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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhishTank | PhishTank is an anti-phishing site.
PhishTank was launched in October 2006 by entrepreneur David Ulevitch as an offshoot of OpenDNS. The company offers a community-based phish verification system where users submit suspected phishes and other users "vote" if it is a phish or not. OpenDNS was acquired by Cisco and in turn the Phishtank system was turned over to Cisco Talos.
PhishTank is used by Opera, WOT, Yahoo! Mail, Mcafee, APWG, CMU, ST Benard, Mozilla, Kaspersky, Firetrust, Officer Blue, FINRA, Message Level, SURBL, Sanesecurity for ClamAV, Career Builder, Site Truth, Avira, C-SIRT, and by PhishTank SiteChecker.
PhishTank data is provided free for download or for access via an API call, including for commercial use, under a restrictive license.
In 2018, it was announced that PhishTank will be rebuilding the website, with new features and functionality. In 2020, because of flagrant abuse of the Phishtank system, "new user" registration was removed, and will remain off for the foreseeable future. Phishtank is currently being rethought from the ground up to provide better support, remove abuse, and operate faster with a machine learning backend phish identification system. This redesign is being run by the Cisco Talos Communities team under Joel Esler. There is currently no completion date for this project.
See also
Anti-Phishing Working Group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararectal%20fossa | The pararectal fossa (or pararectal pouch) is an inferior-ward extension of the peritoneum on either side of the rectum. It is formed by a (sacrogenital) fold of peritoneum extending inferior-ward from the posterolateral pelvic wall. It represents a lateral extension of the rectouterine pouch in the female, and of rectovesical pouch in the male. It varies in size with the distension of the rectum.
In females, the pararectal fossae often represent the inferior-most portion of the peritoneal cavity (sometimes, the inferior-most portion is instead rectouterine pouch).
External links
- "The Female Pelvis: Distribution of the Peritoneum in the Female Pelvis" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectouterine%20fold | The rectouterine fold is a bilaterally paired prominent ridge/fold of the peritoneum that represents the lateral boundary of the rectouterine pouch on either side. It is formed by the underlying rectouterine muscle. On either side, the rectouterine fold extends between the sacrum medially, and the base of the broad ligament of the uterus laterally. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicouterine%20pouch | In human female anatomy, the vesicouterine pouch, also uterovesicle pouch, is a fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder. Like the rectouterine pouch, it is a female pelvic recess, but shallower and closer to the anterior fornix of the vagina.
Structure
The vesicouterine pouch is a fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder, forming a pelvic recess. It is continued over the intestinal surface and body of the uterus onto its vesical surface, which it covers as far as the junction of the body and cervix uteri, and then to the bladder. It is narrowest when the uterus is anteverted rather than retroverted. The deepest point of the vesicouterine pouch is typically higher than the deepest point of the rectouterine pouch.
Variation
When the uterus is very anteverted, the vesicouterine pouch is deeper than usual.
Clinical significance
The vesicouterine pouch may become attached to the uterus, preventing sliding of the bladder past the uterus. This may occur in a third of women who have had a Caesarean section, and in some cases of endometriosis.
The vesicouterine pouch is an important anatomical landmark for chronic endometriosis. Endometrial seeding in this region causes cyclical pain in women of child-bearing age. This pouch is also an important factor in a retroverted uterus, which can frequently complicate pregnancies.
History
Etymology
The vesicouterine (or vesico-uterine) pouch is also called the vesicouterine (or vesico-uterine) excavation, uterovesical (or utero-vesical) pouch, or excavatio vesicouterina. The combining forms reflect the bladder (vesico-, -vesical) and uterus (utero-, -uterine).
Additional images
See also
Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)
Rectovesical pouch
Retropubic space |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%20Chiariglione | Leonardo Chiariglione () (born 30 January 1943 (age ) in Almese, Turin province, Piedmont, Italy) is an Italian engineer who has led the development of international technical standards for digital media. In particular, he was the chairman of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) from 1988 to 2020, which he co-founded together with Hiroshi Yasuda of NTT.
Biography
After receiving a classical high school education at the Liceo Salesiano Valsalice in Turin, he earned a master's degree in electronic engineering at the Polytechnic University of Turin in 1967, then obtained a Ph.D. degree at the University of Tokyo in 1973, where he also learned to speak Japanese. Chiariglione speaks five languages, including English and French.
From March 1971 until July 2003, he was with CSELT, the corporate research center of the Telecom Italia group. His final position there was vice president, multimedia, at Telecom Italia Lab, the new name given to CSELT in 2001.
The initiative for which he is best known started in 1988, when he originated the ISO/IEC standardization activity known as MPEG (or Moving Picture Experts Group) (originally ISO TC 97/SC 2/WG 8, later ISO/IEC JTC 1 SC 29/WG 11), of which he was the Convenor (chairman) from its start until June 2020. This group, with a membership of over 300 experts, representing 20 countries and various industries having a stake in digital audio and video, produced the MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards that facilitated the emergence of digital audio-visual media.
He has led a number of European collaborative projects:
IVICO – a RACE project investigating cost-effective integrated video codecs
COMIS – an ESPRIT project supporting the development of the MPEG-1 standard
EU 625 VADIS – a EUREKA project aiming at developing a European hardware and software technology for the MPEG-2 standard
He also initiated other efforts to define internationally agreed technical specifications, such as DAVIC (the Digital Audio-Visual Council) in 1994 an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excitation%20table | In electronics design, an excitation table shows the minimum inputs that are necessary to generate a particular next state (in other words, to "excite" it to the next state) when the current state is known. They are similar to truth tables and state tables, but rearrange the data so that the current state and next state are next to each other on the left-hand side of the table, and the inputs needed to make that state change happen are shown on the right side of the table.
Flip-flop excitation tables
In order to complete the excitation table of a flip-flop, one needs to draw the Q(t) and Q(t + 1) for all possible cases (e.g., 00, 01, 10, and 11), and then make the value of flip-flop such that on giving this value, one shall receive the input as Q(t + 1) as desired.
T flip-flop
The characteristic equation of a T flip-flop is .
SR flip-flop
("X" is "don't care")
The characteristic equation of a SR flip-flop is .
JK flip-flop
("X" is "don't care")
The characteristic equation of a JK flip-flop is .
D flip-flop
The characteristic equation of a D flip-flop is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paravesical%20fossa | The peritoneum of the anterior pelvic wall covers the superior surface of the bladder, and on either side of this viscus forms a depression, termed the paravesical fossa, which is limited laterally by the fold of peritoneum covering the ductus deferens.
The size of this fossa is dependent on the state of distension of the bladder; when the bladder is empty, a variable fold of peritoneum, the plica vesicalis transversa, divides the fossa into two portions.
External links
- "The Female Pelvis: Distribution of the Peritoneum in the Female Pelvis" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground%20pressure | Ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the ground by the tires or tracks of a motorized vehicle, and is one measure of its potential mobility, especially over soft ground. It also applies to the feet of a walking person or machine. Pressure is measured in the SI unit of pascals (Pa). Average ground pressure can be calculated using the standard formula for average pressure: P = F/A. In an idealised case, i.e. a static, uniform net force normal to level ground, this is simply the object's weight divided by contact area. The ground pressure of motorized vehicles is often compared with the ground pressure of a human foot, which can be 60 – 80 kPa while walking or as much as 13 MPa for a person in spike heels.
Increasing the size of the contact area on the ground (the footprint) in relation to the weight decreases the unit ground pressure. Ground pressure of 14 kPa (2 psi) or less is recommended for fragile ecosystems like marshes. Decreasing the ground pressure increases the flotation, allowing easier passage of the body over soft terrain. This is exemplified by use of equipment such as snowshoes.
Examples
All examples are approximate, and will vary based on conditions
Note:
The pressures for average human and horse are for standing still position. A walking human will exert more than double his standing pressure. A galloping horse will exert up to 3.5 MPa (500 psi). The ground pressure for a pneumatic tire is roughly equal to its inflation pressure.
See also
Contact patch
Tire load sensitivity
Related reading
Theory of Ground Vehicles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarskog%E2%80%93Scott%20syndrome | Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS) is a rare disease inherited as X-linked and characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, skeletal and genital anomalies. This condition mainly affects males, although females may have mild features of the syndrome.
Signs and symptoms
People with Aarskog–Scott syndrome often have distinctive facial features, such as widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), a small nose, a long area between the nose and mouth (philtrum), and a widow's peak hairline. They frequently have mild to moderate short stature during childhood, but their growth usually catches up with that of their peers during puberty. Hand abnormalities are common in this syndrome and include short fingers (brachydactyly), curved pinky fingers (fifth finger clinodactyly), webbing of the skin between some fingers (cutaneous syndactyly), and a single crease across the palm. Other abnormalities in people with Aarskog–Scott syndrome include heart defects and a split in the upper lip (cleft lip) with or without an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate).
Most males with Aarskog–Scott syndrome have a shawl scrotum, in which the scrotum surrounds the penis instead of hanging below. Less often, they have undescended testes (cryptorchidism) or a soft out-pouching around the belly-button (umbilical hernia) or in the lower abdomen (inguinal hernia).
The intellectual development of people with Aarskog–Scott syndrome varies widely. Some may have mild learning and behavior problems, while others have normal intelligence. In rare cases, severe intellectual disability has been reported.
Genetics
Mutations in the FGD1 gene are the only known genetic cause of Aarskog-Scott syndrome. The FGD1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that turns on (activates) another protein called Cdc42, which transmits signals that are important for various aspects of development before and after birth.
Mutations in the FGD1 gene lead to the production of an abnormally functioning protein. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunica%20albuginea%20%28penis%29 | The tunica albuginea is the fibrous envelope that extends the length of the corpora cavernosa penis and corpus spongiosum penis. It is a bi-layered structure that includes an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer.
Anatomy
Microstructure
The trabeculae of the tunica albuginea are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis.
The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus spongiosum is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra.
It consists of approximately 5% elastin, with the remainder mostly consisting of collagen.
Function
The tunica albuginea is directly involved in maintaining an erection; that is due to Buck's fascia constricting the erection veins of the penis, preventing blood from leaving and thus sustaining the erect state.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April%20Showers%20%28song%29 | "April Showers" is a 1921 popular song composed by Louis Silvers with lyrics by B. G. De Sylva.
History
The song was introduced in the 1921 Broadway musical Bombo, where it was performed by Al Jolson. It became a well-known Jolson standard: the first of his several recordings of the song was on Columbia Records in October 1921. It has also been recorded by many other artists.
Spike Jones and Doodles Weaver produced a parody that began with the lyrics: "When April showers, she never closes the curtain..."
The British comedians Morecambe and Wise performed a skit featuring the song, which involved a light sprinkling of water drizzling on straight man Ernie Wise whenever he sang it, but a bucket of water being thrown over Eric Morecambe whenever he did the same.
Film appearances
1926 A Plantation Act sung by Al Jolson
1936 The Singing Kid sung by Al Jolson
1939 Rose of Washington Square sung by Al Jolson
1946 The Jolson Story sung by Al Jolson
1946 Margie Sung by Jeanne Crain (dubbed by Louanne Hogan) and chorus
1948 April Showers
1949 Always Leave Them Laughing played at the Canal Street Boys Club and sung by Milton Berle.
1949 Jolson Sings Again ung by Al Jolson
1956 The Eddy Duchin Story
1962 Wet Hare sung by Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny
Recorded versions
Victor Arden
John Arpin
Chris Barber - included in the album Chris Barber Plays - Vol. 2 (1956)
Les Brown and His Band of Renown (1949)
Carol Burnett
Cab Calloway
Steve Conway
Bing Crosby (1956) (Songs I Wish I Had Sung the First Time Around) & (1977) (Seasons)
Ruth Etting
Arthur Fields (1922)
Eddie Fisher (1954)
Judy Garland - Judy (1956)
Eydie Gorme - for her album Love Is a Season (1958)
Ernie Hare (1922)
Charles Harrison (1922)
Ted Heath
Woody Herman
Joni James
Al Jolson
(1921 Broadway Production)
Commercial recording October 21, 1921
(Performed by in 1926's A Plantation Act)
Commercial recording December 20, 1932 with Guy Lombardo and his Orchestra
(1936, in the film The Singing Kid)
Commercial recordi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%20in%20the%20Rain | "September in the Rain" is a popular song about nostalgia by Harry Warren and Al Dubin, published in 1937. The song was introduced by James Melton in the film Melody for Two. It has become a standard, having been recorded by many artists since.
There were three charted versions in 1937 by Guy Lombardo, James Melton and Rhythm Wreckers (vocal by Pauline Byrns).
Recorded versions
The song became popular again in 1948 and 1949 when versions by Sam Donahue and the George Shearing Quintet briefly reached the charts.
In 1962, the Beatles recorded a rock and roll interpretation during their Decca audition.
Other recordings
Dorothy Ashby - Django/Misty (1984)
Cilla Black
Claude Bolling/Guy Marchand
Teresa Brewer
Dave Brubeck Octet
Chad & Jeremy
June Christy - A Friendly Session, Vol. 3 (2000) with the Johnny Guarnieri Quintet, Cool Christy (2002)
Eddie Condon (1944)
Bing Crosby - Bing Sings Whilst Bregman Swings (1956)
Doris Day - The Complete Standard Transcriptions (1952 recording)
Sam Donahue (1948)
Dorothy Donegan - Donnybrook with Donegan (1959)
The Duprees
Slim Gaillard (1946)
Gossamer (Kwesi Boakye) - The Looney Tunes Show - "Monster Talent"
Earl Grant (1966)
Lionel Hampton
Roy Hargrove - Big Band (2009)
Al Hibbler (1956)
Jools Holland & Paul Weller (2012)
Jack Hylton
Harry James (Instrumental version)
Jan Johansson
Norah Jones from Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz (2003)
Frankie Laine single release(1946) and for his album Reunion in Rhythm (1959)
Brenda Lee for her album Bye Bye Blues (1966)
Peggy Lee (1945)
Annie Lennox - Nostalgia (2014)
Guy Lombardo (US #1 1937)
Julie London (on her album Calendar Girl, 1956)
Mantovani
Yehudi Menuhin
Willie Nelson - Night and Day (1999)
Red Norvo - Red Norvo with Tal Farlow & Charles Mingus (1997)
Anita O'Day - This Is Hip (2006)
The Platters from the album The Platters (1964)
Sue Raney - Breathless (1997 Compilation) and Songs For A Raney Day (1960).
Nelson Riddle
Marty Robbins - The Essential Marty Robbins 1951-1982: Columb |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coding%20conventions | Coding conventions are a set of guidelines for a specific programming language that recommend programming style, practices, and methods for each aspect of a program written in that language. These conventions usually cover file organization, indentation, comments, declarations, statements, white space, naming conventions, programming practices, programming principles, programming rules of thumb, architectural best practices, etc. These are guidelines for software structural quality. Software programmers are highly recommended to follow these guidelines to help improve the readability of their source code and make software maintenance easier. Coding conventions are only applicable to the human maintainers and peer reviewers of a software project. Conventions may be formalized in a documented set of rules that an entire team or company follows, or may be as informal as the habitual coding practices of an individual. Coding conventions are not enforced by compilers.
Software maintenance
Reducing the cost of software maintenance is the most often cited reason for following coding conventions. In the introductory section on code conventions for the Java programming language, Sun Microsystems offers the following reasoning:
Code conventions are important to programmers for a number of reasons:
40%–80% of the lifetime cost of a piece of software goes to maintenance.
Hardly any software is maintained for its whole life by the original author.
Code conventions improve the readability of the software, allowing engineers to understand new code more quickly and thoroughly.
If you ship your source code as a product, you need to make sure it is as well packaged and clean as any other product you create.
Quality
Software peer review frequently involves reading source code. This type of peer review is primarily a defect detection activity. By definition, only the original author of a piece of code has read the source file before the code is submitted for review. Code that is w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ppc64 | ppc64 is an identifier commonly used within the Linux, GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and LLVM open-source software communities to refer to the target architecture for applications optimized for 64-bit big-endian PowerPC and Power ISA processors.
ppc64le is a pure little-endian mode that has been introduced with the POWER8 as the prime target for technologies provided by the OpenPOWER Foundation, aiming at enabling porting of the x86 Linux-based software with minimal effort.
Details
These two identifiers are frequently used when compiling source code to identify the target architecture.
64-bit Power and PowerPC processors are the following:
PowerPC 620
RS64 – Apache, RS64-II Northstar, RS64-III Pulsar/IStar, and RS64-IV SStar
POWER3 and POWER3-II
POWER4 and POWER4+
PowerPC 970, 970FX, 970MP and 970GX
POWER5 and POWER5+
PPE in Cell BE, PowerXCell 8i and Xenon.
PWRficient
POWER6 and POWER6+
POWER7 and POWER7+
A2, A2I (used in the Blue Gene/Q) and A2O
PowerPC e5500 core based
PowerPC e6500 core based
POWER8 – P8-6c Murano, P8-12c Turismo and Venice, P8E (with NVLink) and CP1
POWER9 – P9C Cumulus, P9N Nimbus and P9 AIO Axone
Power10
Microwatt, open source soft core
Chiselwatt, open source soft core
Defunct 64-bit PowerPC processors are the Motorola G5 and PowerPC e700. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat%20science | Meat science is the study of meat, including its production, preparation and preservation. Some meat scientists are studying methods of producing artificial meat such as cultures of muscle cells.
See also
Flavorist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20probability%20ratio%20test | The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a specific sequential hypothesis test, developed by Abraham Wald and later proven to be optimal by Wald and Jacob Wolfowitz. Neyman and Pearson's 1933 result inspired Wald to reformulate it as a sequential analysis problem. The Neyman-Pearson lemma, by contrast, offers a rule of thumb for when all the data is collected (and its likelihood ratio known).
While originally developed for use in quality control studies in the realm of manufacturing, SPRT has been formulated for use in the computerized testing of human examinees as a termination criterion.
Theory
As in classical hypothesis testing, SPRT starts with a pair of hypotheses, say and for the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis respectively. They must be specified as follows:
The next step is to calculate the cumulative sum of the log-likelihood ratio, , as new data arrive: with , then, for =1,2,...,
The stopping rule is a simple thresholding scheme:
: continue monitoring (critical inequality)
: Accept
: Accept
where and () depend on the desired type I and type II errors, and . They may be chosen as follows:
and
In other words, and must be decided beforehand in order to set the thresholds appropriately. The numerical value will depend on the application. The reason for being only an approximation is that, in the discrete case, the signal may cross the threshold between samples. Thus, depending on the penalty of making an error and the sampling frequency, one might set the thresholds more aggressively. The exact bounds are correct in the continuous case.
Example
A textbook example is parameter estimation of a probability distribution function. Consider the exponential distribution:
The hypotheses are
Then the log-likelihood function (LLF) for one sample is
The cumulative sum of the LLFs for all is
Accordingly, the stopping rule is:
After re-arranging we finally find
The thresholds are simply two parallel lines with slope . Samplin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUN%20buffer | NUN buffer is a solution that makes it possible to purify proteins located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Although other procedures are available they result in loss of albumin D-box binding protein (DBP) which is unwanted if nuclear signal pathways are to be investigated. Therefore, a new extraction procedure was developed in 1993 to increase recovery of nonhistone proteins using a (NUN) solution containing 0.3 M NaCl, 1 M urea, and 1% nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40, which destabilize salt bridges, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, respectively; resulting in a disruption of interaction between proteins and DNA. By incubating nuclei in NUN buffer and centrifuging the solution, the supernatant will therefore contain nuclear proteins.
NUN buffer contains: HEPES [pH 7.6], Urea, NaCl, DDT, PIC 1 & 2, 1.1% NP-40, Sodium orthovanadate, β-glycerol phosphate and water. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate%20choice | Mate choice is one of the primary mechanisms under which evolution can occur. It is characterized by a "selective response by animals to particular stimuli" which can be observed as behavior. In other words, before an animal engages with a potential mate, they first evaluate various aspects of that mate which are indicative of quality—such as the resources or phenotypes they have—and evaluate whether or not those particular trait(s) are somehow beneficial to them. The evaluation will then incur a response of some sort.
These mechanisms are a part of evolutionary change because they operate in a way that causes the qualities that are desired in a mate to be more frequently passed on to each generation over time. For example, if female peacocks desire mates who have a colourful plumage, then this trait will increase in frequency over time as male peacocks with a colourful plumage will have more reproductive success. Further investigation of this concept, has found that it is in fact the specific trait of blue and green colour near the eyespot that seems to increase the females likelihood of mating with a specific peacock.
Mate choice is a major component of sexual selection, another being intrasexual selection. Ideas on sexual selection were first introduced in 1871, by Charles Darwin, then expanded on by Ronald Fisher in 1915. At present, there are five sub mechanisms that explain how mate choice has evolved over time. These are direct phenotypic benefits, sensory bias, the Fisherian runaway hypothesis, indicator traits and genetic compatibility.
In the majority of systems where mate choice exists, one sex tends to be competitive with their same-sex members and the other sex is choosy (meaning they are selective when it comes to picking individuals to mate with). There are direct and indirect benefits of being the selective individual. In most species, females are the choosy sex which discriminates among competitive males, but there are several examples of reverse |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20toilet | A flying toilet is a facetious name for a plastic bag that is used as a simple collection device for human faeces when there is a lack of proper toilets and people are forced to practise open defecation. The filled and tied plastic bags are then discarded in ditches or on the roadside. Associated especially with slums, they are called flying toilets "because when you have filled them, you throw them as far away as you can".
Usage
Flying toilets are particularly associated with slums surrounding Nairobi, Kenya, especially Kibera. According to a report from the United Nations Development Programme launched in Cape Town on 9 November 2006, "two in three people [in Kibera] identify the flying toilet as the primary mode of excreta disposal available to them." This contradicts a Kenyan government report which indicates that 99% of Nairobi residents have access to a sanitation service. The UNDP report blames a taboo against bureaucrats and politicians discussing toilets, while others see a reluctance among the Nairobi authorities to formalise what they characterise as an "illegal settlement".
A related concept in the United States is the "trucker bomb", described in a media report as the trucking industry practice of urinating into plastic bottles and throwing them from the vehicle as an alternative to stopping the truck or using facilities at rest stops.
Problems
Piles of polyethene bags gather on roofs and attract flies. Some of them burst open upon impact and/or clog drainage systems. If they land on fractured water pipes, a drop in water pressure can cause the contents to be sucked into the water system. People can also be hit by the bags as they are blindly tossed. In the rainy season, drainage contaminated with excrement can enter residences; some children even swim in it. Such close contact leads to fears of diseases such as diarrhoea, skin disorders, typhoid fever and malaria.
The practice of defecating outside, away from one's house, especially in the dark, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20movement | Functional movements are movements based on real-world situational biomechanics. They usually involve multi-planar, multi-joint movements which place demand on the body's core musculature and innervation.
Functional vs other movements
Sports-specific
Sports-specific movements, such as a tennis swing or bowling a cricket ball, are based on sports-specific situations. While there is some cross-over application from sports-specific movements (such as running), they are usually so specific that they supersede functional movements in complexity. Yet both sports and functional movements are dependent on the body's core.
Muscle-specific
Traditional weight-lifting depends on muscle-specific program-design with the goal of muscle-specific hypertrophy. For example, a concentration biceps curl attempts to isolate the biceps brachii, although by gripping the weight one also engages the wrist flexors. These exercises tend to be the most far-removed from functional movement, due to their attempt to micromanage the variables acting on the individual muscles. Functional exercises, on the other hand, attempt to incorporate as many variables as possible (balance, multiple joints, multiple planes of movement), thus decreasing the load on the muscle but increasing the complexity of motor coordination and flexibility.
Biomechanics
Functional movement usually involves gross motor movement involving the core, which refers to the muscles of the abdomen and spine, such as segmental stabilizers.
See also
Functional Movement Systems
Biomechanics
Core (anatomy)
Functional training
Functional Movement Screen
Erwan Le Corre, trainer in a form of functional movement known as "MovNat"
External links
Lisa Mercer Fitness, "Functional Sports Conditioning: Bridging the Gap Between Fitness and Athleticism."
Biomechanics
[1] http://www.ptonthenet.com/articles/the-functional-continuum-3251
Motor control |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleba | Gleba (, from Latin glaeba, glēba, "lump") is the fleshy spore-bearing inner mass of certain fungi such as the puffball or stinkhorn.
The gleba is a solid mass of spores, generated within an enclosed area within the sporocarp. The continuous maturity of the sporogenous cells leave the spores behind as a powdery mass that can be easily blown away. The gleba may be sticky or it may be enclosed in a case (peridiole).
It is a tissue usually found in an angiocarpous fruit-body, especially gasteromycetes. Angiocarpous fruit-bodies usually consist of fruit enclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; such as the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. The presence of gleba can be found in earthballs and puffballs. The gleba consists of mycelium and basidia and may also contain capillitium threads.
Gleba found on the fruit body of species in the family Phallaceae is typically gelatinous, often fetid-smelling, and deliquescent (becoming liquid from the absorption of water). It is formed on the exterior face of the cap or the upper part of the fruit body. The foul smell helps to attract insects that help disperse the spores. Chemicals that contribute to the odor include methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom%20of%20the%20Poles | The Phantom of the Poles is a book written by William Reed, and published in 1906. It attempts to explain certain mysterious phenomena reported by polar explorers by postulating that the Earth is in fact hollow, with holes at its poles.
Phenomena to be explained
In the General Summary chapter of The Phantom of the Poles, Reed posed several questions that he claimed were explained by the Hollow Earth theory:
Why is the earth flattened at the poles?
Why have the poles never been reached?
Why does the sun not appear for so long in winter near the supposed poles?
Assuming that the earth is hollow, the interior should be warmer.
We must now resort to the compass. Does it refuse to work when drawing near the supposed poles?
Meteors are constantly falling near the supposed poles. Why?
The next query is concerning the great quantities of dust constantly found in the Arctic Ocean. What causes this dust?
What produces the Aurora Borealis?
Icebergs are next in order. Where are they formed? And how??
What causes tidal waves?
What causes colored snow in the Arctic region?
Why are the nights so long in the polar regions?
What causes the great ice-pressure in the Arctic Ocean during still tide and calm weather?
Why is the ice filled with rock, gravel, and sand?
Invalidation of the theory
Admiral Peary claimed to have reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. This would have invalidated Reed's premise that the poles cannot be reached. Although Peary's claim was, in its day, and continues to be controversial, on December 14, 1911, Roald Amundsen undisputedly reached the South Pole. Subsequent expeditions to and flights over the south pole have conclusively demonstrated that there are no large holes there. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal%20to%20the%20stone | Appeal to the stone, also known as argumentum ad lapidem, is a logical fallacy that dismisses an argument as untrue or absurd. The dismissal is made by stating or reiterating that the argument is absurd, without providing further argumentation. This theory is closely tied to proof by assertion due to the lack of evidence behind the statement and its attempt to persuade without providing any evidence.
Appeal to the stone is a logical fallacy. Specifically, it is an informal fallacy, which means that it relies on inductive reasoning in an argument to justify an assertion. Informal fallacies contain erroneous reasoning in content of the argument and not the form or structure of it, as opposed to formal fallacies, which contain erroneous reasoning in argument form.
Example
Speaker A: Infectious diseases are caused by tiny organisms that are not visible to unaided eyesight.
Speaker B: Your statement is false.
Speaker A: Why do you think that it is false?
Speaker B: It sounds like nonsense.
Speaker B denies Speaker A's claim without providing evidence to support their denial. This may not be unreasonable if the claim is inherently self-contradictory ("I am not speaking to you right now") or too malformed to be a sensical claim at all, of course.
History
Origin
The name "appeal to the stone" originates from an argument between Dr. Samuel Johnson and James Boswell over George Berkeley's theory of subjective idealism (known previously as "immaterialism"). Subjective idealism states that reality is dependent on a person's perceptions of the world and that material objects are intertwined with one's perceptions of these material objects.
Johnson's intent, apparently, was to imply that it was absurd of Berkeley to call such a stone "immaterial," when in fact Johnson could kick it with his foot.
Classification
Informal logical fallacies
Informal logical fallacies are misconceptions derived from faulty reasoning. Informal logical fallacies use inductive reasoning a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disengagement%20theory | The disengagement theory of ageing states that "aging is an inevitable, mutual withdrawal or disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between the aging person and others in the social system he belongs to". The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society. There are multiple variations on disengagement theory, such as moral disengagement.
Disengagement theory was formulated by Cumming and Henry in 1961 in the book Growing Old and was the first theory of aging that social scientists developed. Thus, the theory has historical significance in gerontology. Since then, it has faced strong criticism since the theory was proposed as innate, universal, and unidirectional.
The disengagement theory is one of three major psychosocial theories which describe how people develop in old age. The other two major psychosocial theories are the activity theory and the continuity theory, and the disengagement theory comes to odds with both.
Postulates
Cumming and Henry provided the following nine postulates for the "process of disengagement":
Postulate 1: Everyone expects death, and one's abilities will likely deteriorate over time. As a result, every person will lose ties to others in his or her society.
Postulate 2: Because individual interactions between people strengthen norms, an individual who has fewer varieties of interactions has greater freedom from the norms imposed by interaction. Consequently, this form of disengagement becomes a circular or self-perpetuating process.
Postulate 3: Because men have a centrally instrumental role in America, and women a socioemotional one, disengagement differs between men and women.
Postulate 4: The individual's life is punctuated by ego changes. For example, aging, a form of ego change, causes knowledge and skill to deteriorate. However, success in an industrialized society demands certain knowledge and skill. To satisfy these demands, age-grading ensures that the young possess suffi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfinsen%27s%20dogma | Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laureate Christian B. Anfinsen from his research on the folding of ribonuclease A. The postulate amounts to saying that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy. In other words, there are three conditions for formation of a unique protein structure:
Uniqueness – Requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged.
Stability – Small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks more like a funnel (with the native state in the bottom of it) rather than like a soup plate (with several closely related low-energy states); the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability.
Kinetical accessibility – Means that the path in the free energy surface from the unfolded to the folded state must be reasonably smooth or, in other words, that the folding of the chain must not involve highly complex changes in the shape (like knots or other high order conformations). Basic changes in the shape of the protein happen dependent on their environment, shifting shape to suit their place. This creates multiple configurations for biomolecules to shift into.
Challenges to Anfinsen's dogma
Protein folding in a cell is a highly complex process that involves transport of the newly synthesized proteins to appropriate cellular compartments through targetin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%20%28anatomy%29 | The core or trunk is the axial (central) part of an organism's body. In common parlance, the term is broadly considered to be synonymous with the torso, but academically it also includes the head and neck. Functional movements are highly dependent on this part of the body, and lack of core muscular development can result in a predisposition to injury. The major muscles of the core reside in the area of the belly and the mid and lower back (not the shoulders), and peripherally include the hips, the shoulders and the neck.
Muscles
Major muscles included are the pelvic floor muscles, transversus abdominis, multifidus, internal and external obliques, rectus abdominis, erector spinae (sacrospinalis) especially the longissimus thoracis, and the diaphragm. The lumbar muscles, quadratus Lumborum (deep portion), deep rotators, as well as cervical muscles, rectus capitus anterior and lateralis, longus coli may also be considered members of the core group.
Minor core muscles include the latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, and trapezius.
Functions of the core
The core is used to stabilize the thorax and the pelvis during dynamic movement and it also provides internal pressure to expel substances (vomit, feces, carbon-laden air, etc.).
Continence
Continence is the ability to withhold bowel movements, and urinary stress incontinence (the lack of bladder control due to pelvic floor dysfunction) can result from weak core musculature.
Pregnancy
Core muscles, specifically the transversus abdominis, are used during labor and delivery.
Valsalva maneuver
Core muscles are also involved in the Valsalva maneuver, where the thorax tightens while the breath is held to assist, often involuntarily, in activities such as lifting, pushing, excretion and birthing.
Anatomical posture and support
The core is traditionally assumed to originate most full-body functional movement, including most sports. In addition, the core determines to a large part a person's posture. In all, the human |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20matrix | In mathematics, particularly matrix theory, the n×n Lehmer matrix (named after Derrick Henry Lehmer) is the constant symmetric matrix defined by
Alternatively, this may be written as
Properties
As can be seen in the examples section, if A is an n×n Lehmer matrix and B is an m×m Lehmer matrix, then A is a submatrix of B whenever m>n. The values of elements diminish toward zero away from the diagonal, where all elements have value 1.
The inverse of a Lehmer matrix is a tridiagonal matrix, where the superdiagonal and subdiagonal have strictly negative entries. Consider again the n×n A and m×m B Lehmer matrices, where m>n. A rather peculiar property of their inverses is that A−1 is nearly a submatrix of B−1, except for the A−1n,n element, which is not equal to B−1n,n.
A Lehmer matrix of order n has trace n.
Examples
The 2×2, 3×3 and 4×4 Lehmer matrices and their inverses are shown below.
See also
Derrick Henry Lehmer
Hilbert matrix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synology | Synology Inc. () is a Taiwanese corporation that specializes in network-attached storage (NAS) appliances. Synology's line of NAS is known as the DiskStation for desktop models, FlashStation for all-flash models, and RackStation for rack-mount models. Synology's products are distributed worldwide and localized in several languages.
Synology's headquarters are located in Taipei, Taiwan, with subsidiaries located around the world.
In 2018, product review website Wirecutter described Synology as a "longtime leader in the small-business and home NAS arena", albeit still a newcomer in the field of Wi-Fi routers.
Company history
Synology Inc. was founded in January 2000 when Cheen Liao and Philip Wong left Microsoft to pursue an independent project. Liao was a development manager in the Microsoft Exchange Server Group, while Wong was a Sales Director for Microsoft in Taiwan. The two began to write a new operating system called Filer OS based on Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), which was to be used with Fastora NAS hardware to create a NAS solution. To integrate their NAS software tightly with hardware, Synology released its first complete solution in 2004, the DiskStation DS-101. Since then, Synology has grown to about 650 employees worldwide. Liao and Wong are still with the company, with Liao serving as President of Synology America Corp. and Wong serving Chairman of Synology Inc.
DSM extensibility
Synology's software architecture allows for third-party add-on application integration. Hundreds of third-party applications are available in addition to Synology's own catalog. Command line access via SSH or Telnet is available. Access to development tools and APIs are also available on Synology's website. Third-party applications can be written in an interpreted programming language such as PHP or compiled to binary format. Public APIs allow custom applications to integrate into Synology's web-based user interface. Installers using the SPK format can install third |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion%20transformation | In mathematical physics, inversion transformations are a natural extension of Poincaré transformations to include all conformal, one-to-one transformations on coordinate space-time. They are less studied in physics because, unlike the rotations and translations of Poincaré symmetry, an object cannot be physically transformed by the inversion symmetry. Some physical theories are invariant under this symmetry, in these cases it is what is known as a 'hidden symmetry'. Other hidden symmetries of physics include gauge symmetry and general covariance.
Early use
In 1831 the mathematician Ludwig Immanuel Magnus began to publish on transformations of the plane generated by inversion in a circle of radius R. His work initiated a large body of publications, now called inversive geometry. The most prominently named mathematician became August Ferdinand Möbius once he reduced the planar transformations to complex number arithmetic. In the company of physicists employing the inversion transformation early on was Lord Kelvin, and the association with him leads it to be called the Kelvin transform.
Transformation on coordinates
In the following we shall use imaginary time () so that space-time is Euclidean and the equations are simpler. The Poincaré transformations are given by the coordinate transformation on space-time parametrized by the 4-vectors V
where is an orthogonal matrix and is a 4-vector. Applying this transformation twice on a 4-vector gives a third transformation of the same form. The basic invariant under this transformation is the space-time length given by the distance between two space-time points given by 4-vectors x and y:
These transformations are subgroups of general 1-1 conformal transformations on space-time. It is possible to extend these transformations to include all 1-1 conformal transformations on space-time
We must also have an equivalent condition to the orthogonality condition of the Poincaré transformations:
Because one can divide the top a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20line | In mathematics, a complex line is a one-dimensional affine subspace of a vector space over the complex numbers. A common point of confusion is that while a complex line has dimension one over C (hence the term "line"), it has dimension two over the real numbers R, and is topologically equivalent to a real plane, not a real line.
The "complex plane" commonly refers to the graphical representation of the complex line on the real plane, and is thus generally synonymous with the complex line, and not a two-dimensional space over the complex numbers.
See also
Algebraic geometry
Complex vector
Riemann sphere |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20costs | Legacy costs is a term formed by analogy with the computer industry's legacy systems. Legacy costs are those incurred by an organization (whether corporation or city) in prior years under different leadership or when the entity's priorities and resources were different. While it can refer to other commitments (particularly existing infrastructure) as well, it primarily refers to obligations to pay health care costs and pensions under defined-benefit plans for current employees and retirees, usually incurred during the labor peace era after World War II. Legacy costs are believed to hinder American jobs, such as auto manufacturers and central cities, and older airlines worldwide. This belief leads to the idea that legacy costs will lower the company's competitiveness. Organized labor sees such criticisms as part of a desire to abandon any form of social contract between worker and employer.
Newer, less-established entities have few or no problems with legacy costs, because they have less pension and health care liabilities (this applies to new suburbs, for example, as well as new companies), and are therefore able to out-compete (in some cases) the older entities.
History
In the 1990s, steel firms were guaranteed pension funds. Workers had health-care benefits through these steel firms; however, there was an issue in funding for the defined benefit pension funds. In 1986, PBGC took over LTV's pension payments after LTV went bankrupt. The main apprehension was the liabilities between the firms with defined benefit plans and the firms with contribution pension plans. After this problem, many workers believed that the old firms had to pay the costs of the pensions, also known as legacy costs.
The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy has conducted research on how much money is spent on pension plans from state and local government in their published 2012 findings. This research used records from Boston College Center for Retirement Research with a Public Plans Database (P |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphygmograph | The sphygmograph ( ) was a mechanical device used to measure blood pressure in the mid-19th century. It was developed in 1854 by German physiologist Karl von Vierordt (1818–1884). It is considered the first external, non-intrusive device used to estimate blood pressure.
The device was a system of levers hooked to a scale-pan in which weights were placed to determine the amount of external pressure needed to stop blood flow in the radial artery. Although the instrument was cumbersome and its measurements imprecise, the basic concept of Vierordt's sphygmograph eventually led to the blood pressure cuff used today.
In 1863, Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904) improved the device by making it portable. Also he included a specialized instrument to be placed above the radial artery that was able to magnify pulse waves and record them on paper with an attached pen.
In 1872, Frederick Akbar Mahomed published a description of a modified sphygmograph. This modified version made the sphygmograph quantitative, so that it was able to measure arterial blood pressure.
In 1880, Samuel von Basch (1837–1905) invented the sphygmomanometer, which was then improved by Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863–1937) in the 1890s. In 1901 Harvey Williams Cushing improved it further, and Heinrich von Recklinghausen (1867–1942) used a wider cuff, and so it became the first accurate and practical instrument for measuring blood pressure. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalartos%20woodii | Encephalartos woodii, Wood's cycad, is a rare cycad in the genus Encephalartos, and is endemic to the oNgoye Forest of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. It is one of the rarest plants in the world, being extinct in the wild with all specimens being clones of the type. The specific and common name both honour John Medley Wood, curator of the Durban Botanic Garden and director of the Natal Government Herbarium of South Africa, who discovered the plant in 1895.
Description
It is palm tree like, and can reach a height of . The trunk is about in diameter, thickest at the bottom, and topped by a crown of 50–150 leaves. The leaves are glossy and dark green, in length, and keeled with 70–150 leaflets, the leaflets falcate (sickle-shaped), long and broad.
E. woodii is dioecious, meaning it has separate male and female plants; however, no female plant has ever been discovered. The male strobili are cylindrical, long, exceptionally up to , and in diameter; they are a vivid yellow-orange colour. A single plant may bear from around six to eight simultaneously.
Taxonomy
Encephalartos woodii was first described by Wood as a variety of E. altensteinii (as E. altensteinii var. bispinna), and raised to the rank of species in 1908 by the English horticulturalist Henry Sander from studying a specimen in his collection, which was apparently one of the basal offsets taken from the original clump. It has been considered that Encephalartos woodii is most closely related to E. natalensis. Some authorities consider E. woodii to not be a true species but rather a mutant E. natalensis or a relict of some other species. Yet others consider this plant to be a natural hybrid between E. natalensis and E. ferox. To determine the relationship between E. natalensis and E. woodii, the RAPD technique was used to generate genetic fingerprints and data analysed using distance methods. Based on RAPD fingerprints, the intraspecific genetic variation among different E. natalensis plants is similar to th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontological%20Society%20of%20America | The Gerontological Society of America (GSA) is a multidisciplinary organization devoted to research and education in all aspects of gerontology: medical, biological, psychological and social.
History and organization
The Gerontological Society of America (GSA) was incorporated in New York City in 1945 as an outgrowth of a group of scientists and physicians who had been calling themselves "the Club for Research on Ageing" since the 1930s. GSA has been holding scientific conferences since 1946.
In 1969, GSA moved its main office from St. Louis, Missouri to Washington, D.C. The Gerontological Society of America, along with the American Geriatrics Society advocated for the formation of a National Gerontological Institute. These efforts bore fruit in 1974 when President Richard Nixon signed legislation to create the National Institute on Aging (NIA).
In 1946, GSA began publishing Journal of Gerontology.
In 1961, material in Journal of Gerontology dealing with GSA organization and activities was moved to a new journal called The Gerontologist.
In 1988, Journal of Gerontology was renamed Journals of Gerontology to reflect the fact that it was a composite of four journals having four separate editors.
In 1995, the four journals being published under one cover were split into two magazines ("two covers"): (1) the Journals of Gerontology: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences and (2) the Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. Also in 1995 GSA began publishing The Public Policy and Aging Report to deal specifically with policy issues, and directed to those outside as well as within the academic community.
Activities
The primary activities of GSA are to:
Publish peer-reviewed journals
Publish special books and papers
Organize congressional briefings
Promote gerontology in higher education
Promote gerontology in public policy
Organize an Annual Scientific Meeting
Provide continuing education in gerontology
Special units
The Ger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostatic%20venous%20plexus | The prostatic veins form a well-marked prostatic plexus which lies partly in the fascial sheath of the prostate and partly between the sheath and the prostatic capsule. It collects blood from the prostate, and (via the v. dorsalis profunda clitoridis) the corpora cavernosa of penis. It communicates with the pudendal and vesical plexuses.
It is sometimes known as "Santorini's plexus", named for the Italian anatomist Giovanni Domenico Santorini.
Clinical significance
The prostatic venous plexus drains into the internal iliac vein which in turn connects with the vertebral venous plexus; this is thought to be the route of bone metastasis of prostate cancer. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20sacral%20vein | The median sacral vein (or middle sacral veins) is a vein of the abdomen. It accompanies the median sacral artery along the front of the sacrum. It ends in the left common iliac vein. Sometimes, it ends in the angle of junction of the two common iliac veins. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left%20gastric%20vein | The left gastric vein (or coronary vein) is a vein that derives from tributaries draining the lesser curvature of the stomach.
Structure
The left gastric vein runs from right to left along the lesser curvature of the stomach. It passes to the esophageal opening of the stomach, where it receives some esophageal veins. It then turns backward and passes from left to right behind the omental bursa. It drains into the portal vein near the superior border of the pancreas.
Function
The left gastric vein drains deoxygenated blood from the lesser curvature of the stomach. It also acts as collaterals between the portal vein and the systemic venous system of the lower esophagus (azygos vein).
Clinical significance
The esophageal branch of the left gastric vein drains into the azygos vein. In cases of portal hypertension, this communication allows for blood to bypass the portal vein and reach systemic circulation. As a result of this anastomosis, development of esophageal and paraesophageal varices is possible.
See also
Portacaval anastomosis
Right gastric vein |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20rectal%20veins | The middle rectal veins (or middle hemorrhoidal vein) take origin in the hemorrhoidal plexus and receive tributaries from the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicle.
They run lateralward on the pelvic surface of the levator ani to end in the internal iliac vein. Veins superior to the middle rectal vein in the colon and rectum drain via the portal system to the liver. Veins inferior, and including, the middle rectal vein drain into systemic circulation and are returned to the heart, bypassing the liver. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20rectal%20veins | The lower part of the external hemorrhoidal plexus is drained by the inferior rectal veins (or inferior hemorrhoidal veins) into the internal pudendal vein.
Pathologies involving the Inferior rectal veins may cause lower GI bleeding. Depending on the degree of inflammation, they are given a grade level ranging from 1 through 4.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophageal%20veins | The esophageal veins drain blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, in the thorax, and to the inferior thyroid vein in the neck. It also drains, although with less significance, to the hemiazygos vein, posterior intercostal vein and bronchial veins.
In the abdomen, some drain to the left gastric vein which drains into the portal vein.
See also
Esophageal varices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine%20venous%20plexus | The uterine plexuses lie along the sides and superior angles of the uterus between the two layers of the broad ligament, and communicate with the ovarian and vaginal plexuses.
They are drained by a pair of uterine veins on either side: these arise from the lower part of the plexuses, opposite the external orifice of the uterus, and open into the corresponding hypogastric vein.
Vasopressors, vasoconstrictor medications may be prescribed to alleviate the associated discomfort by shrinking the affected vein. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal%20venous%20plexus | The vaginal venous plexus is a group of veins draining blood from the vagina. It lies around the sides of the vagina. Its blood eventually drains into the internal iliac veins.
Structure
The vaginal venous plexus lies around the sides of the vagina. Its branches communicate with the uterine venous plexuses, vesical venous plexus, and rectal venous plexuses. It is drained by the vaginal veins, one on either side. These eventually drain into the internal iliac veins (hypogastric veins).
Function
The vaginal venous plexus drains blood from the vagina. It helps to make the vagina highly vascular. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesical%20venous%20plexus | The vesical venous plexus is a venous plexus situated at the fundus of the urinary bladder. It collects venous blood from the urinary bladder in both sexes, from the accessory sex glands in males, and from the corpora cavernosa of clitoris in females (via the v. dorsalis profunda clitoridis). It drains into the internal iliac veins via several vesical veins.
Anatomy
The vesical venous plexus envelops the inferior part of the bladder and the base of the prostate.
Anastomoses
It communicates with the pudendal and prostatic plexuses. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code%20rate | In telecommunication and information theory, the code rate (or information rate) of a forward error correction code is the proportion of the data-stream that is useful (non-redundant). That is, if the code rate is for every bits of useful information, the coder generates a total of bits of data, of which are redundant.
If is the gross bit rate or data signalling rate (inclusive of redundant error coding), the net bit rate (the useful bit rate exclusive of error correction codes) is .
For example: The code rate of a convolutional code will typically be , , , , , etc., corresponding to one redundant bit inserted after every single, second, third, etc., bit. The code rate of the octet oriented Reed Solomon block code denoted RS(204,188) is 188/204, meaning that redundant octets (or bytes) are added to each block of 188 octets of useful information.
A few error correction codes do not have a fixed code rate—rateless erasure codes.
Note that bit/s is a more widespread unit of measurement for the information rate, implying that it is synonymous with net bit rate or useful bit rate exclusive of error-correction codes.
See also
Information rate
Entropy rate
Punctured code |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley%20mild%20mosaic%20bymovirus | Barley mild mosaic bymovirus is a plant virus.
See also
See the article in French, "Jaunisse nanisante de l'orge":
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunisse_nanisante_de_l%27orge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution%20failure%20is%20not%20an%20error | Substitution failure is not an error (SFINAE) is a principle in C++ where an invalid substitution of template parameters is not in itself an error. David Vandevoorde first introduced the acronym SFINAE to describe related programming techniques.
Specifically, when creating a candidate set for overload resolution, some (or all) candidates of that set may be the result of instantiated templates with (potentially deduced) template arguments substituted for the corresponding template parameters. If an error occurs during the substitution of a set of arguments for any given template, the compiler removes the potential overload from the candidate set instead of stopping with a compilation error, provided the substitution error is one the C++ standard grants such treatment. If one or more candidates remain and overload resolution succeeds, the invocation is well-formed.
Example
The following example illustrates a basic instance of SFINAE:
struct Test {
typedef int foo;
};
template <typename T>
void f(typename T::foo) {} // Definition #1
template <typename T>
void f(T) {} // Definition #2
int main() {
f<Test>(10); // Call #1.
f<int>(10); // Call #2. Without error (even though there is no int::foo)
// thanks to SFINAE.
return 0;
}
Here, attempting to use a non-class type in a qualified name (T::foo) results in a deduction failure for f<int> because int has no nested type named foo, but the program is well-formed because a valid function remains in the set of candidate functions.
Although SFINAE was initially introduced to avoid creating ill-formed programs when unrelated template declarations were visible (e.g., through the inclusion of a header file), many developers later found the behavior useful for compile-time introspection. Specifically, it allows a template to determine certain properties of its template arguments at instantiation time.
For example, SFINAE can be used to determine if a type contains a certain typedef:
#include |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation%20%28projective%20geometry%29 | In projective geometry, a correlation is a transformation of a d-dimensional projective space that maps subspaces of dimension k to subspaces of dimension , reversing inclusion and preserving incidence. Correlations are also called reciprocities or reciprocal transformations.
In two dimensions
In the real projective plane, points and lines are dual to each other. As expressed by Coxeter,
A correlation is a point-to-line and a line-to-point transformation that preserves the relation of incidence in accordance with the principle of duality. Thus it transforms ranges into pencils, pencils into ranges, quadrangles into quadrilaterals, and so on.
Given a line m and P a point not on m, an elementary correlation is obtained as follows: for every Q on m form the line PQ. The inverse correlation starts with the pencil on P: for any line q in this pencil take the point . The composition of two correlations that share the same pencil is a perspectivity.
In three dimensions
In a 3-dimensional projective space a correlation maps a point to a plane. As stated in one textbook:
If κ is such a correlation, every point P is transformed by it into a plane , and conversely, every point P arises from a unique plane π′ by the inverse transformation κ−1.
Three-dimensional correlations also transform lines into lines, so they may be considered to be collineations of the two spaces.
In higher dimensions
In general n-dimensional projective space, a correlation takes a point to a hyperplane. This context was described by Paul Yale:
A correlation of the projective space P(V) is an inclusion-reversing permutation of the proper subspaces of P(V).
He proves a theorem stating that a correlation φ interchanges joins and intersections, and for any projective subspace W of P(V), the dimension of the image of W under φ is , where n is the dimension of the vector space V used to produce the projective space P(V).
Existence of correlations
Correlations can exist only if the space is self-dual. For |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase%20traffic%20theory | Three-phase traffic theory is a theory of traffic flow developed by Boris Kerner between 1996 and 2002. It focuses mainly on the explanation of the physics of traffic breakdown and resulting congested traffic on highways. Kerner describes three phases of traffic, while the classical theories based on the fundamental diagram of traffic flow have two phases: free flow and congested traffic. Kerner’s theory divides congested traffic into two distinct phases, synchronized flow and wide moving jam, bringing the total number of phases to three:
Free flow (F)
Synchronized flow (S)
Wide moving jam (J)
The word "wide" is used even though it is the length of the traffic jam that is being referred to.
A phase is defined as a state in space and time.
Free flow (F)
In free traffic flow, empirical data show a positive correlation between the flow rate (in vehicles per unit time) and vehicle density (in vehicles per unit distance). This relationship stops at the maximum free flow with a corresponding critical density . (See Figure 1.)
Congested traffic
Data show a weaker relationship between flow and density in congested conditions. Therefore, Kerner argues that the fundamental diagram, as used in classical traffic theory, cannot adequately describe the complex dynamics of vehicular traffic. He instead divides congestion into synchronized flow and wide moving jams.
In congested traffic, the vehicle speed is lower than the lowest vehicle speed encountered in free flow, i.e., the line with the slope of the minimal speed in free flow (dotted line in Figure 2) divides the empirical data on the flow-density plane into two regions: on the left side data points of free flow and on the right side data points corresponding to congested traffic.
Definitions [J] and [S] of the phases J and S in congested traffic
In Kerner's theory, the phases J and S in congested traffic are observed outcomes in universal spatial-temporal features of real traffic data. The phases J and S a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatnagar%E2%80%93Gross%E2%80%93Krook%20operator | The Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator (abbreviated BGK operator) term refers to a collision operator used in the Boltzmann equation and in the lattice Boltzmann method, a computational fluid dynamics technique. It is given by the following formula:
where is a local equilibrium value for the population of particles in the direction of link The term is a relaxation time, and related to the viscosity.
The operator is named after Prabhu L. Bhatnagar, Eugene P. Gross, and Max Krook, the three scientists who introduced it in a paper in Physical Review in 1954. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20architectural%20model | An architectural model (in software) is a diagram created using available standards, in which the primary aim is to illustrate a specific set of tradeoffs inherent in the structure and design of a system or ecosystem. Software architects use architectural models to communicate with others and seek peer feedback. An architectural model is an expression of a viewpoint in software architecture.
Some key elements in a software architectural model include:
Rich: For the viewpoint in question, there should be sufficient information to describe the area in detail. The information should not be lacking or vague. The goal is to minimize misunderstandings, not perpetuate them. See notes below on 'primary concern.'
Rigorous: The architect has applied a specific methodology to create this particular model, and the resulting model 'looks' a particular way. A test of rigorousness may state that if two architects, in different cities, were describing the same thing, the resulting diagrams would be nearly identical (with the possible exception of visual layout, to a point).
Diagram: In general, a model may refer to any abstraction that simplifies something for the sake of addressing a particular viewpoint. This definition specifically subclasses 'architectural models' to the subset of model descriptions that are represented as diagrams.
Standards: Standards work when everyone knows them and everyone uses them. This allows a level of communication that cannot be achieved when each diagram is substantially different from another. UML is the most often quoted standard.
Primary Concern: It is easy to be too detailed by including many different needs in a single diagram. This should be avoided. It is better to draw multiple diagrams, one for each viewpoint, than to draw a 'mega diagram' that is so rich in content that it requires a two-year course of study to understand it. Remember this: when building houses, the architect delivers many different diagrams. Each is used differently |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline%20of%20biotechnology | The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biotechnology:
Biotechnology – field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purposes.
Essence of biotechnology
Bioengineering
Biology
Technology
Applications of biotechnology
Cloning
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Environmental biotechnology
Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA
Synthetic biology
Tissue engineering
Use of biotechnology in pharmaceutical manufacturing
History of biotechnology
History of biotechnology
Timeline of biotechnology
Green Revolution
General biotechnology concepts
Bioeconomy
Biotechnology industrial park
Green Revolution
Human Genome Project
Pharmaceutical company
Stem cell
Telomere
Tissue culture
Biomimetics
Biotechnology industry
List of biotechnology companies
Leaders in biotechnology
Leonard Hayflick
Michael D. West
Craig Venter
David Baltimore
See also
Index of biotechnology articles
External links
A report on Agricultural Biotechnology focusing on the impacts of "Green" Biotechnology with a special emphasis on economic aspects
Building Biotechnology Glossary A glossary covering the science, legal, regulatory, and business aspects of biotechnology
StandardGlossary.com: Biotechnology A professional Biotechnology Glossary for beginners to learn Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Biotechnology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-Vandermonde%20identity | In mathematics, in the field of combinatorics, the q-Vandermonde identity is a q-analogue of the Chu–Vandermonde identity. Using standard notation for q-binomial coefficients, the identity states that
The nonzero contributions to this sum come from values of j such that the q-binomial coefficients on the right side are nonzero, that is,
Other conventions
As is typical for q-analogues, the q-Vandermonde identity can be rewritten in a number of ways. In the conventions common in applications to quantum groups, a different q-binomial coefficient is used. This q-binomial coefficient, which we denote here by , is defined by
In particular, it is the unique shift of the "usual" q-binomial coefficient by a power of q such that the result is symmetric in q and . Using this q-binomial coefficient, the q-Vandermonde identity can be written in the form
Proof
As with the (non-q) Chu–Vandermonde identity, there are several possible proofs of the q-Vandermonde identity. The following proof uses the q-binomial theorem.
One standard proof of the Chu–Vandermonde identity is to expand the product in two different ways. Following Stanley, we can tweak this proof to prove the q-Vandermonde identity, as well. First, observe that the product
can be expanded by the q-binomial theorem as
Less obviously, we can write
and we may expand both subproducts separately using the q-binomial theorem. This yields
Multiplying this latter product out and combining like terms gives
Finally, equating powers of between the two expressions yields the desired result.
This argument may also be phrased in terms of expanding the product in two different ways, where A and B are operators (for example, a pair of matrices) that "q-commute," that is, that satisfy BA = qAB.
Notes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%20swivel%20commutator | A mercury swivel commutator is an electrical commutator typically used in electrophysiological experiments on head free or moving animals. Electrical recordings from stationary, head-fixed animals can be done with electrodes attached to a stereotaxic rig. The wires leading from the electrode can be connected to the amplifier and recording setup using regular wires, since no twisting occurs. Freely moving animals may turn through several revolutions in one direction. While recording from freely moving animals, therefore, an electrical commutator is needed to prevent twisting of the wires that go from the electrode (moving and rotating with the head) to the amplifier/recorder (fixed to the ground).
Traditional electrical commutators use slip rings for coupling. Slip rings however inject commutator noise into the connection. This is because as the contact points slide over the surface of the slip-rings they make microscopic bumps. The resultant variation in resistance and inductance causes electrical noise in the circuit. To reduce the electrical noise the contact points need to be pressed against the slip rings with greater force. This leads to great resistance and a higher rate of wear.
Replacing the slip rings with pools of mercury — a conducting fluid — reduces commutator noise and friction, enabling commutator use for small weaker animals.
OEM machinery manufacturers are discovering the benefits of using a mercury swivel commutator in their designs. For example, packaging machines use some type of commutator or slip ring as a connection to the moving parts that are heated to seal the packages closed after they are filled. It is critical that the temperature sensing circuit be reliable and accurate. Unfortunately, using a slip ring assembly or standard electrical slip ring may cause problems due to electrical noise and degradation of signal produced by the rubbing contacts of the slip rings. Many OEM machinery manufacturers have switched to using mercury swivel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium | Plutonium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states. It reacts with carbon, halogens, nitrogen, silicon, and hydrogen. When exposed to moist air, it forms oxides and hydrides that can expand the sample up to 70% in volume, which in turn flake off as a powder that is pyrophoric. It is radioactive and can accumulate in bones, which makes the handling of plutonium dangerous.
Plutonium was first synthetically produced and isolated in late 1940 and early 1941, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First, neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized, which subsequently beta-decayed to form the new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 88 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented the University of California team from publishing its discovery until 1948.
Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number to occur in nature. Trace quantities arise in natural uranium-238 deposits when uranium-238 captures neutrons emitted by decay of other uranium-238 atoms.
Both plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are fissile, meaning that they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Plutonium-240 exhibits a high rate of spontaneous fission, raising the neutron flux of any sample containing it. The presence of plutonium-240 limits a plutonium sample's usability for weapons or its quality as reactor fuel, and the percentage of plutonium-240 determines its grade (weapons-grade, fuel-grade, or reactor-grade). Plutonium-238 has a half-l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerber%20Singles | Gerber Singles was a failed product from 1974 by Gerber, a maker of baby food. It was food in glass jars targeted to college students and adults living on their own for the first time. One marketing tag line was "We were good for you then, we're good for you now." According to Business Insider, Gerber believed that there was a market for single serving, ready to eat foods similar to ready-made baby food. Hoping that college students and other adults would purchase such foods if they were not labeled as "baby food" Gerber developed the Singles product. The fatal flaw and the reason the product flopped is that "packages of meat mush didn't exactly scream 'cool' to young singles." In January 2012, an ABC show called Culture Click, called television's first modern-day social studies class, put it on the top ten failed ideas along with New Coke and Bic disposable underwear.
See also
List of defunct consumer brands |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermomechanical%20analysis | Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a technique used in thermal analysis, a branch of materials science which studies the properties of materials as they change with temperature.
Thermomechanical analysis is a subdiscipline of the thermomechanometry (TM) technique.
Related techniques and terminology
Thermomechanometry is the measurement of a change of a dimension or a mechanical property of the sample while it is subjected to a temperature regime. An associated thermoanalytical method is thermomechanical analysis. A special related technique is thermodilatometry (TD), the measurement of a change of a dimension of the sample with a negligible force acting on the sample while it is subjected to a temperature regime. The associated thermoanalytical method is thermodilatometric analysis (TDA).
TDA is often referred to as zero force TMA. The temperature regime may be heating, cooling at a rate of temperature change that can include stepwise temperature changes, linear rate of change, temperature modulation with a set frequency and amplitude, free (uncontrolled) heating or cooling, or maintaining a constant increase in temperature. The sequence of temperatures with respect to time may be predetermined (temperature programmed) or sample controlled (controlled by a feedback signal from the sample response).
Thermomechanometry includes several variations according to the force and the way the force is applied.
Static force TM (sf-TM) is when the applied force is constant; previously called TMA with TD as the special case of zero force.
Dynamic force TM (df-TM) is when the force is changed as for the case of a typical stress–strain analysis; previously called TMA with the term dynamic meaning any alteration of the variable with time, and not to be confused with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
Modulated force TM (mf-TM) is when the force is changed with a frequency and amplitude; previously called DMA. The term modulated is a special variant of dynamic, used to be co |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense%20in%20depth%20%28computing%29 | Defense in depth is a concept used in information security in which multiple layers of security controls (defense) are placed throughout an information technology (IT) system. Its intent is to provide redundancy in the event a security control fails or a vulnerability is exploited that can cover aspects of personnel, procedural, technical and physical security for the duration of the system's life cycle.
Background
The idea behind the defense in depth approach is to defend a system against any particular attack using several independent methods. It is a layering tactic, conceived by the National Security Agency (NSA) as a comprehensive approach to information and electronic security. The term defense in depth in computing is inspired by a military strategy of the same name, but is quite different in concept. The military strategy revolves around having a weaker perimeter defense and intentionally yielding space to buy time, envelop, and ultimately counter-attack an opponent, whereas the information security strategy simply involves multiple layers of controls, but not intentionally ceding ground (cf. honeypot.)
Controls
Defense in depth can be divided into three areas: Physical, Technical, and Administrative.
Physical
Physical controls are anything that physically limits or prevents access to IT systems. Fences, guards, dogs, and CCTV systems and the like.
Technical
Technical controls are hardware or software whose purpose is to protect systems and resources. Examples of technical controls would be disk encryption, File integrity software, and authentication. Hardware technical controls differ from physical controls in that they prevent access to the contents of a system, but not the physical systems themselves.
Administrative
Administrative controls are organization's policies and procedures. Their purpose is to ensure that there is proper guidance available in regard to security and that regulations are met. They include things such as hiring practices, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrodifference%20equation | In mathematics, an integrodifference equation is a recurrence relation on a function space, of the following form:
where is a sequence in the function space and is the domain of those functions. In most applications, for any , is a probability density function on . Note that in the definition above, can be vector valued, in which case each element of has a scalar valued integrodifference equation associated with it. Integrodifference equations are widely used in mathematical biology, especially theoretical ecology, to model the dispersal and growth of populations. In this case, is the population size or density at location at time , describes the local population growth at location and , is the probability of moving from point to point , often referred to as the dispersal kernel. Integrodifference equations are most commonly used to describe univoltine populations, including, but not limited to, many arthropod, and annual plant species. However, multivoltine populations can also be modeled with integrodifference equations, as long as the organism has non-overlapping generations. In this case, is not measured in years, but rather the time increment between broods.
Convolution kernels and invasion speeds
In one spatial dimension, the dispersal kernel often depends only on the distance between the source and the destination, and can be
written as . In this case, some natural conditions on f and k imply that there is a well-defined
spreading speed for waves of invasion generated from compact initial conditions. The wave speed is often calculated
by studying the linearized equation
where .
This can be written as the convolution
Using a moment-generating-function transformation
it has been shown that the critical wave speed
Other types of equations used to model population dynamics through space include reaction–diffusion equations and metapopulation equations. However, diffusion equations do not as easily allow for the inclusion of explicit dispersa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmpliChip | AmpliChip is a family of clinical tests from the Swiss healthcare company Hoffmann-La Roche which aim to find out the patients' genotype using micro-array technology. The tests include the CYP450 Test and the P53 Test. The CYP450 Test was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9chet%20surface | In mathematics, a Fréchet surface is an equivalence class of parametrized surfaces in a metric space. In other words, a Fréchet surface is a way of thinking about surfaces independently of how they are "written down" (parametrized). The concept is named after the French mathematician Maurice Fréchet.
Definitions
Let be a compact 2-dimensional manifold, either closed or with boundary, and let be a metric space. A parametrized surface in is a map
that is continuous with respect to the topology on and the metric topology on Let
where the infimum is taken over all homeomorphisms of to itself. Call two parametrized surfaces and in equivalent if and only if
An equivalence class of parametrized surfaces under this notion of equivalence is called a Fréchet surface; each of the parametrized surfaces in this equivalence class is called a parametrization of the Fréchet surface
Properties
Many properties of parametrized surfaces are actually properties of the Fréchet surface, that is, of the whole equivalence class, and not of any particular parametrization.
For example, given two Fréchet surfaces, the value of is independent of the choice of the parametrizations and and is called the Fréchet distance between the Fréchet surfaces. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmpliChip%20CYP450%20Test | AmpliChip CYP450 Test is a clinical test from Roche. The test aims to find the specific gene types (a genotype) of the patient that will determine how he or she metabolizes certain medicines, therefore guides the doctors to prescribe medicine for best effectiveness and least side effects.
The AmpliChip CYP450 Test uses micro array technology from Affymetrix (GeneChip) to determine the genotype of the patient in terms of two cytochrome P450 enzymes: 2D6 and 2C19.
2D6 and 2C19 variability
CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 belong to the Cytochrome P450 oxidase family. CYP2D6 has over 90 variants, 2C19 has mainly three. They are responsible for the majority of the inter-individual variability in the ability to metabolize drugs.
There are four phenotypes of CYP2D6: Poor Metabolizer (PM), Intermediate Metabolizer (IM), Extensive (normal) Metabolizer (EM) and Ultrarapid Metabolizer (UM). For CYP2C19, there are only two phenotypes: PM and EM. If a substrate of the enzyme is given to the patient as a medication, and if the patient has reduced CYP2D6 or CYP2C19 activity, the patient will have elevated drug concentration in their body, and therefore severe side effects may occur. On the other hand, for the UM patient, the drug concentration might be too low to have a therapeutic effect. So testing the phenotype of the patient is important to help determine the optimum dosage of the drug.
How it works
The test analyzes the DNA of a patient to determine the genotype, and prediction of the phenotype can then be made. The DNA sample comes from blood (as Roche suggests) or, alternatively, comes from a mouth brush called buccal swab. The analysis has five steps after DNA is extracted from patient samples:
PCR amplification of the gene.
Fragmentation and labeling of the PCR product
Hybridization and staining on the AmpliChip DNA microarray.
Scanning the chip.
Data analysis.
FDA approval
FDA approved the test on December 24, 2004. The AmpliChip CYP450 test is the first FDA approved p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypogastrium | The hypogastrium (also called the hypogastric region or suprapubic region) is a region of the abdomen located below the umbilical region.
Etymology
The roots of the word hypogastrium mean "below the stomach"; the roots of suprapubic mean "above the pubic bone".
Boundaries
The upper limit is the umbilicus while the pubis bone constitutes its lower limit. The lateral boundaries are formed are drawing straight lines through the midway between the anterior superior iliac spine and symphisis pubis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical%20region | The umbilical region is one of the nine regions of the abdomen. It is the region that surrounds the area around the umbilicus and is placed approximately half way between the xiphoid process and the pubic symphysis. This region of the abdomen contains part of the stomach, the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a section of the transverse colon and the lower aspects of the left and right kidney. The upper three regions, from left to right, are the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and right hypochondriac regions. The middle three regions, from left to right, are the left lumbar, umbilical, and right lumbar regions. The bottom three regions, from left to right, are the left inguinal, hypogastric, and right inguinal regions.
External links
Abdomen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectovesical%20pouch | The rectovesical pouch is the pocket that lies between the rectum and the bladder in males in humans and other mammals. It is lined by peritoneum.
Structure
The rectovesical pouch is a space between the rectum and the bladder in men. It lies above the seminal vesicles. It is lined by peritoneum and at its base is the rectoprostatic fascia (Denonvillier's fascia). When a man is upright or supine, it is the lowest part of his peritoneal cavity. It may contain parts of the ileum (lower small intestine) and the sigmoid colon.
In women, the uterus lies between the rectum and the bladder. Therefore, women do not have a rectovesical pouch, but instead have a rectouterine pouch and vesicouterine pouch. After a hysterectomy in women, the remaining peritoneum may be referred to as a rectovesical pouch.
Clinical significance
When a man is upright or supine, the rectovesical pouch is the lowest part of his peritoneal cavity. Because of this, peritoneal fluid and other fluids that enter the peritoneal cavity, including ascites, blood and pus, tend to collect in this pouch.
Additional images
See also
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)
Retropubic space |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran%20flying%20squirrel | The Sumatran flying squirrel (Hylopetes winstoni) is a flying squirrel only found on the island of Sumatra. It is listed as data deficient on the IUCN red list. Originally discovered in 1949, it is known only from a single specimen. It is a nocturnal, arboreal creature, spending most of its life in the canopy. The Sumatran flying squirrel is threatened by a restricted range and habitat loss due to logging.
Unlike most other flying squirrels, it does not have a membrane connecting to its tail. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical%20folds | Related to the urinary bladder, anteriorly there are the following folds:
one median umbilical fold on the median umbilical ligament (which in turn, contains the urachus)
two medial umbilical folds on the occluded umbilical artery
two lateral umbilical folds on the inferior epigastric vessels |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasashastra | In Ayurvedic medicine, the compilation of traditional ancient Indian medicine practice is called rasaśāstra (रसशासत्र ), which details processes by which various metals, minerals and other substances, including mercury, are purified and combined with herbs in an attempt to treat illnesses. Rasashastra is a pharmaceutical branch of Indian system of medicine which mainly deals with the metals, minerals, animal origin product, toxic herbs and their use in therapeutics.
History of development
The credit of developing rasashastra as a stream of classical Ayurveda, especially in fulfilling its healthcare-related goals, goes to Nāgārjuna (5th century CE).
Classical textbooks
Rasendra Mangala
It was composed by Nāgārjuna Siddha in the Sanskrit language. P. C. Rây considered this work (which he erroneously called Rasaratnākara) to be amongst the earliest surviving alchemical works, perhaps from as early as the 7th or 8th century. The text actually dates to the 12th century. Rasendramangala originally comprised eight chapters, only four of which are found in the manuscripts available today. Manuscripts of the work are found at Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, at Rajasthan Prachya Vidya Pratishthan, Govt. office Bikaner and elsewhere. An edition and translation was published in 2003.
Rasa Hridaya Tantra
It was created by Shrimad Govind Bhagvatapad, guru of Shankaracharya, around in the 10th century. It contains elaborate description of dhatuvada ( metallurgical processes to transform mercury into higher metals as gold or silver). A Sanskrit commentary on this text was contributed by Shri Chaturbhuj Mishra under the name of Mugdhavabodhini.
Rasarnava
Edited and published in 1908–1910.
Written by Bhairava.
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara
It is a 13th-century text by Acharya Yashodhar Bhatt. It was first published by Acharya Yadavji Trikam in 1910. Its second edition was published in 1912 under guidance of Shri Jivaram Kalidas Vyas. It contains 13 chapters describi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileocecal%20fold | The ileocecal fold (or ileocaecal fold) is an anatomical structure of the human abdomen formed by a layer of peritoneum between the ileum and cecum. The upper border of the ileocecal fold is fixed to the ileum opposite its mesenteric attachment, and the lower border passes over the ileocecal junction to join the mesentery of the appendix (and sometimes the appendix itself as well). Behind the ileocecal fold is the inferior ileocecal fossa.
The ileocecal fold is also called a ligament, veil, or bloodless fold of Treves (after English surgeon Sir Frederick Treves). Despite the latter name, the ileocecal fold in fact often contains a vessel.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence%20in%20measure | Convergence in measure is either of two distinct mathematical concepts both of which generalize
the concept of convergence in probability.
Definitions
Let be measurable functions on a measure space . The sequence is said to converge globally in measure to if for every ,
,
and to converge locally in measure to if for every and every with
,
.
On a finite measure space, both notions are equivalent. Otherwise, convergence in measure can refer to either global convergence in measure or local convergence in measure, depending on the author.
Properties
Throughout, f and fn (n N) are measurable functions X → R.
Global convergence in measure implies local convergence in measure. The converse, however, is false; i.e., local convergence in measure is strictly weaker than global convergence in measure, in general.
If, however, or, more generally, if f and all the fn vanish outside some set of finite measure, then the distinction between local and global convergence in measure disappears.
If μ is σ-finite and (fn) converges (locally or globally) to f in measure, there is a subsequence converging to f almost everywhere. The assumption of σ-finiteness is not necessary in the case of global convergence in measure.
If μ is σ-finite, (fn) converges to f locally in measure if and only if every subsequence has in turn a subsequence that converges to f almost everywhere.
In particular, if (fn) converges to f almost everywhere, then (fn) converges to f locally in measure. The converse is false.
Fatou's lemma and the monotone convergence theorem hold if almost everywhere convergence is replaced by (local or global) convergence in measure.
If μ is σ-finite, Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem also holds if almost everywhere convergence is replaced by (local or global) convergence in measure.
If X = [a,b] ⊆ R and μ is Lebesgue measure, there are sequences (gn) of step functions and (hn) of continuous functions converging globally in measure to f.
If f and fn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapterurus | Malapterurus is a genus of catfishes (order Siluriformes) of the electric catfish family (Malapteruridae). It includes 18 species.
Distribution
The genus Malapterurus is found throughout western and central tropical Africa and the Nile River. They occur in all major freshwater systems including the Buzi, Niger, Ogooué, Omo, Sanaga, Sabi-Lundi, Senegal, Shari, Congo, and Zambezi River basins, as well as Lakes Albert, Chad, Kainji, Tanganyika, and Turkana.
Description
Malapterurus have an elongate and cylindrical body that gives them the general appearance of a sausage. The eyes are small, the lips are rather thick, and the snout is rounded with widely separated nostrils. The gill openings are narrow and restricted to the sides. Malapterurus species have three pairs of barbels, and lack a dorsal fin. The pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins are rounded. The swimbladder has two elongate posterior chambers.
Species in Malapterurus are generally grayish-brown on the back and sides, fading to an off white or cream color on the ventral surfaces of the head and body. There are irregular black spots or blotches randomly distributed on the sides of the body. The posterior half of the caudal peduncle usually has a dark brown or black vertical bar and a cream vertical bar immediately before it. The edges of the anal and caudal fins have a cream margin, and the base of the caudal fin has a cream region and a dark brown crescent-shaped band immediately after it.
The electrogenic organ is derived from anterior body musculature and lines the body cavity. A fish that is 50 centimetres (19 in) in length can discharge up to 350 V.
M. electricus is one of the few electric species that have been conditioned by means of reward to discharge on signal. As reported in the New York Times on April 2, 1967, researcher Dr. Frank J. Mandriota of City College of New York conditioned a M. electricus to discharge on a light signal for a reward of live worms delivered automatically. This is a firs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Schubert |
Hermann Cäsar Hannibal Schubert (22 May 1848 – 20 July 1911) was a German mathematician.
Schubert was one of the leading developers of enumerative geometry, which considers those parts of algebraic geometry that involve a finite number of solutions. In 1874, Schubert won a prize for solving a question posed by Zeuthen. Schubert calculus was named after him.
Schubert tutored Adolf Hurwitz at the Realgymnasium Andreanum in Hildesheim, Hanover, and arranged for Hurwitz to study under Felix Klein at University.
See also
Schubert cycle or Schubert variety
Schubert polynomial
Publications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25%20English | 100% English is a Channel 4 television programme shown in November 2006 in the United Kingdom. It looked at the genetic makeup of English people who considered themselves to be ethnically English and found that while all had an ethnic makeup similar to people of European descent, a minority discovered genetic markers from North Africa and the Middle East from several generations before they were born. The presenter was Andrew Graham-Dixon. The test results were interpreted by DNAPrint Genomics, based in Sarasota, Florida, United States.
The concept of the show was to:
Take eight people – all of whom are convinced they are 100% English. Then submit a sample of their DNA to a series of state-of-the-art tests ... Lord Tebbit, Garry Bushell and Carol Thatcher are among the participants who have agreed to place their genetic make-up under the microscope ...
Garry Bushell, who appeared on the show, later criticised the slant of the programme and the portrayal of English people. On his website he stated: "Only Nazis, and it appears C4, think of national identity in terms of racial purity ... Besides, you could apply the same tests to the French, Greeks, or Italians and get similar results, but no-one questions their right to nationhood."
See also
Genetic genealogy |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula%20linguae | The copula linguae or copula, is a swelling that forms from the second pharyngeal arch, late in the fourth week of embryogenesis. During the fifth and sixth weeks the copula becomes overgrown and covered by the hypopharyngeal eminence which forms mostly from the third pharyngeal arch and in part from the fourth pharyngeal arch. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median%20tongue%20bud | The median tongue bud (also tuberculum impar) marks the beginning of the development of the tongue. It appears as a midline swelling from the first pharyngeal arch late in the fourth week of embryogenesis. In the fifth week, a pair of lateral lingual swellings (or distal tongue buds) develop above and in line with the median tongue bud. These swellings grow downwards towards each other, quickly overgrowing the median tongue bud. The line of the fusion of the distal tongue buds is marked by the median sulcus. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%E2%80%93Thompson%20inequality | In physics and mathematics, the Golden–Thompson inequality is a trace inequality between exponentials of symmetric and Hermitian matrices proved independently by and . It has been developed in the context of statistical mechanics, where it has come to have a particular significance.
Statement
The Golden–Thompson inequality states that for (real) symmetric or (complex) Hermitian matrices A and B, the following trace inequality holds:
This inequality is well defined, since the quantities on either side are real numbers. For the expression on right hand side of the inequality, this can be seen by rewriting it as using the cyclic property of the trace.
Motivation
The Golden–Thompson inequality can be viewed as a generalization of a stronger statement for real numbers. If a and b are two real numbers, then the exponential of a+b is the product of the exponential of a with the exponential of b:
If we replace a and b with commuting matrices A and B, then the same inequality holds.
This relationship is not true if A and B do not commute. In fact, proved that if A and B are two Hermitian matrices for which the Golden–Thompson inequality is verified as an equality, then the two matrices commute. The Golden–Thompson inequality shows that, even though and are not equal, they are still related by an inequality.
Generalizations
The Golden–Thompson inequality generalizes to any unitarily invariant norm. If A and B are Hermitian matrices and is a unitarily invariant norm, then
The standard Golden–Thompson inequality is a special case of the above inequality, where the norm is the Schatten norm with . Since and are both positive semidefinite matrices, and .
The inequality has been generalized to three matrices by and furthermore to any arbitrary number of Hermitian matrices by . A naive attempt at generalization does not work: the inequality
is false. For three matrices, the correct generalization takes the following form:
where the operator is the derivati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral%20gap | In mathematics, the spectral gap is the difference between the moduli of the two largest eigenvalues of a matrix or operator; alternately, it is sometimes taken as the smallest non-zero eigenvalue. Various theorems relate this difference to other properties of the system.
See also
Cheeger constant (graph theory)
Cheeger constant (Riemannian geometry)
Eigengap
Spectral gap (physics)
Spectral radius |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment%20transport | Sediment transport is the movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles along the sloping surface on which they are resting. Sediment transport due to fluid motion occurs in rivers, oceans, lakes, seas, and other bodies of water due to currents and tides. Transport is also caused by glaciers as they flow, and on terrestrial surfaces under the influence of wind. Sediment transport due only to gravity can occur on sloping surfaces in general, including hillslopes, scarps, cliffs, and the continental shelf—continental slope boundary.
Sediment transport is important in the fields of sedimentary geology, geomorphology, civil engineering, hydraulic engineering and environmental engineering (see applications, below). Knowledge of sediment transport is most often used to determine whether erosion or deposition will occur, the magnitude of this erosion or deposition, and the time and distance over which it will occur.
Mechanisms
Aeolian
Aeolian or eolian (depending on the parsing of æ) is the term for sediment transport by wind. This process results in the formation of ripples and sand dunes. Typically, the size of the transported sediment is fine sand (<1 mm) and smaller, because air is a fluid with low density and viscosity, and can therefore not exert very much shear on its bed.
Bedforms are generated by aeolian sediment transport in the terrestrial near-surface environment. Ripples and dunes form as a natural self-organizing response to sediment transport.
Aeolian sediment transport is common on beaches and in the arid regions of the world, because it is in these environments that vegetation does not prevent the presence and motion |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipidome |
The lipidome refers to the totality of lipids in cells. Lipids are one of the four major molecular components of biological organisms, along with proteins, sugars and nucleic acids. Lipidome is a term coined in the context of omics in modern biology, within the field of lipidomics. It can be studied using mass spectrometry and bioinformatics as well as traditional lab-based methods. The lipidome of a cell can be subdivided into the membrane-lipidome and mediator-lipidome.
The first cell lipidome to be published was that of a mouse macrophage in 2010. The lipidome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been characterised with an estimated 95% coverage; studies of the human lipidome are ongoing. For example, the human plasma lipidome consist of almost 600 distinct molecular species. Research suggests that the lipidome of an individual may be able to indicate cancer risks associated with dietary fats, particularly breast cancer.
See also
Genome
Proteome
Glycome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORFeome | In, molecular genetics, an ORFeome refers to the complete set of open reading frames (ORFs) in a genome. The term may also be used to describe a set of cloned ORFs. ORFs correspond to the protein coding sequences (CDS) of genes. ORFs can be found in genome sequences by computer programs such as GENSCAN and then amplified by PCR. While this is relatively trivial in bacteria the problem is non-trivial in eukaryotic genomes because of the presence of introns and exons as well as splice variants.
Use in research
The usage of complete ORFeomes reflects a new trend in biology that can be succinctly summarized as omics. ORFeomes are used for the study of protein-protein interactions, protein microarrays, the study of antigens, and other fields of study.
Cloned ORFeomes
Complete ORF sets have been cloned for a number of organisms including Brucella melitensis,
Chlamydia pneumoniae,
Escherichia coli,
Neisseria gonorrhoeae,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Staphylococcus aureus
and human herpesviruses
A partial human ORFeome has also been produced. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5rding%27s%20inequality | In mathematics, Gårding's inequality is a result that gives a lower bound for the bilinear form induced by a real linear elliptic partial differential operator. The inequality is named after Lars Gårding.
Statement of the inequality
Let be a bounded, open domain in -dimensional Euclidean space and let denote the Sobolev space of -times weakly differentiable functions with weak derivatives in . Assume that satisfies the -extension property, i.e., that there exists a bounded linear operator such that for all .
Let L be a linear partial differential operator of even order 2k, written in divergence form
and suppose that L is uniformly elliptic, i.e., there exists a constant θ > 0 such that
Finally, suppose that the coefficients Aαβ are bounded, continuous functions on the closure of Ω for |α| = |β| = k and that
Then Gårding's inequality holds: there exist constants C > 0 and G ≥ 0
where
is the bilinear form associated to the operator L.
Application: the Laplace operator and the Poisson problem
Be careful, in this application, Garding's Inequality seems useless here as the final result is a direct consequence of Poincaré's Inequality, or Friedrich Inequality. (See talk on the article).
As a simple example, consider the Laplace operator Δ. More specifically, suppose that one wishes to solve, for f ∈ L2(Ω) the Poisson equation
where Ω is a bounded Lipschitz domain in Rn. The corresponding weak form of the problem is to find u in the Sobolev space H01(Ω) such that
where
The Lax–Milgram lemma ensures that if the bilinear form B is both continuous and elliptic with respect to the norm on H01(Ω), then, for each f ∈ L2(Ω), a unique solution u must exist in H01(Ω). The hypotheses of Gårding's inequality are easy to verify for the Laplace operator Δ, so there exist constants C and G ≥ 0
Applying the Poincaré inequality allows the two terms on the right-hand side to be combined, yielding a new constant K > 0 with
which is precisely the statement that B is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars%20G%C3%A5rding | Lars Gårding (7 March 1919 – 7 July 2014) was a Swedish mathematician. He made notable contributions to the study of partial differential equations and partial differential operators. He was a professor of mathematics at Lund University in Sweden 1952–1984. Together with Marcel Riesz, he was a thesis advisor for Lars Hörmander.
Biography
Gårding was born in Hedemora, Sweden but grew up in Motala, where his father was an engineer at the plant. He began to study mathematics in Lund in 1937 with the first intention of becoming an actuary.
His doctorate thesis, which was written under supervision of Marcel Riesz, was first on group representations in 1944, but in the following years he changed his research focus to the theory of partial differential equations. He held the professorship of mathematics at Lund University from 1952 until retirement in 1984.
His interest was not limited to mathematics, but also in art, literature and music. He played the violin and the piano. Further, he published a book on bird songs and calls in 1987, a result of his interest in bird watching.
Gårding was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1953.
Gårding died on 7 July 2014, aged 95.
Selected works
Books
1977. Encounter with Mathematics, 1st Edition.
2013. Encounter with Mathematics, softcover reprint of the 1st 1977 edition. Springer
Articles |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home%20Gateway%20Initiative | The Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) was a nonprofit trade organization to discuss the key specifications and standards of residential gateways, also known as home gateways.
It was founded by telephone companies (Belgacom, BT, Deutsche Telekom, France Telecom, KPN, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT), Swiss Telecom, Telenor, Telecom Italia and Teliasonera) in December 2004.
Several manufacturers such as ADB, Devolo, Huawei, Ikanos Communications, Intel, Lantiq, SoftAtHome or ZTE also joined the alliance.
HGI's aims included:
Release specifications of the home gateway.
Boost the market of home communication services to the millions of customers served by its founding members.
Improve the interoperability of gateways with home devices.
HGI also built on work of other standards bodies such as the Broadband Forum, Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) and Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi) Alliance.
The initiative made an agreement with the Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) in 2006. HGI established relations with oneM2M and initiated a transfer of HGI work into oneM2M, especially regarding a Smart Device Template (SDT) specification which was transferred as ETSI TR 118 522 V2.0.0 (2016-09)
HGI closed operations in June 2016, wrapping up according to its statutes, and archiving all specifications for five years. The HGI website and documents were permanently archived on www.archive.org on 21 February 2021. The organisation webpage www.homegatewayinitiative.org is no longer owned and might potentially be taken over by some other organisation in future. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubbard%E2%80%93Stratonovich%20transformation | The Hubbard–Stratonovich (HS) transformation is an exact mathematical transformation invented by Russian physicist Ruslan L. Stratonovich and popularized by British physicist John Hubbard. It is used to convert a particle theory into its respective field theory by linearizing the density operator in the many-body interaction term of the Hamiltonian and introducing an auxiliary scalar field. It is defined via the integral identity
where the real constant . The basic idea of the HS transformation is to reformulate a system of particles interacting through two-body potentials into a system of independent particles interacting with a fluctuating field. The procedure is widely used in polymer physics, classical particle physics, spin glass theory, and electronic structure theory.
Calculation of resulting field theories
The resulting field theories are well-suited for the application of effective approximation techniques, like the mean field approximation. A major difficulty arising in the simulation with such field theories is their highly oscillatory nature in case of strong interactions, which leads to the well-known numerical sign problem. The problem originates from the repulsive part of the interaction potential, which implicates the introduction of the complex factor via the HS transformation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement%20field%20%28mechanics%29 | In mechanics, a displacement field is the assignment of displacement vectors for all points in a region or body that are displaced from one state to another. A displacement vector specifies the position of a point or a particle in reference to an origin or to a previous position. For example, a displacement field may be used to describe the effects of deformation on a solid body.
Formulation
Before considering displacement, the state before deformation must be defined. It is a state in which the coordinates of all points are known and described by the function:
where
is a placement vector
are all the points of the body
are all the points in the space in which the body is present
Most often it is a state of the body in which no forces are applied.
Then given any other state of this body in which coordinates of all its points are described as the displacement field is the difference between two body states:
where is a displacement field, which for each point of the body specifies a displacement vector.
Decomposition
The displacement of a body has two components: a rigid-body displacement and a deformation.
A rigid-body displacement consists of a simultaneous translation and rotation of the body without changing its shape or size.
Deformation implies the change in shape and/or size of the body from an initial or undeformed configuration to a current or deformed configuration (Figure 1).
A change in the configuration of a continuum body can be described by a displacement field. A displacement field is a vector field of all displacement vectors for all particles in the body, which relates the deformed configuration with the undeformed configuration. The distance between any two particles changes if and only if deformation has occurred. If displacement occurs without deformation, then it is a rigid-body displacement.
Displacement gradient tensor
Two types of displacement gradient tensor may be defined, following the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incremental%20capital-output%20ratio | The Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR) is the ratio of investment to growth which is equal to the reciprocal of the marginal product of capital. The higher the ICOR, the lower the productivity of capital or the marginal efficiency of capital. The ICOR can be thought of as a measure of the inefficiency with which capital is used. In most countries the ICOR is in the neighborhood of 3. It is a topic discussed in economic growth. It can be expressed in the following formula, where K is capital output ratio, Y is output (GDP), and I is net investment.
According to this formula the incremental capital output ratio can be computed by dividing the investment share in GDP by the rate of growth of GDP. As an example, if the level of investment (as a share of GDP) in a developing country had been (approximately) 20% over a particular period, and if the growth rate of GDP had been (approximately) 5% per year during the same period, then the ICOR would be 20/5 = 4.
ICOR, world, and determining variables
Further reading
van Rijckeghem, Willy "The Secret of the Variable ICOR" The Economic Journal, December 1968, Vol LXXVOO, pp.984-85.
Reinhart, Carmen M. "Comment" on Giancarlo Corsetti, Paolo Pesenti, and Nouriel Roubini: "Fundamental Determinants of the Asian Crisis: The Role of Financial Fragility and External Imbalances", in Takatoshi Ito and Anne Krueger, eds. Regional and Global Capital Flows: Macroeconomic Causes and Consequences (Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER, 2001), 42–45. . .
Capital (economics)
Financial ratios
Investment indicators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey%20marker | Survey markers, also called survey marks, survey monuments, or geodetic marks, are objects placed to mark key survey points on the Earth's surface. They are used in geodetic and land surveying. A benchmark is a type of survey marker that indicates elevation (vertical position). Horizontal position markers used for triangulation are also known as triangulation stations.
Benchmarking is the hobby of "hunting" for these marks.
Types
All sorts of different objects, ranging from the familiar brass disks to liquor bottles, clay pots, and rock cairns, have been used over the years as survey markers. Some markers have been used to designate tripoints, or the meeting points of three or more countries. In the 19th century, these marks were often drill holes in rock ledges, crosses or triangles chiseled in rock, or copper or brass bolts sunk into bedrock.
Today in the United States, the most common geodetic survey marks are cast metal disks with stamped legends on their face set in rock ledges, embedded in the tops of concrete pillars, or affixed to the tops of pipes that have been sunk into the ground. These marks are intended to be permanent, and disturbing them is generally prohibited by federal and state law.
Survey markers in Nagoya, Japan, which bear stylized images of shachihoko, are noted for their elaborate design.
History
Survey markers were often placed as part of triangulation surveys, measurement efforts that moved systematically across states or regions, establishing the angles and distances between various points. Such surveys laid the basis for map-making across the world.
Geodetic survey markers were often set in groups. For example, in triangulation surveys, the primary point identified was called the triangulation station, or the "main station". It was often marked by a "station disk" (see upper photo at left), a brass disk with a triangle inscribed on its surface and an impressed mark that indicated the precise point over which a surveyor's plumb-bob s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield%20surface | A yield surface is a five-dimensional surface in the six-dimensional space of stresses. The yield surface is usually convex and the state of stress of inside the yield surface is elastic. When the stress state lies on the surface the material is said to have reached its yield point and the material is said to have become plastic. Further deformation of the material causes the stress state to remain on the yield surface, even though the shape and size of the surface may change as the plastic deformation evolves. This is because stress states that lie outside the yield surface are non-permissible in rate-independent plasticity, though not in some models of viscoplasticity.
The yield surface is usually expressed in terms of (and visualized in) a three-dimensional principal stress space (), a two- or three-dimensional space spanned by stress invariants () or a version of the three-dimensional Haigh–Westergaard stress space. Thus we may write the equation of the yield surface (that is, the yield function) in the forms:
where are the principal stresses.
where is the first principal invariant of the Cauchy stress and are the second and third principal invariants of the deviatoric part of the Cauchy stress.
where are scaled versions of and and is a function of .
where are scaled versions of and , and is the stress angle or Lode angle
Invariants used to describe yield surfaces
The first principal invariant () of the Cauchy stress (), and the second and third principal invariants () of the deviatoric part () of the Cauchy stress are defined as:
where () are the principal values of , () are the principal values of , and
where is the identity matrix.
A related set of quantities, (), are usually used to describe yield surfaces for cohesive frictional materials such as rocks, soils, and ceramics. These are defined as
where is the equivalent stress. However, the possibility of negative values of and the resulting imaginary makes the use of these |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auth-Code | An Auth-Code, also known as an EPP code, authorization code, transfer code, or Auth-Info Code, is a generated passcode required to transfer an Internet domain name between domain registrars; the code is intended to indicate that the domain name owner has authorized the transfer.
Auth-Codes are created by the current registrar of the domain. The registrar is required to provide the Auth-Code to the domain name owner within five calendar days of the owner's request, and ICANN accepts complaints about registrars that do not. Some registrars allow Auth-Codes to be generated by the domain owners through the registrar's website. All Generic top-level domains use an Auth-Code in their transfer process.
The .nz domain registry used an eight-character Auth-Code called Unique Domain Authentication Identifier (UDAI) for domain transfers and name conflict procedures. The UDAI was provided to the domain owner by the domain's current registrar, and expired after 30 days. With the .nz registry update in 2022 the term UDAI was retired, and the passcode is now also referred to as an Auth-Code.
Alternative systems
The .uk and .co.uk domain registry, instead of using a passcode, has the domain owner specify the new registrar using the old registrar. The destination registrar is specified using the destination's registrar tag, also known as an Internet Provider Security (IPS) tag or Nominet Provider tag.
Some registries use a document based approach either in conjunction with or instead of an Auth-Code. An example for that is .hu for which the registrant has to fill out a document and send it to the new registrar, who sends it to the registry to fulfill the domain transfer.
The .is domain registry uses the domains admin NIC handle and the old registrar has to update it to the new registrars NIC handle.
Some other registries use an email template (that may or may not be in part processed automatically) like .lr or .jm. In this case the technical contact is set to the registrar and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20booting | Network booting, shortened netboot, is the process of booting a computer from a network rather than a local drive. This method of booting can be used by routers, diskless workstations and centrally managed computers (thin clients) such as public computers at libraries and schools.
Network booting can be used to centralize management of disk storage, which supporters claim can result in reduced capital and maintenance costs. It can also be used in cluster computing, in which nodes may not have local disks.
In the late 1980s/early 1990s, network boot was used to save the expense of a disk drive, because a decently sized harddisk would still cost thousands of dollars, often equaling the price of the CPU.
Hardware support
Contemporary desktop personal computers generally provide an option to boot from the network in their BIOS/UEFI via the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE). Post-1998 PowerPC (G3 G5) Mac systems can also boot from their New World ROM firmware to a network disk via NetBoot. Old personal computers without network boot firmware support can utilize a floppy disk or flash drive containing software to boot from the network.
Process
The initial software to be run is loaded from a server on the network; for IP networks this is usually done using the Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). The server from which to load the initial software is usually found by broadcasting a Bootstrap Protocol or Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) request. Typically, this initial software is not a full image of the operating system to be loaded, but a small network boot manager program such as PXELINUX which can deploy a boot option menu and then load the full image by invoking the corresponding second-stage bootloader.
Installations
Netbooting is also used for unattended operating system installations. In this case, a network-booted helper operating system is used as a platform to execute the script-driven, unattended installation of the intended operating system on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Oil%20Chemists%27%20Society | The American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) is an international professional organization based in Urbana, Illinois dedicated to providing the support network for those involved with the science and technology related to fats, oils, surfactants, and other related materials.
Founded in 1909, AOCS has approximately 2,000 members in 90 countries who are active in a total of ten divisions and six sections, of which only one of the sections is within the United States.
History
The AOCS was started in May 1909 under the name Society of Cotton Products Analysts as a group that promoted recommended methods for chemical processes focused on the cottonseed industry. In 1920, the name was changed to American Oil Chemists' Society.<ref name="SATS">National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council (1961), Scientific and Technological Societies of the United States and Canada, 7th ed.; National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, Washington D.C.</ref> In 1976, AOCS hosted the first World Conference on Oilseed and Vegetable Oils Processing Technologies in Amsterdam, presided over by the AOCS president Frank White.
According to the official AOCS site, "the mission of AOCS is to provide high standards of quality among those with a professional interest in the science and technology of fats, oils, surfactants, and related materials and is continually fulfilled by AOCS Technical Services. Its esteemed products and services help professionals maintain excellence in their industry".
Technical (Laboratory) Services
AOCS Technical has been facilitating global trade and laboratory integrity through its fine products, programs, and services since 1909.
Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS,6th Edition
AOCS methods are used in hundreds of laboratories on all six continents. The 6th Edition contains more than 400 fats, oils and lipid related methods critical for processing and trading.
Laboratory Proficiency Program (LPP)
The AOCS LPP is the world's |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomixing | Photomixing is the generation of continuous wave terahertz radiation from two lasers. The beams are mixed together and focused onto a photomixer device which generates the terahertz radiation.
It is technologically significant because there are few sources capable of providing radiation in this waveband, others include frequency multiplied electronic/microwave sources, quantum cascade laser and ultrashort pulsed lasers with photoconductive switches as used in terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. The advantages of this technique are that it is continuously tunable over the frequency range from 300 GHz to 3 THz (10 cm−1 to 100 cm−1) (1 mm to 0.1 mm), and spectral resolutions in the order of 1 MHz can be achieved. However, the achievable power is on the order of 10−8 W.
Principle
Two continuous wave lasers with identical polarisation are required, the lasers with frequency ω1 and ω2 are spatially overlapped to generate a terahertz beatnote. The co-linear lasers are then used to illuminate an ultra fast semiconductor material such as GaAs. The photonic absorption and the short charge carrier lifetime results in the modulation of the conductivity at the desired terahertz frequency ωTHz = ω1 - ω2. An applied electric field allows the conductivity variation to be converted into a current which is radiated by a pair of antenna. A typical photoconductive device or 'photomixer' is made from low temperature GaAs with a patterned metalized layer which is used to form an electrode array and radiating antenna.
High resolution spectrometer
The photomixing source can then form the basis of a laser spectrometer which can be used to examine the THz signature of various subjects such as gases, liquids or solid materials.
The instrument can be divided into the following functional units:
Laser sources which provide a THz beatnote in the optical domain. These are usually two near infrared lasers and maybe an optical amplifier.
The photomixer device converts the beatnote into THz |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius%20turpis | Lactarius turpis (also L. plumbeus or L. necator) is commonly known as the ugly milk-cap in English. It is found naturally in Europe and Siberia, and has been introduced to Australia and New Zealand. While especially associated with birch, it is also found with spruce, pine and other trees in mixed woodland.
The messy, dirty appearance, seen in the photograph, is characteristic of the species and gives it its English name and the Latin species epithet, turpis. It seems to collect debris on top and the gills acquire a dirty brownish stain due to discoloured milk.
Taxonomy and naming
This very variable mushroom demonstrates a common phenomenon in mycology as there is much disagreement over naming. The three main scientific designations:
Lactarius turpis Fr.,
Lactarius necator (Bull.:Fr.) Karsten, and
Lactarius plumbeus (Bull.:Fr.) S. F. Gray,
are usually, but not always, considered to be synonyms for same species. The epithets necator and plumbeus were both coined by Pierre Bulliard as Agaricus necator (1791) and Agaricus plumbeus (1793), but there is and was confusion as to which mushrooms were meant. The name turpis, derived from the Latin term turpis "ugly", was originated by Johann Anton Weinmann and taken over by Elias Magnus Fries in 1838.
Plumbeus too referred to the milk-cap's appearance, derived from the Latin for plumbeus "lead-coloured".
Description
The cap is normally in diameter. At first it has an involute margin and a somewhat depressed centre. The upper surface is olive brown or yellow-green and is often sticky or slimy in the middle. When young it has velvety zones and may be shaggy at the rim. Later it becomes funnel-shaped and the colour darkens to blackish. The gills are crowded, dirty white, stained olive-brown by old milk, which is initially white on contact with the air. They are somewhat decurrent. With potassium hydroxide or ammonia there is a purple reaction. The stipe is up to about tall by in diameter and it is similar in colour to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae%20of%20corpus%20spongiosum%20of%20penis | The fibrous envelope of the corpus cavernosum urethrae is thinner, whiter in color, and more elastic than that of the corpora cavernosa penis. It is called the trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis.
The trabeculae are more delicate, nearly uniform in size, and the meshes between them smaller than in the corpora cavernosa penis: their long diameters, for the most part, corresponding with that of the penis.
The external envelope or outer coat of the corpus cavernosum urethrae is formed partly of unstriped muscular fibers, and a layer of the same tissue immediately surrounds the canal of the urethra.
See also
Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabeculae%20of%20corpora%20cavernosa%20of%20penis | From the internal surface of the fibrous envelope of the corpora cavernosa penis, as well as from the sides of the septum, numerous bands or cords are given off, which cross the interior of these corpora cavernosa in all directions, subdividing them into a number of separate compartments, and giving the entire structure a spongy appearance.
These bands and cords are called the trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis, and consist of white fibrous tissue, elastic fibers, and plain muscular fibers. In them are contained numerous arteries and nerves.
The component fibers which form the trabeculae are larger and stronger around the circumference than at the centers of the corpora cavernosa; they are also thicker behind than in front.
The interspaces (cavernous spaces), on the contrary, are larger at the center than at the circumference, their long diameters being directed transversely.
They are filled with blood, and are lined by a layer of flattened cells similar to the endothelial lining of veins.
See also
Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius%20torminosus | Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a large agaric fungus. A common and widely distributed species, it is found in North Africa, northern Asia, Europe, and North America. It was first described scientifically by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 as an Agaricus, and later transferred to the genus Lactarius in 1821 by Samuel Frederick Gray. A variety, L. torminosus var. nordmanensis, is known from the United States, Canada, and Switzerland. L. torminosus officially became the type species of Lactarius in 2011 after molecular studies prompted the taxonomic reshuffling of species between several Russulaceae genera.
A mycorrhizal species, L. torminosus associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and its fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests. The caps of L. torminosus mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . A blend of pink and ochre hues, the cap sometimes has concentric zones of alternating lighter and darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inward, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the cap are narrow flesh-colored gills that are crowded closely together. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a delicately downy surface and brittle flesh; it is up to long and thick. When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a bitter white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety nordmanensis, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow. Lactarius torminosus can be distinguished from similar species like L. pubescens or L. villosus by differences in morphology and coloration, or by microscopic characteristics like spore shape and size.
Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, the species is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins, also responsible for the strongly bitter or acrid taste, are de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crus%20of%20penis | The two crura of penis (one crus on each side) constitute the root of penis along with the bulb of penis. The two crura flank the bulb - one to each side of the bulb. Each crus is attached at the angle between the perineal membrane and ischiopubic ramus. The deep artery of the penis enters the anterior portion of the crus. Distally, each crus transitions into either corpus spongiosum of the body of penis.
Anatomy
Each crus represents the tapering, posterior fourth of each corpora cavernosa penis; the two corpora cavernosa are situated alongside each other along the length of the body of penis while the two crura diverge laterally in the root of penis before attaching firmly onto either ischial ramus at their proximal end.
Each crus begins proximally as a blunt-pointed process in anterior to the tuberosity of the ischium, along the perineal surface of the conjoined (ischiopubic) ramus.
Just proximal to the convergence of the two crura, they come into contact with the bulb of (corpus cavernosum of) penis.
Additional images
See also
Crus of clitoris |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicine%20arteries%20of%20penis | The helicine arteries of penis are arteries in the penis. They are found in the corpora cavernosa penis.
They are involved in the process of erection.
Anatomy
On entering the cavernous structure from the deep artery of the penis the arteries divide into branches, which are supported and enclosed by the trabeculae. Some of these arteries end in a capillary net-work, the branches of which open directly into the cavernous spaces; others assume a tendril-like appearance, and form convoluted and somewhat dilated vessels, which were named by Rosenmüller "helicine arteries".
Clinical significance
These arteries have two unique features: an intimal cushion and valves. Sympathetic stimulation maintains a tonic contractile state of the intimal cushion, a smooth muscle lying in the center of the artery. This keeps the artery coiled, and little blood flow occurs, instead routing to arteriovenous shunts to the deep dorsal vein. Parasympathetic stimulation removes the tonic state and allows vasodilation of the intimal cushion. Blood now pools in the corpora cavernosa, resulting in erection. The valves prevent backflow in the now-tortuous route through the cavernosa.
This parasympathetic relaxation response is mediated by a release of nitric oxide (NO). NO binds to the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP in turn triggers relaxation of the smooth muscle and results in dilation of blood vessels. This signal is terminated when cGMP is broken down by the enzyme cGMP specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), the enzyme that is targeted by sildenafil and other drugs that treat erectile dysfunction. By preventing PDE5 from breaking down cGMP, the effects of NO are amplified and vasodilation occurs, thus resulting in increased penile erection. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductuli%20aberrantes | Ductuli aberrantes are two long narrow tubes, the ductulus aberrans inferior and the ductulus aberrans superior. The ductulus aberrant inferior (vas aberrans of Haller), is occasionally found connected with the lower part of the canal of the epididymis, or with the commencement of the vas deferens.
Its length varies from 3.5 to 35 cm. , and it may become dilated toward its extremity; more commonly it retains the same diameter throughout.
Its structure is similar to that of the ductus deferens.
Occasionally it is found unconnected with the epididymis.
A second tube, the ductulus aberrans superior, occurs in the head of the epididymis; it is connected with the rete testis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradidymis | The term paradidymis (organ of Giraldés) is applied to a small collection of convoluted tubules, situated in front of the lower part of the spermatic cord, above the head of the epididymis.
These tubes are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium, and probably represent the remains of a part of the Wolffian body, like the epididymis, but are functionless and vestigial. The Wolffian body operates as a kidney (mesonephros) in fishes and amphibians, but the corresponding tissue is co-opted to form parts of the male reproductive system in other classes of vertebrate. The paradidymis represents a remnant of an unused, atrophied part of the Wolffian body. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraperitoneal%20space | The extraperitoneal space is the portion of the abdomen and pelvis which does not lie within the peritoneum.
It includes:
Retroperitoneal space, situated posteriorly to the peritoneum
Preperitoneal space, situated anteriorly to the peritoneum
Retropubic space, deep to the pubic bone
Retro-inguinal space, deep to the inguinal ligament
The space in the pelvis is divided into the following components:
prevesical space
perivesical space
perirectal space
See also
Retropubic space
Rectovesical pouch
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas) |
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