization than when it flows perpendicular to the magnetization vector. This creates an asymmetric electric field perpendicular to the current, which depends on the magnetization state of the sensor. Exactly controlling the magnetization state is the key to the operation of the planar Hall sensor. From fabrication the magnetization is confined to one certain direction in zero applied field, and the application of a field perpendicular to this direction changes the magnetization state in such a way that the electronic readout is linear with respect to the magnitude of the applied field. This is true for applied fields smaller than a fourth of the intrinsic effective anisotropy field (see ref. 1 for details on the working principle).
The planar Hall sensor has been demonstrated as a magnetic bead detector and to measure the Earth's field with nanotesla precision As a magnetic bead sensor, the planar Hall sensor can be used as sensing principle in a magnetic bioassay. In ref. 5 detection of influenza virusses was demonstrated using an immunoassay imitating a sandwich ELISA based on monoclonal antibodies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20U.S.%20state%20ships | This is a list of official U.S. state ships as designated by each state's legislature.
Table
See also
List of U.S. state, district, and territorial insignia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty%20acid%20synthase | Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.
Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. It is not a single enzyme but a whole enzymatic system composed of two identical 272 kDa multifunctional polypeptides, in which substrates are handed from one functional domain to the next.
Its main function is to catalyze the synthesis of palmitate (C16:0, a long-chain saturated fatty acid) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, in the presence of NADPH.
The fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Following each round of elongation the beta keto group is reduced to the fully saturated carbon chain by the sequential action of a ketoreductase (KR), dehydratase (DH), and enoyl reductase (ER). The growing fatty acid chain is carried between these active sites while attached covalently to the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of an acyl carrier protein (ACP), and is released by the action of a thioesterase (TE) upon reaching a carbon chain length of 16 (palmitic acid).
Classes
There are two principal classes of fatty acid synthases.
Type I systems utilise a single large, multifunctional polypeptide and are common to both animals and fungi (although the structural arrangement of fungal and animal syntheses differ). A Type I fatty acid synthase system is also found in the CMN group of bacteria (corynebacteria, mycobacteria, and nocardia). In these bacteria, the FAS I system produces palmitic acid, and cooperates with the FAS II system to produce a greater diversity of lipid products.
Type II is found in archaea, bacteria and plant plastids, and is characterized by the use of discrete, monofunctional enzymes for fatty acid synthesis. Inhibitors of this pathway (FASII) are being investigated as possible antibiotics.
The mechanism of FAS I and FAS II elongation and reduction is the same, as the domains of the FAS II enzymes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Evans%20Howe | Roger Evans Howe (born May 23, 1945) is the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at Yale University, and Curtis D. Robert Endowed Chair in Mathematics Education at Texas A&M University. He is known for his contributions to representation theory, in particular for the notion of a reductive dual pair and the Howe correspondence, and his contributions to mathematics education.
Biography
He attended Ithaca High School, then Harvard University as an undergraduate, becoming a Putnam Fellow in 1964. He obtained his Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley in 1969. His thesis, titled On representations of nilpotent groups, was written under the supervision of Calvin Moore. Between 1969 and 1974, Howe taught at the State University of New York in Stony Brook before joining the Yale faculty in 1974. His doctoral students include Ju-Lee Kim, Jian-Shu Li, Zeev Rudnick, Eng-Chye Tan, and Chen-Bo Zhu. He moved to Texas A&M University in 2015.
He has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1993, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1994.
Howe received a Lester R. Ford Award in 1984. In 2006 he was awarded the American Mathematical Society Distinguished Public Service Award in recognition of his "multifaceted contributions to mathematics and to mathematics education." In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2015 he received the inaugural Award for Excellence in Mathematics Education.
A conference in his honor was held at the National University of Singapore in 2006, and at Yale University in 2015.
Selected works
Roger Howe, "Tamely ramified supercuspidal representations of ", Pacific Journal of Mathematics 73 (1977), no. 2, 437–460.
Roger Howe and Calvin C. Moore, "Asymptotic properties of unitary representations", Journal of Functional Analysis 32 (1979), no. 1, 72–96.
Roger Howe, "θ-series and invariant theory", in Automorphic forms, representations and L-functions (Proc. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexaxial%20reference%20system | The hexaxial reference system, better known as the Cabrera system, is a convention to present the extremity leads of the 12 lead electrocardiogram, that provides an illustrative logical sequence that helps interpretation of the ECG, especially to determine the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.
The most practical way of using this is by arranging extremity leads according to the Cabrera system, reversing polarity of lead aVR and presenting ECG complexes in the order (aVL, I, -aVR, II, aVF, III). Then determine the direction the maximal ECG vector is "pointing", i.e. in which lead there are most positive amplitude - this direction is the electrical axis - see diagram.
Example: If lead I has the highest amplitude (higher than aVL or -aVR), the axis is approximately 0°.
Conversely, if lead III has the most negative amplitude it means the vector is pointing away from this lead, i.e. towards -60°.
An alternative use is to locate the most isoelectric (or equiphasic) lead (I, II, III, aVR, aVL, or aVF) on a diagnostic quality ECG with proper lead placement. Then find the corresponding spoke on the hexaxial reference system. The perpendicular spoke will point to the heart's electrical axis. To determine which numerical value should be used, observe the polarity of the perpendicular lead on the ECG.
For example, if the most isoelectric (or equiphasic) lead is aVL, the perpendicular lead on the hexaxial reference system is lead II. If lead II is positively deflected on the ECG, the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane will be approximately +60°.
Normal axis: -30° to +90°
Left axis deviation: -30° to -90°
Right axis deviation: +90° to +180°
Extreme axis deviation: -90° to -180°
Additional images
See also
Electrocardiogram |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flock%20%28birds%29 | A flock is a gathering of individual birds to forage or travel collectively. Avian flocks are typically associated with migration. Flocking also offers foraging benefits and protection from predators, although flocking can have costs for individual members.
Flocks are often defined as groups consisting of individuals from the same species. However, mixed flocks consisting of two or more species are also common. Avian species that tend to flock together are typically similar in taxonomy and share morphological characteristics such as size and shape. Mixed flocks offer increased protection against predators, which is particularly important in closed habitats such as forests where early warning calls play a vital importance in the early recognition of danger. The result is the formation of many mixed-species feeding flocks.
Mixed flocks
While mixed flocks are typically thought to be composed of two different species, it is specifically the two different behaviours of the species that compose a mixed flock. Within a mixed flock there can be two different behavioural characteristics: sally and gleaner. Sallies are individuals that act as guards of the flock and consume prey in the air during flight. On the other hand, gleaners are those that consume prey living within vegetation.
Studies have shown that as resources in the aerial environment increase, the flock will possess more sallies than gleaners. This has been shown to occur during forest fires in which insects have been flushed from vegetation, however this can also be done by the gleaners. When gleaners obtain meals from vegetation it causes the other prey within the vegetation to be flushed out into the aerial environment. It is through this specific behaviour of feeding among vegetation that the gleaners indirectly increase the foraging rate of the sallies.
Those birds that are more rare and therefore less abundant in an environment are more likely to perform in this mixed flock behaviour. Despite the fact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Ornithologists%27%20Society | The German Ornithologists' Society () was founded in 1850, and is one of the world's oldest existing scientific societies. Its goal is to support and further scientific ornithology in Germany on all levels. It publishes the Journal of Ornithology, founded in 1853. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal%20and%20meridional%20flow | Zonal and meridional flow are directions and regions of fluid flow on a globe.
Zonal flow follows a pattern along latitudinal lines, latitudinal circles or in the west–east direction.
Meridional flow follows a pattern from north to south, or from south to north, along the Earth's longitude lines, longitudinal circles (meridian) or in the north–south direction.
These terms are often used in the atmospheric and earth sciences to describe global phenomena, such as "meridional wind", or "zonal average temperature".
In the context of physics, zonal flow connotes a tendency of flux to conform to a pattern parallel to the equator of a sphere. In meteorological term regarding atmospheric circulation, zonal flow brings a temperature contrast along the Earth's longitude. Extratropical cyclones in zonal flows tend to be weaker, moving faster and producing relatively little impact on local weather.
Extratropical cyclones in meridional flows tend to be stronger and move slower. This pattern is responsible for most instances of extreme weather, as not only are storms stronger in this type of flow regime, but temperatures can reach extremes as well, producing heat waves and cold waves depending on the equator-ward or poleward direction of the flow.
For vector fields (such as wind velocity), the zonal component (or x-coordinate) is denoted as u, while the meridional component (or y-coordinate) is denoted as v.
In plasma physics Zonal flow (plasma) means poloidal, which is the opposite from the meaning in planetary atmospheres and weather/climate studies.
See also
Zonal and poloidal
Zonal flow (plasma)
Meridione
Notes
Orientation (geometry) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onverwacht%20Group | The Onverwacht Group or Onverwacht Series is a series of greenstone belts and volcanic rock formations from the Archean Eon in the Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa and Eswatini.
A well known part of the Onverwacht Series is visible in the Komati valley, located in the east of the Transvaal region.
Subdivision
The Onverwacht Group can be divided into two subgroups with six formations:
Geluk Subgroup
Swartkoppie Formation –
Kromberg Formation –
Hooggenoeg Formation –
Tjakastad Subgroup
Komatii Formation –
Theespruit Formation –
Sandspruit Formation –
The fossils found in the Onverwacht Series are among the oldest found on Earth.
See also
Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
Warrawoona Group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain%20of%20survival | The chain of survival refers to a series of actions that, properly executed, reduce the mortality associated with sudden cardiac arrest. Like any chain, the chain of survival is only as strong as its weakest link. The six interdependent links in the chain of survival are early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest and access to emergency medical care, early CPR, early defibrillation, early advanced cardiac life support, and physical and emotional recovery. The first three links in the chain can be performed by lay bystanders, while the second three links are designated to medical professionals. Currently, between 70 and 90% of cardiac arrest patients die before they reach the hospital. However, a cardiac arrest does not have to be lethal if bystanders can take the right steps immediately.
Background
According to the American Heart Association, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest can affect more than 300,000 people in the United States each year. Three minutes after the onset of cardiac arrest, a lack of blood flow starts to damage the brain, and 10 minutes after, the chances of survival are low. Therefore, bystanders have only a few minutes to act to optimize a person's chances of survival and recovery.
To improve survival outcomes for people who have experienced out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the American Heart Association–International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation recommended the chain of survival concept in the early 2000s. Originally, the chain consisted of four steps: early access to emergency medical care was the first link, the second link was early CPR, early defibrillation was the third link, and the final link was early advanced cardiac life support. Over the years, the American Heart Association has added two new links to the chain: post-resuscitation care in 2010, and physical and emotional recovery in 2020. Also in 2020, the American Heart Association issued a new pediatric chain of survival for infants, children, and adolescents.
Mary M. Newman, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8che%20%28zoology%29 | The crèche (from French) in zoology refers to the care of offspring in a group or colony. Many species such as common eiders, lions, and penguins form crèches and exhibit group behaviours. Crèches can serve different functions and purposes depending on the species and the environment. For example, some crèches may aid in defence while other crèches may aid in feeding and protection from harsh weather conditions. This form of group living has evolved to become advantageous to the species. Studies have shown that by participating in group living, species will increase their inclusive fitness since their young will be in a better condition to reproduce and carry on the line of descendants in the species.
Crèche behaviour in eiders, Somateria mollissima
In the Common eider population, after giving birth to their eggs, the mother will incubate them until they hatch. The mothers will hear a signal from the juvenile's which will cause her to move away and open the nest for the eggs to hatch safely. Once the eggs have hatched, the mother will either abandon her young, care for her young alone or join a multi-female crèche. In the common eider species, if the crèche group behaviour is followed, the formation of the crèche will occur as soon as the juveniles leave the nest, and the group behaviour will last for a long period as the mother provides parental care to her young as they develop. Studies have shown that while the parental care mode can change over the years, 46% of female eiders will care for their young through a multi-crèched environment. Female eiders can care for their young through a true crèche or a transient crèche. In a true crèche, the mother will choose a select group of females to live and care for her young with for a long period of time. Contrastingly, in a transient crèche, the female and her young will not stay with the same group for a long duration and they will move through different crèches rather than stay with one permanent group. These tran |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20sequenced%20archaeal%20genomes | This list of sequenced archaeal genomes contains all the archaea known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and deposited in public databases. Methanococcus jannaschii was the first archaeon whose genome was sequenced, in 1996.
Currently in this list there are 39 genomes belonging to Crenarchaeota species, 105 belonging to the Euryarchaeota, 1 genome belonging to Korarchaeota and to the Nanoarchaeota, 3 belonging to the Thaumarchaeota and 1 genome belonging to an unclassified Archaea, totalling 150 Archaeal genomes.
Crenarchaeota
Acidilobales
Desulforococcales
Sulfolobales
Thermoproteales
Euryarchaeota
Archaeoglobi
Halobacteria
Methanobacteria
Methanococci
Methanomicrobia
Methanopyri
Thermococci
Thermoplasmata
Unclassified Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota
Cenarchaeales
Nitrosopumilales
Unclassified Archaea
See also
Genome project
Human microbiome project
Lists of sequenced genomes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbocostal%20triangle | The lumbocostal triangle (also Bochdalek's foramen, Bochdalek's triangle) is a space between the costal and lumbar parts of the diaphragm. The base of this triangular space is formed by muscle attachments originating from the XII rib and muscle fibers attaching to the lateral arcuate ligament. The apex of the triangle is oriented towards the tendinous centre of the diaphragm. Parietal pleura and renal capsule are in contact in this space, so possible infection can be transmitted through this space.
Clinical significance
The existence of this foramen might cause a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, Bochdalek hernia.
This condition has also been associated with thoracic kidney, the presence of the kidney in the thorax instead of the usual abdominal position. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Grandi%27s%20series |
Geometry and infinite zeros
Grandi
Guido Grandi (1671–1742) reportedly provided a simplistic account of the series in 1703. He noticed that inserting parentheses into produced varying results: either
or
Grandi's explanation of this phenomenon became well known for its religious overtones:
In fact, the series was not an idle subject for Grandi, and he didn't think it summed to either 0 or 1. Rather, like many mathematicians to follow, he thought the true value of the series was 1⁄2 for a variety of reasons.
Grandi's mathematical treatment of occurs in his 1703 book Quadratura circula et hyperbolae per infinitas hyperbolas geometrice exhibita. Broadly interpreting Grandi's work, he derived through geometric reasoning connected with his investigation of the witch of Agnesi. Eighteenth-century mathematicians immediately translated and summarized his argument in analytical terms: for a generating circle with diameter a, the equation of the witch y = a3/(a2 + x2) has the series expansion
and setting a = x = 1, one has 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · · = 1⁄2.
According to Morris Kline, Grandi started with the binomial expansion
and substituted x = 1 to get . Grandi "also argued that since the sum was both 0 and 1⁄2, he had proved that the world could be created out of nothing."
Grandi offered a new explanation that in 1710, both in the second edition of the Quadratura circula and in a new work, De Infinitis infinitorum, et infinite parvorum ordinibus disquisitio geometrica. Two brothers inherit a priceless gem from their father, whose will forbids them to sell it, so they agree that it will reside in each other's museums on alternating years. If this agreement lasts for all eternity between the brother's descendants, then the two families will each have half possession of the gem, even though it changes hands infinitely often. This argument was later criticized by Leibniz.
The parable of the gem is the first of two additions to the discussion of the corollary that Grand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Commission%20on%20Mathematical%20Instruction | The International Commission on Mathematical Instruction (ICMI) is a commission of the International Mathematical Union and is an internationally acting organization focussing on mathematics education. ICMI was founded in 1908 at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) in Rome and aims to improve teaching standards around the world, through programs, workshops and initiatives and publications. It aims to work a great deal with developing countries, to increase teaching standards and education which can improve life quality and aid the country.
History
ICMI was founded at the ICM, and mathematician Felix Klein was elected first president of the organisation. Henri Fehr and Charles Laisant created the international research journal L'Enseignement Mathématique in 1899, and from early on this journal became the official organ of ICMI. A bulletin is published twice a year by ICMI, and from December 1995 this bulletin has been available at the organisation's official website, in their 'digital library'.
In the years between World War I and World War II there was little activity in the organization, but in 1952 ICMI was reconstituted. At this time the organization was reorganized, and it became an official commission of the International Mathematical Union (IMU). As a scientific organization, IMU is a member of the International Council for Science (ICSU). Although ICMI follows the general principles of IMU and ICSU, the organization has a large degree of autonomy.
Structure
All countries that are members of IMU are automatically members of ICMI; membership is also possible for non-IMU members. Currently, there are 90 member states of ICMI. Each member state has the right to appoint a national representative.
As a commission, ICMI has two main bodies:
the Executive Committee (EC), and
the national representatives from the member countries.
Together, these two constitute the General Assembly (GA) of ICMI. The GA is summoned every four years in connectio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-opt | In optimization, 2-opt is a simple local search algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem.
The 2-opt algorithm was first proposed by Croes in 1958, although the basic move had already been suggested by Flood. The main idea behind it is to take a route that crosses over itself and reorder it so that it does not. A complete 2-opt local search will compare every possible valid combination of the swapping mechanism. This technique can be applied to the traveling salesman problem as well as many related problems. These include the vehicle routing problem (VRP) as well as the capacitated VRP, which require minor modification of the algorithm.
Pseudocode
Visually, one swap looks like:
- A B - - A - B -
× ==>
- C D - - C - D -
In pseudocode, the mechanism by which the 2-opt swap manipulates a given route is as follows. Here v1 and v2 are the first vertices of the edges you wish to swap when traversing through the route:
procedure 2optSwap(route, v1, v2) {
1. take route[0] to route[v1] and add them in order to new_route
2. take route[v1+1] to route[v2] and add them in reverse order to new_route
3. take route[v2+1] to route[start] and add them in order to new_route
return new_route;
}
Here is an example of the above with arbitrary input:
Example route: A → B → E → D → C → F → G → H → A
Example parameters: v1=1, v2=4 (assuming starting index is 0)
Contents of new_route by step:
(A → B)
A → B → (C → D → E)
A → B → C → D → E → (F → G → H → A)
This is the complete 2-opt swap making use of the above mechanism:
repeat until no improvement is made {
best_distance = calculateTotalDistance(existing_route)
start_again:
for (i = 0; i <= number of nodes eligible to be swapped - 1; i++) {
for (j = i + 1; j <= number of nodes eligible to be swapped; j++) {
new_route = 2optSwap(existing_route, i, j)
new_distance = calculateTotalDistance(new_route)
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-opt |
See also
2-opt
Local search (optimization)
Lin–Kernighan heuristic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroogomphus%20rutilus | Chroogomphus rutilus, commonly known as the brown slimecap or the copper spike, is a species of fungus in the Gomphidiaceae family. First described scientifically as Agaricus rutilus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, it was transferred to the genus Chroogomphus in 1964 by Orson K. Miller, Jr. The fungus lives ectomycorrhizally with Pinus species, and is found in Europe and North America. The fruit bodies are edible but not highly regarded.
Gomphidius viscidus is an old synonym of this mushroom. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa%20Rican%20p%C3%A1ramo | The Costa Rican páramo, also known as the Talamanca páramo, is a natural region of montane grassland and shrubland of Costa Rica and western Panama.
Setting
The Costa Rican páramo includes several enclaves on the highest peaks of the Cordillera de Talamanca in eastern Costa Rica and western Panama, with a total area of 31 km. The páramo is found above 3000–3100 meters elevation on the summits of Cerro de la Muerte, Cerro Chirripó, and Cerro Kamuk in Costa Rica, Cerro Echandi on the Costa Rica-Panama border, Cerro Fábrega, and Cerro Itamut in Panama.
It is surrounded at lower elevations by the Talamancan montane forests. The World Wide Fund for Nature includes the Costa Rican páramo within the montane forests ecoregion, although the páramo has a distinct flora with affinities to the páramo of the Northern Andes.
Flora
The Costa Rican páramo can be divided into three zones. The subpáramo is a dwarf forest, dominated by the dwarf bamboo Chusquea subtessellata, together with short shrubs.
The páramo proper lies above the subpáramo, and is dominated by grasses, rushes, herbs, and low shrubs of the families Gramineae, Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Rosaceae and Ericaceae. Above the páramo lies the superpáramo, a narrow zone with scarce vegetation between the grass páramo and the snow line.
The páramo is home to 416 flowering plant species, from 216 genera and 72 families. Fifty species are endemic to the Talamancan páramos. Asteraceae is the most species-rich, with 73 species, including five endemic genera – Iltisia, Jessea, Laestadia, Talamancalia, and Westoniella. Twenty species are restricted to the highest páramo elevations (3,500 to 3,819 m) – Azorella biloba, Castilleja quirosii, Draba jorullensis, Lewisia megarhiza, Lysipomia acaulis, Poa chirripoensis, Ranunculus crassirostratus, Senecio kuhbieri, Stevia westonii, Uncinia koyamae, Westoniella chirripoensis, and Westoniella eriocephala.
Fauna
32 species of mammals inhabit the páramo, including shrews (Cryptotis), r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%E2%80%93Kernighan%20heuristic | In combinatorial optimization, Lin–Kernighan is one of the best heuristics for solving the symmetric travelling salesman problem. It belongs to the class of local search algorithms, which take a tour (Hamiltonian cycle) as part of the input and attempt to improve it by searching in the neighbourhood of the given tour for one that is shorter, and upon finding one repeats the process from that new one, until encountering a local minimum. As in the case of the related 2-opt and 3-opt algorithms, the relevant measure of "distance" between two tours is the number of edges which are in one but not the other; new tours are built by reassembling pieces of the old tour in a different order, sometimes changing the direction in which a sub-tour is traversed. Lin–Kernighan is adaptive and has no fixed number of edges to replace at a step, but favours small numbers such as 2 or 3.
Derivation
For a given instance of the travelling salesman problem, tours are uniquely determined by their sets of edges, so we may as well encode them as such. In the main loop of the local search, we have a current tour and are looking for new tour such that the symmetric difference is not too large and the length of the new tour is less than the length of the current tour. Since is typically much smaller than and , it is convenient to consider the quantity
— the gain of using when switching from —
since : how much longer the current tour is than the new tour . Naively -opt can be regarded as examining all with exactly elements ( in but not in , and another in but not in ) such that is again a tour, looking for such a set which has . It is however easier to do those tests in the opposite order: first search for plausible with positive gain, and only second check if is in fact a tour.
Define a trail in to be alternating (with respect to ) if its edges are alternatingly in and not in , respectively. Because the subgraphs and are -regular, the subgraph will have vertices of d |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Football%20Network | The Canadian Football Network (CFN) was the official television syndication service of the Canadian Football League from 1987 to 1990.
History
Background
CFN broadcasts mainly aired on stations via the Atlantic Satellite Network and future Global Television Network affiliates, in addition to at least one station in the United States (ABC affiliate WVNY-TV in Burlington, Vermont, which serves the larger, nearby Montreal English-language television market, which did not have a Global station at that time). As CFN was formed by the CFL itself, the league provided much of the network's funding. It was created directly in response to CTV completely dropping their CFL coverage following the 1986 season. CFN was conceptualized by then CFL Commissioner Douglas Mitchell.
Hamilton and Toronto
In its first year on the air, the CFL experimented with the TV blackout policy as four games (two in Hamilton and two in Toronto) were televised in the Hamilton-Toronto market.
CFN in the United States
In addition to being shown on the above-mentioned Burlington, Vermont station, from 1987-1989, a weekly CFN game telecast, including playoffs and the Grey Cup championship, aired in the United States nationally on a tape-delay basis on ESPN.
Grey Cup coverage
CFN's Grey Cup coverage was completely separate from CBC's coverage (whereas from 1971-1986, CBC and CTV fully pooled their commentary teams for the game; CBC's commentators called the first half of the game while CTV's crew called the rest of the game or vice versa).
During its broadcast of the 1988 Grey Cup game, CFN reported that its telecasts that season were seen in 14 countries, including the U.S., Great Britain, France, Italy, Spain, West Germany, Norway, Sweden and Finland.
The 1988 Grey Cup was the last game for veteran Winnipeg Blue Bombers offensive lineman Nick Bastaja. The next season, he joined the CFN crew as a colour commentator. Former Edmonton Eskimos fullback Neil Lumsden was CFN's primary colour man, w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia%20N800 | The Nokia N800 Internet tablet is a wireless Internet appliance from Nokia, originally announced at the Las Vegas CES 2007 Summit in January 2007. N800 allows the user to browse the Internet and communicate using Wi-Fi networks or with mobile phone via Bluetooth. The N800 was developed as the successor to the Nokia 770. It includes FM and Internet radio, an RSS news reader, image viewer and a media player for audio and video files.
Specifications
Processor: OMAP2420 microprocessor with a native speed of 400 MHz
Runs at an underclocked 330 MHz on OS2007, because the DSP speed will be halved if run at full speed
Runs at the native 400 MHz on OS2008.
Memory: 128 MiB of RAM and 256 MiB of flash memory.
Connectivity: IEEE 802.11 b/g, Bluetooth 2.0 (DUN, OPP, FTP, HFP, HID profiles as well as A2DP/AVRCP and PAN via third party emulation), and USB 2.0 OTG high-speed.
Display & resolution: pressure-sensitive resistive touch-screen LCD 4.1 inches 800×480 pixels at 225 dpi (the same as the 770.)
includes PowerVR MBX acceleration, but the operating system does not include a device driver
Expansion: 2 full-sized Secure Digital card slots, one internal and one external, each accommodating one card up to 32 GB capacity when using SDHC. Only cards up to 8 GB are officially supported by Nokia.
Camera: built-in pop-up rotating webcam. (note the camera does not rotate a full 360 degrees).
Audio: microphone, stereo speakers, FM radio tuner, 3.5-mm headphone jack (compatible with standard stereo headphones, but also containing a fourth pin with microphone input). The headphone jack also functions as the antenna for the FM radio.
Operating system: Linux-based Internet Tablet OS 2007. In December 2007 the new OS 2008 was released for the Nokia N800 and the Nokia N810.
The N800 supports Skype internet calls and Flash Player 9 as of 6 July 2007, which allows users to watch YouTube videos, play online flash games, and make free internet calls to other Skype-enabled devices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct%20voice%20input | Direct voice input (DVI), sometimes called voice input control (VIC), is a style of human–machine interaction "HMI" in which the user makes voice commands to issue instructions to the machine through speech recognition.
In the field of military aviation, DVI has been introduced into the cockpits of several modern military aircraft, such as the Eurofighter Typhoon, the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the Dassault Rafale, the KF-21 Boramae and the Saab JAS 39 Gripen. Such systems have been also been used for various other purposes, including industry control systems and speech recognition assistance for impaired individuals.
Overview
DVI systems can be divided into two major categories of functionality: "user-dependent" or "user-independent". A user-dependent system requires that a personal voice template to be generated for a specific person; the template for this individual has to be loaded onto their assigned machine prior to use of the DVI system for it to function properly. In contrast, a user-independent system does not require any personal voice template, being intended to respond correctly to the voice of any user. They can also be categorised between "discrete recognition" and "continuous recognition". Users of a discrete recognition system must pause between each word so that the DVI system can identify the separations between each word, while a continuous speech recognition system is capable of understanding a normal rate of speech.
During the mid-2000s, researchers at the National Aerospace Laboratory in the Netherlands examined the use of DVI in the "GRACE" simulator; a total of twelve pilots participated in the ensuing experiment. The tests performed reportedly revealed that, while the hardware itself functioned well, several improvements were desirable prior to real-world deployment on aircraft since DVI operations actually consumed more time in comparison to traditional existing methods. Recommendations for improvements included the adoption of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20variants | GNU variants (also called GNU distributions or distros for short) are operating systems based upon the GNU operating system (the Hurd kernel, the GNU C library, system libraries and application software like GNU coreutils, bash, GNOME, the Guix package manager, etc). According to the GNU project and others, these also include most operating systems using the Linux kernel and a few others using BSD-based kernels.
GNU users usually obtain their operating system by downloading GNU distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, LibreCMC) and personal computers (for example, Debian GNU/Hurd) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).
Hurd kernel
Hurd is the official kernel developed for the GNU system (before Linux-libre also became an official GNU package). Debian GNU/Hurd was discussed for a release as technology preview with Debian 7.0 Wheezy, however these plans were discarded due to the immature state of the system. However the maintainers of Debian GNU/Hurd decided to publish an unofficial release on the release date of Debian 7.0. Debian GNU/Hurd is not considered yet to provide the performance and stability expected from a production system. Among the open issues are incomplete implementation of Java and X.org graphical user interfaces and limited hardware driver support. About two thirds of the Debian packages have been ported to Hurd.
Arch Hurd is a derivative work of Arch Linux, porting it to the GNU Hurd system with packages optimised for the Intel P6 architecture. Their goal is to provide an Arch-like user environment (BSD-style init scripts, pacman package manager, rolling releases, and a simple set up) on the GNU Hurd, which is stable enough for at least occasional use. Currently it provides a LiveCD for evaluation purposes and installation guides for LiveCD and conventional installation.
Linux kernel
The term GNU/Linux or GNU+Linux is used by the FSF and its s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Home%20Server | Windows Home Server (code-named Quattro) is a home server operating system from Microsoft. It was announced on 7 January 2007 at the Consumer Electronics Show by Bill Gates, released to manufacturing on 16 July 2007 and officially released on 4 November 2007.
Windows Home Server was based on Windows Server 2003 R2 and was intended to be a solution for homes with multiple connected PCs to offer file sharing, automated backups, print server, and remote access. It is paired with the Windows Home Server Console—client software accessed from another computer on the network to provide a graphical management interface.
Power Pack 1 for Windows Home Server was released on 20 July 2008. Power Pack 2 was released on 24 March 2009 and Power Pack 3 was released on 24 November 2009.
Windows Home Server 2011, the next version of this operating system, was released on 6 April 2011. Microsoft confirmed Windows Home Server 2011 to be last release in the Windows Home Server product line.
Windows Home Server was the brainchild of Charlie Kindel who was the General Manager for the product from 2005 through 2009.
Microsoft has ended support for Windows Home Server on January 8, 2013.
Features
10 computers and 10 users: Allows a maximum of ten user accounts to be created on the server console and ten computers to have WHS connector installed, without any client access licenses.
Centralized backup: Allows backup of up to 10 PCs, using Single-instance storage technology to avoid multiple copies of the same file, even if that file exists on multiple PCs.
Health monitoring: Can centrally track the health of all PCs on the network, including antivirus and firewall status.
File sharing: Creates and operates network shares for computers to store the files remotely, acting as a network-attached storage device. Separate categories are provided for common file types like Documents, Music, Pictures and Videos. The files are indexed for fast searching.
Printer sharing: Allows a print ser |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random%20dopant%20fluctuation | Random dopant fluctuation (RDF) is a form of process variation resulting from variation in the implanted impurity concentration. In MOSFET transistors, RDF in the channel region can alter the transistor's properties, especially threshold voltage. In newer process technologies RDF has a larger effect because the total number of dopants is fewer, and the addition or deletion of a few impurity atoms can significantly alter transistor properties. RDF is a local form of process variation, meaning that two neighbouring transistors may have significantly different dopant concentrations. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedor%20Bogomolov | Fedor Alekseyevich Bogomolov (born 26 September 1946) (Фёдор Алексеевич Богомолов) is a Russian and American mathematician, known for his research in algebraic geometry and number theory. Bogomolov worked at the Steklov Institute in Moscow before he became a professor at the Courant Institute in New York. He is most famous for his pioneering work on hyperkähler manifolds.
Born in Moscow, Bogomolov graduated from Moscow State University, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics, and earned his doctorate ("candidate degree") in 1973, at the Steklov Institute. His doctoral advisor was Sergei Novikov.
Geometry of Kähler manifolds
Bogomolov's Ph.D. thesis was entitled Compact Kähler varieties. In his early papers Bogomolov studied the manifolds which were later called Calabi–Yau and hyperkähler. He proved a decomposition theorem, used for the classification of manifolds with trivial canonical class. It has been re-proven using the Calabi–Yau theorem and Berger's classification of Riemannian holonomies, and is foundational for modern string theory.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s Bogomolov studied the deformation theory for manifolds with trivial canonical class. He discovered what is now known as Bogomolov–Tian–Todorov theorem, proving the smoothness and un-obstructedness of the deformation space for hyperkaehler manifolds (in 1978 paper) and then extended this to all Calabi–Yau manifolds in the 1981 IHES preprint. Some years later, this theorem became the mathematical foundation for Mirror Symmetry.
While studying the deformation theory of hyperkähler manifolds, Bogomolov discovered what is now known as the Bogomolov–Beauville–Fujiki form on . Studying properties of this form, Bogomolov erroneously concluded that compact hyperkaehler manifolds do not exist, with the exception of K3 surfaces, tori, and their products. Almost four years passed since this publication before Akira Fujiki found a counterexample.
Other works in algebraic geometry
Bogomolov's paper on "Ho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Arthur%20Baking | The King Arthur Baking Company, formerly The King Arthur Flour Company, is an American supplier of flour, ingredients, baking mixes, cookbooks, and baked goods. The company was founded in Boston, Massachusetts in 1790, and is now based in Norwich, Vermont.
History
The King Arthur Flour Company was founded in 1790 in Boston, Massachusetts, by Henry Wood. Wood was primarily an importer and distributor, originally of English-milled flour. The business grew quickly, and Wood took on a partner in the early 1790s, forming Henry Wood & Company. Benjamin F. Sands took over the company in 1870, renaming it to reflect his ownership interest. In 1895, the company was reorganized as a joint-stock company, named Sands, Taylor & Wood Company after its then owners: Orin Sands, Mark Taylor, and George Wood (no relation to Henry Wood).
In 1896, Sands, Taylor & Wood introduced a new brand of premium flour. George Wood had attended a performance of the musical King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table, which inspired the name of the new product: King Arthur Flour. The brand was introduced at the Boston Food Fair on September 10, 1896, to substantial commercial success.
With Orin Sands's death in 1917, control of the company passed to his son, Frank E. Sands, grandfather of current chairman Frank E. Sands II. As the market for retail flour declined, the company expanded into the commercial bakery market, first with wholesale flours and later (in the 1960s) into commercial baking equipment. Sands, Taylor & Wood also introduced other retail food products under the King Arthur name, including a line of coffee.
Sands, Taylor & Wood acquired Joseph Middleby, a maker of baking supplies, such as prepared pie fillings, in 1973. Three years later, that business was expanded with the purchase of H.A. Johnson. As interest rates rose through the 1970s, financial pressures forced the company to change strategy, and in 1978 then-president Frank E. Sands II sold off all but the core flour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comx-35 | The COMX-35 was a home computer that was one of the very few systems to use the RCA 1802 microprocessor, the same microprocessor that is also used in some space probes.
The COMX-35 had a keyboard with an integrated joystick in place of cursor keys. It was relatively inexpensive and came with a large collection of software. COMX-35 was manufactured in Hong Kong by COMX World Operations Ltd and was released in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, Finland, Norway, Italy, Singapore, Turkey and the People's Republic of China.
Hardware
Technical specifications
CPU: RCA CDP1802 at or (NTSC)
Random-access memory: ( max)
ROM: with BASIC interpreter
VIS: (Video Interface System) RCA CDP1869/CDP1870
Text modes: 40 columns x 24 lines. Alternative , and
Character set: 128 Programmable characters, the default character set displayed only uppercase characters
Character size: 6x9 (PAL) or 6x8 (NTSC) pixels, alternative up to 6x16
Graphics modes: None, but the character-set was re programmable to simulate a High Resolution display
Colours: A total of 8 foreground colours are available (with a limited choice of 4 per character and 1 per line of that character) and 8 background colours (defined for the whole screen).
Sound: RCA CDP1869
2 channels: one for tone generation with a span of 8 octaves, and 1 for special effect/white noise. Volume programmable in 16 steps.
Memory map
Memory
The COMX-35 has of RAM. It consists of of User RAM of which roughly is available for BASIC code, with the rest reserved for use by the BASIC System ROM. The remaining of RAM is used by the Video Interface System.
Video interface system
The COMX-35 uses the RCA CDP1869 and CDP1870 Video Interface System (VIS), consisting of the CDP1869 address and sound generator and the CDP1870 colour video generator.
The COMX-35 automatically detects the Refresh rate. The VIS runs on in PAL and in NTSC. This frequency is halved and used to clock the CPU. The VIS is als |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huarizo | A huarizo, also known as a llapaca, is a hybrid cross between a male llama and a female alpaca. Misti, is a similar hybrid is a cross between a male alpaca and a female llama. The most common hybrid between South American camelids, huarizo tend to be much smaller than llamas, with their fibre being longer. Huarizo are sterile, but recent genetic research conducted at the University of Minnesota Rochester suggests that it may be possible to preserve fertility with minimal genetic modification.
However, many owners have reported that their Huarizos and Mistis are fertile.
Other camelidae hybridizations
Camel hybrids
Cama, a hybrid with camel and llama.
Llamanaco, a cross between guanaco and llama has been reported in the wild in the Magallanes Region of Chile.
See also
Mule and Hinny – two equine cross-species between a horse and a donkey which are also unable to reproduce. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranorex%20Studio | Ranorex Studio is a GUI test automation framework provided by Ranorex GmbH, a software development company. The framework is used for the testing of desktop, web-based and mobile applications.
Overview
Ranorex Studio supports development of automated test modules using standard programming languages such as C# and VB.NET.
Main features
GUI object recognition, filtering GUI elements using the company's proprietary technology RanoreXPath.
Object-based record and replay, using Ranorex Recorder, which records the user's interaction with a desktop or web-based application and creates user-maintainable scripts that can be edited with the Ranorex Studio action editor. The recorded actions are available as both C# and VB.NET code. Record and replay is supported on mobile devices for actions such as key presses and touch gestures.
Supported technologies
Windows desktop client applications such as .NET, WPF, Win32, VB6, Java, MFC, Embarcadero Delphi.
Web technologies such as HTML, HTML5, JavaScript Frameworks, Ajax, Silverlight, Flash, and Flex.
Cross-browser testing for Chrome, Safari, Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, and Firefox
Mobile Apps
native iOS apps
native Android apps
System environment
Ranorex Studio runs on Microsoft Windows and Windows Server. As of version 10.2, Ranorex Studio supports Windows 11
Reception
In a 2018 review by Forrester Research of 15 omnichannel functional test automation tools including Ranorex Studio 8.1.1, Ranorex was ranked as having the weakest current offering and the second-weakest strategy, scoring 1.65 of 5 and 1.5 of 5 respectively.
In 2019, Ranorex was one of 10 vendors evaluated in the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Software Test Automation. Gartner identified Ranorex as a "niche player".
See also
Test automation
GUI software testing
Web testing
List of web testing tools
List of GUI testing tools |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexon | Rexon Business Machines, later Rexon, Inc., was a manufacturer of small business computer systems founded by Ben C. Wang in 1978 in Culver City, California. It also became a major manufacturer of tape drives and related products. At its height, it played a significant role in the development and sale of magnetic tape data storage products. It traded on the NASDAQ under the symbol REXN until it filed for bankruptcy in 1995 and was acquired by Legacy Storage Systems, a Canadian company. It was last headquartered in Longmont, Colorado.
Computers and software
Rexon computer systems were based on the proprietary RECAP operating system and ran Thoroughbred Basic a superset of Business Basic with operating system primitives right in the language. As of April 2013, there are still functional Rexon computers in use in various places worldwide. encompassIT.ca, a Canadian company, specializes in converting Rexon / RECAP software to a Microsoft Windows environment.
Divisions
Scientific Solutions part of the Tecmar acquisition. Spun off in 1995 as part of the bankruptcy. Focused on data acquisition products for scientific work.
SyTron - Backup software vendor. Based in Westboro, MA. Sold to Arcada Software July 28, 1995.
Tecmar - Acquired in 1986. Based near Cleveland, Ohio.
WangDAT - DAT/DDS tape drive Manufacturer. Independently founded in 1988. Acquired by Rexon in 1991. Based in Irvine, California.
WangTek - QIC tape drive manufacturer. Based in Simi Valley, California. Founded as a subsidiary of Rexon in 1982.
Factory in Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Factory in Singapore.
Demise
Prior to its bankruptcy filing, Rexon closed the Solon, OH and Ponce, Puerto Rico facilities. and moved its operations to Longmont, CO. When Legacy acquired Rexon (out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy), it was renamed Tecmar Technologies, Inc. (TTInc) and operated as an independent subsidiary. In 1997, Legacy changed its name to Tecmar Technologies International (TTIntl). In 2000, the asse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS-controlled%20thyristor | An MOS-controlled thyristor (MCT) is a voltage-controlled fully controllable thyristor, controlled by MOSFETs (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors). It was invented by V.A.K. Temple in 1984, and was principally similar to the earlier insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). MCTs are similar in operation to GTO thyristors, but have voltage controlled insulated gates. They have two MOSFETs of opposite conductivity types in their equivalent circuits. One is responsible for turn-on and the other for turn-off. A thyristor with only one MOSFET in its equivalent circuit, which can only be turned on (like normal SCRs), is called an MOS-gated thyristor.
Positive voltage on the gate terminal with respect to the cathode turns the thyristor to the on state.
Negative voltage on the gate terminal with respect to the anode, which is close to cathode voltage during the on state, turns the thyristor to the off state.
MCTs were commercialized only briefly.
External links
Field-effect-controlled thyristor
"MOS GTO—A Turn Off Thyristor with MOS-Controlled Emitter Shorts," IEDM 85, M. Stoisiek and H. Strack, Siemens AG, Munich FRG pp. 158–161.
"MOS-Controlled Thyristors—A New Class of Power Devices", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-33, No. 10, Oct. 1986, Victor A. K. Temple, pp. 1609 through 1618. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20health%20laboratory | Public health laboratories (PHLs) are governmental reference laboratories that protect the public against diseases and other health hazards. The 2005 International Health Regulations came into force in June 2007, with 196 binding countries that recognised that certain public health incidents, extending beyond disease, ought to be designated as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), as they pose a significant global threat. The PHLs serve as national hazard detection centres, and forward these concerns to the World Health Organization.
International accreditation
In 2007, Haim Hacham et al. published a paper addressing the need for and the process of international standardised accreditation for laboratory proficiency in Israel. With similar efforts, both the Japan Accreditation Board for Conformity Assessment (JAB) and the European Communities Confederation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EC4) have validated and convened ISO 15189 Medical laboratories — Requirements for quality and competence, respectively.
In 2006, Spitzenberger and Edelhäuser expressed concerns that ISO accreditation may include obstacles arising from new emerging medical devices and the new approach of assessment; in so doing, they indicate the time dependence of standards.
Africa
WHO-Afro HIV/AIDS Laboratory Network
East African Laboratory Network
African Society for Laboratory Medicine
Canada
Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network
Europe
European Union Reference Laboratories cf. Commission Regulation (EC) No 776/2006 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 882/2004
EpiSouth Network
United Kingdom
The Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) was established as part of the National Health Service in 1946. An Emergency Public Health Laboratory Service was established in 1940 as a response to the threat of bacteriological warfare. There was originally a central laboratory at Colindale and a network of regional and local laboratories. By 1955 there were a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid%20animation | Fluid animation refers to computer graphics techniques for generating realistic animations of fluids such as water and smoke. Fluid animations are typically focused on emulating the qualitative visual behavior of a fluid, with less emphasis placed on rigorously correct physical results, although they often still rely on approximate solutions to the Euler equations or Navier–Stokes equations that govern real fluid physics. Fluid animation can be performed with different levels of complexity, ranging from time-consuming, high-quality animations for films, or visual effects, to simple and fast animations for real-time animations like computer games.
Relationship to computational fluid dynamics
Fluid animation differs from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in that fluid animation is used primarily for visual effects, whereas computational fluid dynamics is used to study the behavior of fluids in a scientifically rigorous way.
Development
The development of fluid animation techniques based on the Navier–Stokes equations began in 1996, when Nick Foster and Dimitris Metaxas implemented solutions to 3D Navier-Stokes equations in a computer graphics context, basing their work on a scientific CFD paper by Harlow and Welch from 1965. Up to that point, a variety of simpler methods had primarily been used, including ad-hoc particle systems, lower dimensional techniques such as height fields, and semi-random turbulent noise fields.
In 1999, Jos Stam published the "Stable Fluids" method, which exploited a semi-Lagrangian advection technique and implicit integration of viscosity to provide unconditionally stable behaviour. This allowed for much larger time steps and therefore faster simulations. This general technique was extended by Ronald Fedkiw and co-authors to handle more realistic smoke and fire, as well as complex 3D water simulations using variants of the level-set method.
Some notable academic researchers in this area include Jerry Tessendorf, James F. O'Brien, R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterochromatin%20protein%201 | The family of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) consists of highly conserved proteins, which have important functions in the cell nucleus. These functions include gene repression by heterochromatin formation, transcriptional activation, regulation of binding of cohesion complexes to centromeres, sequestration of genes to the nuclear periphery, transcriptional arrest, maintenance of heterochromatin integrity, gene repression at the single nucleosome level, gene repression by heterochromatization of euchromatin, and DNA repair. HP1 proteins are fundamental units of heterochromatin packaging that are enriched at the centromeres and telomeres of nearly all eukaryotic chromosomes with the notable exception of budding yeast, in which a yeast-specific silencing complex of SIR (silent information regulatory) proteins serve a similar function. Members of the HP1 family are characterized by an N-terminal chromodomain and a C-terminal chromoshadow domain, separated by a hinge region. HP1 is also found at some euchromatic sites, where its binding can correlate with either gene repression or gene activation. HP1 was originally discovered by Tharappel C James and Sarah Elgin in 1986 as a factor in the phenomenon known as position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster.
Paralogs and orthologs
Three different paralogs of HP1 are found in Drosophila melanogaster, HP1a, HP1b and HP1c. Subsequently orthologs of HP1 were also discovered in S. pombe (Swi6), Xenopus (Xhp1α and Xhp1γ), Chicken (CHCB1, CHCB2 and CHCB3), Tetrahymena (Pdd1p) and many other metazoans. In mammals, there are three paralogs: HP1α, HP1β and HP1γ. In Arabidopsis thaliana (a plant), there is one structural homolog: Like Heterochromatin Protein 1 (LHP1), also known as Terminal Flower 2 (TFL2).
HP1β in mammals
HP1β interacts with the histone methyltransferase (HMTase) Suv(3-9)h1 and is a component of both pericentric and telomeric heterochromatin. HP1β is a dosage-dependent modif |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspace%20theorem | In mathematics, the subspace theorem says that points of small height in projective space lie in a finite number of hyperplanes. It is a result obtained by .
Statement
The subspace theorem states that if L1,...,Ln are linearly independent linear forms in n variables with algebraic coefficients and if ε>0 is any given real number, then
the non-zero integer points x with
lie in a finite number of proper subspaces of Qn.
A quantitative form of the theorem, which determines the number of subspaces containing all solutions, was also obtained by Schmidt, and the theorem was generalised by to allow more general absolute values on number fields.
Applications
The theorem may be used to obtain results on Diophantine equations such as Siegel's theorem on integral points and solution of the S-unit equation.
A corollary on Diophantine approximation
The following corollary to the subspace theorem is often itself referred to as the subspace theorem.
If a1,...,an are algebraic such that 1,a1,...,an are linearly independent over Q and ε>0 is any given real number, then there are only finitely many rational n-tuples (x1/y,...,xn/y) with
The specialization n = 1 gives the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem. One may also note that the exponent 1+1/n+ε is best possible by Dirichlet's theorem on diophantine approximation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teneurin | Teneurins are a family of phylogenetically conserved single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins expressed during pattern formation and morphogenesis. The name refers to "ten-a" (from "tenascin-like protein, accessory") and "neurons", the primary site of teneurin expression. Ten-m refers to tenascin-like protein major.
Teneurins are highly conserved between Drosophila, C. elegans and vertebrates. In each species, they are expressed by a subset of neurons as well as at sites of pattern formation and morphogenesis. In Drosophila, a teneurin known as ten-m or Odz is a pair-rule gene, and its expression is required for normal development. The knockdown of teneurin (ten-1) expression in C. elegans with RNAi leads to abnormal neuronal pathfinding and abnormal development of the gonads.
The intracellular domain of some, if not all, teneurins can be cleaved and transported to the cell nucleus, where it proposed to act as a transcription factor. A peptide derived from the terminus of the extracellular domain shares structural homology with certain neuropeptides.
There are four teneurin genes in vertebrates, named teneurin-1 through -4. Other names found in the literature include Odz-1 through -4 and Tenm-1 through -4.
History
Originally discovered as ten-m and ten-a in Drosophila melanogaster, the teneurin family is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans (ten-1) to vertebrates, in which four paralogs exist (teneurin-1 to -4 or odz-1 to -4). Their distinct protein domain architecture is highly conserved between invertebrate and vertebrate teneurins, particularly in the extracellular part. The intracellular domains of Ten-a, Ten-m/Odz and C. elegans TEN-1 are significantly different, both in size and structure, from the comparable domains of vertebrate teneurins, but the extracellular domains of all of these proteins are remarkably similar.
Function
Teneurins translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcriptional activity. Teneurins promote neurite outgrowth and c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermented%20bean%20paste | Fermented bean paste is a category of fermented foods typically made from ground soybeans, which are indigenous to the cuisines of East, South and Southeast Asia. In some cases, such as the production of miso, other varieties of beans, such as broad beans, may also be used.
The pastes are usually salty and savoury, but may also be spicy, and are used as a condiment to flavour foods such as stir-fries, stews, and soups. The colours of such pastes range from light tan to reddish brown and dark brown. The differences in colour are due to different production methods, such as the conditions of fermentation, the addition of wheat flour, pulverized mantou, rice, or sugar and the presence of different microflora, such as bacteria or molds used in their production, as well as whether the soybeans are roasted (as in chunjang) or aged (as in tauco) before being ground.
Fermented bean pastes are sometimes the starting material used in producing soy sauces, such as tamari, or an additional product created from the same fermented mass. The paste is also the main ingredient of hoisin sauce.
Due to the protein content of the beans, the fermentation process releases a large amount of free amino acids, which when combined with the large amounts of salt used in its production, produces a highly umami product. This is particularly true with miso, which can be used as the primary ingredient in certain dishes, such as miso soup.
Types
Various types of fermented bean paste (all of which are based on soy and cereal grains) include:
See also
Bean dip
List of fermented soy products
Sweet bean paste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL%20Active%20Virus%20Shield | AOL Active Virus Shield (commonly referred to as AVS) was a free antivirus utility made available by AOL. Its engine was based on the one used by Kaspersky Anti-Virus. The program is no longer available.
Features
Active Virus Shield includes numerous features found in Kaspersky Anti-Virus. The software's main feature is malware scanning, which uses Kaspersky's underlying engine and detects a variety of malware such as viruses, spyware, and even joke programs. It also offers real-time file and e-mail scanning and protection.
The latest version of Active Virus Shield (version 6.0.2.621) supports Windows Vista.
Advantages
Active Virus Shield is light compared to other commercial anti-virus products. It also does not consume much memory during startup. The program also benefits from Kaspersky's regular definition updates, typically around every two hours, which enable new viruses to be more effectively detected than programs that update less regularly. In addition, Active Virus Shield has better detection rates than other free programs such as AVG Free and avast! Home Edition.
Criticisms
Active Virus Shield does lack some features of Kaspersky 6.0 (such as proactive protection and HTTP protection), and the license provided is only valid for one year, although the same email address as used initially can easily be used to renew it up to 10 times. It also does not support mail scanning when using TLS or SSL.
Some users have also reported compatibility problems with certain applications such as McAfee Personal Firewall Plus, ZoneAlarm and Logitech products.
Current status
Active Virus Shield is no longer available for download as of August 1, 2007. It was replaced by McAfee Virus Scan Plus - Special edition from AOL, which is available for free for users with a free AOL account.
Even though Active Virus Shield is no longer available officially, the latest version of the program can still be obtained from the mirror server that it is hosted on. Help is also still off |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Morris | Albert Morris (13 August 1886 in Bridgetown, South Australia – 9 January 1939, Broken Hill New South Wales) was an acclaimed Australian botanist, landscaper, ecologist, conservationist and developer of arid-zone revegetation techniques that featured natural regeneration . Morris is particularly celebrated for his decisive role in the development of the Broken Hill regeneration area, a pioneering arid-zone natural regeneration project. The regeneration area project exhibited standards and principles characteristic of the contemporary environmental repair practice, ecological restoration. The work of Albert Morris, Margaret Morris and their restoration colleagues significantly influenced the development of New South Wales government soil erosion management policies in the 1940s.
First Nations communities
From time immemorial Traditional Owners, the Wilyakali people, cared for homelands that encompassed the extended Broken Hill and Barrier Ranges region, western New South Wales (hereafter NSW). They maintained relations with the Barkandji (aka Paakantyi) nation, of the Baaka (aka Darling River). From ca.1830 onwards, pastoralists forcibly dispossessed the Barkandji and Wilyakali communities, seizing homelands along the Baaka and steadily extending their influence to more distant regions. As well as being dispossessed of their spiritually significant homelands, First Nations communities of western NSW were for many decades subjected to various hardships: material deprivation; widespread ill health and epidemics; racism; confinement to government reserves and denial of civil liberties. Dedicated government rectification of these injustices only commenced in the latter decades of the twentieth century. In 2015, the Wilyakali community and the Barkandji nation, after eighteen years of challenging and protracted legal proceedings, were successful in establishing their Native title claim to traditional homelands along the Baaka and extensive areas of western NSW. Today, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frataxin | Frataxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXN gene.
It is located in the mitochondrion and Frataxin mRNA is mostly expressed in tissues with a high metabolic rate. The function of frataxin is not clear but it is involved in assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. It has been proposed to act as either an iron chaperone or an iron storage protein. Reduced expression of frataxin is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia.
Structure
X-ray crystallography has shown that human frataxin consists of a β-sheet that supports a pair of parallel α-helices, forming a compact αβ sandwich. Frataxin homologues in other species are similar, sharing the same core structure. However, the frataxin tail sequences, extending from the end of one helix, diverge in sequence and differ in length. Human frataxin has a longer tail sequence than frataxin found in bacteria or yeast. It is hypothesized that the purpose of the tail is to stabilize the protein.
Like most mitochondrial proteins, frataxin is synthesized in cytoplasmic ribosomes as large precursor molecules with mitochondrial targeting sequences. Upon entry into mitochondria, the molecules are broken down by a proteolytic reaction to yield mature frataxin.
Function
Frataxin is localized to the mitochondrion. The function of frataxin is not entirely clear, but it seems to be involved in assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. It has been proposed to act as either an iron chaperone or an iron storage protein.
Frataxin mRNA is predominantly expressed in tissues with a high metabolic rate (including liver, kidney, brown fat and heart). Mouse and yeast frataxin homologues contain a potential N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, and human frataxin has been observed to co-localise with a mitochondrial protein. Furthermore, disruption of the yeast gene has been shown to result in mitochondrial dysfunction. Friedreich's ataxia is thus believed to be a mitochondrial disease caused by a mutation in the nuclear genome (specifical |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylenediamine%20dihydroiodide | Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) is a water-soluble salt derived from ethylenediamine and hydroiodic acid. It is a colorless to light yellow crystalline powder. The salt consists of the ethylenediammonium dication C2H4(NH3)22+ and iodide anions.
Application
EDDI is used as an additive in pet food and cattle feed with high bioavailability. Used to prevent iodine deficiency, this salt is one of the major uses of the element iodine. The United States Food and Drug Administration suggests a limit of intake to 50 mg/head/day. Although EDDI is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) only as a nutrient source of iodine, administration of EDDI also has preventative effects on foot rot in cattle.
Other iodine supplements for animal feed include calcium iodate (most stable) and potassium iodide.
See also
Calcium iodates are another source of nutritional iodide. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographic%20code | Lexicographic codes or lexicodes are greedily generated error-correcting codes with remarkably good properties. They were produced independently by
Vladimir Levenshtein and by John Horton Conway and Neil Sloane. The binary lexicographic codes are linear codes, and include the Hamming codes and the binary Golay codes.
Construction
A lexicode of length n and minimum distance d over a finite field is generated by starting with the all-zero vector and iteratively adding the next vector (in lexicographic order) of minimum Hamming distance d from the vectors added so far. As an example, the length-3 lexicode of minimum distance 2 would consist of the vectors marked by an "X" in the following example:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vector
! In code?
|-
| 000
| X
|-
| 001
|
|-
| 010
|
|-
| 011
| X
|-
| 100
|
|-
| 101
| X
|-
| 110
| X
|-
| 111
|
|}
Here is a table of all n-bit lexicode by d-bit minimal hamming distance, resulting of maximum 2m codewords dictionnary.
For example, F4 code (n=4,d=2,m=3), extended Hamming code (n=8,d=4,m=4) and especially Golay code (n=24,d=8,m=12) shows exceptional compactness compared to neighbors.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! n \ d
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
|-
! 1
| 1
|
|
|
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|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 2
| 2
| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 3
| 3
| 2
| 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 4
| 4
|
| 1
| 1
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! 5
| 5
| 4
| 2
| 1
| 1
|
|
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|
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|
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|-
! 6
| 6
| 5
| 3
| 2
| 1
| 1
|
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|-
! 7
| 7
| 6
| 4
| 3
| 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20modem | Radio modems are modems that transfer data wirelessly across a range of up to tens of kilometres.
Using radio modems is a modern way to create Private Radio Networks (PRN). Private radio networks are used in critical industrial applications, when real-time data communication is needed. Radio modems enable users to be independent of telecommunication or satellite network operators. In most cases users use licensed frequencies either in the UHF or VHF bands. In certain areas licensed frequencies may be reserved for a given user, thus ensuring that there is less likelihood of radio interference from other RF transmitters. Also licence free frequencies are available in most countries, enabling easy implementation, but at the same time other users may use the same frequency, thus making it possible that a given frequency is blocked.
Typical users for radio modems are: Land survey differential GPS, fleet management applications, SCADA applications (utility distribution networks), automated meter reading (AMR), telemetry applications and many more. Since applications usually require high reliability of data transfer and very high uptime, radio performance plays a key role. Factors influencing radio performance are: antenna height and type, the sensitivity of the radio, the output power of the radio and the complete system design.
See also
Flow control (data)
SATEL
Racom |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Braun | Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun (10 May 1805 – 29 March 1877) was a German botanist from Regensburg, Bavaria. His research centered on the morphology of plants.
Biography
He studied botany in Heidelberg, Paris and Munich. In 1833 he began teaching botany at the Polytechnic School of Karlsruhe, staying there until 1846. Afterwards he was a professor of botany in Freiburg (from 1846), Giessen (from 1850) and at the University of Berlin (1851), where he remained until 1877. While in Berlin, he was also director of the botanical garden. In 1852, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Braun is largely known for his research involving plant morphology. He accepted evolution but was a critic of Darwinism. He was a proponent of vitalism, a popular 19th-century speculative theory that claimed that a regulative force existed within living matter in order to maintain functionality. Braun made important contributions in the field of cell theory.
From his 1830s analysis of the arrangement of scales on a pine cone he was a pioneer of phyllotaxis.
In 1877 Wilhelm Philippe Schimper and Philipp Bruch named the plant genus Braunia in his honor. Also, a decorative plant known as "Braun's holly fern" (Polystichum braunii) commemorates his name.
Written works
1831: Untersuchung über die Ordnung der Schuppen an den Tannenzapfen (Investigation on the order of shapes in pine cones).
1842: Nachträgliche Mitteilungen über die Gattungen Marsilia und Pilularia (Additional releases on the genera Marsilea and Pilularia).
1851: Betrachtungen über die Erscheinung der Verjüngung in der Natur, insbesondere in der Lebens- und Bildungsgeschichte der Pflanze (Leipzig, 198 pp.) (Reflections on the phenomenon of rejuvenation in nature, particularly in the life and developmental history of the plant).
1852: Über die Richtungsverhältnisse der Saftströme in den Zellen der Characeen. (on directional conditions involving juice flow in the cell of Characeae).
1853: D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Geo%20Systems | Integrated Geo Systems (IGS) is a computational architecture system developed for managing geoscientific data through systems and data integration.
Geosciences often involve large volumes of diverse data which have to be processed by computer and graphics intensive applications. The processes involved in processing these large datasets are often so complex that no single applications software can perform all the required tasks. Specialized applications have emerged for specific tasks. To get the required results, it is necessary that all applications software involved in various stages of data processing, analysis and interpretation effectively communicate with each other by sharing data.
IGS provides a framework for maintaining an electronic workflow between various geoscience software applications through data connectivity.
The main components of IGS are:
Geographic information systems as a front end.
Format engine for data connectivity link between various geoscience software applications. The format engine uses Output Input Language (OIL), an interpreted language, to define various data formats.
An array of geoscience relational databases for data integration.
Data highways as internal data formats for each data type.
Specialized geoscience applications software as processing modules.
Geoscientific processing libraries
External links
Geological Society Books
American Association of Petroleum Geologists Book Store
Integrated Geo Systems Research Paper
Computer systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20Review%20B | Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics (also known as PRB) is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal, published by the American Physical Society (APS). The Editor of PRB is Stephen E. Nagler. It is part of the Physical Review family of journals. The current Editor in Chief is Randall Kamien. PRB currently publishes over 4500 papers a year, making it one of the largest physics journals in the world.
Scope
The focus of this journal is on new results in condensed matter physics, which includes a wide variety of subject areas, such as semiconductors, superconductivity, magnetism, structure, phase transitions, ferroelectrics, nonordered systems, liquids, quantum solids, superfluidity, electronic structure, photonic crystals, mesoscopic systems, surfaces, clusters, fullerenes, graphene, nanoscience, etc.
History
PRB was created in 1970 when the original Physical Review (founded in 1893) was subdivided into Physical Review A, B, C, and D, based on subject matter. Peter D. Adams was the Editor from inception until 2012 when Laurens W. Molenkamp took over. In 2023 Stephen E. Nagler replaced Molenkamp. Anthony M. Begley is currently the Managing Editor.
Features
PRB has a reputation among professional physicists for publishing useful, comprehensive long papers in physics. It also contains short (four page) papers in its Letters section, previously named Rapid Communications, designed for research important enough to deserve special handling and speedy publication. The journal can be searched for free via PROLA. Titles and abstracts can be freely viewed but a journal subscription is needed to read the full text of papers. PRB and the other APS journals are available entirely free at many US public libraries.
PRB is rare among physics journals in that it has a staff of 12 full-time professional editors, and does not employ the more common model of using part-time editors who are active researchers. The journal is available in print format (at University libr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHCC | AHCC is an alpha-glucan rich nutritional supplement produced from shiitake (Lentinula edodes). The product is a subject of research as a potential anti-cancer agent. AHCC is a popular alternative medicine in Japan.
AHCC is a registered trademark of and manufactured by Amino Up Co., Ltd. in Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan.
Development and Chemical composition
AHCC was developed by Amino Up Co., LTD. and Dr. Toshihiko Okamoto (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo) in 1989.
Polysaccharides form a large part of the composition of AHCC. These include beta-glucan (β-glucan) and partially acylated α-glucan. Partially acylated α-glucan, produced by the patented long term culturing process, is unique to AHCC. Approximately 20% of the make up of AHCC is α-glucans.
Glucans are saccharides, of which some are known to have immune stimulating effects.
Potential Mechanisms of Action
The manufacturer of AHCC, Amino Up Co., Ltd., states that the culturing process utilized in its manufacture favors the release of small bioactive molecules that act as nontoxic agonists for toll-like receptors (TLRs), specifically TLR-4, initiating a systemic anti-inflammatory response. AHCC is believed to bind to TLR-2 and TLR-4, and act as an immune modulator, as Immune cells such as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells will produce cytokines by either cytokine stimulation by dendritic cells or ligand binding to TLRs.
Use in Integrative Medicine
AHCC is widely used in the world and many people use it for general health maintenance and treatment of various diseases.
It is often used as a Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for immune support, as reports in animal and clinical settings have indicated that AHCC is associated with an enhanced response to infection and increased survival. AHCC is in some cases also used by those undergoing conventional cancer therapy (e.g. chemotherapy) for its reported immunomodulatory functions.
In Japan, AHCC is the 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20Interface%20Architecture | The Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA) is an abstract model of a user-level zero-copy network, and is the basis for InfiniBand, iWARP and RoCE. Created by Microsoft, Intel, and Compaq, the original VIA sought to standardize the interface for high-performance network technologies known as System Area Networks (SANs; not to be confused with Storage Area Networks).
Networks are a shared resource. With traditional network APIs such as the Berkeley socket API, the kernel is involved in every network communication. This presents a tremendous performance bottleneck when latency is an issue.
One of the classic developments in computing systems is virtual memory, a combination of hardware and software that creates the illusion of private memory for each process. In the same school of thought, a virtual network interface protected across process boundaries could be accessed at the user level. With this technology, the "consumer" manages its own buffers and communication schedule while the "provider" handles the protection.
Thus, the network interface card (NIC) provides a "private network" for a process, and a process is usually allowed to have multiple such networks. The virtual interface (VI) of VIA refers to this network and is merely the destination of the user's communication requests. Communication takes place over a pair of VIs, one on each of the processing nodes involved in the transmission. In "kernel-bypass" communication, the user manages its own buffers.
Another facet of traditional networks is that arriving data is placed in a pre-allocated buffer and then copied to the user-specified final destination. Copying large messages can take a long time, and so eliminating this step is beneficial. Another classic development in computing systems is direct memory access (DMA), in which a device can access main memory directly while the CPU is free to perform other tasks.
In a network with "remote direct memory access" (RDMA), the sending NIC uses DMA to read data |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative%20logic | Imperative logic is the field of logic concerned with imperatives. In contrast to declaratives, it is not clear whether imperatives denote propositions or more generally what role truth and falsity play in their semantics. Thus, there is almost no consensus on any aspect of imperative logic.
Jørgensen's dilemma
One of a logic's principal concerns is logical validity. It seems that arguments with imperatives can be valid. Consider:
P1. Take all the books off the table!
P2. Foundations of Arithmetic is on the table.
C1. Therefore, take Foundations of Arithmetic off the table!
However, an argument is valid if the conclusion follows from the premises. This means the premises give us reason to believe the conclusion, or, alternatively, the truth of the premises determines truth of the conclusion. Since imperatives are neither true nor false and since they are not proper objects of belief, none of the standard accounts of logical validity apply to arguments containing imperatives.
Here is the dilemma. Either arguments containing imperatives can be valid or not. On the one hand, if such arguments can be valid, we need a new or expanded account of logical validity and the concomitant details. Providing such an account has proved challenging. On the other hand, if such arguments cannot be valid (either because such arguments are all invalid or because validity is not a notion that applies to imperatives), then our logical intuitions regarding the above argument (and others similar to it) are mistaken. Since either answer seems problematic, this has come to be known as Jørgensen's dilemma, named after Jørgen Jørgensen (da).
While this problem was first noted in a footnote by Frege, it received a more developed formulation by Jørgensen.
Deontic logic takes the approach of adding a modal operator to an argument with imperatives such that a truth-value can be assigned to the proposition. For example, it may be hard to assign a truth-value to the argument "Take all the boo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRS%20process | The NRS process (New Regeneration System) is a process to reduce calcium from beet-root thin-juice. It is used in beet-sugar factories to improve the capacity and operating time of evaporators and to produce soft molasses that can be further de-sugarised with chromatography.
The original technology was invented by AKZO for a different application. It was first used in French sugar factories, starting in the 1970s. Plants may have a capacity of 100-1000 m3/h or greater.
The system is often used in the US, France, and Britain. German sugar makers traditionally prefer to invest into bigger evaporation capacity.
The NRS-installation will consist of a number of columns filled with strong-acid-cationic resin. It is installed after carbonatation and filtration and before evaporation.
The resin is loaded with sodium Na+ ions, that are exchanged for calcium Ca++. The softened juice will then be evaporated.
For the regeneration of the resin softened juice will be mixed with caustic-soda (NaOH) and will be sent to the columns to transform the resin back into Na-form. The calcium-rich juice with high pH is sent in several fractions to the beginning of the clarification process, where alkalinisation is needed and the calcium is absorbed by the solid organic matter.
Features of the process
It is effluent free and uses the product for regeneration.
Chemicals are consumed in about the same amount as in traditional technology.
The resin is robust, stable and not expensive.
The control technology is simple.
Effects of the process
Reduces the calcium content.
Less soda needed.
Reduces possible turbidity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetic%20code | The epigenetic code is hypothesised to be a defining code in every eukaryotic cell consisting of the specific epigenetic modification in each cell. It consists of histone modifications defined by the histone code and additional epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation. The base for the epigenetic code is a system above the genetic code of a single cell. While in one individual the genetic code in each cell is the same, the epigenetic code is tissue and cell specific. The epigenetic code can be multidimensional in nature. It could include any of the three major cellular macromolecucles; namely, DNA (code independent), RNA, and/or protein. In some ciliates potential structural codes have also been suggested.
See also
Histone code
Epigenetics
DNA methylation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective%20sign | Protective signs are symbols to be used during an armed conflict to mark persons and objects under the protection of various treaties of international humanitarian law (IHL). While their essential meaning can be summarized as "Don't shoot" or "Don't attack", the exact conditions implied vary depending on the respective sign and the circumstances of its use. The form, shape and color of these signs are defined by the rules of IHL. Usually, they are easy to draw in order to make even an improvised use as easy as possible, and they were chosen to be as concise, recognizable and visible as possible under all circumstances.
Usage of protective signs is restricted to armed conflicts. They are to be used only by eligible organizations or groups to mark their personnel, vehicles, buildings and other objects. The misuse of protective signs is a violation of international humanitarian law and punishable under the national law of all countries who are state parties to the respective treaties.
List of protective signs
The following signs have a protective meaning under certain conditions:
the Red Cross as well as the equivalent signs of the Red Crescent and Red Crystal, to be used to mark all persons and objects under the protection of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional protocols of 1977
a blue triangle on orange ground as the international distinctive sign of civil defense; to be used to mark the personnel and objects of civil defense organizations
the letters "PG" or "PW" to mark a prisoner of war camp and the letters "IC" to mark an internment camp for civilians
an oblique red band on a white ground to mark Hospital and safety zones
the white flag; used to designate unarmed parliamentaries (negotiators, along with their flag bearer and optional drummer) asking for a truce or ceasefire, or to symbolise surrender
the emblem of the United Nations as well as the letters "UN"; to be used to mark the personnel and materiel of UN Peacekeeping missio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelayer%20Secure%20Communications | Safelayer Secure Communications S.A. is a Spanish private company founded in May 1999. It develops software products on the public key infrastructure area (digital security for the identity management, electronic signature and data protection). Safelayer's technology is part of the three major certification and digital identity projects in Spain: Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre, the Spanish ID card DNI electrónico and the Spanish E-passport. Safelayer's technology also secures the NATO X400 messaging system''.
Safelayer's technology has been EAL2 and EAL4+ Common Criteria certified. Currently, Safelayer is the only company with a whole family of products CC EAL4+ certified.
Products
KeyOne CA: Certificate authority.
KeyOne VA: Validation authority (OCSP responder) based on standard protocol OCSP from IETF.
KeyOne TSA: Time-stamping authority (Trusted Timestamping) based on standard protocol TSP from IETF.
KeyOne XRA: Registration authority.
TrustedX eIDAS platform.
TrustedX Authentication platform.
TrustedX Electronic signature.
TrustedX Encryption key management. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20toughness | In graph theory, toughness is a measure of the connectivity of a graph. A graph is said to be -tough for a given real number if, for every integer , cannot be split into different connected components by the removal of fewer than vertices. For instance, a graph is -tough if the number of components formed by removing a set of vertices is always at most as large as the number of removed vertices. The toughness of a graph is the maximum for which it is -tough; this is a finite number for all finite graphs except the complete graphs, which by convention have infinite toughness.
Graph toughness was first introduced by . Since then there has been extensive work by other mathematicians on toughness; the recent survey by lists 99 theorems and 162 papers on the subject.
Examples
Removing vertices from a path graph can split the remaining graph into as many as connected components. The maximum ratio of components to removed vertices is achieved by removing one vertex (from the interior of the path) and splitting it into two components. Therefore, paths are -tough. In contrast, removing vertices from a cycle graph leaves at most remaining connected components, and sometimes leaves exactly connected components, so a cycle is -tough.
Connection to vertex connectivity
If a graph is -tough, then one consequence (obtained by setting ) is that any set of nodes can be removed without splitting the graph in two. That is, every -tough graph is also -vertex-connected.
Connection to Hamiltonicity
observed that every cycle, and therefore every Hamiltonian graph, is -tough; that is, being -tough is a necessary condition for a graph to be Hamiltonian. He conjectured that the connection between toughness and Hamiltonicity goes in both directions: that there exists a threshold such that every -tough graph is Hamiltonian. Chvátal's original conjecture that would have proven Fleischner's theorem but was disproved by . The existence of a larger toughness threshold for Hami |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20health | Plant health includes the protection of plants, as well as scientific and regulatory frameworks for controlling plant pests or pathogens. Plant health is concerned with:
Ecosystem health with a special focus on plants
Tree health
The control of plant pests
The control of plant pathology
See also
Plant disease forecasting, predicting the occurrence or change in severity of plant diseases
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
American Phytopathological Society
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Pest risk analysis
Global Plant Clinic
Medicinal plants |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil%20Shephard | Neil Shephard (born 8 October 1964), FBA, is an econometrician, currently Frank B. Baird Jr., Professor of Science in the Department of Economics and the Department of Statistics at Harvard University.
His most well known contributions are: (i) the formalisation of the econometrics of realised volatility, which nonparametrically estimates the volatility of asset prices, (ii) the introduction of the auxiliary particle filter (signal extraction), (iii) the nonparametric identification of jumps in financial economics, through multipower variation, (iv) stochastic volatility models based on non-Gaussian Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, known as 'Barndorff-Nielsen-Shephard' models.
Early life and education
Neil Shephard was born in Plymouth, England, but moved to Norfolk, England, aged one. His mother was Tydfil Shephard (1930-1972), who was a high school teacher.
His father was Tom Shephard (1930-2023), who was a Norfolk high school head. Since 1975 Gillian Shephard has been his step-mother. He attended the Marshland High School West Walton, King Edward VII Grammar School in King's Lynn and 1981-1983 City of Norwich School (he studied pure mathematics & statistics, economics and politics at A-level). He studied economics and statistics as an undergraduate at the University of York in the UK 1983-1986, awarded a first class degree with distinction. He did his M.Sc. (awarded in 1987, with distinction) and Ph.D. (examined in 1989 and graduated in 1990) at the LSE.
Academic career
He was a lecturer in statistics at the LSE from 1988 to 1993. He moved to Nuffield College, Oxford in 1991 to join the economics group as the Gatsby Prize Research Fellow in Econometrics (funded by the Gatsby Foundation). In 1993 he became an Official Fellow in Economics at Nuffield College, Oxford.
He has been Professor of Economics and of Statistics at Harvard University since 2013.
He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 2006, a Fellow of the Econometric Society in 2004 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DREAM%20%28protocol%29 | DREAM is an ad hoc location-based routing protocol. DREAM stands for Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood%20gun | A flood gun is an electromechanical device that provides a steady flow of low-energy electrons to a desired target or "flood area."
Typically, the target is an area on an insulator or semiconductor where another "writing gun" has just left a net positive charge.
If the energy of a flood gun's electrons is properly balanced, each impinging flood gun electron knocks out one secondary electron from the target, thus preserving the net charge in the target area. This is called "charge neutralization."
Flood guns are typically used in photoelectron spectroscopy, oscilloscopes and ion beam implanters as their secondary electron gun. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simsapa%20tree | The Simsapa tree (Pali: ) is mentioned in ancient Buddhist discourses traditionally believed to have been delivered 2,500 years ago. The tree has been identified as either Dalbergia sissoo, a rosewood tree common to India and southeast Asia, or Amherstia nobilis, another South Asian tree, of the family Caesalpiniaceae.
Buddhist scriptural references
In Buddhism's Pali Canon, there is a discourse entitled, "The Simsapa Grove" (Samyutta Nikaya 56.31). This discourse is described as having been delivered by the Buddha to monks while dwelling beneath a simsapa grove in the city of Kosambi. In this discourse, the Buddha compares a few simsapa leaves in his hand with the number of simsapa leaves overhead in the grove to illustrate what he teaches (in particular, the Four Noble Truths) and what he does not teach (things unrelated to the holy life).
Elsewhere in the Pali Canon, simsapa groves are mentioned in the "Payasi Sutta" (Digha Nikaya 23) and in the "Hatthaka Discourse" (Anguttara Nikaya 3.34).
See also
Ashoka tree
Notes
Sources
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans., ed.) (2000). The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. .
Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997). Simsapa Sutta: The Simsapa Leaves (SN 56.31). Retrieved 16 Nov 2008 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.031.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1999). Hatthaka Sutta: To Hatthaka (on Sleeping Well in the Cold Forest) (excerpt) (AN 3.34). Retrieved 16 Nov 2008 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.034.than.html.
Walshe, Maurice O'C. (trans.) (1985). Samyutta Nikaya: An Anthology (Part III) (Wheel Nos. 318-321). Kandy: Buddhist Publ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postelsia | Postelsia palmaeformis, also known as the sea palm (not to be confused with the southern sea palm) or palm seaweed, is a species of kelp and classified within brown algae. It is the only known species in the genus Postelsia. The sea palm is found along the western coast of North America, on rocky shores with constant waves. It is one of the few algae that can survive and remain erect out of the water; in fact, it spends most of its life cycle exposed to the air. It is an annual, and edible, though harvesting of the alga is discouraged due to the species' sensitivity to overharvesting.
History
The sea palm was known by the natives of California by the name of kakgunu-chale before any Europeans entered the region. Postelsia was first scientifically described by Franz Josef Ruprecht (1814–1870) in 1852 from a specimen found near Bodega Bay in California. Ruprecht, an Austro-Hungarian who became curator of botany at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg in 1839, studied seaweed specimens collected by botanist Ilya Vosnesensky, and published a paper describing one seagrass and five seaweeds, one of which was Postelsia. The sea palm has been used by several textbooks, such as the Campbell–Reece Biology textbook, as an example of multicellular protists, as well as an example of the class Phaeophyceae.
Etymology
The generic name, Postelsia honors Alexander Philipov Postels, an Estonian-born geologist and artist who worked with Ruprecht, while the specific name, palmaeformis, describes the alga's superficial similarity in appearance to true palms.
Fossil record
Fossils from Monte Bolca, a lagerstätte near Verona, were originally named Zoophycos caput-medusae and previously thought to be trace fossils, but were later found to be plants instead and given the name Algarum by French zoologist Henri Milne-Edwards in 1866. The type specimen collected by Italian paleobotanist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo before 1855 is at the Natural History Museum of Verona and was p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footy%20%28model%20yacht%29 | The Footy is a very small (usually) radio-control sailboat whose length is a mere 12 inches (30.5 cm). The hull can be made from a fiberglass mold, 3D printed or simply with thin sheets of plywood or even depron fitted together. Two servos are used, one to control the sail and one for the rudder. These are the smallest remote-controlled boats for which the world championships are held.
History
The plans were reprinted in "Model Boats" magazine in 1975 and was perhaps the influence for the well-known British model yacht designer Roger Stollery to produce his "Choppa" design for his son Peter shortly after.
In 1981 Brett McCormack of New Zealand saw a picture of "Choppa" in "Model Boats" magazine and was inspired to design a 12-inch yacht for a school technical drawing project. Much later, in 1996, he actually built the design as a free-sailing model for his 2-year-old son.
In 2000 Richard Web came up with the idea of the Footy class as a radio-controlled yacht to sail on the pool at Weymouth Sailing Week. The class spread around the world with the "Ancient Mariners" in Auckland, New Zealand, building and racing scale type Footys.
In 2001 Brett McCormack redesigned his 12-inch model and adapted it to radio control – the famous Bobabout design.
Over the next four years the class continued to grow, with many boats being built from various plans and kits. Racing began at a number of UK clubs and in the far south of New Zealand.
In 2005 the British Model Yachting Association decided to formally adopt the Footy class. An International team prepared a new "Box" rule to bring together the various versions across the world. All the original founders and supporters of 12-inch yachts were given a say in the rule.
In 2006 the Footy became an officially sanctioned Development Class of the American Model Yachting Association. Serious international racing is scheduled to begin in 2007 and the future of the class seems assured.
The boats
Given the open nature of the Footy rule, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producer%E2%80%93consumer%20problem | In computing, the producer-consumer problem (also known as the bounded-buffer problem) is a family of problems described by Edsger W. Dijkstra since 1965.
Dijkstra found the solution for the producer-consumer problem as he worked as a consultant for the Electrologica X1 and X8 computers: "The first use of producer-consumer was partly software, partly hardware: The component taking care of the information transport between store and peripheral was called 'a channel' ... Synchronization was controlled by two counting semaphores in what we now know as the producer/consumer arrangement: the one semaphore indicating the length of the queue, was incremented (in a V) by the CPU and decremented (in a P) by the channel, the other one, counting the number of unacknowledged completions, was incremented by the channel and decremented by the CPU. [The second semaphore being positive would raise the corresponding interrupt flag.]"
Dijkstra wrote about the unbounded buffer case: "We consider two processes, which are called the 'producer' and the 'consumer' respectively. The producer is a cyclic process and each time it goes through its cycle it produces a certain portion of information, that has to be processed by the consumer. The consumer is also a cyclic process and each time it goes through its cycle, it can process the next portion of information, as has been produced by the producer ... We assume the two processes to be connected for this purpose via a buffer with unbounded capacity."
He wrote about the bounded buffer case: "We have studied a producer and a consumer coupled via a buffer with unbounded capacity ... The relation becomes symmetric, if the two are coupled via a buffer of finite size, say portions"
And about the multiple producer-consumer case: "We consider a number of producer/consumer pairs, where pairi is coupled via an information stream containing ni portions. We assume ... the finite buffer that should contain all portions of all streams to have a capa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20negation | In many-valued logic with linearly ordered truth values, cyclic negation is a unary truth function that takes a truth value n and returns n − 1 as value if n is not the lowest value; otherwise it returns the highest value.
For example, let the set of truth values be {0,1,2}, let ~ denote negation, and let p be a variable ranging over truth values. For these choices, if p = 0 then ~p = 2; and if p = 1 then ~p = 0.
Cyclic negation was originally introduced by the logician and mathematician Emil Post. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCJR%20algorithm | The BCJR algorithm is an algorithm for maximum a posteriori decoding of error correcting codes defined on trellises (principally convolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek and Raviv. This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting codes, including turbo codes and low-density parity-check codes.
Steps involved
Based on the trellis:
Compute forward probabilities
Compute backward probabilities
Compute smoothed probabilities based on other information (i.e. noise variance for AWGN, bit crossover probability for binary symmetric channel)
Variations
SBGT BCJR
Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima simplification.
Log-Map BCJR
Implementations
Susa framework implements BCJR algorithm for forward error correction codes and channel equalization in C++.
See also
Forward-backward algorithm
Maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation
Hidden Markov model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Sandler%20Memorial%20Award | The Larry Sandler Memorial Award is a prestigious international award given for research in the Drosophila community. The award is given for the best dissertation of the preceding year, and is given at the annual Drosophila Research Conference. Awardees may be nominated only by their graduate advisors.
The awardees give the Larry Sandler Memorial Lecture at the annual Drosophila Research Conference. The award honors Dr. Larry Sandler.
Award recipients
1988 Bruce Edgar
1989 Kate Harding
1990 Michael Dickinson
1991 Maurice Kernan
1992 Doug Kellogg
1993 David Schneider
1994 Kendal Broadie
1995 David Begun
1996 Chaoyong Ma
1997 Abby Dernburg
1998 Nir Hacohen
1999 Terence Murphy
2000 Bin Chen
2001 James Wilhelm
2002 Matthew C. Gibson
2003 Sinisa Urban
2004 Sean McGuire
2005 Elissa Hallem
2006 Daniel Ortiz-Barrientos
2007 Yu-Chiun Wang
2008 Adam A. L. Friedman
2009 Timothy T. Weil
2010 Leonardo B. Koerich
2011 Daniel Babcock
2012 Stephanie Turner Chen
2013 Weizhe Hong
2014 Ruei-Jiun Hung
2015 Zhao Zhang
2016 Alejandra Figueroa-Clarevega
2017 Danny E. Miller
2018 Lucy Liu
2019 Laura Seeholzer
2020 Balint Kacsoh
2021 Ching-Ho Chang
2022 Lianna Wat
2023 James O'Connor
Former chairs of the Award
1988 Chair: Barry Ganetzky
1989 Chair: Barry Ganetzky
1990 Chair: Barry Ganetzky
1991 Chair:
1992 Chair:
1993 Chair:
1994 Chair:
1995 Chair:
1996 Chair: Margaret Fuller ("Minx" Fuller)
1997 Chair: Larry Goldstein
1998 Chair: R. Scott Hawley
1999 Chair: Bill Sullivan
2000 Chair: Bill Saxton
2001 Chair: Lynn Cooley
2002 Chair: Steve DiNardo
2003 Chair: Amanda Simcox ("Mandy Simcox")
2004 Chair: Ross Cagan
2005 Chair: Gerold Schübiger
2006 Chair: R. Scott Hawley
2007 Chair: Helen Salz
2008 Chair: Mariana Wolfner
2009 Chair: John Carlson
2010 Chair: Robin Wharton
2011 Chair: Claude Desplan
2012 Chair: Richard Mann
2013 Chair: Kenneth Irvine
2014 Chair: Marc Freeman
2015 Chair: Erika Bach
2016 Chair: Daniela Drummond-Ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hunt%20Morgan%20Medal | The Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal is awarded by the Genetics Society of America (GSA) for lifetime contributions to the field of genetics.
The medal is named after Thomas Hunt Morgan, the 1933 Nobel Prize winner, who received this award for his work with Drosophila and his "discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity." Morgan recognized that Drosophila, which could be bred quickly and inexpensively, had large quantities of offspring and a short life cycle, would make an excellent organism for genetic studies. His studies of the white-eye mutation and discovery of sex-linked inheritance provided the first experimental evidence that chromosomes are the carriers of genetic information. Subsequent studies in his laboratory led to the discovery of recombination and the first genetic maps.
In 1981 the GSA established the Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime achievement to honor this classical geneticist who was among those who laid the foundation for modern genetics.
Laureates
Source: Genetics Society of America
See also
List of genetics awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroradial%20joint | The humeroradial joint is the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a limited ball-and-socket joint, hinge type of synovial joint.
Structure
The annular ligament binds the head of the radius to the radial notch of the ulna, preventing any separation of the two bones laterally. Therefore, the humeroradial joint is not functionally a ball and socket joint, although the joint surface in itself allows movement in all directions.
The annular ligament secures the head of the radius from dislocation, which would otherwise tend to occur, from the shallowness of the cup-like surface on the head of the radius. Without this ligament, the tendon of the biceps brachii would be liable to pull the head of the radius out of the joint.
The head of the radius is not in complete contact with the capitulum of the humerus in all positions of the joint.
The capitulum occupies only the anterior and inferior surfaces of the lower end of the humerus, so that in complete extension a part of the radial head can be plainly felt projecting at the back of the joint.
In full flexion the movement of the radial head is hampered by the compression of the surrounding soft parts, so that the freest rotatory movement of the radius on the humerus (pronation and supination) takes place in semiflexion, in which position the two articular surfaces are in most intimate contact.
Flexion and extension of the elbow-joint are limited by the tension of the structures on the front and back of the joint; the limitation of flexion is also aided by the soft structures of the arm and forearm coming into contact.
Clinical significance
Subluxation
A subluxation of the humeroradial joint is called a "nursemaid's elbow", also known as radial head subluxation. It is generally caused by a sudden pull on the extended pronated forearm, such as by an adult tugging on an uncooperative child or by swinging the child by the arms during play.
In radial head subluxation, there is littl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humeroulnar%20joint | The humeroulnar joint (ulnohumeral or trochlear joint) is part of the elbow-joint. It is composed of two bones, the humerus and ulna, and is the junction between the trochlear notch of ulna and the trochlea of humerus. It is classified as a simple hinge-joint, which allows for movements of flexion, extension and circumduction. Owing to the obliquity of the trochlea of the humerus, this movement does not take place in the antero-posterior plane of the body of the humerus.
When the forearm is extended and supinated, the axis of the arm and forearm are not in the same line; the arm forms an obtuse angle with the forearm, known as the carrying angle. During flexion, however, the forearm and the hand tend to approach the middle line of the body, and thus enable the hand to be easily carried to the face.
The accurate adaptation of the trochlea of the humerus, with its prominences and depressions, to the trochlear notch of the ulna, prevents any lateral movement.
Flexion in the humeroulnar joint is produced by the action of the biceps brachii and brachialis, assisted by the brachioradialis, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Extension in the humeroulnar joint is produced by the triceps brachii and anconeus muscle, with a tiny contribution from the muscles arising from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, such as the extensor digitorum muscle.
Additional images
See also
Elbow
Humeroradial joint |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand%27s%20box%20paradox | Bertrand's box paradox is a veridical paradox in elementary probability theory. It was first posed by Joseph Bertrand in his 1889 work Calcul des Probabilités.
There are three boxes:
a box containing two gold coins,
a box containing two silver coins,
a box containing one gold coin and one silver coin.
The question is to calculate the probability, after choosing a box at random and withdrawing one coin at random, if that happens to be a gold coin, of the next coin drawn from the same box also being a gold coin.
A veridical paradox is when the correct solution to a puzzle appears to be counterintuitive. It may seem intuitive that the probability that the remaining coin is gold should be , but the probability is actually . However, this is not the paradox Bertrand referred to. He showed that if were correct, it would lead to a contradiction, so cannot be correct.
This simple but counterintuitive puzzle is used as a standard example in teaching probability theory. The solution illustrates some basic principles, including the Kolmogorov axioms.
Solution
The problem can be reframed by describing the boxes as each having one drawer on each of two sides. Each drawer contains a coin. One box has a gold coin on each side (GG), one a silver coin on each side (SS), and the other a gold coin on one side and a silver coin on the other (GS). A box is chosen at random, a random drawer is opened, and a gold coin is found inside it. What is the chance of the coin on the other side being gold?
The following faulty reasoning appears to give a probability of :
Originally, all three boxes were equally likely to be chosen.
The chosen box cannot be box SS.
So it must be box GG or GS.
The two remaining possibilities are equally likely. So the probability that the box is GG, and the other coin is also gold, is .
The flaw is in the last step. While those two cases were originally equally likely, the fact that you are certain to find a gold coin if you had chosen the GG box, but |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-ring%20resonator | A split-ring resonator (SRR) is an artificially produced structure common to metamaterials. Its purpose is to produce the desired magnetic susceptibility (magnetic response) in various types of metamaterials up to 200 terahertz.
These media create the necessary strong magnetic coupling to an applied electromagnetic field not otherwise available in conventional materials. For example, an effect such as negative permeability is produced with a periodic array of split ring resonators.
A single cell SRR has a pair of enclosed loops with splits in them at opposite ends. The loops are made of nonmagnetic metal like copper and have a small gap between them. The loops can be concentric or square, and gapped as needed. A magnetic flux penetrating the metal rings will induce rotating currents in the rings, which produce their own flux to enhance or oppose the incident field (depending on the SRR resonant properties). This field pattern is dipolar. The small gaps between the rings produces large capacitance values which lowers the resonating frequency. Hence the dimensions of the structure are small compared to the resonant wavelength. This results in low radiative losses and very high quality factors.
Background
Split ring resonators (SRRs) consist of a pair of concentric metallic rings, etched on a dielectric substrate, with slits etched on opposite sides. SRRs can produce an effect of being electrically smaller when responding to an oscillating electromagnetic field. These resonators have been used for the synthesis of left-handed and negative refractive index media, where the necessary value of the negative effective permeability is due to the presence of the SRRs. When an array of electrically small SRRs is excited by means of a time varying magnetic field, the structure behaves as an effective medium with negative effective permeability in a narrow band above SRR resonance. SRRs have also been coupled to planar transmission lines, for the synthesis of metamaterials |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service%20contour | In US broadcasting, service contour (or protected contour) refers to the area in which the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) predicts coverage.
The FCC calculates FM and TV contours based on effective radiated power (ERP) in a given direction, the radial height above average terrain (HAAT) in a given direction, the FCC's propagation curves, and the station's class. AM contours are based on the standard ground wave field strength pattern, the frequency, and the ground conductivity in the area. While the FCC makes FM and TV service contour data readily available, the AM, while unavailable as a separate data file, can be obtained through an AM Query in the resulting 'maps' section of each record (when using the 'detailed output' output option).
External links
FM and TV Service Contour Data (Official)
FM Database protected contour maps (Official)
AM Station Query (Official)
FM Station Query (Official)
TV Station Query (Official)
Plot predicted AM/FM coverage patterns (unofficial)
Broadcast engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterimmunoelectrophoresis | Counterimmunoelectrophoresis is a laboratory technique used to evaluate the binding of an antibody to its antigen, it is similar to immunodiffusion, but with the addition of an applied electrical field across the diffusion medium, usually an agar or polyacrylamide gel. The effect is rapid migration of the antibody and antigen out of their respective wells towards one another to form a line of precipitation, or a precipitin line, indicating binding.
See also
Electrophoresis
Immunoelectrophoresis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal%20ethics | Formal ethics is a formal logical system for describing and evaluating the "form" as opposed to the "content" of ethical principles. Formal ethics was introduced by Harry J. Gensler, in part in his 1990 logic textbook Symbolic Logic: Classical and Advanced Systems, but was more fully developed and justified in his 1996 book Formal Ethics.
Formal ethics is related to ethical formalism in that its focus is the forms of moral judgments, but the exposition in Formal Ethics makes it clear that Gensler, unlike previous ethical formalists, does not consider formal ethics to be a complete ethical theory (such that the correct form would be necessary and sufficient for an ethical principle to be "correct"). In fact, the theorems of formal ethics could be seen as a largest common subset of most widely recognized ethical theories, in that none of its axioms (with the possible exception of rationality) is controversial among philosophers of ethics.
Symbolic representation
The axioms and theorems of formal ethics can be represented with the standard notation of predicate logic (but with a grammar closer to higher-order logics), augmented with imperative, deontic, belief, and modal logic symbols.
Formal logic uses an underlined symbol (e.g. ) to represent an imperative. If the same symbol is used without an underline, then the plain symbol is an indicative and the underlined symbol is an imperative version of the same proposition. For example, if we take the symbol to mean the indicative "You eat an apple", then means the imperative "Eat an apple". When a proposition is given as a predicate with one or more of the arguments representing agents, the agent to which the imperative applies is underlined. For example, if means "You give a dollar to x" then is the correct way to express "Give a dollar to x".
Within the system of formal ethics, an imperative is taken to represent a preference rather than a demand (called "anti-modal" view, because an underline doesn't beh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Perkins%20%28geneticist%29 | David Dexter Perkins (May 2, 1919 – January 2, 2007) was an American geneticist, a member of the faculty of the Department of Biology at Stanford University for more than 58 years, from 1948 until his death in 2007. He received his PhD in Zoology in 1949 from Columbia University. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, he served as president of the Genetics Society of America in 1977. In a scientific career that spanned more than six decades, Perkins collaborated on more than 300 papers. His associates included many graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who went on to scientific careers throughout the world.
Scientific career
Upon his arrival at Stanford, he began a collaboration with Edward Tatum, who had been working with Neurospora crassa since 1941 in collaboration with George Beadle. In this way, he was connected to the very earliest research with Neurospora. Throughout his career, he continued to work with Neurospora crassa, which he often championed as a model organism. At the time that he died in 2007, a substantial percentage of all researchers in the world who were working with Neurospora crassa had either trained with or collaborated with Perkins or one of his students or associates.
Perkins is best known for his research into the control and regulation of cell division and sexual reproduction in fungi. One of the advantages to Neurospora as a model organism is that it undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction.
Working with associates, Perkins identified many of the genes that control meiotic cell division in Neurospora crassa. In the process, he made fundamental discoveries about the cellular regulation and control of meosis.
Building on his discoveries about meiosis, Perkins carried out investigations into ascospore genesis. Ascospore genesis, a form of sexual reproduction common to many fungi, has parallels with oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mammals and other chordates. Many of his papers in this area were concerned with geneti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhaline | Polyhaline is a salinity category term applied to brackish estuaries and other water bodies with a salinity between 18 and 30 parts per thousand. It is the most dense saltwater type that is classified as "brackish."
See also
Salinity
Aquatic ecology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Marshall%20Gordon | Bernard Marshall Gordon (born 1927 in Springfield, Massachusetts) is an American engineer, inventor, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. He is considered "the father of high-speed analog-to-digital conversion".
Early life, education, and career
At an early age Gordon developed an interest in electronics. Upon graduation from Springfield's Technical High School, he enlisted in the US Navy and later became a commissioned officer. He earned BS and MA degrees in Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology via the V-12 program and the GI Bill.
In 1947, Gordon began his technical career at Philco Corporation and later joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, where he was responsible for the development of the standard circuits, acoustic memory, supervisory control, and input/output circuits of the first commercial computer, UNIVAC I.
He subsequently worked at the Laboratory for Electronics (LFE), a spinoff of the wartime Radiation Laboratory at MIT. While there, Gordon helped create the first current switching digital-to-analog converter in 1951 as part of the first digital pulse position indicators for radar.
A/D conversion
From the late 1930s into the early 1950s, digital signal processing was an attractive idea. However, progress was limited and then state-of-the-art systems were slow, offering limited precision, and were only a modest improvement over purely manual methods.
In 1953, Gordon and Joseph H. Davis co-founded EPSCO, Inc. to manufacture a variety of electronic components and subassemblies. While at EPSCO, in 1953–54, Gordon created high-precision and high-speed signal processing, including the core technologies of analog-to-digital conversion. These developments were fundamental to the subsequent medical diagnostic tools, and have influenced therapeutic practice as well. Gordon publicized these developments in his paper, "A high-speed AD converter and its possible applications", delivered to the 1955 conference of the Inst |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20virtual%20printer%20software | The following is a list of Wikipedia articles relating to virtual printer software:
Free software
The following are distributed under free software licences:
CC PDF Converter (discontinued) – A Ghostscript-based virtual printer, provided by CogniView.
cups-pdf – An open source Ghostscript-based virtual printer that can be shared with Windows users over the LAN. CUPS
Ghostscript – A command-line library for creation of PostScript and PDF files.
RedMon – Redirects a special printer port to the standard input of another program
Freeware
The following are proprietary software but free of charge:
Virtual PDF printers
Virtual PDF printers for Microsoft Windows:
Bullzip PDF Printer – there is a free version
CutePDF
DoPDF – this is a simplified version of NovaPDF
PDFCreator – a Ghostscript-based virtual printer for Microsoft Windows, with user interface for advanced options (security settings, combining multiple documents, etc.).
PrimoPDF
Print To PDF - ships with Windows 10 and 11
PDF24 Creator – a free virtual PDF printer for Microsoft Windows, with user interface and additional tools like merging, splitting, compressing and assembling PDF files.
Commercial
Adobe Acrobat – Adobe System's commercial PDF authoring suite includes Adobe Distiller, a virtual printer for converting documents to PDF files. Adobe Distiller is not included with the free-to-use Adobe Reader product.
Virtual printers
Virtual printers for Microsoft Windows:
Microsoft Office Document Image Writer – Included in Microsoft Office Professional allowing documents to be saved in TIFF or Microsoft Document Imaging Format. MODI is only supported in 32 bit Windows' versions.
Universal Document Converter – Creating PDF, JPEG, TIFF, PNG, GIF, PCX, DCX and BMP files. Free version adds watermark.
Notes
1.This software has risk of installing potentially unwanted programs. For more information, refer to its main article.
Virtual printer software
Computer printers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-Hydroxylase | Steroid 21-hydroxylase (also known as steroid 21-monooxygenase, cytochrome P450C21, 21α-hydroxylase and less commonly 21β-hydroxylase) is an enzyme that hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position and is involved in biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol. The enzyme converts progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone into 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol, respectively, within metabolic pathways that ultimately lead to aldosterone and cortisol. Deficiency in the enzyme may cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of monooxygenase enzymes that uses an iron containing heme cofactor to oxidize substrates. The enzyme is localized in endoplasmic reticulum membranes of adrenal cortex, and is encoded by the gene in humans, which is located near the CYP21A1P pseudogene with high degree of sequence similarity. This similarity makes it difficult to analyze the gene at the molecular level, and sometimes leads to loss-of-function mutations of the gene due to intergenic exchange of DNA.
Function
The steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme hydroxylates steroids at the C21 position. The enzyme catalyzes the chemical reaction in which the hydroxyl group (-OH) is added at the C21 position of the steroid biomolecule.
The enzyme is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenase enzymes. The cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.
21-hydroxylase is localized in microsomes of endoplasmic reticulum membranes within adrenal cortex. It is one of three microsomal steroidogenic P450 enzymes, the others being 17-hydroxylase and aromatase.
21-hydroxylase is essential for the biosynthesis of cortisol and aldosterone.
Structure
21-hydroxylase, as a member of the cytochrome P450 family of monooxygenase enzymes, contains a conserved core of a four α-helix bundle, two additional alpha helices, two sets of β-sheets, and a hem |
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