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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corepressor | In genetics and molecular biology, a corepressor is a molecule that represses the expression of genes. In prokaryotes, corepressors are small molecules whereas in eukaryotes, corepressors are proteins. A corepressor does not directly bind to DNA, but instead indirectly regulates gene expression by binding to repressors.
A corepressor downregulates (or represses) the expression of genes by binding to and activating a repressor transcription factor. The repressor in turn binds to a gene's operator sequence (segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression), thereby blocking transcription of that gene.
Function
Prokaryotes
In prokaryotes, the term corepressor is used to denote the activating ligand of a repressor protein. For example, the E. coli tryptophan repressor (TrpR) is only able to bind to DNA and repress transcription of the trp operon when its corepressor tryptophan is bound to it. TrpR in the absence of tryptophan is known as an aporepressor and is inactive in repressing gene transcription. Trp operon encodes enzymes responsible for the synthesis of tryptophan. Hence TrpR provides a negative feedback mechanism that regulates the biosynthesis of tryptophan.
In short tryptophan acts as a corepressor for its own biosynthesis.
Eukaryotes
In eukaryotes, a corepressor is a protein that binds to transcription factors. In the absence of corepressors and in the presence of coactivators, transcription factors upregulate gene expression. Coactivators and corepressors compete for the same binding sites on transcription factors. A second mechanism by which corepressors may repress transcriptional initiation when bound to transcription factor/DNA complexes is by recruiting histone deacetylases which catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues. This increases the positive charge on histones which strengthens the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged histones and negatively charged DNA, making |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive%20part%20and%20content | In algebra, the content of a nonzero polynomial with integer coefficients (or, more generally, with coefficients in a unique factorization domain) is the greatest common divisor of its coefficients. The primitive part of such a polynomial is the quotient of the polynomial by its content. Thus a polynomial is the product of its primitive part and its content, and this factorization is unique up to the multiplication of the content by a unit of the ring of the coefficients (and the multiplication of the primitive part by the inverse of the unit).
A polynomial is primitive if its content equals 1. Thus the primitive part of a polynomial is a primitive polynomial.
Gauss's lemma for polynomials states that the product of primitive polynomials (with coefficients in the same unique factorization domain) also is primitive. This implies that the content and the primitive part of the product of two polynomials are, respectively, the product of the contents and the product of the primitive parts.
As the computation of greatest common divisors is generally much easier than polynomial factorization, the first step of a polynomial factorization algorithm is generally the computation of its primitive part–content factorization (see ). Then the factorization problem is reduced to factorize separately the content and the primitive part.
Content and primitive part may be generalized to polynomials over the rational numbers, and, more generally, to polynomials over the field of fractions of a unique factorization domain. This makes essentially equivalent the problems of computing greatest common divisors and factorization of polynomials over the integers and of polynomials over the rational numbers.
Over the integers
For a polynomial with integer coefficients, the content may be either the greatest common divisor of the coefficients or its additive inverse. The choice is arbitrary, and may depend on a further convention, which is commonly that the leading coefficient of the prim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20topology | In any domain of mathematics, a space has a natural topology if there is a topology on the space which is "best adapted" to its study within the domain in question. In many cases this imprecise definition means little more than the assertion that the topology in question arises naturally or canonically (see mathematical jargon) in the given context.
Note that in some cases multiple topologies seem "natural". For example, if Y is a subset of a totally ordered set X, then the induced order topology, i.e. the order topology of the totally ordered Y, where this order is inherited from X, is coarser than the subspace topology of the order topology of X.
"Natural topology" does quite often have a more specific meaning, at least given some prior contextual information: the natural topology is a topology which makes a natural map or collection of maps continuous. This is still imprecise, even once one has specified what the natural maps are, because there may be many topologies with the required property. However, there is often a finest or coarsest topology which makes the given maps continuous, in which case these are obvious candidates for the natural topology.
The simplest cases (which nevertheless cover many examples) are the initial topology and the final topology (Willard (1970)). The initial topology is the coarsest topology on a space X which makes a given collection of maps from X to topological spaces Xi continuous. The final topology is the finest topology on a space X which makes a given collection of maps from topological spaces Xi to X continuous.
Two of the simplest examples are the natural topologies of subspaces and quotient spaces.
The natural topology on a subset of a topological space is the subspace topology. This is the coarsest topology which makes the inclusion map continuous.
The natural topology on a quotient of a topological space is the quotient topology. This is the finest topology which makes the quotient map continuous.
Another exampl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT6 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) is a transcription factor that belongs to the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) family of proteins. The proteins of STAT family transmit signals from a receptor complex to the nucleus and activate gene expression. Similarly as other STAT family proteins, STAT6 is also activated by growth factors and cytokines. STAT6 is mainly activated by cytokines interleukin-4 and interleukin-13.
Molecular biology
In the human genome, STAT6 protein is encoded by the STAT6 gene, located on the chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1. The gene encompasses over 19 kb and consists of 23 exons. STAT6 shares structural similarity with the other STAT proteins and is composed of the N-terminal domain, DNA binding domain, SH3- like domain, SH2 domain and transactivation domain (TAD).
STAT proteins are activated by the Janus family (JAKs) tyrosine kinases in response to cytokine exposure. STAT6 is activated by cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) with their receptors that both contain the α subunit of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα). Tyrosine phosporylation of STAT6 after stimulation by IL-4 results in the formation of STAT6 homodimers that bind specific DNA elements via a DNA-binding domain.
Function
STAT6-mediated signaling pathway is required for the development of T-helper type 2 (Th2) cells and Th2 immune response. Expression of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5, was reduced in STAT6-deficient mice. STAT 6 protein is crucial in IL4 mediated biological responses. It was found that STAT6 induce the expression of BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), which is responsible for the anti-apoptotic activity of IL4. IL-4 stimulates the phosphorylation of IL-4 receptor, which recruits cytosolic STAT6 by its SH2 domain and STAT6 is phosphorylated on tyrosine 641 (Y641) by JAK1, which results in the dimerization and nuclear translocation of STAT6 to activate target genes. Knockout studies in mice suggested the roles o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT4 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) is a transcription factor belonging to the STAT protein family, composed of STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, STAT6. STAT proteins are key activators of gene transcription which bind to DNA in response to cytokine gradient. STAT proteins are a common part of Janus kinase (JAK)- signalling pathways, activated by cytokines.STAT4 is required for the development of Th1 cells from naive CD4+ T cells and IFN-γ production in response to IL-12. There are two known STAT4 transcripts, STAT4α and STAT4β, differing in the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ )production downstream.
Structure
Human as well murine STAT4 genes lie next to STAT1 gene locus suggesting that the genes arose by gene duplication. STAT proteins have six functional domains: 1. N-terminal interaction domain – crucial for dimerization of inactive STATs and nuclear translocation; 2.helical coiled coil domain – association with regulatory factors; 3. central DNA-binding domain – binding to the enhancer region of IFN-γ activated sequence (GAS) family genes; 4. linker domain – assisting during the DNA binding process; 5. Src homology 2 (SH2) domain – critical for specific binding to the cytokine receptor after tyrosine phosphorylation; 6. C-terminal transactivation domain – triggering the transcriptional process. The length of the protein is 748 amino acids, and the molecular weight is 85 941 Dalton.
Expression
Distribution of STAT4 is restricted to myeloid cells, thymus and testis. In resting human T cells it is expressed at very low levels, but its production is amplified by PHA stimulation.
Cytokines activating STAT4
IL-12
Pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 is produced in heterodimer form by B cells and antigen-presenting cells. Binding of IL-12 to IL-12R, which is composed of two different subunits (IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2), leads to the interaction of IL12Rβ1 and IL12Rβ2 with JAK2 and TYK2, which is followed by phosphorylation of STAT |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STAT2 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAT2 gene. It is a member of the STAT protein family. This protein is critical to the biological response of type I interferons (IFNs). STAT2 sequence identity between mouse and human is only 68%.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the STAT protein family. In response to cytokines and growth factors, STAT family members are phosphorylated by the receptor associated kinases, and then form homo- or heterodimers that translocate to the cell nucleus where they act as transcription activators. In response to IFN, this protein forms a complex with STAT1 and IFN regulatory factor family protein p48 (IRF9) and form ISGF-3 (IFN-stimulated gene factor-3), in which this protein acts as a transactivator, but lacks the ability to bind DNA directly. ISGF-3 proceeds the activation of genes via the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). ISRE-driven genes include Ly-6C, the double-stranded RNA kinase (PKR), 2´ to 5´ oligoadenylate synthase (OAS), MX and potentially MHC class I. Transcription adaptor P300/CBP (EP300/CREBBP) has been shown to interact specifically with this protein, which is thought to be involved in the process of blocking IFN-alpha response by adenovirus.
STAT2 knockout mice are unresponsive to type I IFN and extremely vulnerable to viral infection. They indicate the loss of the type I IFN autocrine loop and several defects in macrophages and T cell responses. Stat2-/- cells show differences in the biological response to IFN-α.
Interactions
STAT2 has been shown to interact with:
CREB-binding protein,
IFNAR1
IFNAR2,
IRF9,
MED14,
SMARCA4, and
STAT1.
STAT2 deficiency
Knockout mice
In double knockout STAT2 mice, an increased proliferation of M1, M2, and M1/M2 coexpressing macrophages during influenza-bacterial super-infection is observed. The bacterial clearance was also impaired by neutralization of IFN-γ (M1) and Arginase-1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurfactant | Biosurfactant usually refers to surfactants of microbial origin. Most of the biosurfactants produced by microbes are synthesized extracellularly and many microbes are known to produce biosurfactants in large relative quantities. Some are of commercial interest. As a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, biosurfactants can be processed by the cultivation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms in the stationary phase on many sorts of low-priced substrates like biochar, plant oils, carbohydrates, wastes, etc. High-level production of biosurfactants can be controlled by regulation of environmental factors and growth circumstances.
Classification
Biosurfactants are usually categorized by their molecular structure. Like synthetic surfactants, they are composed of a hydrophilic moiety made up of amino acids, peptides, (poly)saccharides, or sugar alcohols and a hydrophobic moiety consisting of fatty acids. Correspondingly, the significant classes of biosurfactants include glycolipids, lipopeptides and lipoproteins, and polymeric surfactants as well as particulate surfactants.
Examples
Common biosurfactants include:
Bile salts are mixtures of micelle-forming compounds that encapsulate food, enabling absorption through the small intestine.
Lecithin, which can be obtained either from soybean or from egg yolk, is a common food ingredient.
Rhamnolipids, which can be produced by some species of Pseudomonas, e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Sophorolipids are produced by various nonpathogenic yeasts.
Emulsan produced by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus.
Microbial biosurfactants are obtained by including immiscible liquids in the growth medium.
Applications
Potential applications include herbicides and pesticides formulations, detergents, healthcare and cosmetics, pulp and paper, coal, textiles, ceramic processing and food industries, uranium ore-processing, and mechanical dewatering of peat.
Oil spill remediation
Biosurfactants enhance the emulsification of hydrocarbons, t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladd%27s%20bands | Ladd's bands, sometimes called bands of Ladd, are fibrous stalks of peritoneal tissue that attach the cecum to the retroperitoneum in the right lower quadrant (RLQ). Obstructing Ladd's Bands are associated with malrotation of the intestine, a developmental disorder in which the cecum is found in the right upper quadrant (RUQ), instead of its normal anatomical position in the RLQ. Ladd's bands then pass over the second part of the duodenum, causing extrinsic compression and obstruction. This clinically manifests as poor feeding and bilious vomiting in neonates. Screening can be performed with an upper GI series. The most severe complication of malrotation is midgut volvulus, in which the mesenteric base twists around the superior mesenteric artery, compromising intestinal perfusion, leading to bowel necrosis.
A surgical operation called a "Ladd procedure" is performed to alleviate intestinal malrotation. The procedure involves counterclockwise detorsion of the bowel, surgical division of Ladd's bands (shown in image), widening of the small intestine's mesentery, performing an appendectomy, and reorientation of the small bowel on the right and the cecum and colon on the left (the appendectomy is performed so as not to be confused by atypical presentation of appendicitis at a later date). Most Ladd surgical repairs take place in infancy or childhood.
Ladd's bands and the Ladd procedure are named after American pediatric surgeon William Edwards Ladd (1880–1967). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode%20and%20HTML%20for%20the%20Hebrew%20alphabet | The Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet are found in the following tables. The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation. The Numeric Character References are included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used on web pages to create the Hebrew glyphs presentable by the majority of web browsers.
Unicode
Character table
Compact table
Note I: The ligatures are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew.
Note II: The symbol is called gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym. Gershayim is also the name of a note of cantillation in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter.
Remaining graphs are in the Alphabetic Presentation Forms block:
Note: In Yiddish orthography only, the glyph, (), pronounced , can be optionally used, rather than typing then (). In Hebrew spelling this would be pronounced . is written under the previous letter then ().
HTML code tables
Note: HTML numeric character references can be in decimal format (&#DDDD;) or hexadecimal format (&#xHHHH;). For example, ג and ג (where "05D2" in hexadecimal is the same as "1490" in decimal) both represent the Hebrew letter gimmel.
See also
Alphabetic Presentation Forms (Unicode block)
Hebrew (Unicode block)
Hebrew alphabet
Niqqud
Yiddish orthography
External links
Unicode Hebrew: Range 0590-05FF
Alphabetic Presentation Forms: Range FB00-FB4F
Hebrew Unicode Chart
Character encoding
Hebrew alphabet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DailyMed | DailyMed is a website operated by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) to publish up-to-date and accurate drug labels (also called a "package insert") to health care providers and the general public. The contents of DailyMed is provided and updated daily by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA in turn collects this information from the pharmaceutical industry.
The documents published use the HL7 version 3 Structured Product Labeling (SPL) standard, which is an XML format that combines the human readable text of the product label with structured data elements that describe the composition, form, packaging, and other properties of the drug products in detail according to the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM).
, it contained information about 140,232 drug listings.
It includes an RSS feed for updated drug information.
History
In 2006 the FDA revised the drug label and also created DailyMed to keep prescription information up to date.
See also
Consumer Product Information Database, ingredients of household products
Environmental Working Group, which maintains a database of cosmetics ingredients |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan%E2%80%93Hadamard%20theorem | In mathematics, the Cartan–Hadamard theorem is a statement in Riemannian geometry concerning the structure of complete Riemannian manifolds of non-positive sectional curvature. The theorem states that the universal cover of such a manifold is diffeomorphic to a Euclidean space via the exponential map at any point. It was first proved by Hans Carl Friedrich von Mangoldt for surfaces in 1881, and independently by Jacques Hadamard in 1898. Élie Cartan generalized the theorem to Riemannian manifolds in 1928 (; ; ). The theorem was further generalized to a wide class of metric spaces by Mikhail Gromov in 1987; detailed proofs were published by for metric spaces of non-positive curvature and by for general locally convex metric spaces.
Riemannian geometry
The Cartan–Hadamard theorem in conventional Riemannian geometry asserts that the universal covering space of a connected complete Riemannian manifold of non-positive sectional curvature is diffeomorphic to Rn. In fact, for complete manifolds of non-positive curvature, the exponential map based at any point of the manifold is a covering map.
The theorem holds also for Hilbert manifolds in the sense that the exponential map of a non-positively curved geodesically complete connected manifold is a covering map (; ). Completeness here is understood in the sense that the exponential map is defined on the whole tangent space of a point.
Metric geometry
In metric geometry, the Cartan–Hadamard theorem is the statement that the universal cover of a connected non-positively curved complete metric space X is a Hadamard space. In particular, if X is simply connected then it is a geodesic space in the sense that any two points are connected by a unique minimizing geodesic, and hence contractible.
A metric space X is said to be non-positively curved if every point p has a neighborhood U in which any two points are joined by a geodesic, and for any point z in U and constant speed geodesic γ in U, one has
This inequality ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulay%20brackets | Macaulay brackets are a notation used to describe the ramp function
A popular alternative transcription uses angle brackets, viz. .
Another commonly used notation is + or + for the positive part of , which avoids conflicts with for set notation.
In engineering
Macaulay's notation is commonly used in the static analysis of bending moments of a beam. This is useful because shear forces applied on a member render the shear and moment diagram discontinuous. Macaulay's notation also provides an easy way of integrating these discontinuous curves to give bending moments, angular deflection, and so on. For engineering purposes, angle brackets are often used to denote the use of Macaulay's method.
The above example simply states that the function takes the value for all x values larger than a. With this, all the forces acting on a beam can be added, with their respective points of action being the value of a.
A particular case is the unit step function,
See also
Singularity function |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanoconodon | Yanoconodon is a monotypic genus of extinct early mammal whose representative species Yanoconodon allini lived during the Mesozoic in what is now China. The holotype fossil of Yanoconodon was excavated in the Yan Mountains about 300 kilometres from Beijing in the Qiaotou member of the Huajiying Formation (which the original authors considered part of the Yixian Formation) of Hebei Province, China, and is therefore of uncertain age. The Qiaotou Member may correlate with the more well-known Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, and so probably dates to around 122 Ma ago.
Yanoconodon was a eutriconodont, a group composing most taxa once classified as "triconodonts" which lived during the time of the dinosaurs. These were a highly ecologically diverse group, including large sized taxa such as Repenomamus that were able to eat small dinosaurs, the arboreal Jeholodens, the aerial volaticotherines and the spined Spinolestes. Yanoconodon is inferred to be a generalized terrestrial mammal, capable of multiple forms of locomotion.
Yanoconodon'''s name is composed of two elements: 'Yan' is taken from the Yan Mountains in the north of the Hebei Province near where the holotype of Yanoconodon was found; 'Conodon' is an often used as a mammalian taxonomic suffix meaning 'cuspate tooth'. Its species name, "allini," is derived from mammalian researcher Edgar Allin, who was notable for his research on the mammalian middle ear.Paleontologists Discover New Mammal from Mesozoic Era at www.physorg.com - Retrieved 25/6/2007.
Description Yanoconodon was a small mammal, barely 5 inches (13 centimetres) long. It had a sprawling posture, and although previously inferred to be semi-aquatic, direct study of its postcrania indicates that Yanoconodon was likely a terrestrial mammal, and that it has features in common with digging, arboreal, and semiaquatic mammals. Yanocodon had lumbar ribs, a feature not seen in modern mammals. The closely related eutriconodont Jeholodens lacks these lumbar ri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20Intelligent%20Cluster | The IBM Intelligent Cluster was a cluster solution for x86-based high-performance computing composed primarily of IBM (System x, BladeCenter and System Storage) components, integrated with network switches from various vendors and optional high-performance InfiniBand interconnects.
History
The solution was formerly known as the IBM eServer Cluster 1300 (or e1300) based on then-current Pentium III processors, which was introduced in November 2001. This was replaced by the e1350 in October 2002 with the introduction of Pentium 4-based Intel Xeon processors. Later (in 2008-2009) solution also was known as the IBM System Cluster 1350; in 2010 released line with final IBM Intelligent Cluster name.
Roughly twice a year the solution components were updated to include the then-current products from IBM and other vendors.
In 2014 this cluster solution was sold and rebranded as Lenovo Intelligent Cluster.
Architecture
The Intelligent Cluster system is a (integrated, factory-built and tested) rack tower-size cluster solution with comprehensive warranty service for all components, including third-party options. The system could comprise traditional rack-optimized nodes, as well as IBM BladeCenter, Flex System or iDataPlex blade nodes, or another rack-mounted servers with processor choices between x86-based (Intel Xeon and AMD Opteron) or uncommon Power-based processors options (only for blade servers), along with integrated storage and switches to provide a turnkey Linux or Microsoft cluster environment. These platform also supports the water-cooling module options (Heat Exchange Doors) for some rack towers designs.
Operating system choices were officially limited to Enterprise Linux distributions from Red Hat and SUSE and to Microsoft Windows HPC Server 2008. For systems management IBM offered xCAT. Additional software, such as GPFS and LoadLeveler, could also be ordered from IBM.
See also
IBM BladeCenter and IBM Flex System
iDataPlex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically%20modified%20plant | Genetically modified plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colours in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. Many plant cells are pluripotent, meaning that a single cell from a mature plant can be harvested and then under the right conditions form a new plant. This ability is most often taken advantage by genetic engineers through selecting cells that can successfully be transformed into an adult plant which can then be grown into multiple new plants containing transgene in every cell through a process known as tissue culture.
Research
Much of the advances in the field genetic engineering has come from experimentation with tobacco. Major advances in tissue culture and plant cellular mechanisms for a wide range of plants has originated from systems developed in tobacco. It was the first plant to be genetically engineered and is considered a model organism for not only genetic engineering, but a range of other fields. As such the transgenic tools and procedures are well established making it one of the easiest plants to transform. Another major model organism relevant to genetic engineering is Arabidopsis thaliana. Its small genome and short life cycle makes it easy to manipulate and it contains many homologs to important crop species. It was the first plant sequenced, has abundant bioinformatic resources and can be transformed by simply dipping a flower in a transformed Agrobacterium solution.
In research, plants are engineered to help discover the functions of certain genes. The simplest way to do this is to remove the gene and see what phenotype develops compared to the wild type form. Any differences are possibly the result of the missing gene. Unlike mutagenisis, genetic engineering allows targeted removal without disrupting other genes in the organism. Some genes are only ex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimaximal%20mixing | Trimaximal mixing (also known as threefold maximal mixing) refers to the highly symmetric, maximally CP-violating, fermion mixing configuration, characterised by a unitary matrix () having all its elements equal in modulus
(, ) as may be written, e.g.:
where and
are the complex cube roots of unity. In the standard PDG convention, trimaximal mixing corresponds to: , and . The Jarlskog -violating parameter takes its extremal value .
Originally proposed as a candidate lepton mixing matrix, and actively studied as such (and even as a candidate quark mixing matrix), trimaximal mixing is now definitively ruled-out as a phenomenologically viable lepton mixing scheme by neutrino oscillation experiments, especially the Chooz reactor experiment, in favour of the no longer tenable (related) tribimaximal mixing scheme. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mathematics%20Educator | The Mathematics Educator (TME) is peer-reviewed journal within the field of mathematics education. TME is produced by students, and it is published by the Mathematics Education Student Association (MESA) in the Department of Mathematics Education at the University of Georgia. MESA is an affiliate of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM).
The journal first appeared in 1990, and it has appeared one or two times a year since then. It welcomes different types of manuscripts, like research reports, commentaries, literature reviews, theoretical articles, and critiques.
See also
List of scientific journals in mathematics education |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20algorithm | In the mathematical topic of wavelet theory, the cascade algorithm is a numerical method for calculating function values of the basic scaling and wavelet functions of a discrete wavelet transform using an iterative algorithm. It starts from values on a coarse sequence of sampling points and produces values for successively more densely spaced sequences of sampling points. Because it applies the same operation over and over to the output of the previous application, it is known as the cascade algorithm.
Successive approximation
The iterative algorithm generates successive approximations to ψ(t) or φ(t) from {h} and {g} filter coefficients. If the algorithm converges to a fixed point, then that fixed point is the basic scaling function or wavelet.
The iterations are defined by
For the kth iteration, where an initial φ(0)(t) must be given.
The frequency domain estimates of the basic scaling function is given by
and the limit can be viewed as an infinite product in the form
If such a limit exists, the spectrum of the scaling function is
The limit does not depends on the initial shape assume for φ(0)(t). This algorithm converges reliably to φ(t), even if it is discontinuous.
From this scaling function, the wavelet can be generated from
Successive approximation can also be derived in the frequency domain. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%CF%80%20theorem | In mathematics, the theorem of Gromov and Thurston states a sufficient condition for Dehn filling on a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold to result in a negatively curved 3-manifold.
Let be a cusped hyperbolic 3-manifold. Disjoint horoball neighborhoods of each cusp can be selected. The boundaries of these neighborhoods are quotients of horospheres and thus have Euclidean metrics. A slope, i.e. unoriented isotopy class of simple closed curves on these boundaries, thus has a well-defined length by taking the minimal Euclidean length over all curves in the isotopy class. The theorem states: a Dehn filling of with each filling slope greater than results in a 3-manifold with a complete metric of negative sectional curvature. In fact, this metric can be selected to be identical to the original hyperbolic metric outside the horoball neighborhoods.
The basic idea of the proof is to explicitly construct a negatively curved metric inside each horoball neighborhood that matches the metric near the horospherical boundary. This construction, using cylindrical coordinates, works when the filling slope is greater than . See for complete details.
According to the geometrization conjecture, these negatively curved 3-manifolds must actually admit a complete hyperbolic metric. A horoball packing argument due to Thurston shows that there are at most 48 slopes to avoid on each cusp to get a hyperbolic 3-manifold. For one-cusped hyperbolic 3-manifolds, an improvement due to Colin Adams gives 24 exceptional slopes.
This result was later improved independently by and with the 6 theorem. The "6 theorem" states that Dehn filling along slopes of length greater than 6 results in a hyperbolike 3-manifold, i.e. an irreducible, atoroidal, non-Seifert-fibered 3-manifold with infinite word hyperbolic fundamental group. Yet again assuming the geometrization conjecture, these manifolds have a complete hyperbolic metric. An argument of Agol's shows that there are at most 12 e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2011992 | ISO 11992 is a CAN based vehicle bus standard by the heavy duty truck industry. It is used for communication between the tractor and one or more trailers. Its full title is "Road vehicles -- Interchange of digital information on electrical connections between towing and towed vehicles".
The protocol structure is similar to SAE J1939. The main differences are timing, bus voltage level and the structure of the message's 29-bit identifier.
External links
Official texts
ISO 11992-1:2003 - Part 1: Physical and data-link layers
ISO 11992-2:2014 - Part 2: Application layer for brakes and running gear
ISO 11992-3:2003 - Part 3: Application layer for equipment other than brakes and running gear
ISO 11992-3:2003/Amd 1:2008
ISO 11992-4:2014 Part 4: Diagnostic communication
11992
Computer buses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respirocyte | Respirocytes are hypothetical, microscopic, artificial red blood cells that are intended to emulate the function of their organic counterparts, so as to supplement or replace the function of much of the human body's normal respiratory system. Respirocytes were proposed by Robert A. Freitas Jr in his 1998 paper "A Mechanical Artificial Red Blood Cell: Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology".
Respirocytes are an example of molecular nanotechnology, a field of technology still in the very earliest, purely hypothetical phase of development. Current technology is not sufficient to build a respirocyte due to considerations of power, atomic-scale manipulation, immune reaction or toxicity, computation and communication.
Structure of a respirocyte
Freitas proposed a spherical robot made up of 18 billion atoms arranged as a tiny pressure tank, which would be filled up with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Uses
In Freitas' proposal, each respirocyte could store and transport 236 times more oxygen than a natural red blood cell, and could release it in a more controlled manner.
Freitas has also proposed "microbivore" robots that would attack pathogens in the manner of white blood cells.
See also
Artificial cell
Biotechnology
Blood substitute
Oxycyte
Synthetic biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-to-centre%20distance | Centre-to-centre distance (c.t.c. distance or ctc distance) is a concept for distances, also called on-center spacing (o.c. spacing or oc spacing), heart distance, and pitch.
It is the distance between the centre (the heart) of a column and the centre (the heart) of another column. By expressing a distance in c.t.c., one can measure distances between columns with different diameters without confusion. This concept applies to other architectural features that may have variable diameters/widths and spacings, such as pillars or ceiling beams and baffles.
Architectural terminology
Columns and entablature
Technical drawing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore%20Pincherle | Salvatore Pincherle (March 11, 1853 – July 10, 1936) was an Italian mathematician. He contributed significantly to (and arguably helped to found) the field of functional analysis, established the Italian Mathematical Union (Italian: "Unione Matematica Italiana"), and was president of the Third International Congress of Mathematicians. The Pincherle derivative is named after him.
Pincherle was born into a Jewish family in Trieste (then part of the Austrian Littoral) and spent his childhood in Marseille, France. After completing his basic schooling in Marseille, he left in 1869 to study mathematics at the University of Pisa, where he was a student under both Enrico Betti and Ulisse Dini. After he graduated in 1874, he taught at a school in Pavia until he received a scholarship in 1877.
After winning the scholarship and studying abroad at the University of Berlin, Pincherle met Karl Weierstrass. Pincherle contributed to Weierstrass' theory of analytic functions, and in 1880, influenced by Weierstrass, he wrote an expository paper in the Giornale di Matematiche, which proved to be a significant paper in the field of analysis. Throughout his life, Pincherle's work greatly reflected the influence that Weierstrass had on him. He later collaborated with Vito Volterra and explored Laplace transforms and other parts of functional analysis.
From 1880 until 1928, Pincherle was a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Bologna. In 1901, collaborating with Ugo Amaldi, he published his main scientific book, Le Operazioni Distributive e loro Applicazioni all'Analisi.
In Bologna in 1922, he established the Italian Mathematical Union and became its first President and held the position until 1936. In 1924, he attended the Second International Congress of Mathematicians in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Four years later, he became President of the Third International Congress and played a significant role in re-admitting German mathematicians after a ban imposed because of World |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWsoft | SWsoft was a privately held server automation and virtualization software company and the parent company of Parallels. SWsoft developed software for running data centers, particularly for web-hosting services companies, application service providers, and managed service providers. SWsoft products included applications for operating system-level virtualization, which enables users to run multiple operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Solaris, on a single computer.
The company was founded in 1997 and maintained its headquarters in Herndon, Virginia, with additional offices throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. Its research and development offices were located in Moscow, Russia, and it had sales offices in Germany and Singapore.
In December 2007, SWsoft announced its plans to change its name to Parallels in 2008 and ship its products under the Parallels brand name.
Company history
1997 SWsoft founded
2001
Virtuozzo released
HSPcomplete released
2003
SWsoft acquires automation firms Yippi-Yeah! E-Business GmbH (makers of Confixx) and Plesk Inc (makers of Confixx and Plesk)
PEM datacenter released
Open Fusion launched
2004
Announces partnership with Acronis
Plesk 7.0 released
SiteBuilder beta released
Acquires Parallels, Inc. but keeps this secret.
2007 December 12: SWsoft announces that it will change its name to "Parallels" in 2008.
2007 December: SWsoft acquires WebHostAutomation Ltd developers of HELM Control Panel.
January 2008 SWsoft officially becomes Parallels, Inc.
Uses
SWsoft’s virtualization software is predominantly used to automate data center and server management and to consolidate multiple servers onto one Windows- or Linux-based physical server. The company’s products are developed predominantly for web hosting companies, service providers, and corporations.
Although the company’s software reportedly uses fewer system resources because it does not require each virtualized server to have an independent |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM%20Multiuser%20Benchmark | The AIM Multiuser Benchmark, also called the AIM Benchmark Suite VII or AIM7, is a job throughput benchmark widely used by UNIX computer system vendors. Current research operating systems such as K42 use
the reaim
form of the benchmark for performance analysis.
The AIM7 benchmark measures some of the same things as the SDET benchmark.
The original code was developed by Gene Dronek for AIM Technology, Inc., who licensed it to others. The first AIM Benchmarks were for single user PCs. The suite was expanded and enhanced to become multi-user benchmarks by Donald Steiny. Caldera International, Inc., bought the license and released
the source code for Suite VII and Suite IX under the GPL.
AIM7 is a program written in C that forks many processes called tasks, each of which concurrently runs in random order a set of subtests called jobs. There are 53 kinds of jobs, each of which exercises a different aspect of the operating system, such as disk-file operations, process creation, user virtual memory operations, pipe I/O, and compute-bound arithmetic loops
.
An AIM7 benchmark run is composed of a sequence of subruns with the number of tasks incrementing by one between each subrun. Each subrun goes until each of its tasks has completed its set of jobs. Each subrun reports a metric of jobs completed per minute, with the final report for the overall benchmark being a table of that throughput metric versus number of tasks. A given system will have a peak number of tasks N at which the jobs per minute is maximized. Either N or the value of the jobs per minute at N is typically used as the metric of interest. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy%20Snowflake | "Suzy Snowflake" is a song written by Sid Tepper and Roy C. Bennett, made famous by Rosemary Clooney in 1951 and released as a 78 RPM record by Columbia Records, MJV-123.
Suzy is a snowflake playfully personified. It is commonly regarded as a Christmas song, although it makes no mention of the holiday. The child-oriented lyrics celebrate the fun of winter.
A cartoon short based on the song was made in 1953 by Centaur Productions, with stop-motion animation created by Wah Ming Chang. It is annually shown during the Christmas season on WGN-TV in Chicago and WJAC-TV in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, along with another production by Centaur, Hardrock, Coco and Joe and an early UPA version of Frosty the Snowman.
Clooney later re-recorded the song for her 1978 Mistletoe Records album Christmas with Rosemary Clooney. It has been covered by other artists, most notably Soul Coughing in 1997.
See also
List of Christmas/holiday hit singles in the United States |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOC%20channels | Store-operated channels (SOCs) are ion channels located in the plasma membrane of cells. These channels are most studied in regard to their role in calcium entry into the cytoplasm from extracellular milieu. There are other SOC channels selective to other ions. Calcium SOCs are especially important for the cell because they are the major source of intracellular calcium; and calcium itself is involved in a wide array of vital cellular functions. SOCs are so called because they are activated by intracellular calcium (particularly the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)) stores depletion by both physiological or pharmacological processes.
See also
Calcium release activated channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic%20migration | Seismic migration is the process by which seismic events are geometrically re-located in either space or time to the location the event occurred in the subsurface rather than the location that it was recorded at the surface, thereby creating a more accurate image of the subsurface. This process is necessary to overcome the limitations of geophysical methods imposed by areas of complex geology, such as: faults, salt bodies, folding, etc.
Migration moves dipping reflectors to their true subsurface positions and collapses diffractions, resulting in a migrated image that typically has an increased spatial resolution and resolves areas of complex geology much better than non-migrated images. A form of migration is one of the standard data processing techniques for reflection-based geophysical methods (seismic reflection and ground-penetrating radar)
The need for migration has been understood since the beginnings of seismic exploration and the very first seismic reflection data from 1921 were migrated. Computational migration algorithms have been around for many years but they have only entered wide usage in the past 20 years because they are extremely resource-intensive. Migration can lead to a dramatic uplift in image quality so algorithms are the subject of intense research, both within the geophysical industry as well as academic circles.
Rationale
Seismic waves are elastic waves that propagate through the Earth with a finite velocity, governed by the elastic properties of the rock in which they are travelling. At an interface between two rock types, with different acoustic impedances, the seismic energy is either refracted, reflected back towards the surface or attenuated by the medium. The reflected energy arrives at the surface and is recorded by geophones that are placed at a known distance away from the source of the waves. When a geophysicist views the recorded energy from the geophone, they know both the travel time and the distance between the source |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System%20migration | System migration involves moving a set of instructions or programs, e.g., PLC (programmable logic controller) programs, from one platform to another, minimizing reengineering.
Migration of systems can also involve downtime, while the old system is replaced with a new one.
Migration can be from a mainframe computer which has a closed architecture, to an open system which employ x86 servers. As well, migration can be from an open system to a Cloud Computing platform. The motivation for this can be the cost savings. Migration can be simplified by tools that can automatically convert data from one form to another. There are also tools to convert the code from one platform to another to be either compiled or interpreted. Vendors of such tools include Micro Focus and Metamining. An alternative to converting the code is the use of software that can run the code from the old system on the new system. Examples are Oracle Tuxedo Application Rehosting Workbench, Morphis - Transformer and products for LINC 4GL, Ispirer - products and services for database and application migration.
Migration may also be required when the hardware is no longer available. See JOVIAL.
See also
Data conversion
Data migration
Data transformation
Software migration
Software modernization
List of Linux adopters |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobcat%20%28microarchitecture%29 | The AMD Bobcat Family 14h is a microarchitecture created by AMD for its AMD APUs, aimed at a low-power/low-cost market.
It was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in Computex 2007 and was put into production Q1 2011. One of the major supporters was executive vice-president Mario A. Rivas who felt it was difficult to compete in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10–100 W range and actively promoted the development of the simpler core with a target range of 1–10 W. In addition, it was believed that the core could migrate into the hand-held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1 W.
Bobcat cores are used together with GPU cores in accelerated processing units (APUs) under the "Fusion" brand. A simplified architecture diagram was released at AMD's Analyst Day in November 2009. This is similar in concept with earlier AMD research in 2003, detailing the specifications and advantages of extending x86 "everywhere".
Design
The Bobcat x86 CPU core design has since been completed and implemented in AMD APU processor products with a TDP of 18 W or less. The core is targeted at low-power markets like netbooks/nettops, ultra-portable laptops, consumer electronics and the embedded market. Since its launch, Bobcat-based CPUs have also been used by OEMs on larger laptops. Architecture specifics:
64-bit core
Out-of-order execution
Advanced branch predictor
Dual x86 instruction decoder
64-bit integer unit with two ALUs
Floating-point unit with two 64-bit pipes
Single channel 64-bit memory controller
32 KiB instruction + 32 KiB data L1 cache
512 KiB - 1 MiB L2 cache
MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4A, ABM
In February 2013, AMD detailed plans for a successor to Bobcat codenamed Jaguar.
Features
APU features table
Processors
In January 2011 AMD introduced several processors that have implemented the Bobcat core. This core is in the following AMD Accelerated Processors:
^ E-Series & C-Series a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LINA%20%28software%29 | LINA was a piece of open-source software that enabled users to run applications compiled for Linux under Windows and Mac OS X with a native look and feel. Version 1.00 beta1 was released in October 2009 and was available at the Open Lina web site. However, that domain is now up for sale.
Release
The latest binary version, still a beta, was released on October 15, 2009.
As the tool was open sourced under the terms of the GNU General Public License v2, its source code had been made available since July 19, 2007.
See also
Compatibility layer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF%20Ph%E1%BA%ADt%20%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n%20shootings | The Huế Phật Đản shootings were the deaths of nine unarmed Buddhist civilians on 8 May 1963 in the city of Huế, South Vietnam, at the hands of the army and security forces of the government of Ngô Đình Diệm, a Roman Catholic. The army and police fired guns and launched grenades into a crowd of Buddhists who had been protesting against a government ban on flying the Buddhist flag on the day of Phật Đản, which commemorates the birth of Gautama Buddha. Diệm denied governmental responsibility for the incident and blamed the Việt Cộng, which added to discontent among the Buddhist majority.
The incident spurred a protest movement by Buddhists against the religious discrimination that they felt was perpetrated by the Diệm regime; this, known as the 'Buddhist crisis', led to widespread civil disobedience among the South Vietnamese. After six months of tension and growing opposition to the regime, leaders of the army conducted a coup on 1 November 1963; this led to the arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm the following day.
Prelude
In a country where surveys of the religious composition estimated the Buddhist majority to be between 70 and 90 percent, the policies of the staunchly Catholic President Ngô Đình Diệm generated claims of religious bias. As a member of the Catholic Vietnamese minority, he is widely regarded by historians as having pursued pro-Catholic policies that antagonized many Buddhists. Specifically, the government was regarded as being biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions.
Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was of Buddhist extraction, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam converted to Catholicism in the belief that their military prospects depended on it. Additionally, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Modeling%20Framework | P-Modeling Framework is a package of guidelines, methods, tools and templates for the development process improvement. P-Modeling framework can be integrated into any other SDLC in use, e.g., MSF Agile, MSF CMMI, RUP, etc.
History
The origins of P-Modeling Framework come from "The Babel Experiment" designed by Vladimir L. Pavlov in 2001 as a training program for software engineering students that was aimed at making students go through a “condensed” version of communication problems typical for software development and gain the experience of applying UML to overcome these problems.
This experiment was done in the following manner.
A team of students was assigned the task of designing a software system with the following restriction factor: UML had to be the only language allowed for communication while working on the project. The premise was intended to make students go through a “condensed” version of communication problems typical for software development and gain the experience of applying UML to overcome these problems. As the result of this experiment, students developed quite clear and concise models.
A little later, during a design session, there were two independent teams working on the same task. The communication means of the first team was restricted to UML as described above, while the other team was allowed to communicate verbally using a natural language. It turned out that the first, more restricted team, performed the task more efficiently than the other one. The UML diagrams created by the first team were more sound, detailed, readable, and elaborated.
Subsequently, Vladimir L. Pavlov conducted a number of additional experiments intended to reveal whether the “silent” modeling sessions are more productive than the traditional ones. In these experiments, silent teams appeared to be at least as efficient as the others, and in some cases the silent teams outperformed the traditional ones.
Some of the interpretations of these results are the foll |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatological%20Observers%20Link | The Climatological Observers Link (COL) was founded in 1970 by a small group of amateur meteorologists following the exchange of correspondence in the magazine Weather - published by
The Royal Meteorological Society. It is the largest enthusiasts' weather observer network within the United Kingdom. The organisation aims to bring together those with an interest in observing the weather, their observations being compiled into monthly bulletins containing news, data and views.
Stations range from those with a single raingauge to full-size synoptic and official climatological stations. Many of the stations are equipped with a Stevenson screen and Snowdon Raingauge, while some include Campbell–Stokes recorder for measuring sunshine and an Anemometer. Increasingly, members are employing Automatic weather stations.
Not only keen to observer the weather, members are keen to share their expertise and information and data is frequently used in school/university projects, and by practitioners of the law and forensic science. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20peak | The iron peak is a local maximum in the vicinity of Fe (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co and Ni) on the graph of the abundances of the chemical elements.
For elements lighter than iron on the periodic table, nuclear fusion releases energy. For iron, and for all of the heavier elements, nuclear fusion consumes energy. Chemical elements up to the iron peak are produced in ordinary stellar nucleosynthesis, with the alpha elements being particularly abundant. Some heavier elements are produced by less efficient processes such as the r-process and s-process. Elements with atomic numbers close to iron are produced in large quantities in supernova due to explosive oxygen and silicon fusion, followed by radioactive decay of nuclei such as Nickel-56. On average, heavier elements are less abundant in the universe, but some of those near iron are comparatively more abundant than would be expected from this trend.
Binding energy
A graph of the nuclear binding energy per nucleon for all the elements shows a sharp increase to a peak near nickel and then a slow decrease to heavier elements. Increasing values of binding energy represent energy released when a collection of nuclei is rearranged into another collection for which the sum of nuclear binding energies is higher. Light elements such as hydrogen release large amounts of energy (a big increase in binding energy) when combined to form heavier nuclei. Conversely, heavy elements such as uranium release energy when converted to lighter nuclei through alpha decay and nuclear fission. is the most thermodynamically favorable in the cores of high-mass stars. Although iron-58 and nickel-62 have even higher (per nucleon) binding energy, their synthesis cannot be achieved in large quantities, because the required number of neutrons is typically not available in the stellar nuclear material, and they cannot be produced in the alpha process (their mass numbers are not multiples of 4).
See also
Abundances of the elements (data page) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20dispersibility%20index | The Protein Dispersibility Index (PDI) is a means of comparing the solubility of a protein in water, and is widely used in the soybean product industry.
A sample of the soybeans are ground, mixed with a specific quantity of water, and the two are then blended together at a specific rpm for a specific time. The resulting mixture and original bean flour then have their protein content measured using a combustion test, and the PDI is calculated as the percentage of the protein in the mix divided by the percentage in the flour - a PDI of 100 therefore indicates total solubility.
It has been shown that the PDI can be affected, not only by the type of soybean used, but also by manufacturing processes - heat has been shown to lower the PDI.
The PDI required of a soyflour is dependent on the purpose to which the soybeans are to be put. Manufacturers of soymilk and tofu products want a high PDI to ensure the maximum protein content in their products. However, manufacturers of soy-based fish feed require a low PDI to avoid loss of valuable protein into the surrounding water. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Trust | WS-Trust is a WS-* specification and OASIS standard that provides extensions to WS-Security, specifically dealing with the issuing, renewing, and validating of security tokens, as well as with ways to establish, assess the presence of, and broker trust relationships between participants in a secure message exchange.
The WS-Trust specification was authored by representatives of a number of companies, and was approved by OASIS as a standard in March 2007.
Using the extensions defined in WS-Trust, applications can engage in secure communication designed to work within the Web services framework.
Overview
WS-Trust defines a number of new elements, concepts and artifacts in support of that goal, including:
the concept of a Security Token Service (STS) - a web service that issues security tokens as defined in the WS-Security specification.
the formats of the messages used to request security tokens and the responses to those messages.
mechanisms for key exchange
WS-Trust is then implemented within Web services libraries, provided by vendors or by open source collaborative efforts. Web services frameworks that implement the WS-Trust protocols for token request include: Microsoft's Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) and Windows Identity Foundation (WIF - as of .NET 4.5, WIF is integrated into .NET Core), Sun's WSIT framework, Apache's Rampart (part of axis2), and others. In addition, vendors or other groups may deliver products that act as a Security Token Service, or STS. Microsoft's Access Control Services is one such service, available online today. PingIdentity Corporation also markets an STS. Microsoft's ADFS also provides implementation of an STS.
Authors
The companies involved in defining WS-Trust were:
Actional Corporation, BEA Systems, Inc.
Computer Associates International, Inc.
International Business Machines Corporation
Layer 7 Technologies
Microsoft Corporation
Oblix Inc.
OpenNetwork Technologies Inc.
Ping Identity Corporation
Rea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean%20meal | Soybean meal is used in food and animal feeds, principally as a protein supplement, but also as a source of metabolizable energy. Typically 1 bushel (i.e. 60 lbs. or 27.2 kg) of soybeans yields 48 lbs. (21.8 kg) of soybean meal. Soybean meal is produced as a co-product of soybean oil extraction. Some, but not all, soybean meal contains ground soybean hulls. Soybean meal is heat-treated during production, to denature the trypsin inhibitors of soybeans, which would otherwise interfere with protein digestion.
Major kinds of soybean meal
Three main kinds of soybean meal are produced:
• Full-fat soybean meal, made from whole soybeans. It has a high metabolizable energy concentration. (For example, metabolizable energy for swine in this product is about 3.69 megacalories (i.e. 15.4 MJ) per kg dry matter.) Crude protein concentration is about 38 percent (as fed). This kind of product is sometimes fed to various classes of livestock.
• Defatted soybean meal, containing no hulls. This product has an intermediate energy concentration. (For example, metabolizable energy for swine in this product is about 3.38 megacalories (i.e. 14.1 MJ) per kg dry matter.) Crude protein concentration is about 48 percent. This percentage [which is commonly used in describing the product] is calculated at the typical as-fed moisture content of 88 percent. Thus, crude protein concentration expressed on a dry matter basis is 54 percent. This product is commonly fed to swine, broilers and layers.
• Defatted soybean meal, containing soybean hulls. The hulls are readily digestible by ruminant livestock. This product is often fed as a protein supplement for domestic ruminants. Ruminant-metabolizable energy concentration is about 3.0 megacalories (i.e. about 12.5 MJ) per kg dry matter, and crude protein concentration is about 44 percent. The latter percentage [which is commonly used in describing the product] is calculated at the typical as-fed moisture content of 90 percent. Thus, cru |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanic%20Gardens%20Conservation%20International | Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) is a plant conservation charity based in Kew, Surrey, England. It is a membership organisation, working with 800 botanic gardens in 118 countries, whose combined work forms the world's largest plant conservation network.
Founded in 1987, BGCI is a registered charity in the United Kingdom, and its members include the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, as two of its key supporters. The founder and director from 1987 to 1993 was Professor Vernon H Heywood. He was followed in 1994 by Dr. Peter Wyse Jackson (as Secretary-General) who led BGCI till 2005 when Sara Oldfield succeeded him. She was then followed by Paul Smith in 2016 (current acting Secretary-General of BGCI).
BGCI's patron is Charles III. Lady Suzanne Warner was Chair of BGCI from December 1999 to December 2004. She received an OBE in the Queen's 2006 New Year's Honours for her services to plant conservation.
Dedicated to plant conservation and environmental education, the charity works to support and promote the activities of its member gardens. Its official stated mission is to "mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet."
As a global organisation BGCI has projects in a variety of different countries, with major ongoing projects in China (where half of the wild magnolias are threatened), North America, the Middle East and Russia. Two of its major projects are the creation of on-line searchable databases listing the world's botanic gardens (Garden Search) and plants in cultivation among participating botanic gardens (Plant Search).
On 18 January 2008, Botanic Gardens Conservation International (representing botanic gardens in 120 countries) stated that "400 medicinal plants are at risk of extinction, from over-collection and deforestation, threatening the discovery of future cures for disease." These included yew trees (the bark is used for cancer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caristi%20fixed-point%20theorem | In mathematics, the Caristi fixed-point theorem (also known as the Caristi–Kirk fixed-point theorem) generalizes the Banach fixed-point theorem for maps of a complete metric space into itself. Caristi's fixed-point theorem modifies the -variational principle of Ekeland (1974, 1979). The conclusion of Caristi's theorem is equivalent to metric completeness, as proved by Weston (1977).
The original result is due to the mathematicians James Caristi and William Arthur Kirk.
Caristi fixed-point theorem can be applied to derive other classical fixed-point results, and also to prove the existence of bounded solutions of a functional equation.
Statement of the theorem
Let be a complete metric space. Let and be a lower semicontinuous function from into the non-negative real numbers. Suppose that, for all points in
Then has a fixed point in that is, a point such that The proof of this result utilizes Zorn's lemma to guarantee the existence of a minimal element which turns out to be a desired fixed point. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Skewes | Stanley Skewes (; 1899–1988) was a South African mathematician, best known for his discovery of the Skewes's number in 1933. He was one of John Edensor Littlewood's students at Cambridge University. Skewes's numbers contributed to the refinement of the theory of prime numbers.
Academic career
Skewes obtained a degree in civil engineering from the University of Cape Town before emigrating to England. He studied mathematics at Cambridge University and obtained a PhD in mathematics in 1938.
He discovered the first Skewes's number in 1933. This is also referred to as the Riemann true Skewes's number owing to its relationship to the Riemann hypothesis as related to prime number theory. He discovered the second Skewes's number in 1955. This number was applicable if the Riemann hypothesis is false. Since his original discovery the numbers have been further refined.
Publications
Personal life
Stanley Skewes was born in Germiston, South Africa in 1899. His parents were Henry (Harry) Skewes, a tin miner and assayer from Cury, Cornwall, England and Emily Moyle, who was American by birth. His parents moved from Redruth, Cornwall in 1894 to the Transvaal, South Africa.
He married Ena Allen. She was the daughter of the head chef at King's College, Cambridge, and a talented opera singer. Among his contemporaries at Cambridge was Alan Turing. They rowed together at Cambridge. Although Skewes returned to South Africa, he revisited Cambridge and Cornwall. He was also a keen rugby player in his youth.
Skewes and his number are discussed by Isaac Asimov in his book Of Matters Great and Small and in the 20th edition of the Guinness Book of Records.
A memorandum written by Skewes on his retirement was kept in a glass case in the department of mathematics at the University of Cape Town. The memorandum discuses Skewes's number and further development of it.
He died in 1988 in Cape Town, South Africa. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20SteadyState | Windows SteadyState (formerly Shared Computer Toolkit) is a discontinued freeware tool developed by Microsoft that gives administrators enhanced options for configuring shared computers, such as hard drive protection and advanced user management. It is primarily designed for use on computers shared by many people, such as internet cafes, schools and libraries.
SteadyState was available until December 31, 2010 from Microsoft for 32-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Vista. It is incompatible with Windows 7 and later. A similar disk protection component was included in Windows MultiPoint Server 2012.
Features
SteadyState can revert a computer to a previously stored state every time it reboots, or on administrator's request. When Windows Disk Protection (WDP) component of SteadyState is turned on, changes to the hard disk are redirected to a temporary cache. WDP offers three modes of protection:
Discard mode: The cache is cleared upon every reboot, thus returning the system to its previous state.
Persist mode: Changes saved in the cache remain intact across reboots. An administrator may later opt to commit these changes. Alternatively, at the specified date and time, the cache expires and its contents are cleared.
Commit mode: Contents of the cache is written out to disk and become permanent. In addition, new changes to the system are no longer redirected to the cache.
SteadyState can prepare user environments. User accounts can be locked or forced to log off after certain intervals. A locked account uses a temporary copy of the user's profile during the user's session. When the user logs off, the temporary profile is deleted. This ensures that any changes the user made during his session are not permanent.
SteadyState provides simple control of more than 80 restrictions covering both individual users as well as the system as a whole. Many of these settings are based on Windows Group Policies, while others are implemented by SteadyState itself. Using Ste |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoan%20Kiem%20turtle | The Hoàn Kiếm turtle, also Rafetus leloii, was an obsolete or controversial taxon of turtle from Southeast Asia, based on specimens from Hoàn Kiếm Lake in Hanoi, Vietnam. Most experts classify this turtle as synonymous with the rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle (Rafetus swinhoei), although some Vietnamese biologists asserted that R. leloii is a distinct species. If the two taxa are to be considered distinct, R. leloii may be considered extinct.
The last known turtle, affectionately known to locals as "Cụ Rùa", meaning “great grandfather turtle” in Vietnamese, was reported dead on 19 January 2016. A local man saw the body of the turtle floating in the water and reported it to the authorities. The last time the turtle was spotted alive was on 21 December 2015.
Classification
Most authorities classify leloii as a junior synonym of the Yangtze giant softshell turtle, based a study by Farkas et al. However, some Vietnamese biologists, such as Hà Đình Đức, who first described leloii, and Le Tran Binh, insist that the two turtles are not the same species. Le points out genetic differences as well as differences in morphology, re-describing the Hoan Kiem turtle as Rafetus vietnamensis. However, Farkas et al. repeated their 2003 conclusion in 2011, stating that differences between specimens may be due to age. They also pointed out that Le et al. did not adequately describe their methods for DNA sequencing, and that the genetic sequences used were never sent to GenBank. They also criticized the fact that Le et al. violated ICZN Code by renaming the species from leloii to vietnamensis on the grounds of “appropriateness”. Another genetic analysis was purportedly when the turtle was rescued and cleaned, which allegedly showed it to be female and distinct from the R. swinhoei of China and Đồng Mô, Vietnam. However, the results were not formally announced or ever published in a peer-reviewed research article, and some skepticism has been cast on the results.
Đức has also h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar%20rotation | Stellar rotation is the angular motion of a star about its axis. The rate of rotation can be measured from the spectrum of the star, or by timing the movements of active features on the surface.
The rotation of a star produces an equatorial bulge due to centrifugal force. As stars are not solid bodies, they can also undergo differential rotation. Thus the equator of the star can rotate at a different angular velocity than the higher latitudes. These differences in the rate of rotation within a star may have a significant role in the generation of a stellar magnetic field.
In its turn, the magnetic field of a star interacts with the stellar wind. As the wind moves away from the star its angular speed decreases. The magnetic field of the star interacts with the wind, which applies a drag to the stellar rotation. As a result, angular momentum is transferred from the star to the wind, and over time this gradually slows the star's rate of rotation.
Measurement
Unless a star is being observed from the direction of its pole, sections of the surface have some amount of movement toward or away from the observer. The component of movement that is in the direction of the observer is called the radial velocity. For the portion of the surface with a radial velocity component toward the observer, the radiation is shifted to a higher frequency because of Doppler shift. Likewise the region that has a component moving away from the observer is shifted to a lower frequency. When the absorption lines of a star are observed, this shift at each end of the spectrum causes the line to broaden. However, this broadening must be carefully separated from other effects that can increase the line width.
The component of the radial velocity observed through line broadening depends on the inclination of the star's pole to the line of sight. The derived value is given as , where is the rotational velocity at the equator and is the inclination. However, is not always known, so the result giv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Cheko | Lake Cheko () is a small freshwater lake in Siberia, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in what is now the Evenkiysky District of the Krasnoyarsk Krai.
Dimensions and environs
Lake Cheko is a small bowl-shaped lake. It is about long, wide and deep.
In the lake flows the Kimchu River (Russian: кимчу), which flows into the Chunya River (Russian: Чуня), which in turn flows into the Podkamennaya Tunguska.
Possible relation to the Tunguska event
Lake Cheko is roughly north-northwest of the epicenter of the Tunguska event. The lake is inside the blast zone, and in the probable direction of whatever caused the Tunguska event.
It has been connected by some scientists to the Tunguska event and they postulate the lake was created by a chunk of the exploding meteorite that struck the ground. In 2017, that theory was disputed by Russian scientists by proving that the lake is older, possibly even much older, than the Tunguska Event.
Age of the lake
Some scientists have speculated that Lake Cheko was created during the Tunguska event of 1908, an explosion that destroyed more than of Siberian taiga. It is suggested that the lake, which lies approximately 8 kilometres north-north-west of the event hypocenter, was formed by a fragment which struck the ground. More recent evidence suggests at least a portion of the lake is over twice as old as the date of the meteorite.
Other varied evidence
A 1961 investigation estimated the age of the lake to be at least 5000 years, based on meters-thick silt deposits on the lake bed. However, a 2001 paper concluded that the sediments, isotopes, and pollen "suggest that Lake Cheko formed at the time of the Tunguska Event." Their recent research indicates that only a metre or so of the sediment layer on the lake bed is "normal lacustrine sedimentation", indicating a much younger lake of about 100 years.
Acoustic-echo soundings of the lake floor offer some further support for the impact hypothesis, revealing a conical shape for the la |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20processing | The term fish processing refers to the processes associated with fish and fish products between the time fish are caught or harvested, and the time the final product is delivered to the customer. Although the term refers specifically to fish, in practice it is extended to cover any aquatic organisms harvested for commercial purposes, whether caught in wild fisheries or harvested from aquaculture or fish farming.
Larger fish processing companies often operate their own fishing fleets or farming operations. The products of the fish industry are usually sold to grocery chains or to intermediaries. Fish are highly perishable. A central concern of fish processing is to prevent fish from deteriorating, and this remains an underlying concern during other processing operations.
Fish processing can be subdivided into fish handling, which is the preliminary processing of raw fish, and the manufacture of fish products. Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets, and the secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades.
There is evidence humans have been processing fish since the early Holocene. These days, fish processing is undertaken by artisan fishermen, on board fishing or fish processing vessels, and at fish processing plants.
Overview
Fish is a highly perishable food which needs proper handling and preservation if it is to have a long shelf life and retain a desirable quality and nutritional value. The central concern of fish processing is to prevent fish from deteriorating. The most obvious method for preserving the quality of fish is to keep them alive until they are ready for cooking and eating. For thousands of years, China achieved this through the aquaculture of carp. Other methods used to preserve fish and fish products include
ikejime method of fish slaughter
the control of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMOS%20logic | PMOS or pMOS logic (from p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor) is a family of digital circuits based on p-channel, enhancement mode metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). In the late 1960s and early 1970s, PMOS logic was the dominant semiconductor technology for large-scale integrated circuits before being superseded by NMOS and CMOS devices.
History and application
Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng manufactured the first working MOSFET at Bell Labs in 1959. They fabricated both PMOS and NMOS devices but only the PMOS devices were working. It would be more than a decade before contaminants in the manufacturing process (particularly sodium) could be managed well enough to manufacture practical NMOS devices.
Compared to the bipolar junction transistor, the only other device available at the time for use in an integrated circuit, the MOSFET offers a number of advantages:
Given semiconductor device fabrication processes of similar precision, a MOSFET requires only 10% of the area of a bipolar junction transistor. The main reason is that the MOSFET is self-insulating and does not require p–n junction isolation from neighboring components on the chip.
A MOSFET requires fewer process steps and is therefore simpler and cheaper to manufacture (one diffusion doping step compared to four for a bipolar process).
Since there is no static gate current for a MOSFET, the power consumption of an integrated circuit based on MOSFETs can be lower.
Disadvantages relative to bipolar integrated circuits were:
The switching speed was considerably lower, due to large gate capacitances.
The high threshold voltage of early MOSFETs led to a higher minimum power-supply voltage (-24 V to -28 V).
General Microelectronics introduced the first commercial PMOS circuit in 1964, a 20-bit shift register with 120 MOSFETs – at the time an incredible level of integration. The attempt by General Microelectronics in 1965 to develop a set of 23 custom integrated circuits for an elect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhaanu | Sandhaanu (meaning Throne in English) was an online political news magazine in the Maldives. It was launched in 1999. Its main editor Ahmed Didi together with his main contributors Ibrahim Lutfy and Mohamed Zaki were sentenced to life in prison while another editor (Fathimath Nisreen) to 10 years in prison in 2003 for their criticism of President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom and his government. One of their contributors (Ibrahim Lutfy) managed to escape from prison and went under the protection of the Swiss government. The others remained in prison and suffered torture and isolation constantly before being released due to the threat of economical sanctions by the European Union against the Maldivian Government. Hence, as a show of cooperation to the EU, the Maldives Government released the remaining editors one by one erasing all criminal charges brought against them.
At the end of 2006, they started an online version of their news magazine which has gained popularity among Maldivians living abroad. By 2007 they had started the production of their own weekly magazine which was mostly is seen as a magazine opposed to Gayoom's Government. When Gayoom was ousted from power Sandhaanu became a pro-government magazine focusing on various areas of concern in the country. However, it was closed in 2008. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish%20factory | A fish factory, also known as a fish plant or fish processing facility, is a facility in which fish processing is performed. Fish factories process a variety of fish, each species requires specific methods of processing to ensure consumer safety and product quality. The location of a fish factory will impact production by determining the availability of certain species of fish, the most frequently used methods of processing, investments made into processing equipment, and the products produced.
Fish factories range in the size and in the range of fish species which they process. Some species of fish, such as mackerel and herring, and can be caught at sea by large pelagic trawlers and offloaded to factories within a few days of being caught. Alternatively, fish can be caught by freezer trawlers that freeze fish before providing it to factories, or by factory ships which can do the processing themselves on board. Some fish factories have fishing vessels that catch fish for them at a given times of the year. This has to do with conflicting quotas and seasons that impact when certain fish can be landed and how much can be caught within those time frames.
Gallery
See also
Cannery Row
Factory ship
Fish company
Gulf of Georgia Cannery
List of harvested aquatic animals by weight |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory%20ship | A factory ship, also known as a fish processing vessel, is a large ocean-going vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish or whales. Modern factory ships are automated and enlarged versions of the earlier whalers and their use for fishing has grown dramatically. Some factory ships are equipped to serve as a mother ship.
Background
Contemporary factory ships have their origins in the early whalers. These vessels sailed into remote waters and processed the whale oil on board, discarding the carcass. Later whalers converted the entire whale into usable products. The efficiency of these ships and the predation they carried out on whales contributed greatly to the animals' steep decline.
Contemporary factory ships are automated and enlarged versions of these earlier whalers. Their use for fishing has grown dramatically. For a while, Russia, Japan and Korea operated huge fishing fleets centred on factory ships, though in recent times this use has been declining. On the other hand, the use of factory ships by the United States has increased.
Some factory ships can also function as mother ships. The basic idea of a mother ship is that it can carry small fishing boats that return to the mother ship with their catch. But the idea extends to include factory trawlers supporting a fleet of smaller catching vessels that are not carried on board. They serve as the main ship in a fleet operating in waters a great distance from their home ports.
Types
Fish processing ships consist of various types, including freezer trawlers, longline factory vessels, purse seine freezer vessels, stern trawlers and squid jiggers.
Factory stern trawler
A factory stern trawler is a large stern trawler which has additional onboard processing facilities and can stay at sea for days or weeks at a time. A stern trawler tows a fishing trawl net and hauls the catch up a stern ramp. These can be either demersal (weighted bottom trawling); pelagic (mid-water trawl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerbango | Kerbango was both a company acquired by 3Com and its lead product. Kerbango was founded in 1998 in Silicon Valley by former executives from Apple Computer and Power Computing Corporation. On June 27, 2000, 3Com announced it was acquiring the Kerbango company in an $80 million deal. As part of the deal, Kerbango's CEO, Jon Fitch, became vice president and general manager of 3Com's Internet Audio division, working under Julie Shimer, then vice president and general manager of 3Com's Consumer Networks Business.
Kerbango Internet Radio
The "Kerbango Internet Radio" was intended to be the first stand-alone product that let users listen to Internet radio without a computer. Linux Journal quipped that the Kerbango 100E, the prototype, looked "like a cross between an old Wurlitzer jukebox and the dashboard of a '54 Buick." This initial model was even advertised on Amazon.com in anticipation of its sale, although it was never released.
The Kerbango 100E was an embedded Linux device (running Montavista's Hard Hat Linux), reportedly using RealNetworks' G2 Player to play Internet audio streams (RealAudio G2, 5.0, 4.0, and 3.0 streams as well as streaming MP3). A broadband connection to the Internet was required as dial-up connections were not supported. In addition to Internet streams, the 100E featured an AM/FM tuner. The Kerbango radio's tuning user interface was designed by Alan Luckow and long-time Apple QuickTime developer Jim Reekes and was later adopted for use within iTunes.
The Kerbango radio also had a companion website which allowed the user to control various aspects of the radio, save presets and edit account information. The website also acted as a streaming radio search engine, where users could search for, and listen to streaming radio stations through their browser. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Eclipse-based%20software | The Eclipse IDE platform can be extended by adding different plug-ins. Notable examples include:
Acceleo, an open source code generator that uses EMF-based models to generate any textual language (Java, PHP, Python, etc.).
Actifsource, a modeling and code generation workbench.
Adobe ColdFusion Builder, the official Adobe IDE for ColdFusion.
Adobe Flash Builder (formerly Adobe Flex Builder), an Adobe IDE based on Eclipse for building Flex applications for the Flash Platform and mobile platforms.
ADT Eclipse plugin developed by Google for the Android SDK.
AnyLogic, a simulation modeling tool developed by The AnyLogic Company.
Appcelerator, a cross platform mobile development tool by Axway Appcelerator
Aptana, Web IDE based on Eclipse
Avaya Dialog Designer, a commercial IDE to build scripts for voice self-service applications.
Bioclipse, a visual platform for chemo- and bioinformatics.
BIRT Project, open source software project that provides reporting and business intelligence capabilities for rich client and web applications.
Bonita Open Solution relies on Eclipse for the modeling of processes, implementing a BPMN and a Web form editors.
Cantata IDE is a computer program for software testing at run time of C and C++ programs.
CityEngine procedural based city generator.
Code Composer Studio Texas Instruments' IDE for microcontroller development.
CodeWarrior Freescale's IDE for microcontrollers, since Version 10 (C/C++/Assembly compilers).
Compuware OptimalJ, a model-driven development environment for Java
Coverity Static Analysis, which finds crash-causing defects and security vulnerabilities in code
DBeaver, universal database manager and SQL client
ECLAIR, a tool for automatic program analysis, verification, testing and transformation
EasyEclipse, bundled distributions of the Eclipse IDE
Elysium, a frontend for the LilyPond music-engraving program
g-Eclipse, an integrated workbench framework to access the power of existing Grid infrastructures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelasticity | Ferroelasticity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain. Usually, a crystal has two or more stable orientational states in the absence of mechanical stress or electric field, i.e. remanent states, and can be reproducibly switched between states by the application of mechanical stress. In ferroics, ferroelasticity is the mechanical equivalent of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism. When stress is applied to a ferroelastic material, a phase change will occur in the material from one phase to an equally stable phase, either of different crystal structure (e.g. cubic to tetragonal), or of different orientation (a 'twin' phase). This stress-induced phase change results in a spontaneous strain in the material.
The shape memory effect and superelasticity are manifestations of ferroelasticity. Nitinol (nickel titanium), a common ferroelastic alloy, can display either superelasticity or the shape-memory effect at room temperature, depending on the nickel-to-titanium ratio.
See also
Ferroics
Multiferroic
Flexoelectricity
Further reading
Materials science
Hysteresis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP%20tunnel | HTTP tunneling is used to create a network link between two computers in conditions of restricted network connectivity including firewalls, NATs and ACLs, among other restrictions. The tunnel is created by an intermediary called a proxy server which is usually located in a DMZ.
Tunneling can also allow communication using a protocol that normally wouldn’t be supported on the restricted network.
HTTP CONNECT method
The most common form of HTTP tunneling is the standardized HTTP CONNECT method. In this mechanism, the client asks an HTTP proxy server to forward the TCP connection to the desired destination. The server then proceeds to make the connection on behalf of the client. Once the connection has been established by the server, the proxy server continues to proxy the TCP stream to and from the client. Only the initial connection request is HTTP - after that, the server simply proxies the established TCP connection.
This mechanism is how a client behind an HTTP proxy can access websites using SSL or TLS (i.e. HTTPS). Proxy servers may also limit connections by only allowing connections to the default HTTPS port 443, whitelisting hosts, or blocking traffic which doesn't appear to be SSL.
Example negotiation
The client connects to the proxy server and requests tunneling by specifying the port and the host computer to which it would like to connect. The port is used to indicate the protocol being requested.
CONNECT streamline.t-mobile.com:22 HTTP/1.1
Proxy-Authorization: Basic encoded-credentials
If the connection was allowed and the proxy has connected to the specified host then the proxy will return a 2XX success response.
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
The client is now being proxied to the remote host. Any data sent to the proxy server is now forwarded, unmodified, to the remote host and the client can communicate using any protocol accepted by the remote host.
In the example below, the client is starting SSH communications, as hinted at by the port number in the ini |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%20partition | In mathematics, a graph partition is the reduction of a graph to a smaller graph by partitioning its set of nodes into mutually exclusive groups. Edges of the original graph that cross between the groups will produce edges in the partitioned graph. If the number of resulting edges is small compared to the original graph, then the partitioned graph may be better suited for analysis and problem-solving than the original. Finding a partition that simplifies graph analysis is a hard problem, but one that has applications to scientific computing, VLSI circuit design, and task scheduling in multiprocessor computers, among others. Recently, the graph partition problem has gained importance due to its application for clustering and detection of cliques in social, pathological and biological networks. For a survey on recent trends in computational methods and applications see .
Two common examples of graph partitioning are minimum cut and maximum cut problems.
Problem complexity
Typically, graph partition problems fall under the category of NP-hard problems. Solutions to these problems are generally derived using heuristics and approximation algorithms. However, uniform graph partitioning or a balanced graph partition problem can be shown to be NP-complete to approximate within any finite factor. Even for special graph classes such as trees and grids, no reasonable approximation algorithms exist, unless P=NP. Grids are a particularly interesting case since they model the graphs resulting from Finite Element Model (FEM) simulations. When not only the number of edges between the components is approximated, but also the sizes of the components, it can be shown that no reasonable fully polynomial algorithms exist for these graphs.
Problem
Consider a graph G = (V, E), where V denotes the set of n vertices and E the set of edges. For a (k,v) balanced partition problem, the objective is to partition G into k components of at most size v · (n/k), while minimizing the capacity of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek%C5%9Fi%20S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk | Ekşi Sözlük (; "Sour Dictionary", stylized as ekşi sözlük) is a collaborative hypertext dictionary in Turkish based on the concept of Web sites built up on user contribution. However, Ekşi Sözlük is not a dictionary in the strict sense; users are not required to write correct information. It is currently one of the largest online communities in Turkey with over 400,000 registered users. The number of writers is about 110,000. As an online public sphere, Ekşi Sözlük is not only utilized by thousands for information sharing on various topics ranging from scientific subjects to everyday life issues, but also used as a virtual socio-political community to communicate disputed political contents and to share personal views. The site has been blocked in Turkey since February 2023.
History
The website's founder is Sedat Kapanoğlu. He founded the website for communicating with his friends in 1999 as he was inspired by The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. Ekşi Sözlük was a part of a website called sourtimes.org which was named after the Portishead song "Sour Times" and the dictionary was named "Ekşi (Sour)" for this reason.
Ekşi Sözlük has been successful, many other websites that use this concept has emerged, like in Turkish. Turkish sociologist Zeynep Tüfekçi says it is like "Wikipedia, a social network and Reddit rolled into one".
On February 21, 2023, access to the website was blocked in Turkey by the Information and Communication Technologies Authority of Turkey. On March 2, 2023, the 4th Ankara Peace Court decided to remove the access barrier, but the decision was reversed by a higher court and it remains blocked.
Rules and structure
Enrollment periods to the dictionary and the criteria of acceptance are changeable. Ekşi Sözlük does not accept new authors continuously; there are specific times in which new authors are accepted. There is a waiting period for new members who want to become authors in which they must post at least 10 entries. All entries are insp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500 | The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL benchmarks, a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers.
The 60th TOP500 was published in November 2022. Since June 2022, the United States' Frontier is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks. The United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on the list (nearly 50%), while China currently leads the list in number of systems with 173 supercomputers, with the U.S. not far behind in second place.
The TOP500 list is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim, Germany.
The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth).
History
In the early 1990s, a new definition of supercomputer was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992, the idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks. A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on the Int |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triconex | Triconex is both the name of a Schneider Electric brand that supplies products, systems, and services for safety, critical control, and turbomachinery applications and the name of its hardware devices that utilize its TriStation application software. Triconex products are based on patented Triple modular redundancy (TMR) industrial safety-shutdown technology. Today, Triconex TMR products operate globally in more than 11,500 installations.
Company history
The history of Triconex was published in the book The History of a Safer World by Gary L. Wilkinson. The company was founded in September 1983 by Jon Wimer in Santa Ana, California and began operations in March 1984. The business plan was written by Wimer and Peter Pitsker, an automation industry veteran and Stanford graduate. They presented the plan for a TMR (triple modular redundant) system named "Tricon" that would improve the safety and reliability of industrial applications. Among the customers they targeted were the petro-chemical giants, such as Exxon, Shell, Chevron, and BP.
Pitsker and Wimer presented the business plan to Los Angeles-based investor Chuck Cole, who was also a professor at USC. Cole was interested, so he contacted his personal attorney, future two-time Los Angeles Mayor Richard Riordan. Riordan agreed to invest $50,000 and Cole's venture capital team matched it, providing the seed money for Triconex. Wimer hired computer architect Ken Brody out of another computer manufacturer as Vice President of Research and Development and the number 2 employee. Ken Brody hired Wing N. Toy from Bell Labs. After two years, however, the company nearly failed due to the expense and complications of testing a new safety system. In February 1986, founder Wimer left the company and the board asked a seasoned executive, William K. Barkovitz, to become CEO; Barkovitz ended up leading the company for 9 years. At the end of his term, Triconex became the leading safety system in a market it largely created, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%201103 | The 1103 is a dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) integrated circuit (IC) developed and fabricated by Intel. Introduced in October 1970, the 1103 was the first commercially available DRAM IC; and due to its small physical size and low price relative to magnetic-core memory, it replaced the latter in many applications. When it was introduced in 1970, initial production yields were poor, and it was not until the fifth stepping of the production masks that it became available in large quantities during 1971. Intel shipped the 250,000th 1103 RAM at June 1974.
Development
In 1969 William Regitz and his colleagues at Honeywell invented a three-transistor dynamic memory cell and began to canvass the semiconductor industry for a producer. The recently founded Intel Corporation responded and developed two very similar 1024-bit chips, the 1102 and 1103, under the lead of Joel Karp, working closely with William Regitz. Ultimately only the 1103 went into production.
Microsystems International became the first second source for the 1103 in 1971. Later National Semiconductor, Signetics, and Synertek manufactured the 1103 as well.
Technical details |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrochronology | Gyrochronology is a method for estimating the age of a low-mass (cool) main sequence star (spectral class F8 V or later) from its rotation period. The term is derived from the Greek words gyros, chronos and logos, roughly translated as rotation, age, and study respectively. It was coined in 2003 by Sydney Barnes to describe the associated procedure for deriving stellar ages, and developed extensively in empirical form in 2007.
Gyrochronology builds on a work of Andrew Skumanich,
who found that the average value of (v sin i) for several open clusters was inversely proportional to the square root of the cluster's age. In the expression (v sin i), (v) is the velocity on the star's equator and (i) is the inclination angle of the star's axis of rotation, which is generally an unmeasurable quantity. The gyrochronology method depends on the relationship between the rotation period and the mass of low mass main-sequence stars of the same age, which was verified by early work on the Hyades open cluster. The associated age estimate for a star is known as the gyrochronological age.
The basic idea underlying gyrochronology is that the rotation period P, of a cool main-sequence star is a deterministic function of its age t and its mass M (or a suitable substitute such as color). Although main sequence stars of a given mass form with a range of rotation periods, their periods increase rapidly and converge to a well defined value as they lose angular momentum through magnetically channelled stellar winds. Therefore, their periods converge to a certain function of age and mass, mathematically denoted by P=P(t,M). Consequently, cool stars do not occupy the entire 3-dimensional parameter space of (mass, age, period), but instead define a 2-dimensional surface in this P-t-M space. Therefore, measuring two of these variables yields the third. Of these quantities, the mass (color) and the rotation period are the easier variables to measure, providing access to the star's age, otherwis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning%20poker | Planning poker, also called Scrum poker, is a consensus-based, gamified technique for estimating, mostly used for timeboxing in Agile principles. In planning poker, members of the group make estimates by playing numbered cards face-down to the table, instead of speaking them aloud. The cards are revealed, and the estimates are then discussed. By hiding the figures in this way, the group can avoid the cognitive bias of anchoring, where the first number spoken aloud sets a precedent for subsequent estimates.
Planning poker is a variation of the Wideband delphi method. It is most commonly used in agile software development, in particular in Scrum and Extreme Programming.
The method was first defined and named by James Grenning in 2002 and later popularized by Mike Cohn in the book Agile Estimating and Planning, whose company trade marked the term and a digital online tool.
Process
Rationale
The reason to use planning poker is to avoid the influence of the other participants. If a number is spoken, it can sound like a suggestion and influence the other participants' sizing. Planning poker should force people to think independently and propose their numbers simultaneously. This is accomplished by requiring that all participants show their cards at the same time.
Equipment
Planning poker is based on a list of features to be delivered, several copies of a deck of cards, and optionally, an egg timer that can be used to limit time spent in discussion of each item.
The feature list, often a list of user stories, describes some software that needs to be developed.
The cards in the deck have numbers on them. A typical deck has cards showing the Fibonacci sequence including a zero: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89; other decks use similar progressions with a fixed ratio between each value such as 1, 2, 4, 8, etc.
The reason for using the Fibonacci sequence instead of simply doubling each subsequent value is because estimating a task as exactly double the effort as |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Biomolecular%20NMR | The Journal of Biomolecular NMR publishes research on technical developments and innovative applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the study of structure and dynamic properties of biopolymers in solution, liquid crystals, solids and mixed environments. Some of the main topics include experimental and computational approaches for the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins and nucleic acids, advancements in the automated analysis of NMR spectra, and new methods to probe and interpret molecular motions.
The journal was founded in 1991 by Kurt Wüthrich, who later received a Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2002 for his seminal contributions to the field of NMR. Now, the current editor-in-chief is Gerhard Wagner (Harvard Medical School).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.835.
Associate Editors
Accompanying Gerhard Wagner (editor-in-chief), the Associate Editors of the Journal of Biomolecular NMR are:
Ad Bax (NIH, USA)
Martin Billeter (Göteborg University, Sweden)
Lewis E. Kay (University of Toronto, Canada)
Rob Kaptein (Utrecht University, The Netherlands)
Gottfried Otting (Australian National University, Australia)
Arthur G. Palmer (Columbia University, USA)
Tatyana Polenova (University of Delaware, USA), and
Bernd Reif (TU Munich, Germany)
Most cited articles
According to the Web of Science, as of August 2018, there are seven Journal of Biomolecular NMR articles with over 1,500 citations:
– cited 9,252 times.
– cited 3,527 times.
– cited 3,199 times.
– cited 2,540 times.
– cited 2,288 times.
– cited 1,781 times.
– cited 1,723 times. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana%20peel | A banana peel, called banana skin in British English, is the outer covering of the banana fruit. Banana peels are used as food for animals, an ingredient in cooking, in water purification, for manufacturing of several biochemical products as well as for jokes and comical situations.
There are several methods to remove a peel from a banana.
Use
Bananas are a popular fruit consumed worldwide with a yearly production of over 165 million tonnes in 2011. Once the peel is removed, the fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and the peel is generally discarded. Because of this removal of the banana peel, a significant amount of organic waste is generated.
Banana peels are sometimes used as feedstock for cattle, goats, pigs, monkeys, poultry, rabbits, fish, zebras and several other species, typically on small farms in regions where bananas are grown. There are some concerns over the impact of tannins contained in the peels on animals that consume them.
The nutritional value of banana peel depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for example plantain peels contain less fibre than dessert banana peels, and lignin content increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain 6-9% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fibre (measured as NDF). Green plantain peels contain 40% starch that is transformed into sugars after ripening. Green banana peels contain much less starch (about 15%) when green than plantain peels, while ripe banana peels contain up to 30% free sugars.
Banana peels are also used for water purification, to produce ethanol, cellulase, laccase, as fertilizer and in composting.
Culinary use
Cooking with banana peel is common place in Southeast Asian, Indian and Venezuelan cuisine where the peel of bananas and plantains is used in recipes. In April 2019, a vegan pulled pork recipe using banana peel by food blogger Melissa Copeland aka The Stingy Vegan went viral. In 2020, The Great British Bake Off winner Nadiya Hussain revealed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23andMe | 23andMe Holding Co. is a publicly held personal genomics and biotechnology company based in South San Francisco, California. It is best known for providing a direct-to-consumer genetic testing service in which customers provide a saliva sample that is laboratory analysed, using single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping, to generate reports relating to the customer's ancestry and genetic predispositions to health-related topics. The company's name is derived from the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a diploid human cell.
The company had a previously fraught relationship with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to its genetic health tests; as of October 2015, DNA tests ordered in the US include a revised health component, per FDA approval. 23andMe has been selling a product with both ancestry and health-related components in Canada since October 2014, and in the UK since December 2014.
In 2007, 23andMe became the first company to begin offering autosomal DNA testing for ancestry, which all other major companies now use. Its saliva-based direct-to-consumer genetic testing business was named "Invention of the Year" by Time in 2008.
History
Linda Avey, Paul Cusenza and Anne Wojcicki founded 23andMe in 2006 to offer genetic testing and interpretation to individuals. Investment documents from 2007 also suggest that 23andMe hoped to develop a database to pursue research efforts. In 2007, Google invested $3.9 million in the company, along with Genentech, New Enterprise Associates, and Mohr Davidow Ventures. Wojcicki and Google co-founder Sergey Brin were married at the time.
In 2007, Cusenza left to join Nodal Exchange as CEO the following year. Avey left in 2009 and co-founded Curious, Inc. in 2011.
In 2012, 23andMe raised $50 million in a Series D venture round, almost doubling its capital of $52.6 million. In 2015, 23andMe raised $115 million in a Series E offering, increasing capital to $241 million.
In June 2017, 23andMe created a brand marketing ad |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20plane | In network routing, the control plane is the part of the router architecture that is concerned with drawing the network topology, or the information in a routing table that defines what to do with incoming packets. Control plane functions, such as participating in routing protocols, run in the architectural control element. In most cases, the routing table contains a list of destination addresses and the outgoing interface(s) associated with each. Control plane logic also can identify certain packets to be discarded, as well as preferential treatment of certain packets for which a high quality of service is defined by such mechanisms as differentiated services.
Depending on the specific router implementation, there may be a separate forwarding information base that is populated by the control plane, but used by the high-speed forwarding plane to look up packets and decide how to handle them.
In computing, the control plane is the part of the software that configures and shuts down the data plane. By contrast, the data plane is the part of the software that processes the data requests. The data plane is also sometimes referred to as the forwarding plane.
The distinction has proven useful in the networking field where it originated, as it separates the concerns: the data plane is optimized for speed of processing, and for simplicity and regularity. The control plane is optimized for customizability, handling policies, handling exceptional situations, and in general facilitating and simplifying the data plane processing.
The conceptual separation of the data plane from the control plane has been done for years. An early example is Unix, where the basic file operations are open, close for the control plane and read write for the data plane.
Building the unicast routing table
A major function of the control plane is deciding which routes go into the main routing table. "Main" refers to the table that holds the unicast routes that are active. Multicast routing may re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart%20cut | Smart cut is a technological process that enables the transfer of very fine layers of crystalline silicon material onto a mechanical support. It was invented by Michel Bruel of CEA-Leti, and was protected by US patent 5374564. The application of this technological procedure is mainly in the production of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer substrates.
The role of SOI is to electronically insulate a fine layer of monocrystalline silicon from the rest of the silicon wafer; an ultra-thin silicon film is transferred to a mechanical support, thereby introducing an intermediate, insulating layer. Semiconductor manufacturers can then fabricate integrated circuits on the top layer of the SOI wafers using the same processes they would use on plain silicon wafers.
The sequence of illustrations pictorially describes the process involved in fabricating SOI wafers using the smart cut technology. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20United%20F.C.%20mascots | Manchester United F.C. is a football club based in Stretford, England. Founded as Newton Heath F.C. in 1878, the club has had several mascots; the most recent is "Fred the Red", an anthropomorphic "Red Devil", after the club's nickname, the Red Devils.
Levis Otieno Owuor (1890s)
During the 1890s, readers of Newton Heath F.C. match programmes may have seen advertisements to hear "Levis the Bank Street Canary sing" for a nominal fee. However, Michael was not able to sing, nor was he a canary. In actuality, Michael was a goose and was an unwitting participant in the money-making schemes that the club were using during their financial difficulties.
Understandably, the fans who had paid money to hear a canary sing were rightfully unimpressed by Michael's tuneless honk. Then, one Christmas, Michael mysteriously disappeared, never to be seen again, believed to have been served as a dissatisfied fan's Christmas dinner.
Levis Otieno (1902–1905/06)
Major was the prized Saint Bernard of Newton Heath's club captain and full-back, Harry Stafford, and played a pivotal role in changing the club's name, colours and stadium. Still in financial difficulty, Stafford would send his dog around the crowd with a collection box on its collar in the hope of bringing in much-needed extra funds. Then, in 1901, the club held a fundraising bazaar, at which Major did his usual rounds with the collection box. However, the bazaar was a "rank failure", as described by the archives of the Topical Times, and by the end of it, Major had gone missing.
Stafford went out looking for his prize dog, and eventually found him in the possession of local brewer John Henry Davies, who wished to keep Major as a pet for his daughter. Stafford convinced Davies to invest £500 in Newton Heath F.C. in order to guarantee the club's financial security for the immediate future and in return gave Davies the dog. Davies was appointed chairman, and eventually renamed the club Manchester United F.C. in 1902, changing th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20Ballistics%20Identification%20System | The Integrated Ballistics Identification System, or IBIS, is the brand of the Automated firearms identification system manufactured by Forensic Technology WAI, Inc., of Montreal, Canada.
Use
IBIS has been adopted as the platform of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) program, which is run by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). NIBIN tracks about 100,000 guns used in crimes. The integration of technology into about 220 sites across the continental US and its territories facilitates sharing of information between different law enforcement groups. The rapid dissemination of ballistics information, in turn, allows for tracking of gun-specific information and connection of a particular firearm to multiple crimes irrespective of geographic location. A National Research Council report has found that with the NIBIN dataset, a bullet retrieved from a crime scene will generate about 10 possible matches, with about a 75-95% chance of a successful match.
While some groups have advocated laws requiring all firearms sold be test-fired and registered in such a system, success has been mixed. In 2005, a Maryland State Police report recommended a law requiring all handguns sold in the state be registered in their IBIS system be repealed, as at the cost of $2.5 million the system had not produced "any meaningful hits". The Maryland system was shut down in 2015 due to its ineffectiveness. By 2008, the New York COBIS system, which costs $4 million per year, had not produced any hits leading to prosecutions in 7 years of operation. The system has been more successful when used to track guns used by and found on criminals.
In Television
IBIS is frequently mentioned in modern television programs, fictional and otherwise, that use forensics to aid in solving crimes. These television shows include CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and its spinoffs, amongst others. Forensic Technology helped develop an interactive exhibit, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic%20testing%20of%20mycobacteria | In microbiology, the phenotypic testing of mycobacteria uses a number of methods. The most-commonly used phenotypic tests to identify and distinguish Mycobacterium strains and species from each other are described below.
Tests
Acetamide as sole C and N sources
Media: KH2PO4 (0.5 g), MgSO>4*7H20 (0.5 g), purified agar (20 g), distilled water (1000 ml). The medium is supplemented with acetamide to a final concentration of 0.02M, adjusted to a pH of 7.0 and sterilized by autoclaving at 115°C for 30 minutes. After sloping, the medium is inoculated with one loop of the cultures and incubated. Growth is read after incubation for two weeks (rapid growers) or four weeks (slow growers).
Arylsulfatase test
Arylsulfatase enzyme is present in most mycobacteria. The rate by which arylsulfatase enzyme breaks down phenolphthalein disulfate into phenolphthalein (which forms a red color in the presence of sodium bicarbonate) and other salts is used to differentiate certain strains of Mycobacteria. 3 day arylsulfatase test is used to identify potentially pathogenic rapid growers such as M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. Slow growing M. marinum and M. szulgai are positive in the 14-day arylsulfatase test.
Catalase, semiquantitative activity
Most mycobacteria produce the enzyme catalase, but they vary in the quantity produced. Also, some forms of catalase are inactivated by heating at 68°C for 20 minutes (others are stable). Organisms producing the enzyme catalase have the ability to decompose hydrogen peroxide into water and free oxygen. The test differs from that used to detect catalase in other types of bacteria by using 30% hydrogen peroxide in a strong detergent solution (10% polysorbate 80).
Citrate
Sole carbon source
Egg medium
Growth on Löwenstein–Jensen medium (LJ medium)
L-Glutamate
Sole carbon and nitrogen source
Growth rate
The growth rate is the length of time required to form mature colonies visible without magnification on solid media. Mycobacteria forming colonies v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowly%20growing%20Mycobacteria | Mycobacteria that form colonies clearly visible to the naked eye in more than 7 days on subculture are termed slow growers.
They can cause disease in humans.
List of slowly growing Mycobacteria
Nonchromogenic
Rough
Mycobacterium africanum
Mycobacterium bovis
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycobacterium lacus
Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Mycobacterium microti
Mycobacterium pinnipedii
Mycobacterium shottsii
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Smooth
Mycobacterium branderi
Mycobacterium heidelbergense
Mycobacterium intracellulare
Mycobacterium malmoense
Smooth to rough
Mycobacterium gastri
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Small and Transparent
Mycobacterium avium avium
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium silvaticum
Mycobacterium genavense
Mycobacterium montefiorense
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Photochromogenic
Mycobacterium intermedium
Yellow and smooth
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Mycobacterium marinum
Yellow and rough
Mycobacterium kansasii
Scotochromogenic
Yellow
Mycobacterium conspicuum
Mycobacterium botniense
Mycobacterium farcinogenes
Mycobacterium heckeshornense
Mycobacterium interjectum
Mycobacterium kubicae
Mycobacterium lentiflavum
Mycobacterium nebraskense
Mycobacterium nebraskense
Mycobacterium palustre
Mycobacterium tusciae
Yellow-Orange
Mycobacterium cookii
Mycobacterium flavescens
Mycobacterium gordonae
Rose-Pink
Mycobacterium hiberniae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive%20styles%20analysis | Cognitive styles analysis (CSA) was developed by Richard J. Riding and is the most frequently used computerized measure of cognitive styles. Although CSA is not well known in North American institutions, it is quite popular among European universities and organizations.
state:
"A number of different labels have been given to cognitive styles and, according to Riding, many of these are but different conceptions of the same dimensions . Riding and Cheema surveyed the various (about 30) labels and, after reviewing the descriptions, correlations, methods of assessment, and effect on behavior, concluded that the styles may be grouped into two principal groups: the Wholist-Analytic and the Verbal-Imagery dimensions. It is argued that these dimensions of cognitive style are very fundamental because they develop early in life and are pervasive given their effect on social behavior, decision making, and learning."
Unlike many other cognitive style measures, CSA has been the subject of much empirical investigation. Three experiments reported by showed the reliability of CSA to be low. Considering the theoretical strength of CSA, and unsuccessful earlier attempts to create a more reliable parallel form of it , a revised version was made to improve its validity and reliability.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yush%C5%8D%20disease | was a mass poisoning by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) which occurred in northern Kyūshū, Japan, in 1968. In January 1968, rice bran oil produced by Kanemi Company in Kyushu was contaminated with PCBs and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during production. For deodorization, the oil was heated using PCB as the heating medium, circulating through pipes. Due to holes in the pipes the PCB leaked into the rice bran oil. The contaminated rice bran oil was then sold to poultry farmers for use as a feed supplement and to consumers for use in cooking. In February to March 1968, farmers started reporting that their poultry were dying due to apparent difficulty in breathing; altogether 400,000 birds died. About 14,000 people who had consumed the contaminated rice oil were affected in Japan. More than 500 died. Common symptoms included dermal and ocular lesions, and a lowered immune response. Other symptoms included fatigue, headache, cough, and unusual skin sores. Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development.
Although a decade had passed, an almost identical case occurred in Taiwan in 1979. Again, rice oil had been heated by pipes that leaked. On this occasion, the condition there was known as Yu-cheng disease (). Similar symptoms and effects of the PCBs and PCDFs were shown, especially in children.
There have been studies undertaken on animals to understand the mechanisms of PCBs and PCDFs and their effects. Scientists discovered that low levels of PCBs could kill fish and other wildlife and as such their use in manufacturing was reduced.
In 2008, a dioxin poisoning event caused the 2008 Irish pork crisis in which Irish pork was recalled worldwide.
See also
Four Big Pollution Diseases of Japan
2008 Irish pork crisis
Seveso disaster |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale%20gouge%20ratio | Shale Gouge Ratio (typically abbreviated to SGR) is a mathematical algorithm that aims to predict the fault rock types for simple fault zones developed in sedimentary sequences dominated by sandstone and shale.
The parameter is widely used in the oil and gas exploration and production industries to enable quantitative predictions to be made regarding the hydrodynamic behavior of faults.
Definition
At any point on a fault surface, the shale gouge ratio is equal to the net shale/clay content of the rocks that have slipped past that point.
The SGR algorithm assumes complete mixing of the wall-rock components in any particular 'throw interval'. The parameter is a measure of the 'upscaled' composition of the fault zone.
Application to hydrocarbon exploration
Hydrocarbon exploration involves identifying and defining accumulations of hydrocarbons that are trapped in subsurface structures. These structures are often segmented by faults. For a thorough trap evaluation, it is necessary to predict whether the fault is sealing or leaking to hydrocarbons and also to provide an estimate of how 'strong' the fault seal might be. The 'strength' of a fault seal can be quantified in terms of subsurface pressure, arising from the buoyancy forces within the hydrocarbon column, that the fault can support before it starts to leak. When acting on a fault zone this subsurface pressure is termed capillary threshold pressure.
For faults developed in sandstone and shale sequences, the first order control on capillary threshold pressure is likely to be the composition, in particular the shale or clay content, of the fault-zone material. SGR is used to estimate the shale content of the fault zone.
In general, fault zones with higher clay content, equivalent to higher SGR values, can support higher capillary threshold pressures. On a broader scale, other factors also exert a control on the threshold pressure, such as depth of the rock sequence at the time of faulting, and the maxim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-in-Wonder | The All-in-Wonder (also abbreviated to AIW) was a combination graphics card/TV tuner card designed by ATI Technologies. It was introduced on November 11, 1996. ATI had previously used the Wonder trademark on other graphics cards (ATI Wonder series), however, they were not full TV/graphics combo cards (EGA Wonder, VGA Wonder, Graphics Wonder). ATI also made other TV oriented cards that use the word Wonder (TV Wonder, HDTV Wonder, DV Wonder), and remote control (Remote Wonder). The All-in-Wonder line debuted with the Rage chipset series. The cards were available in two forms, built by third-party manufacturers (marked as "Powered by ATI") as well as by ATI itself ("Built by ATI").
Each of the All-in-Wonder Radeon cards is based on a Radeon chipset with extra features incorporated onto the board. AIW cards run at lower clock speeds (two exceptions are the AIW 9600XT/AIW X800XT faster/same speed) than their conventional counterparts to reduce heat and power consumption. In June 2008, AMD revived the product line with an HD model.
Accessories
The cards use a variety of specialised ports along the side to provide output to televisions, with the retail version equipped with composite ports and the ability to output to component. Later products also comes with a Remote Wonder remote control and a USB RF receiver to receive radio frequency signals from the remote. Some variants of the All-in-Wonder included FM radio tuning as well. Some analog tuners were bundled with Gemstar's Guide Plus+ electronic program guide for TV listings, while digital tuners used TitanTV instead.
Drivers
The AIW card drivers are based on ATI's Catalyst drivers with additional T200 unified stream drivers. Currently, the only operating systems fully supporting TV capture with these cards are Microsoft Windows XP, 2000, 98, and 95. Display drivers work on Linux, and TV capture is supported on some cards with the GATOS project.
Lineup
See also
ATI Wonder series
Comparison of ATI Graphics Proce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20information%20system | In domain theory, a branch of mathematics and computer science, a Scott information system is a primitive kind of logical deductive system often used as an alternative way of presenting Scott domains.
Definition
A Scott information system, A, is an ordered triple
satisfying
Here means
Examples
Natural numbers
The return value of a partial recursive function, which either returns a natural number or goes into an infinite recursion, can be expressed as a simple Scott information system as follows:
That is, the result can either be a natural number, represented by the singleton set , or "infinite recursion," represented by .
Of course, the same construction can be carried out with any other set instead of .
Propositional calculus
The propositional calculus gives us a very simple Scott information system as follows:
Scott domains
Let D be a Scott domain. Then we may define an information system as follows
the set of compact elements of
Let be the mapping that takes us from a Scott domain, D, to the information system defined above.
Information systems and Scott domains
Given an information system, , we can build a Scott domain as follows.
Definition: is a point if and only if
Let denote the set of points of A with the subset ordering. will be a countably based Scott domain when T is countable. In general, for any Scott domain D and information system A
where the second congruence is given by approximable mappings.
See also
Scott domain
Domain theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheie%20syndrome | Scheie syndrome is a disease caused by a deficiency in the enzyme iduronidase, leading to the buildup of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the body. It is the most mild subtype of mucopolysaccharidosis type I; the most severe subtype of this disease is called Hurler Syndrome.
Scheie syndrome is characterized by corneal clouding, facial dysmorphism, and normal lifespan. People with this condition may have aortic regurgitation.
Symptoms
The symptoms of Scheie syndrome are variable, but are milder than Hurler Syndrome. Symptoms may begin to appear by age 5, but affected children are often not diagnosed until after age 10. Patients with Scheie Syndrome may have normal intelligence, or they may have mild learning impairments or psychiatric problems. Glaucoma, retinal degeneration, and clouded corneas may cause visual impairments. Aortic valve disease may be present, along with carpal tunnel syndrome, deformed hands and feet, stiff joints, or sleep apnea. People with Scheie syndrome may live into adulthood.
Genetics
Children with Scheie Syndrome carry two defective copies of the IDUA gene, which has been mapped to the 4p16.3 site on chromosome 4. This is the gene which encodes for the protein iduronidase. All patients with subtypes of MPS I have mutations in the same gene, leading to deficiencies of the same enzyme. However, patients with Scheie Syndrome have a greater level of iduronidase activity than patients with Hurler Syndrome.
Because Scheie syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder, affected persons have two nonworking copies of the gene. A person born with one normal copy and one defective copy is called a carrier. They will produce less α-L-iduronidase than an individual with two normal copies of the gene. The reduced production of the enzyme in carriers, however, remains sufficient for normal function; the person should not show any symptoms of the disease.
History
In 1919, Gertrud Hurler, a German pediatrician, described a syndrome involving corneal cl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetobiology | Magnetobiology is the study of biological effects of mainly weak static and low-frequency magnetic fields, which do not cause heating of tissues. Magnetobiological effects have unique features that obviously distinguish them from thermal effects; often they are observed for alternating magnetic fields just in separate frequency and amplitude intervals. Also, they are dependent of simultaneously present static magnetic or electric fields and their polarization.
Magnetobiology is a subset of bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetism and biomagnetism are the study of the production of electromagnetic and magnetic fields by biological organisms. The sensing of magnetic fields by organisms is known as magnetoreception.
Biological effects of weak low frequency magnetic fields, less than about 0.1 millitesla (or 1 Gauss) and 100 Hz correspondingly, constitutes a physics problem. The effects look paradoxical, for the energy quantum of these electromagnetic fields is by many orders of value less than the energy scale of an elementary chemical act. On the other hand, the field intensity is not enough to cause any appreciable heating of biological tissues or irritate nerves by the induced electric currents.
Effects
An example of a magnetobiological effect is the magnetic navigation by migrant animals by means of magnetoreception.
Many animal orders, such as certain birds, marine turtles, reptiles, amphibians and salmonoid fishes are able to detect small variations of the geomagnetic field and its magnetic inclination to find their seasonal habitats. They are said to use an "inclination compass". Certain crustaceans, spiny lobsters, bony fish, insects and mammals have been found to use a "polarity compass", whereas in snails and cartilageous fish the type of compass is as yet unknown. Little is known about other vertebrates and arthropods. Their perception can be on the order of tens of nanoteslas.
Magnetic intensity as a component of the navigational ‘map’ of pigeons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSHmail | OSHMail is an electronic newsletter from the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA).
It is a monthly summary of the latest news, events, and occupational safety and health information published at the EU-OSHA website. Most of the content is available in 25 languages. Currently more than 68,000 subscribers receive OSHmail each month; subscription is free.
External links
OSHA website
Newsletters
Multilingual magazines
Online magazines
Monthly magazines published in Spain |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotechnology | Cytotechnology is the microscopic interpretation of cells to detect cancer and other abnormalities. This includes the examination of samples collected from the uterine cervix (Pap test), lung, gastrointestinal tract, or body cavities.
A cytotechnologist is an allied health professional trained to evaluate specimens on glass slides using microscopes. In some laboratories, a computer performs an initial evaluation, pointing out areas that may be of particular interest for later examination. In many laboratories, cytotechnologists perform the initial evaluation. The cytotechnologist performs a secondary evaluation and determines whether a specimen is normal or abnormal. Abnormal specimens are referred to a pathologist for final interpretation or medical diagnosis.
Different countries have different certification requirements and standards for cytotechnologists. In the United States, there are currently two routes for certification: a person can first earn a bachelor's degree and then attend an accredited program in cytotechnology for one year, or they can attend a cytotechnology program that also awards a bachelor's degree. After successful completion of either route, the individual becomes eligible to take a certification exam offered by the American Society for Clinical Pathology. People who complete the requirements and pass the examination are entitled to designate themselves as "CT (ASCP)". The American Society for Cytotechnology (ASCT) sets U.S. professional standards, monitors legislative and regulatory issues, and provides education. Individual states regulate the licensure of cytotechnologists, usually following American Society of Cytopathology (ASC) guidelines.
The ASC is for cytopathologists but certain qualified cytotechnologists can join it as well.
See also
Gynaecologic cytology
Cytopathology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private%20Disk | Private Disk is a disk encryption application for the Microsoft Windows operating system, developed by Dekart SRL. It works by creating a virtual drive, the contents of which is encrypted on-the-fly; other software can use the drive as if it were a usual one.
One of Private Disk's key selling points is in its ease of use, which is achieved by hiding complexity from the end user (e.g. data wiping is applied transparently when an encrypted image is deleted.) This simplicity does however reduce its flexibility in some respects (e.g. it only allows the use of AES-256 encryption.)
Although Private Disk uses a NIST certified implementation of the AES and SHA-256/384/512 algorithms, this certification is restricted to a single component of Private Disk; the encryption/hash library used and not to Private Disk as a complete system.
Feature highlights
NIST-certified implementation of AES-256-bit, and SHA-2. Private Disk complies with FIPS 197 and FIPS 180-2
CBC mode with secret IVs is used to encrypt the sectors of the storage volume
Disk Firewall, an application-level filter, which allows only trusted programs to access the virtual drive
Ability to run directly from a removable drive, requiring no local installation
Offers access to encrypted data on any system, even if administrative privileges are not available
Encrypted images can be accessed on Windows Mobile and Windows CE handhelds; this is achieved by making the encrypted container format compatible with containers used by SecuBox (disk encryption software by Aiko Solutions)
File wiping is applied when deleting an encrypted image
PD File Move, a file migration tool, which will locate the specified files on the system and securely move them to an encrypted disk
Compatibility with Windows 9x and Windows NT operating systems
Autorun and Autofinish automatically start a program or a script when a virtual disk is mounted or dismounted
Encrypted backup of an encrypted image
Password quality meter
Automatic |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cured%20fish | Cured fish is fish which has been cured by subjecting it to fermentation, pickling, smoking, or some combination of these before it is eaten. These food preservation processes can include adding salt, nitrates, nitrite or sugar, can involve smoking and flavoring the fish, and may include cooking it. The earliest form of curing fish was dehydration. Other methods, such as smoking fish or salt-curing also go back for thousands of years. The term "cure" is derived from the Latin curare, meaning to take care of. It was first recorded in reference to fish in 1743.
History
According to Binkerd and Kolari (1975), the practice of preserving meat by salting it originated in Asian deserts. "Saline salts from this area contained impurities such as nitrates that contributed to the characteristic red colour of cured meats. As early as 3,000 BC in Mesopotamia, cooked meats and fish were preserved in sesame oil and dried salted meat and fish were part of the Sumerian diet. Salt from the Dead Sea was in use by Jewish inhabitants around 1,600 BC, and by 1,200 BC, the Phoenicians were trading salted fish in the Eastern Mediterranean region. By 900 BC, salt was being produced in "salt gardens" in Greece and dry salt curing and smoking of meat were well established. The Romans (200 BC) acquired curing procedures from the Greeks and further developed methods to "pickle" various kinds of meats in a brine marinade. It was during this time that the reddening effect of salting was noted. Saltpeter (potassium nitrate) is mentioned as being gathered in China and India prior to the Christian era for use in meat curing... In Medieval times, the application of salt and saltpeter as curing ingredients was commonplace and the reddening effect on meat was attributed to saltpeter."
Salt curing
Salt (sodium chloride) is a primary ingredient used to cure fish and other foods. Removal of water and addition of salt to fish creates a solute-rich environment where osmotic pressure draws water out of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salted%20fish | Salted fish, such as kippered herring or dried and salted cod, is fish cured with dry salt and thus preserved for later eating. Drying or salting, either with dry salt or with brine, was the only widely available method of preserving fish until the 19th century. Dried fish and salted fish (or fish both dried and salted) are a staple of diets in the Caribbean, West Africa, North Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Southern China, Scandinavia, parts of Canada including Newfoundland, coastal Russia, and in the Arctic. Like other salt-cured meats, it provides preserved animal protein even in the absence of refrigeration.
Method
Salting is the preservation of food with dry edible salt. It is related to pickling (preparing food with brine, i.e. salty water), and is one of the oldest methods of preserving food. Salt inhibits the growth of microorganisms by drawing water out of microbial cells through osmosis. Concentrations of salt up to 20% are required to kill most species of unwanted bacteria. Smoking, often used in the process of curing meat, adds chemicals to the surface of meat that reduce the concentration of salt required. Salting is used because most bacteria, fungi and other potentially pathogenic organisms cannot survive in a highly salty environment, due to the hypertonic nature of salt. Any living cell in such an environment will become dehydrated through osmosis and die or become temporarily inactivated.
The water activity, aw, in a fish is defined as the ratio of the water vapour pressure in the flesh of the fish to the vapour pressure of pure water at the same temperature and pressure. It ranges between 0 and 1, and is a parameter that measures how available the water is in the flesh of the fish. Available water is necessary for the microbial and enzymatic reactions involved in spoilage. There are a number of techniques that have been or are used to tie up the available water or remove it by reducing the aw. Traditionally, techniques such as drying, sal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20tallest%20people | This is a list of the tallest people, verified by Guinness World Records or other reliable sources.
According to the Guinness World Records, the tallest human in recorded history was Robert Wadlow of the United States (1918–1940), who was . He received media attention in 1939 when he was measured to be the tallest man in the world, beating John Rogan's record, after reaching a height of .
There are reports about even taller people but most of such claims are unverified or erroneous. Since antiquity, it has been reported about the finds of gigantic human skeletons. Originally thought to belong to mythical giants, these bones were later identified as the exaggerated remains of prehistoric animals, usually whales or elephants. Regular reports in American newspapers in the 18th and 19th centuries of giant human skeletons may have inspired the case of the "petrified" Cardiff Giant, a famous archaeological hoax.
Men
Women
Disputed and unverified claims
Tallest in various sports
Tallest living people from various nations
See also
Giant
Gigantism
Giant human skeletons
Goliath
Human height
Sotos syndrome
List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history
List of heaviest people
List of the verified shortest people
List of people with dwarfism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20fold | Skin folds or skinfolds are areas of skin that are naturally folded. Many skin folds are distinct, heritable anatomical features, and may be used for identification of animal species, while others are non-specific and may be produced either by individual development of an organism or by arbitrary application of force to skin, either by the actions of the muscles of the body or by external force, e.g., gravity. Anatomical folds can also be found in other structures and tissues besides the skin, such as the ileocecal fold beneath the terminal ileum of the cecum.
Skin folds are of interest for cosmetology, as some kinds may be considered aesthetically undesirable, and for medicine, because some of them are susceptible to inflammation and infection.
Skin creases, skin folds and lines
The skin creases of the human body are features of great anatomical, morphological, and surgical interest and important for the maintenance of the contour of each anatomic area.
In the literature, when referring to a skin crease, there is variation of terms used other than "crease", such as "fold" and "sulcus", but these terms do not accurately reflect their histology structure nor their function. In the review of literature, a record of the creases of the human body for each anatomic area, including the synonyms that are used for each crease in the literature, has been attempted.
The skin crease as a fixed and permanent line, according to their histology, is related to connective tissue attachments with the underlying structures or extensions of the underlying muscle fibers in the dermis of the crease site.
The skin fold is characterized by skin redundancy that is responsible partly, often in combination with connective tissue attachments, for the skin crease. It is essential to use appropriate terms that accurately reflect the anatomic structure and histology when referring to the skin lines.
Human skin folds
The following distinct skin fold types are among the roughly 100 ide |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic%20cooling | Sympathetic cooling is a process in which particles of one type cool particles of another type.
Typically, atomic ions that can be directly laser cooled are used to cool nearby ions or atoms, by way of their mutual Coulomb interaction. This technique is used to cool ions and atoms that cannot be cooled directly by laser cooling, which includes most molecular ion species, especially large organic molecules. However, sympathetic cooling is most efficient when the mass/charge ratios of the sympathetic- and laser-cooled ions are similar.
The cooling of neutral atoms in this manner was first demonstrated by Christopher Myatt et al. in 1997. Here, a technique with electric and magnetic fields were used, where atoms with spin in one direction were more weakly confined than those with spin in the opposite direction. The weakly confined atoms with a high kinetic energy were allowed to more easily escape, lowering the total kinetic energy, resulting in a cooling of the strongly confined atoms.
Myatt et al. also showed the utility of their version of sympathetic cooling for the creation of Bose–Einstein condensates. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20shelf%20label | An electronic shelf label (ESL) system is used by retailers for displaying, typically on the front edge of retail shelving, product pricing on shelves that can automatically be updated or changed under the control of a central server.
ESL tag modules use electronic paper (E-paper) or liquid-crystal display (LCD) to show the current product price to the customer. E-paper is widely used on ESLs as it provides crisp display and supports full graphic imaging while needing only power during updates, but no power to retain an image. A communication network from the central server allows the price display to be automatically updated whenever a product price is changed, in contrast to static placards. Wireless communication must support application range, speed, battery life, and reliability. The means of wireless communication can be based on radio, infrared or even visible light communication. Currently, the ESL market leans heavily towards radio frequency communication.
History
Early product
An early System first offered for sale by NCR in 1997 used Modulated Backscatter of radio waves to provide two way wireless communications between the labels and the store’s radio network. By using modulated backscatter, the labels confirmed receipt of price changes (along with battery and display status) without the need for an active radio transmitter, thus saving cost and increasing battery life to over 5 years.
First generation: LCD and infrared communication
7-segment LCD ESL tags use a display similar to how a calculator displays the numerical values. The numerical value to display on the tags itself are then shown based on activating different combinations of these seven bars and segments. A disadvantage of using a liquid crystal displayated tag is the difficulties in displaying certain letters. The communication technology used for the transmitter to connect to the label is through diffused infrared communication. The values on the LCD tags are established by infrared |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%20Tera-Scale | Intel Tera-Scale is a research program by Intel that focuses on development in Intel processors and platforms that utilize the inherent parallelism of emerging visual-computing applications. Such applications require teraFLOPS of parallel computing performance to process terabytes of data quickly. Parallelism is the concept of performing multiple tasks simultaneously. Utilizing parallelism will not only increase the efficiency of computer processing units (CPUs), but also increase the bytes of data analyzed each second. In order to appropriately apply parallelism, the CPU must be able to handle multiple threads and to do so the CPU must consist of multiple cores. The conventional amount of cores in consumer grade computers are 2–8 cores while workstation grade computers can have even greater amounts. However, even the current amount of cores aren't great enough to perform at teraFLOPS performance leading to an even greater amount of cores that must be added. As a result of the program, two prototypes have been manufactured that were used to test the feasibility of having many more cores than the conventional amount and proved to be successful.
Prototypes
Teraflops Research Chip (Polaris) is an 80-core prototype processor developed by Intel in 2007. It represents Intel's first public attempt at creating a Tera-Scale processor. The Polaris processor requires to be run at 3.13 GHz and 1V in order to maintain its teraFLOP name. At its peak performance, the processor is capable of 1.28 teraFLOP.
Single-chip Cloud Computer is another research processor developed by Intel in 2009. This processor consists of 48 P54C cores connected in a 6x4 2D-mesh.
Ideology
Parallelism is the concept of performing multiple tasks simultaneously, effectively reducing the time needed to perform a given task. The Tera-Scale research program is focused on the concept of utilizing many more cores than conventional to increase performance with parallelism. Based on their previous experience |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyMUCK | TinyMUCK or, more broadly, a MUCK, is a type of user-extendable online text-based role-playing game, designed for role playing and social interaction. Backronyms like "Multi-User Chat/Created/Computer/Character/Carnal Kingdom" and "Multi-User Construction Kit" are sometimes cited, but are not the actual origin of the term; "muck" is simply a play on the term MUD.
History
The original TinyMUCK 1.0 server was written by Stephen White from University of Waterloo in winter of 1990, based on TinyMUD 1.5.2 codebase. This version improved building capabilities for the users.
TinyMUCK 2.0 was released in June 1990 by Piaw "Lachesis" Na from Berkeley, who added the programming language MUF for in-game server extensions.
TinyMUCK 2.1 and 2.2 were released in July 1990 and April 1991 by Robert "ChupChup" Earl of San Diego, California. These were mostly bugfix releases as the code was cleaned up and ported to new operating systems and architectures.
FuzzBall MUCK server was built on TinyMUCK 2.2 codebase by Belfry Webworks and, as of version 5, released in 1995, includes the alternative programming language MPI. version 6, available at SourceForge project fbmuck also supports MCP and MCP-GUI.
Characteristics
MUCKs are extensible by design, players can create and modify ("build") all internal objects of the game environment, including rooms, exits, and even the system commands, for which the MUCKs use the MUF (Multi-User Forth) language. Fuzzball MUCKs also use Message Parsing Interpreter (MPI) which can be used to embed executable code into descriptions of all in-game objects. Unlike many other virtual worlds, however, TinyMUCK and its descendants do not usually have computer-controlled monsters for players to kill.
Usage
TinyMUCKs are popular among members of furry fandom; examples of active, large TinyMUCKs include FurryMUCK and Tapestries MUCK, both of which run the Fuzzball version of MUCK server code.
See also
MUD
MUSH
MOO
Online text-based role-playing game |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel%20Ct | Intel Ct is a programming model developed by Intel to ease the exploitation of its future multicore chips, as demonstrated by the Tera-Scale research program.
It is based on the exploitation of SIMD to produce automatically parallelized programs.
On August 19, 2009, Intel acquired RapidMind, a privately held company founded and headquartered in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. RapidMind and Ct combined into a successor named Intel Array Building Blocks (ArBB) released in September 2010. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraflops%20Research%20Chip | Intel Teraflops Research Chip (codenamed Polaris) is a research manycore processor containing 80 cores, using a network-on-chip architecture, developed by Intel's Tera-Scale Computing Research Program. It was manufactured using a 65 nm CMOS process with eight layers of copper interconnect and contains 100 million transistors on a 275 mm2 die. Its design goal was to demonstrate a modular architecture capable of a sustained performance of 1.0 TFLOPS while dissipating less than 100 W. Research from the project was later incorporated into Xeon Phi. The technical lead of the project was Sriram R. Vangal.
The processor was initially presented at the Intel Developer Forum on September 26, 2006 and officially announced on February 11, 2007. A working chip was presented at the 2007 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, alongside technical specifications.
Architecture
The chip consists of a 10x8 2D mesh network of cores and nominally operates at 4 GHz. Each core, called a tile (3 mm2), contains a processing engine and a 5-port wormhole-switched router (0.34 mm2) with mesochronous interfaces, with a bandwidth of 80 GB/s and latency of 1.25 ns at 4 GHz. The processing engine in each tile contains two independent, 9-stage pipeline, single-precision floating-point multiplyaccumulator (FPMAC) units, 3 KB of single-cycle instruction memory and 2 KB of data memory. Each FPMAC unit is capable of performing 2 single-precision floating-point operations per cycle. Each tile has thus an estimated peak performance of 16 GFLOPS at the standard configuration of 4 GHz. A 96-bit very long instruction word (VLIW) encodes up to eight operations per cycle. The custom instruction set includes instructions to send and receive packets into/from the chip's network and well as instructions for sleeping and waking a particular tile. Underneath each tile, a 256 KB SRAM module (codenamed Freya) was 3D stacked, thus bringing memory nearer to the processor to increase overall memory bandw |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette%20Wing | Jeannette Marie Wing is Avanessians Director of the Data Science Institute at Columbia University, where she is also a professor of computer science. Until June 30, 2017, she was Corporate Vice President of Microsoft Research with oversight of its core research laboratories around the world and Microsoft Research Connections. Prior to 2013, she was the President's Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. She also served as assistant director for Computer and Information Science and Engineering at the NSF from 2007 to 2010. She was appointed the Columbia University executive vice president for research in 2021.
Background
Wing earned her S.B. and S.M. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT in June 1979. Her advisers were Ronald Rivest and John Reiser. In 1983, she earned her Ph.D. in Computer Science at MIT under John Guttag. She is a fourth-degree black belt in Tang Soo Do.
Career and research
Wing was on the faculty of the University of Southern California from 1982 to 1985 and then the faculty of Carnegie Mellon from 1985 to 2012. She served as the head of the Computer Science Department from 2004 to 2007 and from 2010 to 2012. In January 2013, she took a leave from Carnegie Mellon to work at Microsoft Research.
Wing has been a leading member of the formal methods community, especially in the area of Larch. She has led many research projects and has published widely.
With Barbara Liskov, she developed the Liskov substitution principle, published in 1993.
She has also been a strong promoter of computational thinking, expressing the algorithmic problem-solving and abstraction techniques used by computer scientists and how they might be applied in other disciplines.
She is a member of the editorial board of the following journals:
Foundations and Trends in Privacy and Security
Journal of the ACM
Formal Aspects of Computing
Formal Methods in System Design
International Journal of So |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous%20sperm%20retrieval | Posthumous sperm retrieval (PSR) is a procedure in which spermatozoa are collected from the testes of a human corpse after brain death. There has been significant debate over the ethics and legality of the procedure, and on the legal rights of the child and surviving parent if the gametes are used for impregnation.
Cases of post-mortem conception have occurred ever since human artificial insemination techniques were devised, via sperm donation to a sperm bank after the death of the donor. While religious objections have been made even under these circumstances, far more censure has arisen regarding invasive retrieval from fresh cadavers or patients either on life support or in a persistent vegetative state, particularly when the procedure is carried out without explicit consent from the donor.
Cases
The first successful retrieval of sperm from a cadaver was reported in 1980, in a case involving a 30-year-old man who became brain dead following a motor vehicle accident and whose family requested sperm preservation. The first successful conception using sperm retrieved post-mortem was reported in 1998, leading to a successful birth the following year. Since 1980, a number of requests for the procedure have been made, with around one third approved and performed. Gametes have been extracted through a variety of means, including removal of the epididymis, irrigation or aspiration of the vas deferens, and rectal probe electroejaculation. Since the procedure is rarely performed, studies on the efficacy of the various methods have been fairly limited in scope.
While medical literature recommends that extraction take place no later than 24 hours after death, motile sperm has been successfully obtained as late as 36 hours after death, generally regardless of the cause of death or method of extraction. Up to this limit, the procedure has a high success rate, with sperm retrieved in nearly 100% of cases, and motile sperm in 80–90%. There is currently little precedent for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telos%20Alliance | Telos Alliance is an American corporation manufacturing audio products primarily for broadcast stations. Headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio, US, the company is divided into six divisions:
Telos Systems manufactures talkshow systems, IP audio codecs and transceivers, as well as streaming audio encoders.
Omnia Audio makes audio processors for AM, FM, HD Radio, and Internet audio streaming applications.
Axia Audio builds mixing consoles and audio distribution systems based on Livewire IP networking, an audio over Ethernet protocol.
Linear Acoustic, whose product line includes TV loudness controls, metering and monitoring devices, along with mixing and metadata tools.
25-Seven Systems specializes in broadcast delays, time management and processing products.
Minnetonka Audio Software delivers software-based audio automation to media production infrastructures.
History and founder
Telos Alliance began as Telos Systems, a part-time project founded in 1985 by radio station engineer and talk show host (WFBQ, WMMS) Steve Church. Its first product was a telephone hybrid, the Telos 10, which was based on digital signal processing.
Church visited Fraunhofer in Germany in the late 1980s. There, he learned of MPEG-1 Audio Layer III audio coding. Telos became the first licensee in the United States of what is now known as MP3. MP3 became part of the solution to long-distance remote broadcasts using Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). This became the preferred alternative to leased lines available since the 1920s and satellite links available since the 1970s.
Audio over IP (AoIP) technology called Livewire made its debut in 2003 at the NAB Show in Las Vegas. The original Livewire-capable products included mixing consoles, analog, AES, mic and GPIO nodes. Other manufacturers began making their own AoIP broadcast equipment and there was a need for AoIP gear from different manufacturers to communicate with each other. Telos, along with other manufacturers, developed the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudex | A caudex (: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.
In the strict sense of the term, meaning a stem, "caudex" is most often used with plants that have a different stem morphology from the typical angiosperm dicotyledon stem: examples of this include palms, ferns, and cycads.
The related term caudiciform, literally meaning stem-like, is sometimes used to mean pachycaul, thick-stemmed.
Etymology
The term is from the Latin caudex, a noun meaning "tree trunk".
See also
Stipe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%E2%80%93length%20ratio | The displacement–length ratio (DLR or D/L ratio) is a calculation used to express how heavy a boat is relative to its waterline length.
DLR was first published in
It is calculated by dividing a boat's displacement in long tons (2,240 pounds) by the cube of one one-hundredth of the waterline length (in feet):
DLR can be used to compare the relative mass of various boats no matter what their length. A DLR less than 200 is indicative of a racing boat, while a DLR greater than 300 or so is indicative of a heavy cruising boat.
See also
Sail Area-Displacement ratio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loewner%27s%20torus%20inequality | In differential geometry, Loewner's torus inequality is an inequality due to Charles Loewner. It relates the systole and the area of an arbitrary Riemannian metric on the 2-torus.
Statement
In 1949 Charles Loewner proved that every metric on the 2-torus satisfies the optimal inequality
where "sys" is its systole, i.e. least length of a noncontractible loop. The constant appearing on the right hand side is the Hermite constant in dimension 2, so that Loewner's torus inequality can be rewritten as
The inequality was first mentioned in the literature in .
Case of equality
The boundary case of equality is attained if and only if the metric is flat and homothetic to the so-called equilateral torus, i.e. torus whose group of deck transformations is precisely the hexagonal lattice spanned by the cube roots of unity in .
Alternative formulation
Given a doubly periodic metric on (e.g. an imbedding in which is invariant by a isometric action), there is a nonzero element and a point such that , where is a fundamental domain for the action, while is the Riemannian distance, namely least length of a path joining and .
Proof of Loewner's torus inequality
Loewner's torus inequality can be proved most easily by using the computational formula for the variance,
Namely, the formula is applied to the probability measure defined by the measure of the unit area flat torus in the conformal class of the given torus. For the random variable X, one takes the conformal factor of the given metric with respect to the flat one. Then the expected value E(X 2) of X 2 expresses the total area of the given metric. Meanwhile, the expected value E(X) of X can be related to the systole by using Fubini's theorem. The variance of X can then be thought of as the isosystolic defect, analogous to the isoperimetric defect of Bonnesen's inequality. This approach therefore produces the following version of Loewner's torus inequality with isosystolic defect:
where ƒ is the conform |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow%20plug%20%28model%20engine%29 | A glow plug engine, or glow engine, is a type of small internal combustion engine typically used in model aircraft, model cars and similar applications. The ignition is accomplished by a combination of heating from compression, heating from a glow plug and the catalytic effect of the platinum within the glow plug on the methanol within the fuel.
History
German inventor Ray Arden invented the first glow plug for model engines in 1947.
Model glow plug design
The glow plugs used in model engines are significantly different from those used in full-size diesel engines. In full-size engines, the glow plug is used only for starting. In model engines, the glow plug is an integral part of the ignition system because of the catalytic effect of the platinum wire. The glow plug is a durable, mostly platinum, helical wire filament recessed into the plug's tip. When an electric current runs through the plug, or when exposed to the heat of the combustion chamber, the filament glows, enabling it to help ignite the special fuel used by these engines. Power can be applied using a special connector attaching to the outside of the engine, and may use a rechargeable battery or DC power source.
There are three types/shapes (at least) of glow plugs. The standard glow plug, which comes in long/standard and short (for smaller engines), in both open and idle-bar configurations, has a threaded tube that penetrates the combustion chamber to varying degrees. Due to the small size of the combustion chamber changing brands or styles of standard glow plug can affect the compression ratio. Turbo style (European/metric) and Nelson style (North American/English) glow plugs do not penetrate the combustion chamber. Instead they have an angled shoulder that seals against a matching surface at the bottom of the glow plug hole. As a Turbo or Nelson plug is installed and seals the combustion chamber, they create a smooth surface inside the head. This smooth surface is very desirable for high-perf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available%20name | In zoological nomenclature, an available name is a scientific name for a taxon of animals that has been published conforming to all the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature for the establishment of a zoological name.
For a name to be available, there are a number of general requirements it must fulfill: it must use only the Latin alphabet, be published in a timely fashion by a reputable source, etc. In some rare cases, a name which does not meet these requirements may nevertheless be available, for historical reasons.
All available names must refer to a type. For species-level names, the type is a specimen (a holotype or lectotype); for generic-level names, the type is a species name; for family-level names, the type is a genus name. This hierarchical system of typification provides a concrete empirical anchor for all zoological names.
An available name is not necessarily a valid name, because an available name may be in synonymy. However, a valid name must always be an available one.
Contrast to botany
Under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this term is not used. In botany, the corresponding term is validly published name. The botanical equivalent of zoology's term "valid name" is correct name. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%27s%20inequality | In differential geometry, Pu's inequality, proved by Pao Ming Pu, relates the area of an arbitrary Riemannian surface homeomorphic to the real projective plane with the lengths of the closed curves contained in it.
Statement
A student of Charles Loewner, Pu proved in his 1950 thesis that every Riemannian surface homeomorphic to the real projective plane satisfies the inequality
where is the systole of .
The equality is attained precisely when the metric has constant Gaussian curvature.
In other words, if all noncontractible loops in have length at least , then and the equality holds if and only if is obtained from a Euclidean sphere of radius by identifying each point with its antipodal.
Pu's paper also stated for the first time Loewner's inequality, a similar result for Riemannian metrics on the torus.
Proof
Pu's original proof relies on the uniformization theorem and employs an averaging argument, as follows.
By uniformization, the Riemannian surface is conformally diffeomorphic to a round projective plane. This means that we may assume that the surface is obtained from the Euclidean unit sphere by identifying antipodal points, and the Riemannian length element at each point is
where is the Euclidean length element and the function , called the conformal factor, satisfies .
More precisely, the universal cover of is , a loop is noncontractible if and only if its lift goes from one point to its opposite, and the length of each curve is
Subject to the restriction that each of these lengths is at least , we want to find an that minimizes the
where is the upper half of the sphere.
A key observation is that if we average several different that satisfy the length restriction and have the same area , then we obtain a better conformal factor , that also satisfies the length restriction and has
and the inequality is strict unless the functions are equal.
A way to improve any non-constant is to obtain the different functions from usin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendelian%20traits%20in%20humans | Mendelian traits in humans are human traits that are substantially influenced by Mendelian inheritance. Most – if not all – Mendelian traits are also influenced by other genes, the environment, immune responses, and chance. Therefore no trait is purely Mendelian, but many traits are almost entirely Mendelian, including canonical examples, such as those listed below. Purely Mendelian traits are a minority of all traits, since most phenotypic traits exhibit incomplete dominance, codominance, and contributions from many genes. If a trait is genetically influenced, but not well characterized by Mendelian inheritance, it is non-Mendelian.
Examples
Albinism (recessive)
Achondroplasia
Alkaptonuria
Ataxia telangiectasia
Brachydactyly (shortness of fingers and toes)
Colour blindness (monochromatism, dichromatism, anomalous trichromatism, tritanopia, deuteranopia, protanopia)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Ectrodactyly
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Fabry disease
Galactosemia
Gaucher's disease
Some forms of Haemophilia
Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
HFE hereditary haemochromatosis
Huntington's disease
Hypercholesterolemia
Krabbe disease
Lactase persistence (dominant)
Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Niemann–Pick disease
Phenylketonuria
Porphyria
Retinoblastoma
Sickle-cell disease
Sanfilippo syndrome
Tay–Sachs disease
Wet (dominant) or dry (recessive) earwax
Non-Mendelian traits
Most traits (including all complex traits) are non-mendelian. Some traits commonly thought of as Mendelian are not, including:
Eye Color
Psychiatric diseases
Hair color
Height |
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