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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracema | Piracema (from tupi "pirá", fish + "sema", exit) is the name given to the period of the year when fish within the Paraguay River drainage basin―which includes the Pantanal region in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul―reproduce.
The season lasts from October to March, during which the fish swim upstream to lay their eggs and reproduce. Thus the season is critical for the maintenance of fish populations in the waters of the local rivers and lakes. Both of the Brazilian states prohibit fishing during this period.
Prohibition of Fishing
Measures have been taken as a way of preventing impacts from overfishing during the piracema period.
In the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul it is a crime to fish in any location that has been designated by any environmental institution.
The use of explosives, toxic substances, fishing gear such as spears, harpoons, drag nets, and diving equipment are all prohibited by law, since they can affect the life cycles of the fish population.
Some species of fish are protected and they can only be caught if they are within a certain size range. For example, the golden dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) can only be caught if it is no longer than 55 cm.
External links
Projeto Piracema (Nonprofit organization)
Fishing in South America |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Gavin%20Hall | Peter Gavin Hall (20 November 1951 – 9 January 2016) was an Australian researcher in probability theory and mathematical statistics. The American Statistical Association described him as one of the most influential and prolific theoretical statisticians in the history of the field.
The School of Mathematics and Statistics Building at The University of Melbourne was renamed the Peter Hall building in his honour on 9 December 2016.
Education
Hall attended Sydney Technical High School in Bexley, NSW during the years 1964–1969. He placed consistently high in examination results and in his final year, was among the top achievers in his form, and the winner of Old Boys' Union Mathematics prize.
Hall earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of Oxford in 1976 for research supervised by John Kingman.
Career and research
Hall was an author in probability and statistics. MathSciNet lists him with 606 publications as of January 2016. Google Scholar lists his h-index as 113. He made contributions to nonparametric statistics, in particular for curve estimation and resampling: the bootstrap method, smoothing, density estimation, and bandwidth selection. He worked on numerous applications across fields of economics, engineering, physical science and biological science. Hall also made contributions to surface roughness measurement using fractals. In probability theory he made many contributions to limit theory, spatial processes and stochastic geometry. His paper "Theoretical comparison of bootstrap confidence intervals" (Annals of Statistics, 1988) has been reprinted in the Breakthroughs in Statistics collection.
He was an Australian Research Council (ARC) Laureate Fellow at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, and also had a joint appointment at University of California Davis. He previously held a professorship at the Centre for Mathematics and its Applications at the Australian National University.
He was an ISI Highly Cited Re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formins | Formins (formin homology proteins) are a group of proteins that are involved in the polymerization of actin and associate with the fast-growing end (barbed end) of actin filaments. Most formins are Rho-GTPase effector proteins. Formins regulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton
and are involved in various cellular functions such as cell polarity, cytokinesis, cell migration and SRF transcriptional activity. Formins are multidomain proteins that interact with diverse signalling molecules and cytoskeletal proteins, although some formins have been assigned functions within the nucleus.
Diversity
Formins have been found in all eukaryotes studied. In humans, 15 different formin proteins are present that have been classified in 7 subgroups. By contrast, yeasts contain only 2-3 formins.
Structure and interactions
Formins are characterized by the presence of three formin homology (FH) domains (FH1, FH2 and FH3), although members of the formin family do not necessarily contain all three domains. In addition, other domains are usually present, such as PDZ, DAD, WH2, or FHA domains.
The proline-rich FH1 domain mediates interactions with a variety of proteins, including the actin-binding protein profilin, SH3 (Src homology 3) domain proteins, and WW domain proteins. The actin nucleation-promoting activity of S. cerevisiae formins has been localized to the FH2 domain. The FH2 domain is required for the self-association of formin proteins through the ability of FH2 domains to directly bind each other, and may also act to inhibit actin polymerization. The FH3 domain is less well conserved and is required for directing formins to the correct intracellular location, such the mitotic spindle, or the projection tip during conjugation. In addition, some formins can contain a GTPase-binding domain (GBD) required for binding to Rho small GTPases, and a C-terminal conserved Dia-autoregulatory domain (DAD). The GBD is a bifunctional autoinhibitory domain that interacts wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar%20geo-warping | Radar geo-warping is the adjustment of geo-referenced radar images and video data to be consistent with a geographical projection. This image warping avoids any restrictions when displaying it together with video from multiple radar sources or with other geographical data including scanned maps and satellite images which may be provided in a particular projection.
There are many areas where geo warping has unique benefits:
Single radar video signal displayed together with maps of different geographical projections. E.g.
Mercator
UTM
stereographic
Multiple radar video signals displayed simultaneously:
Having the computing power to do so on one computer.
Adapting the projection of all radar signals allowing the geographically correct display and accurate superimposition of those videos.
Slant range correction: a modern 3D radar system can measure the height of a target and hence it is possible to correct the radar video by the real corrected range of the target. Slant Range Correction also allows to compensate the radar tower height e.g. for maritime surveillance radars.
Introduction
Radar video presents the echoes of electromagnetic waves a radar system has emitted and received as reflections afterwards. These echoes are typically presented on a computer screen with a color-coding scheme depicting the reflection strength.
Two problems have to be solved during such a visualization process. The first problem arises from the fact that typically the radar antenna turns around its position and measures the reflection echo distances from its position in one direction. This effectively means that the radar video data are present in polar coordinates. In older systems the polar oriented picture has been displayed in so called plan position indicators (PPI). The PPI-scope uses a radial sweep pivoting about the center of the presentation. This results in a map-like picture of the area covered by the radar beam. A long-persistence screen is used so that the display rema |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Odyssey | Odyssey (also known as NT6) was the codename for a version of Microsoft Windows that was intended to succeed Windows 2000. The project was cancelled in early 2000 and later merged with Neptune to create Windows XP.
Development
Development of Odyssey began alongside the consumer-based Neptune in 1999 and was based on the Windows 2000 codebase. Features planned for Odyssey were the new Activity Centers as well as a new user interface. The version number of Odyssey is unknown, with some unverified sources claiming it as NT 6.0 or NT 5.5.
Due to high hardware requirements and because Odyssey and Neptune were based on the same codebase anyway, Microsoft combined them to form codename Whistler, for efficiency. No builds or versions of Odyssey were ever leaked or released by Microsoft as the product never left the planning stage.
Confidential documents from the Comes vs. Microsoft case do state that Odyssey was indeed under development.
See also
List of Microsoft codenames |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation%20vapor%20curve | In thermodynamics, the saturation vapor curve is the curve separating the two-phase state and the superheated vapor state in the T–s diagram (temperature–entropy diagram).
The saturated liquid curve is the curve separating the subcooled liquid state and the two-phase state in the T–s diagram.
When used in a power cycle, the fluid expansion depends strongly on the nature of this saturation curve:
A "wet" fluid shows a negative saturation vapor curve. If overheating before the expansion is limited, a two-phase state is obtained at the end of the expansion.
An "isentropic" fluid shows a vertical saturation vapor curve. It remains very close to the saturated vapor state after an hypothetical isentropic expansion.
A "dry" fluid shows a positive saturation vapor curve. It is in dry vapor state at the end of the expansion, and strongly overheated.
See also
Phase diagram
Working fluid
Working fluid selection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerDEVS | PowerDEVS [BK011] is a general purpose software tool for DEVS modeling and simulation oriented to the simulation of hybrid systems. The environment allows defining atomic DEVS models in C++ language that can be then graphically coupled in hierarchical block diagrams to create more complex systems.
It is developed at Universidad Nacional de Rosario (Argentina) by Ernesto Kofman, Federico Bergero, Gustavo Migoni, Enrique Hansen, Joaquín Fernandez, Marcelo Lapadula and Esteban Pagliero.
The distribution is totally free. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defective%20pixel | A defective pixel is a pixel on a liquid crystal display (LCD) that is not functioning properly. The ISO standard ISO 13406-2 distinguishes between three different types of defective pixels, while hardware companies tend to have further distinguishing types.
Similar defects can also occur in charge-coupled device (CCD) and CMOS image sensors in digital cameras. In these devices, defective pixels fail to sense light levels correctly, whereas defective pixels in LCDs fail to reproduce light levels correctly.
Types
Dark dot defect
A dark dot defect is usually caused by a transistor in the transparent electrode layer that is stuck "on" for TN panels or "off" for MVA, PVA, and IPS panels. In that state, the liquid crystal material does not do any rotation so that the light from the backlight does not pass through the RGB layer of the display.
Bright dot defect
A bright dot defect or hot pixel is a group of three sub-pixels (one pixel) all of whose transistors are "off" for TN panels or stuck "on" for MVA and PVA panels. This allows all light to pass through to the RGB layer, creating a bright pixel that is always on.
Another cause of bright dot may be the presence of impurities in the liquid crystal. On the one hand, impurities will affect the alignment of liquid crystal molecules, and on the other hand, they can reflect light to form bright spots.
Partial sub-pixel defect
A partial sub-pixel defect is a manufacturing defect in which the RGB film layer was not cut properly.
Tape automated bonding fault
A tape automated bonding fault (TAB fault) is caused by a connection failure from the TAB that connects the transparent electrode layers to the video driver board of an LCD.
TAB is one of several methods employed in the LCD-manufacturing process to electrically connect hundreds of signal paths going to the rows and columns of electrodes in layer 6 (the transparent electrode layer) in the LCD to the video integrated circuits (ICs) on the driver board that drives th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokaryotic | Monokaryotic (adj.) is a term used to refer to multinucleate cells where all nuclei are genetically identical. In multinucleate cells, nuclei share one common cytoplasm, as is found in hyphal cells or mycelium of filamentous fungi.
See also
Dikaryon
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Cell biology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio%20Berr%C3%ADos | Eugenio Berríos Sagredo (November 14, 1947 – November 15, 1992) was a Chilean biochemist who worked for the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA).
Berríos was charged with carrying out Proyecto Andrea in which Pinochet ordered the production of sarin, a nerve agent used by the DINA. Sarin gas leaves no trace and victims' deaths closely mimic heart attacks. Other biochemical weapons produced by Berríos included anthrax and botulism. Berríos also allegedly produced cocaine for Pinochet, who then sold it to Europe and the United States. In the late 1970s, at the height of the Beagle Crisis between Chile and Argentina, Berríos is reported to have worked on a plan to poison the water supply of Buenos Aires. Wanted by the Chilean authorities for involvement in the Letelier case, he escaped to Uruguay in 1991, at the beginning of the Chilean transition to democracy, and what has been identified as his corpse was found in 1995 near Montevideo.
DINA agent
Known in the DINA under his alias "Hermes", for which he began to work in 1974, Berríos was connected to the creation of the explosive used for Orlando Letelier's car-bombing assassination in Washington, D.C. in 1976. In April 1976, Berríos synthesized sarin. He was also suspected, along with DINA agent Michael Townley, of the torture and assassination of the Spanish citizen Carmelo Soria.
In 1978, Townley, in a sworn but confidential declaration, stated that sarin gas was produced by the DINA under Berríos' direction. He added that it was used to assassinate the real state archives custodian Renato León Zenteno and the Chilean Army Corporal Manuel Leyton.
Former head of DINA Manuel Contreras declared to Chilean justice officials in 2005 that the CNI, successor of DINA, handed out monthly payments between 1978 and 1990 to the persons who had worked with Townley in Chile, all members of the far-right group Patria y Libertad: Mariana Callejas (Townley's wife), Francisco Oyarzún, Gustavo Etchepare and Berríos. Accordi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinucleate | Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus per cell, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm. Mitosis in multinucleate cells can occur either in a coordinated, synchronous manner where all nuclei divide simultaneously or asynchronously where individual nuclei divide independently in time and space. Certain organisms may have a multinuclear stage of their life cycle. For example, slime molds have a vegetative, multinucleate life stage called a plasmodium.
Although not normally viewed as a case of multinucleation, plant cells share a common cytoplasm by plasmodesmata, and most cells in animal tissues are in communication with their neighbors via gap junctions.
Multinucleate cells, depending on the mechanism by which they are formed, can be divided into "syncytia" (formed by cell fusion) or "coenocytes" (formed by nuclear division not being followed by cytokinesis).
A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei. Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA: one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom.
Some bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a pathogen of the respiratory tract, may display multinuclear filaments as a result of a delay between genome replication and cellular division.
Terminology
Some biologists use the term "acellular" to refer to multinucleate cell forms (syncitia and plasmodia), such as to differentiate "acellular" slime molds from the purely "cellular" ones (which do not form such structures). This usage is incorrect and highly misleading to laymen, and as such it is strongly discouraged.
Some use the term "syncytium" in a wide sense, to mean any type of multinucleate cell, while others differentiate the terms for each type.
Physiological examples
Syncytia
Syncytia are multinuclear cells that can form either through normal biological processes, such as the mammalian placenta |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovi%20%28Nokia%29 | Ovi by Nokia () was the brand for Nokia's Internet services. The Ovi services could be used from a mobile device, computer (through Ovi Suite) or via the web. Nokia focused on five key service areas: Games, Maps, Media, Messaging and Music. Nokia's aim with Ovi was to include third party developers, such as operators and third-party services like Yahoo's Flickr photo site. With the announcement of Ovi Maps Player API, Nokia started to evolve their services into a platform, enabling third parties to make use of Nokia's Ovi services.
Ovi was first announced in 2007 and was a move into the world of Internet services and applications. It was initially available for internet-enabled Nokia feature phones and S60 smartphones, and also accessible via the web and on PC. Throughout its lifetime it faced strong competition particularly from Apple's App Store. As of January 2012, there were exactly 10 million downloads every day, also 158 developers reached over 1 million downloads for their Applications.
On 16 May 2011, Nokia announced the discontinuation of the Ovi brand and the services rebranded under the Nokia brand. The transition began in July 2011 and was completed by the end of 2012. Most of the constituent services were subsequently either closed or integrated into Microsoft's own services after its acquisition of Nokia devices and services division in 2014.
History
Ovi was announced on 29 August 2007 at the Go Play event in London. The public beta was released on 28 August 2008. Nokia has acquired key building blocks for Ovi over time. These include intellectual property (IP), patents and core components such as synchronization. Acquired IP, patents include companies such as Starfish Software, Intellisync, NAVTEQ, Gate5, Plazes and others. Other components have been developed internally. On 20 May 2009, at the Where 2.0 event in San Jose, CA, USA, Nokia announced the release of the Ovi Maps Player API, allowing web developers to embed Ovi Maps into a website using |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girneys | Girneys are soft vocalizations used by species of Old World monkeys to ease affiliative social interactions between unrelated members of the same species. The vocalizations are most commonly used by adult females around birthing season; the female will direct the call towards an unrelated mother and her offspring as an attempt to initiate friendly contact. However, mothers themselves will never direct girneys towards their own offspring as girneys do not increase affiliative interactions between relatives. Monkeys will also produce call when interacting with a dominant member of the same species, and when avoiding further conflict after becoming victim of an agonistic interaction. In all contexts, the vocalization is beneficial as it allows the signaler to inform potential aggressor that they are nonthreatening, thereby reducing the chance of attack and increasing fitness. Girneys are often accompanied by lip-smacking and a hesitant approach towards the dominant monkey. If the vocalization successfully reduces tension, it may be followed by allogrooming, alloparenting, and/or a rocking embrace.
Old World monkeys
Multiple species of Old World monkeys produce girneys. The actual sound of the vocalization varies slightly by species but its purpose is consistent – to reduce tension between unrelated members of the same species. No accounts of monkeys directing girneys towards different species of monkeys have been observed. Monkeys who use the call include Japanese macaques, rhesus macaques, mandrills, and baboons. However, they have been most extensively studied in species of macaques. The calls are commonly observed in adult Old World monkeys, but rarely in juveniles. This is likely because juveniles are already groomed and protected by their mother and would not benefit from producing an affiliative call.
Morphology
Girneys resemble a moaning and purring sound with a song-like quality. The call stays within a low frequency range, but is very morphologically vari |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria | Rhizobacteria are root-associated bacteria that can have a detrimental (parasitic varieties), neutral or beneficial effect on plant growth. The name comes from the Greek rhiza, meaning root. The term usually refers to bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with many plants (mutualism). Rhizobacteria are often referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, or PGPRs. The term PGPRs was first used by Joseph W. Kloepper in the late 1970s and has become commonly used in scientific literature.
Generally, about 2–5% of rhizosphere bacteria are PGPR. They are an important group of microorganisms used in biofertilizer. Biofertilization accounts for about 65% of the nitrogen supply to crops worldwide. PGPRs have different relationships with different species of host plants. The two major classes of relationships are rhizospheric and endophytic. Rhizospheric relationships consist of the PGPRs that colonize the surface of the root, or superficial intercellular spaces of the host plant, often forming root nodules. The dominant species found in the rhizosphere is a microbe from the genus Azospirillum. Endophytic relationships involve the PGPRs residing and growing within the host plant in the apoplastic space.
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is one of the most beneficial processes performed by rhizobacteria. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient to plants and gaseous nitrogen (N2) is not available to them due to the high energy required to break the triple bonds between the two atoms. Rhizobacteria, through nitrogen fixation, are able to convert gaseous nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) making it an available nutrient to the host plant which can support and enhance plant growth. The host plant provides the bacteria with amino acids so they do not need to assimilate ammonia. The amino acids are then shuttled back to the plant with newly fixed nitrogen. Nitrogenase is an enzyme involved in nitrogen fixation and requires anaerobic conditions. Membranes within root nodules are |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verification%20and%20validation | Verification and validation (also abbreviated as V&V) are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The words "verification" and "validation" are sometimes preceded with "independent", indicating that the verification and validation is to be performed by a disinterested third party. "Integration verification and validation" can be abbreviated as "IV&V".
In practice, as quality management terms, the definitions of verification and validation can be inconsistent. Sometimes they are even used interchangeably.
However, the PMBOK guide, a standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), defines them as follows in its 4th edition:
"Validation. The assurance that a product, service, or system meets the needs of the customer and other identified stakeholders. It often involves acceptance and suitability with external customers. Contrast with verification."
"Verification. The evaluation of whether or not a product, service, or system complies with a regulation, requirement, specification, or imposed condition. It is often an internal process. Contrast with validation."
Overview
Verification
Verification is intended to check that a product, service, or system meets a set of design specifications. In the development phase, verification procedures involve performing special tests to model or simulate a portion, or the entirety, of a product, service, or system, then performing a review or analysis of the modeling results. In the post-development phase, verification procedures involve regularly repeating tests devised specifically to ensure that the product, service, or system continues to meet the initial design requirements, specifications, and regulations as time progresses. It is a process that is used to evaluate whether a pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial%20collateral%20ligament%20of%20wrist%20joint | The radial collateral ligament (external lateral ligament, radial carpal collateral ligament) extends from the tip of the styloid process of the radius and attaches to the radial side of the scaphoid (formerly Navicular bone of the hand), immediately adjacent to its proximal articular surface and some fibres extend to the lateral side of the trapezium (greater multangular bone).
It is in relation with the radial artery, which separates the ligament from the tendons of the Abductor pollicis longus and Extensor pollicis brevis.
The radial collateral ligament's role is to limit ulnar deviation at the wrist. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation%20of%20trigonometric%20functions | The differentiation of trigonometric functions is the mathematical process of finding the derivative of a trigonometric function, or its rate of change with respect to a variable. For example, the derivative of the sine function is written sin′(a) = cos(a), meaning that the rate of change of sin(x) at a particular angle x = a is given by the cosine of that angle.
All derivatives of circular trigonometric functions can be found from those of sin(x) and cos(x) by means of the quotient rule applied to functions such as tan(x) = sin(x)/cos(x). Knowing these derivatives, the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions are found using implicit differentiation.
Proofs of derivatives of trigonometric functions
Limit of sin(θ)/θ as θ tends to 0
The diagram at right shows a circle with centre O and radius r = 1. Let two radii OA and OB make an arc of θ radians. Since we are considering the limit as θ tends to zero, we may assume θ is a small positive number, say 0 < θ < ½ π in the first quadrant.
In the diagram, let R1 be the triangle OAB, R2 the circular sector OAB, and R3 the triangle OAC. The area of triangle OAB is:
The area of the circular sector OAB is , while the area of the triangle OAC is given by
Since each region is contained in the next, one has:
Moreover, since in the first quadrant, we may divide through by ½ , giving:
In the last step we took the reciprocals of the three positive terms, reversing the inequities.
We conclude that for 0 < θ < ½ π, the quantity is always less than 1 and always greater than cos(θ). Thus, as θ gets closer to 0, is "squeezed" between a ceiling at height 1 and a floor at height , which rises towards 1; hence sin(θ)/θ must tend to 1 as θ tends to 0 from the positive side:For the case where θ is a small negative number –½ π < θ < 0, we use the fact that sine is an odd function:
Limit of (cos(θ)-1)/θ as θ tends to 0
The last section enables us to calculate this new limit relatively easily. This is done by employing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emetine | Emetine is a drug used as both an anti-protozoal and to induce vomiting. It is produced from the ipecac root. It takes its name from its emetic properties.
Early preparations
Mechanism of action of emetine was studied by François Magendie during the nineteenth century.
Early use of emetine was in the form of oral administration of the extract of ipecac root, or ipecacuanha. This extract was originally thought to contain only one alkaloid, emetine, but was found to contain several, including cephaeline, psychotrine and others. Although this therapy was reportedly successful, the extract caused vomiting in many patients, which reduced its utility. In some cases, it was given with opioids to reduce nausea. Other approaches to reduce nausea involved coated tablets, allowing the drug to be released after digestion in the stomach.
Use as anti-amoebic
The identification of emetine as a more potent agent improved the treatment of amoebiasis. While use of emetine still caused nausea, it was more effective than the crude extract of ipecac root. Additionally, emetine could be administered hypodermically which still produced nausea, but not to the degree experienced in oral administration.
Although it is a potent antiprotozoal, the drug also can interfere with muscle contractions, leading to cardiac failure in some cases. Because of this, in some uses it is required to be administered in a hospital so that adverse events can be addressed.
Dehydroemetine
Dehydroemetine is a synthetically produced antiprotozoal agent similar to emetine in its anti-amoebic properties and structure (they differ only in a double bond next to the ethyl group), but it produces fewer side effects.
Cephaeline
Cephaeline is a desmethyl analog of emetine also found in ipecac root.
Use in blocking protein synthesis
Emetine dihydrochloro hydrate is used in the laboratory to block protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It does this by binding to the 40S subunit of the ribosome. This can thus be use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20reaction%20force | In physics, and in particular in biomechanics, the ground reaction force (GRF) is the force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it.
For example, a person standing motionless on the ground exerts a contact force on it (equal to the person's weight) and at the same time an equal and opposite ground reaction force is exerted by the ground on the person.
In the above example, the ground reaction force coincides with the notion of a normal force. However, in a more general case, the GRF will also have a component parallel to the ground, for example when the person is walking – a motion that requires the exchange of horizontal (frictional) forces with the ground.
The use of the word reaction derives from Newton's third law, which essentially states that if a force, called action, acts upon a body, then an equal and opposite force, called reaction, must act upon another body. The force exerted by the ground is conventionally referred to as the reaction, although, since the distinction between action and reaction is completely arbitrary, the expression ground action would be, in principle, equally acceptable.
The component of the GRF parallel to the surface is the frictional force. When slippage occurs the ratio of the magnitude of the frictional force to the normal force yields the coefficient of static friction.
GRF is often observed to evaluate force production in various groups within the community. One of these groups studied often are athletes to help evaluate a subject's ability to exert force and power. This can help create baseline parameters when creating strength and conditioning regimens from a rehabilitation and coaching standpoint. Plyometric jumps such as a drop-jump is an activity often used to build greater power and force which can lead to overall better ability on the playing field. When landing from a safe height in a bilateral comparisons on GRF in relation to landing with the dominant foot first followed by the non-dominant limb, litera |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SharkWire%20Online | SharkWire Online is a specialized GameShark device with a serial port and modem added, accompanied by a now-defunct dialup Internet portal service. Launched in January 2000, it was sold only in the US, by InterAct which is most famous for its GameShark and Dexdrive. This unlicensed platform was the only Nintendo 64 online service to have been released other than Nintendo's official Randnet service which had already been released only in Japan in December 1999.
History
The SharkWire Online's Nintendo 64 accessories were developed by Datel in the UK, for InterAct to sell in the US. The now-defunct dialup portal system was developed between InterAct and its communications partners: Spyglass, Inc. for its Mosaic web browser application; D3 Networks, an Internet Service Provider (ISP) for game devices, which built and operated the SharkWire Online dialup network and content portal; and GTE Internetworking for its local dial-up access via its DiaLinx network and Global Network Infrastructure (GNI) backbone.
The SharkWire Online was presented to the public at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in Los Angeles on May 13–15, 1999. A PlayStation version was preannounced but canceled in development. Later in 1999, it was test marketed in Atlanta, Georgia, Dallas, Texas, Minneapolis, Minnesota, but not released to the rest of the US until January 1, 2000. The company considered the possibility of eventually supporting online multiplayer gaming, and opening up access to the wider Internet beyond their proprietary portal.
The company ran a $5–10 million advertising campaign created by advertising agency J. Walter Thompson across TV, print, radio, direct, and interactive media. It portrayed an aggressive image of teenaged "hacking" versus the FBI, which "gives kids a feeling of control and power over the establishment".
In 2003, SharkWire Online and all other trademarks of GameShark were sold to Mad Catz, and InterAct ceased operations.
Usage
The SharkWire Online produ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diloxanide | Diloxanide is a medication used to treat amoeba infections. In places where infections are not common, it is a second line treatment after paromomycin when a person has no symptoms. For people who are symptomatic, it is used after treatment with metronidazole or tinidazole. It is taken by mouth.
Diloxanide generally has mild side effects. Side effects may include flatulence, vomiting, and itchiness. During pregnancy it is recommended that it be taken after the first trimester. It is a luminal amebicide meaning that it only works on infections within the intestines.
Diloxanide came into medical use in 1956. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not commercially available in much of the developed world as of 2012.
Medical uses
Diloxanide furoate works only in the digestive tract and is a lumenal amebicide. It is considered second line treatment for infection with amoebas when no symptoms are present but the person is passing cysts, in places where infections are not common. Paromomycin is considered the first line treatment for these cases.
For people who are symptomatic, it is used after treatment with ambecides that can penetrate tissue, like metronidazole or tinidazole. Diloxanide is considered second-line, while paromomycin is considered first line for this use as well.
Adverse effects
Side effects include flatulence, itchiness, and hives. In general, the use of diloxanide is well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Although there is no clear risk of harm when used during pregnancy, diloxanide should be avoided in the first trimester if possible.
Diloxanide furoate is not recommended in women who are breast feeding, and in children <2 years of age.
Pharmacology
Diloxanide furoate destroys trophozoites of E. histolytica and prevents amoebic cyst formation. The exact mechanism of diloxanide is unknown. Diloxanide is structurally related to chloramphenicol and may act in a similar fashion by disrupting the ribosome
The pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen%20zoo | A frozen zoo is a storage facility in which genetic materials taken from animals (e.g. DNA, sperm, eggs, embryos and live tissue) are stored at very low temperatures (−196 °C) in tanks of liquid nitrogen. Material preserved in this way can be stored indefinitely and used for artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, embryo transfer, and cloning. Some facilities also collect and cryopreserve plant material (usually seeds).
Overview
The first frozen zoo was established at the San Diego Zoo by pathologist Kurt Benirschke in 1972. At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. The frozen zoo idea was later supported in Gregory Benford's 1992 paper proposing a Library of Life. Zoos such as the San Diego Zoo and research programs such as the Audubon Center for Research of Endangered Species cryopreserve genetic material in order to protect the diversity of the gene pool of endangered species, or to provide for a prospective reintroduction of such extinct species as the Tasmanian tiger and the mammoth.
Gathering material for a frozen zoo is rendered simple by the abundance of sperm in males. Sperm can be taken from an animal following death. The production of eggs, which in females is usually low, can be increased through hormone treatment to obtain 10–20 oocytes, dependent on the species. Some frozen zoos prefer to fertilize eggs and freeze the resulting embryo, as embryos are more resilient under the cryopreservation process. Some centers also collect skin cell samples of endangered animals or extinct species. The Scripps Research Institute has successfully made skin cells into cultures of special cells called induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS cells). It is theoretically possible to make sperm and egg cells from these IPS cells.
Several animals whose cells were preserved in frozen zoos have been cloned to increase the genetic diversity of endangered speci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative%20MIMO | In radio, cooperative multiple-input multiple-output (cooperative MIMO, CO-MIMO) is a technology that can effectively exploit the spatial domain of mobile fading channels to bring significant performance improvements to wireless communication systems. It is also called network MIMO, distributed MIMO, virtual MIMO, and virtual antenna arrays.
Conventional MIMO systems, known as point-to-point MIMO or collocated MIMO, require both the transmitter and receiver of a communication link to be equipped with multiple antennas. While MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards, including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX (4G), and Long-Term Evolution (4G), many wireless devices cannot support multiple antennas due to size, cost, and/or hardware limitations. More importantly, the separation between antennas on a mobile device and even on fixed radio platforms is often insufficient to allow meaningful performance gains. Furthermore, as the number of antennas is increased, the actual MIMO performance falls farther behind the theoretical gains.
Cooperative MIMO uses distributed antennas on different radio devices to achieve close to the theoretical gains of MIMO. The basic idea of cooperative MIMO is to group multiple devices into a virtual antenna array to achieve MIMO communications. A cooperative MIMO transmission involves multiple point-to-point radio links, including links within a virtual array and possibly links between different virtual arrays.
The disadvantages of cooperative MIMO come from the increased system complexity and the large signaling overhead required for supporting device cooperation. The advantages of cooperative MIMO, on the other hand, are its capability to improve the capacity, cell edge throughput, coverage, and group mobility of a wireless network in a cost-effective manner. These advantages are achieved by using distributed antennas, which can increase the system capacity by decorrelating t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-side%20persistent%20data | Client-side persistent data or CSPD is a term used in computing for storing data required by web applications to complete internet tasks on the client-side as needed rather than exclusively on the server. As a framework it is one solution to the needs of Occasionally connected computing or OCC.
A major challenge for HTTP as a stateless protocol has been asynchronous tasks. The AJAX pattern using XMLHttpRequest was first introduced by Microsoft in the context of the Outlook e-mail product.
The first CSPD were the 'cookies' introduced by the Netscape Navigator. ActiveX components which have entries in the Windows registry can also be viewed as a form of client-side persistence.
See also
Occasionally connected computing
Curl (programming_language)
AJAX
HTTP
Web storage
External links
CSPD
Safari preview
Netscape on persistent client state
Clients (computing)
Data management
Web applications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Institute%20of%20Virology | The National Institute of Virology in Pune, India is an Indian virology research institute and part of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It was previously known as 'Virus Research Centre' and was founded in collaboration with the Rockefeller Foundation. It has been designated as a WHO H5 reference laboratory for SE Asia region.
The Virus Research Centre (VRC), Pune came into existence in 1952 under the joint auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation, as a part of the global programme of investigations on the arthropod-borne group of viruses. In view of its expanded scope and activities, the VRC was re-designated as the National Institute of Virology (NIV) in 1978.
The NIV is identified today as the WHO Collaborating Centres for arboviruses reference and hemorrhagic fever reference and research. NIV is also the National Monitoring Centre for Influenza, Japanese encephalitis, Rota, Measles, Hepatitis and Coronavirus.
History
The National Institute of Virology is one of the major Institutes of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). It was established at Pune, Maharashtra, India in 1952 as Virus Research Centre (VRC) under the auspices of the ICMR and the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), USA. It was an outcome of the global programme of the RF for investigating the Arthropod Borne viruses. Since the studies on arboviruses and their arthropod vectors involve most of the basic principles and techniques of general virology, entomology and zoology, these viruses were also considered to be an ideal group, to begin with, for intensive training and research in virology. The RF withdrew its support in 1967 and since then the institute has been funded by the ICMR.
The institute was designated as one of the collaborating laboratories of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1967 and it started functioning as the regional centre of the WHO for South-East Asia for arbovirus studies from 1969. Since 1974, it has been functioning as a WHO collaborating |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics%20committee | An ethics committee is a body responsible for ensuring that medical experimentation and human subject research are carried out in an ethical manner in accordance with national and international law.
Specific regions
An ethics committee in the European Union is a body responsible for oversight of medical or human research studies in EU member states. Local terms for a European ethics committee include:
A Research Ethics Committee (REC) in the United Kingdom
A Medical Research Ethics Committee (MREC) in the Netherlands.
A Comité de Protection des Personnes (CPP) in France.
In the United States, an ethics committee is usually known as an institutional review board (IRB) or research ethics board (REB) and is dedicated to overseeing the rights and well-being of research subjects participating in scientific studies in the US. Similarly in Canada, the committee is called a Research Ethics Board (REB).
In Australia, an ethics committee in medical research refers to a Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC).
Since 1977 for the purposes of its subsidies to university research the Government of Canada, under the GOSA Act in the person (since 2015) of its Minister of Innovation, Science and Industry, donates annually to several of the federal funder agencies; these in turn disburse the funds into person-sized chunks. These persons typically are university professors, who are selected according to success in the wielding of soft power as measured by track record. In Canada, the Interagency Advisory Panel on Research Ethics (IAPRE) promotes "the ethical conduct of research involving human participants" under a document sometimes referred to as TCPS2. The panel was jointly started in 2001 by three of the federal university research-funding agencies CIHR, NSERC, and SSHRC. The IAPRE FAQ says that "Failure to comply with the requirements of the TCPS2 by researchers or their institution may result in a recourse by the Agencies." Other organizations have opted to adhere to the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAPO%20%28computer%29 | The SAPO (short for Samočinný počítač, “automatic computer”) was the first Czechoslovak computer. It operated in the years 1957–1960 in Výzkumný ústav matematických strojů, part of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. The computer was the first fault-tolerant computer – it had three parallel arithmetic logic units, which decided on the correct result by voting, an example of triple modular redundancy (if all three results were different, the operation was repeated).
SAPO was designed between 1950 and 1956 by a team led by Czechoslovak cybernetics pioneer Antonín Svoboda. Svoboda had experience from building in the United States, where he worked at MIT until 1946. It was an electromechanical design with 7,000 relays and 400 vacuum tubes, and a magnetic drum memory with capacity of 1024 32-bit words. Each instruction had 5 operands (addresses) – 2 for arithmetic operands, one for result and addresses of next instruction in case of positive and negative result. It operated on binary floating point numbers.
In 1960, after a spark from one of the relays ignited the greasing oil and the whole relay unit burnt down, it was decided not to repair the computer because of its obsolescence.
See also
EPOS (computer) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-55 | RTI(-4229)-55, also called RTI-55 or iometopane, is a phenyltropane-based psychostimulant used in scientific research and in some medical applications. This drug was first cited in 1991. RTI-55 is a non-selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor derived from methylecgonidine. However, more selective analogs are derived by conversion to "pyrrolidinoamido" RTI-229, for instance. Due to the large bulbous nature of the weakly electron withdrawing iodo halogen atom, RTI-55 is the most strongly serotonergic of the simple para-substituted troparil based analogs. In rodents RTI-55 actually caused death at a dosage of 100 mg/kg, whereas RTI-51 and RTI-31 did not. Another notable observation is the strong propensity of RTI-55 to cause locomotor activity enhancements, although in an earlier study, RTI-51 was actually even stronger than RTI-55 in shifting baseline LMA. This observation serves to highlight the disparities that can arise between studies.
RTI-55 is one of the most potent phenyltropane stimulants commercially available, which limits its use in humans, as it might have significant abuse potential if used outside a strictly controlled medical setting. However, it is definitely worthy of mentioning that increasing the size of the halogen atom attached to troparil serves to reduce the number of lever responses in a session when these analogs were compared in a study. Although RTI-55 wasn't specifically examined in this study the number of lever responses in a given session was of the order cocaine > WIN35428 > RTI-31 > RTI-51.
In contrast to RTI-31 which is predominantly dopaminergic, increasing the size of the covalently bonded halogen from a chlorine to an iodine markedly increases the affinity for the SERT, while retaining mostly all of its DAT blocking activity.
The radiopharmaceutical forms of RTI-55, in which the iodine atom is radioiodine so that the drug can be used in single-photon emission computed tomography, are called iometopane I 123 (USAN) or iometopane 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting%20machine | An accounting machine, or bookkeeping machine or recording-adder, was generally a calculator and printer combination tailored for a specific commercial activity such as billing, payroll, or ledger. Accounting machines were widespread from the early 1900s to 1980s, but were rendered obsolete by the availability of low-cost computers such as the IBM PC.
This type of machine is generally distinct from unit record equipment (some unit record machines were also called accounting machines).
List of Vendors/Accounting Machines
Burroughs Sensimatic
Burroughs Sensitronic
Burroughs B80
Burroughs E103
Burroughs Computer F2000
Burroughs L500
Burroughs E1400 Electronic Computing/Accounting Machine with Magnetic Striped Ledger
Dalton Adding Machine Company
Electronics Corporation of America: Magnefile-B
Electronics Corporation of America: Magnefile-D
Elliott-Fisher
Federal Adding Machines
IBM 632
IBM 858 Cardatype Accounting Machine
IBM 6400 Series
Laboratory for Electronics: The Inventory Machine II (TIM-II)
Monroe Calculator Company: Model 200
Monroe Calculator Company: Synchro-Monroe President
Monroe Calculator Company: Monrobot IX
NCR Post-Tronic Bookkeeping Machine - Class 29
NCR Compu-Tronic Accounting Machine
NCR Accounting Machine - Class 33
NCR Window Posting Machine - Class 42
Olivetti: General Bookkeeping Machine (GBM)
J. B. Rea Company: READIX, c. 1955
Sundstrand Adding Machines
Underwood ELECOM 50 "The First Electronic Accounting Machine"
Underwood ELECOM 125, 125 FP (File Processor), 1956
See also
Unit record equipment |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maspin | Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINB5 gene. This protein belongs to the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) superfamily. SERPINB5 was originally reported to function as a tumor suppressor gene in epithelial cells, suppressing the ability of cancer cells to invade and metastasize to other tissues. Furthermore, and consistent with an important biological function, Maspin knockout mice were reported to be non-viable, dying in early embryogenesis. However, a subsequent study using viral transduction as a method of gene transfer (rather than single cell cloning) was not able to reproduce the original findings and found no role for maspin in tumour biology. Furthermore, the latter study demonstrated that maspin knockout mice are viable and display no obvious phenotype. These data are consistent with the observation that maspin is not expressed in early embryogenesis. The precise molecular function of maspin is thus currently unknown.
Tissue distribution
Maspin is expressed in the skin, prostate, testis, intestine, tongue, lung, and the thymus.
Serpin superfamily
Maspin is a member of the serpin superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. The primary function of most members of this family is to regulate the breakdown of proteins by inhibiting the catalytic activity of proteinases. Through this mechanism of action, serpins regulate a number of cellular processes including phagocytosis, coagulation, and fibrinolysis.
Serpins have a complex structure, a key component of which is the reactive site loop, RSL. Inhibitory serpins transition between a stress and relaxed stage. The catalytic serine residue in the protease target attacks the stressed conformation of the RSL loop to form an acyl intermediate. The loop then undergoes a conformational change to the relaxed state irreversibly trapping the protease in an inactive state. Hence the serpin functions as a suicide inhibitor of the protease. This transition do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic%20communication | Graphic communication as the name suggests is communication using graphic elements. These elements include symbols such as glyphs and icons, images such as drawings and photographs, and can include the passive contributions of substrate, colour and surroundings. It is the process of creating, producing, and distributing material incorporating words and images to convey data, concepts, and emotions.
The field of graphics communications encompasses all phases of the graphic communications processes from origination of the idea (design, layout, and typography) through reproduction, finishing and distribution of two- or three-dimensional products or electronic transmission.
Overview
Graphic Communications focuses on the technical aspects of producing and distributing items of visual communication. This includes technical aspects associated with the production of tangible items such as books, magazines and packaging, as well as digital items such as e-newsletters, interactive apps, websites, video and virtual reality applications.
Graphic communication involves the use of visual material to relate ideas such as drawings, photographs, slides, and sketches. The drawings of plans and refinements and a rough map sketched to show the way could be considered graphical communication.
Graphic Design focuses on development of concepts and creation of visuals. This includes instruction regarding elements and principles of design, typography, image editing, web and video production, etc.
Any medium that uses a graphics to aid in conveying a message, instruction, or an idea is involved in graphical communication. One of the most widely used forms of graphical communication is the drawing.
History
In the prehistoric period, communication was done visually and aurally and involved touching, either delicately or forcefully, as well as movements and gestures. The earliest graphics known to anthropologists studying prehistoric periods are cave paintings and markings on boulders, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breather%20surface | In differential geometry, a breather surface is a one-parameter family of mathematical surfaces which correspond to breather solutions of the sine-Gordon equation, a differential equation appearing in theoretical physics. The surfaces have the remarkable property that they have constant curvature , where the curvature is well-defined. This makes them examples of generalized pseudospheres.
Mathematical background
There is a correspondence between embedded surfaces of constant curvature -1, known as pseudospheres, and solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. This correspondence can be built starting with the simplest example of a pseudosphere, the tractroid. In a special set of coordinates, known as asymptotic coordinates, the Gauss–Codazzi equations, which are consistency equations dictating when a surface of prescribed first and second fundamental form can be embedded into three-dimensional space with the flat metric, reduce to the sine-Gordon equation.
In the correspondence, the tractroid corresponds to the static 1-soliton solution of the sine-Gordon solution. Due to the Lorentz invariance of sine-Gordon, a one-parameter family of Lorentz boosts can be applied to the static solution to obtain new solutions: on the pseudosphere side, these are known as Lie transformations, which deform the tractroid to the one-parameter family of surfaces known as Dini's surfaces.
The method of Bäcklund transformation allows the construction of a large number of distinct solutions to the sine-Gordon equation, the multi-soliton solutions. For example, the 2-soliton corresponds to the Kuen surface. However, while this generates an infinite family of solutions, the breather solutions are not among them.
Breather solutions are instead derived from the inverse scattering method for the sine-Gordon equation. They are localized in space but oscillate in time.
Each solution to the sine-Gordon equation gives a first and second fundamental form which satisfy the Gauss-Codazzi equations. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne%20Real-time%20Cueing%20Hyperspectral%20Enhanced%20Reconnaissance | Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance, also known by the acronym ARCHER, is an aerial imaging system that produces ground images far more detailed than plain sight or ordinary aerial photography can.
It is the most sophisticated unclassified hyperspectral imaging system available, according to U.S. Government officials.
ARCHER can automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the object being sought (such as a missing aircraft), for abnormalities in the surrounding area, or for changes from previous recorded spectral signatures.
It has direct applications for search and rescue, counterdrug, disaster relief and impact assessment, and homeland security, and has been deployed by the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) in the US on the Australian-built Gippsland GA8 Airvan fixed-wing aircraft. CAP, the civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force, is a volunteer education and public-service non-profit organization that conducts aircraft search and rescue in the US.
Overview
ARCHER is a daytime non-invasive technology, which works by analyzing an object's reflected light. It cannot detect objects at night, underwater, under dense cover, underground, under snow or inside buildings. The system uses a special camera facing down through a quartz glass portal in the belly of the aircraft, which is typically flown at a standard mission altitude of and 100 knots (50 meters/second) ground speed.
The system software was developed by Space Computer Corporation of Los Angeles and the system hardware is supplied by NovaSol Corp. of Honolulu, Hawaii specifically for CAP. The ARCHER system is based on hyperspectral technology research and testing previously undertaken by the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL).
CAP developed ARCHER in cooperation with the NRL, AFRL and the United States Coast Guard Research & Development Center in the largest interagency project CAP has undertaken in its 74-year |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20Disk%20Interface | Beta Disk Interface is a disk interface for ZX Spectrum computers, developed by Technology Research Ltd. (United Kingdom) in 1984 and released in 1985, with a price of £109.25 (or £249.75 with one disk drive).
Beta 128 Disk Interface is a 1987 version, supporting ZX Spectrum 128 machines (due to different access point addresses).
Beta Disk Interfaces were distributed with the TR-DOS operating system in ROM, also attributed to Technology Research Ltd.. The interface was based on the WD1793 chip. Latest firmware version is 5.03 (1986).
The Beta Disk Interface handles single and double sided, 40 or 80 tracks double density floppy disks, and up to 4 drives.
Clones
This interface was popular for its simplicity, and the Beta 128 Disk Interface was cloned all around the USSR. The first known USSR clones were ones produced by НПВО "Вариант" (NPVO "Variant", Leningrad) in 1989.
Beta 128 schematics are included in various Soviet/Russian ZX Spectrum clones, but some variants only support two drives. Phase correction of the drive data signal is also implemented differently.
Between 2018 and 2021, Beta Disk clones were produced in the Czech Republic, with the names such as Beta Disk 128C, 128X and 128 mini.
Operating systems support
TR-DOS
iS-DOS
CP/M (various hack versions)
DNA OS
See also
DISCiPLE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole%20number%20rule | In chemistry, the whole number rule states that the masses of the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom. The rule is a modified version of Prout's hypothesis proposed in 1815, to the effect that atomic weights are multiples of the weight of the hydrogen atom. It is also known as the Aston whole number rule after Francis W. Aston who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922 "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule."
Law of definite proportions
The law of definite proportions was formulated by Joseph Proust around 1800 and states that all samples of a chemical compound will have the same elemental composition by mass. The atomic theory of John Dalton expanded this concept and explained matter as consisting of discrete atoms with one kind of atom for each element combined in fixed proportions to form compounds.
Prout's hypothesis
In 1815, William Prout reported on his observation that the atomic weights of the elements were whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen. He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the fundamental object and that the other elements were a combination of different numbers of hydrogen atoms.
Aston's discovery of isotopes
In 1920, Francis W. Aston demonstrated through the use of a mass spectrometer that apparent deviations from Prout's hypothesis are predominantly due to the existence of isotopes. For example, Aston discovered that neon has two isotopes with masses very close to 20 and 22 as per the whole number rule, and proposed that the non-integer value 20.2 for the atomic weight of neon is due to the fact that natural neon is a mixture of about 90% neon-20 and 10% neon-22). A secondary cause of deviations is the binding energy or mass defect of the individual isotopes.
Discovery of the neutron
During the 1920s, it was thought that the atomic nucleus was made o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenotherm | A stenotherm (from Greek στενός stenos "narrow" and θέρμη therme "heat") is a species or living organism only capable of living or surviving within a narrow temperature range. This type of temperature specialization is often seen in organisms that live in environments where the temperature is relatively stable, such as in deep sea environments or in polar regions.
The opposite of a stenotherm is a eurytherm, an organism that can function at a wide range of different body temperatures. Eurythermic organisms are typically found in environments where the temperature varies more significantly, such as in temperate or tropical regions.
The size, shape, and composition of an organism's body can affect its temperature regulation, with larger organisms tending to have a more stable internal temperature than smaller organisms.
Examples
Chionoecetes opilio is a stenothermic organism, and temperature affects its biology throughout its life history, from embryo to adult. Small changes in temperature (< 2 °C) can increase the duration of egg incubation for C. opilio by a full year.
See also
Ecotope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%20heat%20content | Ocean heat content (OHC) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans. To calculate the ocean heat content, it is necessary to measure ocean temperature at many different locations and depths. Integrating the areal density of ocean heat over an ocean basin or entire ocean gives the total ocean heat content. Between 1971 and 2018, the rise in ocean heat content accounted for over 90% of Earth’s excess thermal energy from global heating. The main driver of this increase was anthropogenic forcing via rising greenhouse gas emissions. By 2020, about one third of the added energy had propagated to depths below 700 meters. In 2022, the world’s oceans were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. The four highest ocean heat observations occurred in the period 2019–2022. The North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Southern Ocean all recorded their highest heat observations for more than sixty years. Ocean heat content and sea level rise are important indicators of climate change.
Ocean water absorbs solar energy efficiently. It has far greater heat capacity than atmospheric gases. As a result, the top few meters of the ocean contain more thermal energy than the entire Earth's atmosphere. Since before 1960, research vessels and stations have sampled sea surface temperatures and temperatures at greater depth all over the world. Since 2000, an expanding network of nearly 4000 Argo robotic floats has measured temperature anomalies, or the change in ocean heat content. Ocean heat content has been increasing at a steady or accelerating rate since at least 1990. The net rate of change in the upper 2000 meters from 2003 to 2018 was (or annual mean energy gain of 9.3 zettajoules). It is challenging to measure temperatures over decades with sufficient accuracy and covering enough areas. This gives rise to the uncertainty in the figures.
Changes in ocean heat content have far-reaching consequences for the planet's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20doll | Art dolls are objects of art, rather than children's toys, created in a wide variety of styles and media, and may include both pre-manufactured parts or wholly original works.
History
Art dolls production demand a wide range of skills and technologies, including sculpting, painting, and costuming. They are often multimedia objects made from materials such as fabric, paperclay, polymer clay, wax, wood, porcelain, natural or synthetic hair, yarn, wool, and felt. As works of art, art dolls can take weeks or months to finish.
One-of-a-kind (OOAK) art dolls may command prices in the thousands of dollars; publications featuring established and emerging doll artists support collection, and artist groups, such as the National Institute of American Doll Artists (NIADA), promote the art form.
There is an entire industry related to the mediums used in creating art dolls. Sculpting from clay is very prevalent. There are many varieties including air-dry, polymer clay, modeling clay to paperclay. Some top brands include ProSculpt, Sculpey, La Doll, and Creative Paperclay.
Selected examples
2008's Melbourne Fringe Festival featured the work of Rachel Hughes and curator Sayraphim Lothian, amongst others. The elaborate ball-jointed ceramic dolls of Marina Bychkova fetch prices from $5,000 to $45,000, and are collected by the likes of Louis Vuitton designers. In 2010, Facebook banned images of an art doll by Bychkova posted by Sydney jeweller Victoria Buckley; included were images of a semi-naked doll used to display jewellery in her shop window. Eco-designer, Ryan Jude Novelline, created a commemorative art doll from a vintage Barbie recognizing marriage equality in the United States in June 2015.
See also
Hans Bellmer
OOAK
Repaint |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ControlNet | ControlNet is an open industrial network protocol for industrial automation applications, also known as a fieldbus. ControlNet was earlier supported by ControlNet International, but in 2008 support and management of ControlNet was transferred to ODVA, which now manages all protocols in the Common Industrial Protocol family.
Features which set ControlNet apart from other fieldbuses include the built-in support for fully redundant cables and the fact that communication on ControlNet can be strictly scheduled and highly deterministic. Due to the unique physical layer, common network sniffers such as Wireshark cannot be used to sniff ControlNet packets. Rockwell Automation provides ControlNet Traffic Analyzer software to sniff and analyze ControlNet packets.
Version 1, 1.25 and 1.5
Versions 1 and 1.25 were released in quick succession when ControlNet first launched in 1997. Version 1.5 was released in 1998 and hardware produced for each version variant was typically not compatible. Most installations of ControlNet are version 1.5.
Architecture
Physical layer
ControlNet cables consist of RG-6 coaxial cable with BNC connectors, though optical fiber is sometimes used for long distances.
The network topology is a bus structure with short taps. ControlNet also supports a star topology if used with the appropriate hardware.
ControlNet can operate with a single RG-6 coaxial cable bus, or a dual RG-6 coaxial cable bus for cable redundancy. In all cases, the RG-6 should be of quad-shield variety.
Maximum cable length without repeaters is 1000m and maximum number of nodes on the bus is 99. However, there is a tradeoff between number of devices on the bus and total cable length. Repeaters can be used to further extend the cable length. The network can support up to 5 repeaters (10 when used for redundant networks). The repeaters do not utilize network node numbers and are available in copper or fiber optic choices.
The physical layer signaling uses Manchester code at 5 M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submersion%20%28coastal%20management%29 | Submersion is the sustainable cyclic portion of coastal erosion where coastal sediments move from the visible portion of a beach to the submerged nearshore region, and later return to the original visible portion of the beach. The recovery portion of the sustainable cycle of sediment behaviour is named accretion.
Submersion vs erosion
The sediment that is submerged during rough weather forms landforms including storm bars. In calmer weather waves return sediment to the visible part of the beach. Due to longshore drift some sediment can end up further along the beach from where it started. Often coastal areas have developed sustainable coastal positions where the sediment moving off beaches is sustainable submersion. On many inhabited coastlines, anthropogenic interference in coastal processes has meant that erosion is often more permanent than submersion.
Community perception
The term erosion often is associated with undesirable impacts on the environment, whereas submersion is a sustainable part of healthy foreshores. Communities making decisions about coastal management need to develop understanding of the components of beach recession and be able to separate the component that is temporary sustainable submersion from the more serious irreversible anthropogenic or climate change erosion portion. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion%20%28coastal%20management%29 | Accretion is the process of coastal sediment returning to the visible portion of a beach or foreshore after a submersion event. A sustainable beach or foreshore often goes through a cycle of submersion during rough weather and later accretion during calmer periods.
If a coastline is not in a healthy sustainable state, erosion can be more serious, and accretion does not fully restore the original volume of the visible beach or foreshore, which leads to permanent beach loss.
Coastal geography
Deposition (geology)
Physical oceanography |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20SETI | Active SETI (Active Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) is the attempt to send messages to intelligent extraterrestrial life. Active SETI messages are predominantly sent in the form of radio signals. Physical messages like that of the Pioneer plaque may also be considered an active SETI message. Active SETI is also known as METI (Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence).
History
'Active SETI' was a term as early as 2005, though some decades after the term SETI. The term METI was coined in 2006 by Russian scientist Alexander Zaitsev, who proposed a subtle distinction between Active SETI and METI:
{{cquote|The science known as SETI deals with searching for messages from aliens. METI deals with the creation and transmission of messages to aliens. Thus, SETI and METI proponents have quite different perspectives. SETI scientists are in a position to address only the local question “does Active SETI make sense?” In other words, would it be reasonable, for SETI success, to transmit with the object of attracting ETI's attention? In contrast to Active SETI, METI pursues not a local, but a more global purpose – to overcome the Great Silence in the Universe, bringing to our extraterrestrial neighbors the long-expected annunciation “You are not alone!”'}}
Concern over METI was raised by the science journal Nature in an editorial in October 2006, which commented on a recent meeting of the International Academy of Astronautics SETI study group. The editor said, "It is not obvious that all extraterrestrial civilizations will be benign, or that contact with even a benign one would not have serious repercussions". In the same year, astronomer and science fiction author David Brin expressed similar concerns.
In 2010, Douglas A. Vakoch from SETI Institute, addressed concerns about the validity of Active SETI alone as an experimental science by proposing the integration of Active SETI and Passive SETI programs to engage in a clearly articulated, ongoing, and evolving se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Plant%20Name%20Index | The Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) is an online database of all published names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names, whether current names, synonyms or invalid names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, information from the Australian Plant Census including distribution by state, links to other resources such as specimen collection maps and plant photographs, and the facility for notes and comments on other aspects.
History
Originally the brainchild of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work consisting of 3,055 pages and containing over 60,000 plant names. Compiled by Arthur Chapman, it was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance was given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.
Scope
Recognised by Australian herbaria as the authoritative source for Australian plant nomenclature, it is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, a collaborative project with A$10 million funding, aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.
Two query interfaces are offered:
Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), a full query interface that delivers full results, with no automatic interpretation, and
What's Its Name (WIN), a less powerful query interface that delivers concise results, augmented with automatic
See also
Atlas of Living Australia
Botanical nomenclature
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria
Index Kewensis
International Plant Names Index |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedment | Embedment is a phenomenon in mechanical engineering in which the surfaces between mechanical members of a loaded joint embed. It can lead to failure by fatigue as described below, and is of particular concern when considering the design of critical fastener joints.
Mechanism
The mechanism behind embedment is different from creep. When the loading of the joint varies (e.g. due to vibration or thermal expansion) the protruding points of the imperfect surfaces will see local stress concentrations and yield until the stress concentration is relieved. Over time, surfaces can flatten an appreciable amount in the order of thousandths of an inch.
Consequences
In critical fastener joints, embedment can mean loss of preload. Flattening of a surface allows the strain of a screw to relax, which in turn correlates with a loss in tension and thus preload. In bolted joints with particularly short grip lengths, the loss of preload due to embedment can be especially significant, causing complete loss of preload. Therefore, embedment can lead directly to loosening of a fastener joint and subsequent fatigue failure.
In bolted joints, most of the embedment occurs during torquing. Only embedment that occurs after installation can cause a loss of preload, and values of up to 0.0005 inches can be seen at each surface mate, as reported by SAE.
Prevention and solutions
Embedment can be prevented by designing mating surfaces of a joint to have high surface hardness and very smooth surface finish. Exceptionally hard and smooth surfaces will have less susceptibility to the mechanism that causes embedment.
In most cases, some degree of embedment is inevitable. That said, short grip lengths should be avoided. For two bolted joints of identical design and installation, except the second having a longer grip length, the first joint will be more likely to loosen and fail. Since both joints have the same loading, the surfaces will experience the same amount of embedment. However, th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian%20von%20Hoerner | Sebastian Rudolf Karl von Hoerner (15 April 1919 – 7 January 2003) was a German astrophysicist and radio astronomer.
He was born in Görlitz, Lower Silesia. During WW II, Von Hoerner served in the German Army on the Eastern Front. A bullet struck a pair of binoculars he was wearing on a strap around his neck, ricocheted up and blinded him in one eye. He was sent to Germany to recover and was there when the Front collapsed. After the end of World War II he studied physics at University of Göttingen. He obtained his doctorate at the same university in 1951 as Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Together they conducted simulations that studied the formation of stars and globular clusters. He continued this work at Astronomical Calculation Institute (University of Heidelberg) with Walter Fricke. He obtained his habilitation in 1959 at the University of Heidelberg. In 1962 he moved to National Radio Astronomy Observatory (Green Bank, West Virginia), where he collaborated, inter alia, with Frank Drake. He worked there, among others on the analysis of work and technical optimization of radio telescopes. His research led to the development of a new method for the construction of radio telescopes, homology, later used in the construction of many of them. During this time, he was actively involved in discussions on SETI, the number of advanced civilizations in the galaxy, and the possibilities interstellar travels. He was skeptical on these issues.
In 1961, he published an article in which he was not optimistic about the survival time of species using machines. At the outset, he noted that the current state of mind (primacy of science, developing technology, searching for interstellar communication) is just one of many possibilities and in the future it can be replaced by other interests. Moreover, according to him, the progress of science and technology on Earth was driven by two factors – the struggle for domination and the desire for an easy life. The former leads to complete |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum%20of%20absolute%20transformed%20differences | The sum of absolute transformed differences (SATD) is a block matching criterion widely used in fractional motion estimation for video compression. It works by taking a frequency transform, usually a Hadamard transform, of the differences between the pixels in the original block and the corresponding pixels in the block being used for comparison. The transform itself is often of a small block rather than the entire macroblock. For example, in x264, a series of 4×4 blocks are transformed rather than doing the more processor-intensive 16×16 transform.
Comparison to other metrics
SATD is slower than the sum of absolute differences (SAD), both due to its increased complexity and the fact that SAD-specific MMX and SSE2 instructions exist, while there are no such instructions for SATD. However, SATD can still be optimized considerably with SIMD instructions on most modern CPUs. The benefit of SATD is that it more accurately models the number of bits required to transmit the residual error signal. As such, it is often used in video compressors, either as a way to drive and estimate rate explicitly, such as in the Theora encoder (since 1.1 alpha2), as an optional metric used in wide motion searches, such as in the Microsoft VC-1 encoder, or as a metric used in sub-pixel refinement, such as in x264.
See also
Hadamard transform
Motion compensation
Motion estimation
Rate-distortion optimization
Sum of absolute differences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchiness | Crunchiness is the sensation of muffled grinding of a foodstuff. Crunchiness differs from crispness in that a crisp item is quickly atomized, while a crunchy one offers sustained, granular resistance to jaw action. While crispness is difficult to maintain, crunchiness is difficult to overcome.
Crunchy foods are associated with freshness, particularly in vegetables. The emotion crunchy can be associated with is the type of crunch, like a crouton unevenly dressed with red wine vinaigrette or it is in the way of being pleased and content, but not fully, left on the edge, some bites are unfulfilling and unpleasant, a mix of it all leaving you unsure if you want more but you continue. In bready foods, crunchiness can instead be associated with staleness. Other foods regularly associated with the sensation include nuts and sweets.
Relationship to sound
Crispness and crunchiness could each be "assessed on the basis of sound alone, on the basis of oral-tactile clues alone, or on the basis of a combination of auditory and oral-tactile information". An acoustic frequency of 1.9 kHz seems to mark the threshold between the two sensations, with crunchiness at frequencies below, and crispness at frequencies above.
See also
Chewiness
Mouthfeel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisohedral%20tiling | In geometry, a shape is said to be anisohedral if it admits a tiling, but no such tiling is isohedral (tile-transitive); that is, in any tiling by that shape there are two tiles that are not equivalent under any symmetry of the tiling. A tiling by an anisohedral tile is referred to as an anisohedral tiling.
Existence
The first part of Hilbert's eighteenth problem asked whether there exists an anisohedral polyhedron in Euclidean 3-space; Grünbaum and Shephard suggest that Hilbert was assuming that no such tile existed in the plane. Reinhardt answered Hilbert's problem in 1928 by finding examples of such polyhedra, and asserted that his proof that no such tiles exist in the plane would appear soon. However, Heesch then gave an example of an anisohedral tile in the plane in 1935.
Convex tiles
Reinhardt had previously considered the question of anisohedral convex polygons, showing that there were no anisohedral convex hexagons but being unable to show there were no such convex pentagons, while finding the five types of convex pentagon tiling the plane isohedrally. Kershner gave three types of anisohedral convex pentagon in 1968; one of these tiles using only direct isometries without reflections or glide reflections, so answering a question of Heesch.
Isohedral numbers
The problem of anisohedral tiling has been generalised by saying that the isohedral number of a tile is the lowest number orbits (equivalence classes) of tiles in any tiling of that tile under the action of the symmetry group of that tiling, and that a tile with isohedral number k is k-anisohedral. Berglund asked whether there exist k-anisohedral tiles for all k, giving examples for k ≤ 4 (examples of 2-anisohedral and 3-anisohedral tiles being previously known, while the 4-anisohedral tile given was the first such published tile). Goodman-Strauss considered this in the context of general questions about how complex the behaviour of a given tile or set of tiles can be, noting a 10-anisohedral exam |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytomining | Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the process of extracting heavy metals from the soil through hyperaccumulators, whether natural or induced. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain.
These extracted ores are called bio-ores.
History
Phytomining was first proposed in 1983 by Rufus Chaney, a USDA agronomist. He and Alan Baker, a University of Melbourne professor, first tested it in 1996. They, as well as Jay Scott Angle and Yin-Ming Li, filed a patent on the process in 1995 which expired in 2015.
Advantages
Phytomining causes minimal environmental effects compared to mining; erosion is lessened. Bio-ores are more compact than standard ores.
Phytomining can extract ores from soils with low levels of it. Phytomining can remove low-grade heavy metals from mine waste. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerspace | Hammerspace (also known as malletspace) is a fan-envisioned extradimensional, instantly accessible storage area in fiction, which is used to explain how animated, comic, and game characters can produce objects out of thin air. Typically, when multiple items are available, the desired item is available on the first try or within a handful of tries.
This phenomenon dates back to early Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies and MGM cartoons produced during the Golden Age of American animation. For example, in the 1943 Tex Avery short What's Buzzin' Buzzard, a starving vulture prepares to cook his friend by pulling an entire kitchen's worth of appliances out of thin air.
Origins
The phenomenon of a character producing plot-dependent items seemingly out of thin air dates back to the beginning of animated shorts during The Golden Age of American animation. Warner Bros. Cartoon characters are particularly well known for often pulling all sorts of things—hammers, guns, disguises, matches, bombs, anvils, mallets—from behind their backs or just off-screen. However, this phenomenon was mostly just left to suspension of disbelief. Only decades later was the term hammerspace jokingly coined to describe the phenomenon.
The term itself originates from a gag common in some anime and manga. A typical example would be when a male character would anger or otherwise offend a female character, who would proceed to produce, out of thin air, an over-sized wooden rice mallet (okine) and hit him on the head with it in an exaggerated manner. The strike would be purely for comic effect, and it would not have any long-lasting effects. The term was largely popularized first by fans of Urusei Yatsura and later by fans of Ranma ½. It is believed by some that the term "hammerspace" itself was coined based on the Ranma ½ character Akane Tendo due to the fan perception that she has a tendency to produce large hammers from nowhere. In the original manga she much more frequently uses her fists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fifty-Nine%20Icosahedra | The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra is a book written and illustrated by H. S. M. Coxeter, P. Du Val, H. T. Flather and J. F. Petrie. It enumerates certain stellations of the regular convex or Platonic icosahedron, according to a set of rules put forward by J. C. P. Miller.
First published by the University of Toronto in 1938, a Second Edition reprint by Springer-Verlag followed in 1982. Tarquin's 1999 Third Edition included new reference material and photographs by K. and D. Crennell.
Authors' contributions
Miller's rules
Although Miller did not contribute to the book directly, he was a close colleague of Coxeter and Petrie. His contribution is immortalised in his set of rules for defining which stellation forms should be considered "properly significant and distinct":
(i) The faces must lie in twenty planes, viz., the bounding planes of the regular icosahedron.
(ii) All parts composing the faces must be the same in each plane, although they may be quite disconnected.
(iii) The parts included in any one plane must have trigonal symmetry, without or with reflection. This secures icosahedral symmetry for the whole solid.
(iv) The parts included in any plane must all be "accessible" in the completed solid (i.e. they must be on the "outside". In certain cases we should require models of enormous size in order to see all the outside. With a model of ordinary size, some parts of the "outside" could only be explored by a crawling insect).
(v) We exclude from consideration cases where the parts can be divided into two sets, each giving a solid with as much symmetry as the whole figure. But we allow the combination of an enantiomorphous pair having no common part (which actually occurs in just one case).
Rules (i) to (iii) are symmetry requirements for the face planes. Rule (iv) excludes buried holes, to ensure that no two stellations look outwardly identical. Rule (v) prevents any disconnected compound of simpler stellations.
Coxeter
Coxeter was the main driving force beh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n%20F%C3%A1ry | István Fáry (30 June 1922 – 2 November 1984) was a Hungarian-born mathematician known for his work in geometry and algebraic topology. He proved Fáry's theorem that every planar graph has a straight-line embedding in 1948, and the Fáry–Milnor theorem lower-bounding the curvature of a nontrivial knot in 1949.
Biography
Fáry was born June 30, 1922, in Gyula, Hungary. After studying for a master's degree at the University of Budapest, he moved to the University of Szeged, where he earned a Ph.D. in 1947. He then studied at the Sorbonne before taking a faculty position at the University of Montreal in 1955. He moved to the University of California, Berkeley in 1958 and became a full professor in 1962. He died on November 2, 1984, in El Cerrito, California.
Selected publications
.
. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20of%20Information%20and%20Protection%20of%20Privacy%20Act%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29 | The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act, commonly known as FOIPOP, (the Act) is the public sector privacy law and access to information law for the Province of Nova Scotia.
The Act is generally considered to be in two parts: the first dealing with access to records in the custody or control of public bodies and the second dealing with the regulation of the collection, use and disclosure of personal information by those public bodies. It applies to provincially regulated public bodies in the province of Nova Scotia. "Public body" is defined in section 3(1)(j) of the Act, and generally means provincial government departments, agencies, boards, commissions, some crown corporations, public universities, school boards, and hospitals. It also specifically includes those organizations listed in the Schedule to the Act.
FOIPOP is administered by the Review Officer appointed under section 33 of the Act. The Review Officers serves as an ombudsman, reviewing complaints brought by individuals seeking access to records held by public bodies. The Review Officer does not have specific order-making powers and the powers of that office are limited with respect to privacy complaints. Complaints can be taken to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia after having been dealt with by the Review Officer.
External links
Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act
FOIPOP Review Officer
Canadian Privacy Law Blog: A regularly updated blog on issues related to privacy law and FOIPOP written by David T.S. Fraser, a Nova Scotia privacy lawyer.
Privacy in Canada
Privacy legislation in Canada
Information privacy
Nova Scotia provincial legislation
Freedom of information legislation in Canada
1993 in Canadian law |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runt | In a group of animals (usually a litter of animals born in multiple births), a runt is a member which is significantly smaller or weaker than the others. Owing to its small size, a runt in a litter faces obvious disadvantage, including difficulties in competing with its siblings for survival and possible rejection by its mother. Therefore, in the wild, a runt is less likely to survive infancy.
Even among domestic animals, runts often face rejection. They may be placed under the direct care of an experienced animal breeder, although the animal's size and weakness coupled with the lack of natural parental care make this difficult. Some tamed animals are the result of reared runts.
Not all litters have runts. All animals in a litter will naturally vary slightly in size and weight, but the smallest is not considered a "runt" if it is healthy and close in weight to its littermates. It may be perfectly capable of competing with its siblings for nutrition and other resources. A runt is specifically an animal that suffered in utero from deprivation of nutrients by comparison to its siblings, or from a genetic defect, and thus is born underdeveloped or less fit than expected.
In popular culture
Literature
Wilbur, the pig from Charlotte's Web, is the runt of his litter.
Orson, the pig in Jim Davis' U.S. Acres, is a runt who was bullied by his normal siblings. The strip changed direction when he was moved to a different farm and settled in with a supporting cast of oddball animals.
Shade the bat from Silverwing is a runt.
Fiver and Pipkin from Watership Down are runts, and their names in the Lapine language, Hrairoo and Hlao-roo, reflect this fact (the suffix -roo means "Small" or "undersized").
Clifford the Big Red Dog was born a runt, but inexplicably began to grow explosively until he became 25 feet tall.
Cadpig, a female Dalmatian puppy in Dodie Smith's children's novels The Hundred and One Dalmatians and The Starlight Barking, is the runt of her litter and is t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20Combat%20Capabilities%20Development%20Command | The Combat Capabilities Development Command, (DEVCOM, aka CCDC) (formerly the United States Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command (RDECOM)) is a subordinate command of the U.S. Army Futures Command. RDECOM was tasked with "creating, integrating, and delivering technology-enabled solutions" to the U.S. Army. It is headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland.
Role and organization
CCDC formerly described its role as "the Army's enabling command in the development and delivery of capabilities that empower, unburden and protect the Warfighter." It conducts and sponsors scientific research in areas important to the Army, develops scientific discoveries into new technologies, engineers technologies into new equipment and capabilities, and works with the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command to help requirements writers define the future needs of the Army.
CCDC is headquartered at Aberdeen Proving Ground. Before 1 November 2019, Major-General Cedric T. Wins was the commanding general, assisted by Brigadier-General Vincent F. Malone as deputy commanding general and Command Sergeant-Major Jon R. Stanley as command sergeant major. They oversee one laboratory and six major centers:
US Army CCDC Army Research Laboratory (CCDC ARL) – formerly Army Research Laboratory
US Army CCDC Chemical Biological Center (CCDC CBC) – formerly Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
US Army CCDC Soldier Center (CCDC SC) – formerly Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center
US Army CCDC Ground Vehicle System Center (CCDC GVSC) – formerly Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center
US Army CCDC Aviation & Missile Center (CCDC AvMC) – formerly Aviation and Missile Research, Development and Engineering Center
US Army CCDC Armaments Center (CCDC AC) – formerly Army Armaments Research, Development and Engineering Center
US Army CCDC C5ISR Center (CCDC C5ISRC) – formerly Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Ce |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics a stack or 2-sheaf is, roughly speaking, a sheaf that takes values in categories rather than sets. Stacks are used to formalise some of the main constructions of descent theory, and to construct fine moduli stacks when fine moduli spaces do not exist.
Descent theory is concerned with generalisations of situations where isomorphic, compatible geometrical objects (such as vector bundles on topological spaces) can be "glued together" within a restriction of the topological basis. In a more general set-up the restrictions are replaced with pullbacks; fibred categories then make a good framework to discuss the possibility of such gluing. The intuitive meaning of a stack is that it is a fibred category such that "all possible gluings work". The specification of gluings requires a definition of coverings with regard to which the gluings can be considered. It turns out that the general language for describing these coverings is that of a Grothendieck topology. Thus a stack is formally given as a fibred category over another base category, where the base has a Grothendieck topology and where the fibred category satisfies a few axioms that ensure existence and uniqueness of certain gluings with respect to the Grothendieck topology.
Overview
Stacks are the underlying structure of algebraic stacks (also called Artin stacks) and Deligne–Mumford stacks, which generalize schemes and algebraic spaces and which are particularly useful in studying moduli spaces. There are inclusions: schemes ⊆ algebraic spaces ⊆ Deligne–Mumford stacks ⊆ algebraic stacks (Artin stacks) ⊆ stacks. and give a brief introductory accounts of stacks, , and give more detailed introductions, and describes the more advanced theory.
Motivation and history
The concept of stacks has its origin in the definition of effective descent data in .
In a 1959 letter to Serre, Grothendieck observed that a fundamental obstruction to constructing good moduli spaces is the existence of automorphisms. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Army%20CCDC%20Armaments%20Center | The United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center (CCDCAC), or Armaments Center, headquartered at Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey, is the US Army's primary research and development arm for armaments and munitions. Besides its Picatinny headquarters, the Armaments Center has three other research facilities, including Benét Laboratories. The Armaments Center works to develop more advanced weapons using technologies such as microwaves, lasers and nanotechnology. The Armaments Center was established in February 2019, when it was aligned with the United States Army Futures Command along with its senior organization, the United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command. Armaments Center was called the U.S. Army Armament Research Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC).
The Armaments Center is the R&D center for armaments used by the U.S. Army, United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM), and other U.S. military organizations. It is one of the specialized research, development, and engineering centers within the U.S. Army Futures Command. Armaments Center's purpose is to provide battlefield supremacy for U.S. troops through “overmatch capabilities.” Over the past 10 years, Armaments Center has developed and released more than 20 products that have provided U.S. troops with “world’s best” capabilities, compared with products from foreign military and other U.S. defense organizations.
The Armaments Center is the lead research, development and engineering of systems solutions to arm those who defend the nation against all current and future threats, both at home and abroad. Armaments Center is broken into a number of directorates such as "Weapons Systems and Technology Directorate" and "Munitions Systems and Technology Directorate".
History
The Armaments Center traces its history to the creation of the U.S. Army Armament Research and Development Center (ARRADCOM) in 1977. Their mission was to create new and improve old weapon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanophilin | Melanophilin is a carrier protein which in humans is encoded by the MLPH gene. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the exophilin subfamily of Rab effector proteins. The protein forms a ternary complex with the small Ras-related GTPase Rab27A in its GTP-bound form and the motor protein myosin Va. A similar protein complex in mouse functions to tether pigment-producing organelles called melanosomes to the actin cytoskeleton in melanocytes, and is required for visible pigmentation in the hair and skin.
In melanocytic cells MLPH gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
Clinical significance
A mutation in this gene results in Griscelli syndrome type 3, which is characterized by a silver-gray hair color and abnormal pigment distribution in the hair shaft.
Mutations in melanophilin cause the "dilute" coat color phenotype in dogs and cats. Variation in this gene appears to have been a target for recent natural selection in humans, and it has been hypothesized that this is due to a role in human pigmentation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung%20bean%20sheets | Mung bean sheets are a type of Chinese noodle. It is transparent, flat, and sheet-like. They can be found, in dried form, in China and occasionally in some Chinatowns overseas.
Description
Similar to cellophane noodles, mung bean sheets are made of mung beans, except they are different in shape. The sheets are approximately 1 cm wide, like fettuccine noodles. They are produced in the Shandong province of eastern China (where cellophane noodles are also produced), as well as in the northern city of Tianjin, and have a springier, chewier texture than the thinner noodles.
Use in dishes
Mung bean sheets are used for cold dishes, hot pots, and stir fried dishes, in conjunction with sliced meats and/or seafood, vegetables, and seasonings. One such dish is Liang Fen, where the noodles are served cold with chili oil.
Chinese noodles
Shandong cuisine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearity%20%28journal%29 | Nonlinearity is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by IOP Publishing and the London Mathematical Society. The journal publishes papers on nonlinear mathematics, mathematical physics, experimental physics, theoretical physics and other areas in the sciences where nonlinear phenomena are of fundamental importance. The Editors-in-Chief are Tasso J Kaper (Boston University) for IOP Publishing and Konstantin Khanin (University of Toronto) for the London Mathematical Society.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Inspec, CompuMath Citation Index, Mathematical Reviews, MathSciNet, Zentralblatt MATH, and VINITI Database RAS. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.129.
See also
Journal of Physics A
Inverse Problems
London Mathematical Society
IOP Publishing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary%20approaches%20to%20depression | Evolutionary approaches to depression are attempts by evolutionary psychologists to use the theory of evolution to shed light on the problem of mood disorders within the perspective of evolutionary psychiatry. Depression is generally thought of as dysfunction or a mental disorder, but its prevalence does not increase with age the way dementia and other organic dysfunction commonly does. Some researchers have surmised that the disorder may have evolutionary roots, in the same way that others suggest evolutionary contributions to schizophrenia, sickle cell anemia, psychopathy and other disorders. Psychology and psychiatry have not generally embraced evolutionary explanations for behaviors, and the proposed explanations for the evolution of depression remain controversial.
Background
Major depression (also called "major depressive disorder", "clinical depression" or often simply "depression") is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and in 2000 was the fourth leading contributor to the global burden of disease (measured in DALYs); it is also an important risk factor for suicide. It is understandable, then, that clinical depression is thought to be a pathology—a major dysfunction of the brain.
In most cases, rates of organ dysfunction increase with age, with low rates in adolescents and young adults, and the highest rates in the elderly. These patterns are consistent with evolutionary theories of aging which posit that selection against dysfunctional traits decreases with age (because there is a decreasing probability of surviving to later ages).
In contrast to these patterns, prevalence of clinical depression is high in all age categories, including otherwise healthy adolescents and young adults. In one study of the US population, for example, the 12 month prevalence for a major depression episode was highest in the youngest age category (15- to 24-year-olds). The high prevalence of unipolar depression (excluding depression associated bipolar disorder) is also a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Carr | Carol Scott Carr (born 1939) is an American woman from the state of Georgia who became the center of a widely publicized debate over euthanasia when she killed her two adult sons because they had Huntington's disease.
Killing and trial
Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder, inherited from Carol Carr's husband, Hoyt Scott. Hoyt, a factory worker, had lost a sister to the disease as well as a brother, who committed suicide after being diagnosed. Hoyt's condition deteriorated and he died unable to move, swallow, or speak in 1995. By then, their oldest sons, Randy and Andy, were both showing symptoms of the disease.
On June 8, 2002, Carr killed both men in the room they shared at SunBridge Nursing Home in Griffin, Georgia. Both men died of a single gunshot wound to the head. After the shootings, Carol Carr, who was then 63, calmly walked to the lobby and waited for police. When questioned by police on the night of the shooting, Carol Carr told them that she had killed her sons in order to end their suffering. The lead detective on the case told Lee Williams, the Griffin Daily News crime reporter who broke the story, that he classified the murders as a "mercy killing." James Scott of Hampton, Georgia, Carr's only remaining son, who by that time also suffered from Huntington's disease, supported his mother and claimed that she acted out of love, not malice. Watching his brothers suffer in agony for 20 years had taken an emotional toll on both him and his mother. "I sat there and watched them with bed sores," he said. "It's just a miserable way to live. They couldn't talk. They couldn't communicate with each other. They would mumble." James Scott also said that his mother had taken excellent care of his brothers while they resided at the nursing home, visiting frequently, changing their bed linens, and bringing them drinks.
Carr pleaded guilty to assisted suicide and was sentenced to five years in prison in early 2003. After serving 21 months, she wa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20Association%20of%20Rocketry | The Canadian Association of Rocketry - L'Association Canadienne De Fuséologie (CAR-ACF) is a Canadian federal not for profit self-supporting association and governing body representing amateur/model rocketeers across Canada. The history of amateur/ model rocketry in Canada goes back to 1965 with its approval by the Canadian Federal government with the assistance of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute (CASI), the Royal Canadian Flying Clubs (RCFCA), the new Canadian Association of Rocketry (CAR), and then with the help of the Youth Aeronautic and Aerospace of Canada (YAAC). CAR-ACF was incorporated in 2009 from the then existing Canadian Association of Rocketry - CAR.
Among its many duties, CAR-ACF is:
to promote development of Amateur Aerospace as a recognized sport and worthwhile amateur activity.
the official national body for amateur aerospace in Canada.
a chartering organization for model rocket clubs across the country.
offers its chartered clubs contest sanction and assistance in getting and keeping flying sites.
the voice of its membership, providing liaison and certification programs with Transport Canada, Natural Resources Canada (Explosives Regulatory Division), and other government agencies
also works with local governments, zoning boards and parks departments to promote the interests of local chartered clubs.
CAR-ACF is the principal stakeholder representing Non-military, Non-commercial aerospace on the Transport Canada Canadian Aviation Regulatory Advisory Council (CARAC) which is responsible for maintaining and developing the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARS).
a Rocketry Association whose rules and regulations as formally acceptable to the Minister of Transport.
External links
Canadian Association of Rocketry - L'Association Canadienne De Fuséologie
Clubs and societies in Canada
Model rocketry |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability%20and%20susceptibility%20in%20conservation%20biology | In conservation biology, susceptibility is the extent to which an organism or ecological community would suffer from a threatening process or factor if exposed, without regard to the likelihood of exposure. It should not be confused with vulnerability, which takes into account both the effect of exposure and the likelihood of exposure.
For example, a plant species may be highly susceptible to a particular plant disease, meaning that exposed populations invariably become extinct or decline heavily. However, that species may not be vulnerable if it occurs only in areas where exposure to the disease is unlikely, or if it occurs over such a wide distribution that exposure of all populations is unlikely. Conversely, a plant species may show low susceptibility to a disease, yet may be considered vulnerable if the disease is present in every population. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant%20flow | In computer networking, an elephant flow is an extremely large (in total bytes) continuous flow set up by a TCP (or other protocol) flow measured over a network link. Elephant flows, though not numerous, can occupy a disproportionate share of the total bandwidth over a period of time. It is not clear who coined "elephant flow", but the term began occurring in published Internet network research in 2001 when the observations were made that a small number of flows carry the majority of Internet traffic and the remainder consists of a large number of flows that carry very little Internet traffic (mice flows). For example, researchers Mori et al. studied the traffic flows on several Japanese universities and research networks. At the WIDE network they found elephant flows were only 4.7% of all flows but occupied 41.3% of all data transmitted during the time period.
The actual impact of elephant flows on Internet traffic is still an area of research and debate. Some research shows that elephant flows may be highly correlated with traffic spikes and other elephant flows (Lan & Heidemann and Mori et al.). Elephant flows have varying definitions proposed by researchers including flows that occupy greater than 1% of total traffic in a time period, measuring the duration of the flow, and looking at flows whose size is greater than the mean plus three standard deviations of traffic during the time period. One of the main goals of research into elephant flows is to develop more efficient bandwidth management tools and predictive models for the Internet. For example, researchers have focused on providing better quality of service to flows of small sizes (mice flows) by de-prioritizing elephant flows.
Elephant flows can also be viewed from the perspective of a network appliance such as an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). In this context the number of bytes on the flow is less significant than the instantaneous processing load required to service the flow, where the processin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface%20ectoderm | The surface ectoderm (or external ectoderm) forms the following structures:
Skin (only epidermis; dermis is derived from mesoderm) (along with glands, hair, and nails)
Epithelium of the mouth and nasal cavity, and glands of the mouth and nasal cavity
Tooth enamel (as a side note, dentin and dental pulp are formed from ectomesenchyme which is derived from ectoderm (specifically neural crest cells, and it travels with mesenchymal cells)
Epithelium of anterior pituitary
Lens, cornea, lacrimal gland, tarsal glands, and the conjunctiva of the eye
Apical ectodermal ridge inducing development of the limb buds of the embryo.
Sensory receptors in the epidermis
See also
List of human cell types derived from the germ layers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens%20placode | The lens placode is a thickened portion of ectoderm that serves as the precursor to the lens.
Invagination
Invagination is the process of folding in cells. The lens placode invaginates to later develop the lens or lens pit. The development of the lens placode is typically seen between 44 and 50 hours; invagination occurs shortly after at around the 50–55-hour mark.
Both the formation of the lens placode, and the invagination of this to the lens pit are both morphogenetic events.
Cell shape, density, and surface area
Chick embryos studies show the lens placode contains a cuboidal to columnar cell shape and that it is not multilayered. Furthermore, the density of the cell appears to double in size once the placode has developed. And while the cell density increases, the surface area is not impacted.
Restricted expansion hypothesis
The restricted expansion hypothesis” states that the adhesion of the ectoderm cells to the matrix is a key factor in the lens placode formation. This adhesion is accompanied by cell proliferation, which also impacts crowding and cell elongation.
Transcription factors
Pax6 is a transcription factor that is essential to the development of the lens placode. More specifically, it is needed for the surface ectoderm to fully develop. Pax6 has been identified as a necessary transcription factor for the thickness of the lens placode.
SOX2 is a transcription factor that works alongside Pax6 to develop the lens placode. They maintain the same protein levels in the ectoderm. Therefore, SOX2 and Pou2f1 are involved in the development of the lens placode.
See also
Placode |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound%20graph | In graph theory, a bound graph expresses which pairs of elements of some partially ordered set have an upper bound. Rigorously, any graph G is a bound graph if there exists a partial order ≤ on the vertices of G with the property that for any vertices u and v of G, uv is an edge of G if and only if u ≠ v and there is a vertex w such that u ≤ w and v ≤ w.
Bound graphs are sometimes referred to as upper bound graphs, but the analogously defined lower bound graphs comprise exactly the same class—any lower bound for ≤ is easily seen to be an upper bound for the dual partial order ≥. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendezvous%20delay | Rendezvous delay is a term that pertains to mobile wireless networking, and the hand-off of a mobile device from one base station to a new base station. It is the amount of time elapsed for a mobile networked device to attach to the new base station after it has stopped its link with its old base station. The nature of this delay depends on the type of wireless network and the protocols used. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovisceral%20space | The retrovisceral space is divided into the retropharyngeal space and the danger space by the alar fascia. It is of particular clinical importance because it is a main route by which oropharyngeal infections can spread into the mediastinum.
Some sources say the retrovisceral space is the same as the retropharyngeal space.
Other sources say that the retrovisceral space is "continuous superiorly" with the retropharyngeal space. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic%20tile%20cutter | Ceramic tile cutters are used to cut tiles to a required size or shape. They come in a number of different forms, from basic manual devices to complex attachments for power tools.
Hand tools
Beam score cutters, cutter boards
The ceramic tile cutter works by first scratching a straight line across the surface of the tile with a hardened metal wheel and then applying pressure directly below the line and on each side of the line on top. Snapping pressure varies widely, some mass-produced models exerting over 750 kg.
The cutting wheel and breaking jig are combined in a carriage that travels along one or two beams to keep the carriage angled correctly and the cut straight. The beam(s) may be height adjustable to handle different thicknesses of tiles.
The base of the tool may have adjustable fences for angled cuts and square cuts and fence stops for multiple cuts of exactly the same size.
The scoring wheel is easily replaceable.
History
The first tile cutter was designed to facilitate the work and solve the problems that masons had when cutting hydraulic mosaic or encaustic cement tiles (a type of decorative tile with pigmented cement, highly used in 50s, due to the high strength needed because of the high hardness and thickness of these tiles).
Over the time the tool evolved, incorporating elements that made it more accurate and productive. The first cutter had an iron point to scratch the tiles. It was later replaced by the current tungsten carbide scratching wheel.
Another built-in device introduced in 1960 was the snapping element. It allowed users to snap the tiles easily and not with the bench, the cutter handle or hitting the tile with a knee as it was done before. This was a revolution in the cutting process of the ceramic world.
Tile nippers
Tile nippers are similar to small pairs of pincers, with part of the width of the tool removed so that they can be fit into small holes. They can be used to break off small edges of tiles that have been scored or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola%20Single%20Board%20Computers | Motorola Single Board Computers is Motorola's production line of computer boards for embedded systems. There are three different lines : mvme68k, mvmeppc and mvme88k. The first version of the board appeared in 1988. Motorola still makes those boards and the last one is MVME3100.
NetBSD supports the MVME147, MVME162, MVME167, MVME172 and MVME177 boards from the mvme68k family, as well as the MVME160x line of mvmeppc boards.
OpenBSD supports the MVME141, MVME165, MVME188 and MVME197 boards. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20vortices | In a standard superconductor, described by a complex field fermionic condensate wave function (denoted ), vortices carry quantized magnetic fields because the condensate wave function is invariant to increments of the phase by . There a winding of the phase by creates a vortex which carries one flux quantum. See quantum vortex.
The term Fractional vortex is used for two kinds of very different quantum vortices which occur when:
(i) A physical system allows phase windings different from , i.e. non-integer or fractional phase winding. Quantum mechanics prohibits it in a uniform ordinary superconductor, but it becomes possible in an inhomogeneous system, for example, if a vortex is placed on a boundary between two superconductors which are connected only by an extremely weak link (also called a Josephson junction); such a situation also occurs on grain boundaries etc. At such superconducting boundaries the phase can have a discontinuous jump. Correspondingly, a vortex placed onto such a boundary acquires a fractional phase winding hence the term fractional vortex. A similar situation occurs in Spin-1 Bose condensate, where a vortex with phase winding can exist if it is combined with a domain of overturned spins.
(ii) A different situation occurs in uniform multicomponent superconductors, which allow stable vortex solutions with integer phase winding , where , which however carry arbitrarily fractionally quantized magnetic flux.
Observation of fractional-flux vortices was reported in a multiband Iron-based superconductor.
(i) Vortices with non-integer phase winding
Josephson vortices
Fractional vortices at phase discontinuities
Josephson phase discontinuities may appear in specially designed long Josephson junctions (LJJ). For example, so-called 0-π LJJ have a discontinuity of the Josephson phase at the point where 0 and parts join. Physically, such LJJ can be fabricated using tailored ferromagnetic barrier or using d-wave superconductors. The Joseph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitali%20convergence%20theorem | In real analysis and measure theory, the Vitali convergence theorem, named after the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Vitali, is a generalization of the better-known dominated convergence theorem of Henri Lebesgue. It is a characterization of the convergence in Lp in terms of convergence in measure and a condition related to uniform integrability.
Preliminary definitions
Let be a measure space, i.e. is a set function such that and is countably-additive. All functions considered in the sequel will be functions , where or . We adopt the following definitions according to Bogachev's terminology.
A set of functions is called uniformly integrable if , i.e .
A set of functions is said to have uniformly absolutely continuous integrals if , i.e. . This definition is sometimes used as a definition of uniform integrability. However, it differs from the definition of uniform integrability given above.
When , a set of functions is uniformly integrable if and only if it is bounded in and has uniformly absolutely continuous integrals. If, in addition, is atomless, then the uniform integrability is equivalent to the uniform absolute continuity of integrals.
Finite measure case
Let be a measure space with . Let and be an -measurable function. Then, the following are equivalent :
and converges to in ;
The sequence of functions converges in -measure to and is uniformly integrable ;
For a proof, see Bogachev's monograph "Measure Theory, Volume I".
Infinite measure case
Let be a measure space and . Let and . Then, converges to in if and only if the following holds :
The sequence of functions converges in -measure to ;
has uniformly absolutely continuous integrals;
For every , there exists such that and
When , the third condition becomes superfluous (one can simply take ) and the first two conditions give the usual form of Lebesgue-Vitali's convergence theorem originally stated for measure spaces with finite measure. In this case, one can s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudomotor | Sudomotor function refers to the autonomic nervous system control of sweat gland activity in response to various environmental and individual factors. Sweat production is a vital thermoregulatory mechanism used by the body to prevent heat-related illness as the evaporation of sweat is the body’s most effective method of heat reduction and the only cooling method available when the air temperature rises above skin temperature. In addition, sweat plays key roles in grip, microbial defense, and wound healing.
Physiology
Human sweat glands are primarily classified as either eccrine or apocrine glands. Eccrine glands open directly onto the surface of the skin, while apocrine glands open into hair follicles. Eccrine glands are the predominant sweat gland in the human body with numbers totaling up to 4 million. They are located within the reticular dermal layer of the skin and distributed across nearly the entire surface of the body with the largest numbers occurring in the palms and soles.
Eccrine sweat is secreted in response to both emotional and thermal stimulation. Eccrine glands are primarily innervated by small-diameter, unmyelinated class C-fibers from postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic neurons. Increases in body and skin temperature are detected by visceral and peripheral thermoreceptors, which send signals via class C and Aδ-fiber afferent somatic neurons through the lateral spinothalamic tract to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus for processing. In addition, there are warm-sensitive neurons located within the preoptic nucleus that detect increases in core body temperature. Efferent pathways then descend ipsilaterally from the hypothalamus through the pons and medulla to preganglionic sympathetic cholinergic neurons in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord. The preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic cholinergic sudomotor (and to a lesser extent adrenergic) neurons in the paravertebral sympathetic ganglia. When the action potentia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning%20cryptanalysis | In cryptography, partitioning cryptanalysis is a form of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. Developed by Carlo Harpes in 1995, the attack is a generalization of linear cryptanalysis. Harpes originally replaced the bit sums (affine transformations) of linear cryptanalysis with more general balanced Boolean functions. He demonstrated a toy cipher that exhibits resistance against ordinary linear cryptanalysis but is susceptible to this sort of partitioning cryptanalysis. In its full generality, partitioning cryptanalysis works by dividing the sets of possible plaintexts and ciphertexts into efficiently-computable partitions such that the distribution of ciphertexts is significantly non-uniform when the plaintexts are chosen uniformly from a given block of the partition. Partitioning cryptanalysis has been shown to be more effective than linear cryptanalysis against variants of DES and CRYPTON. A specific partitioning attack called mod n cryptanalysis uses the congruence classes modulo some integer for partitions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARGUS%20%28experiment%29 | ARGUS (A Russian-German-United States-Swedish Collaboration; later joined by Canada and the former Yugoslavia) was a particle physics experiment that ran at the electron–positron collider ring DORIS II at the German national laboratory DESY. Its aim was to explore properties of charm and bottom quarks. Its construction started in 1979, the detector was commissioned in 1982 and operated until 1992.
The ARGUS detector was a hermetic detector with 90% coverage of the full solid angle. It had drift chambers, a time-of-flight system, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a muon chamber system.
The ARGUS experiment was the first experiment that observed the mixing of the B mesons into its antiparticle, the anti-B meson; this was done in 1987. This observation led to the conclusion that the second-heaviest quark – the bottom quark – could under certain circumstances convert into a different, hitherto unknown quark, which had to have a huge mass. This quark, the top quark, was discovered in 1995 at Fermilab.
The ARGUS distribution is named after the experiment. In 2010, the former site of ARGUS at DORISbecame the location of the OLYMPUS experiment.
External links
Webpage of ARGUS Fest, a symposium to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the discovery of B-meson oscillations. (Last accessed on Sept. 10, 2007)
Record for ARGUS on INSPIRE-HEP |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20historical%20Gnutella%20clients | Many projects have attempted to use the Gnutella network, since its introduction in early 2000. This list enumerates abandoned or discontinued projects.
List of discontinued clients
List of former gnutella clients
Software that still work but dropped the GNUtella protocol.
Additional information
Mutella
Developers - Max Zaitsev, Gregory Block
Operating system - UNIX
Latest release version - 0.4.5
Genre - peer-to-peer
License - GPL
Website - Mutella development site
Mutella was a Gnutella client developed by Max Zaitsev and Gregory Block. It had two user interfaces, one for textmode use and another called remote control, which ran on an integrated web server and was used by a web browser. The first public version of Mutella was published on October 6, 2001.
The Mutella logo was changed into a squid somewhere around version 4.1. Before this change the logo used to be an Ouroboros. There was a blue and a black version of the ouroboros logo.
SwapNut
Slashdot reports that LimeWire and SwapNut used the same code. The website was www.swapnut.com.
XoloX
XoloX was a Gnutella-based peer-to-peer file sharing application for Windows. It advertised having no spyware, adware, or hijackware. However, upon installation, it prompted the user to install programs suspected to be of that kind. Also, Microsoft Anti-Spyware detected adware programs when you started to install the program.
XoloX links
www.xolox.nl was the Official Website. Dead since June 2007.
Review: Xolox
See also
Abandonware
Comparison of Gnutella software |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam%20carving | Seam carving (or liquid rescaling) is an algorithm for content-aware image resizing, developed by Shai Avidan, of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), and Ariel Shamir, of the Interdisciplinary Center and MERL. It functions by establishing a number of seams (paths of least importance) in an image and automatically removes seams to reduce image size or inserts seams to extend it. Seam carving also allows manually defining areas in which pixels may not be modified, and features the ability to remove whole objects from photographs.
The purpose of the algorithm is image retargeting, which is the problem of displaying images without distortion on media of various sizes (cell phones, projection screens) using document standards, like HTML, that already support dynamic changes in page layout and text but not images.
Image Retargeting was invented by Vidya Setlur, Saeko Takage, Ramesh Raskar, Michael Gleicher and Bruce Gooch in 2005. The work by Setlur et al. won the 10-year impact award in 2015.
Seams
Seams can be either vertical or horizontal. A vertical seam is a path of pixels connected from top to bottom in an image with one pixel in each row. A horizontal seam is similar with the exception of the connection being from left to right. The importance/energy function values a pixel by measuring its contrast with its neighbor pixels.
Process
The below example describes the process of seam carving:
The seams to remove depends only on the dimension (height or width) one wants to shrink. It is also possible to invert step 4 so the algorithm enlarges in one dimension by copying a low energy seam and averaging its pixels with its neighbors.
Computing seams
Computing a seam consists of finding a path of minimum energy cost from one end of the image to another.
This can be done via Dijkstra's algorithm, dynamic programming, greedy algorithm or graph cuts among others.
Dynamic programming
Dynamic programming is a programming method that stores the results |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-semiring | In mathematics, a near-semiring, also called a seminearring, is an algebraic structure more general than a near-ring or a semiring. Near-semirings arise naturally from functions on monoids.
Definition
A near-semiring is a set S with two binary operations "+" and "·", and a constant 0 such that (S, +, 0) is a monoid (not necessarily commutative), (S, ·) is a semigroup, these structures are related by a single (right or left) distributive law, and accordingly 0 is a one-sided (right or left, respectively) absorbing element.
Formally, an algebraic structure (S, +, ·, 0) is said to be a near-semiring if it satisfies the following axioms:
(S, +, 0) is a monoid,
(S, ·) is a semigroup,
(a + b) · c = a · c + b · c, for all a, b, c in S, and
0 · a = 0 for all a in S.
Near-semirings are a common abstraction of semirings and near-rings [Golan, 1999; Pilz, 1983]. The standard examples of near-semirings are typically of the form M(Г), the set of all mappings on a monoid (Г; +, 0), equipped with composition of mappings, pointwise addition of mappings, and the zero function. Subsets of M(Г) closed under the operations provide further examples of near-semirings. Another example is the ordinals under the usual operations of ordinal arithmetic (here Clause 3 should be replaced with its symmetric form c · (a + b) = c · a + c · b. Strictly speaking, the class of all ordinals is not a set, so the above example should be more appropriately called a class near-semiring. We get a near-semiring in the standard sense if we restrict to those ordinals strictly less than some multiplicatively indecomposable ordinal.
Bibliography
Golan, Jonathan S., Semirings and their applications. Updated and expanded version of The theory of semirings, with applications to mathematics and theoretical computer science (Longman Sci. Tech., Harlow, 1992, . Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1999. xii+381 pp.
Krishna, K. V., Near-semirings: Theory and application, Ph.D. thesis, IIT Delhi, New |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull%20classification%20symbol%20%28Canada%29 | The Royal Canadian Navy uses hull classification symbols to identify the types of its ships, which are similar to the United States Navy's hull classification symbol system. The Royal Navy and some European and Commonwealth navies (19 in total) use a somewhat analogous system of pennant numbers.
In a ship name such as the ship prefix HMCS for Her or His Majesty's Canadian Ship indicates the vessel is a warship in service to the Monarch of Canada, while the proper name Algonquin may follow a naming convention for the class of vessel. The hull classification symbol in the example is the parenthetical suffix (DDG 283), where the hull classification type DDG indicates that the Algonquin is a guided-missile destroyer and the hull classification number 283 is unique within that type. Listed below are various hull classification types with some currently in use and others that are retired and no longer in use.
Auxiliary ships
AGOR: Auxiliary General Oceanographic Research (retired),
AGSC: surveying vessel (retired) Example included:
AOR: Auxiliary Oiler Replenishment,
ARE: Auxiliary Replenishment Escort (retired). Examples
ASL: diving support vessel (retired from the Royal Canadian Navy) Included:
F: escort armed ships (retired pre World War II passenger ships that were converted to military roles during the war)
FHE: Fast Hydrofoil Escort (retired, prototype tested 1968–1971),
K: sloop and submarine tender (also used for frigates and corvettes). Example included:
KC: sail training. Example includes:
PCT: Patrol Craft Training (supersedes YAG) Examples include: s
T: armed trawler (retired). Example included: ,
YAG: Yard Auxiliary General (retired training vessels, superseded by PCT) YAG training vessels CFAV Grizzly (YAG 306), CFAV Cougar (YAG 308)
YTB: Yard Tug. Examples include:
YTL: Yard Tug. Examples include: s Lawrenceville (YTL 590), CFAV Parksville (YTL 591)
YTM: Yard Tug. Example includes:
YTR: Yard Tractor tug fireboats. Examples |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavli%20Prize | The Kavli Prize was established in 2005 as a joint venture of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research, and the Kavli Foundation. It honors, supports, and recognizes scientists for outstanding work in the fields of astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience. Three prizes are awarded every second year. Each of the three Kavli Prizes consists of a gold medal, a scroll, and a cash award of US$1,000,000. The medal has a diameter of , a thickness of , and weighs .
The first Kavli Prizes were awarded on 9 September 2008 in Oslo, presented by Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway.
Selection committees
The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters appoints three prize committees consisting of leading international scientists after receiving recommendations made from the following organisations:
Chinese Academy of Sciences
French Academy of Sciences
Max Planck Society
United States National Academy of Sciences
Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Royal Society
Laureates
Astrophysics
Nanoscience
Neuroscience
See also
List of general science and technology awards
List of astronomy awards
List of neuroscience awards
The Brain Prize
Golden Brain Award
Gruber Prize in Neuroscience
W. Alden Spencer Award
Karl Spencer Lashley Award
Mind & Brain Prize
Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHCP%20snooping | In computer networking, DHCP snooping is a series of techniques applied to improve the security of a DHCP infrastructure.
DHCP servers allocate IP addresses to clients on a LAN. DHCP snooping can be configured on LAN switches to exclude rogue DHCP servers and remove malicious or malformed DHCP traffic. In addition, information on hosts which have successfully completed a DHCP transaction is accrued in a database of bindings which may then be used by other security or accounting features.
Other features may use DHCP snooping database information to ensure IP integrity on a Layer 2 switched domain. This information enables a network to:
Track the physical location of IP addresses when combined with AAA accounting or SNMP.
Ensure that hosts only use the IP addresses assigned to them when combined with source-guard a.k.a. source-lockdown
Sanitize ARP requests when combined with arp-inspection a.k.a. arp-protect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20subfamily | Protein subfamily is a level of protein classification, based on their close evolutionary relationship. It is below the larger levels of protein superfamily and protein family.
Proteins typically share greater sequence and function similarities with other subfamily members than they do with members of their wider family. For example, in the Structural Classification of Proteins database classification system, members of a subfamily share the same interaction interfaces and interaction partners. These are stricter criteria than for a family, where members have similar structures, but may be more distantly related and so have different interfaces. Subfamilies are assigned by a variety of methods, including sequence similarity, motifs linked to function, or phylogenetic clade. There is no exact and consistent distinction between a subfamily and a family. The same group of proteins may sometimes be described as a family or a subfamily, depending on the context. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections%20on%20the%20Motive%20Power%20of%20Fire | Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire and on Machines Fitted to Develop that Power is a book published in 1824 by French physicist Sadi Carnot. The 118-page book's French title was Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance. It is a significant publication in the history of thermodynamics about a generalized theory of heat engines.
Overview
The book is considered the founding work of thermodynamics. It contains the preliminary outline of the second law of thermodynamics. Carnot stated that motive power is due to the fall of caloric (chute de calorique) from a hot to a cold body, which he analogized to the work done by a water wheel due to a waterfall (chute d'eau).
The work was unnoticed until 1834 when French mining engineer Émile Clapeyron put it on a graphical footing in his Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat. Through Clapeyron's paper, German physicist Rudolf Clausius learned of Carnot's theory of heat and through a modification of Carnot's suppositions on heat, Clausius put the second law in mathematical form with his introduction of the concept of entropy.
By 1849, thermo-dynamic, as a functional term, was used in William Thomson's paper An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat.
The Reflections contain a number of principles such as the Carnot cycle, the Carnot heat engine, Carnot's theorem, thermodynamic efficiency. Similar to how the Reflections was the precursor to the second law, English physicist James Joule's 1843 paper Mechanical equivalent of heat was the precursor to the first law of thermodynamics.
Despite the fact that the caloric theory of heat was incorrect, Carnot's work brought together three insights that remain relevant and were used by his successors to develop the concept of entropy:
The "fall of heat" from a high temperature to a lower temperature is where the work comes from.
Analyzing a cycle, rather than an open system, is the correct way to analyze a heat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE%20Masaru%20Ibuka%20Consumer%20Electronics%20Award | The IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE given for outstanding contributions to consumer electronics technology. It is named in honor of Masaru Ibuka, co-founder and honorary chairman of Sony Corporation. The award is currently given each year to an individual or a team of up to three people (although in 2002, it was given to five people). The award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1987, and is sponsored by Sony Corporation.
Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate and an honorarium.
Recipients
Source
See also
Prizes named after people
External links
Information about the award at IEEE
List of recipients of the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Award |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraNet%20AB | Terranet AB is a company that develops technology for Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles. It is headquartered in Sweden and has an office in Stuttgart, Germany. Terranet is currently led by acting CEO Magnus Andersson.
Terranet previously focused on delivering mobile telephony and data services via a peer-to-peer mobile mesh network of handsets and light infrastructure. Since 2018, the company is focused on developing technology for advanced driver assistance and autonomous vehicles.
Terranet addresses the fast-growing global ADAS market, which is projected to reach USD 84 billion by 2025 - an increase of 150% from 2021.
The company's primary focus is to develop and commercialize their BlincVision product, a new type of anti-collision system for advanced driver assistance for motorized vehicles based on laser scanning, event cameras and three-dimensional image analysis. BlincVision is based on Voxelflow, a patented software for advanced three-dimensional image analysis of moving objects. In May 2022, Terranet shared that BlincVision is expected to be production ready in a couple of years.
Terranet Holding AB (publ) is listed on Nasdaq First North Premier Growth Market since 2017 (Nasdaq: TERRNT B).
History
Terranet AB was founded in 2004 by the inventor Anders Carlius, a serial entrepreneur from Lund, Skåne County. Carlius, who came from a background in chip manufacturing with Switchcore and also worked for web portal operator Spray Network, served as the first CEO until 2010. Since its inception Terranet has been headquartered at Lund's Ideon Science Park, which is best known as the home of Ericsson Radio Systems.
Carlius says he came up with the idea while travelling on safari in east Africa with his wife Emma. The first extensive pilot project was carried out in the autumn of 2005 on a farming co-operative in Botswana. Other trials included an agreement with Indian operator Bharat Sanchar Nigam to test 50 handsets in late 2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachurovskii%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Kachurovskii's theorem is a theorem relating the convexity of a function on a Banach space to the monotonicity of its Fréchet derivative.
Statement of the theorem
Let K be a convex subset of a Banach space V and let f : K → R ∪ {+∞} be an extended real-valued function that is Fréchet differentiable with derivative df(x) : V → R at each point x in K. (In fact, df(x) is an element of the continuous dual space V∗.) Then the following are equivalent:
f is a convex function;
for all x and y in K,
df is an (increasing) monotone operator, i.e., for all x and y in K, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dmura%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Kōmura's theorem is a result on the differentiability of absolutely continuous Banach space-valued functions, and is a substantial generalization of Lebesgue's theorem on the differentiability of the indefinite integral, which is that Φ : [0, T] → R given by
is differentiable at t for almost every 0 < t < T when φ : [0, T] → R lies in the Lp space L1([0, T]; R).
Statement
Let (X, || ||) be a reflexive Banach space and let φ : [0, T] → X be absolutely continuous. Then φ is (strongly) differentiable almost everywhere, the derivative φ′ lies in the Bochner space L1([0, T]; X), and, for all 0 ≤ t ≤ T, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed%20wireless | Fixed wireless is the operation of wireless communication devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations (e.g., building to building or tower to building) with a radio or other wireless link, such as laser bridge. Usually, fixed wireless is part of a wireless LAN infrastructure. The purpose of a fixed wireless link is to enable data communications between the two sites or buildings. Fixed wireless data (FWD) links are often a cost-effective alternative to leasing fiber or installing cables between the buildings.
The point-to-point signal transmissions occur through the air over a terrestrial microwave platform rather than through copper or optical fiber; therefore, fixed wireless does not require satellite feeds or local telephone service. The advantages of fixed wireless include the ability to connect with users in remote areas without the need for laying new cables and the capacity for broad bandwidth that is not impeded by fiber or cable capacities. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their electrical power from the public utility mains, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless devices which tend to be battery powered.
Antennas
Fixed wireless services typically use a directional radio antenna on each end of the signal (e.g., on each building). These antennas are generally larger than those seen in Wi-Fi setups and are designed for outdoor use. Several types of radio antennas are available that accommodate various weather conditions, signal distances and bandwidths. They are usually selected to make the beam as narrow as possible and thus focus transmit power to their destination, increasing reliability and reducing the chance of eavesdropping or data injection. The links are usually arranged as a point-to-point setup to permit the use of these antennas. This also permits the link to have better speed and or better reach for the same amount of power.
These antennas are typically designed to be used in the unlicensed ISM band radio frequency ba |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic%20number | A geographic number is a telephone number, from a range of numbers in the United Kingdom National Telephone Numbering Plan, where part of its digit structure contains geographic significance used for routing calls to the physical location of the network termination point of the subscriber to whom the telephone number has been assigned, or where the network termination point does not relate to the geographic area code but where the tariffing remains consistent with that geographic area code.
In the Netherlands any telephone number consists of 10 digits and the geographic number is often separated with a minus sign. The number 0592 for example is the geographic number for the area in and around the city Assen, and Groningen uses 050. Someone living in Assen has a caller ID of 6 numbers and someone in Groningen has a caller ID of 7 numbers.
See also
Telephone number
Telephone numbering plan
List of country calling codes
Caller id
Telephone numbers
Identifiers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arly-Singou | Arly-Singou is a large ecosystem in Burkina Faso. It encompasses the Arli National Park and the Singou Reserve. It is considered to comprise part of the most significant and important savanna woodland wildlife areas still existing in West Africa.
Fauna and history
In 1980, aerial counts revealed that the largest antelope population in the entire region inhabited the Arly-Singou complex. More recent studies indicate that the antelope population has been sustained by the end of the 20th century.
In 2003, herds of African elephant, buffalo, roan antelope, western hartebeest, oribi, Grimm's duiker, Buffon's kob, bushbuck, waterbuck, bohor reedbuck and groups of warthog, anubis baboon and Patas monkey were recorded in Arly-Singou during an aerial survey. In 2002, it was estimated that between 364 and 444 lions reside in Arly-Singou, based on information by local people. But census data were not available. In 2004, census data were still not available. Based on information by wildlife researchers, it was estimated that 50 to 150 lions reside in Arly-Singou.
Previously the endangered painted hunting dog, Lycaon pictus, occurred in Burkina Faso within the Arly-Singou ecosystem, but, although last sightings were made in Arli National Park, the species is considered extirpated throughout Burkina Faso.
The Arly-Singou project is considered to have taken a somewhat new initiative in structure, in regard to wildlife management undertakings funded by the government in the area. However, the project also permits private operators to share and hold authority of the area's management, in a bid to take advantage of the benefits of greater external funds, from these operators.
See also
W-Arly-Pendjari Complex |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreau%27s%20theorem | In mathematics, Moreau's theorem is a result in convex analysis named after French mathematician Jean-Jacques Moreau. It shows that sufficiently well-behaved convex functionals on Hilbert spaces are differentiable and the derivative is well-approximated by the so-called Yosida approximation, which is defined in terms of the resolvent operator.
Statement of the theorem
Let H be a Hilbert space and let φ : H → R ∪ {+∞} be a proper, convex and lower semi-continuous extended real-valued functional on H. Let A stand for ∂φ, the subderivative of φ; for α > 0 let Jα denote the resolvent:
and let Aα denote the Yosida approximation to A:
For each α > 0 and x ∈ H, let
Then
and φα is convex and Fréchet differentiable with derivative dφα = Aα. Also, for each x ∈ H (pointwise), φα(x) converges upwards to φ(x) as α → 0. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20communications%20network | Personal communications network (PCN) is the European digital cellular mobile telephone network. The underlying standard is known as Digital Cellular System, which defines a variant of GSM operating at 1.7–1.88 GHz. GSM-1800 has since been adopted by other locations, not necessarily under the PCN/DCS name. The network structure, the signal structure and the transmission characteristics are similar between PCN and GSM-900.
The PCN system was first initiated by Lord Young, UK Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, in 1988. The main characteristics of PCN are as follows:
Operating frequency – 1.7–1.88 GHz (1710–1785 MHz and 1805–1880 MHz).
Uses 30 GHz or up for microwave back bone system.
Covers both small cells and large cells.
Coverage inside and outside buildings.
Hand over.
Cell delivery.
Portable hand set.
User intelligent network.
The UK government's Department for Enterprise produced 'Phones on the Move: Personal Communications in the 1990s - a discussion document' in January 1989. The document presented a vision for how mobile communications might develop which outlined ideas for both the PCNs and the CT2 standards.
PCN is comparable to the North American Personal Communications Service band allocation. The 1800 MHz DCS band is reused in UMTS, LTE and 5G NR; it sees real-world deployment in LTE as "band 3".
External links
Press Notice: LORD YOUNG CALLS FOR APPLICATIONS TO RUN "PHONES ON THE MOVE"
Telephony
Wireless networking |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMO%20number | The IMO number of the International Maritime Organization is a generic term covering two distinct meanings. The IMO ship identification number is a unique ship identifier; the IMO company and registered owner identification number is used to identify uniquely each company and/or registered owner managing ships of at least 100 gross tons (gt). The schemes are managed in parallel, but IMO company/owner numbers may also be obtained by managers of vessels not having IMO ship numbers. IMO numbers were introduced to improve maritime safety and reduce fraud and pollution, under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
The IMO ship number scheme has been mandatory, for SOLAS signatories, for passenger and cargo ships above a certain size since 1996, and voluntarily applicable to various other vessels since 2013/2017. The number identifies a ship and does not change when the ship's owner, country of registry (flag state) or name changes, unlike the official numbers used in some countries, e.g. the UK. The ship's certificates must also bear the IMO ship number. Since 1 July 2004, passenger ships are also required to carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air.
History
IMO resolutions (1987–2017)
In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A.600(15) to create the IMO ship identification number scheme aimed at the "enhancement of maritime safety and pollution prevention and the prevention of maritime fraud" by assigning to each ship a unique permanent identification number. Lloyd's Register had already introduced permanent numbers for all the ships in their published register in 1963, and these were modified to seven-digit numbers in 1969. It is this number series that was adopted as the basis for IMO ship numbers in 1987.
Unique and permanent numbers are needed due to the frequent changes in ships' names or other details. As one example, the vessel with IMO ship number "IMO 9176187" was built in Japan, has been through the names Asia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikker | A tikker, alternately spelled ticker, was a vibrating interrupter used in early wireless telegraphy radio receivers such as crystal radio receivers in order to receive continuous wave (CW) radiotelegraphy signals.
In the early years of the 20th century, before modern AM or FM radio transmission was developed, radio transmitters communicated information by radiotelegraphy; the transmitter was switched off and on by the operator with a telegraph key, producing pulses of radio waves, to spell out text messages in Morse code. Around 1905 the first continuous wave radio transmitters began to replace the earlier spark transmitters. The Morse code signal of the spark transmitter consisted of pulses of radio waves called damped waves which repeated at an audio rate, so they were audible as a buzz or tone in a receiver's earphones. In contrast the new continuous wave transmitters produced a signal consisting of pulses of continuous waves, unmodulated sinusoidal carrier waves, which were inaudible in the earphones. So to receive this new modulation method, the receiver had to produce a tone during the pulses of carrier.
The "tikker", invented in 1908 by Valdemar Poulsen, was the first primitive device that did this. It consisted of a vibrating switch contact between the receiver's detector and earphone, which was repeatedly opened by an electromagnet. It functioned as a crude modulator; it interrupted the signal from the detector at an audio rate, producing a buzz in the earphone whenever the carrier was present. Thus the "dots" and "dashes" of the Morse code were made audible.
Around 1915 the tikker was replaced by a better means of accomplishing the same thing; the heterodyne receiver invented by Reginald Fessenden in 1902. In this an electronic oscillator generated a radio signal at a frequency fo offset from the incoming radio wave carrier fC. This was applied to the rectifying detector with the radio carrier. In the detector the two signals mixed, cr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Commands%20for%20Programmable%20Instruments | The Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI; often pronounced "skippy") defines a standard for syntax and commands to use in controlling programmable test and measurement devices, such as automatic test equipment and electronic test equipment.
Overview
SCPI was defined as an additional layer on top of the specification "Standard Codes, Formats, Protocols, and Common Commands". The standard specifies a common syntax, command structure, and data formats, to be used with all instruments. It introduced generic commands (such as CONFigure and MEASure) that could be used with any instrument. These commands are grouped into subsystems. SCPI also defines several classes of instruments. For example, any controllable power supply would implement the same DCPSUPPLY base functionality class. Instrument classes specify which subsystems they implement, as well as any instrument-specific features.
The physical hardware communications link is not defined by SCPI. While it was originally created for the IEEE-488.1 (GPIB) bus, SCPI can also be used with RS-232, RS-422, Ethernet, USB, VXIbus, HiSLIP, etc.
SCPI commands are ASCII textual strings, which are sent to the instrument over the physical layer (e.g., IEEE-488.1). Commands are a series of one or more keywords, many of which take parameters. In the specification, keywords are written CONFigure: The entire keyword can be used, or it can be abbreviated to just the uppercase portion. Responses to query commands are typically ASCII strings. However, for bulk data, binary formats can be used.
The SCPI specification consists of four volumes: Volume 1: "Syntax and Style", Volume 2: "Command Reference", Volume 3: "Data Interchange Format", Volume 4: "Instrument Classes". The specification was originally released as non-free printed manuals, then later as a free PDF file.
SCPI history
First released in 1990, SCPI originated as an additional layer for IEEE-488. IEEE-488.1 specified the physical and electrical bus, and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault%20Corp.%20v.%20Quaid%20Software%20Ltd. | Vault Corporation v Quaid Software Ltd. 847 F.2d 255 (5th Cir. 1988) is a case heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit that tested the extent of software copyright. The court held that making RAM copies as an essential step in utilizing software was permissible under §117 of the Copyright Act even if they are used for a purpose that the copyright holder did not intend. It also applied the "substantial noninfringing uses" test from Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. to hold that Quaid's software, which defeated Vault's copy protection mechanism, did not make Quaid liable for contributory infringement. It held that Quaid's software was not a derivative work of Vault's software, despite having approximately 30 characters of source code in common. Finally, it held that the Louisiana Software License Enforcement Act clause permitting a copyright holder to prohibit software decompilation or disassembly was preempted by the Copyright Act, and was therefore unenforceable.
Background information
Vault Corporation created and held the copyright for a program called PROLOK, which provided copy protection for software on floppy disks. Software companies purchased PROLOK from Vault in order to protect their software from end users making unauthorized copies. PROLOK worked by having an indelible "fingerprint" on each PROLOK protected disk in addition to the PROLOK software and the software to be protected. The PROLOK protected program allowed the software to function only if the fingerprint was present on the disk.
Quaid Software Ltd. created a program called RAMKEY, which allowed copies of Vault's clients' software to function without the original program disks. RAMKEY made PROLOK think that the necessary fingerprint was present even though it was not.
Actions and claims
Vault sought preliminary and permanent injunctions against Quaid to prevent them from advertising and selling RAMKEY. They also sought an order to impound |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio%20equipment%20testing | Audio equipment testing is the measurement of audio quality through objective and/or subjective means. The results of such tests are published in journals, magazines, whitepapers, websites, and in other media.
Those who test and evaluate equipment can be roughly divided into two groups: "Objectivists", who believe that all perceivable differences in audio equipment can be explained scientifically through measurement and double-blind listening tests; and the "Subjectivists", who believe that the human ear is capable of hearing details and differences that cannot be directly measured.
Summary of Objective versus Subjective Audiophiles, in general:
Both agree that measurements are not a substitute for listening tests.
Both agree that different audio components may have different sound qualities.
Disagree that subjective listeners can overcome placebo and confirmation bias in non-blind listening tests.
Disagree about whether perceived sound quality can be measured through objective means.
Objectivists
Objectivists believe that audio components and systems must pass rigorously conducted double-blind tests and meet specified performance requirements in order to validate the claims made by their proponents.
Objectivists point out that properly conducted and interpreted double-blind tests fail to support subjectivists' claims of significant or even subtle sonic differences between devices in cases where measurements predict that there should be no sonic differences in normal music listening.
Objectivists feel that subjectivists often lack engineering training, technical knowledge, and objective credentials, but nevertheless make authoritative claims about product performance.
Objectivists are likely to stress the importance of accounting for the influence of placebo and confirmation bias in subjective listening tests .
Objectivists reject arguments that are based on accepted physical principles but applied to circumstances where they are irrelevant. For instance, the s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP-ribosylation | ADP-ribosylation is the addition of one or more ADP-ribose moieties to a protein. It is a reversible post-translational modification that is involved in many cellular processes, including cell signaling, DNA repair, gene regulation and apoptosis.
Improper ADP-ribosylation has been implicated in some forms of cancer. It is also the basis for the toxicity of bacterial compounds such as cholera toxin, diphtheria toxin, and others.
History
The first suggestion of ADP-ribosylation surfaced during the early 1960s. At this time, Pierre Chambon and coworkers observed the incorporation of ATP into hen liver nuclei extract. After extensive studies on the acid insoluble fraction, several different research laboratories were able to identify ADP-ribose, derived from NAD+, as the incorporated group. Several years later, the enzymes responsible for this incorporation were identified and given the name poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Originally, this group was thought to be a linear sequence of ADP-ribose units covalently bonded through a ribose glycosidic bond. It was later reported that branching can occur every 20 to 30 ADP residues.
The first appearance of mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation occurred a year later during a study of toxins: the diphtheria toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae was shown to be dependent on NAD+ in order for it to be completely effective, leading to the discovery of enzymatic conjugation of a single ADP-ribose group by mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferase.
It was initially thought that ADP-ribosylation was a post translational modification involved solely in gene regulation. However, as more enzymes with the ability to ADP-ribosylate proteins were discovered, the multifunctional nature of ADP-ribosylation became apparent. The first mammalian enzyme with poly(ADP-ribose)transferase activity was discovered during the late 1980s. For the next 15 years, it was thought to be the only enzyme capable of adding a chain of ADP-ribose in mammalian cells. During the late 1980s, ADP |
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