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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20multi-trophic%20aquaculture | Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) provides the byproducts, including waste, from one aquatic species as inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Farmers combine fed aquaculture (e.g., fish, shrimp) with inorganic extractive (e.g., seaweed) and organic extractive (e.g., shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environment remediation (biomitigation), economic stability (improved output, lower cost, product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).
Selecting appropriate species and sizing the various populations to provide necessary ecosystem functions allows the biological and chemical processes involved to achieve a stable balance, mutually benefiting the organisms and improving ecosystem health.
Ideally, the co-cultured species each yield valuable commercial "crops". IMTA can synergistically increase total output, even if some of the crops yield less than they would, short-term, in a monoculture.
Terminology and related approaches
"Integrated" refers to intensive and synergistic cultivation, using water-borne nutrient and energy transfer. "Multi-trophic" means that the various species occupy different trophic levels, i.e., different (but adjacent) links in the food chain.
IMTA is a specialized form of the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which was the co-culture of various species, often without regard to trophic level. In this broader case, the organisms may share biological and chemical processes that may be minimally complementary, potentially leading to reduced production of both species due to competition for the same food resource. However, some traditional systems such as polyculture of carps in China employ species that occupy multiple niches within the same pond, or the culture of fish that is integrated with a terrestrial agricultural species, can be considered forms of IMTA.
The more general term "Integrated Aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetanisole | Acetanisole is an aromatic chemical compound with an aroma described as sweet, fruity, nutty, and similar to vanilla. In addition acetanisole can sometimes smell like butter or caramel.
Acetanisole is found naturally in castoreum, the glandular secretion of the beaver.
Preparation
Acetanisole can be prepared synthetically by Friedel-Crafts acylation of anisole with acetyl chloride:
Application
It is used as a cigarette additive, a fragrance, and a flavoring in food. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivars%20Peterson | Ivars Peterson (born 4 December 1948) is an American mathematics writer.
Early life
Peterson received a B.Sc. in Physics and Chemistry and a B.Ed. in Education from the University of Toronto. Peterson received an M.A. in Journalism from the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Career
Peterson worked as a high school science and mathematics teacher.
Peterson has been a columnist and online editor at Science News and Science News for Kids, and has been columnist for the children's magazine Muse. He wrote the weekly online column Ivars Peterson's MathTrek. Peterson is the author of a number of popular mathematics and related books. Peterson has been a weekly mathematics columnist for MAA Online.
Peterson received the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics Communications Award in 1991 for "exceptional skill in communicating mathematics to the general public over the last decade".
For the spring 2008 semester, he accepted the Wayne G. Basler Chair of Excellence for the Integration of the Arts, Rhetoric and Science at East Tennessee State University. He gave a four lectures on how math is integral in our society and our universe. He also taught a course entitled "Communicating Mathematics".
In 2007, Peterson was named Director of Publications for Journals and Communications at the Mathematical Association of America.
Bibliography
Mathematical Treks: From Surreal Numbers to Magic Circles (2002) Mathematical Association of America
Fragments of Infinity: A Kaleidoscope of Math and Art (2000) John Wiley & Sons
The Jungles of Randomness: A Mathematical Safari (1997) John Wiley & Sons
Fatal Defect: Chasing Killer Computer Bugs (1995) Times Books
Newton's Clock: Chaos in the Solar System (1993) W.H. Freeman
Islands of Truth: Mathematical Mystery Cruise (1990) W.H.Freeman
The Mathematical Tourist: Snapshots of Modern Mathematics (1988) W.H.Freeman |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vici%20syndrome | Vici syndrome, also called immunodeficiency with cleft lip/palate, cataract, hypopigmentation and absent corpus callosum (or absent corpus callosum cataract immunodeficiency), is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by albinism, agenesis of the corpus callosum, cataracts, cardiomyopathy, severe psychomotor retardation, seizures, immunodeficiency and recurrent severe infections. To date, about 50 cases have been reported.
Presentation
This syndrome consists of a number of typical features. These include
Agenesis of the corpus callosum (80–99% patients)
Hypopigmentation of the eyes and hair (80–99% patients)
Cardiomyopathy (80–99% patients)
Combined immunodeficiency (80–99% patients)
Muscular hypotonia (80–99% patients)
Abnormality of retinal pigmentation (80–99% patients)
Recurrent chest infections (80–99% patients)
Abnormal EEG (80–99% patients)
Intellectual disability (80–99% patients)
Cataracts (75%)
Seizures (65%)
Renal abnormalities (15%)
Infections of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts are common. Swallowing and feeding difficulties early on may result in a failure to thrive. Optic nerve hypoplasia, nystagmus and photophobia may occur. Facial dysmorphism (cleft lip/palate and micrognathia) and syndactyly may be present. Sensorineural hearing loss may also be present.
Death in infancy is not uncommon and is usually due to cardiac complications or severe infections.
Genetics
Inheritance
Vici syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
The hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance of Vici syndrome was strengthened in 200 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20compatibility | A family of computer models is said to be compatible if certain software that runs on one of the models can also be run on all other models of the family. The computer models may differ in performance, reliability or some other characteristic. These differences may affect the outcome of the running of the software.
Software compatibility
Software compatibility can refer to the compatibility that a particular software has running on a particular CPU architecture such as Intel or PowerPC. Software compatibility can also refer to ability for the software to run on a particular operating system. Very rarely is a compiled software compatible with multiple different CPU architectures. Normally, an application is compiled for different CPU architectures and operating systems to allow it to be compatible with the different system. Interpreted software, on the other hand, can normally run on many different CPU architectures and operating systems if the interpreter is available for the architecture or operating system. Software incompatibility occurs many times for new software released for a newer version of an operating system which is incompatible with the older version of the operating system because it may miss some of the features and functionality that the software depends on.
Hardware compatibility
Hardware compatibility can refer to the compatibility of computer hardware components with a particular CPU architecture, bus, motherboard or operating system. Hardware that is compatible may not always run at its highest stated performance, but it can nevertheless work with legacy components. An example is RAM chips, some of which can run at a lower (or sometimes higher) clock rate than rated. Hardware that was designed for one operating system may not work for another, if device or kernel drivers are unavailable. As an example, much of the hardware for macOS is proprietary hardware with drivers unavailable for use in operating systems such as Linux.
Free and open-sou |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornate%20sleeper-ray | The ornate sleeper-ray (Electrolux addisoni) is a species of electric ray in the family Narkidae, and the only member of the genus Electrolux. It lives on reefs feeding on polychaete worms and small crustaceans, it has only been seen by divers to feed during the daytime. It is endemic to the coast of South Africa. It was first recorded in 1984 but was not described until 2007. It was ranked as the number one newly described species of 2007 by the International Institute for Species Exploration.
In an episode of Extinct or Alive, an ornate-sleeper ray is caught on footage feeding.
Description
Electrolux addisoni is easily distinguished from other narkids by its striking colour pattern consisting of a dark brown dorsal surface of the disc with numerous small pale yellow spots and a series of concentric stripes. It can also be distinguished by its large spiracular papillae. It and Heteronarce are the only genera in the family Narkidae that have two dorsal fins. The conspicuous colour pattern of the species may act as a warning signal to other animals, when closely approached the ray has been seen to make a possible threat display. The holotype pictured weighed 1.8 kg and had a total length of 515 mm. This makes it one of the largest species of Narkidae recorded, although no female specimens have been collected and measured.
Distribution
Electrolux addisoni has been recorded in four locations along a 300 km strip of coastline from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province, to just north of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal in water less than 50 m deep.
Discovery
Despite being first photographed in 1984 by Peter Chrystal on Aliwal Shoal, KwaZulu-Natal the species evaded capture (and therefore classification) until 2007. Experts immediately realised that this was a new species but were unsure to which order it belonged. It was filmed by nature film producers Stephania and Peter Lamberti off Shelly Beach, KwaZulu-Natal in 1997 and they sent this clip to Phil Heemstra. Heemstra sighted a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical%20error | In software engineering and mathematics, numerical error is the error in the numerical computations.
Types
It can be the combined effect of two kinds of error in a calculation.
the first is caused by the finite precision of computations involving floating-point or integer values
the second usually called truncation error is the difference between the exact mathematical solution and the approximate solution obtained when simplifications are made to the mathematical equations to make them more amenable to calculation. The term truncation comes from the fact that either these simplifications usually involve the truncation of an infinite series expansion so as to make the computation possible and practical, or because the least significant bits of an arithmetic operation are thrown away.
Measure
Floating-point numerical error is often measured in ULP (unit in the last place).
See also
Loss of significance
Numerical analysis
Error analysis (mathematics)
Round-off error
Kahan summation algorithm
Numerical sign problem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail%20On%21%20Sail%20On%21 | "Sail On! Sail On!" is an alternate history short story by American writer Philip José Farmer, first published in Startling Stories 1952. In an alternative 1492, Christopher Columbus sets out to find a shortened route to China and South-East Asia across the Atlantic, financed by Ferdinand V and Isabella I of Spain. However, in this timeline, the Earth is flat, though scientists and philosophers have doubts about its geological provenance, and an Angelo Angelli is mentioned as proving Aristotle's axiom that objects of different weights drop with different velocities (which Galileo Galilei disproved in our world).
Radio technology exists in 1492, and the shipboard operator of a telegraph is a "Friar Sparks", although the principles are described in religious terms involving angels' winglength as a substitute for radio waves and the involvement of cherubim hurling themselves across the ether to send the signal (giving rise to "kilo-cherubs" as a measurement of frequency, denoted as "k c.", and "continuous wingheight", denoted as "c w", both radio terms in the real world). Psychology also exists, which means that Columbus's vessels do not turn back despite growing unease and ominous warning signs. It turns out that the Americas do not exist, and that this world is a disc, not a sphere; so, like other transatlantic travellers, Columbus and his colleagues sail over the edge of the world into Earth orbit, and never return from their mission.
Influence
The song "Birds Without Legs," by Kevin Healey is inspired by "Sail On! Sail On!". The song also borrows images from Farmer's 1977 novel, The Dark Design, which contains a description of a mystical vision that parallels a passage in "Sail On! Sail On!". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlentaucher | Perlentaucher is a German online magazine. It was founded and is published by Anja Seeliger and Thierry Chervel and has been available since March 15, 2000.
The magazine styles itself as a culture magazine, with its main focus on German culture and feuilleton and a daily overview of book reviews that have been published in a range of main German newspapers. With more than 500.000 visits per month Perlentaucher claims to be the biggest culture magazine in Germany.
In 2003, Perlentaucher was awarded the prestigious Grimme Award for online journalism, the jury calling it a "one-of-a-kind 'journal of journals'".
Another online magazine run by Perlentaucher Medien was the English-language signandsight.com. Signandsight was first published in 2005, bringing a news digest of articles on European cultural topics. It was discontinued in March 2012 due to the presently unfavourable "economic climate".
The Perlentaucher magazine also cooperates with the website Salon run by the Slovak organisation Project Forum.
Footnotes
External links
www.perlentaucher.de published in German
www.signandsight.com published in English (Archive 2005–2012)
2000 establishments in Germany
Cultural magazines published in Germany
German-language magazines
Magazines established in 2000
Magazines published in Berlin
Online magazines |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethmoidal%20process%20of%20inferior%20nasal%20concha | Behind the lacrimal process of the inferior nasal conchae lies a broad, thin plate, the ethmoidal process, which ascends to join the uncinate process of the ethmoid; from its lower border a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and lateralward; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-pay%20auction | In economics and game theory, an all-pay auction is an auction in which every bidder must pay regardless of whether they win the prize, which is awarded to the highest bidder as in a conventional auction. As shown by Riley and Samuelson (1981), equilibrium bidding in an all pay auction with private information is revenue equivalent to bidding in a sealed high bid or open ascending price auction.
In the simplest version, there is complete information. The Nash equilibrium is such that each bidder plays a mixed strategy and expected pay-offs are zero. The seller's expected revenue is equal to the value of the prize. However, some economic experiments and studies have shown that over-bidding is common. That is, the seller's revenue frequently exceeds that of the value of the prize, in hopes of securing the winning bid. In repeated games even bidders that win the prize frequently will most likely take a loss in the long run.
The all-pay auction with complete information does not have a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies, but does have a Nash equilibrium in mixed-strategies.
Forms of all-pay auctions
The most straightforward form of an all-pay auction is a Tullock auction, sometimes called a Tullock lottery after Gordon Tullock, in which everyone submits a bid but both the losers and the winners pay their submitted bids. This is instrumental in describing certain ideas in public choice economics.
The dollar auction is a two player Tullock auction, or a multiplayer game in which only the two highest bidders pay their bids. Another practical examples are the bidding fee auction and the Chinese auction.
Other forms of all-pay auctions exist, such as a war of attrition (also known as biological auctions), in which the highest bidder wins, but all (or more typically, both) bidders pay only the lower bid. The war of attrition is used by biologists to model conventional contests, or agonistic interactions resolved without recourse to physical aggression.
Rules
The fol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20vestigiality | In the context of human evolution, human vestigiality involves those traits occurring in humans that have lost all or most of their original function through evolution. Although structures called vestigial often appear functionless, a vestigial structure may retain lesser functions or develop minor new ones. In some cases, structures once identified as vestigial simply had an unrecognized function. Vestigial organs are sometimes called rudimentary organs. Many human characteristics are also vestigial in other primates and related animals.
History
Charles Darwin listed a number of putative human vestigial features, which he termed rudimentary, in The Descent of Man (1871). These included the muscles of the ear; wisdom teeth; the appendix; the tail bone; body hair; and the semilunar fold in the corner of the eye. Darwin also commented on the sporadic nature of many vestigial features, particularly musculature. Making reference to the work of the anatomist William Turner, Darwin highlighted a number of sporadic muscles which he identified as vestigial remnants of the panniculus carnosus, particularly the sternalis muscle.
In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published The Structure of Man, a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. This book contained a list of 86 human organs that he considered vestigial, or as Wiedersheim himself explained: "Organs having become wholly or in part functionless, some appearing in the Embryo alone, others present during Life constantly or inconstantly. For the greater part Organs which may be rightly termed Vestigial." His list of supposedly vestigial organs included many of the examples on this page as well as others then mistakenly believed to be purely vestigial, such as the pineal gland, the thymus gland, and the pituitary gland. Some of these organs that had lost their obvious, original functions later turned out to have retained functions that had gone unrecognized before the discovery of hormones or many o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiolutin | Thiolutin is a sulfur-containing antibiotic, which is a potent inhibitor of bacterial and yeast RNA polymerases. It was found to inhibit in vitro RNA synthesis directed by all three yeast RNA polymerases (I, II, and III). Thiolutin is also an inhibitor of mannan and glucan formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used for the analysis of mRNA stability. Studies have shown that thiolutin inhibits adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to vitronectin and thus suppresses tumor cell-induced angiogenesis in vivo.
Thiolutin is formed in submerged fermentation by several strains of Streptomycetes luteosporeus. Some sources erroneously specify "aureothricin" as a synonym of thiolutin. Aureothricin is an antibiotic very similar to thiolutin, and is created as a by-product during the thiolutin fermentation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filling%20area%20conjecture | In differential geometry, Mikhail Gromov's filling area conjecture asserts that the hemisphere has minimum area among the orientable surfaces that fill a closed curve of given length without introducing shortcuts between its points.
Definitions and statement of the conjecture
Every smooth surface or curve in Euclidean space is a metric space, in which the (intrinsic) distance between two points of is defined as the infimum of the lengths of the curves that go from to along . For example, on a closed curve of length , for each point of the curve there is a unique other point of the curve (called the antipodal of ) at distance from .
A compact surface fills a closed curve if its border (also called boundary, denoted ) is the curve . The filling is said to be isometric if for any two points of the boundary curve , the distance between them along is the same (not less) than the distance along the boundary. In other words, to fill a curve isometrically is to fill it without introducing shortcuts.
Question: How small can be the area of a surface that isometrically fills its boundary curve, of given length?
For example, in three-dimensional Euclidean space, the circle
(of length 2) is filled by the flat disk
which is not an isometric filling, because any straight chord along it is a shortcut. In contrast, the hemisphere
is an isometric filling of the same circle , which has twice the area of the flat disk. Is this the minimum possible area?
The surface can be imagined as made of a flexible but non-stretchable material, that allows it to be moved around and bended in Euclidean space. None of these transformations modifies the area of the surface nor the length of the curves drawn on it, which are the magnitudes relevant to the problem. The surface can be removed from Euclidean space altogether, obtaining a Riemannian surface, which is an abstract smooth surface with a Riemannian metric that encodes the lengths and area. Reciprocally, according to t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoBlock | MoBlock is free software for blocking connections to and from a specified range of hosts. Moblock is an IP address filtering program for Linux that is similar to PeerGuardian for Microsoft Windows. Its development has been stopped in favor of Phoenix Labs' official PeerGuardian Linux and parts of its code have been merged in PeerGuardian Linux.
See also
PeerGuardian
iplist
External links
MoBlock Homepage
Debian packages for MoBlock and PeerGuardian Linux
PeerGuardian project at sourceforge
Firewall software
Internet privacy software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slepian%27s%20lemma | In probability theory, Slepian's lemma (1962), named after David Slepian, is a Gaussian comparison inequality. It states that for Gaussian random variables and in satisfying ,
the following inequality holds for all real numbers :
or equivalently,
While this intuitive-seeming result is true for Gaussian processes, it is not in general true for other random variables—not even those with expectation 0.
As a corollary, if is a centered stationary Gaussian process such that for all , it holds for any real number that
History
Slepian's lemma was first proven by Slepian in 1962, and has since been used in reliability theory, extreme value theory and areas of pure probability. It has also been re-proven in several different forms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20de%20Medicina%20Molecular | The Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (Institute of Molecular Medicine), or iMM for short, is an associated research institution of the University of Lisbon, in Lisbon, Portugal.
IMM is devoted to human genome research with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of disease mechanisms, developing novel predictive tests, improving diagnostics tools, and developing new therapeutic approaches.
History
IMM was created in November 2001, as a result from the association of 5 research centres from the University of Lisbon Medical School: the Biology and Molecular Pathology Centre (CEBIP), the Lisbon Neurosciences Centre (CNL), the Microcirculation and Vascular Pathobiology Centre (CMBV), the Gastroenterology Centre (CG), and the Nutrition and Metabolism Centre (CNB).
In 2003, the Molecular Pathobiology Research Centre (CIPM) of the Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil (IPOFG) became an associate member of IMM.
Historically, IMM benefited from the full integration of academic researchers into the Lisbon Medical School who initiated their academic training and scientific careers at Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), in Oeiras, one of the first national institutions to introduce and make use of state-of-the-art cell and molecular biology techniques.
The IMM is now known as Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, to honour one of its founders and president (2001-2014), Professor João Lobo Antunes. Maria do Carmo-Fonseca is the current president of IMM, having served before as IMM Executive Director since its creation. The current executive director is the malaria researcher Maria Mota. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebugging | Bebugging (or fault seeding or error seeding) is a popular software engineering technique used in the 1970s to measure test coverage. Known bugs are randomly added to a program source code and the software tester is tasked to find them. The percentage of the known bugs not found gives an indication of the real bugs that remain.
The term "bebugging" was first mentioned in The Psychology of Computer Programming (1970), where Gerald M. Weinberg described the use of the method as a way of training, motivating, and evaluating programmers, not as a measure of faults remaining in a program. The approach was borrowed from the SAGE system, where it was used to keep operators watching radar screens alert. Here's a quote from the original use of the term:
An early application of bebugging was Harlan Mills's fault seeding approach which was later refined by stratified fault-seeding. These techniques worked by adding a number of known faults to a software system for the purpose of monitoring the rate of detection and removal. This assumed that it is possible to estimate the number of remaining faults in a software system still to be detected by a particular test methodology.
Bebugging is a type of fault injection.
See also
Fault injection
Mutation testing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston%20Dynamics | Boston Dynamics is an American engineering and robotics design company founded in 1992 as a spin-off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts, Boston Dynamics has been owned by the Hyundai Motor Group since December 2020, but having only completed the acquisition in June 2021.
Boston Dynamics develops of a series of dynamic highly mobile robots, including BigDog, Spot, Atlas, and Handle. Since 2019, Spot has been made commercially available, making it the first commercially available robot from Boston Dynamics, while the company has stated its intent to commercialize other robots as well, including Handle.
History
The company was founded by Marc Raibert, who spun the company off from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992. The company was an outgrowth of the Leg Laboratory, Raibert's research lab at MIT and Carnegie Mellon University. The Leg Laboratory helped establish the scientific basis for highly dynamic robots. These robots were inspired by the remarkable ability of animals to move with agility, dexterity, perception and intelligence, and the work there set the stage for the robots developed at Boston Dynamics. Nancy Cornelius was a co-founder of Boston Dynamics, having joined the company as its first employee. During her time there she served as an officer of the company, did engineering on many contracts, was CFO for 10 years, and later was VP in charge of engineering on several contracts. She retired after 21 years of service in 2013, when the company was acquired by Google. Robert Playter was also a co-founder of the company, joining a few months later, as soon as he completed his PhD thesis at MIT working with Raibert in the Leg Laboratory. Playter was COO at the company for many years and has been CEO since 2019.
Early in the company's history, it worked with the American Systems Corporation under a contract from the Naval Air Warfare Center Training Systems Division (NAWCTSD) to replace naval |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum%20bounding%20box | In geometry, the minimum bounding box or smallest bounding box (also known as the minimum enclosing box or smallest enclosing box) for a point set in dimensions is the box with the smallest measure (area, volume, or hypervolume in higher dimensions) within which all the points lie. When other kinds of measure are used, the minimum box is usually called accordingly, e.g., "minimum-perimeter bounding box".
The minimum bounding box of a point set is the same as the minimum bounding box of its convex hull, a fact which may be used heuristically to speed up computation.
In the two-dimensional case it is called the minimum bounding rectangle.
Axis-aligned minimum bounding box
The axis-aligned minimum bounding box (or AABB) for a given point set is its minimum bounding box subject to the constraint that the edges of the box are parallel to the (Cartesian) coordinate axes. It is the Cartesian product of N intervals each of which is defined by the minimal and maximal value of the corresponding coordinate for the points in S.
Axis-aligned minimal bounding boxes are used to an approximate location of an object in question and as a very simple descriptor of its shape. For example, in computational geometry and its applications when it is required to find intersections in the set of objects, the initial check is the intersections between their MBBs. Since it is usually a much less expensive operation than the check of the actual intersection (because it only requires comparisons of coordinates), it allows quickly excluding checks of the pairs that are far apart.
Arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box
The arbitrarily oriented minimum bounding box is the minimum bounding box, calculated subject to no constraints as to the orientation of the result. Minimum bounding box algorithms based on the rotating calipers method can be used to find the minimum-area or minimum-perimeter bounding box of a two-dimensional convex polygon in linear time, and of a three-dimensional point |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%20circles | In geometry, a set of Johnson circles comprises three circles of equal radius sharing one common point of intersection . In such a configuration the circles usually have a total of four intersections (points where at least two of them meet): the common point that they all share, and for each of the three pairs of circles one more intersection point (referred here as their 2-wise intersection). If any two of the circles happen to osculate, they only have as a common point, and it will then be considered that be their 2-wise intersection as well; if they should coincide we declare their 2-wise intersection be the point diametrically opposite . The three 2-wise intersection points define the reference triangle of the figure. The concept is named after Roger Arthur Johnson.
Properties
The centers of the Johnson circles lie on a circle of the same radius as the Johnson circles centered at . These centers form the Johnson triangle.
The circle centered at with radius , known as the anticomplementary circle is tangent to each of the Johnson circles. The three tangent points are reflections of point about the vertices of the Johnson triangle.
The points of tangency between the Johnson circles and the anticomplementary circle form another triangle, called the anticomplementary triangle of the reference triangle. It is similar to the Johnson triangle, and is homothetic by a factor 2 centered at , their common circumcenter.
Johnson's theorem: The 2-wise intersection points of the Johnson circles (vertices of the reference triangle ) lie on a circle of the same radius as the Johnson circles. This property is also well known in Romania as The 5 lei coin problem of Gheorghe Țițeica.
The reference triangle is in fact congruent to the Johnson triangle, and is homothetic to it by a factor −1.
The point is the orthocenter of the reference triangle and the circumcenter of the Johnson triangle.
The homothetic center of the Johnson triangle and the reference triangle |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyposis%20registries | Polyposis registries exist for the purpose of understanding the genetic disease familial adenomatous polyposis. The registries provide a service to doctors for identification, surveillance and management of families and individuals with high colorectal cancer risk from Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC). The Centers for Disease Control of the United States provides, royalty-free, Registry Plus software for collecting and processing cancer registry data compliant with national standards established by health professionals and regulators to understand and address the burden of cancer more effectively.
Polyposis registries have been used in numerous academic studies to assess morbidity and mortality of colorectal cancer related to FAP, and use of registry data has resulted in improved treatment and reduced mortality from polyposis-related colorectal cancer.
The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center maintains an international list of registries related to hereditary colon cancer.
Registries
Some of the registries include:
North America
Steve Atanas Stavro Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry (Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada)
The Johns Hopkins Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA)
Europe
St Mark's Hospital Polyposis Registry (St Mark's Hospital Foundation, St Mark's Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom)
F.A.P.A. Belgian Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Lynch Syndrome Non-Profit Organization (F.A.P.A., Brussels, Belgium)
Asia
Singapore Polyposis Registry (Singapore General Hospital, Singapore)
See also
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specification%20pattern | In computer programming, the specification pattern is a particular software design pattern, whereby business rules can be recombined by chaining the business rules together using boolean logic. The pattern is frequently used in the context of domain-driven design.
A specification pattern outlines a business rule that is combinable with other business rules. In this pattern, a unit of business logic inherits its functionality from the abstract aggregate Composite Specification class. The Composite Specification class has one function called IsSatisfiedBy that returns a boolean value. After instantiation, the specification is "chained" with other specifications, making new specifications easily maintainable, yet highly customizable business logic. Furthermore, upon instantiation the business logic may, through method invocation or inversion of control, have its state altered in order to become a delegate of other classes such as a persistence repository.
As a consequence of performing runtime composition of high-level business/domain logic, the Specification pattern is a convenient tool for converting ad-hoc user search criteria into low level logic to be processed by repositories.
Since a specification is an encapsulation of logic in a reusable form it is very simple to thoroughly unit test, and when used in this context is also an implementation of the humble object pattern.
Code examples
C#
public interface ISpecification
{
bool IsSatisfiedBy(object candidate);
ISpecification And(ISpecification other);
ISpecification AndNot(ISpecification other);
ISpecification Or(ISpecification other);
ISpecification OrNot(ISpecification other);
ISpecification Not();
}
public abstract class CompositeSpecification : ISpecification
{
public abstract bool IsSatisfiedBy(object candidate);
public ISpecification And(ISpecification other)
{
return new AndSpecification(this, other);
}
public ISpecification AndNot(ISpecifi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradoxoglanis | Paradoxoglanis is a genus of electric catfishes native to Africa where all of the known species are endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The species in this genus range from about 11–17 centimetres (4.3–6.7 in) SL.
Species
There are currently three recognized species in this genus:
Paradoxoglanis caudivittatus Norris, 2002
Paradoxoglanis cryptus Norris, 2002
Paradoxoglanis parvus Norris, 2002 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20function%20%28set%20theory%29 | In set theory, a continuous function is a sequence of ordinals such that the values assumed at limit stages are the limits (limit suprema and limit infima) of all values at previous stages. More formally, let γ be an ordinal, and be a γ-sequence of ordinals. Then s is continuous if at every limit ordinal β < γ,
and
Alternatively, if s is an increasing function then s is continuous if s: γ → range(s) is a continuous function when the sets are each equipped with the order topology. These continuous functions are often used in cofinalities and cardinal numbers.
A normal function is a function that is both continuous and increasing. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Federation | WS-Federation (Web Services Federation) is an Identity Federation specification, developed by a group of companies: BEA Systems, BMC Software, CA Inc. (along with Layer 7 Technologies now a part of CA Inc.), IBM, Microsoft, Novell, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and VeriSign. Part of the larger Web Services Security framework, WS-Federation defines mechanisms for allowing different security realms to broker information on identities, identity attributes and authentication. WS-Federation focuses on federated identity and trusting authentication tokens across different realms, privileged password management is concerned with the security, control, and audit of high-risk account passwords within an IT environment.
Associated specifications
The following draft specifications are associated with WS-Security:
WS-SecureConversation
WS-Federation
WS-Authorization
WS-Policy
WS-Trust
WS-Privacy
See also
List of Web service specifications
Web Services
SAML
XACML
Liberty Alliance
OpenID |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffered%20charcoal%20yeast%20extract%20agar | Buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar is a selective growth medium used to culture or grow certain types of bacteria, particularly the Gram-negative species Legionella pneumophila. It has also been used for the laboratory diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis, Francisella and Nocardia.
This culture is to be differentiated from regular yeast extract agar, which is not selective. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel%20City | Eel City is the name given to a community of deep-sea eels living amongst hydrothermal vents in the new volcano of Nafanua in American Samoa. It is unique because most hydrothermal vents are predominantly inhabited by invertebrates, whereas there is little invertebrate life in Eel City.
The community of eels was discovered in 2005, when a new volcanic cone, Nafanua, was discovered inside the submerged caldera of Vailulu'u volcanic sea mount. The eels were identified as synapobranchid eels Dysommina rugosa, which are known from trawl samples in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, but have never before been studied in their natural habitat. They are deep sea fishes, bottom dwellers, up to 37 cm long.
Preliminary work indicates that they use the vent only as a place to live. They seem to feed not on chemosynthetic bacteria, but on crustaceans that pass by Nafanua's summit in the currents.
During the initial dive in March 2005, one of the discoverers, Hubert Staudigel (a geologist at San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography), commented "I suppose it's possible they migrate up the water column and feed in the water column and migrate back down to the cracks and crevices to hang out. But it seems odd that a deep-sea fish that would normally be experiencing 2- to 5-degree Celsius (35.6 degrees to 41 degrees Fahrenheit) water would be seeking out water that is warmer." |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrie%20Holley | Kerrie Lamont Holley is an American software architect, author, researcher, consultant, and inventor. He recently joined Industry Solutions, Google Cloud. Previously he was with UnitedHealth Group / Optum, their first Technical Fellow, where he focused on ideating healthcare assets and solutions using IoT, AI, graph database and more. His main focus centered on advancing AI in healthcare with an emphasis on deep learning and natural language processing. Holley is a retired IBM Fellow. Holley served as vice president and CTO at Cisco responsible for their analytics and automation platform. Holley is known internationally for his innovative work in architecture and software engineering centered on the adoption of scalable services, next era computing, service-oriented architecture and APIs.
Biography
Early life and education
Holley was raised by his maternal grandmother on Chicago's south side. He became a student at the Sue Duncan Children's Center in 1961 where he was tutored in math and science. As he excelled in the program, he became a tutor at the center, later tutoring former United States Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan and actor Michael Clarke Duncan. After graduating from Kenwood Academy in 1972, Holley went on to receive his Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from DePaul University in Chicago; followed by a Juris Doctor Degree in 1982 from DePaul University College of Law. In 2016, Holley was conferred a Doctor of Humane Letters from DePaul University, College of Communication / College of Computing and Digital Media.
Career
Holley joined IBM in 1986 as an advisory systems engineer. In 1990 he became an analytics consultant with IBM's consulting group, now called IBM Global Business Services. He was appointed chief technology officer of IBM's GBS, AIS and IBM's SOA Center of Excellence where he works with clients to create flexible applications that enable companies to respond to rapidly changing markets. SOA (service-oriented architecture) is a sof |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtinger%20inequality%20%282-forms%29 | For other inequalities named after Wirtinger, see Wirtinger's inequality.
In mathematics, the Wirtinger inequality, named after Wilhelm Wirtinger, is a fundamental result in complex linear algebra which relates the symplectic and volume forms of a hermitian inner product. It has important consequences in complex geometry, such as showing that the normalized exterior powers of the Kähler form of a Kähler manifold are calibrations.
Statement
Consider a real vector space with positive-definite inner product , symplectic form , and almost-complex structure , linked by for any vectors and . Then for any orthonormal vectors there is
There is equality if and only if the span of is closed under the operation of .
In the language of the comass of a form, the Wirtinger theorem (although without precision about when equality is achieved) can also be phrased as saying that the comass of the form is equal to .
Proof
In the special case , the Wirtinger inequality is a special case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:
According to the equality case of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, equality occurs if and only if and are collinear, which is equivalent to the span of being closed under .
Let be fixed, and let denote their span. Then there is an orthonormal basis of with dual basis such that
where denotes the inclusion map from into . This implies
which in turn implies
where the inequality follows from the previously-established case. If equality holds, then according to the equality case, it must be the case that for each . This is equivalent to either or , which in either case (from the case) implies that the span of is closed under , and hence that the span of is closed under .
Finally, the dependence of the quantity
on is only on the quantity , and from the orthonormality condition on , this wedge product is well-determined up to a sign. This relates the above work with to the desired statement in terms of .
Consequences
Given a complex manifold |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LiveStation | Livestation was a platform for distributing live television and radio broadcasts over a data network. It was originally developed by Skinkers Ltd. and is now an independent company called Livestation Ltd. The service was originally based on peer-to-peer technology acquired from Microsoft Research. Between mid-June 2013 and mid-July Livestation was unavailable to some subscribers due to technical issues.
In late 2016, the service closed down without notice.
Overview
Livestation aggregated international news channels online and offered them in a number of ways:
Free to watch: a number of channels could be watched for free on the Livestation website or on their desktop player, a freely downloadable video application that presented all the channels through one interface.
Premium service: some of the free channels were also available on a subscription basis both in higher quality (800kbit/s) and in lower (256kbit/s) delivered via an international content distribution network for higher reliability.
Mobile: Livestation launched BBC World News on the iPhone in 16 European countries and Al Jazeera English globally. The apps were available in the iPhone AppStore and stream the live TV channel 24/7 on both Wi-Fi and 3G connections.
Livestation broadcast streams encoded in VC-1 format (Livestation is not currently using peer-to-peer). Playback controls were overlaid on top of the video stream. Unlike services such as Joost which offer video on demand channels, Livestation streams live broadcasts.
Livestation provided a website, mobile website and native applications for iOS, Android, Nokia and Blackberry handsets. Early models of Samsung TV were also supported. They also provided desktop software available for Windows, Mac (including PowerPC) and Linux. The cross-platform compatibility of the desktop software was facilitated by the Qt framework. Social networking features were later added that include the ability to chat with other viewers and also find out what other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20extraction | Data extraction is the act or process of retrieving data out of (usually unstructured or poorly structured) data sources for further data processing or data storage (data migration). The import into the intermediate extracting system is thus usually followed by data transformation and possibly the addition of metadata prior to export to another stage in the data workflow.
Usually, the term data extraction is applied when (experimental) data is first imported into a computer from primary sources, like measuring or recording devices. Today's electronic devices will usually present an electrical connector (e.g. USB) through which 'raw data' can be streamed into a personal computer.
Data sources
Typical unstructured data sources include web pages, emails, documents, PDFs, scanned text, mainframe reports, spool files, classifieds, etc. which is further used for sales or marketing leads. Extracting data from these unstructured sources has grown into a considerable technical challenge where as historically data extraction has had to deal with changes in physical hardware formats, the majority of current data extraction deals with extracting data from these unstructured data sources, and from different software formats. This growing process of data extraction from the web is referred to as "Web data extraction" or "Web scraping".
Imposing structure
The act of adding structure to unstructured data takes a number of forms
Using text pattern matching such as regular expressions to identify small or large-scale structure e.g. records in a report and their associated data from headers and footers;
Using a table-based approach to identify common sections within a limited domain e.g. in emailed resumes, identifying skills, previous work experience, qualifications etc. using a standard set of commonly used headings (these would differ from language to language), e.g. Education might be found under Education/Qualification/Courses;
Using text analytics to attempt to understand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari%20TOS | TOS (The Operating System) is the operating system of the Atari ST range of computers. This range includes the 520ST and 1040ST, their STF/M/FM and STE variants and the Mega ST/STE. Later, 32-bit machines (TT, Falcon030) were developed using a new version of TOS, called MultiTOS, which allowed multitasking. More recently, users have further developed TOS into FreeMiNT.
Details
Atari TOS (The Operating System) debuted with the Atari 520ST in 1985. TOS combines Digital Research's GEM GUI running on top of the DOS-like GEMDOS. Features include a flat memory model, DOS-compatible disk format (starting with TOS 1.04), support for MIDI, and a variant of SCSI called ACSI in later versions. Atari's TOS is usually run from ROM chips contained in the computer: Thus, before local hard drives were available in home computers, it was an almost instant-running OS. TOS booted off floppy disks in the very first STs, but only about half a year after the ST was introduced, all ST models started shipping with the latest version of TOS in ROM.
TOS consisted of the following:
Desktop – The main interface loaded after bootup.
GEM – Graphics Environment Manager, licensed from Digital Research
AES – Application Environment Services
VDI – Virtual Device Interface (screen drivers only, other drivers loaded using GDOS)
GEMDOS – GEM Disk Operating System
BIOS – Basic Input/Output System
XBIOS – Extended BIOS
Line-A – Low-level high-speed graphics calls. Obsolete from TOS 3 onwards.
The following were extensions to TOS (loaded separately):
GDOS – Graphics Device Operating System
AHDI – Atari Hard Disk Interface (hard disk driver)
True multitasking was not directly supported, but TOS allowed up to six Desk accessories to be loaded into the system. MultiTOS was developed to allow TOS to preemptively multitask.
Desktop
The TOS desktop uses icons to represent files and devices, windows and dialog boxes to display info. The desktop file "DESKTOP.INF" was read to determine window set |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza | Hamza ( ) () is a letter in the Arabic alphabet, representing the glottal stop . Hamza is not one of the 28 "full" letters and owes its existence to historical reform of standard writing system. It is derived from the Arabic letter ʿAyn ( ). In the Phoenician, Hebrew and Aramaic alphabets, from which the Arabic alphabet is descended, the glottal stop was expressed by alif (𐤀), continued by Alif (ا) in the Arabic alphabet. However, Alif was used to express both a glottal stop and also a long vowel . In order to indicate that a glottal stop is used, and not a mere vowel, it was added to Alif diacritically. In modern orthography, hamza may also appear on the line, under certain circumstances as though it were a full letter, independent of an Alif.
Etymology
Hamza is derived from the verb () meaning 'to prick, goad, drive' or 'to provide (a letter or word) with hamzah'.
Hamzat al-waṣl (ٱ)
The letter hamza () on its own is (, "the hamzah which breaks, ceases or halts", i.e. the broken, cessation, halting"), otherwise referred to as (), that is, a phonemic glottal stop unlike the (, "the hamzah which attaches, connects or joins", i.e. the attachment, connection, joining"), a non-phonemic glottal stop produced automatically only if at the beginning of an utterance, otherwise assimilated. Although the can be written as an alif carrying a sign (only in the Quran), it is normally indicated by a plain alif without a hamza.
occurs in:
the definite article
some short words with two of their three-consonant roots apparent: ism , ibn , imru (fem. imra'ah ), ithnāni (fem. ithnatāni )
the imperative verbs of forms I and VII to X
the perfective aspect of verb forms VII to X and their verbal nouns
some borrowed words that start with consonant clusters such as
It is not pronounced following a vowel (, ). This event occurs in the definite article or at the beginning of a noun following a preposition or a verb following a relative pronoun. If the definite articl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage%20mechanics | Damage mechanics is concerned with the representation, or modeling, of damage of materials that is suitable for making engineering predictions about the initiation, propagation, and fracture of materials without resorting to a microscopic description that would be too complex for practical engineering analysis.
Damage mechanics illustrates the typical engineering approach to model complex phenomena. To quote Dusan Krajcinovic, "It is often argued that the ultimate task of engineering research is to provide not so much a better insight into the examined phenomenon but to supply a rational predictive tool applicable in design". Damage mechanics is a topic of applied mechanics that relies heavily on continuum mechanics. Most of the work on damage mechanics uses state variables to represent the effects of damage on the stiffness and remaining life of the material that is damaging as a result of thermomechanical load and ageing. The state variables may be measurable, e.g., crack density, or inferred from the effect they have on some macroscopic property, such as stiffness, coefficient of thermal expansion, remaining life, etc. The state variables have conjugate thermodynamic forces that motivate further damage. Initially the material is pristine, or intact. A damage activation criterion is needed to predict damage initiation. Damage evolution does not progress spontaneously after initiation, thus requiring a damage evolution model. In plasticity like formulations, the damage evolution is controlled by a hardening function but this requires additional phenomenological parameters that must be found through experimentation, which is expensive, time consuming, and virtually no one does. On the other hand, micromechanics of damage formulations are able to predict both damage initiation and evolution without additional material properties.
Creep Continuum Damage Mechanics
When mechanical structures are exposed to temperatures exceeding one-third of the melting temperature of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma%20ovipneumoniae | Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is a species of Mycoplasma bacteria that most commonly inhabits and affects ovine animals, first described in 1972. M. ovipneumoniae contributes to harmful pneumonia in sheep and goats. The duration and severity of M. ovipneumoniae varies from region to region.
Affected populations
M. ovipneumoniae is a respiratory pathogen of domestic sheep, domestic goats, Bighorn sheep, mountain goats, and other Caprinae and can cause both primary atypical pneumonia and also predispose infected animals to secondary pneumonia with other agents, including Mannheimia haemolytica. Recent studies have identified the bacterium in others animals outside of the caprinae family. M. ovipneumoniae has been detected in bighorn sheep, caribou, mountain goats, Beira antelope, Dall sheep, muskoxen, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and domestic cattle, sheep and goats.
Characteristics
Several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenicity of M. ovipneumoniae, including altering macrophage activity, adhering to the ruminants' ciliated epithelium via its polysaccharide capsule, inducing the production of autoantibodies to ciliary antigens, and suppressive activity on lymphocytes, all of which are important factors that contribute to the disease in sheep and other small ruminants. The bacterium also has the ability to act as a predisposing factor for other bacterial and viral infections. Populations of M. ovipneumoniae of infected sheep are often found to have varying strains of the bacterium within one animal, but the different strains vary in virulence. The bacterium can be found within the lungs, trachea, and nasal cavity of small ruminants. M. ovipneumoniae paralyzes cilia in the airways of the infected animal which doesn't allow them to push out the pneumonia-causing bacteria that has entered the lungs. A combination of this with other environmental factors can cause respiratory disease and increased mortality rates in infected individuals.
Transmission and impacts on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HydroGeoSphere | HydroGeoSphere (HGS) is a 3D control-volume finite element groundwater model, and is based on a rigorous conceptualization of the hydrologic system consisting of surface and subsurface flow regimes. The model is designed to take into account all key components of the hydrologic cycle. For each time step, the model solves surface and subsurface flow, solute and energy transport equations simultaneously, and provides a complete water and solute balance.
History
The original name for the code was FRAC3DVS, which was created by René Therrien in 1992. The code was further developed jointly at the University of Waterloo and the Laval University, and was primarily used for academic research. It was renamed to HydroGeoSphere in 2002 with the implementation of 2D surface water flow and transport. In 2012, the software became commercialized under the support and management of Aquanty Inc.
Governing equations
In order to accomplish the integrated analysis, HydroGeoSphere utilizes a rigorous, mass conservative modeling approach that fully couples the surface flow and transport equations with the 3-D, variably saturated subsurface flow and transport equations. This approach is significantly more robust than previous conjunctive approaches that rely on linkage of separate surface and subsurface modeling codes.
Groundwater Flow
HydroGeoSphere assumes that the subsurface flow equation in a porous medium is always solved during a simulation, either for fully saturated or variably saturated flow conditions. The subsurface flow equation can be expanded to incorporate discrete fractures, a second interacting porous continuum, wells, tile drains and surface flow. The following assumptions are made for subsurface flow:
The fluid is essentially incompressible.
The porous medium and fractures (or macropores), if present, are non-deformable.
The system is under isothermal conditions.
The air phase is infinitely mobile.
The Richards’ equation is used to describe three-dimensional t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein%E2%80%93Primakoff%20transformation | In quantum mechanics, the Holstein–Primakoff transformation is a mapping between to the spin operators from boson creation and annihilation operators, effectively truncating their infinite-dimensional Fock space to finite-dimensional subspaces.
One important aspect of quantum mechanics is the occurrence of—in general—non-commuting operators which represent observables, quantities that can be measured.
A standard example of a set of such operators are the three components of the angular momentum operators, which are crucial in many quantum systems.
These operators are complicated, and one would like to find a simpler representation, which can be used to generate approximate calculational schemes.
The transformation was developed in 1940 by Theodore Holstein, a graduate student at the time, and Henry Primakoff. This method has found widespread applicability and has been extended in many different directions.
There is a close link to other methods of boson mapping of operator algebras: in particular, the (non-Hermitian) Dyson–Maleev technique, and to a lesser extent the Jordan–Schwinger map. There is, furthermore, a close link to the theory of (generalized) coherent states in Lie algebras.
Description
The basic idea can be illustrated for the basic example of spin operators of quantum mechanics.
For any set of right-handed orthogonal axes, define the components of this vector operator as , and , which are mutually noncommuting, i.e., and its cyclic permutations.
In order to uniquely specify the states of a spin, one may diagonalise any set of commuting operators. Normally one uses the SU(2) Casimir operators and , which leads to
states with the quantum numbers ,
The projection quantum number takes on all the values .
Consider a single particle of spin (i.e., look at a single irreducible representation of SU(2)). Now take the state with maximal projection , the extremal weight state as a vacuum for a set of boson operators, and each subsequent state wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution%20power | In mathematics, the convolution power is the n-fold iteration of the convolution with itself. Thus if is a function on Euclidean space Rd and is a natural number, then the convolution power is defined by
where ∗ denotes the convolution operation of functions on Rd and δ0 is the Dirac delta distribution. This definition makes sense if x is an integrable function (in L1), a rapidly decreasing distribution (in particular, a compactly supported distribution) or is a finite Borel measure.
If x is the distribution function of a random variable on the real line, then the nth convolution power of x gives the distribution function of the sum of n independent random variables with identical distribution x. The central limit theorem states that if x is in L1 and L2 with mean zero and variance σ2, then
where Φ is the cumulative standard normal distribution on the real line. Equivalently, tends weakly to the standard normal distribution.
In some cases, it is possible to define powers x*t for arbitrary real t > 0. If μ is a probability measure, then μ is infinitely divisible provided there exists, for each positive integer n, a probability measure μ1/n such that
That is, a measure is infinitely divisible if it is possible to define all nth roots. Not every probability measure is infinitely divisible, and a characterization of infinitely divisible measures is of central importance in the abstract theory of stochastic processes. Intuitively, a measure should be infinitely divisible provided it has a well-defined "convolution logarithm." The natural candidate for measures having such a logarithm are those of (generalized) Poisson type, given in the form
In fact, the Lévy–Khinchin theorem states that a necessary and sufficient condition for a measure to be infinitely divisible is that it must lie in the closure, with respect to the vague topology, of the class of Poisson measures .
Many applications of the convolution power rely on being able to define the analog of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic%20excursion | Diaphragmatic excursion is the movement of the thoracic diaphragm during breathing.
Normal diaphragmatic excursion should be 3–5 cm, but can be increased in well-conditioned persons to 7–8 cm. This measures the contraction of the diaphragm.
It is performed by asking the patient to exhale and hold it. The doctor then percusses down their back in the intercostal margins (bone will be dull), starting below the scapula, until sounds change from resonant to dull (lungs are resonant, solid organs should be dull). That is where the provider marks the spot. Then the patient takes a deep breath in and holds it as the provider percusses down again, marking the spot where the sound changes from resonant to dull again. Then the provider will measure the distance between the two spots. Repeat on the other side, is usually higher up on the right side. If it is less than 3–5 cm the patient may have a pneumonia or a pneumothorax in which a chest x-ray is diagnostic for either. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20evolutionary%20psychology | Evolutionary psychology seeks to identify and understand human psychological traits that have evolved in much the same way as biological traits, through adaptation to environmental cues. Furthermore, it tends toward viewing the vast majority of psychological traits, certainly the most important ones, as the result of past adaptions, which has generated significant controversy and criticism from competing fields. These criticisms include disputes about the testability of evolutionary hypotheses, cognitive assumptions such as massive modularity, vagueness stemming from assumptions about the environment that leads to evolutionary adaptation, the importance of non-genetic and non-adaptive explanations, as well as political and ethical issues in the field itself.
Evolutionary psychologists contend that many of the criticisms against it are straw men, based on an incorrect nature versus nurture dichotomy, and/or based on misunderstandings of the discipline. In addition, some defenders of evolutionary psychology assert that critics of the discipline base their criticisms on a priori political assumptions, such as those associated with Marxism.
Examples of critics and defenders
The history of the debate from a critic's perspective is detailed by Gannon (2002). Critics of evolutionary psychology include the philosophers of science David Buller (author of Adapting Minds), Robert C. Richardson (author of Evolutionary Psychology as Maladapted Psychology), and Brendan Wallace (author of Getting Darwin Wrong: Why Evolutionary Psychology Won't Work). Other critics include neurobiologists like Steven Rose (who edited Alas, Poor Darwin: Arguments against Evolutionary Psychology), biological anthropologists like Jonathan Marks, and social anthropologists like Tim Ingold and Marshall Sahlins.
Responses defending evolutionary psychology against critics have been published in books including Segerstråle's Defenders of the Truth: The Battle for Science in the Sociobiology Debate and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry%20ketone | Raspberry ketone is a natural phenolic compound that is the primary aroma compound of red raspberries.
Occurrence
Raspberry ketone occurs in a variety of fruits, including raspberries, cranberries, and blackberries. It is detected and released by orchid flowers, e.g. Dendrobium superbum (syn D. annosmum), and several Bulbophyllum species to attract raspberry ketone-responsive male Dacini fruit flies. It is biosynthesized from coumaroyl-CoA. It can be extracted from the fruit, yielding about 1–4 mg per kg of raspberries.
Preparation
Since the natural abundance of raspberry ketone is very low, it is prepared industrially by a variety of methods from chemical intermediates. One of the ways this can be done is through a Claisen-Schmidt condensation followed by catalytic hydrogenation. First, acetone is condensed with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde to form an α,β-unsaturated ketone. Then the alkene part is reduced to the alkane. This two-step method produces raspberry ketone in 99% yield. There is a less expensive hydrogenation catalyst, nickel boride, which also demonstrates high selectivity towards hydrogenation of the double bond of enone.
Uses
Raspberry ketone is sometimes used in perfumery, in cosmetics, and as a food additive to impart a fruity odor. It is one of the most expensive natural flavor components used in the food industry. The natural compound can cost as much as $20,000 per kg. Synthetic raspberry ketone is cheaper, with estimates ranging from a couple of dollars per pound to one-fifth of the cost of the natural product.
Marketing
Although products containing this compound are marketed for weight loss, there is no clinical evidence for this effect in humans. They are called "ketones", because of the ketone (acetone) group at their end, which is shared with ketone bodies.
Safety
Little is known about the long-term safety of raspberry ketone supplements, especially since little research has been done with humans. Toxicological models indicate a potential |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens%20de%20Haan | Laurens de Haan (born 15 January 1937) is a Dutch economist and Emeritus Professor of Probability and Mathematical Statistics at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, specializing in extreme value theory.
Biography
Born in Rotterdam, De Haan received his MA in mathematics from the University of Amsterdam in 1966, and his PhD in mathematics in 1970 under supervision of Johannes Runnenburg for the thesis "On regular variation and sample extremes".
De Haan started his academic career in 1966 as researcher in probability and statistics at the Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam. In the year 1971–72 he was visiting assistant professor at Stanford University. In 1977 he was appointed professor of probability and mathematical statistics at the Erasmus Universiteit, where he stayed until his retirement in 1998. From 1990 to 1992 he was associate dean of the school of economics. From 2008 to 2011 he was part-time professor of statistics at the University of Tilburg.
In 1977 he was elected Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (I.M.S.), and he was guest professor at Peking University in 1994. He was awarded a Doctor honoris causa from the Universidade de Lisboa in 2000 and the Medallion lecture at the I.M.S. annual meeting in Gothenburg in 2000.
Work
Overschrijdingslijnen project
The "Overschrijdingslijnen" was a research project based on extreme-value analysis, meant to provide new standards for the Dutch sea defenses. It was commissioned by the Ministry of Public Works, starting in 1984 and finished in 1992.
In this joint project people participated from "Rijkswaterstaat", the Dutch government agency overseeing the sea defenses; the Royal Netherlands Meteorological service; and the CWI Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science in Amsterdam.
Neptune
Neptune was a larger scale but similar project, sponsored by the European Union via the MAST program and in cooperation with BMT Port & Coastal Limited, Delft Hydraulics, Rijkswaterstaat, GKSS-Forschungszentrum G |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression%20%28medicine%29 | Regression in medicine is the partial or complete reversal of a disease's signs and symptoms.
Clinically, regression generally refers to a decrease in severity of symptoms without completely disappearing. At a later point, symptoms may return. These symptoms are then called recidive.
In cancer, regression refers to a specific decrease in the size or extent of a tumour. In histopathology, histological regression is one or more areas within a tumor in which neoplastic cells have disappeared or decreased in number. In melanomas, this means complete or partial disappearance from areas of the dermis (and occasionally from the epidermis), which have been replaced by fibrosis, accompanied by melanophages, new blood vessels, and a variable degree of inflammation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure%20as%20a%20service | Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing service model by means of which computing resources are supplied by a cloud services provider. The IaaS vendor provides the storage, network, servers, and virtualization (which mostly refers, in this case, to emulating computer hardware). This service enables users to free themselves from maintaining an on-premises data center. The IaaS provider is hosting these resources in either the public cloud (meaning users share the same hardware, storage, and network devices with other users), the private cloud (meaning users do not share these resources), or the hybrid cloud (combination of both).
It provides the customer with high-level APIs used to dereference various low-level details of underlying network infrastructure like backup, data partitioning, scaling, security, physical computing resources, etc. A hypervisor, such as Xen, Oracle VirtualBox, Oracle VM, KVM, VMware ESX/ESXi, or Hyper-V runs the virtual machines as guests. Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines as well as the ability to scale services up and down according to customers' varying requirements.
Overview
Typically IaaS involves the use of a cloud orchestration technology like OpenStack, Apache CloudStack or OpenNebula. It manages the creation of a virtual machine and decides on the hypervisor (i.e. physical host) in order to start it whilst enabling VM migration features between hosts, allocates storage volumes, and attaches them to VMs that track usage information for billing and more.
An alternative to hypervisors is Linux containers, which run in isolated partitions of a single Linux kernel running directly on the physical hardware. Linux cgroups and namespaces are the underlying Linux kernel technologies used to isolate, secure and manage the containers. Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead.
IaaS clouds often |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pochhammer%20k-symbol | In the mathematical theory of special functions, the Pochhammer k-symbol and the k-gamma function, introduced by Rafael Díaz and Eddy Pariguan are generalizations of the Pochhammer symbol and gamma function. They differ from the Pochhammer symbol and gamma function in that they can be related to a general arithmetic progression in the same manner as those are related to the sequence of consecutive integers.
Definition
The Pochhammer k-symbol (x)n,k is defined as
and the k-gamma function Γk, with k > 0, is defined as
When k = 1 the standard Pochhammer symbol and gamma function are obtained.
Díaz and Pariguan use these definitions to demonstrate a number of properties of the hypergeometric function. Although Díaz and Pariguan restrict these symbols to k > 0, the Pochhammer k-symbol as they define it is well-defined for all real k, and for negative k gives the falling factorial, while for k = 0 it reduces to the power xn.
The Díaz and Pariguan paper does not address the many analogies between the Pochhammer k-symbol and the power function, such as the fact that the binomial theorem can be extended to Pochhammer k-symbols. It is true, however, that many equations involving the power function xn continue to hold when xn is replaced by (x)n,k.
Continued Fractions, Congruences, and Finite Difference Equations
Jacobi-type J-fractions for the ordinary generating function of the Pochhammer k-symbol, denoted in slightly different notation by for fixed and some indeterminate parameter , are considered in
in the form of the next infinite continued fraction expansion given by
The rational convergent function, , to the full generating function for these products expanded by the last equation is given by
where the component convergent function sequences, and , are given as closed-form sums in terms of the ordinary Pochhammer symbol and the Laguerre polynomials by
The rationality of the convergent functions for all , combined with known enumerative propertie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changaa | Changaa or Chang'aa is a traditional home-brewed spirit, popular in Kenya. It is made by fermentation and distillation from grains like millet, maize and sorghum, and is very potent.
Regulation
After being illegal in Kenya for many years, the Kenyan government legalised the traditional home-brewed spirit in 2010, in an effort to take business away from establishments where toxic chemicals are added to the brew to make it stronger. Under the new law, chang'aa must be manufactured, distributed and sold in glass bottles, and retailers must display health warning signs. Sale to individuals under age 18 is still prohibited, as is sale through automatic vending machines. Anyone making or selling adulterated chang'aa risks penalties of five million shillings, five years in jail, or both. Chang'aa is usually much cheaper and stronger than other alcoholic drinks, making it the beverage of choice for many.
Production and distribution
Its production and distribution in urban slums has to some extent continued to be controlled in many cases by criminal gangs like the Mungiki who run protection cartels for illicit brewers. However, in the rest of the country production is still under traditional brewers. Illegally brewed chang'aa could be purchased for around US$0.20 to $0.40 per glass.
Health issues
The drink is sometimes adulterated by adding substances like jet fuel, embalming fluid or battery acid, which has the effect of giving the beverage more 'kick'. Drinkers have suffered blindness or death due to methanol poisoning. The water used to make the drink in illegal breweries is also often below acceptable health standards and sometimes contaminated with sewage.
Origin of name
The spirit's name, Chang'aa, means literally "kill me quick."
The name Chang'aa was adopted in the 1950s when Oyuga Muganda, an AP in Kisumu, once narrated the story in the presence of Tom Omuga how Pelele (aka Woraj) got its name as Chang'aa.
Women from the Kano area of Kisumu used to ferry fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage%20migration%20inhibitory%20factor | Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), also known as glycosylation-inhibiting factor (GIF), L-dopachrome isomerase, or phenylpyruvate tautomerase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIF gene. MIF is an important regulator of innate immunity. The MIF protein superfamily also includes a second member with functionally related properties, the D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT). CD74 is a surface receptor for MIF.
Bacterial antigens stimulate white blood cells to release MIF into the blood stream. The circulating MIF binds to CD74 on other immune cells to trigger an acute immune response. Hence, MIF is classified as an inflammatory cytokine. Furthermore, glucocorticoids also stimulate white blood cells to release MIF and hence MIF partially counteracts the inhibitory effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune system. Finally trauma activates the anterior pituitary gland to release MIF.
Structure
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor assembles into a trimer composed of three identical subunits. Each of these monomers contain two antiparallel alpha helices and a four-stranded beta sheet. The monomers surround a central channel with 3-fold rotational symmetry.
Response to injury
Cytokines play an important role in promoting wound healing and tissue repair. Cell injury results in MIF release which then interacts with CD74. MIF-CD74 signaling activates pro-survival and proliferative pathways that protects the host during injury.
Enzymatic activity
MIF contains two motifs with catalytic activity. The first is a 27 amino acid motif located at the N-terminus functions as a phenylpyruvate tautomerase that can catalyze the conversion of 2-carboxy-2,3-dihydroindole-5,6-quinone (dopachrome) into 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). MIF also contains a Cys-Ala-Leu-Cys catalytic site between residues 57 and 60 that appears to function as a disulfide reductase.
Function
This gene encodes a lymphokine involved in cell-mediated immunity, immunore |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20%28politics%29 | In politics, a partition is a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community.
History
Brendan O'Leary distinguishes partition from secession, which take place within existing recognized political units.
For Dubnov and Robson, partition is the physical division of territory along ethno-religious lines into separate nation-states. They locate partition in the context of post-World War I peacebuilding and the "new conversations surrounding ethnicity, nationhood, and citizenship" that emerged out of it. The post-war agreements, such as the League of Nations mandate system, promoted "a new political language of ethnic separatism as a central aspect of national self-determination, while protecting and disguising continuities and even expansions of French and, especially, British imperial powers.
While Ranabir Samaddar identifies the Dissolution of Austria-Hungary as an example of partition, resulting from competing national ambitions, he agrees partition gained prominence following World War I, particularly with the division of the Ottoman Empire. By this point, he argues ethnicity had become the primary justification of border proposals.
After World War II, Dubnov and Robson argue partition transformed from "an imperial tactic into an organizing principle" of world diplomacy".
Scholarship has closely linked partition to violence. Tracing the precedent for the Partition of Ireland in population resettlements across former Ottoman Empire territories and the making of national 'majorities' and 'minorities', Dubnov and Robson emphasise how partitions after Ireland contained proposals to transfer "inconvenient populations in addition to forcible territorial division into separate states", which they note had violent consequences for local actors who were devolved the task of "carving out physically separate political entities on the ground and making them ethnically homogenous".
T.G. Fraser notes how Britain p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkins%E2%80%93Traub%20algorithm | The Jenkins–Traub algorithm for polynomial zeros is a fast globally convergent iterative polynomial root-finding method published in 1970 by Michael A. Jenkins and Joseph F. Traub. They gave two variants, one for general polynomials with complex coefficients, commonly known as the "CPOLY" algorithm, and a more complicated variant for the special case of polynomials with real coefficients, commonly known as the "RPOLY" algorithm. The latter is "practically a standard in black-box polynomial root-finders".
This article describes the complex variant. Given a polynomial P,
with complex coefficients it computes approximations to the n zeros of P(z), one at a time in roughly increasing order of magnitude. After each root is computed, its linear factor is removed from the polynomial. Using this deflation guarantees that each root is computed only once and that all roots are found.
The real variant follows the same pattern, but computes two roots at a time, either two real roots or a pair of conjugate complex roots. By avoiding complex arithmetic, the real variant can be faster (by a factor of 4) than the complex variant. The Jenkins–Traub algorithm has stimulated considerable research on theory and software for methods of this type.
Overview
The Jenkins–Traub algorithm calculates all of the roots of a polynomial with complex coefficients. The algorithm starts by checking the polynomial for the occurrence of very large or very small roots. If necessary, the coefficients are rescaled by a rescaling of the variable. In the algorithm, proper roots are found one by one and generally in increasing size. After each root is found, the polynomial is deflated by dividing off the corresponding linear factor. Indeed, the factorization of the polynomial into the linear factor and the remaining deflated polynomial is already a result of the root-finding procedure. The root-finding procedure has three stages that correspond to different variants of the inverse power iteration. See |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfried%20Toussaint | Godfried Theodore Patrick Toussaint (1944 – July 2019) was a Canadian computer scientist, a professor of computer science, and the head of the Computer Science Program at New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He is considered to be the father of computational geometry in Canada. He did research on various aspects of computational geometry, discrete geometry, and their applications: pattern recognition (k-nearest neighbor algorithm, cluster analysis), motion planning, visualization (computer graphics), knot theory (stuck unknot problem), linkage (mechanical) reconfiguration, the art gallery problem, polygon triangulation, the largest empty circle problem, unimodality (unimodal function), and others. Other interests included meander (art), compass and straightedge constructions, instance-based learning, music information retrieval, and computational music theory.
He was a co-founder of the Annual ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry, and the annual Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry.
Along with Selim Akl, he was an author and namesake of the efficient "Akl–Toussaint algorithm" for the construction of the convex hull of a planar point set. This algorithm exhibits a computational complexity with expected value linear in the size of the input. In 1980 he introduced the relative neighborhood graph (RNG) to the fields of pattern recognition and machine learning, and showed that it contained the minimum spanning tree, and was a subgraph of the Delaunay triangulation. Three other well known proximity graphs are the nearest neighbor graph, the Urquhart graph, and the Gabriel graph. The first is contained in the minimum spanning tree, and the Urquhart graph contains the RNG, and is contained in the Delaunay triangulation. Since all these graphs are nested together they are referred to as the Toussaint hierarchy.
Biography
Toussaint was born in 1944 in Belgium.
After graduating in 1968 from the University of Tulsa,
he went to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-K | Star-K Kosher Certification, also known as the Vaad Hakashrut of Baltimore (), is a kosher certification agency based in Baltimore, Maryland, under the administration of Rabbi Moshe Heinemann, with the involvement of many other rabbis. It is one of the largest Jewish dietary certification agencies in North America. It is trusted by many Orthodox Jews worldwide for dedication to preserving Kashrut. The organization supervises tens of thousands of commercial food products and food establishments (such as restaurants and caterers) around the world.
Other certifications
The organization also provides other kosher certification labels:
Star-D
Star-D supervision is provided for certain non-Cholov Yisroel dairy products and establishments. Traditional Star-K certification may be applied only if the product is chalav yisrael (that is, milk that has been milked under the supervision of a religiously observant Jew). Star-D products need not be chalav yisrael, though they must meet all other Star-K standards.
The Star-D label is administered by the Star-K but sponsored by the National Council of Young Israel of the United States, and many well-known brands have qualified for Star-D certification. Rav Naftali Burnstein, Shlita, Rav of Young Israel of Cleveland, is the Rav HaMachshir.
Star-S
Star-S is another Star-K certification label. It is provided for products that are Kosher for Passover but with kitniyot ingredients.
Like those marked with the OU's OU-Kitniyot label, these products are permitted to Sephardi but not to Ashkenazi Jews on Passover.
History
The organization, led then as now by Rabbi Heinemann, was previously named Vaad Hakashrus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20National%20Association%20of%20Biology%20Teachers%20presidents | This is a list of the presidents of the National Association of Biology Teachers, from 1939 to the present.
2020s
2020: Sharon Gusky
2010s
2019: Sherri Annee
2018: Elizabeth Cowles
2017: Susan Finazzo
2016: Bob Melton
2015: Jane Ellis
2014: Stacey Kiser
2013: Mark Little
2012: Don French
2011: Dan Ward
2010: Marion V. "Bunny" Jaskot
2000s
2009-John M. Moore
2008-Todd Carter
2007-Pat Waller
2006-Toby Horn
2005-Rebecca E. Ross
2004-Betsy Ott
2003-Catherine Ueckert
2002-Brad Williamson
2001-Ann S. Lumsden
2000-Phil McCrea
1990s
1999-Richard D. Storey
1998-ViviannLee Ward
1997-Alan McCormack
1996-Elizabeth Carvellas
1995-Gordon E. Uno
1994-Barbara Schulz
1993-Ivo E. Lindauer
1992-Alton L. Biggs
1991-Joseph D. McInerney
1990-Nancy V. Ridenour
1980s
1989-John Penick
1988-Jane Abbott
1987-Donald S. Emmeluth
1986-George S. Zahrobsky
1985-Thromas R. Mertens
1984-Marjorie King
1983-Jane Butler Kahle
1982-Jerry Resnick
1981-Edward J. Komondy
1980-Stanley D. Roth
1970s
1979-Manert Kennedy
1978-Glen E. Peterson
1977-Jack L. Carter
1976-Haven Kolb
1975-Thomas Jesse Cleaver, Sr., PhD (1926–1995)
1974-Barbara K. Hopper
1973-Addison E. Lee
1972-Claude A. Welch
1971-H. Bentley Glass
1970-Robert E. Yager
1960s
1969-Burton E. Voss
1968-Jack Fishleder
1967-William V. Mayer
1966-Arnold B. Grobman
1965-L.S. McClung
1964-Ted F. Andrews
1963-Philip R. Fordyce
1962-Muriel Beuschlein
1961-Paul V. Webster
1960-Howard E. Weaver
1950s
1959-Paul Klinge
1958-Irene Hollenbeck
1957-John Breukelman
1956-John P. Harrold
1955-Brother H. Charles Severin
1954-Arthur J. Baker
1953-Leo F. Hadsall
1952-Harvey E. Stork
1951-Richard L. Weaver
1950-Betty L. Wheeler
1940s
1949-Ruth A. Dodge
1948-Howard A. Michaud
1947-E. Laurence Palmer
1946-Prevo L. Whitaker
1945-Helen Trowbridge
1944-1943-Merle A. Russell
1942-Homer A. Stephens
1941-George W. Jeffers
1940-Malcolm D. Campbell
1930s
1939-Myrl C. Lichtenwalter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapachol | Lapachol is a natural phenolic compound isolated from the bark of the lapacho tree. This tree is known botanically as Handroanthus impetiginosus, but was formerly known by various other botanical names such as Tabebuia avellanedae. Lapachol is also found in other species of Handroanthus.
Lapachol is usually encountered as a yellow, skin-irritating powder from wood. Chemically, it is a derivative of vitamin K.
Once studied as a possible treatment for some types of cancer, it is now considered too toxic for use.
See also
Hooker reaction |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Critical%20Eye | The Critical Eye is a Discovery Science Channel documentary series examining pseudoscientific and paranormal phenomena. The eight-part documentary series aired from October 2002 through February 2003 and was hosted by actor and scientific skeptic William B. Davis.
Series description
The Critical Eye, alternately labeled as just Critical Eye, was produced by the Discovery Science Channel, and was produced in association with Skeptical Inquirer Magazine. The show was described by cosmolearning.org as "William B. Davis hosts this programme bringing to the viewers the science behind the paranormal and the unexplained."
Historical event references
The series discusses several notable events:
The 1990 civil trial brought against Judas Priest alleging subliminal messaging in their music
The Stargate Project
The Phoenix Lights
The Roswell UFO incident
Project Blue Book
The Heaven's Gate mass suicide
Episodes
Each episode of the series consists of four or five segments focused specifically on one pseudoscientific or paranormal phenomenon. Each segment begins by explaining the phenomenon in question, discusses it with both scientists/skeptics and proponents/believers, and concludes with street interviews regarding the legitimacy of the phenomenon in question. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull%20technology | Pull coding or client pull is a style of network communication where the initial request for data originates from the client, and then is responded to by the server. The reverse is known as push technology, where the server pushes data to clients.
Pull requests form the foundation of network computing, where many clients request data from centralized servers. Pull is used extensively on the Internet for HTTP page requests from websites.
A push can also be simulated using multiple pulls within a short amount of time. For example, when pulling POP3 email messages from a server, a client can make regular pull requests every few minutes. To the user, the email then appears to be pushed, as emails appear to arrive close to real-time. The tradeoff is this places a heavier load on both the server and network to function correctly.
Most web feeds, such as RSS are technically pulled by the client. With RSS, the user's RSS reader polls the server periodically for new content; the server does not send information to the client unrequested. This continual polling is inefficient and has contributed to the shutdown or reduction of several popular RSS feeds that could not handle the bandwidth. For solving this problem, the WebSub protocol as another example of a push code was devised.
Podcasting is specifically a pull technology. When a new podcast episode is published to an RSS feed, it sits on the server until it is requested by a feed reader, mobile podcasting app, or directory. Directories such as Apple Podcasts (iTunes), The Blubrry Directory, and many apps' directories request the RSS feed periodically to update the Podcast's listing on those platforms. Subscribers to those RSS feeds via app or reader will get the episodes when they request the RSS feed next time, independent of when the directory listing updates.
See also
Push technology
Client–server model |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dip%20soldering | Dip soldering is a small-scale soldering process by which electronic components are soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB) to form an electronic assembly. The solder wets to the exposed metallic areas of the board (those not protected with solder mask), creating a reliable mechanical and electrical connection.
Dip soldering is used for both through-hole printed circuit assemblies, and surface mount. It is one of the cheapest methods to solder and is extensively used in the small scale industries of developing countries .
Dip soldering is the manual equivalent of automated wave soldering. The apparatus required is just a small tank containing molten solder. A PCB with mounted components is dipped manually into the tank so that the molten solder sticks to the exposed metallic areas of the board.
Dip solder process
Dip soldering is accomplished by submerging parts to be joined into a molten solder bath. Thus, all components surfaces are coated with filler metal. Solders have low surface tension and high wetting capability. There are many types of solders, each used for different applications:
Lead–silver is used for strength at higher-than-room temperature.
Tin–lead is used as a general-purpose solder
Tin–zinc is used for aluminium
Cadmium–silver is used for strength at high temperatures
Zinc–aluminium is used for aluminium and corrosion resistance
Tin–silver and tin–bismuth are used for electronics.
Because of the toxicity of lead, lead-free solders are being developed and more widely used. The molten bath can be any suitable filler metal, but the selection is usually confined to the lower melting point elements. The most common dip soldering operations use zinc-aluminum and tin-lead solders.
Solder pot metal: cast iron or steel, electrically heated.
Bath temperature: (for binary tin-lead alloys) or (for lead-free alloys)
Solder composition: 60% , 40% or eutectic alloy.
Process schematic
The workpieces to be joined are treated with cleaning fl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality%20%28physics%29 | In response theory, the quality of an excited system is related to the number of excitation frequencies to which it can respond. In the case of a homogeneous, isotropic system, the quality is proportional to the FWHM.
This sense of the phrase is the precursor of the usage of the word in music theory. In music theory, quality is the number of harmonics of a fundamental frequency of an instrument (the higher the quality, the richer the sound).
See also
Q factor
Physical quantities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid%20needle%20adapter | A rigid needle adapter enables electrical contact of finest structures on printed and assembled circuit boards, and also direct contact in fine-pole connectors.
The spring probes are arranged in a compact grid in the raster head so that up to 280 spring probes per square centimeter can be integrated. The rigid needles are moved to the desired contact point by the spring probes in the rigid needle adapter. Contacting pitch down to 150 µm can be tested by the movement of the rigid needles. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance%20engineering | Maintenance Engineering is the discipline and profession of applying engineering concepts for the optimization of equipment, procedures, and departmental budgets to achieve better maintainability, reliability, and availability of equipment.
Maintenance, and hence maintenance engineering, is increasing in importance due to rising amounts of equipment, systems, machineries and infrastructure. Since the Industrial Revolution, devices, equipment, machinery and structures have grown increasingly complex, requiring a host of personnel, vocations and related systems needed to maintain them. Prior to 2006, the United States spent approximately US$300 billion annually on plant maintenance and operations alone. Maintenance is to ensure a unit is fit for purpose, with maximum availability at minimum costs. A person practicing maintenance engineering is known as a maintenance engineer.
Maintenance engineer's description
A maintenance engineer should possess significant knowledge of statistics, probability, and logistics, and in the fundamentals of the operation of the equipment and machinery he or she is responsible for. A maintenance engineer should also possess high interpersonal, communication, and management skills, as well as the ability to make decisions quickly.
Typical responsibilities include:
Assure optimization of the maintenance organization structure
Analysis of repetitive equipment failures
Estimation of maintenance costs and evaluation of alternatives
Forecasting of spare parts
Assessing the needs for equipment replacements and establish replacement programs when due
Application of scheduling and project management principles to replacement programs
Assessing required maintenance tools and skills required for efficient maintenance of equipment
Assessing required skills for maintenance personnel
Reviewing personnel transfers to and from maintenance organizations
Assessing and reporting safety hazards associated with maintenance of equipment
Mainte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%20expansion%20%28potential%29 | In physics, the Laplace expansion of potentials that are directly proportional to the inverse of the distance (), such as Newton's gravitational potential or Coulomb's electrostatic potential, expresses them in terms of the spherical Legendre polynomials. In quantum mechanical calculations on atoms the expansion is used in the evaluation of integrals of the inter-electronic repulsion.
The Laplace expansion is in fact the expansion of the inverse distance between two points. Let the points have position vectors and , then the Laplace expansion is
Here has the spherical polar coordinates and has with homogeneous polynomials of degree . Further r< is min(r, r′) and r> is max(r, r′). The function is a normalized spherical harmonic function. The expansion takes a simpler form when written in terms of solid harmonics,
Derivation
The derivation of this expansion is simple. By the law of cosines,
We find here the generating function of the Legendre polynomials :
Use of the spherical harmonic addition theorem
gives the desired result.
Neumann Expansion
A similar equation has been derived by John von Neumann that allows expression of in prolate spheroidal coordinates as a series:
where and are associated Legendre functions of the first and second kind, respectively, defined such that they are real for . In analogy to the spherical coordinate case above, the relative sizes of the radial coordinates are important, as and . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.ho.st | G.ho.st (usually pronounced ghost) was the trading name of Ghost Inc. and the service name and URL of the company's hosted computer operating system or web desktop service. Its name is an acronym of Global Hosted Operating SysTem. The old URL G.ho.st was a domain hack (using the São Tomé and Príncipe .st country extension). In April 2010 Ghost closed its service due to competition and lack of funding.
Overview
The G.ho.st service provided a web-based working environment that mimicked the classic desktop provided by personal computer operating systems. Users were able to create, save and return to a working environment from different physical computers and mobile phones. G.ho.st called itself a virtual computer. Such services are not considered operating systems in the traditional sense although they are sometimes referred to as Web Operating Systems. Whilst they can include a GUI (e.g. a desktop), a (virtual) file system, application management and security, they do not contain a kernel to interface with physical hardware. Therefore, to use the service an operating system is required, supporting at least a web browser from which the service can be run.
In July 2009 the software entered beta stage development, and remained in this stage. The beta launch near Jerusalem was attended by Quartet Representative and former UK prime minister Tony Blair. The Company's primary investor was Benchmark Capital.
G.ho.st was hosted on Amazon Web Services, utilizing cloud computing on the backend and delivering a consumer version of cloud computing. According to the G.ho.st website (which is no longer accessible), it was planned to additionally offer a commercial, fully featured and scalable private cloud file system (Ghost Cloud File System, CFS) that would have run within the customer's own Amazon web services account. The business model would have been based on surcharges to Ghost, collected by Amazon.
The company received growing press coverage, relating both to the technol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection%20%28abstract%20data%20type%29 | In computer programming, a collection is a grouping of some variable number of data items (possibly zero) that have some shared significance to the problem being solved and need to be operated upon together in some controlled fashion. Generally, the data items will be of the same type or, in languages supporting inheritance, derived from some common ancestor type. A collection is a concept applicable to abstract data types, and does not prescribe a specific implementation as a concrete data structure, though often there is a conventional choice (see Container for type theory discussion).
Examples of collections include lists, sets, multisets, trees and graphs.
Fixed-size arrays (or tables) are usually not considered a collection because they hold a fixed number of data items, although they commonly play a role in the implementation of collections. Variable-size arrays are generally considered collections.
Linear collections
Many collections define a particular linear ordering, with access to one or both ends. The actual data structure implementing such a collection need not be linear—for example, a priority queue is often implemented as a heap, which is a kind of tree. Important linear collections include:
lists;
stacks;
queues;
priority queues;
double-ended queues;
double-ended priority queues.
Lists
In a list, the order of data items is significant. Duplicate data items are permitted. Examples of operations on lists are searching for a data item in the list and determining its location (if it is present), removing a data item from the list, adding a data item to the list at a specific location, etc. If the principal operations on the list are to be the addition of data items at one end and the removal of data items at the other, it will generally be called a queue or FIFO. If the principal operations are the addition and removal of data items at just one end, it will be called a stack or LIFO. In both cases, data items are maintained within the collec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27%20Club | The 27 Club is an informal list consisting mostly of popular musicians, artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27. Although the claim of a "statistical spike" for the death of musicians at that age has been refuted by scientific research, it remains a cultural phenomenon, with many celebrities who die at 27 noted for their high-risk lifestyles.
Cultural phenomenon
Beginning with the deaths of several 27-year-old popular musicians between 1969 and 1971 (such as Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison), dying at the age of 27 came to be, and remains, a perennial subject of popular culture, celebrity journalism, and entertainment industry lore. This cultural phenomenon, which came to be known as the "27 Club," attributes special significance to popular musicians, artists, actors, and other celebrities who died at age 27, often as a result of drug and alcohol abuse or violent means such as homicide, suicide, or transportation-related accidents. The cultural phenomenon gave rise to an urban myth that celebrity deaths are more common at 27, a claim that has been refuted by statistical research as discussed in the Scientific studies section below.
History
Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison all died at the age of 27 between 1969 and 1971. At the time, the coincidence gave rise to some comment, but, according to Hendrix and Kurt Cobain's biographer, Charles R. Cross, "It wasn't until Kurt Cobain took his own life in 1994 that the idea of the 27 Club arrived in the popular zeitgeist." Cross claims that the "launch of the Club concept" can be traced to the growing influence of the internet and sensational celebrity journalism on popular culture in the years following Cobain's death, as well as media interpretations of a statement by Cobain's mother, Wendy Fradenburg Cobain O'Connor, quoted in the local Aberdeen, Washington, newspaper The Daily World, and subsequently carried worldwide by the Associated Press: "Now h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%20wavelet | In functional analysis, compactly supported wavelets derived from Legendre polynomials are termed Legendre wavelets or spherical harmonic wavelets. Legendre functions have widespread applications in which spherical coordinate system is appropriate. As with many wavelets there is no nice analytical formula for describing these harmonic spherical wavelets. The low-pass filter associated to Legendre multiresolution analysis is a finite impulse response (FIR) filter.
Wavelets associated to FIR filters are commonly preferred in most applications. An extra appealing feature is that the Legendre filters are linear phase FIR (i.e. multiresolution analysis associated with linear phase filters). These wavelets have been implemented on MATLAB (wavelet toolbox). Although being compactly supported wavelet, legdN are not orthogonal (but for N = 1).
Legendre multiresolution filters
Associated Legendre polynomials are the colatitudinal part of the spherical harmonics which are common to all separations of Laplace's equation in spherical polar coordinates. The radial part of the solution varies from one potential to another, but the harmonics are always the same and are a consequence of spherical symmetry. Spherical harmonics are solutions of the Legendre -order differential equation, n integer:
polynomials can be used to define the smoothing filter of a multiresolution analysis (MRA). Since the appropriate boundary conditions for an MRA are and , the smoothing filter of an MRA can be defined so that the magnitude of the low-pass can be associated to Legendre polynomials according to:
Illustrative examples of filter transfer functions for a Legendre MRA are shown in figure 1, for A low-pass behaviour is exhibited for the filter H, as expected. The number of zeroes within is equal to the degree of the Legendre polynomial. Therefore, the roll-off of side-lobes with frequency is easily controlled by the parameter .
The low-pass filter transfer function is given by
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20cluster%20remnant | In astronomy, an open cluster remnant (OCR) is the final stage in the evolution of an open star cluster.
Theory
Viktor Ambartsumian (1938) and Lyman Spitzer (1940) showed that, from a theoretical point of view, it was impossible for a star cluster to evaporate completely; furthermore, Spitzer pointed out two possible final results for the evolution of a star cluster: evaporation provokes physical collisions between stars, or evaporation proceeds until a stable binary or higher multiplicity system is produced.
Observations
Using objective-prism plates, Lodén (1987, 1988, 1993) has investigated the possible population of open cluster remnants in our Galaxy under the assumption that the stars in these clusters should have similar luminosity and spectral type. He found that about 30% of the objects in his sample could be catalogued as a possible type of cluster remnant. The membership for these objects is ≥ 15. The typical age of these systems is about 150 Myr with a range of 50-200 Myr. They show a significant density of binaries and a large number of optical binaries. The stars of these OCRs have a trend to be massive and hence early-type (A-F) stars although this observational method includes a noticeable selection effect because bright early-type spectra are easier to detect than fainter and later ones. In fact, almost no stars with spectral type later than F appear among his objects. On the other hand, his results were not fully conclusive because there are known regions in the sky with many stars of the same spectral type but in which it is difficult to find two stars with the same proper motions or radial velocity. A striking example of this fact is Upgren 1; initially, it was suggested that this small group of seven F stars was the remnant of an old cluster (Upgren & Rubin 1965) but later, Gatewood et al. (1988) concluded that Upgren 1 is only a chance alignment of F stars resulting from the close passage of members of two dynamically different sets of sta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock%20Exchange%20of%20Visions | The Stock Exchange of Visions is a project initiated in 2006 by Fabrica, Benetton's research center. It gathers visionaries from diverse nationalities and cultures, who hail from a wide range of specialties, to provide insight into their vision for the future.
Artists, sociologists, activists, scientists and others have answered a questionnaire designed to explore their idea of the future regarding our culture, environment, resources, economy and society. Stock Exchange of Visions aims to contribute to the awareness of our relationship with the planet while supplying positive and thoughtful answers regarding major global issues.
Stock Exchange of Visions consists of an interactive installation and website which allows the participant to access the growing content of the project and interact with it. The installation is a site-specific knowledge hub while the website provides global access to the visions of the future collected by the project.
Installation
The Stock Exchange of Visions installation creates an on-site, interactive knowledge experience. The installation features a revolutionary interactive menu to access the visions of the future, which are projected onto a life-size video screen. The life-size video screen aims to create a dialogue sphere between the selected visionary and the installation participant.
The Stock Exchange of Visions installation is a traveling installation, which has been presented at the main cultural outlets of Europe. The installation was first seen at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (2006), the second presentation will be the Trienale of Milan (2007). The objective of this traveling installation is to allow visitors to have an interactive physical experience with the visions of the future, while the website provides constant global access to the content of the project.
Visionaries
Stock Exchange of Visions has collected the video interviews of the following Visionaries: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccadic%20suppression%20of%20image%20displacement | Saccadic suppression of image displacement (SSID) is the phenomenon in visual perception where the brain selectively blocks visual processing during eye movements in such a way that large changes in object location in the visual scene during a saccade or blink are not detected.
The phenomenon described by Bridgeman et al. (Bridgeman, G., Hendry, D., & Stark, L., 1975) is characterized by the inability to detect changes in the location of a target when the change occurs immediately before, during, or shortly after the saccade, following a time course very similar to that of the suppression of visual sensitivity, with a magnitude perhaps even more striking than that of visual sensitivity (4 log units vs. 0.5–0.7 log units (Bridgeman et al., 1975; Volkmann, 1986)).
These results indicate that the human perceptual system neglects many useful pieces of information when it comes to spatially localizing target displacements occurring during a saccade. Surprisingly, in contrast to the perceptual system, the motor system is able to access precise spatial information in order to render precise motor actions during a saccade (Bridgeman, Lewis, Heit, & Nagle, 1979; Prablanc & Martin, 1992).
Elimination
If a target which is displaced during a saccade is not present at the end of the saccade, but reappears a short time later after a blank interval, subjects are able to regain the ability to successfully detect whether the target has moved. In these studies it was discovered that as the gap between the end of the saccade and the presentation of the shifted target increases, subjects become much more accurate at detecting displacement, and that with a gap of 150 ms participants had reached ceiling in their performance. Deubel and colleagues termed this the 'blanking effect' (Deubel et al., 1996; Deubel et al., 2004).
These results suggest that while extra-retinal information is present, and contains accurate localization information, it is only used when other information is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20loss%20due%20to%20linear%20thermal%20bridging | The heat loss due to linear thermal bridging () is a physical quantity used when calculating the energy performance of buildings. It appears in both United Kingdom and Irish methodologies.
Calculation
The calculation of the heat loss due to linear thermal bridging is relatively simple, given by the formula below:
In the formula, if Accredited Construction details used, and otherwise, and is the sum of all the exposed areas of the building envelope, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector%20Analysis | Vector Analysis is a textbook by Edwin Bidwell Wilson, first published in 1901 and based on the lectures that Josiah Willard Gibbs had delivered on the subject at Yale University. The book did much to standardize the notation and vocabulary of three-dimensional linear algebra and vector calculus, as used by physicists and mathematicians. It was reprinted by Yale in 1913, 1916, 1922, 1925, 1929, 1931, and 1943. The work is now in the public domain. It was reprinted by Dover Publications in 1960.
Contents
The book carries the subtitle "A text-book for the use of students of mathematics and physics. Founded upon the lectures of J. Willard Gibbs, Ph.D., LL.D." The first chapter covers vectors in three spatial dimensions, the concept of a (real) scalar, and the product of a scalar with a vector. The second chapter introduces the dot and cross products for pairs of vectors. These are extended to a scalar triple product and a quadruple product. Pages 77–81 cover the essentials of spherical trigonometry, a topic of considerable interest at the time because of its use in celestial navigation. The third chapter introduces the vector calculus notation based on the del operator. The Helmholtz decomposition of a vector field is given on page 237.
The final eight pages develop bivectors as these were integral to the course on the electromagnetic theory of light that Professor Gibbs taught at Yale. First Wilson associates a bivector with an ellipse. The product of the bivector with a complex number on the unit circle is then called an elliptical rotation. Wilson continues with a description of elliptic harmonic motion and the case of stationary waves.
Genesis
Professor Gibbs produced an 85-page outline of his treatment of vectors for use by his students and had sent a copy to Oliver Heaviside in 1888. In 1892 Heaviside, who was formulating his own vectorial system in the Transactions of the Royal Society, praised Gibbs' "little book", saying it "deserves to be well kn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompHEP | CompHEP is a software package for automatic computations in high energy physics from Lagrangians to collision events or particle decays.
CompHEP is based on quantum theory of gauge fields, namely it uses the technique of squared Feynman diagrams at the tree-level approximation. By default, CompHEP includes the Standard Model Lagrangian in the unitarity and 't Hooft-Feynman gauges and several MSSM models. However users can create new physical models, based on different Lagrangians. There is a special tool for that - LanHEP. CompHEP is able to compute basically the LO cross sections and distributions with several particles in the final state (up to 6-7). It can take into account, if necessary, all QCD and EW diagrams, masses of fermions and bosons and widths of unstable particles. Processes computed by means of CompHEP can be interfaced to the Monte-Carlo generators PYTHIA and HERWIG as new external processes.
The CompHEP project started in 1989 in Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) of Moscow State University. During the 1990s this package was developed, and now it is a powerful tool for automatic computations of collision processes. The CompHEP program has been used in the past for many studies in many experimental groups as shown schematically in the scheme
Due to an intuitive graphical interface CompHEP is a very useful tool for education in particle and nuclear physics.
External links
official CompHEP page
manual for version 3.3
Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP)
Monte Carlo particle physics software
Physics software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT%20Subject%20Test%20in%20Mathematics%20Level%201 | The SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1 (formerly known as Math I or MathIC (the "C" representing the use of a calculator)) was the name of a one-hour multiple choice test given on algebra, geometry, basic trigonometry, algebraic functions, elementary statistics and basic foundations of calculus by The College Board. A student chose whether to take the test depending upon college entrance requirements for the schools in which the student is planning to apply. Until 1994, the SAT Subject Tests were known as Achievement Tests; and from 1995 until January 2005, they were known as SAT IIs. Mathematics Level 1 was taken 109,048 times in 2006. The SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 2 covered more advanced content.
On January 19, 2021, the College Board discontinued all SAT Subject tests, including the SAT Subject Test in Mathematics Level 1. This was effective immediately in the United States, and the tests were to be phased out by the following summer for international students. This was done as a response to changes in college admissions due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education.
Format
The test had 50 multiple choice questions that were to be answered in one hour. All questions had five answer choices. Students received 1 point for every correct answer, lost ¼ of a point for each incorrect answer, and received 0 points for questions left blank.
The questions covered a broad range of topics. Approximately 10-14% of questions focused on Numbers and Operations, 38-42% focused on Algebra and functions, 38-42% focused on Geometry (including Euclidean, coordinate, three-dimensional, and trigonometry), and 6-10% focused on Data analysis, Statistics, and probability.
Calculator Use
The College Board stated that a calculator "may be useful or necessary" for about 40-50% of the questions on the test. The College Board also encouraged the use of a graphing calculator over a scientific calculator. It also said that this test was "developed with the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatability | Palatability (or palatableness) is the hedonic reward (which is pleasure of taste in this case) provided by foods or fluids that are agreeable to the "palate", which often varies relative to the homeostatic satisfaction of nutritional, water, or energy needs. The palatability of a food or fluid, unlike its flavor or taste, varies with the state of an individual: it is lower after consumption and higher when deprived. It has increasingly been appreciated that this can create a hunger that is independent of homeostatic needs.
Brain mechanism
The palatability of a substance is determined by opioid receptor-related processes in the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum. The opioid processes involve mu opioid receptors and are present in the rostromedial shell part of the nucleus accumbens on its spiny neurons. This area has been called the "opioid eating site".
The rewardfulness of consumption associated with palatability is dissociable from desire or incentive value which is the motivation to seek out a specific commodity. Desire or incentive value is processed by opioid receptor-related processes in the basolateral amygdala. Unlike the liking palatability for food, the incentive salience wanting is not downregulated by the physiological consequences of food consumption and may be largely independent of homoeostatic processes influencing food intake.
Though the wanting of incentive salience may be informed by palatability, it is independent and not necessarily reduced to it. It has been suggested that a third system exists that links opioid processes in the two parts of the brain: "Logically this raises the possibility that a third system, with which the accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, and basolateral amygdala are associated, distributes the affective signals elicited by specific commodities across distinct functional systems to control reward seeking... At present we do not have any direct evidence for a system of this kind, but indirect evidence suggests it ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20transformation%20vector | Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are termed T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli, a common lab bacterium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant-virulent bacterium used to insert the recombinant (customized) DNA into plants.
Plant Transformation vectors contain three key elements;
Plasmids Selection (creating a custom circular strand of DNA)
Plasmids Replication (so that it can be easily worked with)
Transfer DNA (T-DNA) region (inserting the DNA into the agrobacteria)
Steps in plant transformation
A custom DNA plasmid sequence can be created and replicated in more than one way, but all methods generally share the following processes.
Plant transformation using plasmids begins with the propagation of the binary vector in E. coli. When the bacterial culture reaches the appropriate density, the binary vector is isolated and purified. Then, a foreign gene can be introduced. The engineered binary vector, including the foreign gene, is re-introduced in E. coli for amplification.
The engineered binary factor is isolated from E. coli and is introduced into Agrobacteria containing a modified (relatively small) Ti plasmid. This engineered Agrobacteria can be used to infect plant cells. The T-DNA containing the foreign gene gets inserted into a plant cell genome. In each infected cell, the T-DNA gets integrated at a different site in the genome.
The entire plant will regenerate from a single transformed cell, which results in an organism with transformation DNA integrated identically across all cells.
Consequences of the insertion
Foreign DNA inserted
Insertional mutagenesis (but not lethal for the plant cell – as the organism is diploid)
Transformation DNA fed to rodents ends up in their phagocytes and rarely other cells. Specifically, this is bacterial and M13 DNA. (This preferential accumul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical%20fair-service%20curve | The hierarchical fair-service curve (HFSC) is a network scheduling algorithm for a network scheduler proposed by Ion Stoica, Hui Zhang and T. S. Eugene from Carnegie Mellon University at SIGCOMM 1997
It is based on a QoS and CBQ.
An implementation of HFSC is available in all operating systems based on the Linux kernel, such as e.g. OpenWrt, and also in DD-WRT, NetBSD 5.0, FreeBSD 8.0 and OpenBSD 4.6. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20for%20Cytotechnology | Founded in 1979, the American Society for Cytotechnology is a professional organization dedicated to the field of cytotechnology. The ASCT promotes cytotechnology through the development of practice standards, and by staying up to date regarding emerging technologies and the legislative and regulatory issues within the field. As well, the Society offers Cytotechnology related educational opportunities. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrenchment%20%28computing%29 | Retrenchment is a technique associated with Formal Methods that was introduced to address some of the perceived limitations of formal, model based refinement, for situations in which refinement might be regarded as desirable in principle, but turned out to be unusable, or nearly unusable, in practice. It was primarily developed at the School of Computer Science, University of Manchester. The most up to date perspective is in the ACM TOSEM article below.
External links
The Retrenchment Homepage
R. Banach, Graded Refinement, Retrenchment and Simulation, ACM Trans. Soft. Eng. Meth., 32, 1-69 (2023)
Formal methods
Software development philosophies
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20ant | A queen ant (formally known as a gyne) is an adult, reproducing female ant in an ant colony; she is usually the mother of all the other ants in that colony. Some female ants, such as the Cataglyphis, do not need to mate to produce offspring, reproducing through asexual parthenogenesis or cloning, and all of those offspring will be female. Others, like those in the genus Crematogaster, mate in a nuptial flight. Queen offspring ants among most species develop from larvae specially fed in order to become sexually mature.
Depending on the species, there can be either a single mother queen, or potentially hundreds of fertile queens. A queen of Lasius niger was held in captivity by German entomologist Hermann Appel for 28 years; also a Pogonomyrmex owyheei has maximum estimated longevity of 30 years in the field.
Queen ants are the only members of a colony to lay eggs. After mating, they can produce thousands, sometimes millions, of eggs during their lifetime.
Not every colony of ants has a queen.
Life cycle
Development
Ants go through four stages of development: egg, larva, pupa (sometimes cocoon, called metamorphosis depending on the species) and adult. The larvae have no legs but are capable of some minor movement, such as bending their head toward a food source when fed. During this stage, the level of care and nourishment the larvae receive determines their eventual adult form. When resources are low, all larvae will develop into female worker ants; however, if the parent of a sexually reproducing colony has a plentiful supply of food, some of the larvae will receive better nourishment than others, and develop into winged, sexually mature female ants destined to leave the colony. At this stage, the winged female ants are sometimes known as "princess ants".
Early life
When conditions are hot and humid after rain and there is minimal wind, masses of winged sexually reproducing ants or "flying ants" will leave their parent nest and take flight. The mating flights |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch%20oscillation | Bloch oscillation is a phenomenon from solid state physics. It describes the oscillation of a particle (e.g. an electron) confined in a periodic potential when a constant force is acting on it.
It was first pointed out by Felix Bloch and Clarence Zener while studying the electrical properties of crystals. In particular, they predicted that the motion of electrons in a perfect crystal under the action of a constant electric field would be oscillatory instead of uniform. While in natural crystals this phenomenon is extremely hard to observe due to the scattering of electrons by lattice defects, it has been observed in semiconductor superlattices and in different physical systems such as cold atoms in an optical potential and ultrasmall Josephson junctions.
Derivation
The one-dimensional equation of motion for an electron with wave vector in a constant electric field is:
which has the solution
The group velocity of the electron is given by
where denotes the dispersion relation for the given energy band.
Suppose that the latter has the (tight-binding) form
where is the lattice parameter and is a constant. Then is given by
and the electron position can be computed as a function of time:
This shows that the electron oscillates in real space. The angular frequency of the oscillations is given by .
Discovery and experimental realizations
Bloch oscillations were predicted by Nobel laureate Felix Bloch in 1929. However, they were not experimentally observed for a long time, because in natural solid-state bodies, is (even with very high electric field strengths) not large enough to allow for full oscillations of the charge carriers within the diffraction and tunneling times, due to relatively small lattice periods. The development in semiconductor technology has recently led to the fabrication of structures with super lattice periods that are now sufficiently large, based on artificial semiconductors. The oscillation period in those structures is smaller th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBL%20Index | The CBL Index is a ratio between the number of IP addresses in a given IP subnet (Subnetwork) to
the number of CBL (Composite Blocking List) listings in the subnet. It may
be used to measure how "clean" (of compromised computers) a given subnet is.
The higher the number is, the "cleaner" the subnet.
The CBL index may be represented in Decibels (dB) or as CIDR suffix (*/xx).
Note: other spam researchers prefer to use a percentage of IPs that are
listed in a subnet. Using percentages is better suited for "unclean" subnets
because "clean" nets have significantly less than 1% of addresses listed.
Rationale
The CBL DNSBL (Composite Blocking List) lists IP addresses that are compromised by a virus or spam sending infection (computer worm, computer virus, or spamware).
The CBL's full zone (data) is available publicly via rsync for download.
The CBL Index is a reasonably good tool for getting estimates of subnet "outgoing spam reputation". It should be treated with caution - subnets often contain IPs with radically different purposes. Assuming all IPs within a subnet represent the same risk/reputation is potentially dangerous.
The CBL Index may be used for estimation of overall anti-spam performance of ISP or AS operator.
Example
In CBL zone dated 2007-07-07T21:03+00:00 there was 166_086 IP addresses listed from 83.0.0.0/11 network.
The CBL Index for the net was:
2_097_152/166_086 = 12.6 (*/28.3 ; 11.0 dB)
2_097_152 - number of IP addresses in */11 network (2**(32-11))
Literature
External links |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20penis | In human anatomy, the penis (; : penises or penes; from the Latin pēnis, initially "tail") is an external male intromittent organ that additionally serves as the urinary duct. The main parts are the root (radix); the body (corpus); and the epithelium of the penis including the shaft skin and the foreskin (prepuce) covering the glans penis. The body of the penis is made up of three columns of tissue: two corpora cavernosa on the dorsal side and corpus spongiosum between them on the ventral side. The human male urethra passes through the prostate gland, where it is joined by the ejaculatory duct, and then through the penis. The urethra traverses the corpus spongiosum, and its opening, the meatus (), lies on the tip of the glans penis. It is a passage both for urination and ejaculation of semen.
An erection is the stiffening expansion and orthogonal reorientation of the penis, which occurs during sexual arousal. Erections can occur in non-sexual situations; spontaneous non-sexual erections frequently occur during adolescence and sleep. In its flaccid state the penis is smaller, gives to pressure, and the glans is covered by the foreskin. In its fully erect state, the shaft becomes rigid and the glans becomes engorged but not rigid. An erect penis may be straight or curved and may point at an upward angle, a downward angle, or straight ahead. , the average erect human penis is long and has a circumference of . Neither age nor size of the flaccid penis accurately predicts erectile length. There are several common body modifications to the penis, including circumcision and piercings.
Anatomy
Parts
Root of the penis (radix): It is the attached part, consisting of the bulb of penis in the middle and the crus of penis, one on either side of the bulb. It lies within the superficial perineal pouch. The crus of penis is attached to the pubic arch.
Body of the penis (corpus): The pendulous part of the penis. It has two surfaces: dorsal (posterosuperior in the erect penis), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer%20DNA%20binary%20system | A transfer DNA (T-DNA) binary system is a pair of plasmids consisting of a T-DNA binary vector and a vir helper plasmid. The two plasmids are used together (thus binary) to produce genetically modified plants. They are artificial vectors that have been derived from the naturally occurring Ti plasmid found in bacterial species of the genus Agrobacterium, such as A. tumefaciens. The binary vector is a shuttle vector, so-called because it is able to replicate in multiple hosts (e.g. Escherichia coli and Agrobacterium).
Systems in which T-DNA and vir genes are located on separate replicons are called T-DNA binary systems. T-DNA is located on the binary vector (the non-T-DNA region of this vector containing origin(s) of replication that could function both in E. coli and Agrobacterium, and antibiotic resistance genes used to select for the presence of the binary vector in bacteria, became known as vector backbone sequences). The replicon containing the vir genes became known as the vir helper plasmid. The vir helper plasmid is considered disarmed if it does not contain oncogenes that could be transferred to a plant.
Binary system components
T-DNA binary vector
There are several binary vectors that replicate in Agrobacterium and can be used for delivery of T-DNA from Agrobacterium into plant cells. The T-DNA portion of the binary vector is flanked by left and right border sequences and may include a transgene as well as a plant selectable marker. Outside of the T-DNA, the binary vector also contains a bacterial selectable marker and an origin of replication (ori) for bacteria.
Representative series of binary vectors are listed below.
Vir helper plasmid
The vir helper plasmid contains the vir genes that originated from the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium. These genes code for a series of proteins that cut the binary vector at the left and right border sequences, and facilitate transfer and integration of T-DNA to the plant's cells and genomes, respectively.
Several vir |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayTV | PlayTV is an add-on unit for the PlayStation 3 video game console that allows it to act as a digital television receiver, and digital video recorder, using the DVB-T standard.
Features
LiveTV
The Live TV feature of PlayTV provides access to free-to-air (unencrypted) channels through the DVB-T network. While using this feature, users are able to pause, rewind, and fast forward through any recently viewed material, as well as record and toggle subtitles and audio descriptions. PlayTV allows users to watch one program while recording another. The Live TV feature also includes a now and next bar that enables users to scroll through live TV and see what is on other channels and what will be coming up next. The live programming is cached as it is displayed.
Guide (Electronic Programme Guide)
All recorded content is stored in the PlayTV Library, which offers a list or thumbnail view and is sortable by date, channel, or name. Content in the library can be exported to the PlayStation 3's main menu and stored alongside the user's other video files. During playback of recorded content, users have the ability to pause, fast forward, rewind, skip, and turn subtitles and audio descriptions on or off. The screen size can also be adjusted.
Library
The PlayTV Library is where all of the recorded content is stored. Content can be viewed in a ListView or a thumbnail view. It is also fully sortable by date, channel, and name. Content in the library can also be exported to the PlayStation 3's main menu and stored with the rest of the user's video files.
Schedule
The schedule feature allows users to edit their future recordings. It is fully searchable.
Find and Record
The find and record feature allows users to search the next seven days worth of TV programmes by searching with a keyword in the title of the programmes and/or the description of the program. Find and record also lets users set manual recordings using the channel, date, and time that they wish to record.
Mobile T |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-modifying%20enzymes | Histone-modifying enzymes are enzymes involved in the modification of histone substrates after protein translation and affect cellular processes including gene expression. To safely store the eukaryotic genome, DNA is wrapped around four core histone proteins (H3, H4, H2A, H2B), which then join to form nucleosomes. These nucleosomes further fold together into highly condensed chromatin, which renders the organism's genetic material far less accessible to the factors required for gene transcription, DNA replication, recombination and repair. Subsequently, eukaryotic organisms have developed intricate mechanisms to overcome this repressive barrier imposed by the chromatin through histone modification, a type of post-translational modification which typically involves covalently attaching certain groups to histone residues. Once added to the histone, these groups (directly or indirectly) elicit either a loose and open histone conformation, euchromatin, or a tight and closed histone conformation, heterochromatin. Euchromatin marks active transcription and gene expression, as the light packing of histones in this way allows entry for proteins involved in the transcription process. As such, the tightly packed heterochromatin marks the absence of current gene expression.
While there exist several distinct post-translational modifications for histones, the four most common histone modifications include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Histone-modifying enzymes that induce a modification (e.g., add a functional group) are dubbed writers, while enzymes that revert modifications are dubbed erasers. Furthermore, there are many uncommon histone modifications including O-GlcNAcylation, sumoylation, ADP-ribosylation, citrullination and proline isomerization. For a detailed example of histone modifications in transcription regulation see RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure and table "Examples of histone modifications in transcriptional regula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGreen | The pGreen plasmids are vectors for plant transformation. They were first described in 2000 as components of a novel T-DNA binary system. The supporting web page provides supplementary information and ongoing support to researchers to request their plasmid resources. As these plasmids have been taken up by the research community, the plasmids have been developed, expanding the resources available to the community.
Researchers are encouraged to contribute to this research community by submitting their vector sequence to genbank and providing a description of the plasmid on the site.
pGreenI and pGreenII
pGreen is the original pGreen plasmid. pGreenII features plasmid backbone modification to improve plasmid stability.
T-DNA regions
No transformation selection
pGreenII 0000: minimal T-DNA with Left and Right border, lacZ gene for blue/white selection during cloning multiple cloning site derived from pBluescript.
pGreenII 62-SK: derived from pGreenII 0000, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S over-expression cassette. The multiple cloning site (MCS) is derived from pBluescript.
Kanamycin selection
pGreenII 0029: derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-kan cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the Left Border, providing resistance to kanamycin during plant transformation selection.
pGreenII 0029 62-SK: derived from pGreenII 0029, the LacZ blue/white cloning selection has been replaced with a 35S-MCS-CaMV cassette that allows the insertion of a gene of interest into a 35S over-expression cassette. The MCS is derived from pBluescript.
Hygromycin selection
pGreenII 0179: derived from pGreenII 0000, a 35S-hyg cassette has been inserted into the HpaI site of the Left Border, providing resistance to hygromycin during plant transformation selection.
Bialaphos selection
pGreenII 0229: derived from pGreenII 0000, a nos-bar cassette has been inserted into th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naptumomab%20estafenatox | Naptumomab estafenatox (ABR-217620) is a drug being developed for the treatment of various types of cancer like non-small cell lung carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma.
Mechanism of action
Chemically, it is a fusion protein consisting of the antigen-binding fragment (Fab) of a monoclonal antibody with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA/E-120, "estafenatox"). The Fab binds to 5T4, an antigen expressed by various tumor cells, and the superantigen induces an immune response by activating T lymphocytes.
See also
Nacolomab tafenatox, a drug with a similar chemical structure and mechanism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20measure | In mathematics, especially potential theory, harmonic measure is a concept related to the theory of harmonic functions that arises from the solution of the classical Dirichlet problem. In probability theory, the harmonic measure of a subset of the boundary of a bounded domain in Euclidean space , is the probability that a Brownian motion started inside a domain hits that subset of the boundary. More generally, harmonic measure of an Itō diffusion X describes the distribution of X as it hits the boundary of D. In the complex plane, harmonic measure can be used to estimate the modulus of an analytic function inside a domain D given bounds on the modulus on the boundary of the domain; a special case of this principle is Hadamard's three-circle theorem. On simply connected planar domains, there is a close connection between harmonic measure and the theory of conformal maps.
The term harmonic measure was introduced by Rolf Nevanlinna in 1928 for planar domains, although Nevanlinna notes the idea appeared implicitly in earlier work by Johansson, F. Riesz, M. Riesz, Carleman, Ostrowski and Julia (original order cited). The connection between harmonic measure and Brownian motion was first identified by Kakutani ten years later in 1944.
Definition
Let D be a bounded, open domain in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn, n ≥ 2, and let ∂D denote the boundary of D. Any continuous function f : ∂D → R determines a unique harmonic function Hf that solves the Dirichlet problem
If a point x ∈ D is fixed, by the Riesz–Markov–Kakutani representation theorem and the maximum principle Hf(x) determines a probability measure ω(x, D) on ∂D by
The measure ω(x, D) is called the harmonic measure (of the domain D with pole at x).
Properties
For any Borel subset E of ∂D, the harmonic measure ω(x, D)(E) is equal to the value at x of the solution to the Dirichlet problem with boundary data equal to the indicator function of E.
For fixed D and E ⊆ ∂D, ω(x, D)(E) is a harmonic function of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle%20therapy | Particle therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy using beams of energetic neutrons, protons, or other heavier positive ions for cancer treatment. The most common type of particle therapy as of August 2021 is proton therapy.
In contrast to X-rays (photon beams) used in older radiotherapy, particle beams exhibit a Bragg peak in energy loss through the body, delivering their maximum radiation dose at or near the tumor and minimizing damage to surrounding normal tissues.
Particle therapy is also referred to more technically as hadron therapy, excluding photon and electron therapy. Neutron capture therapy, which depends on a secondary nuclear reaction, is also not considered here. Muon therapy, a rare type of particle therapy not within the categories above, has also been attempted; however, muons are still most commonly used for imaging, rather than therapy.
Method
Particle therapy works by aiming energetic ionizing particles at the target tumor. These particles damage the DNA of tissue cells, ultimately causing their death. Because of their reduced ability to repair DNA, cancerous cells are particularly vulnerable to such damage.
The figure shows how beams of electrons, X-rays or protons of different energies (expressed in MeV) penetrate human tissue. Electrons have a short range and are therefore only of interest close to the skin (see electron therapy). Bremsstrahlung X-rays penetrate more deeply, but the dose absorbed by the tissue then shows the typical exponential decay with increasing thickness. For protons and heavier ions, on the other hand, the dose increases while the particle penetrates the tissue and loses energy continuously. Hence the dose increases with increasing thickness up to the Bragg peak that occurs near the end of the particle's range. Beyond the Bragg peak, the dose drops to zero (for protons) or almost zero (for heavier ions).
The advantage of this energy deposition profile is that less energy is deposited into the healthy tissue |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit%20preserves | Fruit preserves are preparations of fruits whose main preserving agent is sugar and sometimes acid, often stored in glass jars and used as a condiment or spread.
There are many varieties of fruit preserves globally, distinguished by the method of preparation, type of fruit used, and place in a meal. Sweet fruit preserves such as jams, jellies, and marmalades are often eaten at breakfast with bread or as an ingredient of a pastry or dessert, whereas more savory and acidic preserves made from "vegetable fruits" such as tomato, squash or zucchini, are eaten alongside savory foods such as cheese, cold meats, and curries.
Techniques
There are several techniques of making jam, with or without added water. One factor depends on the natural pectin content of the ingredients. When making jam with low-pectin fruits like strawberries, high-pectin fruit like orange can be added, or additional pectin in the form of pectin powder, citric acid or citrus peels. Often the fruit will be heated gently in a pan to release its juices (and pectin), sometimes with a little added water, before the sugar is added. Another method is to macerate the fruits in sugar overnight and cook this down to a syrup.
Regional terminology
The term preserves is usually interchangeable with jams even though preserves contain chunks or pieces of the fruit whereas jams in some regions do not. Closely related names include: chutney, confit, conserve, fruit butter, fruit curd, fruit spread, jelly, cheese, leather and marmalade.
Some cookbooks define preserves as cooked and gelled whole fruit (or vegetable), which includes a significant portion of the fruit. In the English-speaking world, the two terms are more strictly differentiated and, when this is not the case, the more usual generic term is 'jam'.
The singular preserve or conserve is used as a collective noun for high fruit content jam, often for marketing purposes. Additionally, the name of the type of fruit preserves will also vary depending on t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Increment%20theorem | In nonstandard analysis, a field of mathematics, the increment theorem states the following: Suppose a function is differentiable at and that is infinitesimal. Then
for some infinitesimal , where
If then we may write
which implies that , or in other words that is infinitely close to , or is the standard part of .
A similar theorem exists in standard Calculus. Again assume that is differentiable, but now let be a nonzero standard real number. Then the same equation
holds with the same definition of , but instead of being infinitesimal, we have
(treating and as given so that is a function of alone).
See also
Nonstandard calculus
Elementary Calculus: An Infinitesimal Approach
Abraham Robinson
Taylor's theorem |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camfrog | Camfrog is a video chat and instant messaging client that was created by Camshare in October 2003. The app allows users to contact others worldwide and find or create chat rooms to gather communities that share similar interests.
History
On October 19, 2010, it was announced that Paltalk acquired Camfrog.
In 2015, A new software called Ribbit was introduced, which allows users to meet others by swiping through live videos. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity%20effect%20%28audio%29 | The proximity effect in audio is an increase in bass or low frequency response when a sound source is close to a directional or cardioid microphone. Proximity effect is a change in the frequency response of a directional pattern microphone that results in an emphasis on lower frequencies. It is caused by the use of ports to create directional polar pickup patterns, so omni-directional microphones do not exhibit the effect (this is not necessarily true of the "omni" pattern on multipattern condenser mics, which create the "omni" pattern by summing two back-to-back cardioid capsules, which may or may not share a common backplate.)
Proximity effect can be viewed in two ways. In some settings, sound engineers may view it as undesirable, and so the type of microphone or microphone practice may be chosen in order to reduce the proximity effect. On the other hand, some microphone users seek to intentionally use the proximity effect, such as beat boxing singers in hip hop music.
Technical explanation
Depending on the microphone design, proximity effect may result in a boost of up to 16 dB or more at lower frequencies, depending on the size of the microphone's diaphragm and the distance of the source.
A ready (and common) example of proximity effect can be observed with cardioid dynamic vocal microphones (though it is not limited to this class of microphone) when the vocalist is very close to or even touching the mic with their lips. The effect is heard as a 'fattening up' of the voice. Many radio broadcast microphones are large diameter cardioid pickup pattern microphones, and radio announcers are often observed to employ proximity effect, adding a sense of gravitas and depth to the voice. Proximity effect is sometimes referred to as "bass tip-up."
Angular dependence
To explain how the proximity effect arises in directional microphones, it is first necessary to briefly describe how a directional microphone works. A microphone is constructed with a diaphragm whose mech |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximity%20effect%20%28superconductivity%29 | Proximity effect or Holm–Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor. Typically the critical temperature of the superconductor is suppressed and signs of weak superconductivity are observed in the normal material over mesoscopic distances. The proximity effect is known since the pioneering work by R. Holm and W. Meissner. They have observed zero resistance in SNS pressed contacts, in which two superconducting metals are separated by a thin film of a non-superconducting (i.e. normal) metal. The discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Brian Josephson's 1962 work, yet the effect was known long before his publication and was understood as the proximity effect.
Origin of the effect
Electrons in the superconducting state of a superconductor are ordered in a very different way than in a normal metal, i.e. they are paired into Cooper pairs. Furthermore, electrons in a material cannot be said to have a definitive position because of the momentum-position complementarity. In solid state physics one generally chooses a momentum space basis, and all electron states are filled with electrons until the Fermi surface in a metal, or until the gap edge energy in the superconductor.
Because of the nonlocality of the electrons in metals, the properties of those electrons cannot change infinitely quickly. In a superconductor, the electrons are ordered as superconducting Cooper pairs; in a normal metal, the electron order is gapless (single-electron states are filled up to the Fermi surface). If the superconductor and normal metal are brought together, the electron order in the one system cannot infinitely abruptly change into the other order at the border. Instead, the paired state in the superconducting layer is carried over to the normal metal, where the pairing is destroyed by scattering events, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snom | Snom Technology GmbH is a German company which manufactures Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephones, based on the IETF standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). Snom's products are targeted at the small- to medium-sized business sector, home offices, Internet service providers, carriers, and original equipment manufacturers. The company, founded in 1996 and headquartered in Berlin, is a wholly owned subsidiary of VTech Holdings Limited, since 2016.
History
Snom was founded in 1997 in Berlin, Germany, by Christian Stredicke and Nicolas-Peter Pohland, former computer scientists at the Technical University of Berlin. In 1999, the company began producing VoIP telephones with the introduction of the snom 100 model. By 2000, the company focussed on a vision to make interoperable components for enterprise communication systems. Instead of selling one telephony platform solution, the company emphasized stand-alone VoIP phones that are compatible across standards-based platforms from different vendors, which became possible with the introduction of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) that had recently been standardized in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
In 2001, Snom started a joint venture in Bangalore, India. After some attempts to develop parts of the product in India, this office shifted to a focus in sales. In 2006, Snom opened an office in North Andover, Massachusetts to enter the North American market. In 2008, Snom Italy SRL was founded, in 2009 Snom France SARL and in 2010 snom UK Ltd. Distributors network include companies in EMEA, CIS region, North America and Australia.
In late 2016, Snom Technology AG was acquired by VTech Holdings Limited. The transaction was completed on 21 November 2016.
The company is headed by Gernot Sagl, Chi Hoi Tong, Ka Hung Tong and Chi Keung Wong. Members of the Supervisory Board include Allan Chi Yun Wong, King Fai Pang and Hon Kwong Leung.
Products
The snom 100 VoIP desk telephone was one of the first com |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20Bomb%20Casualty%20Commission | The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) (Japanese:原爆傷害調査委員会, Genbakushōgaichōsaiinkai) was a commission established in 1946 in accordance with a presidential directive from Harry S. Truman to the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the atomic-bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As it was erected purely for scientific research and study, not as a provider of medical care and also because it was heavily supported by the United States, the ABCC was generally mistrusted by most survivors and Japanese alike. It operated for nearly thirty years before its dissolution in 1975.
History
The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) was formed after the United States attack on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and August 9, 1945. The ABCC originally began as the Joint Commission The ABCC set out to obtain first-hand technical information and make a report to let people know the opportunities for a long-term study of atomic bomb casualties. In 1946, Lewis Weed, head of the National Research Council, called together a group of scientists who agreed that a "detailed and long-range study of the biological and medical effects upon the human being" was "of the utmost importance to the United States and mankind in general." President Harry S. Truman ordered the ABCC into existence on November 26, 1946. The key members in the ABCC were Lewis Weed, National Research Council physicians Austin M. Brues and Paul Henshaw, and Army representatives Melvin A. Block, and James V. Neel who was also an MD with a Ph.D. in genetics.
The fifth person on the team was USNV Ltd. Jg Fredrick Ullrich of Naval Medical Research Center appointed by the National Research Council at the suggestion of the Surgeon General's Office.
The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission's Work
The ABCC arrived in Japan on November 24, 1946, and familiarized themselves with the procedures of the Japanese military. They visited Hiroshi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibalizumab | Ibalizumab, sold under the brand name Trogarzo, is a non-immunosuppressive humanised monoclonal antibody that binds CD4, the primary receptor for HIV, and inhibits HIV from entering cells. It is a post-attachment inhibitor, blocking HIV from binding to the CCR5 and CXCR4 co-receptors after HIV binds to the CD4 receptor on the surface of a CD4 cell. Post-attachment inhibitors are a subclass of HIV drugs called entry inhibitors.
On March 6, 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ibalizumab for multidrug-resistant HIV-1. It is used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
Medical uses
Ibalizumab, in combination with other antiretrovirals, is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.
Development
Ibalizumab is being developed by TaiMed Biologics but was originally developed by Tanox, now part of Genentech. As part of Genentech's takeover of Tanox, the patent for ibalizumab was sold to TaiMed Biologics, a biotech company formed in 2007 with support from the Taiwanese Government through a $20 million investment by the state-owned National Development Fund.
Milestones for the intravenous (i.v.) infusion dosage form:
2003: completed a phase-1a clinical trial for i.v. infusion dosage form.
2003: granted fast track status by U.S. FDA.
2003: completed a phase-1b clinical trial for i.v. infusion dosage form.
2006: completed a phase-2a clinical trial for i.v. infusion dosage form.
2011: completed a phase-2b clinical trial for i.v. infusion dosage form.
2012: completed a phase-1 clinical trial for s.c. injection dosage form.
2013: initiated a phase-1/2 clinical trial for s.c. and i.m. injection dosage forms (on-going).
2014: granted orphan drug designation for HIV MDR patients by U.S. FDA.
2015: granted breakthrough therapy designation for i.v. infusion dosage form by U.S. FDA.
2015: initiated a phase-3 clinical t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Berger | Marcel Berger (14 April 1927 – 15 October 2016) was a French mathematician, doyen of French differential geometry, and a former director of the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), France. Formerly residing in Le Castera in Lasseube, Berger was instrumental in Mikhail Gromov's accepting positions both at the University of Paris and at the IHÉS.
Awards and honors
1956 Prix Peccot, Collège de France
1962 Prix Maurice Audin
1969 Prix Carrière, Académie des Sciences
1978 Prix Leconte, Académie des Sciences
1979 Prix Gaston Julia
1979–1980 President of the French Mathematical Society.
1991 Lester R. Ford Award
Selected publications
Berger, M.: Geometry revealed. Springer, 2010.
Berger, M.: What is... a Systole? Notices of the AMS 55 (2008), no. 3, 374–376. online text
Berger, Marcel; Gauduchon, Paul; Mazet, Edmond: Le spectre d'une variété riemannienne. (French) Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 194 Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York 1971.
Berger, Marcel: Sur les groupes d'holonomie homogène des variétés à connexion affine et des variétés riemanniennes. (French) Bull. Soc. Math. France 83 (1955), 279–330.
Berger, Marcel: Les espaces symétriques noncompacts. (French) Ann. Sci. École Norm. Sup. (3) 74 1957 85–177.
Berger, Marcel; Gostiaux, Bernard: Differential geometry: manifolds, curves, and surfaces. Translated from the French by Silvio Levy. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 115. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. xii+474 pp.
Berger, Marcel: Geometry. II. Translated from the French by M. Cole and S. Levy. Universitext. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987.
Berger, M.: Les variétés riemanniennes homogènes normales simplement connexes à courbure strictement positive. (French) Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa (3) 15 1961 179–246.
Berger, Marcel: Geometry. I. Translated from the French by M. Cole and S. Levy. Universitext. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987. xiv+428 pp.
Berger, Marcel: Systoles et applications selon Gromov. (French) [Systoles and their applications accordi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lledo | Lledo was a British manufacturing company founded in 1982 by Matchbox co-founder Jack Odell, and Burt Russell, and based in Enfield. The factory produced mainly die-cast scale model commercial vehicles, and also cars, from 1983 to 1999, when the company went into bankruptcy.
Models were later made in China. "Lledo" was a reversal of Odell's own surname, a mnemonic device from war days in the African desert so as not to forget his wireless call sign.
History
Days Gone
Lledo set out to specialise in replicating early Matchbox series styles, particularly the Models of Yesteryear range. Odell and Russell bought machinery from the Universal company, which had purchased the Matchbox plant and shipped it to Macau. The tooling they purchased was re-shipped back to Enfield, England where in April 1983 the new Days Gone range was launched. The name is a nice continuation of Matchbox's nostalgic "Yesteryear" theme.
The first Lledo models appeared on the market in early 1983. These were a horse-drawn tram, a horse-drawn milk float, a horse-drawn delivery van, a stagecoach-like omnibus and a horse-drawn fire engine. One of the more popular models was the Ford Model T van introduced later in the year.
Lledo promotionals
The promotional market became Lledo's bread and butter, and the aim was to provide variations to be offered for different businesses. Of the hundreds of Lledo variations appearing in the first six years of production, all were based on only thirty basic castings.
The Model T, especially, became the basis for a series of limited edition models for gifts and promotions. Different from the original Matchbox Models of Yesteryear line, there were only a selection of basic castings which were commonly produced in limited edition promotion runs of 500 or 1000 models. For example, the basic Model T delivery van was produced in more than 170 different liveries. Meanwhile, the horse-drawn vehicles were produced less and less, the last one appearing in 1984. The Lond |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAN-1057%20A | TAN-1057 A and TAN-1057 B are organic compounds found in the Flexibacter sp. PK-74 bacterium. TAN-1057 A and B are closely related structurally as diastereomers. Also related are TAN-1057 C and TAN-1057 D, isolated from the same bacteria. The four compounds have been shown to be an effective antibiotics against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus which act through the inhibition of protein biosynthesis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAN-1057%20C | TAN-1057 C and TAN-1057 D are organic compounds found in the Flexibacter sp. PK-74 bacterium. TAN-1057 C and D are closely related structurally as diastereomers. Also related are TAN-1057 A and TAN-1057 B, isolated from the same bacteria. The four compounds have been shown to be an effective antibiotics against methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus which act through the inhibition of protein biosynthesis. |
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