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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-myc%20mRNA | C-myc mRNA is a type of mRNA that serves as a template for the MYC protein which is implicated in the rapid growth of cancer cells. This mRNA is a topic of ongoing research to investigate the viability of preventing cancer growth by cleaving or degrading the c-myc mRNA.
See also
C-myc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POISK%20Centre | The POISK Centre (in Russian:Центр «ПОИСК») is an educational and research organization founded in 2004 at Saint Petersburg State University (Russia). Its primary aim is to encourage secondary school students and university students to do independent scientific research.
The POISK Centre supports educational programs that motivate youth to develop an interest in physics and natural sciences, and to involve them in “what a real scientist does” as early as possible. These activities include tight collaboration with leading universities and secondary schools in Russia and abroad, joint seminars and workshops, regular international scientific conferences, language programs, but also the promotion of research competitions, such as the Young Physicists' Tournament.
POISK means ‘search’ in Russian, but it is also a Russian abbreviation for the Support Centre for Olympiads and Intellectual Competitions.
Achievements
Since 2004, the POISK Centre is the only university-based organization in Russia that is being selecting, supervising and preparing the National team that represents Russia at the International Young Physicists' Tournament.
The POISK Centre’s team has been a participant of IYPTs in 2004 (Brisbane, Australia), 2005 (Winterthur, Switzerland) and 2006 (Bratislava, Slovakia) with significant success, winning bronze medals twice. In May 2007, the POISK’s Russian team fought in the Finals and won silver at the Austrian Young Physicists' Tournament held in Leoben, Austria.
In November 2007, the POISK's team of university students was one of the two gold winners at the Ukrainian Physicists' Tournament for University Students held at the Kiev National University, Ukraine.
See also
International Young Physicists' Tournament
Ukrainian Physicists' Tournament for University Students
History of Young Physicists' Tournament in Russia
Austrian Young Physicists' Tournament
External links
The POISK Centre's Official Website
Video of the presentation made by the Russia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhegalkin%20polynomial | Zhegalkin (also Žegalkin, Gégalkine or Shegalkin) polynomials (), also known as algebraic normal form, are a representation of functions in Boolean algebra. Introduced by the Russian mathematician Ivan Ivanovich Zhegalkin in 1927, they are the polynomial ring over the integers modulo 2. The resulting degeneracies of modular arithmetic result in Zhegalkin polynomials being simpler than ordinary polynomials, requiring neither coefficients nor exponents. Coefficients are redundant because 1 is the only nonzero coefficient. Exponents are redundant because in arithmetic mod 2, x2 = x. Hence a polynomial such as 3x2y5z is congruent to, and can therefore be rewritten as, xyz.
Boolean equivalent
Prior to 1927, Boolean algebra had been considered a calculus of logical values with logical operations of conjunction, disjunction, negation, and so on. Zhegalkin showed that all Boolean operations could be written as ordinary numeric polynomials, representing the false and true values as 0 and 1, the integers mod 2. Logical conjunction is written as xy, and logical exclusive-or as arithmetic addition mod 2, (written here as x⊕y to avoid confusion with the common use of + as a synonym for inclusive-or ∨). The logical complement ¬x is then x⊕1. Since ∧ and ¬ form a basis for Boolean algebra, all other logical operations are compositions of these basic operations, and so the polynomials of ordinary algebra can represent all Boolean operations, allowing Boolean reasoning to be performed using elementary algebra.
For example, the Boolean 2-out-of-3 threshold or median operation is written as the Zhegalkin polynomial xy⊕yz⊕zx.
Formal properties
Formally a Zhegalkin monomial is the product of a finite set of distinct variables (hence square-free), including the empty set whose product is denoted 1. There are 2n possible Zhegalkin monomials in n variables, since each monomial is fully specified by the presence or absence of each variable. A Zhegalkin polynomial is the sum (exc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20problems%20in%20loop%20theory%20and%20quasigroup%20theory | In mathematics, especially abstract algebra, loop theory and quasigroup theory are active research areas with many open problems. As in other areas of mathematics, such problems are often made public at professional conferences and meetings. Many of the problems posed here first appeared in the Loops (Prague) conferences and the Mile High (Denver) conferences.
Open problems (Moufang loops)
Abelian by cyclic groups resulting in Moufang loops
Let L be a Moufang loop with normal abelian subgroup (associative subloop) M of odd order such that L/M is a cyclic group of order bigger than 3. (i) Is L a group? (ii) If the orders of M and L/M are relatively prime, is L a group?
Proposed: by Michael Kinyon, based on (Chein and Rajah, 2000)
Comments: The assumption that L/M has order bigger than 3 is important, as there is a (commutative) Moufang loop L of order 81 with normal commutative subgroup of order 27.
Embedding CMLs of period 3 into alternative algebras
Conjecture: Any finite commutative Moufang loop of period 3 can be embedded into a commutative alternative algebra.
Proposed: by Alexander Grishkov at Loops '03, Prague 2003
Frattini subloop for Moufang loops
Conjecture: Let L be a finite Moufang loop and Φ(L) the intersection of all maximal subloops of L. Then Φ(L) is a normal nilpotent subloop of L.
Proposed: by Alexander Grishkov at Loops '11, Třešť 2011
Minimal presentations for loops M(G,2)
For a group , define on x by
, , , . Find a minimal presentation for the Moufang loop with respect to a presentation for .
Proposed: by Petr Vojtěchovský at Loops '03, Prague 2003
Comments: Chein showed in (Chein, 1974) that is a Moufang loop that is nonassociative if and only if is nonabelian. Vojtěchovský (Vojtěchovský, 2003) found a minimal presentation for when is a 2-generated group.
Moufang loops of order p2q3 and pq4
Let p and q be distinct odd primes. If q is not congruent to 1 modulo p, are all Moufang loops of order p2q3 groups? What about pq4?
Prop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson%27s%20rule | In operations research, Johnson's rule is a method of scheduling jobs in two work centers. Its primary objective is to find an optimal sequence of jobs to reduce makespan (the total amount of time it takes to complete all jobs). It also reduces the amount of idle time between the two work centers.
The method minimizes the makespan in the case of two work centers. Furthermore, the method finds the shortest makespan in the case of three work centers if additional constraints are met.
Algorithm
The technique requires several preconditions:
The time for each job must be constant.
Job times must be mutually exclusive of the job sequence.
All jobs must be processed in the first work center before going through the second work center.
All jobs are equally prioritised.
Johnson's rule is as follows:
List the jobs and their times at each work center.
Select the job with the shortest activity time. If that activity time is for the first work center, then schedule the job first. If that activity time is for the second work center then schedule the job last. Break ties arbitrarily.
Eliminate the shortest job from further consideration.
Repeat steps 2 and 3, working towards the center of the job schedule until all jobs have been scheduled.
Given significant idle time at the second work center (from waiting for the job to be finished at the first work center), job splitting may be used.
Example
Each of five jobs needs to go through work center A and B. Find the optimum sequence of jobs using Johnson's rule.
So, the jobs must be processed in the order C → A → D → E → B, and must be processed in the same order on both work centers.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20of%20mechanism%20and%20policy | The separation of mechanism and policy is a design principle in computer science. It states that mechanisms (those parts of a system implementation that control the authorization of operations and the allocation of resources) should not dictate (or overly restrict) the policies according to which decisions are made about which operations to authorize, and which resources to allocate.
While most commonly discussed in the context of security mechanisms (authentication and authorization), separation of mechanism and policy is applicable to a range of resource allocation
problems (e.g. CPU scheduling, memory allocation, quality of service) as well as the design of software abstractions.
Per Brinch Hansen introduced the concept of separation of policy and mechanism in operating systems in the RC 4000 multiprogramming system. Artsy and Livny, in a 1987 paper, discussed an approach for an operating system design having an "extreme separation of mechanism and policy". In a 2000 article, Chervenak et al. described the principles of mechanism neutrality and policy neutrality.
Rationale and implications
The separation of mechanism and policy is the fundamental approach of a microkernel that distinguishes it from a monolithic one. In a microkernel, the majority of operating system services are provided by user-level server processes.<ref>Raphael Finkel, Michael L. Scott, Artsy Y. and Chang, H. [www.cs.rochester.edu/u/scott/papers/1989_IEEETSE_Charlotte.pdf Experience with Charlotte: simplicity and function in a distributed operating system]. IEEE Trans. Software Engng 15:676-685; 1989. Extended abstract presented at the IEEE Workshop on Design Principles for Experimental Distributed Systems, Purdue University; 1986.</ref> It is important for an operating system to have the flexibility of providing adequate mechanisms to support the broadest possible spectrum of real-world security policies.
It is almost impossible to envision all of the different ways in which a system mi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozy | Mozy () was an online backup service for both Windows and macOS users. Linux's support was made available in Q3, 2014. In 2007 Mozy was acquired by EMC, and in 2013 Mozy was included in the EMC Backup Recovery Systems division's product list.
On September 7, 2016, Dell Inc. acquired EMC Corporation to form Dell Technologies, restructuring the original Dell Inc. as a subsidiary of Dell Technologies. On March 19, 2018, Carbonite acquired Mozy from Dell for $148.5 million in cash and in 2019 shut down the service, incorporating Mozy's clients into its own online backup service programs.
History
Founded in 2005, Mozy was originally created by Berkeley Data Systems of American Fork, Utah.
In October 2007, EMC acquired Berkeley Data Systems, along with the Mozy product line for $76 million.
Mozy was headquartered in Seattle, Washington, though the majority of its employees were in its Pleasant Grove, Utah offices.
On September 7, 2016, Dell Inc. acquired EMC Corporation to form Dell Technologies, restructuring the original company as a subsidiary of Dell Technologies. On March 19, 2018, Dell sold Mozy to Carbonite in a $145.8 million cash deal. Carbonite announced plans to shut the service down as an independent entity in 2019, shifting Mozy's clients to its own online backup program.
Products
Mozy produced three products: MozyHome, MozyPro, and MozyEnterprise.
MozyHome was the consumer version of the Mozy backup service, bought on a monthly subscription or on various other plans. In January 2012 Mozy opened the public beta of its cloud storage / synchronization feature called Mozy Stash, for free. MozyHome previously offered users an unlimited amount of storage space. In February 2011 they closed the unlimited service and began charging according to how much space was used.
MozyPro was the business version of the Mozy backup service. Originally launched in 2007, MozyPro pricing was updated in 2012 for businesses to back up any number of computers for one price. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge%20%28geometry%29 | In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, and is often called a polygon side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an edge is a line segment where two faces (or polyhedron sides) meet. A segment joining two vertices while passing through the interior or exterior is not an edge but instead is called a diagonal.
Relation to edges in graphs
In graph theory, an edge is an abstract object connecting two graph vertices, unlike polygon and polyhedron edges which have a concrete geometric representation as a line segment.
However, any polyhedron can be represented by its skeleton or edge-skeleton, a graph whose vertices are the geometric vertices of the polyhedron and whose edges correspond to the geometric edges. Conversely, the graphs that are skeletons of three-dimensional polyhedra can be characterized by Steinitz's theorem as being exactly the 3-vertex-connected planar graphs.
Number of edges in a polyhedron
Any convex polyhedron's surface has Euler characteristic
where V is the number of vertices, E is the number of edges, and F is the number of faces. This equation is known as Euler's polyhedron formula. Thus the number of edges is 2 less than the sum of the numbers of vertices and faces. For example, a cube has 8 vertices and 6 faces, and hence 12 edges.
Incidences with other faces
In a polygon, two edges meet at each vertex; more generally, by Balinski's theorem, at least d edges meet at every vertex of a d-dimensional convex polytope.
Similarly, in a polyhedron, exactly two two-dimensional faces meet at every edge, while in higher dimensional polytopes three or more two-dimensional faces meet at every edge.
Alternative terminology
In the theory of high-dimensional convex polytopes, a facet or side of a d-dimensional polytope is one of its (d − 1)-dimensional features, a ridge is a (d − 2)-dimensional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nifuroxazide | Nifuroxazide (INN) is an oral nitrofuran antibiotic, patented since 1966 and used to treat colitis and diarrhea in humans and non-humans. It is sold under the brand names Ambatrol, Antinal, Bacifurane, Diafuryl (Turkey), Benol (Pakistan), Pérabacticel (France), Antinal, Diax (Egypt), Nifrozid, Ercefuryl (Romania, Czech Republic, Russia), Erfuzide (Thailand), Endiex (Slovakia), Enterofuryl (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia), Pentofuryl (Germany), Nifuroksazyd Hasco, Nifuroksazyd Polpharma (Poland), Topron, Enterovid (Latin America), Eskapar (Mexico), Enterocolin, Terracolin (Bolivia), Apazid (Morocco), Nifroxid (Tunisia), Nifural (Indonesia) and Septidiaryl. It is sold in capsule form and also as a suspension.
History
Maurice Claude Ernest Carron patented the drug in the United States in 1966. Subsequent patents issued to Germano Cagliero of Marxer S.p.A. describe the use of nifuroxazide as an antibiotic used to treat livestock.
Effectiveness in humans
In 1997, in an Ivory Coast promotional leaflet, GlaxoSmithKline claimed that nifuroxazide (under the brand name "Ambatrol") is an anti-dehydration treatment, "neutralise[s] microbacterials" in diarrhoea, and has "a spectrum which covers most enteropathogenic microbacterials, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococci, Klebsiella, Yersinia". The international non-profit organization Healthy Skepticism, at the time using their former name, Medical Lobby for Appropriate Marketing (MaLAM), disagreed, stating "We have not found any scientific evidence to support these claims."
STAT3 inhibition
In addition to its antibiotic activity, nifuroxazide has been found to be a potent inhibitor of STAT3, and consequently has been proposed as a cancer treatment.
ALDH1 cancer stem cells
High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1 enzymatic activity is a marker for cancer stem cell/tumour initiating cell populations in many cancers. Nifuroxazide was found to be bio-activated by ALDH1 enzymes, and shown to selectively kill ALDH |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20firearms%20identification | Automated Firearms Identification refers to the use of computers to automate the process of matching a piece of recovered ballistic evidence (which can be either bullets or cartridge cases, or fragments thereof), against a database.
Automated ballistic identification systems
Every firearm leaves unique, reproducible markings on expended (used) bullet and cartridge cases that it fired. The barrel, firing pin, firing chamber, extractor, ejector and other parts of the gun leave these marks, called toolmarks, on the bullet and cartridge case faces. Individually and collectively, these markings function as the “ballistic signature” of the firearm.
Traditional firearms identification involves the use of a Comparison Microscope. A firearms examiner visually compares the ballistic signature of a bullet/cartridge recovered from a crime scene with those in the police files. This process and its outcome, while accurate and acceptable in court, is extremely time consuming. Because of this, its usefulness as an investigative tool is severely limited.
Automated Ballistic Identification Systems (ABIS) are specialized computer hardware/software combinations designed to capture, store and rapidly compare digital images of bullets and cartridge casings.
ABIS have four key components:
The Ballistic Scanner, which captures the images of the bullets and cartridges
The Signature Extraction Unit, which uses a mathematical algorithm to extract unique signatures from the images
Data Storage Unit, which serves as the main storage,
The Correlation Server, which handles the actual comparison of images.
United States
Automated Firearms Identification has its roots in the United States, the country with the highest per capita firearms ownership. In 1993, the Federal Bureau of Investigation commissioned Mnemonics Systems Inc. to develop Drugfire, which enabled law enforcement agencies to capture images of cartridge casings into computers, and automate the process of comparing a suspect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team%20software%20process | In combination with the personal software process (PSP), the team software process (TSP) provides a defined operational process framework that is designed to help teams of managers and engineers organize projects and produce software for
products that range in size from small projects of several thousand lines of code (KLOC) to very large projects greater than half a million lines of code. The TSP is intended to improve the levels of quality and productivity of a team's software development project, in order to help them better meet the cost and schedule commitments of developing a software system.
The initial version of the TSP was developed and piloted by Watts Humphrey in the late 1990s and the Technical Report for TSP sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense was published in November 2000. The book by Watts Humphrey, Introduction to the Team Software Process, presents a view of the TSP intended for use in academic settings, that focuses on the process of building a software production team, establishing team goals, distributing team roles, and other teamwork-related activities.
Introduction to TSP
The primary goal of TSP is to create a team environment for establishing and maintaining a self-directed
team, and supporting disciplined individual work as a base of PSP framework. Self-directed team means that the team manages itself, plans and tracks their work, manages the quality of their work, and works proactively to meet team goals. TSP has two principal components: team-building and team-working. Team-building is a process that defines roles for each team member and sets up teamwork through TSP launch and periodical relaunch.
Team-working is a process that deals with engineering processes and practices utilized by the team.
TSP, in short, provides engineers and managers with a way that establishes and manages their team to produce the high-quality software on schedule and budget.
How TSP works
Before engineers can participate in the TSP, it is require |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus%20impudicus | Phallus impudicus, known colloquially as the common stinkhorn, is a widespread fungus in the Phallaceae (stinkhorn) family. It is recognizable for its foul odor and its phallic shape when mature, the latter feature giving rise to several names in 17th-century England. It is a common mushroom in Europe and North America, where it occurs in habitats rich in wood debris such as forests and mulched gardens. It appears from summer to late autumn. The fruiting structure is tall and white with a slimy, dark olive colored conical head. Known as the gleba, this material contains the spores, and is transported by insects which are attracted by the odor—described as resembling carrion. Despite its foul smell, it is not usually poisonous and immature mushrooms are consumed in parts of France, Germany and the Czech Republic.
Taxonomy
The Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi described the fungus in 1560 with name fungus priapeus, and he depicted it in his series of water-coloured plates called teatro della natura ('nature's theater' 1560–1590). Another botanist, John Gerard called it the "pricke mushroom" or "fungus virilis penis effigie" in his General Historie of Plants of 1597, and John Parkinson referred to it as "Hollanders workingtoole" or "phallus hollandicus" in his Theatrum botanicum of 1640. Linnaeus described it in his 1753 Species Plantarum, and it still bears its original binomial name. Its specific epithet, impudicus, is derived from the Latin for "shameless" or "immodest".
Description
Sometimes called the witch's egg, the immature stinkhorn is whitish or pinkish, egg-shaped, and typically by .On the outside is a thick whitish volva, also known as the peridium, covering the olive-colored gelatinous gleba. It is the latter that contains the spores and later stinks and attracts the flies; within this layer is a green layer which will become the 'head' of the expanded fruit body; and inside this is a white structure called the receptaculum (the stalk when expanded), |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application%20Lifecycle%20Framework | Application Lifecycle Framework (ALF) was an Eclipse Foundation project to develop an open framework for system integration and interoperability for application lifecycle management tools. The project failed to gain the support of significant vendors and was terminated in 2008.
See also
ISO/IEC 12207, this is an international standard for software lifecycle processes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcosimPro | EcosimPro is a simulation tool developed by Empresarios Agrupados A.I.E for modelling simple and complex physical processes that can be expressed in terms of Differential algebraic equations or Ordinary differential equations and Discrete event simulation.
The application runs on the various Microsoft Windows platforms and uses its own graphic environment for model design.
The modelling of physical components is based on the EcosimPro language (EL) which is very similar to other conventional Object-oriented programming languages but is powerful enough to model continuous and discrete processes.
This tool employs a set of libraries containing various types of components (mechanical, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, etc.) that can be reused to model any type of system.
It is used within ESA for propulsion systems analysis and is the recommended ESA analysis tool for ECLS systems.
Origins
The EcosimPro Tool Project began in 1989 with funds from the European Space Agency (ESA) and with the goal of simulating environmental control and life support systems for crewed spacecraft, such as the Hermes shuttle.
The multidisciplinary nature of this modelling tool led to its use in many other disciplines, including fluid mechanics, chemical processing, control, energy, propulsion and flight dynamics. These complex applications have demonstrated that EcosimPro is very robust and ready for use in many other fields.
The modelling language
Code examples
Differential equation
To familiarize yourself with the use of EcosimPro, first create a simple component to solve a differential equation. Although EcosimPro is designed to simulate complex systems, it can also be used independently of a physical system as if it were a pure equation solver. The example in this section illustrates this type of use. It solves the following differential equation to introduce a delay to variable x:
which is equivalent to
where x and y have a time dependence that will be defined in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Bioinformatics%20and%20Biotechnology | The Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology (IBB) is an autonomous institute with an affiliation to the University of Pune. It was established in 2002 under the 'University with Potential for Excellence' program funded by the University Grants Commission of India (UGC). It was established with a view to promote research and development activities in bioinformatics and biotechnology, with a focus on creation of high quality research environment and human resources.
IBB is situated on the campus of University of Pune, India. It has been widely regarded that IBB shares the same relationship with the University of Pune as the Center for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai shares with the University of Mumbai.
Programs at the Institute
In its pursuit of human resource development, IBB has launched two courses at Masters’ level:
Five years integrated M.Sc. (Biotechnology) / six years M.Tech. (Biotechnology) programme
Two years M.Sc. (Virology) programme
Ph.D.
Post-doctoral programme
See also
Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigben%20%28computer%29 | The Bigben supercomputer was a Cray XT3 MPP system with 2068 nodes located at Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center. It was decommissioned on March 31, 2010. Bigben was a part of the TeraGrid.
System architecture
BigBen was a Cray XT3 MPP system with 2068 compute nodes linked by a custom-designed interconnect. Twenty-two dedicated IO processors were also connected to this network. Each compute node had two 2.6 GHz AMD Opteron processors. Each compute processor had its own cache, but the two processors on a node shared 2 GB of memory and the network connection.
Operating system
Bigben ran Catamount, a subset of Unix.
File system
Bigben had two file systems comprising together over 199 TB of storage space.
Compilers
Bigben had the Portland Group, the Gnu, and UPC compilers installed.
See also
TeraGrid
National Science Foundation
Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center
External links
Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center
Teragrid
National Science Foundation
Cray products
X86 supercomputers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20desktop%20application%20launchers | An application launcher is a computer program that helps a user to locate and start other computer programs. An application launcher provides shortcuts to computer programs, and stores the shortcuts in one place so they are easier to find.
In the comparison of desktop application launchers that follows, each section is devoted to a different desktop environment.
Android
Windows
These desktop application launchers work with Microsoft Windows operating systems only.
Linux
These desktop application launchers work with Linux operating systems only.
macOS
These desktop application launchers work with the Apple macOS operating system only.
Cross platform
These desktop application launchers work with two or more different operating systems.
See also
List of dock applications
Novell ZENworks, software formerly named (and still informally termed) "Novell Application Launcher" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20coalescing%20operator | The null coalescing operator (called the Logical Defined-Or operator in Perl) is a binary operator that is part of the syntax for a basic conditional expression in several programming languages, including C#, PowerShell as of version 7.0.0, Perl as of version 5.10, Swift, and PHP 7.0.0. While its behavior differs between implementations, the null coalescing operator generally returns the result of its left-most operand if it exists and is not null, and otherwise returns the right-most operand. This behavior allows a default value to be defined for cases where a more specific value is not available.
In contrast to the ternary conditional if operator used as x ? x : y, but like the binary Elvis operator used as x ?: y, the null coalescing operator is a binary operator and thus evaluates its operands at most once, which is significant if the evaluation of x has side-effects.
Examples by languages
Bourne-like Shells
In Bourne shell (and derivatives), "If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word is substituted. Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted":
#supplied_title='supplied title' # Uncomment this line to use the supplied title
title=${supplied_title:-'Default title'}
echo "$title" # prints: Default title
C#
In C#, the null coalescing operator is ??.
It is most often used to simplify expressions as follows:
possiblyNullValue ?? valueIfNull
For example, if one wishes to implement some C# code to give a page a default title if none is present, one may use the following statement:
string pageTitle = suppliedTitle ?? "Default Title";
instead of the more verbose
string pageTitle = (suppliedTitle != null) ? suppliedTitle : "Default Title";
or
string pageTitle;
if (suppliedTitle != null)
{
pageTitle = suppliedTitle;
}
else
{
pageTitle = "Default Title";
}
The three forms result in the same value being stored into the variable named pageTitle.
suppliedTitle is referenced only once when using the ?? operator, and twice in the other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbow | The Hyperbow is an electronic violin bow interface that was developed as a result of an in-depth research project by students at MIT. The instrument is intended for use only by accomplished players and was designed to amplify their gestures, which lead to supplementary sound or musical control possibilities. It offers the violin player a range of expressive possibilities in its form as an augmented bow controller that lends itself to the control of bowed string physical models.
Development
The creation of musical instruments that utilize technology to increase the functionality and subtlety of control has been an endeavour of Tod Machover and his research group since 1986. This collaboration has produced a series of "augmented instruments" called Hyperinstruments such as the HyperCello, an acoustic cello created in 1991 for Yo-Yo Ma. The Hyperbow itself has an older version called Hyperviolin, which was designed for Ani Kavafian.
The Hyperbow project sought to capture the most intricate aspects of violin bowing technique, the subtle elements that immediately and directly impact the sound of the instrument while playing. It uses accelerometers and electromagnetic field sensor in order to track the instrument's motion. There is also a mechanism that measures the force of the bow called single strain gauge. Both of these collect data that are then sent to the radio transmitter wirelessly. The data allows the evaluation of bowing techniques and drives a specified calibration procedure. The physical gesture data collected can also be used to control audio effects and synthesis algorithms in real-time.
The Hyperbow interface was featured in Toy Symphony performances with violinists Joshua Bell and Cora Venus Lunny, and several pieces for cello and Hyperbow have recently been developed and recorded by colleagues at the Royal Academy of Music.
Current research uses the Hyperbow as a measurement system to investigate the interaction of bowing parameters (acceleration, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPX | VPX (Virtual Path Cross-Connect), also known as VITA 46, is a set of standards for connecting components of a computer (known as a computer bus), commonly used by defense contractors. Some are ANSI standards such as ANSI/VITA 46.0–2019. VPX provides VMEbus-based systems with support for switched fabrics over a new high speed connector. Defined by the VMEbus International Trade Association (VITA) working group starting in 2003, it was first demonstrated in 2004, and became an ANSI standard in 2007.
History
VPX was intended to address shortcomings in scalability and performance of on both side of the bus to bus bridging technology. The goal was to include newer faster VMEbus standards and new generations of PCI bus standards.
The VMEbus International Trade Association (VITA) working group, formed in March 2003, was composed of companies such as ADLINK, Boeing, Curtiss-Wright, Elma Electronic, GE Intelligent Platforms, Kontron, Mercury Computer Systems, and Northrop Grumman, it was designed with defense applications in mind, with an enhanced module standard that enables applications and platforms with superior performance. VPX retained VME's Eurocard form factors, which are based on multiples of three rack units: 3U means three rack units, and 6U six rack units.
It supported PCI Mezzanine Card (PMC) and XMC mezzanines (PMC with high-speed serial fabric interconnect), and maintaining the maximum possible compatibility with VMEbus.
New generations of embedded systems reflected the growing significance of high speed serial switched fabric interconnects such as PCI Express, RapidIO, Infiniband and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. These technologies are replacing traditional parallel communications bus architectures for local communications, because they offer significantly greater capability. Switched fabrics technology supports the implementation of multiprocessing systems that require the fastest possible communications between multiple processors, such as digital signal proc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetization%20transfer | Magnetization transfer (MT), in NMR and MRI, refers to the transfer of nuclear spin polarization and/or spin coherence from one population of nuclei to another population of nuclei, and to techniques that make use of these phenomena. There is some ambiguity regarding the precise definition of magnetization transfer, however the general definition given above encompasses all more specific notions. NMR active nuclei, those with non-zero spin, can be energetically coupled to one another under certain conditions. The mechanisms of nuclear-spin energy-coupling have been extensively characterized and are described in the following articles: Angular momentum coupling, Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, J-coupling, Residual dipolar coupling, Nuclear Overhauser effect, Spin–spin relaxation, and Spin saturation transfer. Alternatively, some nuclei in a chemical system are labile and exchange between non-equivalent environments. A more specific example of this case is presented in the section Chemical Exchange Magnetization transfer.
In either case, magnetization transfer techniques probe the dynamic relationship between two or more distinguishable nuclei populations, in so far as energy exchange between the populations can be induced and measured in an idealized NMR experiment.
Chemical Exchange Magnetization transfer
In magnetic resonance imaging or NMR of macromolecular samples, such as protein solutions, at least two types of water molecules, free (bulk) and bound (hydration), are present. Bulk water molecules have many mechanical degrees of freedom, and motion of such molecules thus exhibits statistically averaged behavior. Because of this uniformity, most free water protons have resonance frequencies very near the average Larmor frequency of all such protons. On a properly acquired NMR spectrum this is seen as a narrow Lorentzian line (at 4.8 ppm, 20 C). Bulk water molecules are also relatively far from magnetic field perturbing macromolecules, such that free water |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20measure%20theory | In mathematics, geometric measure theory (GMT) is the study of geometric properties of sets (typically in Euclidean space) through measure theory. It allows mathematicians to extend tools from differential geometry to a much larger class of surfaces that are not necessarily smooth.
History
Geometric measure theory was born out of the desire to solve Plateau's problem (named after Joseph Plateau) which asks if for every smooth closed curve in there exists a surface of least area among all surfaces whose boundary equals the given curve. Such surfaces mimic soap films.
The problem had remained open since it was posed in 1760 by Lagrange. It was solved independently in the 1930s by Jesse Douglas and Tibor Radó under certain topological restrictions. In 1960 Herbert Federer and Wendell Fleming used the theory of currents with which they were able to solve the orientable Plateau's problem analytically without topological restrictions, thus sparking geometric measure theory. Later Jean Taylor after Fred Almgren proved Plateau's laws for the kind of singularities that can occur in these more general soap films and soap bubbles clusters.
Important notions
The following objects are central in geometric measure theory:
Hausdorff measure and Hausdorff dimension
Rectifiable sets (or Radon measures), which are sets with the least possible regularity required to admit approximate tangent spaces.
Characterization of rectifiability through existence of approximate tangents, densities, projections, etc.
Orthogonal projections, Kakeya sets, Besicovitch sets
Uniform rectifiability
Rectifiability and uniform rectifiability of (subsets of) metric spaces, e.g. SubRiemannian manifolds, Carnot groups, Heisenberg groups, etc.
Connections to singular integrals, Fourier transform, Frostman measures, harmonic measures, etc
Currents, a generalization of the concept of oriented manifolds, possibly with boundary.
Flat chains, an alternative generalization of the concept of manifol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore%20whiskered%20bat | The Singapore whiskered bat (Vespertilio oreias) is or was a possible species of vesper bat endemic to Singapore. No specimens have been found since its original scientific description in 1840 by Dutch zoologist Coenraad Temminck.
Taxonomy
There is some uncertainty regarding its genus classification as either Vespertilio (Temminck 1840), Myotis (Tate 1941), or Kerivoula (Csorba 2016). All contending genera share Vespertilionidae as the family. Modern analysis of the type specimen found it to have skull fragments from another species and the skin to be in too poor a condition to confirm it as a distinct species. Additionally, it is zoogeographically hard to believe that a bat species could be limited to the island of Singapore.
The holotype is in Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Leiden, Netherlands. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation%20vapor%20density | The saturation vapor density (SVD) is the maximum density of water vapor in air at a given temperature. The concept is related to saturation vapor pressure (SVP). It can be used to calculate exact quantity of water vapor in the air from a relative humidity (RH = % local air humidity measured / local total air humidity possible ) Given an RH percentage, the density of water in the air is given by . Alternatively, RH can be found by . As relative humidity is a dimensionless quantity (often expressed in terms of a percentage), vapor density can be stated in units of grams or kilograms per cubic meter.
For low temperatures (below approximately 400 K), SVD can be approximated from the SVP by the ideal gas law: where is the SVP, is the volume, is the number of moles, is the gas constant and is the temperature in kelvins. The number of moles is related to density by , where is the mass of water present and is the molar mass of water (18.01528 grams/mole). Thus, setting to 1 cubic meter, we get = = density.
The values shown at hyperphysics-sources indicate that the saturated vapor density is 4.85 g/m3 at 273 K, at which the saturated vapor pressure is 4.58 mm of Hg or 610.616447 Pa (760 mm of Hg ≈ 1 atm = 1.01325 * 105 Pa).
Therefore, for particular mole number and volume the saturated vapor pressure will not change if the temperature remains constant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo%20spiny%20mouse | The Cairo spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus), also known as the common spiny mouse, Egyptian spiny mouse, or Arabian spiny mouse, is a nocturnal species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Africa north of the Sahara, where its natural habitats are rocky areas and hot deserts. It is omnivorous and feeds on seeds, desert plants, snails, and insects. It is a gregarious animal and lives in small family groups. It is the first and only known rodent species that exhibit spontaneous decidualization and menstruation.
Description
The Cairo spiny mouse grows to a head and body length of about with a tail of much the same length. Adults weigh between . The colour of the Cairo spiny mouse is sandy-brown or greyish-brown above and whitish beneath. A line of spine-like bristles run along the ridge of the back. The snout is slender and pointed, the eyes are large, the ears are large and slightly pointed and the tail is devoid of hairs.
The spiny mouse is known to have relatively weak skin, compared to Mus musculus, and tail autotomy.
Distribution and habitat
The Cairo spiny mouse is native to northern Africa with its range extending from Mauritania, Morocco, and Algeria in the west to Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Egypt in the east at altitudes up to about . It lives in dry stony habitats with sparse vegetation and is often found near human dwellings. It is common around cliffs and canyons and in gravelly plains with shrubby vegetation. It is not usually found in sandy habitats, but may be present among date palms.
Behaviour
Cairo spiny mice are social animals and live in a group with a dominant male. Breeding mostly takes place in the rainy season, between September and April, when availability of food is greater. The gestation period is five to six weeks, which is long for a mouse, and the young are well-developed when they are born. At this time, they are already covered with short fur and their eyes are open, and they soon start exploring their surroundings. The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20grass%20rat | The African grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) is a species of rodent in the family Murinae.
Taxonomy
The species is divided into the following six subspecies.
A. n. niloticus: Nile, Egypt;
A. n. dembeensis (Rüppell, 1842): Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea; Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo;
A. n. naso (Pocock, 1934): Yemen;
A. n. rhodesiae (St.Leger, 1932): Zambia;
A. n. solatus (Thomas, 1925): Senegal; Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon and Central African Republic;
A. n. testicularis (Sundevall, 1843): upper Nile, central Sudan.
Description
Arvicanthis niloticus is a rodent of medium size, with the length of the head and of the body between 159 and 202 mm, the length of the tail between 125 and 173 mm, the length of the foot between 33 and 42 mm, the length of the ears between 19 and 23 mm and a weight up to 201 g.
The fur is rough. The upper parts of individual hairs are yellowish with blackish tips. Long yellow or orange hairs are present on the bottom. A dorsal dark stripe more or less distinct extends from the head to the base of the tail. The ventral parts are whitish, with the base of the hairs blackish.
Areas where there are the whiskers, the eyes and a small patch behind each ear are orange. The legs are pink. The tail is shorter than the head and body, densely covered with hair, blackish above and white-yellowish below. The karyotype is 2n = 62, FN = 62-64.
Distribution
It is mainly distributed in the Sahel and the sudano-zambesian Savanna belt, namely Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia. Populations also occur in Algeria, Egypt, and Yemen.
Cycle of life
Despite its wide distribution and commonness, little is known about the biology and actual occurrence of the speci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweigger-Seidel%20sheath | Schweigger-Seidel sheath is a phagocytic sleeve that is part of a sheathed arteriole of the spleen, and is sometimes referred to as a splenic ellipsoid. It is a spindle-shaped thickening in the walls of the second part of the arterial branches forming the penicilli in the spleen. It is named after German physiologist Franz Schweigger-Seidel (1834-1871). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natal%20multimammate%20mouse | The Natal multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is also known as the Natal multimammate rat, the common African rat, or the African soft-furred mouse. The Natal multimammate rat is the natural host of the Lassa fever virus.
Range
It is found in Africa south of the Sahara. Six different genetic groups can be distinguished in different regions: one in western Africa, one in central Africa, one in southern Africa and three in eastern Africa.
Habitat
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
These rats associate closely with humans, and are commonly found in and around African villages.
Interactions with humans
The species has been used as a laboratory animal since 1939. It has great value for researchers who focused on stomach cancer and spontaneous tumors. It is also the most important reservoir of Lassa fever virus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Herb%20Symposium | The International Herb Symposium is a biannual conference held at Wheaton College in Norton, Massachusetts to discuss botanical medicine, herbal conservation and the survival of First World herbal traditions. This conference is one of the largest herb conferences held in the United States and the only worldwide herbal conference with an explicit international focus, including speakers from Africa, Tibet, Central and South America and American Indian tribes. During this conference, over 100 workshops are typically presented during a single weekend – ranging from indigenous traditional to scientific uses of botanicals. The conference is organized by Rosemary Gladstar and Sage Mountain Retreat Center and features speakers from all over the world. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatun%20Sacha | Jatun Sacha (Kichwa: hatun sacha, "big forest", Southern Quechua: hatun sach'a, "big tree(s)", "great wilderness", also written with j, sounding "h") is best known as the name of a biological station established in the Ecuadorian Amazon in 1985, the Jatun Sacha Biological Station. The management of this station and its associated nature reserve is undertaken by Ecuador's Jatun Sacha Foundation, which since its birth in the 1980s has grown to be Ecuador's largest national level conservation organization with projects distributed throughout mainland Ecuador as well as on the Galápagos Islands.
In the 21st century the name Jatun Sacha was also adopted by the Bolivian government for their Proyecto Jatun Sach'a, a forest conservation initiative in collaboration with FAO, USAID, and the United Nations.
In 2007, a U.S. affiliate of Ecuador's Jatun Sacha Foundation legally titled 'Jatun Sacha USA' adopted the English translation "Great Wilderness" as their public name in the United States. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach%203%20%281987%20video%20game%29 | Mach 3 is a 1987 3D shooter video game by Loriciels for Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, MSX, Thomson TO7, ZX Spectrum and DOS. The DOS (PC) version uses CGA 320x200 video mode.
Gameplay
The player controls a spacecraft and shoots various enemy crafts while avoiding mines and obstacles. During the intro screen, a sampled is phrase is spoken: "Get ready for Mach 3."
Reviews
http://www.atarimania.com/game-atari-st-mach-iii_9879.html
https://worldofspectrum.org/archive/magazines/your-sinclair/64/0/1991/4/0#10
http://amr.abime.net/review_12918
Jeux & Stratégie #49 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notations | Notations is a book that was edited and compiled by American avant-garde composer John Cage (1912–1992) with Alison Knowles and first published in 1969 by Something Else Press. The book is made up of a large collection of graphical scores, facsimiles of holographs, from the Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, with text by 269 composers, which are presented in alphabetical order, with each score allotted equal space, and in which the editor has no more authority than the reader in assigning value to the work. The book includes the manuscript for the Beatles song "The Word" (song lyrics, but no musical notation) from the Rubber Soul album (1965).
The text of the book was created using chance procedures to determine which of the 269 composers would be asked to write about their work, and how many words each entry was to consist of. These pieces of writing, which contain from one to sixty-four words, are preceded by paragraph signs. The typesetting was done by Alison Knowles using chance-derived mixtures of typefaces and sizes. There are also comments by Cage and other writers included throughout the book, typeset using similar procedures.
In 2009, Theresa Sauer produced the follow-up Notations 21 published by Mark Batty Publisher. Inspired by the work of Cage and Knowles, it contained illustrated musical scores from more than 100 composers along with commentary from each composer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20encryption | In modern cryptography, null encryption (or selecting null cipher or NONE cipher) is choosing not to use encryption in a system where various encryption options are offered. When this option is used, the text is the same before and after encryption, which can be practical for testing/debugging, or authentication-only communication. In mathematics such a function is known as the identity function.
Examples of this are the "eNULL" and "aNULL" cipher suite in OpenSSL, and the "NULL Encryption Algorithm" in IPSec.
See also
: "The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With IPsec" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2 | OSTM/Jason-2, or Ocean Surface Topography Mission/Jason-2 satellite, was an international Earth observation satellite altimeter joint mission for sea surface height measurements between NASA and CNES. It was the third satellite in a series started in 1992 by the NASA/CNES TOPEX/Poseidon mission and continued by the NASA/CNES Jason-1 mission launched in 2001.
History
Like its two predecessors, OSTM/Jason-2 used high-precision ocean altimetry to measure the distance between the satellite and the ocean surface to within a few centimeters. These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height — also known as ocean topography — provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored in the ocean.
Jason-2 was built by Thales Alenia Space using a Proteus platform, under a contract from CNES, as well as the main Jason-2 instrument, the Poseidon-3 altimeter (successor to the Poseidon and Poseidon 2 altimeter on-board TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1). Scientists consider the 15-plus-year climate data record that this mission extended to be critical to understanding how ocean circulation is linked to global climate change.
OSTM/Jason-2 was launched on 20 June 2008, at 07:46 UTC, from Space Launch Complex 2W at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, by a Delta II 7320 rocket. The spacecraft separated from the rocket 55 minutes later.
It was placed in a circular, non-Sun-synchronous orbit at an inclination of 66.0° to Earth's equator, allowing it to monitor 95% of Earth's ice-free ocean every 10 days. Jason-1 was moved to the opposite side of Earth from Jason-2 and now flies over the same region of the ocean that Jason-2 flew over five days earlier. Jason-1's ground tracks fall midway between those of Jason-2, which are about apart at the equator. This interleaved tandem mission provided twice the number of measurements of the ocean's surface, bringing smaller features such as ocean eddies into view. The tandem mi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inforex%201300%20Systems | Inforex Inc. corporation manufactured and sold key-to-disk data entry systems in the 1970s and mid-1980s. The company was founded by ex-IBM engineers to develop direct data entry systems that allowed information to be entered on terminals and stored directly on disk drives, replacing keypunch machines using punched cards or paper tape, which had been the dominant tools for data entry since the turn of the twentieth century.
Background information
Key-to-disk systems were systems that took data entered by users from keypunch-like keyboards and held the information on a hard disk. The information was then transferred from disk to 1/2-inch magnetic tape for processing on the user's mainframe computer.
At the time, large-scale entry of data for processing on a mainframe computer was labor-intensive and expensive. For example, a typical sales order might go through the following steps:
1) Order written on contract, collected by the salesman.
2) Order transferred to paper order sheet (unusually with multiple carbon copies) transcribed by the salesman or a secretary.
3) Order sheet, after verification and approval passed to the Data Center for entry into the computer system for processing.
4) Order sheet, entered by a keypunch operator to cards for processing.
5) Order card(s) verified by a second keypunch operator by repeating the card-punching, to verify accuracy.
6) Order card read by computer.
7) Parts ordered, equipment purchased.
The same tried and practised methods were used to bill the customer, record customer payments, and pay outgoing expenses.
The advantage of key-to-disk systems over card punches was the ability to see the entire content of an 80 byte card on a monitor to edit and correct mistakes.
The Inforex Key-to-Disk-to-Tape system allowed an operator to directly read, edit, and write back any single tape record directly onto the original 9 track output tape, in the record's original position on the tape, allow keying errors to be corrected q |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethinking%20Mathematics | Rethinking Mathematics: Teaching Social Justice by the Numbers is a 2005 book (2nd edition 2013) edited by Eric Gutstein and Bob Peterson, advocating a mathematics education curriculum that intertwines mathematics with social justice. The various essays in the book, including "Home Buying While Brown or Black" and "Sweatshop Accounting", advocate using social-justice issues to motivate the teaching of rigorous mathematical concepts, and the use of mathematics education as a way of promoting ideas of social justice.
Critics derided the work as an attempt to subvert mathematics education for partisan political purposes, while the authors defended it as a useful way to motivate a wide range of students in mathematics.
See also
Critical mathematics pedagogy
Mathematics for social justice
Mathematics education |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20eye%20tube | A magic eye tube or tuning indicator, in technical literature called an electron-ray indicator tube, is a vacuum tube which gives a visual indication of the amplitude of an electronic signal, such as an audio output, radio-frequency signal strength, or other functions. The magic eye (also called a cat's eye, or tuning eye in North America) is a specific type of such a tube with a circular display similar to the EM34 illustrated. Its first broad application was as a tuning indicator in radio receivers, to give an indication of the relative strength of the received radio signal, to show when a radio station was properly tuned in.
The magic eye tube was the first in a line of development of cathode ray type tuning indicators developed as a cheaper alternative to needle movement meters. It was not until the 1960s that needle meters were made inexpensive enough in Japan to displace indicator tubes. Tuning indicator tubes were used in vacuum tube receivers from around 1936 to 1980, before vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors in radios. An earlier tuning aid which the magic eye replaced was the "tuneon" neon lamp.
History
The magic eye tube (or valve) for tuning radio receivers was invented in 1932 by Allen B. DuMont (who spent most of the 1930s improving the lifetime of cathode ray tubes, and ultimately formed the DuMont Television Network).
The RCA 6E5 from 1935 was the first commercial tube.
The earlier types were end-viewed (EM34), usually with an octal or side-contact base. Later developments featured a smaller side-viewed noval B9A based all-glass type with either a fan type display or a band display (EM84). The end-viewed version had a round cone-shaped fluorescent screen together with the black cap that shielded the red light from the cathode/heater assembly. This design prompted the contemporary advertisers to coin the term magic eye, a term still used.
There was also a sub-miniature version with wire ends (Mullard DM70/DM71, Mazda 1M1/1M3, GEC/Marconi Y |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positively%20invariant%20set | In mathematical analysis, a positively (or positive) invariant set is a set with the following properties:
Suppose is a dynamical system, is a trajectory, and is the initial point. Let where is a real-valued function. The set is said to be positively invariant if implies that
In other words, once a trajectory of the system enters , it will never leave it again. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyniognatha | Rhyniognatha is an extinct genus of arthropod of disputed placement. It has been considered in some analyses as the oldest insect known, as well as possibly being a flying insect. Rhyniognatha is known from a partial head with preserved mouthparts from the Early Devonian aged Rhynie chert around 400 million years ago, when Earth’s first terrestrial ecosystems were being formed. The type, and only species is R. hirsti, which was named and described in 1928. Other analyses have interpreted the specimen as a myriapod.
Evidence
The head part of a specimen, preserved in a fragment of Rhynie Chert, was collected in 1919 by the Reverend W. Cran, who provided it to S. Hirst, Samarendra Maulik and D.J. Scourfield. Hirst and Maulik published a report in 1926; in it they described Rhyniella praecursor, which is now known to be a springtail. Several other pieces, including the Rhyniognatha head, were also described as "supposed larval insect" though yet unnamed. The specimen was named as Rhyniognatha hirsti in 1928 by entomologist Robin J. Tillyard. It was later donated by D.J. Scourfield to the Natural History Museum in London where it is currently displayed on a microscope slide. In 2004 Michael S. Engel and David A. Grimaldi (2004) analyzed Rhyniognatha hirsti's mouthparts, and came to the conclusion that Rhyniognatha likely had wings, as they determined the mouthparts resembled those of a mayfly, a flying insect. Nevertheless, a detailed reanalysis by Carolin Haug & Joachim T. Haug in 2017 came to a different interpretation, concluding that the identity of Rhyniognatha hirsti as a myriapod, specifically a scutigeromorph centipede, was better supported by the available evidence, without being able to exclude an insect identity completely. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk-cap | Milk-cap (also milk cap, milkcap, or milky) is a common name that refers to mushroom-forming fungi of the genera Lactarius, Lactifluus, and Multifurca, all in the family Russulaceae. The common and eponymous feature of their fruitbodies is the latex ("milk") they exude when cut or bruised. Mushrooms with typical milk-cap characteristics are said to have a lactarioid habit. Some of them are edible.
Historically, these species were all united in the genus Lactarius, but molecular phylogenetic analysis has shown that they belong in fact to three distinct clades:
Lactarius holds most of the milk-caps known from the Northern hemisphere.
Lactifluus contains mainly tropical species, but also some well known northern milk-caps.
Multifurca contains only one species exuding milk, M. furcata from North and Central America.
Some prominent species
Lactarius deliciosus - "saffron milk-cap" or "red pine mushroom"
Lactarius deterrimus - "false saffron milk-cap"
Lactarius indigo - "indigo milk-cap"
Lactarius quietus - "oak milk-cap"
Lactarius torminosus - "woolly milk-cap"
Lactarius turpis - "ugly milk-cap"
Lactifluus piperatus – "peppery milk-cap"
Lactifluus vellereus – "fleecy milk-cap"
Lactifluus volemus – "weeping milk-cap" or "voluminous-latex milky"
See also
List of Lactarius species
List of Lactifluus species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikonal%20approximation | In theoretical physics, the eikonal approximation (Greek εἰκών for likeness, icon or image) is an approximative method useful in wave scattering equations which occur in optics, seismology, quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, and partial wave expansion.
Informal description
The main advantage that the eikonal approximation offers is that the equations reduce to a differential equation in a single variable. This reduction into a single variable is the result of the straight line approximation or the eikonal approximation which allows us to choose the straight line as a special direction.
Relation to the WKB approximation
The early steps involved in the eikonal approximation in quantum mechanics are very closely related to the WKB approximation for one-dimensional waves. The WKB method, like the eikonal approximation, reduces the equations into a differential equation in a single variable. But the difficulty with the WKB approximation is that this variable is described by the trajectory of the particle which, in general, is complicated.
Formal description
Making use of WKB approximation we can write the wave function of the scattered system in terms of action S:
Inserting the wavefunction Ψ in the Schrödinger equation without the presence of a magnetic field we obtain
We write S as a power series in ħ
For the zero-th order:
If we consider the one-dimensional case then .
We obtain a differential equation with the boundary condition:
for , .
See also
Eikonal equation
Correspondence principle
Principle of least action |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariniana%20penduliflora | Cariniana penduliflora is a species of woody plant in the family Lecythidaceae. It is found only in Brazil. It is threatened by habitat loss. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet%20Radio%20Unit%2C%20Melbourne | Fleet Radio Unit, Melbourne (FRUMEL) was a United States–Australian–British signals intelligence unit, founded in Melbourne, Australia, during World War II. It was one of two major Allied signals intelligence units called Fleet Radio Units in the Pacific theatre, the other being FRUPAC (also known as Station HYPO), in Hawaii. FRUMEL was a U.S. Navy organization, reporting directly to CINCPAC (Admiral Nimitz) in Hawaii and the Chief of Naval Operations (Admiral King) in Washington, D.C., and hence to the central cryptographic organization. The separate Central Bureau in Melbourne (later Brisbane) was attached and reported to General Douglas MacArthur's Allied South West Pacific Area command headquarters.
History
FRUMEL was established at the Monterey Apartments in Queens Road in early 1942, and was made up of three main groups. First was Lieutenant Rudolph J. (Rudi) Fabian's 75-man codebreaker unit, previously based at the United States Navy's Station CAST in the Philippines before being evacuated by submarine on 8 April 1942. The second was Commander Eric Nave's small Royal Australian Navy-supported cryptography unit, which had moved to the Monterey Apartments from Victoria Barracks in February 1942. Nave's unit was made up of a core of naval personnel, heavily assisted by university academics and graduates specialising in linguistics and mathematics (including from June 1941 a "cipher group" of four from Sydney University). These included Thomas Room, Dale Trendall, Athanasius Treweek, Eric Barnes, Jack Davies and Ronald Bond. The third group was a trio of British Foreign Office linguists (Henry Archer, Arthur Cooper and Hubert Graves), and Royal Navy support staff, evacuated from Singapore, particularly from the Far East Combined Bureau (FECB) there. IBM punched card tabulating machines were obtained in 1942 to replace those left behind in Manila Bay on leaving Corregidor.
Nave and Fabian had a difficult relationship, and Nave was forced out of FRUMEL, going to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remez%20inequality | In mathematics, the Remez inequality, discovered by the Soviet mathematician Evgeny Yakovlevich Remez , gives a bound on the sup norms of certain polynomials, the bound being attained by the Chebyshev polynomials.
The inequality
Let σ be an arbitrary fixed positive number. Define the class of polynomials πn(σ) to be those polynomials p of the nth degree for which
on some set of measure ≥ 2 contained in the closed interval [−1, 1+σ]. Then the Remez inequality states that
where Tn(x) is the Chebyshev polynomial of degree n, and the supremum norm is taken over the interval [−1, 1+σ].
Observe that Tn is increasing on , hence
The R.i., combined with an estimate on Chebyshev polynomials, implies the following corollary: If J ⊂ R is a finite interval, and E ⊂ J is an arbitrary measurable set, then
for any polynomial p of degree n.
Extensions: Nazarov–Turán lemma
Inequalities similar to () have been proved for different classes of functions, and are known as Remez-type inequalities. One important example is Nazarov's inequality for exponential sums :
Nazarov's inequality. Let
be an exponential sum (with arbitrary λk ∈C), and let J ⊂ R be a finite interval, E ⊂ J—an arbitrary measurable set. Then
where C > 0 is a numerical constant.
In the special case when λk are pure imaginary and integer, and the subset E is itself an interval, the inequality was proved by Pál Turán and is known as Turán's lemma.
This inequality also extends to in the following way
for some A>0 independent of p, E, and n. When
a similar inequality holds for p > 2. For p=∞ there is an extension to multidimensional polynomials.
Proof: Applying Nazarov's lemma to leads to
thus
Now fix a set and choose such that , that is
Note that this implies:
Now
which completes the proof.
Pólya inequality
One of the corollaries of the R.i. is the Pólya inequality, which was proved by George Pólya , and states that the Lebesgue measure of a sub-level set of a polynomial p of degree n is bo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAVA%20spray | PAVA spray is an incapacitant spray similar to pepper spray. It is dispensed from a handheld canister, in a liquid stream. It contains a 0.3% solution of pelargonic acid vanillylamide (PAVA), also called nonivamide, a synthetic capsaicinoid (analogue of capsaicin), in a solvent of aqueous ethanol. The propellant is nitrogen. This solution has been selected because this is the minimum concentration which will fulfill the purpose of the equipment; namely to minimise a person's capacity for resistance, without unnecessarily prolonging their discomfort.
PAVA is significantly more potent than CS gas. The liquid stream is a spray pattern and has a maximum effective range of up to . Maximum accuracy, however, will be achieved over a distance of . The operating distance is the distance between the canister and the subject's eyes, not the distance between the user and the subject.
Effects
PAVA primarily affects the eyes, causing closure and severe pain. The pain to the eyes is reported to be greater than that caused by CS. The effectiveness rate is very high once PAVA gets into the eyes; however, there have been occasions where PAVA and CS have failed to work—especially when the subject is under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Exposure to fresh moving air will normally result in a significant recovery from the effects of PAVA, within 15–35 minutes.
Pharmacologically, like other capsaicinoids, PAVA works by direct binding to receptors (TRPV1) that normally produce the pain and sensation of heat, as if exposed to scalding heat.
Usage
PAVA is used widely as a less lethal, temporary defence tool around the world including in the United States, the United Kingdom, India, Switzerland, and others.
British Police and HM Prison Service
PAVA is approved for police and prison service use in the United Kingdom. British police forces had traditionally used CS gas spray, but with the more widespread carriage of tasers, PAVA has now entirely replaced its predecessor due to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake%20River%20sucker | The Snake River sucker (Chasmistes muriei) is an extinct species of ray-finned fish in the family Catostomidae.
It was endemic to the Snake River below Jackson Lake Dam in Wyoming. It is now presumed to be an extinct species.
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal%20Richmond%20Mine%20acidophilic%20nanoorganisms | Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms (ARMAN) were first discovered in an extremely acidic mine located in northern California (Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain) by Brett Baker in Jill Banfield's laboratory at the University of California Berkeley. These novel groups of archaea named ARMAN-1, ARMAN-2 (Candidatus Micrarchaeum acidiphilum ARMAN-2), and ARMAN-3 were missed by previous PCR-based surveys of the mine community because the ARMANs have several mismatches with commonly used PCR primers for 16S rRNA genes. Baker et al. detected them in a later study using shotgun sequencing of the community. The three groups were originally thought to represent three unique lineages deeply branched within the Euryarchaeota, a subgroup of the Archaea. However, based on a more complete archaeal genomic tree, they were assigned to a new superphylum named DPANN. The ARMAN groups now comprise deeply divergent phyla named Micrarchaeota and Parvarchaeota. Their 16S rRNA genes differ by as much as 17% between the three groups. Prior to their discovery, all of the Archaea shown to be associated with Iron Mountain belonged to the order Thermoplasmatales (e.g., Ferroplasma acidarmanus).
Distribution
Examination of different sites in the mine using fluorescent probes specific to the ARMAN groups has revealed that they are always present in communities associated with acid mine drainage (AMD), at Iron Mountain in northern California, that have pH < 1.5. They are usually found in low abundance (5–25%) in the community. Recently, closely related organisms have been detected in an acidic boreal mire or bog in Finland, another acid mine drainage site in extreme environments of Rio Tinto, southwestern Spain, and at a weak-alkaline deep subsurface hot spring in Yunohama, Japan.
Cell structure and ecology
Using cryo-electron tomography, a 3D characterization of uncultivated ARMAN cells within mine biofilms revealed that they are right at the cell size predicted to be the lower l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20harmonics | In physics and mathematics, the solid harmonics are solutions of the Laplace equation in spherical polar coordinates, assumed to be (smooth) functions . There are two kinds: the regular solid harmonics , which are well-defined at the origin and the irregular solid harmonics , which are singular at the origin. Both sets of functions play an important role in potential theory, and are obtained by rescaling spherical harmonics appropriately:
Derivation, relation to spherical harmonics
Introducing , , and for the spherical polar coordinates of the 3-vector , and assuming that is a (smooth) function , we can write the Laplace equation in the following form
where is the square of the nondimensional angular momentum operator,
It is known that spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of :
Substitution of into the Laplace equation gives, after dividing out the spherical harmonic function, the following radial equation and its general solution,
The particular solutions of the total Laplace equation are regular solid harmonics:
and irregular solid harmonics:
The regular solid harmonics correspond to harmonic homogeneous polynomials, i.e. homogeneous polynomials which are solutions to Laplace's equation.
Racah's normalization
Racah's normalization (also known as Schmidt's semi-normalization) is applied to both functions
(and analogously for the irregular solid harmonic) instead of normalization to unity. This is convenient because in many applications the Racah normalization factor appears unchanged throughout the derivations.
Addition theorems
The translation of the regular solid harmonic gives a finite expansion,
where the Clebsch–Gordan coefficient is given by
The similar expansion for irregular solid harmonics gives an infinite series,
with . The quantity between pointed brackets is again a Clebsch-Gordan coefficient,
The addition theorems were proved in different manners by several authors.
Complex form
The regular solid harmonics are homogeneous, pol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism%20of%20Microsoft%20Windows | The various versions of Microsoft's desktop operating system, Windows, have received various criticisms since Microsoft's inception.
Data collection
Concerns were shown by advocates and other critics for Windows 10's privacy policies and its collection and use of customer data. Under the default "Express" settings, Windows 10 is configured to send various information to Microsoft and other parties, including the collection of user contacts, calendar data, and "associated input data" to personalize "speech, typing, and inking input", typing and inking data to improve recognition, allow apps to use a unique "advertising ID" for analytics and advertising personalization (functionality introduced by Windows 8.1) and allow apps to request the user's location data and send this data to Microsoft and "trusted partners" to improve location detection (Windows 8 had similar settings, except that location data collection did not include "trusted partners"). Users can opt out from most of this data collection, but telemetry data for error reporting and usage is also sent to Microsoft, and this cannot be disabled on non-Enterprise versions of Windows 10. The use of Cortana intelligent personal assistant also requires the collection of data "such as your device location, data from your calendar, the apps you use, data from your emails and text messages, who you call, your contacts and how often you interact with them on your device" to personalize its functionality.
Rock Paper Shotgun writer Alec Meer argued that Microsoft's intent for this data collection lacked transparency, stating that "there is no world in which 45 pages of policy documents and opt-out settings split across 13 different Settings screens and an external website constitutes 'real transparency'." ExtremeTech pointed out that, whilst previously campaigning against Google for similar data collection strategies, "[Microsoft] now hoovers up your data in ways that would make Google jealous." However, it was also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Max%20Planck%20Research%20School%20for%20Molecular%20and%20Cellular%20Biology | The International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMPRS-MCB) is an international PhD program in molecular biology and cellular biology founded in 2006 by the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics and the University of Freiburg.
The Max Planck Society (MPG) started in 2000 an initiative to attract more international students to Germany to pursue their PhD studies. Therefore, International-Max-Planck-Research-Schools (IMPRS) were established. The number of IMPRS has ever been increasing since then in all three sections of research of the MPG.
External links
International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular Biology and Cellular Biology
Molecular biology
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6rm%C3%B6g%C5%91%20D%C3%B6m%C3%B6t%C3%B6r | Dörmögő Dömötör (lit. Brumming Demetrius) is a fictional bear, created by Hungarian novelist Zsigmond Sebők in 1902 and comparable to Winnie the Pooh. Dörmögő Dömötör is also a children's magazine established in 1957 by state-owned Ifjúsági Lapkiadó. The magazine's mascot is the aforementioned bear, but it presents many different kind of stories, comics, puzzles, and others not related to the bear. The magazine is one of the best selling magazines of publisher Drize Publishing Ltd. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative%20cognition | Comparative cognition is the comparative study of the mechanisms and origins of cognition in various species, and is sometimes seen as more general than, or similar to, comparative psychology.
From a biological point of view, work is being done on the brains of fruit flies that should yield techniques precise enough to allow an understanding of the workings of the human brain on a scale appreciative of individual groups of neurons rather than the more regional scale previously used. Similarly, gene activity in the human brain is better understood through examination of the brains of mice by the Seattle-based Allen Institute for Brain Science (see link below), yielding the freely available Allen Brain Atlas. This type of study is related to comparative cognition, but better classified as one of comparative genomics. Increasing emphasis in psychology and ethology on the biological aspects of perception and behavior is bridging the gap between genomics and behavioral analysis.
In order for scientists to better understand cognitive function across a broad range of species they can systematically compare cognitive abilities between closely and distantly related species Through this process they can determine what kinds of selection pressure has led to different cognitive abilities across a broad range of animals. For example, it has been hypothesized that there is convergent evolution of the higher cognitive functions of corvids and apes, possibly due to both being omnivorous, visual animals that live in social groups. The development of comparative cognition has been ongoing for decades, including contributions from many researchers worldwide. Additionally, there are several key species used as model organisms in the study of comparative cognition.
Methodology
The aspects of animals which can reasonably be compared across species depend on the species of comparison, whether that be human to animal comparisons or comparisons between animals of varying species but near |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibration-powered%20generator | A vibration powered generator is a type of electric generator that converts the kinetic energy from vibration into electrical energy. The vibration may be from sound pressure waves or other ambient vibrations.
Vibration powered generators usually consist of a resonator which is used to amplify the vibration source, and a transducer mechanism which converts the energy from the vibrations into electrical energy. The transducer usually consists of a magnet and coil or a piezoelectric crystal.
Electromagnetic generators
Electromagnetic based generators use Faraday's law of induction to convert the kinetic energy of the vibrations into electrical energy. They consist of magnets attached to a flexible membrane or cantilever beam and a coil. The vibrations cause the distance between the magnet and coil to change, causing a change in magnetic flux and resulting in an electromagnetic force being produced. Generally, the coil is made using a diamagnetic material as these materials have weaker interactions with the magnet that would dampen the vibration. The main advantage of this type of generator is that it is able to produce more power than the piezoelectric generators. Electromagnetic based vibration-powered generators have been commercialized.
Development and applications
A miniature electromagnetic vibration energy generator was developed by a team from the University of Southampton in 2007. This particular device consists of a cantilever beam with a magnet attached to the end. The beam moves up and down as the device is subjected to vibrations from surrounding sources. This device allows sensors in hard-to-access locations to be powered without electrical wires or batteries that need to be replaced. Sensors in inaccessible places can now generate their own power and transmit data to outside receivers. The generator was developed to be used in air compressors, and is able to power things in high vibration environments like sensors on machinery in manufacturing plan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endometrial%20biopsy | The endometrial biopsy is a medical procedure that involves taking a tissue sample of the lining of the uterus. The tissue subsequently undergoes a histologic evaluation which aids the physician in forming a diagnosis.
Medical uses
There are a number of indications for obtaining an endometrial biopsy from a non-pregnant woman:
Women with chronic anovulation such as the polycystic ovary syndrome are at increased risk for endometrial problems and an endometrial biopsy may be useful to assess their lining specifically to rule out endometrial hyperplasia or cancer.
In women with abnormal vaginal bleeding the biopsy may indicate the presence of abnormal lining such as endometrial hyperplasia or cancer.
In patients with suspected uterine cancer, the biopsy may discover the presence of cancer cells in the endometrium or cervix.
In female infertility the assessment of the lining can determine, if properly timed, that the patient ovulated, however, the same information can be obtained by a blood test of the progesterone level.
Transvaginal ultrasonography is generally done before obtaining an endometrial biopsy as it may help in the gynecologic diagnosis, or even make the taking of a biopsy superfluous if the lining is thin. If the endometrial lining is less than 5 mm thick on sonography, it is highly unusual to encounter endometrial cancer.
The test is usually done in women over age 35. A more thorough histologic evaluation can be obtained by a dilatation and curettage, which requires anesthesia.
Contraindications
The procedure is contraindicated in pregnancy. Therefore, women in the reproductive years may need a pregnancy test before a biopsy is taken to assure that the test is not done during a pregnancy. Other contraindications are pelvic inflammatory disease and coagulopathies.
An endometrial biopsy usually cannot be done as an office procedure in children, young women, women with vaginismus, or women with cervical stenosis. If necessary, an examination under |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould%27s%20emerald | Gould's emerald (Riccordia elegans) is an extinct species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. It was described based on a single specimen taken in 1860; it is of unknown origin, but the northern Bahamas or especially Jamaica are likely sources.
In 2023 the International Ornithological Committee deleted it from its species list "until, and if, genetic analysis and/or stable isotope analysis sheds further light on its status."
Extinction
Except for the type specimen, there are no records, and it is presumed extinct. While there is no information about the exact cause of extinction, the likely reasons include the loss of habitat or required food plants, and predation by introduced mammals. The holotype is currently located in Natural History Museum at Tring. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1%20sunangel | The Bogotá sunangel (Heliangelus zusii) is a species of hummingbird that is only known from one specimen. The hummingbird is a bright purple with black flight feathers and a bright green chin and crown. This bird has only been found in Colombia and is assumed to live in cloud forest between 1200 and 3400 meters. Most of its potential habitat is degraded, though it is feasible that a population may still exist.
This hummingbird is known from a single skin purchased in Bogotá in 1909. Nothing more is known of the bird, and though the skin is most commonly thought to come from either the Eastern or Central Andes of Colombia, other specimens from Bogotá have come from as far away as Ecuador. Since the bird has not been seen alive, it is assumed to have a relict population if it still survives. Some have suggested that the bird is just a hybrid, though the skin is very distinct.
Phylogenetic analyses place H. zusii as sister to a clade of mid -to high- elevation Andean species currently placed in the genera Taphrolesbia and Aglaiocercus (but outside the genus Heliangelus).
After the discovery of a hummingbird hybrid at Rogitama in 2011 which shows similarities to the Bogotá sunangel it has been shown that the Bogotá sunangel might be a hybrid between Aglaiocercus kingii and a yet undetermined species.
In 2017, the IOC lumped this bird with the long-tailed sylph, following the taxonomy of Pérez-Emán et al. 2017 and Kirchman et al. 2010 that it was a hybrid. Other taxonomic authorities, such as the American Ornithological Society, have continued to recognize the species. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arion%20vejdorskyi | Arion vejdorskyi or Arion vejdowskyi is a taxon with unclear taxonomic position and probably a synonym for other species. It was described as a species of air-breathing land slug, a shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Arionidae, the roundback slugs.
Synonyms
This slug was described from the Czech Republic by J. Babor & J. Košťál in 1893 in Jarov near Závist as Arion (Microarion) vejdovskýi.
It is also mentioned in other works:
Arion (Microarion) vejdovskýi J. Babor & J. Košťál, 1893
Arion vejdowskyi Babor & Kostal, 1893
Arion vejdorskyi
Distribution
This slug was described from the Czech Republic.
It is not mentioned in recent lists of molluscs recorded in the Czech Republic but it is still mentioned in various internet pages and in databases (see above for references).
It is an endangered species, occurring on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species with the mention DD (Data Deficient).
Biotope
wetland woods with alder (Alnus) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torreya%20grandis | Torreya grandis ((pinyin=Xiāngfěi) is a species of conifer in either the family Taxaceae, or Cephalotaxaceae. Originated in the Jurassic period, about 170 million years ago, it is known as a "living fossil". 榧/fěi in 香榧/xiāngfěi is the genus name, and 香/xiāng" means fragrant. T. grandis is a large tree that can attain height of , and possibly as high as . T. grandis is endemic to eastern and south-eastern China; it is found in the coastal provinces Fujian, Zhejiang, and Jiangsu, as well as in Anhui, Guizhou, Hunan, and Jiangxi inland. Its natural habitat are mountains and open valleys, often by streams, between ASL. One common name is Chinese nutmeg yew (although it is not related to nutmeg, nor the true yews belonging to the genus Taxus), which refers to its edible seeds that superficially resemble nutmeg () and its yew-like foliage.T. grandis is a precious tree species with multiple values. According to the survey data, its economic life is more than a thousand years.
Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii is a cultivar with a history going back to Tang Dynasty. It is believed to originate from the mountains of NE Zhejiang.
Uses
The nuts are edible or can be pressed for oil, and have high nutritional value. In traditional Chinese medicine, T. grandis has the effects of "消除疳积/eliminating malnutrition", "润肺滑肠/moisturizing the lungs and smoothing the intestines", "化痰止咳/resolving phlegm and relieving cough", "治五痔，去三虫/treating five hemorrhoids, removing three intestinal parasites", "助筋骨/beneficial to muscles and bones" and so on. According to modern chemical and medical analysis, T. grandis does have a lot of benefits and curative effects on the human body, for example, it has obvious inhibitory effect on lymphoblastic leukemia, and also has the effects of regulating blood lipids, softening cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, and anti-oxidation. In addition, the paclitaxel in leaves, bark, and arils can be used to treat a number of types of cancer.
The linalyl acetate extr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga%20ground%20skink | The Tonga ground skink (Tachygyia microlepis) is an extinct species of skink endemic to the island of Tonga. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanula%20rapunculoides | Campanula rapunculoides, known by the common names creeping bellflower, rampion bellflower, rover bellflower, garden bluebell, creeping bluebell, purple bell, garden harebell, and creeping campanula, is a perennial herbaceous plant of the genus Campanula, belonging to the family Campanulaceae. Native to central and southern Europe and west Asia, in some parts of North America it is an extremely invasive species.
Etymology
The genus Latin name ("campanula"), meaning 'small bell', refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific name ("rapunculoides") refers to the similarity to Campanula rapunculus.
Description
Campanula rapunculoides reaches on average of height, with a maximum of . The stem is simple, erect and lightly pubescent and the leaves are usually shortly hairy. The basal leaves are triangular, narrow, with a heart-shaped or rounded base, jagged edges and are up to long. The upper stem leaves are sessile, lanceolate, and shortly stalked.
The inflorescence consists of nodding spikelike racemes with numerous drooping flowers. The flowers are bright blue-violet (rarely white), long, with short petioles standing to one side in the axils of the bracts. The bracts are quite different and smaller than the leaves. The sepals are lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, entire, wide at the base up to . The corolla is bell-shaped, with five deep lobes slightly ciliate. The flowering period extends from June through September. The flowers are pollinated by insects (bees, flies, butterflies, etc.) (entomophily). The fruit is a capsule with five pores near the base, where the seeds are spread.
The plant seeds abundantly (each plant can produce 15,000 seeds), and while some roots come out when it is pulled, the horizontal stolons grow vertical storage tubers, which may not be anywhere near the surface portions of the plant. These storage tubers can regrow stolons, which in turn send up shoots at some distance from the storage tubers.
This plant has its ov |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s%20theorem%20of%20revolving%20orbits | In classical mechanics, Newton's theorem of revolving orbits identifies the type of central force needed to multiply the angular speed of a particle by a factor k without affecting its radial motion (Figures 1 and 2). Newton applied his theorem to understanding the overall rotation of orbits (apsidal precession, Figure 3) that is observed for the Moon and planets. The term "radial motion" signifies the motion towards or away from the center of force, whereas the angular motion is perpendicular to the radial motion.
Isaac Newton derived this theorem in Propositions 43–45 of Book I of his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687. In Proposition 43, he showed that the added force must be a central force, one whose magnitude depends only upon the distance r between the particle and a point fixed in space (the center). In Proposition 44, he derived a formula for the force, showing that it was an inverse-cube force, one that varies as the inverse cube of r. In Proposition 45 Newton extended his theorem to arbitrary central forces by assuming that the particle moved in nearly circular orbit.
As noted by astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in his 1995 commentary on Newton's Principia, this theorem remained largely unknown and undeveloped for over three centuries. Since 1997, the theorem has been studied by Donald Lynden-Bell and collaborators. Its first exact extension came in 2000 with the work of Mahomed and Vawda.
Historical context
The motion of astronomical bodies has been studied systematically for thousands of years. The stars were observed to rotate uniformly, always maintaining the same relative positions to one another. However, other bodies were observed to wander against the background of the fixed stars; most such bodies were called planets after the Greek word "πλανήτοι" (planētoi) for "wanderers". Although they generally move in the same direction along a path across the sky (the ecliptic), individual planets sometimes re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribicus%20anelpistus | Caribicus anelpistus, the Altagracia giant galliwasp, is a possibly extinct species of lizard of the Diploglossidae family endemic to the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola.
Taxonomy
Along with the other members of its genus, it was formerly classified in the genus Celestus.
Conservation
Due to habitat loss and small Indian mongoose predation, it is considered critically endangered, if not extinct. Known only from the holotype, it has not been seen since 1977 in San Cristobal Province, though a giant galliwasp sighted in the vicinity of Jarabacoa in 2004 may be this species. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet%20rim%20block | A toilet rim block is a substance in the shape of a block that is used in flush toilets, which slowly dissolves in water. The blocks usually come in a small holder that is attached over the rim of a toilet and hangs down into the bowl, so as the toilet gets flushed, the water passes through the holder coming into contact with the block. With "liquid rims", however, liquid is held in a small bottle above—and connected to—the holder that slowly releases into the bottom of the holder (which is beneath the toilet rim), and so coming into contact with the water when the toilet is flushed.
However, the blocks also come loose, for placement directly in-cistern (and therefore usable with squat toilets that lack the same sort of rim), although these tend to be slightly different in composition, so as to dissolve slower, due to the constant contact with water. These may also contain a colorant (typically blue or green) which shows up in the pan or bowl water.
Composition and action
Toilet rim blocks are marketed as disinfectants and deodorizers, while allegedly also helping to prevent the buildup of limescale in the toilet bowl.
The composition of toilet blocks can vary, but they may contain (among other components): borax (an ingredient of many detergents), hydroxyethylcellulose (a gelling agent), troclosene sodium (a disinfectant), sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (a surfactant), sodium percarbonate (a form of oxygen bleach), sodium carbonate ("washing soda"), and various perfumes like, e.g., limonene, butylphenyl methylpropional, and linalool.
As in the closely related urinal deodorizer blocks, some of the ingredients have irritating effects when applied to skin, eyes, or when swallowed. Their ecotoxicity is rated to be harmful to aquatic organisms and these chemicals may have long-term adverse effects for an aquatic environment.
See also
Household chemicals
Ecological footprint
List of health articles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMUnified | IMUnified, formed in 2000, is a coalition of companies that intend to develop open standards for instant messaging (IM). The founding members are AT&T, Excite@Home, iCAST, Microsoft, Odigo, Phone.com, Prodigy, Tribal Voice and Yahoo!. Notably absent from the list of members is AOL, who was not invited to join the coalition. Some analysts believe the goal of the coalition was to try to force AOL toward a more open IM standard.
See also
IMUnited
External links
AOL not invited to IMUnified alliance, ZDNet (July 26, 2000).
Leading Technology and Instant Messaging Companies for IMUnited, mobile.com.
Trillian restores AOL IM connection, CNN (February 26, 2002).
Instant messaging |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscadelphus%20bombycinus | Hibiscadelphus bombycinus, the Kawaihae hibiscadelphus, is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae that was endemic to Hawaii. It has not been collected since 1868. It is presumed extinct since 1920. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscadelphus%20crucibracteatus | Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus (lava hau kuahiwi) is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae that was endemic to Hawaii, on the island of Lanai.
It was discovered in 1981 on the Puhielelu Ridge and the single known specimen has since died, with collected seeds failing to germinate. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscadelphus%20wilderianus | Hibiscadelphus wilderianus, also known as the Maui hau kuahiwi is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae that was endemic to Hawaii.
Extinction
The plant was endemic to ancient lava fields on the southern slopes of Mount Haleakalā, on Maui, Hawaii. Its forest habitat was devastated by cattle ranchers, and the final tree was found dying in 1912. Today it is believed to be extinct.
In 2019 the scent of the flower was recreated using DNA sequenced from a preserved specimen. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melhania%20milleri | Melhania milleri is listed in the 2004 IUCN Red List as a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, endemic to Socotra, with its natural habitats being subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. , the species was not listed by the International Plant Names Index, nor by other taxonomic databases such as Plants of the World Online. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20W.%20Gerard | Ralph Waldo Gerard (7 October 1900 – 17 February 1974) was an American neurophysiologist and behavioral scientist known for his wide-ranging work on the nervous system, nerve metabolism, psychopharmacology, and biological basis of schizophrenia.
Biography
Gerard was born in Harvey, Illinois. He was a grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Gesundheit and a cousin of investor Benjamin Graham. Gerard was an uncommon intellectual and was encouraged in science by his father Maurice Gerard, who received an engineering degree in England, then moved to America to work as an engineering consultant. Maurice encouraged Ralph in mathematics and chess. In his teens, Ralph beat the American chess champion playing simultaneous matches in Chicago. He completed high school in two years and entered the University of Chicago at age fifteen.<ref>Seymour S. Ketty, Ralph Waldo Gerard, October 7, 1900 - February 17, 1974, in: Biographical Memoirs V.53, National Academy of Sciences, 1982, p. 178</ref> Ralph was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.
In Chicago, Gerard studied chemistry and physiology. In chemistry, he was influenced by Julius Stieglitz and in physiology and neurophysiology he was influenced by Anton Carlson and Ralph Lillie. He received his B.S. degree in 1919, and a doctorate in physiology in 1921 at the University of Chicago. Shortly thereafter he married the psychiatrist Margaret Wilson, who had just completed her doctorate in neuroanatomy. She became an outstanding practitioner of child psychiatry until her death in 1954. Gerard started as professor of physiology at the University of South Dakota, but returned to the Rush Medical College to finish his medical training where he received his M.D. degree in 1925. Afterwards he went to Europe on a National Research Council Fellowship for two years to work in biophysics and biochemistry with A. V. Hill in London and Otto Meyerhof in Kiel.
He returned to the University of Chicago in 1928 where he worked in the Department of Physiol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCOBY | Symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) is a culinary symbiotic fermentation culture (starter) consisting of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), acetic acid bacteria (AAB), and yeast which arises in the preparation of sour foods and beverages such as kombucha. Beer and wine also undergo fermentation with yeast, but the lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria components unique to SCOBY are usually viewed as a source of spoilage rather than a desired addition. Both LAB and AAB enter on the surface of barley and malt in beer fermentation and grapes in wine fermentation; LAB lowers the pH of the beer/wine while AAB takes the ethanol produced from the yeast and oxidizes it further into vinegar, resulting in a sour taste and smell. AAB are also responsible for the formation of the cellulose SCOBY.
In its most common form, SCOBY is a gelatinous, cellulose-based biofilm or microbial mat found floating at the container's air-liquid interface. This bacterial cellulose mat is sometimes called a pellicle. SCOBY pellicles, like sourdough starters, can serve the purpose of continuing the fermentation process into a new vessel and reproducing the desired product. This can be attributed to SCOBY's ability to house not only the symbiotic growth, but a small amount of the previous media and product due to its ability to absorb water. SCOBYs can vary greatly in cell density within the biofilm due to fermentation conditions, leading to possible variations in the end product; numerous studies are currently taking place to determine the optimal ratio of SCOBY, if any, to liquid culture to ensure highest product consistency, as there are no standard operating procedures in place. Further information such as the organisms and culture conditions necessary to ferment and form a SCOBY, biofilm characteristics, and applications in foods and beverages with specific emphasis in kombucha can be found below.
Co-culture composition and conditions
Based on the desired product of the SCOBY, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatin%20remodeling | Chromatin remodeling is the dynamic modification of chromatin architecture to allow access of condensed genomic DNA to the regulatory transcription machinery proteins, and thereby control gene expression. Such remodeling is principally carried out by 1) covalent histone modifications by specific enzymes, e.g., histone acetyltransferases (HATs), deacetylases, methyltransferases, and kinases, and 2) ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes which either move, eject or restructure nucleosomes. Besides actively regulating gene expression, dynamic remodeling of chromatin imparts an epigenetic regulatory role in several key biological processes, egg cells DNA replication and repair; apoptosis; chromosome segregation as well as development and pluripotency. Aberrations in chromatin remodeling proteins are found to be associated with human diseases, including cancer. Targeting chromatin remodeling pathways is currently evolving as a major therapeutic strategy in the treatment of several cancers.
Overview
The transcriptional regulation of the genome is controlled primarily at the preinitiation stage by binding of the core transcriptional machinery proteins (namely, RNA polymerase, transcription factors, and activators and repressors) to the core promoter sequence on the coding region of the DNA. However, DNA is tightly packaged in the nucleus with the help of packaging proteins, chiefly histone proteins to form repeating units of nucleosomes which further bundle together to form condensed chromatin structure. Such condensed structure occludes many DNA regulatory regions, not allowing them to interact with transcriptional machinery proteins and regulate gene expression. To overcome this issue and allow dynamic access to condensed DNA, a process known as chromatin remodeling alters nucleosome architecture to expose or hide regions of DNA for transcriptional regulation.
By definition, chromatin remodeling is the enzyme-assisted process to facilitate access of nucleosoma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haj%C3%B3s%27s%20theorem | In group theory, Hajós's theorem states that if a finite abelian group is expressed as the Cartesian product of simplexes, that is, sets of the form where is the identity element, then at least one of the factors is a subgroup. The theorem was proved by the Hungarian mathematician György Hajós in 1941 using group rings. Rédei later proved the statement when the factors are only required to contain the identity element and be of prime cardinality. Rédei's proof of Hajós's theorem was simplified by Tibor Szele.
An equivalent statement on homogeneous linear forms was originally conjectured by Hermann Minkowski. A consequence is Minkowski's conjecture on lattice tilings, which says that in any lattice tiling of space by cubes, there are two cubes that meet face to face. Keller's conjecture is the same conjecture for non-lattice tilings, which turns out to be false in high dimensions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAN-free%20backup | A LAN-free backup is a backup of server data to a shared, central storage device without sending the data over the local area network (LAN). It is usually achieved by using a storage area network (SAN).
Note that trivial backup to a dedicated, unshared storage device (such as local tape drive) does not meet the definition.
Technical aspects
The goal of LAN-free backup is to reduce the load on LAN and reduce the time it takes to complete the backup. It offers an alternative way of backup than a simple data copy to network-attached storage (NAS) over LAN
It comes in different flavours:
with backup server: in addition to a shared storage device (usually a traditional tape library), there exists a central server arbitrating access to device (for all the other SAN servers). The central server however, does not handle data stream itself.
without backup server: the storage facility (usually a virtual tape library, or VTL) is smart enough to handle multiple data accesses without intermediate component.
See also
Data backup
Storage area network
Network-attached storage
Fiber Channel technology
External links
Description of Lan-Free Client Data Transfer Operation
IBM Tivoli Storage Manager: LAN/WAN Backup; ServerFree Backup; LANFree Backup; and Split-Mirror Backup - What Does It All Mean?
Backup
Storage area networks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological%20competence | Ecological competence is a term that has several different meanings that are dependent on the context it is used. The term "Ecological competence" can be used in a microbial sense, and it can be used in a sociological sense.
Microbiology
Ecological competence is the ability of an organism, often a pathogen, to survive and compete in new habitats. In the case of plant pathogens, it is also their ability to survive between growing seasons. For example, peanut clump virus can survive in the spores of its fungal vector until a new growing season begins and it can proceed to infect its primary host again. If a pathogen does not have ecological competence it is likely to become extinct. Bacteria and other pathogens can increase their ecological competence by creating a micro-niche, or a highly specialized environment that only they can survive in. This in turn will increase plasmid stability. Increased plasmid stability leads to a higher ecological competence due to added spatial organization and regulated cell protection.
Sociology
Ecological competence in a sociological sense is based around the relationship that humans have formed with the environment. It is often important in certain careers that will have a drastic impact on the surrounding ecosystem. A specific example is engineers working around and planning mining operations, due to the possible negative effects it can have on the surrounding environment. Ecological competence is especially important at the managerial level so that managers may understand society's risk to nature. These risks are learned through specific ecological knowledge so that the environment can be better protected in the future.
See also
Cultural ecology
Environmental education
Sustainable development
Ecological relationship |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson%20metric | In mathematics, the Hutchinson metric otherwise known as Kantorovich metric is a function which measures "the discrepancy between two images for use in fractal image processing" and "can also be applied to describe the similarity between DNA sequences expressed as real or complex genomic signals".
Formal definition
Consider only nonempty, compact, and finite metric spaces. For such a space , let denote the space of Borel probability measures on , with
the embedding associating to the point measure . The support of a measure in is the smallest closed subset of measure 1.
If is Borel measurable then the induced map
associates to the measure defined by
for all Borel in .
Then the Hutchinson metric is given by
where the is taken over all real-valued functions with Lipschitz constant
Then is an isometric embedding of into , and if is Lipschitz then is Lipschitz with the same Lipschitz constant.
See also
Wasserstein metric
Acoustic metric
Apophysis (software)
Complete metric
Fractal image compression
Image differencing
Metric tensor
Multifractal system
Sources and notes
Metric geometry
Topology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbons%E2%80%93Hawking%20effect | In the theory of general relativity, the Gibbons–Hawking effect is the statement that a temperature can be associated to each solution of the Einstein field equations that contains a causal horizon. It is named after Gary Gibbons and Stephen Hawking.
The term "causal horizon" does not necessarily refer to event horizons only, but could also stand for the horizon of the visible universe, for instance.
For example, Schwarzschild spacetime contains an event horizon and so can be associated a temperature. In the case of Schwarzschild spacetime this is the temperature of a black hole of mass , satisfying (see also Hawking radiation).
A second example is de Sitter space which contains an event horizon. In this case the temperature is proportional to the Hubble parameter , i.e. .
See also
Hawking radiation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide%20%28zoology%29 | In animals, infanticide involves the intentional killing of young offspring by a mature animal of the same species. Animal infanticide is studied in zoology, specifically in the field of ethology. Ovicide is the analogous destruction of eggs. The practice has been observed in many species throughout the animal kingdom, especially primates (primate infanticide) but including microscopic rotifers, insects, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals. Infanticide can be practiced by both males and females.
Infanticide caused by sexual conflict has the general theme of the killer (often male) becoming the new sexual partner of the victim's parent, which would otherwise be unavailable. This represents a gain in fitness by the killer, and a loss in fitness by the parents of the offspring killed. This is a type of evolutionary struggle between the two sexes, in which the victim sex may have counter-adaptations that reduce the success of this practice. It may also occur for other reasons, such as the struggle for food between females. In this case individuals may even kill closely related offspring.
Filial infanticide occurs when a parent kills its own offspring. This sometimes involves consumption of the young themselves, which is termed filial cannibalism. The behavior is widespread in fishes, and is seen in terrestrial animals as well. Human infanticide has been recorded in almost every culture. A unique aspect of human infanticide is sex-selective infanticide.
Background
Infanticide only came to be seen as a significant occurrence in nature quite recently. At the time it was first seriously treated by Yukimaru Sugiyama, infanticide was attributed to stress causing factors like overcrowding and captivity, and was considered pathological and maladaptive. Classical ethology held that conspecifics (members of the same species) rarely killed each other. By the 1980s it had gained much greater acceptance. Possible reasons it was not treated as a prevalent natural phenomenon inclu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod%20head%20problem | The (pan)arthropod head problem is a long-standing zoological dispute concerning the segmental composition of the heads of the various arthropod groups, and how they are evolutionarily related to each other. While the dispute has historically centered on the exact make-up of the insect head, it has been widened to include other living arthropods, such as chelicerates, myriapods, and crustaceans, as well as fossil forms, such as the many arthropods known from exceptionally preserved Cambrian faunas. While the topic has classically been based on insect embryology, in recent years a great deal of developmental molecular data has become available. Dozens of more or less distinct solutions to the problem, dating back to at least 1897, have been published, including several in the 2000s.
The arthropod head problem is popularly known as the endless dispute, the title of a famous paper on the subject by Jacob G. Rempel in 1975, referring to its seemingly intractable nature. Although some progress has been made since that time, the precise nature of especially the labrum and the pre-oral region of arthropods remain highly controversial.
Background
Some key events in the evolution of the arthropod body resulted from changes in certain Hox genes' DNA sequences. The trunks of arthropods comprise repeated segments, which are typically associated with various structures such as a pair of appendages, apodemes for muscle attachment, ganglia and (at least embryologically) coelomic cavities. While many arthropod segments are modified to a greater or lesser extent (for example, only three of the insect thorax and abdominal segments typically bear appendages), arthropodists widely assume that all of the segments were nearly identical in the ancestral state. However, while one can usually readily see the segmental organisation of the trunks of adult arthropods, that of the head is much less obvious. Arthropod heads are typically fused capsules that bear a variety of complex struc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20signatures%20and%20law | Worldwide, legislation concerning the effect and validity of electronic signatures, including, but not limited to, cryptographic digital signatures, includes:
Argentina
Ley Nº 25.506 (B.O. 14/12/2001).
Decreto Nº 2628/02 (B.O. 20/12/2002).
Decreto N° 724/06 (B.O. 13/06/06).
Decisión Administrativa N° 927/14 (B.O. 03/11/14).
Bermuda
Electronic Transactions Act 1999
Certification Service Providers (Relevant Criteria and Security Guidelines) Regulations 2002
Brazil
Medida provisória 2.200-2 (Portuguese) - Brazilian law states that any digital document is valid for the law if it is certified by ICP-Brasil (the official Brazilian PKI) or if it is certified by other PKI and the concerned parties agree as to the validity of the document.
Canada
PIPEDA - Canadian law distinguishes between the generic "electronic signature" and the "secure electronic signature". Federal secure electronic signature regulations make it clear that a secure electronic signature is a digital signature created and verified in a specific manner. Canada's Evidence Act contains evidentiary presumptions about both the integrity and validity of electronic documents with attached secure electronic signatures, and of the authenticity of the secure electronic signatures themselves.
China
Electronic Signature Law of the People's Republic of China (Chinese/English) - The stated purposes include standardizing the conduct of electronic signatures, confirming the legal validity of electronic signatures and safeguarding the legal interests of parties involved in such matters. This law was revised on 23 April 2019 with immediate effect. The revision involves the deletion of the reference to land conveyancing transactions in Article 3, which provides for types of transaction exempted from the law. Accordingly, land conveyancing agreements can now be executed electronically.
Colombia
LEY 527 DE 1999 (agosto 18) por medio de la cual se define y reglamenta el acceso y uso de los mensajes de datos, del c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20Planet%20Index | The Living Planet Index (LPI) is an indicator of the state of global biological diversity, based on trends in vertebrate populations of species from around the world. The Zoological Society of London (ZSL) manages the index in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
As of 2022, the index is statistically created from journal studies, online databases and government reports for 31,821 populations of 5,230 species of mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian and fish.
Results
According to the 2022 report, monitored wildlife populations show an average decline of 69% between 1970 and 2018, suggesting that natural ecosystems are degrading at a rate unprecedented in human history The extent of declines varies with geographic region, with monitored vertebrate populations in Latin America and the Caribbean experiencing average declines of 94%. One of the key drivers of declines has been identified as land-use change and the associated habitat loss and degradation, often linked to unsustainable agriculture, logging, or other development.
Calculation
The Living Planet Database (LPD) has been available online since 2013, and has been maintained by ZSL since 2016. The LPD contains more than 30,000 population trends for more than 5,200 species of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
The global LPI is calculated using these population time-series, which are gathered from a variety of sources such as journals, online databases and government reports.
A generalized additive modelling framework is used to determine the underlying trend in each population time-series. Average rates of change are calculated and aggregated to the species level.
Each species trend is aggregated to produce an index for the terrestrial, marine and freshwater systems. This process uses a weighted geometric mean method which places most weight on the largest (most species-rich) groups within a biogeographic realm. This is done to counteract the uneven spatial and taxonomic distribut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProActive | ProActive Parallel Suite is an open-source software for enterprise workload orchestration, part of the OW2 community. A workflow model allows a set of executables or scripts, written in any language, to be defined along with their dependencies, so ProActive Parallel Suite can schedule and orchestrate executions while optimising the use of computational resources.
ProActive Parallel Suite is based on the "active object" design pattern (see Active objects) to optimise task distribution and fault-tolerance.
ProActive Parallel Suite key features
Workflows ease task parallelization (Java, scripts, or native executables), running them on resources matching various constraints (like GPU acceleration, library or data locality).
Web interfaces are provided to design and execute job workflows and manage computing resources. A RESTful API provide interoperability with enterprise applications.
Computational resources can be federated (cloud, clusters, virtualized infrastructures, desktop machines) into a single virtual infrastructure. It provides auto-scaling and ease resource management strategies.
Interoperability is provided with heterogenous workflows, where tasks can run on various platforms, including Windows, Mac and Linux.
ProActive Java framework and Programming model
The model was created by Denis Caromel, professor at University of Nice Sophia Antipolis.
Several extensions of the model were made later on by members of the OASIS team at INRIA.
The book A Theory of Distributed Objects presents the ASP calculus that formalizes ProActive features, and provides formal semantics to the calculus, together with properties of ProActive program execution.
Active objects
Active objects are the basic units of activity and distribution used for building concurrent applications using ProActive. An active object runs with its own thread. This thread only executes the methods invoked on this active object by other active objects, and those of the passive objects of the subs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber%20Prize%20in%20Cosmology | The Gruber Prize in Cosmology, established in 2000, is one of three prestigious international awards worth US$500,000 awarded by the Gruber Foundation, a non-profit organization based at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Since 2001, the Gruber Prize in Cosmology has been co-sponsored by the International Astronomical Union.
Recipients are selected by a panel from nominations that are received from around the world.
The Gruber Foundation Cosmology Prize honors a leading cosmologist, astronomer, astrophysicist or scientific philosopher for theoretical, analytical or conceptual discoveries leading to fundamental advances in the field.
Recipients
2023 Richard Ellis
2022 Frank Eisenhauer
2021 Marc Kamionkowski, Uroš Seljak, and Matias Zaldarriaga
2020 Lars Hernquist and Volker Springel
2019 Nicholas Kaiser and Joseph Silk, "for their seminal contributions to the theory of cosmological structure formation and probes of dark matter".
2018 Nazzareno Mandolesi, Jean-Loup Puget and ESA Planck team.
2017 Sandra M. Faber
2016 Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer Weiss, and the entire Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) discovery team.
2015 John E. Carlstrom, Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Lyman A. Page, Jr
2014 Sidney van den Bergh, Jaan Einasto, Kenneth Freeman and R. Brent Tully
2013 Viatcheslav Mukhanov and Alexei Starobinsky
2012 Charles L. Bennett (Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Team
2011 Simon White, Carlos Frenk, Marc Davis and George Efstathiou
2010 Charles Steidel, the Lee A. DuBridge Professor of Astronomy at the California Institute of Technology, in recognition of his revolutionary studies of the most distant galaxies in the universe
2009 Wendy Freedman, director of the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington in Pasadena, California; Robert Kennicutt, director of the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge in England; and Jer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber%20Prize%20in%20Genetics | The Gruber Prize in Genetics, established in 2001, is one of three international awards worth US$500,000 made by the Gruber Foundation, a non-profit organization based at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
The Genetics Prize honors leading scientists for distinguished contributions in any realm of genetics research. The Foundation’s other international prizes are in Cosmology, Neuroscience, Justice, and Women’s Rights.
Recipients
2023 Allan Jacobson (University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School), and Lynne E. Maquat (University of Rochester School of Medicine)
2022 Ruth Lehmann (Whitehead Institute and MIT), James Priess (Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center), and Geraldine Seydoux (Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine).
2021 Stuart H. Orkin (Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
2020 Bonnie Bassler (Princeton University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
2019 Bert Vogelstein (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute)
2018 Joanne Chory (Salk Institute for Biological Studies), and Elliot Meyerowitz (Caltech)
2017 Stephen J. Elledge, Harvard Medical School
2016 Michael Grunstein, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and C. David Allis, Rockefeller Foundation
2015 Emmanuelle Charpentier, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research in Germany and Jennifer Doudna, University of California, Berkeley
2014 Victor Ambros, PhD, University of Massachusetts; David Baulcombe, PhD, University of Cambridge; and Gary Ruvkun, PhD, Harvard University
2013 Svante Pääbo, PhD
2012 Douglas C. Wallace, PhD
2011 Ronald W. Davis, PhD, Stanford University
2010 Gerald Fink, PhD, the Margaret and Herman Sokol Professor at MIT
2009 Janet Rowley, MD, the Blum-Riese Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago
2008 Allan C. Spradling, PhD, of the Carnegie Institution for Science and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in Baltimore; for his work on fruit fly genomics
2007 Maynard Olson of the University of Washington, a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruber%20Prize%20in%20Neuroscience | The Gruber Prize in Neuroscience, established in 2004, is one of three international awards worth US$500,000 made by the Gruber Foundation, a non-profit organization based in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
The Gruber Prize in Neuroscience winners are nominated by the Society for Neuroscience.
Recipients
2004 Seymour Benzer
2005 Eric Knudsen and Masakazu Konishi
2006 Masao Ito and Roger Nicoll, cellular neurobiologists
2007 Shigetada Nakanishi a molecular neurobiologist, Director of the Osaka Bioscience Institute
2008 John O’Keefe, PhD, Professor of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London
2009 Jeffrey C. Hall, professor of neurogenetics at the University of Maine; Michael Rosbash, professor and director of the National Center for Behavioral Genomics at Brandeis University; and Michael Young, professor and head of the Laboratory of Genetics at Rockefeller University
2010 Robert H. Wurtz, NIH Distinguished Investigator at the National Eye Institute Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research
2011 Huda Zoghbi
2012 Lily Jan and Yuh Nung Jan, University of California, San Francisco
2013 Eve Marder
2014 Thomas Jessell
2015 Carla Shatz and Michael Greenberg
2016 Mu-ming Poo, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences and UC Berkeley
2017 Joshua R. Sanes, Center for Brain Neuroscience, Harvard University
2018 Ann Graybiel (McGovern Institute for Brain Research/MIT), Okihide Hikosaka (National Eye Institute/NIH) and (University of Cambridge)
2019 Joseph S. Takahashi
2020 Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Corey Goodman and Marc Tessier-Lavigne
2021 Christine Petit and Christopher A. Walsh
2022 Larry Abbott, Emery Neal Brown, Terrence Sejnowski and Haim Sompolinsky
2023 Huda Akil
See also
The Brain Prize
Golden Brain Award
The Kavli Prize in Neuroscience
W. Alden Spencer Award
Karl Spencer Lashley Award
The Mind & Brain Prize
List of medicine awards
List of neuroscience awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna%20of%20Ireland | The fauna of Ireland comprises all the animal species inhabiting the island of Ireland and its surrounding waters.
Summary
This table uses figures supplied by the National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Vertebrates by class
Mammals
Only 26 land mammal species (including bats, but not including marine mammals) are native to Ireland, because it has been isolated from the European mainland (by rising sea levels after the Midlandian Ice Age), since about 14,000 BC.
Some species, such as the red fox, European hedgehog, stoat, otter, pygmy shrew, and badger are common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer, and pine marten are less common and generally seen only in certain national parks and nature reserves around the island. Some introduced species have become thoroughly naturalised, e.g. the European rabbit, grey squirrel, bank vole, and brown rat. In addition, ten species of bat are found in Ireland.
Megafaunal extinctions
In the Ice Age (which included warm spells), mammals such as the woolly mammoth, muskox, wild horse, giant deer, brown bear, spotted hyena, cave lion, Arctic lemming, Arctic fox, wolf, Eurasian lynx, and reindeer flourished or migrated depending on the degree of coldness.
The Irish brown bear was a genetically distinct (clade 2) brown bear from a lineage that had significant polar bear mtDNA. The closest surviving brown bear is Ursus arctos middendorffi in Alaska. Excavations of Barbary macaque remains indicate the species was artificially brought to Ireland at some point in the past.
Reptiles
Only one land reptile is native to the country, the viviparous lizard. It is common in national parks, particularly in the Wicklow Mountains. Slowworms are common in parts of The Burren area in County Clare, but they are not a native species and were probably introduced in the 1970s. Five marine turtle species appear regularly off the west coast, the leatherback, green, hawksbill, loggerhead, and Kemp's ridley, but they very rarely come ashore.
L |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winpepi | WinPepi is a freeware package of statistical programs for epidemiologists, comprising seven programs with over 120 modules. WinPepi is not a complete compendium of statistical routines for epidemiologists but it provides a very wide range of procedures, including those most commonly used and many that are not easy to find elsewhere. This has repeatedly led reviewers to use a "Swiss army knife" analogy. Each program has a comprehensive fully referenced manual.
WinPepi had its origins in 1983 in a book of programs for hand-held calculators,. In 1993, this was developed into a set of DOS-based computer programs by Paul M. Gahlinger with the assistance of one of the original authors of calculator programs, Prof. JH Abramson that came to be called Pepi (an acronym for "Programs for EPIdemiologists") and evolved, after its fourth version in 2001, into WinPepi (Pepi-for-Windows). New expanded versions were issued at frequent intervals. Professor Joe Abramson died away on February 17, 2017, and since then no longer is developed. The latest update (version 11.65) was released on August 23, 2016.
The programs are notable for their user-friendliness. A portal links to programs and manuals. Menus, buttons, on-screen instructions, help screens, pop-up hints, and built-in error traps are also provided. The programs can also be operated from a USB flash drive.
WinPepi does not provide data management facilities. With some exceptions, it requires the entry (at the keyboard or by pasting from a spreadsheet or text file) of data that have already been counted or summarized. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhull%20Freedom%20Foundation | The Woodhull Freedom Foundation, also known as Woodhull Sexual Freedom Alliance, is an American non-profit organization founded in 2003 that advocates for sexual freedom as a fundamental human right. The organization is based in Washington, D.C., United States. Named after an influential member of the American woman's suffrage movement, Victoria Woodhull, its focus includes analyzing groups and individuals that seek to perpetuate a culture of sexual repression.
Sexual Freedom Day, officially recognized in 2011 in Washington, DC, and held every September 23, celebrates the birthday of Victoria Woodhull. The Woodhull Freedom Foundation (WFF) has held the Sexual Freedom Summit annually since 2010. Organization members have included LGBT activist Jeffrey Montgomery, former chairwoman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights Mary Frances Berry, writer Eric Rofes, lawyer Lawrence G. Walters, and activist Dan Massey.
In the furtherance of activities relating to its goals, the organization has allied itself with groups including the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, the American Civil Liberties Union, the Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance, the Tully Center for Free Speech at Syracuse University, National Coalition Against Censorship, the Heartland Institute, National Association of Scholars, American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression, Accuracy in Academia, and the American Council of Trustees and Alumni. An academic paper in the Journal of Homosexuality characterized the organization as one "that addresses both international and national sexual freedom issues as well as a host of other health and human rights issues."
History
Foundation: 2003
The organization was founded in 2003 with the name Woodhull Freedom Foundation. It began with a focus on global and domestic human rights, specifically looking at sexual freedom. It is named for Victoria Woodhull (18381927), the first woman to own a company o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20complement%20topology | In mathematics, the compact complement topology is a topology defined on the set of real numbers, defined by declaring a subset open if and only if it is either empty or its complement is compact in the standard Euclidean topology on . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison%20of%20software%20for%20molecular%20mechanics%20modeling | This is a list of computer programs that are predominantly used for molecular mechanics calculations.
See also
Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics
Comparison of force-field implementations
Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software
List of molecular graphics systems
List of protein structure prediction software
List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software
List of software for Monte Carlo molecular modeling
List of software for nanostructures modeling
Molecular design software
Molecular dynamics
Molecular modeling on GPUs
Molecule editor
Notes and references
External links
SINCRIS
Linux4Chemistry
Collaborative Computational Project
World Index of Molecular Visualization Resources
Short list of Molecular Modeling resources
OpenScience
Biological Magnetic Resonance Data Bank
Materials modelling and computer simulation codes
A few tips on molecular dynamics
atomistic.software - atomistic simulation engines and their citation trends
Computational chemistry software
Computational chemistry
Software comparisons
Molecular dynamics software
Molecular modelling software
Science software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Walkin%27%20in%20the%20Rain | "Just Walkin' in the Rain" is a popular song. It was written in 1952 by Johnny Bragg and Robert Riley, two prisoners at Tennessee State Prison in Nashville, after a comment made by Bragg as the pair crossed the courtyard while it was raining. Bragg allegedly said, "Here we are just walking in the rain, and wondering what the girls are doing." Riley suggested that this would make a good basis for a song, and within a few minutes, Bragg had composed two verses. However, because Bragg was unable to read and write, he asked Riley to write the lyrics down in exchange for being credited as one of the song's writers.
Bragg and his band, the Prisonaires, later recorded the song for Sun Records and it became a hit on the US Billboard R&B chart in 1953. However, the best-known version of the song was recorded by Johnnie Ray on July 16, 1956 on the label Columbia Records; it reached No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart for seven weeks. It became a gold record. Ray initially disliked the song, but sang it based on the recommendation of Mitch Miller. Ray's version featured the backup male vocals of the Ray Conniff Singers as well as a whistler. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter%20pecan | Butter pecan is a flavor, prominent especially in the United States, in ice cream, cakes, and cookies. Roasted pecans, butter, and vanilla flavor are used in butter pecan baked goods. Butter pecan ice cream is smooth vanilla ice cream with a slight buttery flavor, with pecans added. It is manufactured by many major ice cream brands. A variant of the recipe is butter almond, which replaces the pecans with almonds.
Butter pecan is a popular flavor of ice cream produced by many companies and is also one of the thirty-one flavors of Baskin Robbins.
See also
List of cookies
List of ice cream flavors |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20x86%20manufacturers |
Manufacturers
x86-compatible processors have been designed, manufactured and sold by a number of companies, including:
x86-processors for regular PCs
Intel
AMD
Zhaoxin
In the past:
Transmeta (discontinued its x86 line)
Rise Technology (acquired by SiS, that sold its x86 (embedded) line to DM&P)
IDT (Centaur Technology x86 division acquired by VIA)
Cyrix (acquired by National Semiconductor)
National Semiconductor (sold the x86 PC designs to VIA and later the x86 embedded designs to AMD)
NexGen (acquired by AMD)
Chips and Technologies (acquired by Intel)
Texas Instruments (discontinued its own x86 line)
IBM (discontinued its own x86 line)
UMC (discontinued its x86 line)
NEC (discontinued its x86 line)
VM Technology (discontinued its x86 line)
VIA
x86-processors for embedded designs only
DM&P Electronics (continues SiS' Vortex86 line)
ZF Micro ZFx86, Cx486DX SoC
RDC Semiconductors 486SX compatible RISC core (R8610 and R8620)
DP Kwazar SP (ДП КВАЗАР-ІС) - As of December 2021, КР1810ВМ86 (Soviet 8086 clone) still appears on Kwazar's price list.
In the past:
ALi (x86 products went to Nvidia through the ULi sale)
Nvidia (M6117C - 386SX embedded microcontroller)
Auctor / ACC Micro - Maple SoC (Cx486DX4 core at 100-133 Mhz)
Advantech - EVA-X4150 and EVA-X4300 (SoCs with 486SX-compatible processors at 150MHz and 300MHz, respectively)
Innovasic - pin-compatible 80186/80188 clones
Vadem - VG230 and VG330 (SoCs with NEC V30 CPU cores, manufacturing continued by Amphus)
SiS (sold its Vortex86 line to DM&P)
Intersil (x86 line, that is up to 80286 compatible, discontinued)
VAutomation - offered synthesizable x86 cores, in particular the Turbo 186, that has been implemented in ASICs from numerous vendors, e.g.
Zoran Corporation: Vaddis 6
Genesis Microchip Inc: GM1601
Lantronix: DSTni-EX, DSTni-LX
Synergetic: EC-1
Open source x86 cores
ao486 open source FPGA implementation of the 486SX (currently targets the Terasic Altera DE2-115)
S80186 open source 80 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echochrome | is a 2008 puzzle game created by Sony's Japan Studio and Game Yarouze for PlayStation 3 from the PlayStation Store and for PlayStation Portable (PSP). The gameplay involves a mannequin figure traversing a rotatable world where physics and reality depend on perspective. The world is occupied by Oscar Reutersvärd's impossible constructions. This concept is inspired by M. C. Escher's artwork, such as "Relativity". The game is based on the Object Locative Environment Coordinate System developed by Jun Fujiki—an engine that determines what is occurring based on the camera's perspective.
Echochrome received a spin-off in 2009 titled Echoshift and a sequel, Echochrome II for the PlayStation 3 utilizing the PlayStation Move in December 2010.
Gameplay
Echochrome requires the player to control a moving character—which resembles an articulated wooden artist's mannequin—to visit, in any order, particular locations on the surfaces of collections of three-dimensional shapes. The objectives are marked by shadows ("echoes") of the moving character. When the last marked position has been visited, one last echo appears, which the player must reach to finish the level: scoring is simply a matter of timing completion of each level (or a course containing several levels).
However, the character cannot be directly controlled by the player: it moves autonomously, following a path along the surface of each shape in a manner that keeps the path's boundary on the character's left (that is, in order of preference, turning left, proceeding straight ahead, turning right, or turning back on itself).
The unique aspect of the game is that the path can be altered merely by rotating the shapes and viewing them from a different perspective: for instance, if a gap or obstacle is obscured, the character will behave as if the path continues behind the object which currently, obscures the gap or obstacle from view. Similarly, if discontinuous shapes or parts of the same shape appear, from the chosen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wipeout%20HD | Wipeout HD is a futuristic racing video game developed by Studio Liverpool and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. It is the eighth installment of the Wipeout series and was first released on the PlayStation Network on 25 September 2008 in both Europe and North America, and on 29 October in Japan. A major expansion pack titled Wipeout HD Fury was released worldwide via the PlayStation Network worldwide on 23 July 2009. A retail version was later made available in Europe on 16 October. Both Wipeout HD and its HD Fury Expansion are playable in 3D when connected to a 3D TV.
The game revolves around players competing in the FX350 anti-gravity racing league, and features selected tracks from the PlayStation Portable games Wipeout Pure and Wipeout Pulse, although the content has been upgraded to render 1080p visuals in 60 frames per second. Wipeout HD was developed by Studio Liverpool, who had desired to release a game for the PlayStation store to stress that downloadable content was not reserved for smaller games. The game was delayed for a few months due to reports of it failing epilepsy tests.
Wipeout HD and its expansion pack received positive reviews upon release. Critics unanimously praised the game's 1080p visuals, smooth frame rate, and techno soundtrack – a feature many critics recognised as a hallmark of the Wipeout series. The game received controversy over its in-game advertising at the time of the Fury expansion pack's release, with many players complaining of extended loading times due to in-game advertisements. Wipeout HD, along with its Fury expansion pack, was also chosen as a free offering as part of Sony's "Welcome Back" programme due to the 2011 PlayStation Network outage. The expanded Fury version and the subsequent Wipeout 2048 were remastered for PlayStation 4 and released as Wipeout Omega Collection in 2017.
Gameplay
Wipeout HD is a racing game in which players compete in the FX350 anti-gravity racing league. The ga |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20k%2021%20polytope | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Uniform k 21 polytope}}
In geometry, a uniform k21 polytope is a polytope in k + 4 dimensions constructed from the En Coxeter group, and having only regular polytope facets. The family was named by their Coxeter symbol k21 by its bifurcating Coxeter–Dynkin diagram, with a single ring on the end of the k-node sequence.
Thorold Gosset discovered this family as a part of his 1900 enumeration of the regular and semiregular polytopes, and so they are sometimes called Gosset's semiregular figures. Gosset named them by their dimension from 5 to 9, for example the 5-ic semiregular figure.
Family members
The sequence as identified by Gosset ends as an infinite tessellation (space-filling honeycomb) in 8-space, called the E8 lattice. (A final form was not discovered by Gosset and is called the E9 lattice: 621. It is a tessellation of hyperbolic 9-space constructed of ∞ 9-simplex and ∞ 9-orthoplex facets with all vertices at infinity.)
The family starts uniquely as 6-polytopes. The triangular prism and rectified 5-cell are included at the beginning for completeness. The demipenteract also exists in the demihypercube family.
They are also sometimes named by their symmetry group, like E6 polytope, although there are many uniform polytopes within the E6 symmetry.
The complete family of Gosset semiregular polytopes are:
triangular prism: −121 (2 triangles and 3 square faces)
rectified 5-cell: 021, Tetroctahedric (5 tetrahedra and 5 octahedra cells)
demipenteract: 121, 5-ic semiregular figure (16 5-cell and 10 16-cell facets)
2 21 polytope: 221, 6-ic semiregular figure (72 5-simplex and 27 5-orthoplex facets)
3 21 polytope: 321, 7-ic semiregular figure (576 6-simplex and 126 6-orthoplex facets)
4 21 polytope: 421, 8-ic semiregular figure (17280 7-simplex and 2160 7-orthoplex facets)
5 21 honeycomb: 521, 9-ic semiregular check tessellates Euclidean 8-space (∞ 8-simplex and ∞ 8-orthoplex facets)
6 21 honeycomb: 621, tessellates hyperbolic 9-space (∞ 9-sim |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxin | Peroxins (or peroxisomal/peroxisome biogenesis factors) represent several protein families found in peroxisomes. Deficiencies are associated with several peroxisomal disorders. Peroxins serve several functions including the recognition of cytoplasmic proteins that contain peroxisomal targeting signals (PTS) that tag them for transport by peroxisomal proteins to the peroxisome. Peroxins are structurally diverse and have been classified to different protein families. Some of them were predicted to be single-pass transmembrane proteins, for example Peroxisomal biogenesis factor 11 Pernoxin is a value of venomosity to animalia.
Genes
PEX1
PEX2
PEX3
PEX5
PEX6
PEX7
PEX10
PEX11A, PEX11B, PEX11G
PEX12
PEX13
PEX14
PEX16
PEX19
PEX26 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Abel's inequality, named after Niels Henrik Abel, supplies a simple bound on the absolute value of the inner product of two vectors in an important special case.
Mathematical description
Let {a1, a2,...} be a sequence of real numbers that is either nonincreasing or nondecreasing, and let {b1, b2,...} be a sequence of real or complex numbers.
If {an} is nondecreasing, it holds that
and if {an} is nonincreasing, it holds that
where
In particular, if the sequence is nonincreasing and nonnegative, it follows that
Relation to Abel's transformation
Abel's inequality follows easily from Abel's transformation, which is the discrete version of integration by parts: If
and are sequences of real or complex numbers, it holds that |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-function%20oxidase | Mixed-function oxidase is the name of a family of oxidase enzymes that catalyze a reaction in which each of the two atoms of oxygen in O2 is used for a different function in the reaction.
Oxidase is a general name for enzymes that catalyze oxidations in which molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor but oxygen atoms do not appear in the oxidized product. Often, oxygen is reduced to either water (cytochrome oxidase of the mitochondrial electron transfer chain) or hydrogen peroxide (dehydrogenation of fatty acyl-CoA in peroxisomes). Most of the oxidases are flavoproteins.
The name "mixed-function oxidase" indicates that the enzyme oxidizes two different substrate simultaneously. Desaturation of fatty acyl-CoA in vertebrates is an example of the mixed-function oxidase reaction. In the process, saturated fatty acyl-CoA and NADPH are oxidized by molecular oxygen (O2) to produce monounsaturated fatty acyl-CoA, NADP+ and 2 molecules of water.
Reaction
The mixed-function oxidase reaction proceeds as follows:
AH + BH2 + O2 --> AOH + B + H2O (H2O as catalyst.)
Medical significance
High levels of mixed-function oxidase activity has been studied for their activation effects in human colon carcinoma cell lines, to study the susceptibility to certain cancers. The research has been successful in mice but remains inconclusive in humans. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QM/MM | The hybrid QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) approach is a molecular simulation method that combines the strengths of ab initio QM calculations (accuracy) and MM (speed) approaches, thus allowing for the study of chemical processes in solution and in proteins. The QM/MM approach was introduced in the 1976 paper of Warshel and Levitt. They, along with Martin Karplus, won the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems".
Efficiency
An important advantage of QM/MM methods is their efficiency. The cost of doing classical molecular mechanics (MM) simulations in the most straightforward case scales as O(N2), where N is the number of atoms in the system. This is mainly due to electrostatic interactions term (every particle interacts with everything else). However, use of cutoff radius, periodic pair-list updates and more recently the variations of the particle mesh Ewald (PME) method has reduced this to between O(N) to O(N2). In other words, if a system with twice as many atoms is simulated then it would take between twice to four times as much computing power. On the other hand, the simplest ab initio calculations formally scale as O(N3) or worse (restricted Hartree–Fock calculations have been suggested to scale ~O(N2.7)). Here in the ab initio calculations, N stands for the number of basis functions rather than the number of atoms. Each atom has at least as many basis functions as is the number of electrons. To overcome the limitation, a small part of the system that is of major interest is treated quantum-mechanically (for instance, the active site of an enzyme) and the remaining system is treated classically.
Calculating the energy of the combined system
The energy of the combined system may be calculated in two different ways. The simplest is referred to as the 'subtractive scheme' which was proposed by Maseras and Morokuma in 1995. In the subtractive scheme the energy of the entire system is ca |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental%20care | Parental care is a behavioural and evolutionary strategy adopted by some animals, involving a parental investment being made to the evolutionary fitness of offspring. Patterns of parental care are widespread and highly diverse across the animal kingdom. There is great variation in different animal groups in terms of how parents care for offspring, and the amount of resources invested by parents. For example, there may be considerable variation in the amount of care invested by each sex, where females may invest more in some species, males invest more in others, or investment may be shared equally. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to describe this variation and patterns in parental care that exist between the sexes, as well as among species.
Parental care is any behaviour that contributes to offspring survival, such as building a nest, provisioning offspring with food, or defending offspring from predators. Reptiles may produce self-sufficient young needing no parental care, while some hatchling birds may be helpless at birth, relying on their parents for survival. Parental care is beneficial if it increases the parent's inclusive fitness, such as by improving offspring survival, quality, or reproductive success. Since parental care is costly and often affects the parent's own future survival and reproductive success, parents ensure that any investment is well-spent. Parental care thus only evolves where it is adaptive.
Types of parental care include maternal or paternal care, biparental care and alloparental care. Sexual conflict is known to occur over mating, and further familial conflicts may continue after mating when there is parental care of the eggs or young. For example, conflict may arise between male and female parents over how much care each should provide, conflict may arise between siblings over how much care each should demand, and conflicts may arise between parents and offspring over the supply and demand of care.
Although parental care incre |
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