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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandem%20selection | Tandem selection is a method of artificial selection in which useful traits are selected for sequentially. For instance, one could select for both increased milk yield and increased milk fat content in cows via tandem selection by first selecting those with the best of one trait, say those that produce highest milk yield, and then when that trait is at a satisfactory level, by starting to select for those cows that produce milk with the greatest milk fat content instead. However, for cows to produce milk with greater fat content, yield may have to go down due to, perhaps, limits of the cows metabolism. So, while you are selecting for cows which have increased milk fat content, the yield of milk they are producing may also go down, thus reversing the selection process previously performed to increase it.
Therefore, tandem selection has a major disadvantage to other major types of artificial selection for multiple traits, such as culling and index selection, as there is a tendency for the last trait to be lost as the next is being selected. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative%20analysis%20of%20behavior | Quantitative analysis of behavior is the application of mathematical models--conceptualized from the robust corpus of environment-behavior-consequence interactions in published behavioral science--to the experimental analysis of behavior. The aim is to describe and/or predict relations between varying levels of independent environmental variables and dependent behavioral variables. The parameters in the models hopefully have theoretical meaning beyond their use in fitting models to data. The field was founded by Richard Herrnstein (1961) when he introduced the matching law to quantify the behavior of organisms working on concurrent schedules of reinforcement.
The field has integrated models from economics, zoology, philosophy, political science (including voter behavior) and psychology, especially mathematical psychology of which it is a branch. The field is represented by the Society for Quantitative Analysis of Behavior. Quantitative analysis of behavior addresses the following topics among others: behavioral economics, behavioral momentum, connectionist systems or neural networks, integration, hyperbolic discounting including the delay reduction hypothesis, foraging, hunting, errorless learning, creativity, learning, and the Rescorla-Wagner model, matching law, melioration, scalar expectancy, signal detection, neural hysteresis, and reinforcement control.
Concepts and models
Matching law
Rate of response
Rate of reinforcement
Mathematical principles of reinforcement
Behavioral momentum |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-dependent%20anion%20channel | Voltage-dependent anion channels, or mitochondrial porins, are a class of porin ion channel located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. There is debate as to whether or not this channel is expressed in the cell surface membrane.
This major protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes forms a voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) that behaves as a general diffusion pore for small hydrophilic molecules. The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30–40 mV. VDAC facilitates the exchange of ions and molecules between mitochondria and cytosol and is regulated by the interactions with other proteins and small molecules.
Structure
This protein contains about 280 amino acids and forms a beta barrel which spans the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Since its discovery in 1976, extensive function and structure analysis of VDAC proteins has been conducted. A prominent feature of the pore emerged: when reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers, there is a voltage-dependent switch between an anion-selective high-conductance state with high metabolite flux and a cation-selective low-conductance state with limited passage of metabolites.
More than 30 years after its initial discovery, in 2008, three independent structural projects of VDAC-1 were completed. The first was solved by multi-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The second applied a hybrid approach using crystallographic data. The third was for mouse VDAC-1 crystals determined by X-ray crystallographic techniques. The three projects of the 3D structures of VDAC-1 revealed many structural features. First, VDAC-1 represents a new structural class of outer membrane β-barrel proteins with an odd number of strands. Another aspect is that the negatively charged side chain of residue E73 is oriented towards the hydrophobic membrane environment. The 19-stranded 3D structure obtained under different experimental sources by thr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleoporin | Nucleoporins are a family of proteins which are the constituent building blocks of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The nuclear pore complex is a massive structure embedded in the nuclear envelope at sites where the inner and outer nuclear membranes fuse, forming a gateway that regulates the flow of macromolecules between the cell nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nuclear pores enable the passive and facilitated transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope. Nucleoporins, a family of around 30 proteins, are the main components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. Nucleoporin 62 is the most abundant member of this family. Nucleoporins are able to transport molecules across the nuclear envelope at a very high rate. A single NPC is able to transport 60,000 protein molecules across the nuclear envelope every minute.
Structure
Nucleoporins aggregate to form a nuclear pore complex, an octagonal ring that traverses the nuclear envelope. The ring consists of eight scaffold sub-complexes, with two structural layers of COPII-like coating sandwiching some proteins that line the pore. From the cytoplasm to the nucleoplasm, the three layers of the ring complex is named the cytoplasm, inner pore, and nucleoplasm rings respectively. Different sets of proteins associate on either ring, and some transmembrane proteins anchor the assembly to the lipid bilayer.
In a scaffold subcomplex, both the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm rings are made up of Y-complexes, a protein complex built out of, among others, NUP133 and NUP107. On each end of each of the eight scaffolds are two Y-complexes, adding up to 32 complexes per pore. The relationship of the membrane curvature of a nuclear pore with Y-complexes can be seen as analogous to the budding formation of a COPII coated vesicle. The proteins lining the inner pore make up the NUP62 complex.
On the nucleoplasm side, extra proteins associated with the ring form "the nuclear basket", a complex capable of tethering the nucleopori |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietoris%E2%80%93Rips%20complex | In topology, the Vietoris–Rips complex, also called the Vietoris complex or Rips complex, is a way of forming a topological space from distances in a set of points. It is an abstract simplicial complex that can be defined from any metric space M and distance δ by forming a simplex for every finite set of points that has diameter at most δ. That is, it is a family of finite subsets of M, in which we think of a subset of k points as forming a (k − 1)-dimensional simplex (an edge for two points, a triangle for three points, a tetrahedron for four points, etc.); if a finite set S has the property that the distance between every pair of points in S is at most δ, then we include S as a simplex in the complex.
History
The Vietoris–Rips complex was originally called the Vietoris complex, for Leopold Vietoris, who introduced it as a means of extending homology theory from simplicial complexes to metric spaces. After Eliyahu Rips applied the same complex to the study of hyperbolic groups, its use was popularized by , who called it the Rips complex. The name "Vietoris–Rips complex" is due to .
Relation to Čech complex
The Vietoris–Rips complex is closely related to the Čech complex (or nerve) of a set of balls, which has a simplex for every finite subset of balls with nonempty intersection. In a geodesically convex space Y, the Vietoris–Rips complex of any subspace X ⊂ Y for distance δ has the same points and edges as the Čech complex of the set of balls of radius δ/2 in Y that are centered at the points of X. However, unlike the Čech complex, the Vietoris–Rips complex of X depends only on the intrinsic geometry of X, and not on any embedding of X into some larger space.
As an example, consider the uniform metric space M3 consisting of three points, each at unit distance from each other. The Vietoris–Rips complex of M3, for δ = 1, includes a simplex for every subset of points in M3, including a triangle for M3 itself. If we embed M3 as an equilateral triangle in the Euclid |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpoTV | EXPO Tv or ExpoTV () is an Internet TV network (video platform) in Iran that prepares, produces and broadcasts video products. It is active in the fields of trade, industry and economy of Iran and the world and has a specialized audience. It was established in 2018 by Mehrdad Manafi in Tehran, Iran as the first internet television for business, industry and economy.
The company was discussed in Groundswell, a book by Forrester analysts Charlene Li and Josh Bernoff. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20Gnome | The Sky Gnome was a device from British Sky Broadcasting launched under their Sky Digital brand. It allowed users to listen to radio channels and digital television from their Sky digibox from around the house.
History
The Sky Gnome was released in September 2005 and was available until mid-2007 with a retail price of £75. Although Sky no longer markets the 'Gnome', it is still possible to use existing units. Until recent times, the website was available to use, but now it shows the message: "I'm Gone,", as well as the manufacturer's website (though that is covered with a simple domain holding page).
The Gnome had many advantages compared to a DAB receiver: It provided more stations than a DAB radio, and the broadcasts were almost all of higher audio quality on satellite than via DAB. It worked anywhere in the UK that has a satellite installation compared to DAB which does not have universal coverage.
A major disadvantage, however, was the device was not strictly a radio device and instead was effectively an external speaker - meaning it was not possible for one person to use the Sky TV service and another to listen to a different radio station.
Technical information
The Sky Gnome used a 433 MHz digital communication link to communicate information to and from the Digibox, the wide FM modulated audio was sent on one of four channels: 863.4 MHz, 863.8 MHz, 864.2 MHz, or 864.6 MHz.
The Sky Gnome sender box connected to the main Digibox using the RS-232, audio out and RF2 connections. RS-232 is used to obtain information about the Sky box, such as current channel and time, while the RF2 connection is used for transmitting remote control inputs from the Gnome to the digibox.
The Sky Gnome was compatible with the Sky and Sky+ Digiboxes. When used in a non-Sky satellite receiver, it was possible to listen to the radio channels, it was possible to change the channels of the receiver from the Sky Gnome. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifting%20balance%20theory | The shifting balance theory is a theory of evolution proposed in 1932 by Sewall Wright, suggesting that adaptive evolution may proceed most quickly when a population divides into subpopulations with restricted gene flow. The name of the theory is borrowed from Wright's metaphor of fitness landscapes (evolutionary landscapes), attempting to explain how a population may move across an adaptive valley to a higher adaptive peak. According to the theory, this movement occurs in three steps:
Genetic drift allows a locally adapted subpopulation to move across an adaptive valley to the base of a higher adaptive peak.
Natural selection will move the subpopulation up the higher peak.
This new superiorly adapted subpopulation may then expand its range and outcompete or interbreed with other subpopulations, causing the spread of new adaptations and movement of the global population toward the new fitness peak.
Although shifting balance theory has been influential in evolutionary biology, inspiring the theories of quantum evolution and punctuated equilibrium, little empirical evidence exists to support the shifting balance process as an important factor in evolution. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MultiProcessor%20Specification | The MultiProcessor Specification (MPS) for the x86 architecture is an open standard describing enhancements to both operating systems and firmware, which will allow them to work with x86-compatible processors in a multi-processor configuration. MPS covers Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) architectures.
Version 1.1 of the specification was released on April 11, 1994.
Version 1.4 of the specification was released on July 1, 1995, which added extended configuration tables to improve support for multiple PCI bus configurations and improve expandability.
The Linux kernel and FreeBSD are known to support the Intel MPS.
Windows NT are known to support MPS 1.1 and Windows 2000 or higher are known to support MPS 1.4.
OS/2 are known to support MPS 1.1 only.
Mac OS X are known to support MPS 1.4 only.
There is a utility called 'mptable' which can be used to examine the MPS table on motherboards.
Since most newer machines support Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) which subsumes the MPS functionality, MPS has for the most part been supplanted by ACPI. MPS can still be useful on machines or with operating systems that do not support ACPI.
External links
MultiProcessor Specification
MPS Specification 1.4 (May 1997)
Intel MP Specification compatibility
Intel products
X86 architecture
BIOS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileus%20%28hat%29 | The pileus (, ; also or in Latin) was a brimless felt cap worn in Ancient Greece, Etruria, Illyria (especially Pannonia), later also introduced in Ancient Rome. The pileus also appears on Apulian red-figure pottery.
The pilos together with the petasos were the most common types of hats in Archaic and Classical era (8th–4th century BC) Greece. In the 5th century BC, a bronze version began to appear in Ancient Greece and it became a popular infantry helmet. It occasionally had a horsehair crest. The Greek pilos resembled the Roman and Etruscan pileus, which were typically made of felt. The Greek () and Latin were smaller versions, similar to a skullcap.
Similar caps were worn in later antiquity and the early medieval ages in various parts of Europe, as seen in Gallic and Frankish dress. The Albanian traditional felt cap, the plis, worn today in Albania, Kosovo and adjacent areas, originated from a similar felt cap worn by the ancient Illyrians.
A pointed version called pileus cornutus served as a distinguishing sign for the Jewish people in the Holy Roman Empire for five centuries (12th–17th centuries).
Name
The word for the cap in antiquity was pil(l)eus or pilos, indicating a kind of felt. Greek πῖλος , Latin , Albanian , as well as Old High German and Proto-Slavic *pьlstь are considered to come from a common Proto-Indo-European root meaning "felt".
History
Ancient Greece
Pilos hat
The pilos (Greek: πῖλος, felt) was a typical conical hat in Ancient Greece among travelers, workmen and sailors, though sometimes a low, broad-rimmed version was also preferred, known as petasos. It could be made of felt or leather. The pilos together with the petasos were the most common types of hats in Archaic and Classical era (8th - 4th century B.C) Greece.
Pilos caps often identify the mythical twins, or Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, as represented in sculptures, bas-reliefs and on ancient ceramics. Their caps were supposedly the remnants of the egg from which they hatc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRISTAL%20Audio%20Engine | The KRISTAL Audio Engine (commonly referred to as KRISTAL or KAE) is a digital audio workstation for Microsoft Windows. It is free for personal & educational use, with licensing options for commercial use.
The successor to this product became what is now known as Studio One.
History
Initial Development
KRISTAL began development in 1999, as the university thesis project of Matthias Juwan. At that time it had a different look and feel, and was known as the Crystal Audio Engine, a name derived from the song The Crystal Ship by The Doors.
Following a public beta period, the initial version, renamed to the KRISTAL Audio Engine, was released in 2004, under the developer name of Kreatives.
K2 and KristalLabs
On 24 December 2004 the KRISTAL development team announced that they were working on the successor to the KRISTAL Audio Engine, based on a new infrastructure. The development team planned for this successor to include cross-platform support for both Windows and macOS. The new software, known as K2, entered the Alpha development stage in July 2005.
On 18 September 2006, it was announced that all work and rights to the source code of K2 had been taken over by KristalLabs Software Ltd., a private start-up company co-founded by KRISTAL lead developer, Matthias Juwan, and Wolfgang Kundrus, who had previously worked on Cubase, Nuendo and HALion. Ownership for the original KRISTAL Audio Engine, however, did not transition to KristalLabs.
PreSonus and Studio One
KristalLabs further developed K2 in cooperation with the American music technology company, PreSonus, before becoming part of PreSonus in 2009. Following this acquisition, the final result of the K2 development was re-branded and released as the first version of the PreSonus DAW, Studio One, for macOS and Windows. The former KristalLabs logo (representing a series of hexagons, like the one from the original KRISTAL Audio Engine logo, tessellated together) was used as the basis for the logo of Studio One.
Si |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless%20repeater | A wireless repeater (also called wireless range extender or wifi extender) is a device that takes an existing signal from a wireless router or wireless access point and rebroadcasts it to create a second network. When two or more hosts have to be connected with one another over the IEEE 802.11 protocol and the distance is too long for a direct connection to be established, a wireless repeater is used to bridge the gap. It can be a specialized stand-alone computer networking device. Also, some wireless network interface controllers (WNIC)s optionally support operating in such a mode. Those outside of the primary network will be able to connect through the new "repeated" network. However, as far as the original router or access point is concerned, only the repeater MAC is connected, making it necessary to enable safety features on the wireless repeater. Wireless repeaters are commonly used to improve signal range and strength within homes and small offices.
Uses
When there is no wireless hotspot in an area
In an area with much interference.
Interference can be caused by many environmental factors such as microwaves (such as from a microwave oven), metal appliances or metallic coating or an impeded line of sight.
When the distance between the computer and the wireless access point or wireless router is too great for the internal wireless network interface card to receive the wireless signal.
When networking in an environment with interference and multiple computers, networks or hubs
Drawbacks
Since only one wireless device can transmit at once, wireless transmissions are doubled (router to the repeater and then repeater to the client versus just router to the client), and so:
Wireless throughput is reduced by at least 50%.
Wireless interference (e.g., with other networks on the same channel) is at least doubled.
Potentially opens another security attack vector. Older devices don't always support WPA2, so while the original network might be secure, the secondary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20apparatus%20room | In broadcast facilities and television studios, a central apparatus room (CAR, pronounced "C-A-R"), central machine room, or central equipment room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment common to all technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms. It should be air-conditioned, however low-noise specifications such as acoustical treatments are optional. Equipment is connected either directly with an attached foldout monitor, keyboard and mouse or remotely via KVM switch, SSH, VNC, RS-232 or remote desktop.
Equipment
These rooms contain broadcast and broadcast IT mission critical gear necessary to broadcast and television operations. CARs usually house audio routers, video routers, video servers, compressors and multiplexers that utilize broadcast automation systems with broadcast programming applications to playout television programs.
They contain broadcast and monitoring equipment, through which all the operations are monitored by the transmission engineer, without disturbing the studio recordings. CER may also house analog and digital TV transmission systems, satellite up-link systems, digital processing synchronizers, video patch panels, and audio patch panels, including video monitors.
Common equipment
19-inch racks
Antenna tracking system
Audio router
Broadcast delay
Camera control units (CCUs)
Conditional access system
Character generator subtitling systems
Distribution frame
Digital TV encoder
Fiber optic transceiver
Frame synchronizers
GPS receivers
High-power amplifiers for transmission (television transmitter)
Integrated receiver/decoder (IRD)
IF distribution.
Media storage
Multiplexer
Network switch
Audio monitoring tools
Radio frequency devices
Router
Serial digital interface (SDI) audio de-embedder
Talkback (recording)
Transport stream analyzer
VTRs and/or VCRs (formerly, replaced with video servers)
Video router
Video server (also called playo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terzaghi%27s%20principle | Terzaghi's Principle states that when stress is applied to a porous material, it is opposed by the fluid pressure filling the pores in the material.
Karl von Terzaghi introduced the idea in a series of papers in the 1920s based on his examination of building consolidation on soil. The principle states that all quantifiable changes in stress to a porous medium are a direct result of a change in effective stress. The effective stress, , is related to total stress, , and the pore pressure, , by
,
where is the identity matrix. The negative sign is there because the pore pressure serves to lessen the volume-changing stress; physically this is because there is fluid in the pores which bears a part of the total stress, so partially unloading the solid matrix from normal stresses.
Terzaghi's principle applies well to porous materials whose solid constituents are incompressible - soil, for example, is composed of grains of incompressible silica so that the volume change in soil during consolidation is due solely to the rearrangement of these constituents with respect to one another. Generalizing Terzaghi's principle to include compressible solid constituents was accomplished by Maurice Anthony Biot in the 1940s, giving birth to the theory of poroelasticity and poromechanics.
Assumptions of Terzaghi's Principle
The soil is homogenous (uniform in composition throughout) and isotropic (show same physical property in each direction).
The soil is fully saturated (zero air voids due to water content being so high).
The solid particles are incompressible.
Compression and flow are one-dimensional (vertical axis being the one of interest).
Strains in the soil are relatively small.
Darcy's Law is valid for all hydraulic gradients.
The coefficient of permeability and the coefficient of volume compressibility remain constant throughout the process.
There is a unique relationship, independent of time, between the void ratio and effective stress
Validity
Though the first |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES64 | The AES coarse-groove calibration discs (AES-S001-064) are a boxed set of two identical discs, one for routine use, one for master reference. The intent is to characterize the reproduction chain for the mass transfer of coarse-groove records to digital media, much like using a photographic calibration reference in image work.
Libraries and archives around the world have collections of many thousands of coarse-groove mechanical audio recordings, phonograph or gramophone records, largely 78s or 78 revolutions per minute (rpm) discs. This is a substantial recorded heritage of mankind's music and spoken word made over a period of 65 years. The 78 rpm disc was largely out of production by 1960. These mechanical recordings won't be available indefinitely since the plastics used in their manufacture are deteriorating slowly but steadily. Preservation programs have been underway by a number of organizations. Decreasing costs of digital storage media now make it possible to consider all mechanical audio recordings for transfer to the digital domain. Thus a widespread need was recognized by the Audio Engineering Society (AES) to provide a calibration tool for standard transfer of mechanical coarse-groove audio recordings from the analog to the digital domain.
Specifications
Side A:
Gliding tone, 20 Hz to 20 kHz
Speed: 77.92 rpm
Lateral (mono) coarse groove
Time constants: 3180/450/0 ms
Separate outer & inner bands:
1 kHz trigger tone
Gliding tone, 20 Hz to 20 kHz
1 kHz reference level*
*20 mm Light Band Width (LBW);
approx 8 cm/s peak-to-peak, 5.7 cm/s rms
Side B:
Single tones, 18kHz to 30 Hz
Speed: 77.92 rpm
Lateral (mono) coarse groove
Time constants: 3180/450/50 ms
(Pressed under license from EMI Records Ltd.)
A Closer Look At The Preservation Problem
According to Ted Kendall, maker of the Front End audio restoration unit also known as "The Mousetrap", the equalization time constants for post-1955 78s used in the Front End are 3180/450/50 ms. These time constants are i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor%27s%20wheel | A surveyor's wheel, also called a clickwheel, hodometer, waywiser, trundle wheel, measuring wheel or perambulator is a device for measuring distance.
Origin
The origins of the surveyor's wheel are connected to the origins of the odometer. While the latter is derived to measure distances travelled by a vehicle, the former is specialized to measure distances.
In the 17th century, the surveyor's wheel was re-introduced and used to measure distances. A single wheel is attached to a handle and the device can be pushed or pulled along by a person walking. Early devices were made of wood and may have had an iron rim to provide strength. The wheels themselves would be made in the same manner as wagon wheels and often by the same makers. The measuring devices would be made by makers of scientific instruments and the device and handles would be attached to the wheel by them. The device to read the distance travelled would be mounted either near the hub of the wheel or at the top of the handle.
In some cases, double-wheel hodometers were constructed.
Francis Ronalds extended the concept in 1827 to create a device that recorded the distances travelled in graphical form as a survey plan. The apparatus had a worm on the axle of the two wheels that meshed with a toothed wheel to drive another transverse screw that carried a slider. A pencil on the slider recorded the distance travelled along the screw on an attached drawing board at a chosen scale.
Modern surveyor's wheels are constructed primarily of aluminium, with solid or pneumatic tyres on the wheel. Some can fold for transport or storage.
Principle
The surveyor's wheel is marked in fractional increments of revolution from a reference position. Thus its current position can be represented as a fraction of a revolution from this reference. If the wheel rotated a full turn (360 angular degrees), the distance traveled would be equal to the circumference of the wheel. Otherwise, the distance the wheel traveled is t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak%E2%80%93Bowie%20Seamount%20chain | The Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain, also called the Pratt–Welker Seamount chain and the Kodiak Seamounts is a seamount chain in the southeastern Gulf of Alaska stretching from the Aleutian Trench in the north to Bowie Seamount, the youngest volcano in the chain, which lies west of Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada. The oldest volcano in the chain is the Kodiak Seamount. Although the Kodiak Seamount is the oldest extant seamount in the Kodiak-Bowie chain, the adjacent lower slope contains transverse scars indicating earlier subduction of seamounts.
The Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain is mostly extinct volcanoes that formed above the Bowie hotspot. This is a 100-to-150-km-wide morphological swell presumably of thickened hotspot generated crust, although there are no seismic refraction data across the swell to define crustal thickness. The crest of one such peak, Patton Seamount originally formed off Washington state as a submerged volcano 33 million years ago. Over time, as the Pacific Plate moved steadily northwest, Patton Seamount has carried off the Bowie hotspot and into the Gulf of Alaska. New volcanoes were formed one after another over the hotspot, creating the Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain.
Explorations of the Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain have shown that despite the fact that most of the seamounts were created by the Bowie hotspot, all are unique in their size, shape, and volcanic features. The seamounts teem with deep-sea corals, sponges, and fish. Recent expeditions to these seamounts using crewed submersibles and ROVs have discovered many marine species and have greatly expanded the knowledge of the range of deep sea corals in this region. For example, the Bowie Seamount is a biologically rich area with a dynamic and productive ecosystem. Because of this unique biological rich area, Bowie Seamount was declared a Pilot Marine Protected Area on December 8, 1998.
The Kodiak–Bowie seamount chain is at the northern triple junction between the Pacific, North Americ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20Harrier%20II | is the sequel to Space Harrier, developed and published by Sega. First released on October 29, 1988, it was one of the original launch titles released for the Mega Drive in Japan and one of the six Sega Genesis launch titles in the United States the following year. It was also later released on the Wii's Virtual Console in December 2006, and on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack in April 2022. Like Altered Beast, another launch title for the Mega Drive, Space Harrier II features digitized human voice recordings during gameplay, and is also an example of some of the Mega Drive's early sound, composed by Tokuhiko Uwabo (credited as "Bo"). A graphically enhanced version included with the Sega Genesis Mini 2 was released October 2022.
Plot
Harrier once again receives a call for help, this time from the 214th sector, light-years from his cruiser. Harrier travels there quickly with his "cosmic gate", and finds that Fantasy Land is once again being overrun by hostile forces. He resolves to once again save a world by fighting off the entire force himself.
Gameplay
Like the original, the game involves a superhuman hero who runs and flies towards a forever distant background on a checkerboard-styled ground. The player can hit any of the controller's buttons to cause the Space Harrier character to fire his large laser cannon (four shots at a time). There is also an option to turn on auto-fire in the game menu. As the playing field moves forward, enemies come from behind and from the far distance to attack the character, by either firing a projectile or trying to crash into him. The player must also dodge large objects in his path, some of which can be destroyed, such as trees, and others that cannot be, such as ionic columns and pylons. One hit from an enemy or a crash into these large objects will cause the player to lose a life; extra lives are awarded every certain number of points. Smaller objects, such as foliage, will only cause Harrier to trip; however, this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitetopping | Whitetopping is the covering of an existing asphalt pavement with a layer of Portland cement concrete. Whitetopping is divided into types depending on the thickness of the concrete layer and whether the layer is bonded to the asphalt substrate. Unbonded whitetopping, also called conventional whitetopping, uses concrete thicknesses of 20cm (8") or more that is not bonded to the asphalt. Bonded whitetopping uses thicknesses of 5 to 15cm (2-6") bonded to the asphalt pavement and is divided into two types, thin and ultrathin. The bond is made by texturing the asphalt. Thin whitetopping uses a bonded layer of concrete that is 10 - 15cm (4-6") thick while an ultrathin layer is 5 to 10 cm (2-4") thick. Ultrathin whitetopping is suitable for light duty uses, such as roads with low traffic volume, parking lots and small airports. Fiber reinforced concrete is used in some thin whitetopping overlays and almost all ultrathin whitetopping overlays.
Whitetopping is suitable for asphalt pavement with little deterioration, although repairs can be made to the asphalt if necessary. If the pavement is badly damaged, it should be completely removed and a new concrete pavement should be installed. The pavement should be relatively hard, as well. Deterioration of overlays is significantly increased on asphalt bases with high viscosity. If a grade or a distance between the pavement and a bridge needs to be preserved, the asphalt can be milled so that the height of the pavement does not change. However, whitetopping requires the asphalt layer to be at least 7.5cm (3") thick. If necessary, a section of new concrete roadway can be placed under a bridge with gentle slopes on either side that meet up with the whitetopped portions of the road.
See also
Cool pavement |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20density%20estimation | In statistical signal processing, the goal of spectral density estimation (SDE) or simply spectral estimation is to estimate the spectral density (also known as the power spectral density) of a signal from a sequence of time samples of the signal. Intuitively speaking, the spectral density characterizes the frequency content of the signal. One purpose of estimating the spectral density is to detect any periodicities in the data, by observing peaks at the frequencies corresponding to these periodicities.
Some SDE techniques assume that a signal is composed of a limited (usually small) number of generating frequencies plus noise and seek to find the location and intensity of the generated frequencies. Others make no assumption on the number of components and seek to estimate the whole generating spectrum.
Overview
Spectrum analysis, also referred to as frequency domain analysis or spectral density estimation, is the technical process of decomposing a complex signal into simpler parts. As described above, many physical processes are best described as a sum of many individual frequency components. Any process that quantifies the various amounts (e.g. amplitudes, powers, intensities) versus frequency (or phase) can be called spectrum analysis.
Spectrum analysis can be performed on the entire signal. Alternatively, a signal can be broken into short segments (sometimes called frames), and spectrum analysis may be applied to these individual segments. Periodic functions (such as ) are particularly well-suited for this sub-division. General mathematical techniques for analyzing non-periodic functions fall into the category of Fourier analysis.
The Fourier transform of a function produces a frequency spectrum which contains all of the information about the original signal, but in a different form. This means that the original function can be completely reconstructed (synthesized) by an inverse Fourier transform. For perfect reconstruction, the spectrum analyzer m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK%20Nodo%20Jiman | is a long-running TV program broadcast on NHK TV and NHK radio in Japan.
History
Nodo Jiman ("Proud of my voice") features amateur singers who live in the locality where the competition is held. The first competition was held on the radio in 1946, just after the end of World War II. It has been featured in two Japanese movies.
Nodo Jiman celebrated its 70th anniversary in 2015. Boy band SMAP became an integral part of the celebrations, making guest appearances throughout the year. Band member Shingo Katori served as a "special MC" alongside regular presenter Sen Odagiri on the 12 April broadcast.
Overview
Regular Show
Each week Nodo Jiman is broadcast from a different city in one of Japan's 47 prefectures; at the beginning of the show the host would announce the local venue in which the live broadcast is held, then describe the landmarks and culture of the prefecture and city hosting the broadcast.
20 contestants - each of them a solo singer, a duet, or a group of three or more - perform in each week's competition. After being introduced by the host (usually by stating his or her occupation), each contestant states his or her participation number and the name of the song he or she is performing, then has about one minute to perform. At the end of the minute, a certain number of bells are rung to rate the performance. One or two bells means the contestant sang poorly and is eliminated, while a melody of eleven bells means the contestant sang well enough and has passed.
Two special guests - well-known artists in the Japanese recording industry - appear during each broadcast. They interact with the contestants and give feedback on their performances. After all the contestants have performed, each guest performs one of his or her best songs.
Near the end of the broadcast, one of the guests presents a to one of the eliminated contestants whose performance was thought to be memorable or interesting. Finally, all of the contestants who have passed are called to c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS102 | NS102 is a kainate receptor antagonist. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20entombed%20animal | Living entombed animals are animals supposedly found alive after being encased in solid rock, coal, or wood for a long period of time. The accounts usually involve frogs or toads. No physical evidence exists, and the phenomenon has been dismissed by science.
Reports
References to entombed animals have appeared in the writings of William of Newburgh, J. G. Wood, Ambroise Paré, Robert Plot, André Marie Constant Duméril, John Wesley, and others. Even Charles Dickens mentioned the phenomenon in his journal All the Year Round. According to the Fortean Times, about 210 entombed animal cases have been described in Europe, North America, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand since the fifteenth century.
At times, a number of animals are said to have been encased in the same place. Benjamin Franklin wrote an account of four live toads supposedly found enclosed in quarried limestone. In a letter to Julian Huxley, one Eric G. Mackley claimed to have freed 23 frogs from a single piece of concrete while widening a road in Devonshire. An 1876 report from South Africa said that 63 small toads were found in the middle of a tree trunk.
Explanations
Though reports of entombed animals have occurred as recently as the 1980s, scientists have paid little serious attention to the phenomenon since the nineteenth century. During the 1820s, English geologist William Buckland conducted an experiment to see how long a toad could remain alive while encased in stone. He placed toads of different sizes and ages into carved chambers within limestone and sandstone blocks sealed with glass covers, then buried the blocks in his garden. A year later, he dug up the blocks and found that most of the toads were dead and decayed. A few toads that had been in the porous limestone were still living, but the glass had developed cracks which Buckland believed may have admitted small insects. However, Buckland found them all dead after reburying them in the limestone for another year. Buckland concluded t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labcorp | Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, more commonly known as Labcorp, is an American healthcare company headquartered in Burlington, North Carolina. It operates one of the largest clinical laboratory networks in the world, with a United States network of 36 primary laboratories. Before a merger with National Health Laboratory in 1995, the company operated under the name Roche BioMedical. Labcorp performs its largest volume of specialty testing at its Center for Esoteric Testing in Burlington, North Carolina, where the company is headquartered. As of 2018, Labcorp processes 2.5 million lab tests weekly.
Labcorp was an early pioneer of genomic testing using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, at its Center for Molecular Biology and Pathology in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, where it also performs other molecular diagnostics. It also does oncology testing, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genotyping and phenotyping.
Labcorp also operates the National Genetics Institute, Inc. (NGI), in Los Angeles, California, which develops PCR testing methods.
Labcorp's ViroMed facility, originally in Minnetonka, Minnesota, until closing this site in 2013, is now housed in Burlington and performs real-time PCR microbial testing using laboratory-developed assays.
Labcorp also provides testing in Puerto Rico and in three Canadian provinces.
In February 2022, Labcorp announced that it has entered into agreements with Ascension, one of the nation’s leading Catholic and non-profit health systems, to manage Ascension’s hospital-based laboratories in 10 states and purchase select assets of the health system’s outreach laboratory business.
Labcorp utilizes a fleet of eight Pilatus PC-12 and a single Pilatus PC-24 aircraft on nightly runs from Burlington for use on the East Coast. Prior to the acquisition of PC-12 aircraft Labcorp utilized seven PA-31-350's.
History
Revlon
National Health Laboratories Incorporated began in 1978. The company was a national blo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Householder%27s%20method | In mathematics, and more specifically in numerical analysis, Householder's methods are a class of root-finding algorithms that are used for functions of one real variable with continuous derivatives up to some order . Each of these methods is characterized by the number , which is known as the order of the method. The algorithm is iterative and has a rate of convergence of .
These methods are named after the American mathematician Alston Scott Householder.
Method
Householder's method is a numerical algorithm for solving the equation . In this case, the function has to be a function of one real variable. The method consists of a sequence of iterations
beginning with an initial guess .
If is a times continuously differentiable function and is a zero of but not of its derivative, then, in a neighborhood of , the iterates satisfy:
, for some
This means that the iterates converge to the zero if the initial guess is sufficiently close, and that the convergence has order or better. Furthermore, when close enough to , it commonly is the case that for some . In particular,
if is even and then convergence to will be from the right;
if is even and then convergence to will be from the left;
if is odd and then convergence to will be from the side where it starts; and
if is odd and then convergence to will alternate sides.
Despite their order of convergence, these methods are not widely used because the gain in precision is not commensurate with the rise in effort for large . The Ostrowski index expresses the error reduction in the number of function evaluations instead of the iteration count.
For polynomials, the evaluation of the first derivatives of at using the Horner method has an effort of polynomial evaluations. Since evaluations over iterations give an error exponent of , the exponent for one function evaluation is , numerically , , , for , and falling after that. By this criterion, the case (Halley's method) is the optimal va |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20K.%20Boardman | William Knight Boardman (February 3, 1915 – March 18, 1993) was a Republican Alaska legislator who served as Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1968.
Born in Iowa, Boardman was a resident of Ketchikan, Alaska. An insurance businessman, he served as a member of the Territorial House of Representatives from the 1st District from 1953 to 1954, and as an Alaskan alternate delegate to the 1956 Republican National Convention.
In 1960, Boardman was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives and served in that office through the remainder of the decade. He was the senior member of the House at the time of his reelection defeat in 1970. From 1967 to 1968, he was the 4th Speaker of the Alaska House of Representatives. His predecessor, Democrat Mike Gravel, was a U.S. Senator from 1969 to 1981.
Boardman was a Methodist. Married three times, he had one daughter. He died in Palm Springs, California on March 18, 1993, and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Juneau, Alaska.
External links
Entry in Political Graveyard
Obituary in the New York Times
William Boardman at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature
1915 births
1993 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians
American businesspeople in insurance
Businesspeople from Alaska
Drake University alumni
Insurance underwriters
Members of the Alaska Territorial Legislature
People from Ketchikan, Alaska
People from Nevada, Iowa
People from Palm Springs, California
Speakers of the Alaska House of Representatives
Republican Party members of the Alaska House of Representatives |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20creep | Chip creep refers to the problem of an integrated circuit (chip) working its way out of its socket over time. This was mainly an issue in early PCs.
Chip creep occurs due to thermal expansion, which is expansion and contraction as the system heats up and cools down. It can also occur due to vibration. While chip creep was most common with older memory modules, it was also a problem with CPUs and other main chips that were inserted into sockets. An example is the Apple III, where its CPU would be dislodged and the user would need to reseat the chips.
To fix chip creep, users of older systems would often have to remove the case cover and push the loose chip back into the socket. Today's computer systems are not as affected by chip creep, since chips are more securely held, either by various types of retainer clips or by being soldered into place, and since system cooling has improved. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drazin%20inverse | In mathematics, the Drazin inverse, named after Michael P. Drazin, is a kind of generalized inverse of a matrix.
Let A be a square matrix. The index of A is the least nonnegative integer k such that rank(Ak+1) = rank(Ak). The Drazin inverse of A is the unique matrix AD that satisfies
It's not a generalized inverse in the classical sense, since in general.
If A is invertible with inverse , then .
If A is a block diagonal matrix
where is invertible with inverse and is a nilpotent matrix, then
Drazin inversion is invariant under conjugation. If is the Drazin inverse of , then is the Drazin inverse of .
The Drazin inverse of a matrix of index 0 or 1 is called the group inverse or {1,2,5}-inverse and denoted A#. The group inverse can be defined, equivalently, by the properties AA#A = A, A#AA# = A#, and AA# = A#A.
A projection matrix P, defined as a matrix such that P2 = P, has index 1 (or 0) and has Drazin inverse PD = P.
If A is a nilpotent matrix (for example a shift matrix), then
The hyper-power sequence is
for convergence notice that
For or any regular with chosen such that the sequence tends to its Drazin inverse,
Jordan normal form and Jordan-Chevalley decomposition
As the definition of the Drazin inverse is invariant under matrix conjugations, writing , where J is in Jordan normal form, implies that . The Drazin inverse is then the operation that maps invertible Jordan blocks to their inverses, and nilpotent Jordan blocks to zero.
More generally, we may define the Drazin inverse over any perfect field, by using the Jordan-Chevalley decomposition where is semisimple and is nilpotent and both operators commute. The two terms can be block diagonalized with blocks corresponding to the kernel and cokernel of . The Drazin inverse in the same basis is then defined to be zero on the kernel of , and equal to the inverse of on the cokernel of .
See also
Constrained generalized inverse
Inverse element
Moore–Penrose inverse
Jordan |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viewtron | Viewtron was an online service offered by Knight-Ridder and AT&T from 1983 to 1986. Patterned after the British Post Office's Prestel system, it started as a videotex service requiring users to have a special terminal, the AT&T Sceptre. As home computers became important in the marketplace, the development focus shifted to IBM, Apple, Commodore and other personal computers.
Viewtron differed from contemporary services like CompuServe and The Source by emphasizing news from The Miami Herald and Associated Press and e-commerce services from JCPenney and other merchants over computer-oriented services such as file downloads or online chat. Intended to be "the McDonald's of videotex," Viewtron was specifically targeted toward users who would be apprehensive about using a computer.
Viewtron also offered airline schedules from the Official Airline Guide (OAG), real estate research from Century 21, e-cards from Hallmark, product information from Consumer Reports, educational software from Scott Foresman, online auctions, financial services from American Express and EF Hutton, as well as limited online banking services as part of a research program into the uses and costs of banking online that included 20 US and Canadian banks.
At its height, Viewtron was operated in at least 15 cities by various newspaper companies. After six years of research and an investment reportedly in excess of $50 million, Viewtron never turned a profit, and, despite its developer's forecasts of breaking even in two years, Knight Ridder did not expect it ever would be profitable. AT&T had invested over $100 million in the project, but was forced to write off that investment as part of its court-ordered breakup. Viewtron closed on March 31, 1986, after an attempt by the Independent Commodore Users Group to buy the service failed.
A feature tying Viewtron to local newspapers was envisioned, with printed text instructing users how to access further information online, but it was never implemented |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood%20Screw%20Pump | The Wood Screw Pump is a low-lift axial-flow drainage pump designed by A. Baldwin Wood in 1913 to cope with the drainage problems of New Orleans. Wood's extremely efficient pumps replaced less efficient pumps in the city's drainage system, prior to which the city had experienced chronic flooding problems, bringing diseases such as malaria and yellow fever together with contamination of drinking water supplies. The pumps are driven by synchronous Allis-Chalmers and General Electric motors, built in the early 1900s. They were designed to lift a large volume of water into outfall canals from which the water flowed into Lake Pontchartrain.
Having proved their operational efficiency in New Orleans, people around the world wanted Wood to make pumps for them, especially the Netherlands. Wood rejected all countries that asked as he refused to leave Louisiana. Until the arrival of Hurricane Katrina, the pumps had kept much of New Orleans from experiencing major inundation for nearly 100 years. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellucid%20marginal%20degeneration | Pellucid marginal degeneration (PMD) is a degenerative corneal condition, often confused with keratoconus. It typically presents with painless vision loss affecting both eyes. Rarely, it may cause acute vision loss with severe pain due to perforation of the cornea. It is typically characterized by a clear, bilateral thinning (ectasia) in the inferior and peripheral region of the cornea, although some cases affect only one eye. The cause of the disease remains unclear.
Pellucid marginal degeneration is diagnosed by corneal topography. Corneal pachymetry may be useful in confirming the diagnosis. Treatment usually consists of vision correction with eyeglasses or contact lenses. Intacs implants, corneal collagen cross-linking, and corneal transplant surgery are additional options. Surgery is reserved for individuals who do not tolerate contact lenses.
The term "pellucid marginal degeneration" was first coined in 1957 by the ophthalmologist Schalaeppi. The word "pellucid" means clear, indicating that the corneas retain clarity in pellucid marginal degeneration. The condition is rare, though the exact prevalence and incidence are unknown.
Signs and Symptoms
Pain is not typically present in pellucid marginal degeneration, and aside from vision loss, no symptoms accompany the condition. However, in rare cases, PMD may present with sudden onset vision loss and excruciating eye pain, which occurs if the thinning of the cornea leads to perforation. While PMD usually affects both eyes, some unilateral cases have been reported.
PMD is characterized by bilateral thinning (ectasia) in the inferior and peripheral region of the cornea. The distribution of the degeneration is crescent or arcuate shaped. The cornea just above the region of thinning is of normal thickness, and may protrude anteriorly, which creates an irregular astigmatism. This is described as a "beer belly" appearance since the greatest protrusion occurs below the horizontal midline (unlike keratoconus). Nor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericom%20Software | Ericom Software, Inc. is a Closter, New Jersey-based company that provides web isolation and remote application access software to businesses.
Overview
Ericom develops and sells Remote Browser isolation technology, available as a cloud service or on-premises software. The company also sells a broad line of secure access products that connects users to enterprise applications and Windows environments. More recently, it launched a Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) platform called ZTEdge that includes network security capabilities like a cloud-based firewall, a web gateway, and other cloud security controls, as well as Remote Browser Isolation.
Ericom has been promoting the concept of Zero Trust Browsing, positioning its isolation technology as a way to safely browse the internet, prevent phishing attacks, and stop credential theft.
Ericom Blaze is also available as a Desktop Protocol (RDP) acceleration and compression technology to display content over a WAN (wide area network), high latency connections and networks with limited bandwidth. The solution accelerates RDP sessions accessed through a VMware View connection broker.
Ericom AccessNow has been deployed at schools to enable student and faculty access to Windows applications and desktops from Google Chromebooks.
Ericom also has HTML5 clients for VMware View and Quest vWorkspace, AccessNow for VMware View and AccessNow for vWorkspace, running wholly within the browser, that enable seamless access to Quest vWorkspace and VMware View virtual desktops.
History
Ericom Software was founded in 1993 by Eran Heyman, who served as CEO until March 2015 and Chairman until April 2023. Ericom initially developed Terminal emulation (IBM 5250, IBM 3270) products; later expanding to offer software for Server-based Computing, VDI, Web-to-Host Connectivity and secure browsing.
In November, 2007 Ericom delivered the first Terminal Services client to be certified by Microsoft for Windows Server 2008.
Ericom AccessNow is a l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20anisotropy | In condensed matter physics, magnetic anisotropy describes how an object's magnetic properties can be different depending on direction. In the simplest case, there is no preferential direction for an object's magnetic moment. It will respond to an applied magnetic field in the same way, regardless of which direction the field is applied. This is known as magnetic isotropy. In contrast, magnetically anisotropic materials will be easier or harder to magnetize depending on which way the object is rotated.
For most magnetically anisotropic materials, there are two easiest directions to magnetize the material, which are a 180° rotation apart. The line parallel to these directions is called the easy axis. In other words, the easy axis is an energetically favorable direction of spontaneous magnetization. Because the two opposite directions along an easy axis are usually equivalently easy to magnetize along, the actual direction of magnetization can just as easily settle into either direction, which is an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking.
Magnetic anisotropy is a prerequisite for hysteresis in ferromagnets: without it, a ferromagnet is superparamagnetic.
Sources
The observed magnetic anisotropy in an object can happen for several different reasons. Rather than having a single cause, the overall magnetic anisotropy of a given object is often explained by a combination of these different factors:
Magnetocrystalline anisotropy The atomic structure of a crystal introduces preferential directions for the magnetization.
Shape anisotropy When a particle is not perfectly spherical, the demagnetizing field will not be equal for all directions, creating one or more easy axes.
Magnetoelastic anisotropy Tension may alter magnetic behaviour, leading to magnetic anisotropy.
Exchange anisotropy Occurs when antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials interact.
At the molecular level
The magnetic anisotropy of a benzene ring (A), alkene (B), carbonyl (C), alkyne (D), and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%203745 | The IBM 3745 is the latest and last of a 37xx family of communications controllers for the IBM mainframe environment. As of mid-2009 there were an estimated 7,000+ of the larger 3745 models still in active production status, down from 20,000 or more in 2007. The 3745 and associated 3746 models were once heavily used within financial, insurance and retail industries as well as within government agencies globally. However, today most organizations have migrated away from the use of 3745s. IBM's Enterprise Extender and the Communication Controller for Linux on System z (CCL) have largely displaced the older 3745s. IBM announced in September 2002 that it would no longer manufacture new 3745s, but IBM continues to support the hardware by providing worldwide maintenance service, by providing microcode releases and by supporting the associated software including NCP (Network Control Program) and the virtual telecommunications access method (VTAM). IBM has announced end-of-service dates for Japan, Europe and the Middle East, but has not yet announced end-of-service for the Americas and parts of Asia.
The latest and most commonly used models of the 3745 are the single Central Control Unit (CCU) 3745-31A and the dual CCU 3745-61A models. These are usually operated in conjunction with the 3746-900 expansion unit (aka 900 frame). The 900 frame provides multiple T1, token ring, V.35 and V.24 attachments on the front end, and connects on the back end to the mainframe host with multiple ESCON serial fiber optic channels. An operator and service interface to the 3745 and 900 frame is provided by an IBM Service Processor which operates under the control of the IBM OS/2 operating system and proprietary code.
Production
IBM maintained a contract manufacturing facility for the 3745/3746 product set in Havant, Hampshire, United Kingdom until the end of 2002. This facility was operated by Xyratex Technology Limited. When production at Havant ceased, the remaining inventory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGA | HMGA is a family of high mobility group proteins characterized by an AT-hook. They code for a "small, nonhistone, chromatin-associated protein that has no intrinsic transcriptional activity but can modulate transcription by altering the chromatin architecture". Mammals have two orthologs: HMGA1 and HMGA2.
Genomic distribution
In mouse embryonic stem cells it has been demonstrated that both HMGA proteins binds uniformly to the DNA due to their AT-hook domains, with a slight preference for AT-rich regions/ Such regions tend to lack coding genes, an observation that argues against a direct role in transcriptional control and in agreement with previous studies, suggest that these proteins have a structural role in the chromatin, similar to histone.
Function
Normally, when cells are subjected to increased DNA damage (such as the formation of 6-O-methylguanine) this causes an increase in apoptosis (programmed cell death). However, cells with diminished activity for either proteins HMGA1 or HMGA2 (or both together) are more tolerant of such DNA damage than cells in which these proteins are not diminished. Thus a normal function of the HMGA1 and HMGA2 proteins appears to be to signal the presence of DNA damage leading to induction of apoptosis.
Association with human traits
Variations in HMGA2 to have a moderate association with adult height.
See also
HMGA1
HMGA2 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire%20Technology | Sapphire Technology () is a Hong Kong-based technology company, founded in 2001, which produces graphics cards for personal computers and workstations, motherboards, TV tuner cards, digital audio players and LCDTVs
Sapphire's products are based on AMD graphics processing units, and both AMD (ATI) and Intel motherboard chipset technology. The company is the largest supplier of AMD-based video cards in the world.
Sapphire was the first company to release a video card with a high definition multimedia interface (HDMI) connector.
Sapphire was the first company to release a video card having clock speed of 1000 MHz (1 GHz) with the release of the Sapphire Atomic Edition HD 4890.
Manufacturing facilities
As of 2007, Sapphire has two ISO 9001 and ISO 14001-certified manufacturing facilities in Dongguan, China, which have a monthly production capacity of 1.8 million video cards.
The manufacturing facility had an area of about 250,000 m2 used by 16 independent production lines as of May 2005.
Manufacturing process
Sapphire buys printed circuit boards (PCB) from an external contractor, but they place components on the PCB and reflow them in their own factories. AMD GPUs have historically been used in their products.
Gallery |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20%28mass%20spectrometry%29 | The mass recorded by a mass spectrometer can refer to different physical quantities depending on the characteristics of the instrument and the manner in which the mass spectrum is displayed.
Units
The dalton (symbol: Da) is the standard unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass). The unified atomic mass unit (symbol: u) is equivalent to the dalton. One dalton is approximately the mass of one a single proton or neutron. The unified atomic mass unit has a value of . The amu without the "unified" prefix is an obsolete unit based on oxygen, which was replaced in 1961.
Molecular mass
The molecular mass (abbreviated Mr) of a substance, formerly also called molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u (equal to 1/12 the mass of one atom of 12C). Due to this relativity, the molecular mass of a substance is commonly referred to as the relative molecular mass, and abbreviated to Mr.
Average mass
The average mass of a molecule is obtained by summing the average atomic masses of the constituent elements. For example, the average mass of natural water with formula H2O is 1.00794 + 1.00794 + 15.9994 = 18.01528 Da.
Mass number
The mass number, also called the nucleon number, is the number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus. The mass number is unique for each isotope of an element and is written either after the element name or as a superscript to the left of an element's symbol. For example, carbon-12 (12C) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
Nominal mass
The nominal mass for an element is the mass number of its most abundant naturally occurring stable isotope, and for an ion or molecule, the nominal mass is the sum of the nominal masses of the constituent atoms. Isotope abundances are tabulated by IUPAC: for example carbon has two stable isotopes 12C at 98.9% natural abundance and 13C at 1.1% natural abundance, thus the nominal mass of carbon i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGS4 | Regulator of G protein signaling 4 also known as RGP4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RGS4 gene. RGP4 regulates G protein signaling.
Function
Regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) family members are regulatory molecules that act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for G alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. RGS proteins are able to deactivate G protein subunits of the Gi alpha, Go alpha and Gq alpha subtypes. They drive G proteins into their inactive GDP-bound forms. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 belongs to this family. All RGS proteins share a conserved 120-amino acid sequence termed the RGS domain which conveys GAP activity. Regulator of G protein signaling 4 protein is 37% identical to RGS1 and 97% identical to rat Rgs4. This protein negatively regulates signaling upstream or at the level of the heterotrimeric G protein and is localized in the cytoplasm.
Clinical significance
A number of studies associate the RGS4 gene with schizophrenia, while some fail to detect an association.
RGS4 is also of interest as one of the three main RGS proteins (along with RGS9 and RGS17) involved in terminating signalling by the mu opioid receptor, and may be important in the development of tolerance to opioid drugs.
Inhibitors
cyclic peptides
CCG-4986
Interactions
RGS4 has been shown to interact with:
COPB2,
ERBB3, and
GNAQ. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia%20Biblica | Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religion History, the Archeology, Geography and Natural History of the Bible (1899), edited by Thomas Kelly Cheyne and J. Sutherland Black, is a critical encyclopedia of the Bible. In theology and biblical studies, it is often referenced as Enc. Bib., or as Cheyne and Black.
Description
It has an article for every single name and place both in the Bible and in its traditional Apocrypha, as well as for each of the books of these, together with many improper nouns appearing in these (such as nebi'im, 'mole', 'owl') and other more general subjects (such as 'music', 'tents', etc.). Many of these articles are given in great detail, and usually include mention of the various spellings for each word as used by the Masoretic Text, Septuagint (differentiating between each of the most important ancient manuscripts), and by other ancient versions; the largest article is that on the Gospels, which is over 5 MB in size, despite being almost completely plain text (and therefore over half a million words long). It is thus an extremely large work – in PDF form it constitutes a total of about 190 MB of mostly plain text (this would equate to nearly 20 million words, even at 10 characters per word).
It is frequently referenced by other respected Bible-related encyclopedias of the period, such as the Catholic Encyclopedia, and 11th Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica for example. The Jewish Encyclopedia has some articles ('marriage' for example) which quote large sections from it nearly verbatim. It is also referenced by works such as the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. It is hence, indirectly, also a source for some articles of the English Wikipedia, mainly related to the Judaeo-Christian religion.
A measure of its importance of some of the contributors is gained from the fact that the Jewish Encyclopedia dedicates the majority of the article 'Jerahmeel' to discussing Cheyne's theory of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error-correcting%20codes%20with%20feedback | In mathematics, computer science, telecommunication, information theory, and searching theory, error-correcting codes with feedback are error correcting codes designed to work in the presence of feedback from the receiver to the sender.
Problem
Alice (the sender) wishes to send a value x to Bob (the receiver). The communication channel between Alice and Bob is imperfect, and can introduce errors.
Solution
An error-correcting code is a way of encoding x as a message such that Bob will successfully understand the value x as intended by Alice, even if the message Alice sends and the message Bob receives differ. In an error-correcting code with feedback, the channel is two-way: Bob can send feedback to Alice about the message he received.
Noisy feedback
In an error-correcting code without noisy feedback, the feedback received by the sender is always free of errors. In an error-correcting code with noisy feedback, errors can occur in the feedback, as well as in the message.
An error-correcting code with noiseless feedback is equivalent to an adaptive search strategy with errors.
History
In 1956, Claude Shannon introduced the discrete memoryless channel with noiseless feedback. In 1961, Alfréd Rényi introduced the Bar-Kochba game (also known as Twenty questions), with a given percentage of wrong answers, and calculated the minimum number of randomly chosen questions to determine the answer.
In his 1964 dissertation, Elwyn Berlekamp considered error correcting codes with noiseless feedback. In Berlekamp's scenario, the receiver chose a subset of possible messages and asked the sender whether the given message was in this subset, a 'yes' or 'no' answer. Based on this answer, the receiver then chose a new subset and repeated the process. The game is further complicated due to noise; some of the answers will be wrong.
Sources
.
. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETEDIT | SETEDIT is a computer software text editor that is an open source, multi-platform clone of the editor of Borland's Turbo* IDEs, with several improvements. According to the project page, it was started in 1996.
It is not vi or emacs, but may be familiar to DOS users, as noted in reviews.
It is the editor used by RHIDE.
SETEDIT is free software released under the GPL-2.0-or-later license. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic%20chemistry | In the history of science, pneumatic chemistry is an area of scientific research of the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. Important goals of this work were the understanding of the physical properties of gases and how they relate to chemical reactions and, ultimately, the composition of matter. The rise of phlogiston theory, and its replacement by a new theory after the discovery of oxygen as a gaseous component of the Earth atmosphere and a chemical reagent participating in the combustion reactions, were addressed in the era of pneumatic chemistry.
Air as a reagent
In the eighteenth century, as the field of chemistry was evolving from alchemy, a field of the natural philosophy was created around the idea of air as a reagent. Before this, air was primarily considered a static substance that would not react and simply existed. However, as Lavoisier and several other pneumatic chemists would insist, the air was indeed dynamic, and would not only be influenced by combusted material, but would also influence the properties of different substances.
The initial concern of pneumatic chemistry was combustion reactions, beginning with Stephen Hales. These reactions would give off different "airs" as chemists would call them, and these different airs contained more simple substances. Until Lavoisier, these airs were considered separate entities with different properties; Lavoisier was responsible largely for changing the idea of air as being constituted by these different airs that his contemporaries and earlier chemists had discovered.
This study of gases was brought about by Hales with the invention of the pneumatic trough, an instrument capable of collecting the gas given off by reactions with reproducible results. The term gas was coined by J. B. van Helmont, in the early seventeenth century. This term was derived from the Ancient Greek word χάος, chaos, as a result of his inability to collect properly the substances given off by reactions, as he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence%20hypothesis | The sequence hypothesis was first formally proposed in the review "On Protein Synthesis" by Francis Crick in 1958. It states that the sequence of bases in the genetic material (DNA or RNA) determines the sequence of amino acids for which that segment of nucleic acid codes, and this amino acid sequence determines the three-dimensional structure into which the protein folds. The three-dimensional structure of a protein is required for a protein to be functional. This hypothesis then lays the essential link between information stored and inherited in nucleic acids to the chemical processes which enable life to exist.
Or, as Crick put it in 1958:
This description is further amplified in the article and, in discussing how a protein folds up into its three-dimensional structure, Crick suggested that "the folding is simply a function of the order of the amino acids" in the protein. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20synchronization | Cell synchronization is a process by which cells in a culture at different stages of the cell cycle are brought to the same phase. Cell synchrony is a vital process in the study of cells progressing through the cell cycle as it allows population-wide data to be collected rather than relying solely on single-cell experiments. The types of synchronization are broadly categorized into two groups; physical fractionization and chemical blockade.
Physical Separation
Physical fractionation is a process by which continuously dividing cells are separated into phase-enriched populations based on characteristics such as the following:
Cell density
Cell size
The presence of cell surface epitopes marked by antibodies
Light scatter
Fluorescent emission by labeled cells.
Given that cells take on varying morphologies and surface markers throughout the cell cycle, these traits can be used to separate by phase. There are two commonly used methods.
Centrifugal Elutriation
(Previously called: counter streaming centrifugation) Centrifugal elutriation can be used to separate cells in different phases of the cell cycle based on their size and sedimentation velocity (related to sedimentation coefficient). Because of the consistent growth patterns throughout the cell cycle, centrifugal elutriation can separate cells into G1, S, G2, and M phases by increasing size (and increasing sedimentation coefficients) with diminished resolution between G2 and M phases due to cellular heterogeneity and lack of a distinct size change.
Larger cells sediment faster, so a cell in G2, which has experienced more growth time, will sediment faster than a cell in G1 and can therefore be fractionated out. Cells grown in suspension tend to be easier to elutriate given that they do not adhere to one another and have rounded, uniform shapes. However, some types of adherent cells can be treated with trypsin and resuspended for elutriation as they will assume a more rounded shape in suspension.
Flow Cytometry a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20dosimeter | A noise dosimeter (American English) or noise dosemeter (British English) is a specialized sound level meter intended specifically to measure the noise exposure of a person integrated over a period of time; usually to comply with Health and Safety regulations such as the Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) 29 CFR 1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure Standard or EU Directive 2003/10/EC.
Noise Measurement
Noise dosimeters measure and store sound pressure levels (SPL) and, by integrating these measurements over time, provide a cumulative noise-exposure reading for a given period of time, such as an 8-hour workday. Dosimeters can function as personal or area noise monitors. In occupational settings, personal noise dosimeters are often worn on the body of a worker with the microphone mounted on the middle-top of the person’s most exposed shoulder.
Area monitoring can be used to estimate noise exposure when the noise levels are relatively constant and employees are not mobile. In workplaces where employees move about in different areas or where the noise intensity tends to fluctuate over time, noise exposure is generally more accurately estimated by the personal monitoring approach.
Dosimeters are also used to collect data for use in legal proceedings, development of engineering noise controls, and other industrial hygiene purposes. When planning to conduct noise exposure measurements, steps must be taken to ensure that the dosimeters are calibrated and operated according to manufacturers’ specifications. It is also necessary to understand the properties of the acoustic environment, the main measurement objectives as they relate to determining the risk to hearing damage, and the limitations associated with the use of dosimeters. Dosimeter manufacturers recommend that the instrument be calibrated with an acoustical calibrator such as a pistonphone before and after each measurement to verify reliable operation. In addition to field calibration routines, the manufact |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Mahidol%20Award | The Prince Mahidol Award () is an annual award for outstanding achievements in medicine and public health worldwide. The award is given by the Prince Mahidol Award Foundation, which was founded by the Thai Royal Family in 1992.
Prince Mahidol Award Foundation
King Bhumibol Adulyadej founded the Prince Mahidol Award Foundation on 1 January 1992 on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the birth of his father, Prince Mahidol Adulyadej, initially under the name "Mahidol Award Foundation", but since 28 July 1997 as "Prince Mahidol Award Foundation." In addition to the actual award, the Fund also promotes the memory of Prince Mahidol, who is regarded as the father of modern medicine and public health of Thailand. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn is chairwoman of the Foundation Committee.
The award is given annually in two categories to international personalities or organizations:
For outstanding progress in medicine
For the active promotion of public health
and consists of:
a medal
a certificate
prize money (US $100,000)
Between 1992 and 2014, 70 prizes were awarded, including 32 in medicine and 38 in public health.
Nomination process
Any individual or group of individuals may be nominated by a national governmental agency, or by an individual. Nominations are transmitted to the secretary-general of the Prince Mahidol Award Foundation.
The nomination forms are forwarded to the Scientific Advisory Committee for initial screening.
Once screened, the International Award Committee, which comprises several world-renowned experts in the fields of medicine and public health, will consider them and make recommendations to the Foundation’s Board of Trustees.
The Foundation’s Board of Trustees makes final approval.
Prince Mahidol Award Laureates
Source: Laureates
See also
List of medicine awards
List of prizes named after people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi%20mein | Yi mein () is a variety of flat Cantonese egg noodles made from wheat flour. They are known for their golden brown color and chewy characteristics. The slightly chewy and slightly spongy texture of the noodles is due to the soda water used in making the dough, which is then fried and dried into flat patty-like dried bricks.
Preparation
The yi mein noodles available at grocery stores were pre-cooked by machines the same way as the modern instant noodles are made.
The noodles may be cooked a number of ways. They are boiled first, then can be stir fried, or used in soups or salads. Good noodles maintain their elasticity, allowing the noodles to stretch and remain chewy.
Dishes
Yi mein noodles can be consumed directly or used in various dishes:
Plain yi mein
Plain yi mein with Chinese chives (韮黃)
Dried fried yi mein (乾燒伊麵), often comes with Chinese chives and shiitake mushroom
Crab meat yi mein (蟹肉伊麵)
Lobster yi mein (龍蝦伊麵), it is sometimes served with cheese in Hong Kong.
Yi mein with black mushrooms and eggplant
Yi mein in soup
I fu mie, fried yi mein noodles served in sauce with vegetables, chicken or prawn.
Traditions
When yi mein is consumed on birthdays, it is generally referred to as longevity noodles or sau mein (壽麵/寿面). The Chinese character for "long" (長壽麵/长寿面) is also added as a prefix to represent "long life". Usually it is consumed with longevity buns on such occasions.
Yi mein is also a popular Lunar New Year dish. Tradition holds that the chef cannot cut the noodles, and each strand should be eaten whole.
Gallery
See also
Mì
Wonton noodles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20Operations%20Research%20Society | The Military Operations Research Society (MORS) is a society for professionals active within defense applications of operations research (OR) in the United States. Memberships include analysts, researchers, consultants and officers in the United States Department of Defense, organizations within the military of the United States, various think tanks, academic institutions and consultancy firms.
The Military Operations Research Society arranges symposia and courses, it also publishes books, a quarterly bulletin called Phalanx, and a peer reviewed journal called Military Operations Research. Participation in MORS activities generally requires a United States security clearance. MORS is headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia.
The MORS has served the Department of Defense analytic community for over forty years and now also includes other aspects of national security for the United States federal government. Under the sponsorship of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff and the Department of Homeland Security, the objective of MORS is to enhance the quality and effectiveness of operations research as applied to national security issues.
MORS vision is to "become the recognized leader in advancing the national security analytic community through the advancement and application of the interdisciplinary field of Operations Research to national security issues, being responsive to our constituents, enabling collaboration and development opportunities, and expanding our membership and disciplines, while maintaining our profession’s heritage." This vision encompasses all aspects of national security including not only the military, but also Homeland Security and the other agencies of government – including the US and its allies.
Members of the Society include a cross section of the defense analysts, operators and managers from government, industry and academia. Their involvement fosters professional interchange within |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano | Guano (Spanish from ) is the accumulated excrement of seabirds or bats. Guano is a highly effective fertilizer due to the high content of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, all key nutrients essential for plant growth. Guano was also, to a lesser extent, sought for the production of gunpowder and other explosive materials.
The 19th-century seabird guano trade played a pivotal role in the development of modern input-intensive farming. The demand for guano spurred the human colonization of remote bird islands in many parts of the world.
Unsustainable seabird guano mining processes can result in permanent habitat destruction and the loss of millions of seabirds.
Bat guano is found in caves throughout the world. Many cave ecosystems are wholly dependent on bats to provide nutrients via their guano which supports bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The loss of bats from a cave can result in the extinction of species that rely on their guano. Unsustainable harvesting of bat guano may cause bats to abandon their roost.
Demand for guano rapidly declined after 1910 with the development of the Haber–Bosch process for extracting nitrogen from the atmosphere.
Composition and properties
Seabird guano
Seabird guano is the fecal excrement from marine birds and has an organic matter content greater than 40%, is a source of nitrogen (N) and available phosphate (P2O5).
Seabird guano contains plant nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium.
Bat guano
Bat guano is partially decomposed bat excrement and has an organic matter content greater than 40%, is a source of nitrogen, and may contain up to 6% available phosphate (P2O5). The feces of insectivorous bats consists of fine particles of insect exoskeleton, which are largely composed of chitin. Elements found in large concentrations include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace elements needed for plant growth. Bat guano is slightly alkaline with an average pH of 7.25.
Chitin from i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percoll | Percoll is a tool for efficient density separation in Cell biology that was first formulated by Pertoft and colleagues. It is used for the isolation of cells, organelles, and/or viruses by density centrifugation. Percoll consists of colloidal silica particles of 15–30 nm diameter (23% w/w in water) which have been coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
Percoll is well suited for density gradient experiments because it possesses a low viscosity compared to alternatives, a low osmolarity, and no toxicity towards cells and their constituents.
Percoll is a registered trademark of GE Healthcare.
Characteristics
Percoll does not notably diffuse over time, resulting in the formation of very stable gradients. Therefore, both discontinuous and continuous Percoll density gradients can be prepared weeks in advance, allowing great reproducibility & ease of use.
Past use in artificial reproduction
Percoll was previously used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) to select sperm from semen by density gradient centrifugation, for use in techniques such as in vitro fertilization or intrauterine insemination. However, in 1996, Pharmacia sent out a letter to laboratories stating that Percoll should be used for research purposes only, not clinical. Pharmacia had not marketed it as a sperm preparation product; it had been repackaged and sold as such by third-party manufacturers. The FDA Warning Letter was due to concerns that PVP might cause damage to sperm (an unknown issue), and also that some batches of Percoll contained high levels of endotoxin (a known issue). The latter concern also applies to the use of Percoll with any other cells that might be injected back into a patient, since endotoxin can cause severe inflammation and fever. Since then it has been replaced with other colloids in the ART industry. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionnaire%20des%20Antiquit%C3%A9s%20Grecques%20et%20Romaines | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines}}
The Dictionnaire des Antiquités Grecques et Romaines d'après les textes et les monuments, contenant l'explication des termes qui se rapportent aux mœurs, aux institutions, à la religion, aux arts, aux sciences, au costume, au mobilier, à la guerre, à la marine, aux métiers, aux monnaies, poids et mesures, etc. etc., et en général à la vie publique et privée des anciens was a large illustrated French-language dictionary of Ancient Greece and Rome edited by Charles Victor Daremberg and Edmond Saglio and published in 10 volumes between 1873 and 1919 by the publisher Hachette Livre in Paris. Individual entries consisted of (sometimes book-length) articles by prominent classical scholars, François Lenormant among them. It aimed to compete directly with the Altertumswissenschaft of German universities, who were the uncontested masters in the field from 1810 onward. In an 1887 review of the first volume of the Dictionnaire for The Classical Review, John E. B. Mayor praised the result, saying "No other nation as yet possesses anything approaching to it in beauty and completeness; it is absolutely necessary to every classical library and to every public library frequented by scholars or artists."
The Dictionnaire represented a work of extraordinary volume and was published at a slow pace. It took eleven issuings to finally complete volume 1, which spanned 1,703 pages and only covered through the letter C, in 1886. The first volume included 3,000 illustrations. Each of the eleven parts of the first volume, printed in large quarto form, was sold for five francs. Some thirty years after it was begun, the Dictionnaire had only reached the middle of the alphabet.
Today the dictionary has value as a legacy work, amongst the other large dictionaries of antiquity that appeared in Europe around the same time: starting in 1893, the Germans published the monumental Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaf |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%20orange%2020 | Acid orange 20 (also Orange I) is an organic compound and an azo dye. It is one of the first water soluble dyes to be commercialized, and one of seven original food dyes allowed under the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906. It is analyzed by HPLC.
Use and discontinuation
At one time it was a popular food colorant but it was delisted in 1959 in the U.S.
In the early 1950s, after several cases were reported of sickness in children who had eaten Halloween candy colored with the dye, the FDA conducted new, more thorough and rigorous testing on food dyes. Orange 1 was outlawed for food use in 1956.
Related compounds
Orange II (Acid Orange 7), an isomer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20District | The Discovery District is one of the commercial districts in Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It has a high concentration of hospitals and research institutions, particularly those related to biotechnology. The district is roughly bounded by Bloor Street on the north, Bay Street on the east, Dundas Street on the south, and Spadina Avenue on the west.
Characteristics
The area includes the main campuses of the University of Toronto and Toronto Metropolitan University, as well as university affiliated health-care research hospitals including the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto General Hospital, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Women's College Hospital, and the MaRS Discovery District. These institutions are concentrated near the intersection of University Avenue and College Streets but the District generally extends north to Bloor Street, south to Dundas Street, east to Bay Street and West to Spadina Avenue. A number of key organizations within the Ontario life sciences community are also located here including Ontario Genomics, Ontario Bioscience Innovation Organization (OBIO), Toronto Innovation Acceleration Partners (TIAP) and JLabs Toronto.
History: this area was subdivided from three main 'park lot' estates: Macaulay Estate (to the east, became a residential district known as 'the Ward' until demolished), Elmsley Estate (redivided with the Macaulay Estate which was concentrated to the south. Elmsley estate is closely tied with the history of both the University of Toronto and the commercial district on Yonge Street) and the Powell Estate (became the 'University Park' now the University of Toronto)
A short stretch of Gerrard Street West from Bay Street to LaPlante Avenue was referred to as Gerrard Village, a Bohemian Greenwich Village like area from the late 19th century to the early 1970s.
This area is referred to by Statistics Canada as census tract 5350035.00. According to the 2011 National Hous |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCEP/NCAR%20Reanalysis | The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis is an atmospheric reanalysis produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It is a continually updated globally gridded data set that represents the state of the Earth's atmosphere, incorporating observations and numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output from 1948 to present.
Accessing the data
The data is available for free download from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory and NCEP. It is distributed in Netcdf and GRIB files, for which a number of tools and libraries exist.
It is available for download through the NCAR CISL Research Data Archive on the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis main data page.
Uses
Initializing a smaller scale atmospheric model
Climate assessment
Subsequent updates
Since then NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 and the NCEP CFS Reanalysis are released. The former focuses in fixing existing bugs with the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis system – most notably surface energy and usage of observed precipitation forcing to the land surface, but otherwise uses a similar numerical model and data assimilation system. The latter is based on the NCEP Climate Forecast System.
See also
ECMWF re-analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model-driven%20integration | In software design, model-driven integration is a subset of model-driven architecture (MDA) which focuses purely on solving Application Integration problems using executable Unified Modeling Language (UML).
External links
"Model-Driven Integration in Financial Services" case-study by Metada, 2008
Systems engineering
Unified Modeling Language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHARE%20Operating%20System | The SHARE Operating System (SOS) is an operating system introduced in 1959 by the SHARE user group. It is an improvement on the General Motors GM-NAA I/O operating system, the first operating system for the IBM 704. The main objective was to improve the sharing of programs.
The SHARE Operating System provided new methods to manage buffers and input/output devices. Like GM-NAA I/O, it allowed execution of programs written in assembly language.
SOS initially ran on the IBM 709 computer and was then ported to its transistorized successor, the IBM 7090.
A series of articles describing innovations in the system appears in the April 1959 Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery.
In 1962, IBM discontinued support for SOS and announced an entirely new (and incompatible) operating system, IBM 7090/94 IBSYS.
See also
Multiple Console Time Sharing System
Timeline of operating systems
SQUOZE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM-NAA%20I/O | The GM-NAA I/O input/output system of General Motors and North American Aviation was the first operating system for the IBM 704 computer.
It was created in 1956 by Robert L. Patrick of General Motors Research and Owen Mock of North American Aviation. It was based on a system monitor created in 1955 by programmers of General Motors for its IBM 701.
The main function of GM-NAA I/O was to automatically execute a new program once the one that was being executed had finished (batch processing). It was formed of shared routines to the programs that provided common access to the input/output devices. Some version of the system was used in about forty 704 installations.
See also
SHARE Operating System, an operating system based on GM-NAA I/O.
Multiple Console Time Sharing System
Timeline of operating systems
Resident monitor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenThesaurus | OpenThesaurus is a multilingual thesaurus project built in open collaboration by volunteers. Its data is freely available as open content.
It is known for its usage in the applications OpenOffice.org, LibreOffice, KWord, Lyx, and Apple Dictionary.
Contents
The database takes words that are associated with at least one meaning. Apart from synonyms, it also contains some taxonomic relations.
There is a German, a Dutch, a Norwegian, a Polish, a Portuguese, a Slovak, a Slovenian, a Spanish and a Greek version available. The German version has over 280,000 synonyms.
Access and editing
The data is freely available under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). The database can be searched online without login through a web frontend on the website. Apart from that the data is also available in formats for use with the word processors of the office suites LibreOffice and OpenOffice.org (Writer) or as a complete database dump. With a free account users that are logged in can also add and alter entries. All entries have to be checked at least once before a release is made.
History
The cause for the start of the project was the arrival of OpenOffice.org in 2002, which was missing the thesaurus of its parent, StarOffice, due to its licensing. OpenThesaurus filled that gap by importing possible synonyms from a freely available German/English dictionary and refining and updating these in crowdsourced work through the use of a web application.
Since version 2.0.3 OpenOffice.org innately ships with OpenThesaurus. The project has gained a lot of popularity following the arrival of Apple Dictionary in Mac OS X 10.5, which can integrate OpenThesaurus data through a plugin.
Literature
Naber D. OpenThesaurus: Building a Thesaurus with a Web Community. 2004.
External links
project homepage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eijir%C5%8D | is a very large database of English–Japanese translations. Developed by the editors of the Electronic Dictionary Project and aimed at translators, Eijirō is currently one of the most popular dictionaries on the Internet. Although the contents are technically the same, EDP refers to the accompanying Japanese–English database as .
History
The Eijirō project was started by an anonymous Japanese translator. Noting the favorable reception it received when he shared it with his friends, he started the Electronic Dictionary Project, a wiki-like structure that allowed for and even encouraged contributions to the dictionary. This resulted in a comprehensive database that grew to include over 1.66 million entries in the fourth edition.
Characteristics
Although commonly termed a dictionary, Eijirō differs from other Japanese dictionaries such as the Kōjien by not distinguishing examples from definitions.
Access
Eijirō can be purchased online as either a CD-R or downloadable dictionary file for a comparatively low price. Eijirō was also released from SpaceALC in 2002, and the SpaceALC version has since gone through eight revisions as of 2016.
In addition, an online version of Eijirō is provided free of charge through the SpaceALC Japanese portal.
Notes
External Links and References
Eijirō Homepage
What is Eijirō?
SpaceALC – a portal site which includes an online dictionary based on Eijirō.
Pocket Eijirō
The Story Behind Eijiro – A first-hand blog entry outlining the history of Eijirō
Japanese dictionaries
Online dictionaries |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-mu%20calculus | In mathematical logic and computer science, the lambda-mu calculus is an extension of the lambda calculus introduced by Michel Parigot. It introduces two new operators: the μ operator (which is completely different both from the μ operator found in computability theory and from the μ operator of modal μ-calculus) and the bracket operator. Proof-theoretically, it provides a well-behaved formulation of classical natural deduction.
One of the main goals of this extended calculus is to be able to describe expressions corresponding to theorems in classical logic. According to the Curry–Howard isomorphism, lambda calculus on its own can express theorems in intuitionistic logic only, and several classical logical theorems can't be written at all. However with these new operators one is able to write terms that have the type of, for example, Peirce's law.
Semantically these operators correspond to continuations, found in some functional programming languages.
Formal definition
We can augment the definition of a lambda expression to gain one in the context of lambda-mu calculus. The three main expressions found in lambda calculus are as follows:
, a variable, where V is any identifier.
, an abstraction, where V is any identifier and E is any lambda expression.
, an application, where E and E'''; are any lambda expressions.
For details, see the corresponding article.
In addition to the traditional λ-variables, the lambda-mu calculus includes a distinct set of μ-variables. These μ-variables can be used to name or freeze arbitrary subterms, allowing us to later abstract on those names. The set of terms contains unnamed (all traditional lambda expressions are of this kind) and named terms. The terms that are added by the lambda-mu calculus are of the form:
is a named term, where α is a μ-variable and t is an unnamed term.
is an unnamed term, where α is a μ-variable and E'' is a named term.
Reduction
The basic reduction rules used in the lambda-mu calculus are the follow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO%2013406-2 | ISO 13406-2 is an ISO standard, with the full title "Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels -- Part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays". It is best known to end consumers for defining a series of flat-panel display "classes" with different numbers of permitted defects (or "dead pixels"). ISO 13406-2 also provides a classification of Viewing Direction Range Classes and Reflection Classes.
As part of an ISO standard, the classes are guidelines, and not mandatory. Where implemented, the interpretation of the standard by the panel or end product manufacturer and effects in terms of labeling of products, what class of panel is used, etc., can vary. Most flat-panel makers use this standard as the excuse for not accepting returns of defective flat-panels. Many customers argue that it's not honest in the makers' part to sell a product that most people wouldn't accept if they knew it had these defects. Also, there is little offer of Class I panels, that added to the fact that the price of these models is usually very high, make it difficult to buy a totally guaranteed product. One solution to this problem would be to sell these defected panels at a lower price than normal ones, clearly indicating the presence of such defects.
The ISO 13406-2:2001 standard has been withdrawn and revised by the ISO 9241-302, 303, 305 and 307:2008 standards.
Pixel Fault Classes
The standard lists four classes of devices, where a device of a specified class may contain a certain maximum number of defective pixels. Three distinct types of defective pixels are described:
Type 1 = a hot pixel (always on, being colour white)
Type 2 = a dead pixel (always off, meaning black)
Type 3 = a stuck pixel (one or more sub-pixels (red, blue or green) are always on or always off)
The table below shows the maximum number of allowed defects (per type) per 1 million pixels.
, most manufacturers specify their products as Pixel Fault Class II. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Eagle%20Center | The National Eagle Center is a nonprofit educational, interpretive center located on the banks of the Mississippi River in Wabasha, Minnesota, United States, that focuses on education about eagles and the Upper Mississippi River watershed.
In addition to opportunities to view wild eagles throughout the year from viewing decks, non-releasable bald eagles and golden eagles are on exhibit at the center as well as interactive exhibits on eagle science and history.
History
The site is located where hundreds of bald eagles congregate to scavenge and hunt fish year round due to a geographic anomaly at the confluence of the Mississippi and Chippewa Rivers. The Chippewa River's sedimentary deposits formed a delta creating Lake Pepin, a naturally occurring lake on the Mississippi formed by the backup of water. The fast running water exiting the Chippewa delta prevents ice from being able to form on much of the Mississippi River in that area during the winter making it a good fishing ground for migrating eagles.
In 1989, an informal group of local volunteers called Eagle Watch led by Mary Rivers partnered with the Wabasha Chamber of Commerce to develop an abandoned deck built for paddleboats to disembark passengers on the river for eagle enthusiasts coming to see bald eagles. In their first year of operation they tallied more than a thousand people who showed up in the middle of winter to look at bald eagles.
In 1995, EagleWatch incorporated as a nonprofit and worked with the City of Wabasha which functioned as the fiscal agent for both State and Federal funds. The National Eagle Center received Federal recognition in 1998 which cleared the way for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the Fish and Wildlife Service and other agencies to assist in its development. The City of Wabasha later dropped its cooperative venture with EagleWatch to manage the Eagle Center, partnering instead with the National Audubon Society. In June 1999 the City of Wabasha contracted with the National |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vbcc | vbcc is a portable and retargetable ANSI C compiler. It supports C89 (ISO/IEC 9899:1989) as well as parts of C99 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999).
It is divided into two parts. One is target-independent and the other is target-dependent. vbcc provides complete abstraction of host-arithmetic and target-arithmetic. It fully supports cross-compiling for 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit architectures.
Embedded systems are supported by features such as different pointer sizes, ROM-able code, inline assembly, bit-types, interrupt handlers, section attributes, and stack usage calculation (depending on the backend).
vbcc supports the following backends, with different degrees of maturity: 68K, ColdFire, PowerPC, 6502, VideoCore, 80x86 (386 and above), Alpha, C16x/ST10, 6809/6309/68HC12, and Z-machine.
The compiler itself can run on all common operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix/Linux.
Optimizations
The compiler provides a large set of high-level optimizations as well as target-specific optimizations to produce faster or smaller code. It is also able to optimize across functions and modules. Target-independent optimizations supported by vbcc include:
cross-module function inlining
partial inlining of recursive functions
interprocedural dataflow analysis
interprocedural register allocation
register allocation for global variables
global common subexpression elimination
global constant propagation
global copy propagation
dead code elimination
alias analysis
loop unrolling
induction variable elimination
loop-invariant code motion
loop reversal |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%20phylostratigraphy | Genomic phylostratigraphy is a novel genetic statistical method developed in order to date the origin of specific genes by looking at its homologs across species. It was first developed by Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb, Croatia. The system links genes to their founder gene, allowing us to then determine their age. This could help us better understand many evolutionary processes such as patterns of gene birth throughout evolution, or the relationship between the age of a transcriptome throughout embryonic development. Bioinformatic tools like GenEra have been developed to calculate relative gene ages based on genomic phylostratigraphy.
Method
This technique relies on the assumption that the diversity of the genome is not only due to gene duplications but also to continuous frequent de novo gene births. These genes (called "founder genes") would form from non-genic DNA sequences, as well as from changes in reading frame (or other ways of arising from within existing genes), or even from very rapid evolution of the protein that would modify the sequence beyond recognition. These new genes would at first have high evolutionary rates that would then slow down with time, allowing us to recognise their lineage in their descendants. The founder genes can then be put in a specific phylostratum. The phylostratum is represented as the clade that includes all the genes that derive from the same founder gene, signifying that this gene was formed in the common ancestor of this clade (e.g. Arthropoda, Mammalia, Metazoa, etc.). Positioning these founder genes and their descendants on different phylostrata can allow us to age them. This can then be used to analyse the origin of certain functions of proteins and developmental processes on a macroevolutionary scale, by observing connections between certain genes as well.
The original method for genomic phylostratigraphy involves the use of a BLAST sequence similarity search with a 10−3 E-value cut off. The genes deemed simila |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylostratum | Phylostratum is a set of genes from an organism that coalesce to founder genes having common phylogenetic origin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Collection%20of%20Authenticated%20Cell%20Cultures | The European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures houses and supplies cell lines.
It is part of the Culture Collections of Public Health England. The collection is held in Porton Down.
ECACC, which was established in 1985, consists of a team with specialist knowledge which supply authenticated cell lines, induced Pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and nucleic acids to provide stock for the research community. ECACC is one of the first collections of authenticated cell cultures worldwide and now holds cell lines from 45 species including 50 tissue types, 300 HLA types, over 800 genetic disorders and roughly 450 monoclonal antibodies.
ECACC products are trademarked with Public Health England and the trademark cannot be used without a licence agreement which can be requested through contact with PHE Culture Collections. All ECACC products can be found at the culture collections website alongside a range of services such as Mycoplasma testing and training courses for cell culture. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination%20policy | A vaccination policy is a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by State or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools. Many policies have been developed and implemented since vaccines were first made widely available.
The main purpose of implementing a vaccination policy is complete eradication of a disease, as was done with smallpox. This, however, can be a difficult feat to accomplish or even confirm. Many governmental public health agencies (such as the CDC or ECDC) rely on vaccination policies to create a herd immunity within their populations. Immunization advisory committees are usually responsible for providing those in leadership positions with information used to make evidence-based decisions regarding vaccines and other health policies.
Vaccination policies vary from country to country, with some mandating them and others strongly recommending them. Some places only require them for people utilizing government services, like welfare or public schools. A government or facility may pay for all or part of the costs of vaccinations, such as in a national vaccination schedule, or job requirement. Cost-benefit analyses of vaccinations have shown that there is an economic incentive to implement policies, as vaccinations save the State time and money by reducing the burden preventable diseases and epidemics have on healthcare facilities and funds.
Goals
Individual and herd immunity
Vaccination policies aim to produce immunity to preventable diseases. Besides individual protection from getting ill, some vaccination policies also aim to provide the community as a whole with herd immunity. Herd immunity refers to the idea that the pathogen will have trouble spreading when a significant part of the population has immunity against it, reducing the effect an infectious disease has on society. This protects those unable to get the vacci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myomere | Myomeres are blocks of skeletal muscle tissue arranged in sequence, commonly found in aquatic chordates. Myomeres are separated from adjacent myomeres by connective fascia (myosepta) and most easily seen in larval fishes or in the olm. Myomere counts are sometimes used for identifying specimens, since their number corresponds to the number of vertebrae in the adults. Location varies, with some species containing these only near the tails, while some have them located near the scapular or pelvic girdles. Depending on the species, myomeres could be arranged in an epaxial or hypaxial manner. Hypaxial refers to ventral muscles and related structures while epaxial refers to more dorsal muscles. The horizontal septum divides these two regions in vertebrates from cyclostomes to gnathostomes. In terrestrial chordates, the myomeres become fused as well as indistinct, due to the disappearance of myosepta.
Shape
The shape of myomeres varies by species. Myomeres are commonly zig-zag, "V" (lancelets), "W" (fishes), or straight (tetrapods)– shaped muscle fibers. Generally, cyclostome myomeres are arranged in vertical strips while those of jawed fishes are folded in a complex matter due to swimming capability evolution. Specifically, myomeres of elasmobranchs and eels are “W”-shaped. Contrastingly, myomeres of tetrapods run vertically and do not display complex folding. Another species with simply-lain myomeres are mudpuppies. Myomeres overlap each other in succession, meaning myomere activation also allows neighboring myomeres to activate.
Myomeres are made up of myoglobin-rich dark muscle as well as white muscle. Dark muscle, generally, functions as slow-twitch muscle fibers while white muscle is composed of fast-twitch fibers.
Function
Specifically, three types of myomeres in fish-like chordates include amphioxine (lancelet), cyclostomine (jawless fish), and gnathostomine (jawed fish). A common function shared by all of these is that they function to flex the body lateral |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaserver | A MetaServer is a central broker providing a collated view (similar to a database view) for dispersed web resources. It is used to collect data from various web services, web pages, databases, or other online resources/repositories and then present the combined results to the client using a standard web protocol (e.g. HTTP with HTML, REST, SOAP, XML-RPC, etc.).
Styles of use
The purpose of such a system is to provide one or several of the following:
a unified view on multiple resources
easy comparison of the data
standardized access to different repositories
calibration of the data
determining the data consensus
Example MetaServer projects
Typical, widespread implementations of MetaServers are:
Meta-Search-Engines
DNS MetaServers
Protein Structure and Function Prediction Gateways
Computer Game MetaServers
Text Mining MetaServers (e.g. BioCreative Metaserver - BCMS)
Enterprise application integration
Internet architecture |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean%20curvature%20flow | In the field of differential geometry in mathematics, mean curvature flow is an example of a geometric flow of hypersurfaces in a Riemannian manifold (for example, smooth surfaces in 3-dimensional Euclidean space). Intuitively, a family of surfaces evolves under mean curvature flow if the normal component of the velocity of which a point on the surface moves is given by the mean curvature of the surface. For example, a round sphere evolves under mean curvature flow by shrinking inward uniformly (since the mean curvature vector of a sphere points inward). Except in special cases, the mean curvature flow develops singularities.
Under the constraint that volume enclosed is constant, this is called surface tension flow.
It is a parabolic partial differential equation, and can be interpreted as "smoothing".
Existence and uniqueness
The following was shown by Michael Gage and Richard S. Hamilton as an application of Hamilton's general existence theorem for parabolic geometric flows.
Let be a compact smooth manifold, let be a complete smooth Riemannian manifold, and let be a smooth immersion. Then there is a positive number , which could be infinite, and a map with the following properties:
is a smooth immersion for any
as one has in
for any , the derivative of the curve at is equal to the mean curvature vector of at .
if is any other map with the four properties above, then and for any
Necessarily, the restriction of to is .
One refers to as the (maximally extended) mean curvature flow with initial data .
Convergence theorems
Following Hamilton's epochal 1982 work on the Ricci flow, in 1984 Gerhard Huisken employed the same methods for the mean curvature flow to produce the following analogous result:
If is the Euclidean space , where denotes the dimension of , then is necessarily finite. If the second fundamental form of the 'initial immersion' is strictly positive, then the second fundamental form of the immersion is also strictly |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo%20scanning | Cargo scanning or non-intrusive inspection (NII) refers to non-destructive methods of inspecting and identifying goods in transportation systems. It is often used for scanning of intermodal freight shipping containers. In the US it is spearheaded by the Department of Homeland Security and its Container Security Initiative (CSI) trying to achieve one hundred percent cargo scanning by 2012 as required by the US Congress and recommended by the 9/11 Commission. In the US the main purpose of scanning is to detect special nuclear materials (SNMs), with the added bonus of detecting other types of suspicious cargo. In other countries the emphasis is on manifest verification, tariff collection and the identification of contraband. In February 2009, approximately 80% of US incoming containers were scanned. To bring that number to 100% researchers are evaluating numerous technologies, described in the following sections.
Radiography
Gamma-ray radiography
Gamma-ray radiography systems capable of scanning trucks usually use cobalt-60 or caesium-137 as a radioactive source and a vertical tower of gamma detectors. This gamma camera is able to produce one column of an image. The horizontal dimension of the image is produced by moving either the truck or the scanning hardware. The cobalt-60 units use gamma photons with a mean energy 1.25 MeV, which can penetrate up to 15–18 cm of steel. The systems provide good quality images which can be used for identifying cargo and comparing it with the manifest, in an attempt to detect anomalies. It can also identify high-density regions too thick to penetrate, which would be the most likely to hide nuclear threats.
X-ray radiography
X-ray radiography is similar to gamma-ray radiography but instead of using a radioactive source, it uses a high-energy bremsstrahlung spectrum with energy in the 5–10 MeV range created by a linear particle accelerator (LINAC). Such X-ray systems can penetrate up to 30–40 cm of steel in vehicles moving with velo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech-generating%20device | Speech-generating devices (SGDs), also known as voice output communication aids, are electronic augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems used to supplement or replace speech or writing for individuals with severe speech impairments, enabling them to verbally communicate. SGDs are important for people who have limited means of interacting verbally, as they allow individuals to become active participants in communication interactions. They are particularly helpful for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) but recently have been used for children with predicted speech deficiencies.
There are several input and display methods for users of varying abilities to make use of SGDs. Some SGDs have multiple pages of symbols to accommodate a large number of utterances, and thus only a portion of the symbols available are visible at any one time, with the communicator navigating the various pages. Speech-generating devices can produce electronic voice output by using digitized recordings of natural speech or through speech synthesis—which may carry less emotional information but can permit the user to speak novel messages.
The content, organization, and updating of the vocabulary on an SGD is influenced by a number of factors, such as the user's needs and the contexts that the device will be used in. The development of techniques to improve the available vocabulary and rate of speech production is an active research area. Vocabulary items should be of high interest to the user, be frequently applicable, have a range of meanings, and be pragmatic in functionality.
There are multiple methods of accessing messages on devices: directly or indirectly, or using specialized access devices—although the specific access method will depend on the skills and abilities of the user. SGD output is typically much slower than speech, although rate enhancement strategies can increase the user's rate of output, resulting in enhanced efficiency of communication.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n%20de%20Fotobiolog%C3%ADa%20Playa%20Uni%C3%B3n | The Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión (EFPU) (in English: 'Playa Unión Photobiology Station') is a non-profit organization, devoted to scientific research about the effects of ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems.
Location
EFPU is located at Playa Unión, Chubut province, Argentina.
External links
Website of Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión.
Research institutes in Argentina |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20Titanica | Encyclopedia Titanica is an online reference work containing extensive and constantly updated information on the . The website, a nonprofit endeavor, is a database of passenger and crew biographies, deck plans, and articles submitted by historians or Titanic enthusiasts. In 1999, The New York Times noted that the site "may be the most comprehensive Titanic site", based on its content including passenger lists and ship plans. The Chicago Tribune called it "a marvelously detailed Internet site."
History
Encyclopedia Titanica was founded by Philip Hind. The website first went on-line September 1996. By March 1999, the website had received 600,000 hits.
Content
Encyclopedia Titanica contains a wide range of information about the ship, her passengers and a variety of related subjects. Each passenger and crew member has a separate page containing at least basic biographical data, and many of these contain detailed biographies, photographs and contemporary news articles. The site also contains original research by professional and amateur Titanic historians from all parts of the world.
Encyclopedia Titanica also contains an active message board with (as of November 2012) over 11,700 members and 300,000 messages. Among the topics of discussion on the message board are the following:
Passenger Research
Cabin Numbers
Collision and Sinking Theories
Crew Research
Discovery, Salvage and Exploration
The Gilded Age
Life on Board
Lost and Saved
Ships that may have stood still
Construction and Design
Titanic Art, Photography and Music
Titanic Books
Titanic Movies
Titanic on TV
Other Ships and Shipwrecks |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20certifications%20for%20pilots | Medical certifications for aircraft pilots are specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO sets standards and recommended practices (SARPS), which are specified in Annex 1 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.
There are several classes of medical certificate. Class 1 is the most stringent, applying to holders of commercial pilot licences, multi-crew pilot licences, and airline transport pilot licences. Class 2 applies to holders of private pilot licences, glider pilot licenses, balloon pilot licences, as well as flight engineers and flight navigators. Class 3 applies to air traffic controller licences and remote pilot licences.
Medical assessment includes physical and mental assessment, and testing of vision (visual acuity and colour perception) and hearing. Examinations are carried out by approved aviation medical examiners.
Renewal and revalidation
Medical certificates must be regularly revalidated, or renewed if expired. Class 1 certificates require pilots aged 50 and over to have an electrocardiogram every year, and it is recommended that those aged 30-50 have one every two years. Class 1 certificates require pilots to have their hearing tested every 5 years before the age of 40, then every 2 years.
Medical certificates can be revalidated up to 45 days before the expiry date without affecting the expiry calendar day.
Pilots may not work on international commercial air transport operations beyond their 65th birthday for multi-pilot aircraft, or 60th birthday for single pilot aircraft. Above the age of 60, medical assessment must take place every 6 months.
Medical requirements by country
European Union
Member states of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) share medical requirements. The state which issues a pilot's licence must hold their medical records, however medical examinations may be carried out by a doctor registered with the national aviation authority of another member state.
United Kingdom
In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medullary%20command%20nucleus | The medullary command nucleus (MCN), also called the pacemaker nucleus, is a group of nerve cells found in the bodies of weakly electric fish. It controls the function of electrocytes by regulating the frequency of electrical impulses. Signals originating in the MCN are transmitted to electrocytes, where changes in ion concentration cause electrical charges to be generated. The nucleus both sends and receives signals, thereby acting as a regulator and central processor for the electro sensors in the fish's body. Inputs into the MCN originate in the mesencephalic precommand nucleus, thalamic dorsal posterior nucleus, and toral ventroposterior nucleus. All of these nuclei have dense projections into the MCN, with the exception of the Toral Ventroposterior nucleus, which contain only a ventral edge projection.
See also
Electric organ
Electric fish
External links
Electric fish
Fish nervous system |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caloric%20polynomial | In differential equations, the mth-degree caloric polynomial (or heat polynomial) is a "parabolically m-homogeneous" polynomial Pm(x, t) that satisfies the heat equation
"Parabolically m-homogeneous" means
The polynomial is given by
It is unique up to a factor.
With t = −1, this polynomial reduces to the mth-degree Hermite polynomial in x. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtacapillary%20receptors | Juxtacapillary receptors, J-receptors, or pulmonary C-fiber receptors are sensory nerve endings located within the alveolar walls in juxtaposition to the pulmonary capillaries of the lung, and are innervated by fibers of the vagus nerve. Although their functional role is unclear, J-receptors respond to events such as pulmonary edema, pulmonary emboli, pneumonia, congestive heart failure and barotrauma, which cause a decrease in oxygenation and thus lead to an increase in respiration. They may be also stimulated by hyperinflation of the lung as well as intravenous or intracardiac administration of chemicals such as capsaicin.
The stimulation of the J-receptors causes a reflex increase in breathing rate, and is also thought to be involved in the sensation of dyspnea, the subjective sensation of difficulty breathing. The reflex response that is produced is apnea followed by rapid breathing, bradycardia, and hypotension (pulmonary chemoreflex). The physiologic role of this reflex is uncertain, but it probably occurs in pathologic states such as pulmonary congestion or embolization. These receptors were discovered by Autar Paintal.
Because these receptors have been found in the walls of bronchi, the larynx, and the nose, they appear to be part of a widespread population of nociceptors found in most tissue. For this reason, they are now usually referred to as pulmonary C-fiber receptors. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCumber%20relation | The McCumber relation (or McCumber theory) is a relationship between the effective cross-sections of absorption and emission of light in the physics of solid-state lasers. It is named after Dean McCumber, who proposed the relationship in 1964.
Definition
Let be the effective absorption cross-section be effective emission cross-sections at frequency , and let be the effective temperature of the medium. The McCumber relation is
(1)
where
is thermal steady-state ratio of populations; frequency is called "zero-line" frequency;
is the Planck constant and
is the Boltzmann constant. Note that the right-hand side of Equation (1) does not depend on .
Gain
It is typical that the lasing properties of a medium are determined by the temperature and the population at the excited laser level, and are not sensitive to the method of excitation used to achieve it. In this case, the absorption cross-section
and the emission cross-section
at frequency can be related to the lasers gain in such a way, that the gain at this frequency can be determined as follows:
(2)
D.E.McCumber had postulated these properties and found that the emission and absorption cross-sections are not independent; they are related with Equation (1).
Idealized atoms
In the case of an idealized two-level atom the detailed balance for the emission and absorption which preserves the Planck formula for the black-body radiation leads to equality of cross-section of absorption and emission. In the solid-state lasers the splitting of each of laser levels leads to the broadening which greatly exceeds the natural spectral linewidth. In the case of an ideal two-level atom, the product of the linewidth and the lifetime is of order of unity, which obeys the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In solid-state laser materials, the linewidth is several orders of magnitude larger so the spectra of emission and absorption are determined by distribution of excitation among sublevels rather than by the shape of th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broker%20pattern | The broker pattern is an architectural pattern that can be used to structure distributed software systems with decoupled components that interact by remote procedure calls. A broker component is responsible for coordinating communication, such as forwarding requests, as well as for transmitting results and exceptions.
Definition
The broker pattern is an architecture pattern that involves the use of an intermediary software entity called "broker" to facilitate communication between two or more software components. The broker acts as a "middleman" between the components, allowing them to communicate without being directly aware of each other's existence.
In the broker pattern, the broker is responsible for receiving messages from one component and forwarding them to the appropriate recipient. The components that communicate through the broker are known as servers or clients. The broker may also perform additional tasks, such as filtering, modifying messages, ensuring a quality of service (QoS) e.g. 0 for "at most once", or security , or providing additional services to the software components.
The broker pattern allows the components to remain decoupled and focused on their own responsibilities, while still being able to communicate and collaborate with other components in the system. It can also be used to reduce the number of dependencies between components, making the system more flexible and easier to maintain.
Terminology
Broker
Maintain a routing table of registered software components.
Maintain a filter table to reroute the transiting messages to the right software components.
May assure additional functionalities such as information security and quality of service.
Server
Software components responsible for sending a message out.
It can also be found under the name of publisher.
Client
Software components that subscribed and awaits a specific message.
It can also be found under the following names:
Consumer
Subscriber
Advantages
Source:
D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury%20stability%20criterion | In signal processing and control theory, the Jury stability criterion is a method of determining the stability of a linear discrete time system by analysis of the coefficients of its characteristic polynomial. It is the discrete time analogue of the Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion. The Jury stability criterion requires that the system poles are located inside the unit circle centered at the origin, while the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion requires that the poles are in the left half of the complex plane. The Jury criterion is named after Eliahu Ibraham Jury.
Method
If the characteristic polynomial of the system is given by
then the table is constructed as follows:
That is, the first row is constructed of the polynomial coefficients in order, and the second row is the first row in reverse order and conjugated.
The third row of the table is calculated by subtracting times the second row from the first row, and the fourth row is the third row with the first n elements reversed (as the final element is zero).
The expansion of the table is continued in this manner until a row containing only one non-zero element is reached.
Note the is for the 1st two rows. Then for 3rd and 4th row the coefficient changes (i.e. ) . This can be viewed as the new polynomial which has one less degree and then continuing.
Stability test
If then for every value of ... that is negative, the polynomial has one root outside of the unit disc. This implies that the method can be stopped after the first negative value is found when checking for stability.
Sample implementation
This method is very easy to implement using dynamic arrays on a computer. It also tells whether all the modulus of the roots (complex and real) lie inside the unit disc. The vector contains the real coefficients of the original polynomial in the order from highest degree to lowest degree.
/* vvd is the jury array */
vvd.push_back(v); // Store the first row
reverse(v.begin(),v |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neem%20gum | Neem gum is a natural extracted from Neem tree by induced or natural injury. Neem gum is clear, bright and amber-coloured material non-bitter in taste and is soluble in cold water. It is used as a bulking agent and for the preparation of special purpose food (those for diabetics).
Pharmaceutical applications of neem gum include use as a tablet binder, thickening agent, slow-release agent, and film coating. There is also some use for enhancing solubility.
Neem gum is also used in silk dying.
External links
Natural gums |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20tube%20refrigerator | The pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) or pulse tube cryocooler is a developing technology that emerged largely in the early 1980s with a series of other innovations in the broader field of thermoacoustics. In contrast with other cryocoolers (e.g. Stirling cryocooler and GM-refrigerators), this cryocooler can be made without moving parts in the low temperature part of the device, making the cooler suitable for a wide variety of applications.
Uses
Pulse tube cryocoolers are used in industrial applications such as semiconductor fabrication and in military applications such as for the cooling of infrared sensors. Pulse tubes are also being developed for cooling of astronomical detectors where liquid cryogens are typically used, such as the Atacama Cosmology Telescope or the Qubic experiment (an interferometer for cosmology studies). PTRs are used as precoolers of dilution refrigerators. Pulse tubes are particularly useful in space-based telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope where it is not possible to replenish the cryogens as they are depleted. It has also been suggested that pulse tubes could be used to liquefy oxygen on Mars.
Principle of operation
Figure 1 represents the Stirling-type single-orifice pulse-tube refrigerator (PTR), which is filled with a gas, typically helium at a pressure varying from 10 to 30 bar. From left to right the components are:
a compressor, with a piston moving back and forth at room temperature TH
a heat exchanger X1 where heat is released to the surroundings at room temperature
a regenerator consisting of a porous medium with a large specific heat (which can be stainless steel wire mesh, copper wire mesh, phosphor bronze wire mesh, lead balls, lead shot, or rare earth materials) in which the gas flows back and forth
a heat exchanger X2, cooled by the gas, where the useful cooling power is delivered at the low temperature TL, taken from the object to be cooled
a tube in which the gas is pushed and pulled
a heat exchange |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate%20desertion | Mate desertion occurs when one or both parents abandon their current offspring, and thereby reduce or stop providing parental care. Often, by deserting, a parent attempts to increase breeding opportunities by seeking out another mate. This form of mating strategy behavior is exhibited in insects, birds and mammals. Typically, males are more likely to desert, but both males and females have been observed to practice mate desertion.
Evolutionary theory
Conflict driving mate desertion
Mate desertion involves the decision by an already-mated individual to either continue providing parental care or to desert. In making this decision, a parent must balance investment in terms of current and future reproductive success, choosing the optimal strategy, or one that provides the greatest net benefit towards lifetime reproductive success. Current success is measured by the number of surviving offspring, whereas future success is measured by the potential to successfully produce offspring in future seasons. These trade-offs between costs and benefits are further reflected in the two major conflicts driving mate desertion: 1) parent-offspring conflict over the level of parental investment that a parent should provide and 2) sexual conflict between mates over who should provide care and how much care should be provided.
According to evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers, parental investment is defined as “any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring.” This investment includes investing in gametes and feeding and protecting young, which is also known as brooding. Often, the amount of parental investment necessary to maximize fitness differs between parent and offspring, thereby creating parent-offspring conflict. While increasing parental investment increases the current offspring's likelihood to survive and reproduce, th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%20invariant | Writer invariant, also called authorial invariant or author's invariant, is a property of a text which is invariant of its author, that is, it will be similar in all texts of a given author and different in texts of different authors. It can be used to find plagiarism or discover who is real author of anonymously published text. Writer invariant is also an author's pattern of writing a letter in handwritten text recognition.
While it is generally recognised that writer invariants exist, it is not agreed what properties of a text should be used. Among the first ones used was distribution of word lengths; other proposed invariants include average sentence length, average word length, noun, verb or adjective usage frequency, vocabulary richness, and frequency of function words, or specific function words.
Of these, average sentence lengths can be very similar in works of different authors or vary significantly even within a single work; average word lengths likewise turn out to be very similar in works of different authors. Analysis of function words shows promise because they are used by authors unconsciously.
See also
Stylometry
Writeprint |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost%20sign | A ghost sign is an old hand-painted advertising sign that has been preserved on a building for an extended period of time. The sign may be kept for its nostalgic appeal, or simply indifference by the owner.
History and preservation
Ghost signs are found across the world with the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Canada having many surviving examples. Ghost signs are also called fading ads or brickads. In many cases these are advertisements painted on brick that remained over time. Old painted advertisements are occasionally discovered upon demolition of later-built adjoining structures. Throughout rural areas, old barn advertisements continue to promote defunct brands and quaint roadside attractions.
Many ghost signs from the 1890s to 1960s are still visible. Such signs were most commonly used in the decades before the Great Depression.
The painters of the signs were called "wall dogs". As signage advertising formats changed, less durable signs appeared in the later 20th century, and ghost signs from that era are less common.
Ghost signs were originally painted with oil-based house paints. The paint that has survived the test of time most likely contains lead, which keeps it strongly adhered to the masonry surface. Ghost signs were often preserved through repainting the entire sign since the colors often fade over time. When ownership changed, a new sign would be painted over the old one.
In 2013, conservators undertook an effort to preserve ghost signs in Philadelphia.
In the city of Detroit, well-preserved ghost signs have been uncovered when an adjoining building is demolished as part of the city's blight-fighting efforts.
Gallery
See also
Palimpsest
Privilege sign
Signwriter |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Sketch%20of%20the%20Vegetation%20of%20the%20Swan%20River%20Colony | "A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony", also known by its standard botanical abbreviation Sketch Veg. Swan R., is an 1839 article by John Lindley on the flora of the Swan River Colony. Nearly 300 new species were published in it, many of which are still current.
It appeared as Part Three of Appendix to the first twenty three volumes of Edward's Botanical Register, the first two parts being indices of previous volumes of Edwards's Botanical Register, of which Lindley was editor. It contained 58 pages, issued in three parts. Pages 1 to 16 were issued on 1 November 1839; pages 17 to 32 on 1 December 1839; and the remaining 26 pages on 1 January 1840. It also contained four woodcuts based on sketches by Lindley, and nine hand-coloured lithographic plates, the artist and lithographer of which are unacknowledged and are now unknown. According to Helen Hewson, the woodcuts are of high quality, but the plates "do not measure up to the standard of contemporary illustration".
"A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony" represents only the second attempt to provide a flora for the colony, the first being Stephan Endlicher's 1837 Enumeratio plantarum, a Latin work of which only one installment was published. Thus there were at the time a great many undescribed species awaiting publication — speaking of the (now defunct) order Stylidaceae, Lindley remarks "In Brown's prodromus forty-six species only are named for all New Holland... but I possess from Swan River alone at least forty well marked species, and there are some of Baron Hugel's with which I am unacquainted". Working primarily from the collections of James Drummond, Lindley was able to publish around 280 new taxa, many of which remain current. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas-Institut | The Thomas-Institut is a research Institute whose function is to study of medieval philosophy by preparing critical editions as well as historical and systematic studies of medieval authors.
General information
The Thomas-Institut was founded in 1950 by Josef Koch, then Professor for medieval philosophy at the University of Cologne. Forming part of the Faculty of Humanities and, more particularly, the Philosophy Department, the Thomas-Institut is a research Institute whose function it is to serve the study of medieval philosophy by preparing critical editions and historical and systematic studies of medieval authors. The director of the Institute is the professor holding the chair in medieval philosophy at the university.
Since communicating the results of this work is an essential part of the task of the Institute, the staff gives various courses in medieval philosophy at the University of Cologne. Jointly with twenty other departments - from History and Philology to Byzantine, Jewish and Islamic Studies - the Thomas-Institute organizes an extensive programme for medieval studies, the Zentrum für Mittelalterstudien (ZfMs).
Since its beginnings the Thomas-Institut has attached importance to international cooperation and exchange, and many of the projects pursued at the Thomas-Institut are international collaborations. The Mediaevistentagung, taking place every two years, has become one of the foremost conferences on medieval studies in Europe, furthering international and interdisciplinary research. The proceedings are published in the Miscellanea Mediaevalia series, edited by the Institute and published by de Gruyter.
In addition to its own projects the Thomas-Institut sponsors several ongoing editions which are funded and organized by other institutions. The most important at present are the Averroes Latinus project of the International Union of Academies, funded by the Nordrhein-Westfäische Akademie der Wissenschaften, and the critical edition of the works of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation%20generator | The summation generator, created in 1985, by Rainer Rueppel, was a cryptography and security front-runner in the late 1980s. It operates by taking the output of two LFSRs through an adder with carry. The operation's strength is that it is nonlinear. However, through the early 1990s various attacks against the summation generator eventually led to its fall to a correlation attack. In 1995 Klapper and Goresky were able to determine the summation generator's sequence in only 219 bits.
An improved summation generator with 2-bit memory was then proposed by cryptographers Lee and Moon. In the new generator scheme an extra bit of memory is added to the nonlinear combining function. The objective in the modification was to make the summation generator immune to correlation attack.
An attack against the improved summation generator was reported by Mex-Perera and Shepherd in 2002 by exploiting linear relations. Besides, in June 2005 an algebraic attack was developed. Using this attack a PC can calculate the initial state of the summation generator within 3 minutes even with 256 bit LFSRs. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance%20probe | Capacitance sensors (or Dielectric sensors) use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of a surrounding medium.
The configuration is like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil; probes can also be modular (comb-like) and connected to a logger. The sensing head consists of an oscillator circuit, the frequency is determined by an annular electrode, fringe-effect capacitor, and the dielectric constant of the soil.
Each capacitor sensor consists of two metal rings mounted on the circuit board at some distance from the top of the access tube. These rings are a pair of electrodes, which form the plates of the capacitor with the soil acting as the dielectric in between. The plates are connected to an oscillator, consisting of an inductor and a capacitor. The oscillating electrical field is generated between the two rings and extends into the soil medium through the wall of the access tube. The capacitor and the oscillator form a circuit, and changes in dielectric constant of surrounding media are detected by changes in the operating frequency. The capacitance sensors are designed to oscillate in excess of 100 MHz inside the access tube in free air. The output of the sensor is the frequency response of the soil’s capacitance due to its soil moisture level.
Applications
One application for such a device is measuring the water content of soil, where the volume of water in the total volume of soil most heavily influences the dielectric permittivity of the soil because the dielectric of water (80) is much greater than the other constituents of the soil (mineral soil: 4, organic matter: 4, air: 1). When the amount of water changes in the soil, a probe will measure a change in capacitance due to the change in dielectric permittivity that can be directly correlated with a change in water content. Capacitance sensors are now widely used in irrigation scheduling in agriculture around the world.
Cure monitoring of Composite mater |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20resource%20planning | Network Resource Planning is an enhanced process of network planning that incorporates the disciplines of business planning, marketing, and engineering to develop integrated, dynamic master plans for all domains of communications networks.
Next generation services
Many communications service providers - from wireline, wireless, broadband to next generation carriers - are introducing next-generation services such as interactive video over cell phones and multi-user conference calling. These new services are straining the capacity of existing networks. In a 2006 Reuters interview, John Roese, CTO of Nortel, pointed out that YouTube almost destroyed the Internet, and in a keynote speech at Cisco’s C-Scape analyst conference in December 2006, John Chambers, CEO of Cisco Networks said, “Things like YouTube are just the baby steps of the impact video will have on networks.” Since every video transmission requires roughly 150 times the bandwidth of a voice transmission, it is estimated that a one percent adoption of the Verizon Wireless V CAST service required a 400 percent increase in Verizon’s corresponding network capacity.
The bandwidth-intense nature of next generation services has required traditional network planning to evolve. Subscriber growth of legacy services like voice and data had an incremental impact on networks. New subscriptions and their corresponding bandwidth demand followed a relatively linear growth curve. As such, planning methods such as link- and node-specific forecasting or “trending” were sufficient to ensure networks could support current and planned subscribers.
The dramatic swings in bandwidth demand that slight variances in subscription rates bring to bear on networks carrying services such as video can no longer be adequately planned for with these traditional methods. Network Resource Planning addresses the weaknesses of trending by incorporating business planning and marketing insight in the planning process. The addition of ma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorks%20Math%20Modeling%20Challenge | MathWorks Math Modeling Challenge (M3 Challenge) is a mathematical modeling competition open to high schools in the U.S. (including US territories and DoDEA schools) and schools with sixth form students (age 16-19) in England and Wales. It is sponsored by MathWorks (a developer of mathematical computing software) based in Boston and organized by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) based in Philadelphia.
M3 Challenge awards $100,000 in scholarship prizes each year to the top teams. Additional incentives are expenses-paid trips for top performing teams to the final event in New York City each April, and media recognition that the winning teams receive. Some examples of recognition: the winning paper from 2008 was published in the College Mathematics Journal. A representative from High Tech's team appeared on FOX Business Channel, 2010 winners were interviewed by Pimm Fox of Bloomberg radio, presented its findings at Lockheed Martin's Data Capture Center, and met with U.S. Census Bureau Director Dr. Robert Groves. Many Champion teams have had their solution papers and research published in SIAM's undergraduate publication, SIAM Undergraduate Research Online (SIURO). The 2011 and 2012 winners were interviewed by Pimm Fox of Bloomberg radio, and the 2014 winners were interviewed by both Pimm Fox and Carol Massar on Bloomberg radio. Many local and regional TV and radio stations interview top teams; and in 2021 both NPR and the BBC interviewed top teams about their work and the problem topic of defeating the digital divide and making internet accessible to all.
MathWorks took over sponsorship of the competition, formerly known as the Moody's Mega Math (M³) Challenge, from Moody's Foundation in 2017.
Registration process
Registration is open to high school juniors and seniors or sixth form students (age 16-19) in eligible areas as well as to homeschooled and cyber schooled students. Teams consist of three to five students and one coach, who must b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonian%20sphere%20packing | Apollonian sphere packing is the three-dimensional equivalent of the Apollonian gasket. The principle of construction is very similar: with any four spheres that are cotangent to each other, it is then possible to construct two more spheres that are cotangent to four of them, resulting in an infinite sphere packing.
The fractal dimension is approximately 2.473946 (±1 in the last digit).
Software for generating and visualization of the apollonian sphere packing: ApolFrac. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDGSH%20iron%20sulfur%20domain | The CDGSH iron sulfur domain are a group of iron-sulfur (2Fe-2S) clusters and a unique 39 amino acid CDGSH domain [C-X-C-X2-(S/T)-X3-P-X-C-D-G-(S/A/T)-H].
The CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 protein (also referred to as mitoNEET) is an integral membrane protein located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and whose function may be to transport iron into the mitochondria. Iron in turn is essential for the function of several mitochondrial enzymes.
The antidiabetic drug pioglitazone, in addition to binding to the nuclear receptor PPAR, also has been shown to bind mitoNEET with approximately equal affinity. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eremosphaera | Eremosphaera is a genus of green algae in the family Oocystaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediastrum | Pediastrum is a genus of green algae, in the family Hydrodictyaceae. It is a photoautotrophic, nonmotile coenobial green alga that inhabits freshwater environments.
Morphology
Pediastrum develops colonies with a fixed number of cells, termed coenobia. In this case, the coenobia are composed of between 22 and 27 cells, which are orderly arranged in a flat disk. The diameter of a single coenobium ranges from 20 to 80 μm, making them microalgae. Cells in Pediastrum are dimorphic, consisting of interior cells and peripheral cells, distinguished by their position in the colony and by their shape. Some species have inter-cellular spaces between their interior cells. The peripheral cells surround the interior cells, and they usually possess bristles, V-like cutting edges, or wavy projections.
Pediastrum shows lots of morphological diversity, both between and within species. Although most species produce flat, circular coenobia, others produce coenobia that are more oval-shaped, or curved and bowl-shaped. For species identification, the shape of the cells (particularly marginal ones), presence or absence of intercellular gaps, and ornamentation of the cell wall are all important distinguishing characteristics.
Phylogeny
The genus of Pediastrum belongs to the Hydrodictyaceae family, along with Pseudopediastrum, Tetraedron, Hydrodictyon and so on. Pediastrum spp. on the phylogenetic tree can be divided into Group I, Group II, Group III. Group I, which includes Pediastrum duplex, are mainly distributed in North America and Europe. Group II is mostly from Australia, containing among others P. angulosum and P. alternans. Group I, Group II form a monophyletic group (clade) in the phylogenetic tree together with Hydrodictyon spp. lastly, Group III forms a sister group with Monactinus spp.
For the morphological characteristics of these groups, Group I has intracellular spaces and V-like incisions in the cells along the outside, while some species in Group II lack intercellula |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterococcus | Heterococcus is a genus of yellow-green algae (xanthophytes) in the family Heteropediaceae. It is the only xanthophyte genus known to form lichens.
Pirula is regarded as a synonym.
Species
Heterococcus africanus
Heterococcus akinetus
Heterococcus anguinus
Heterococcus arcticus
Heterococcus botrys
Heterococcus brevicellularis
Heterococcus caespitosus
Heterococcus canadensis
Heterococcus capitatus
Heterococcus chodatii
Heterococcus clavatus
Heterococcus conicus
Heterococcus corniculatus
Heterococcus crassulus
Heterococcus curvatus
Heterococcus curvirostrus
Heterococcus dissociatus
Heterococcus endolithicus
Heterococcus erectus
Heterococcus filiformis
Heterococcus flavescens
Heterococcus fontanus
Heterococcus fuornensis
Heterococcus furcatus
Heterococcus gemmatus
Heterococcus geniculatus
Heterococcus granulatus
Heterococcus implexus
Heterococcus leptosiroides
Heterococcus longicellularis
Heterococcus mainxii
Heterococcus marietanii
Heterococcus mastigophorus
Heterococcus maximus
Heterococcus moniliformis
Heterococcus nepalensis
Heterococcus papillosus
Heterococcus plectenchymaticus
Heterococcus pleurococcoides
Heterococcus polymorphus
Heterococcus presolanensis
Heterococcus protonematoides
Heterococcus quadratus
Heterococcus ramosissimus
Heterococcus stellatus
Heterococcus stigeoclonioides
Heterococcus subterrestris
Heterococcus tectiformis
Heterococcus teleutosporoides
Heterococcus tellii
Heterococcus thermalis
Heterococcus tiroliensis
Heterococcus undulatus
Heterococcus unguis
Heterococcus vesiculosus
Heterococcus virginis
Heterococcus viridis
Heterococcus zonatus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIA1 | TIA1 or Tia1 cytotoxic granule-associated rna binding protein is a 3'UTR mRNA binding protein that can bind the 5'TOP sequence of 5'TOP mRNAs. It is associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis) and regulates alternative splicing of the gene encoding the Fas receptor, an apoptosis-promoting protein. Under stress conditions, TIA1 localizes to cellular RNA-protein conglomerations called stress granules. It is encoded by the TIA1 gene.
Mutations in the TIA1 gene have been associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, and Welander distal myopathy. It also plays a crucial role in the development of toxic oligomeric tau in Alzheimer's disease.
Function
This protein is a member of a RNA-binding protein family that regulates transcription and RNA translation. It was first identified in cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) target cells. TIA1 acts in the nucleus to regulate splicing and transcription. TIA1 helps to recruit the splicesome to regulate RNA splicing, and it inhibits transcription of multiple genes, such as the cytokine Tumor necrosis factor alpha. In response to stress, TIA1 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it nucleates a type of RNA granule, termed the stress granule, and participates in the translational stress response. As part of the translational stress response, TIA1 works in cooperation with other RNA binding proteins to sequester RNA transcripts away from the ribosome, which allows the cell to focus its protein synthesis/RNA translation machinery on producing proteins that will address the particular stress. It has been suggested that this protein may be involved in the induction of apoptosis as it preferentially recognizes poly(A) homopolymers and induces DNA fragmentation in CTL targets. The major granule-associated species is a 15-kDa protein that is thought to be derived from the carboxyl terminus of the 40-kDa product by proteolytic processing. Alternative splicing resulting in different isoforms of this |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellman%27s%20reagent | Ellman's reagent (5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or DTNB) is a colorogenic chemical used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups in a sample. It was developed by George L. Ellman.
Preparation
In Ellman's original paper, he prepared this reagent by oxidizing 2-nitro-5-chlorobenzaldehyde to the carboxylic acid, introducing the thiol via sodium sulfide, and coupling the monomer by oxidization with iodine. Today, this reagent is readily available commercially.
Ellman's test
Thiols react with this compound, cleaving the disulfide bond to give 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate (TNB−), which ionizes to the TNB2− dianion in water at neutral and alkaline pH. This TNB2− ion has a yellow color.
This reaction is rapid and stoichiometric, with the addition of one mole of thiol releasing one mole of TNB. The TNB2− is quantified in a spectrophotometer by measuring the absorbance of visible light at 412 nm, using an extinction coefficient of 14,150 M−1 cm−1 for dilute buffer solutions, and a coefficient of 13,700 M−1 cm−1 for high salt concentrations, such as 6 M guanidinium hydrochloride or 8 M urea. Ellman's original 1959 publication estimated the molar extinction at 13,600 M−1 cm−1, and this value can be found in some modern applications of the method despite improved determinations. Commercial DTNB may not be completely pure, so may require recrystallization to obtain completely accurate and reproducible results.
Ellman's reagent can be used for measuring low-molecular mass thiols such as glutathione in both pure solutions and biological samples, such as blood. It can also measure the number of thiol groups on proteins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi%20Networks | Mahi Networks was a Petaluma, California-based venture-funded network equipment startup company. It was created in 1999 and acquired by Meriton Networks in 2005. Meriton Networks is now a part of Xtera. Mahi's flagship product, the Mahi Mi7, was a 320 Gbit multi-service switching system. The Mi7 supported both SONET/SDH TDM switching, MPLS/Ethernet switching as well as IP routing. The multi-service capability was achieved by Tiny-Tera based switching fabric. |
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