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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para%20tertiary%20butylphenol%20formaldehyde%20resin | Para tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin also known as p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) or 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl) phenol (PTBP Formaldehyde) is a phenol-formaldehyde resin found in commercial adhesives, and in particular in adhesives used to bond leather and rubber. It has broad usage in a large variety of industries and can be found in many household items and textile products, and in particular it is used in the manufacture of shoes.
Ingredients and manufacture
The main ingredients of any Phenol formaldehyde resin is a phenol or substituted phenol and formaldehyde. The two main components of Para tertiary butylphenol formaldehyde resin are thus Para tertiary butyl phenol and formaldehyde. There have been a number of patents on their production.
Contact Dermatitis
It is noteworthy because this resin can cause severe allergic contact dermatitis in a significant percentage of individuals who come into contact with the resin. Most cases of dermatitis result from contact with shoes, watchbands, belts, wet suits, handbags, purses, wallets, hats, fabric glues, furniture and upholstery glues, wood glues, waterproof glues, rubber handled tools, dental bonding resins, box adhesives, disposable diapers, lip liner, and rubber athletic insoles. Use of PTBP-FR in manufacturing is ubiquitous across numerous industries and commercial products, but most commonly its usage in the manufacture of shoes is implicated in the majority of cases involving contact dermatitis. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault%207 | Vault 7 is a series of documents that WikiLeaks began to publish on 7 March 2017, detailing the activities and capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare. The files, dating from 2013 to 2016, include details on the agency's software capabilities, such as the ability to compromise cars, smart TVs, web browsers (including Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, and Opera), and the operating systems of most smartphones (including Apple's iOS and Google's Android), as well as other operating systems such as Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. A CIA internal audit identified 91 malware tools out of more than 500 tools in use in 2016 being compromised by the release. The tools were developed by the Operations Support Branch of the C.I.A.
The release of Vault 7 led the CIA to redefine WikiLeaks as a “non-state hostile intelligence service.” In July 2022 former CIA software engineer Joshua Schulte was convicted of leaking the documents to WikiLeaks.
History
During January and February 2017, the United States Justice Department was negotiating through Julian Assange's attorney Adam Waldman for immunity and safe passage for Assange to leave the Ecuadorian Embassy in London and to travel to the United States both to discuss risk minimization of future WikiLeaks releases including redactions and to testify that Russia was not the source for the WikiLeaks releases in 2016. In mid February 2017, Waldman, who was pro bono, asked Senator Mark Warner who was co-chairman of the United States Senate Intelligence Committee if he had any questions to ask Assange. Warner contacted FBI Director James Comey and told Waldman "stand down and end the negotiations with Assange," with which Waldman complied. However, David Laufman who was Waldman's counterpart with the Justice Department replied, "That's B.S. You're not standing down and neither am I." According to Ray McGovern on 28 March 2017, Waldman an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial%20result | The financial result is the difference between earnings before interest and taxes and earnings before taxes. It is determined by the earning or the loss which results from financial affairs.
Interpretation
For most industrial companies the financial result is negative, as the interest charged on borrowing generally exceeds income from investments (dividends). If a company records a positive financial Result over several periods, then one has to ask how much capital is invested at which interest rate, and if this capital would not bear a greater yield if it were invested in the company's growth. In case of constant, positive financial results a company also has to deal with increasing demands for special distributions to its shareholders.
Calculation formula
In mathematical terms financial result is defined as follows:
Advantages
The advantages of the use of financial result as a key performance indicator
The financial result provides information about financing costs.
Information may be gained about non-consolidated companies.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of the use of financial result as a Key performance indicator
Operating components may be included in the financial result (e.g.: the income from financing activities).
Investment income as a component of the financial result does not provide any information on the risk inherent in this investment.
The financial result may vary strongly over time. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20selection%20%28natural%20selection%29 | In natural selection, negative selection or purifying selection is the selective removal of alleles that are deleterious. This can result in stabilising selection through the purging of deleterious genetic polymorphisms that arise through random mutations.
Purging of deleterious alleles can be achieved on the population genetics level, with as little as a single point mutation being the unit of selection. In such a case, carriers of the harmful point mutation have fewer offspring each generation, reducing the frequency of the mutation in the gene pool.
In the case of strong negative selection on a locus, the purging of deleterious variants will result in the occasional removal of linked variation, producing a decrease in the level of variation surrounding the locus under selection. The incidental purging of non-deleterious alleles due to such spatial proximity to deleterious alleles is called background selection. This effect increases with lower mutation rate but decreases with higher recombination rate.
Purifying selection can be split into purging by non-random mating (assortative mating) and purging by genetic drift. Purging by genetic drift can remove primarily deeply recessive alleles, whereas natural selection can remove any type of deleterious alleles.
See also
Assortative mating
Balancing selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Dysgenics
Fluctuating selection
Genetic purging
Koinophilia
Mutation–selection balance
Stabilizing selection |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20index | The heat index (HI) is an index that combines air temperature and relative humidity, in shaded areas, to posit a human-perceived equivalent temperature, as how hot it would feel if the humidity were some other value in the shade. For example, when the temperature is with 70% relative humidity, the heat index is (see table below). The heat index is meant to describe experienced temperatures in the shade, but it does not take into account heating from direct sunlight or physical activity, or cooling from wind.
The human body normally cools itself by evaporation of sweat. High relative humidity reduces evaporation and cooling, increasing discomfort and potential heat stress. Different individuals perceive heat differently due to body shape, metabolism, level of hydration, pregnancy, or other physical conditions. Measurement of perceived temperature has been based on reports of how hot subjects feel under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Besides the heat index, other measures of apparent temperature include the Canadian humidex, the wet-bulb globe temperature, "relative outdoor temperature", and the proprietary "RealFeel".
History
The heat index was developed in 1979 by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, individual heat tolerance, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Significant deviations from these will result in heat index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.
In Canada, the similar humidex (a Canadian innovation introduced in 1965) is used in place of the heat index. While both the humidex and the heat index are calculated using dew point, the humidex uses a dew point of as a base, whereas the heat index uses a dew point base of . Further, the heat index uses heat balance equations which account for many variables other than vapor pressure, which is used exclusiv |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fostering%20%28falconry%29 | Fostering, in falconry and reintroduction of birds, is a method of breeding birds for their introduction into the wild that consists of placing chicks in the nest of a couple that has others of a similar age and size. Sometimes it can also be used when the chicks have already left the nest but continue to be fed by their parents.
This method can be used in those species that do not have siblicide behaviors and that are capable of carrying out this adoption without rejecting the new chicks. In addition, the parents must have previously been assessed to find out if they are capable of feeding more chicks.
See also
Cross-fostering
Hack (falconry)
Hand-rearing
Human-guided migration
Puppet-rearing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep%20branch%20of%20medial%20circumflex%20femoral%20artery | The deep branch runs obliquely upward upon the tendon of the obturator externus and in front of the quadratus femoris toward the trochanteric fossa, where it anastomoses with twigs from the superior gluteal artery and inferior gluteal artery. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAG3 | BAG family molecular chaperone regulator 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAG3 gene. BAG3 is involved in chaperone-assisted selective autophagy.
Function
BAG proteins compete with Hip-1 for binding to the Hsc70/Hsp70 ATPase domain and promote substrate release. All the BAG proteins have an approximately 45-amino acid BAG domain near the C terminus but differ markedly in their N-terminal regions. The protein encoded by this gene contains a WW domain in the N-terminal region and a BAG domain in the C-terminal region. The BAG domains of BAG1, BAG2, and BAG3 interact specifically with the Hsc70 ATPase domain in vitro and in mammalian cells. All 3 proteins bind with high affinity to the ATPase domain of Hsc70 and inhibit its chaperone activity in a Hip-repressible manner.
Clinical significance
BAG gene has been implicated in age related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's. It has been demonstrated that BAG1 and BAG3 regulate the proteasomal and lysosomal protein elimination pathways, respectively. It has also been shown to be a cause of familial dilated cardiomyopathy.
That BAG3 mutations are responsible for familial dilated cardiomyopathy is confirmed by another study describing 6 new molecular variants (2 missense and 4 premature Stops
). Moreover, the same publication reported that BAG3 polymorphisms are also associated with sporadic forms of the disease together with HSPB7 locus.
In muscle cells, BAG3 cooperates with the molecular chaperones Hsc70 and HspB8 to induce the degradation of mechanically damaged cytoskeleton components in lysosomes. This process is called chaperone-assisted selective autophagy and is essential for maintaining muscle activity in flies, mice and men.
BAG3 is able to stimulate the expression of cytoskeleton proteins in response to mechanical tension by activating the transcription regulators YAP1 and WWTR1. BAG3 balances protein synthesis and protein degradation under mechanical stress.
Interactions
PLCG1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungal%20genome | Fungal genomes are among the smallest genomes of eukaryotes. The sizes of fungal genomes range from less than 10 Mbp to hundreds of Mbp. The average genome size is approximately 37 Mbp in Ascomycota, 47 Mbp in Basidiomycota and 75 Mbp in Oomycota. The sizes and gene numbers of the smallest genomes of free-living fungi such as those of Wallemia ichthyophaga, Wallemia mellicola or Malassezia restricta are comparable to bacterial genomes. The genome of the extensively researched yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains approximately 12 Mbp and was the first completely sequenced eukaryotic genome. Due to their compact size fungal genomes can be sequenced with less resources than most other eukaryotic genomes and are thus important models for research. Some fungi exist as stable haploid, diploid, or polyploid cells, others change ploidy in response to environmental conditions and aneuploidy is also observed in novel environments or during periods of stress.
Genome comparisons
The comparison of fungal genomes has been used to study the evolution of fungi, to improve the resolution of the phylogeny of fungal species, and to determine the time of the emergence and changes in species traits and lifestyles, such as the evolution symbiotic or pathogenic interactions, and the evolution of different morphologies. Major chromosomal rearrangements in fungi were found to be more frequent than in other eukaryotes, thus macrosynteny in fungi is rare. However, in filamentous ascomycetes genes were found to be conserved within homologous chromosomes, but with randomized orders and orientations, a phenomenon named mesosynteny. Mesosynteny was also observed in the basidiomycetous genus Rhodotorula. A comparison of more than 1000 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes was used to identify the geographical origin and several domestication events of the species as well as map genomic variants to the species-wide phenotypic landscape of the yeast. Comparisons of several genomes of the same speci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20J.%20Larsen | Michael Jeffrey Larsen is an American mathematician, a distinguished professor of mathematics at Indiana University Bloomington.
Academic biography
In high school, Larsen tied with four other competitors for the top score in the 1977 International Mathematical Olympiad in Belgrade, winning a gold medal. As an undergraduate mathematics student at Harvard University, Larsen became a Putnam Fellow in 1981 and 1983. He graduated from Harvard in 1984, and earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1988, under the supervision of Gerd Faltings. After working at the Institute for Advanced Study he joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in 1990, and then moved to the University of Missouri in 1997. He joined the Indiana University faculty in 2001.
His wife Ayelet Lindenstrauss is also a mathematician and Indiana University professor. Their son Daniel at age 13 became the youngest person to publish a crossword in the New York Times.
Research
Larsen is known for his research in arithmetic algebraic geometry, combinatorial group theory, combinatorics, and number theory. He has written highly cited papers on domino tiling of Aztec diamonds, topological quantum computing, and on the representation theory of braid groups.
Awards and honors
In 2013 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society, for "contributions to group theory, number theory, topology, and algebraic geometry".
He received the E. H. Moore Research Article Prize of the AMS in 2013 (jointly with Richard Pink).
Selected publications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium%20hydride | Positronium hydride, or hydrogen positride is an exotic molecule consisting of a hydrogen atom bound to an exotic atom of positronium (that is a combination of an electron and a positron). Its formula is PsH. It was predicted to exist in 1951 by A Ore, and subsequently studied theoretically, but was not observed until 1990. R. Pareja, R. Gonzalez from Madrid trapped positronium in hydrogen laden magnesia crystals. The trap was prepared by Yok Chen from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In this experiment the positrons were thermalized so that they were not traveling at high speed, and they then reacted with H− ions in the crystal. In 1992 it was created in an experiment done by David M. Schrader and F.M. Jacobsen and others at the Aarhus University in Denmark. The researchers made the positronium hydride molecules by firing intense bursts of positrons into methane, which has the highest density of hydrogen atoms. Upon slowing down, the positrons were captured by ordinary electrons to form positronium atoms which then reacted with hydrogen atoms from the methane.
Decay
PsH is constructed from one proton, two electrons, and one positron. The binding energy is . The lifetime of the molecule is 0.65 nanoseconds. The lifetime of positronium deuteride is indistinguishable from the normal hydride.
The decay of positronium is easily observed by detecting the two 511 keV gamma ray photons emitted in the decay. The energy of the photons from positronium should differ slightly by the binding energy of the molecule. However, this has not yet been detected.
Properties
The structure of PsH is as a diatomic molecule, with a chemical bond between the two positively charged centres. The electrons are more concentrated around the proton.
Predicting the properties of PsH is a four body Coulomb problem. Calculated using the stochastic variational method, the size of the molecule is larger than dihydrogen, which has a bond length of 0.7413 Å. In PsH the positron and proton are separ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKLF%20like%20MARVEL%20transmembrane%20domain-containing%204 | CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 4 (i.e. CMTM4), formerly termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 4 (i.e. CKLFSF4), is a small transmembrane protein which passes the plasma membrane four times. It has 3 known isoforms, the CMTM4-v1 to CMTM4-v3 proteins. Protein isoforms are variant products that are made by alternative splicing of a single gene. The gene for the CMTM4 isoforms is located in band 22 on the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 16. The CMTM4 gene and its 3 isoform proteins belong to the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of structurally and functionally related genes and proteins. CMTM4-v1 and CMTM4-v2 are widely expressed in multiple human tissue while CMTM4-v3 has been detected only in the kidney and placental tissues.
The Cancer Genome Atlas indicates that CMTM4 protein is frequently reduced in colorectal cancer and its high expression is associated with increased overall survival rates in individuals with this cancer. CMTM4 protein was also found to be greatly reduced in the tissues of clear cell renal cell carcinoma compared to nearby normal renal (i.e. kidney) tissues and the forced overexpression of this protein in 786-O cells (a renal cancer cell line) inhibited their growth in culture as well as in a xenograph nude mouse model. Finally, CMTM4 protein levels were lower in several brain cancers, such as glioblastomas, neuroblastomas, and medulloblastomas, compared to their levels in nearby normal, non-tumorous brain tissues. These studies suggest CMTM4 may act to suppress these malignancies. Further studies are needed to confirm these relationships and determine if CMTM4 protein can be used as a marker for the severity of these malignancies and/or serve as a therapeutic target for treating them.
CMTM4 in IL-17A signaling
Recently, CMTM4 has been identified to play a critical role in IL-17A signaling. The IL-17 receptor consists of two subunits: IL-17 receptor subunit A and C (IL-17RA, IL-17RC). CMTM4 was rep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20ellipsoid | In mathematics, the John ellipsoid or Löwner-John ellipsoid E(K) associated to a convex body K in n-dimensional Euclidean space Rn can refer to the n-dimensional ellipsoid of maximal volume contained within K or the ellipsoid of minimal volume that contains K.
Often, the minimal volume ellipsoid is called the Löwner ellipsoid, and the maximal volume ellipsoid is called the John ellipsoid (although John worked with the minimal volume ellipsoid in its original paper). One can also refer to the minimal volume circumscribed ellipsoid as the outer Löwner-John ellipsoid, and the maximum volume inscribed ellipsoid as the inner Löwner-John ellipsoid.
Properties
The John ellipsoid is named after the German-American mathematician Fritz John, who proved in 1948 that each convex body in Rn is circumscribed by a unique ellipsoid of minimal volume and that the dilation of this ellipsoid by factor 1/n is contained inside the convex body.
The inner Löwner-John ellipsoid E(K) of a convex body K ⊂ Rn is a closed unit ball B in Rn if and only if B ⊆ K and there exists an integer m ≥ n and, for i = 1, ..., m, real numbers ci > 0 and unit vectors ui ∈ Sn−1 ∩ ∂K such that
and, for all x ∈ Rn
Applications
The computation of Löwner-John ellipsoids (and in more general, the computation of minimal-volume polynomial level sets enclosing a set) has found many applications in control and robotics. In particular, computing Löwner-John ellipsoids has applications in obstacle collision detection for robotic systems, where the distance between a robot and its surrounding environment is estimated using a best ellipsoid fit.
Löwner-John ellipsoids has also been used to approximate the optimal policy in portfolio optimization problems with transaction costs.
See also
Steiner inellipse, the special case of the inner Löwner-John ellipsoid for a triangle.
Fat object, related to radius of largest contained ball. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenarchaeum | In taxonomy, Cenarchaeum is a genus of the Cenarchaeaceae. The marine archaean Cenarchaeum symbiosum lives within (it is an endosymbiont of) the sponge Axinella mexicana. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylenetetrahydrofolate%20reductase%20deficiency | Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency is the most common genetic cause of elevated serum levels of homocysteine (hyperhomocysteinemia). It is caused by genetic defects in MTHFR, which is an important enzyme in the methyl cycle.
Common variants of MTHFR deficiency are asymptomatic and have only minor effects on disease risk. Severe variants (from nonsense mutations) are vanishingly rare.
Symptoms
The common MTHFR deficiencies are usually asymptomatic, although the 677T variant can cause a mildly increased risk of some diseases.
For individuals homozygous in the 677T variant, there is a mildly elevated risk of thromboembolism (odds ratio 1.2), and stroke (odds ratio 1.26). There is also an elevated risk of neural tube defects among children of individuals with the C677T polymorphism (odds ratio 1.38).
Common MTHFR deficiencies were once thought to be associated with cardiovascular risk, but meta-analyses indicate that correlation this was an artifact of publication bias.
Causes
MTHFR is the rate-limiting enzyme in the methyl cycle, which includes the conversion of homocysteine into methionine. Defects in variants of MTHFR can therefore lead to hyperhomocysteinemia.
There are two common variants of MTHFR deficiency. In the more significant of the two, the individual is homozygous for the 677T polymorphism. This variant in particular is the most common genetic cause of hyperhomocysteinemia. The resulting enzyme is thermolabile and in homozygotes, enzymatic activity is depressed to 35% of its usual level. The second variant is a milder one, caused by a homologous 1298C polymorphism. This leads to 68% of the control values of enzyme activity, and it normally does not lead to low serum folate.
Diagnosis
MTHFR deficiency is diagnosed by genetic testing.
Management
In common forms of MTHFR deficiency, elevated plasma homocysteine levels have sometimes been treated with Vitamin B12 and low doses of folic acid. Although this treatment significantly decreas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-amelia%20syndrome | Tetra-amelia syndrome (tetra- + amelia), also called autosomal recessive tetraamelia, is an extremely rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder characterized by the absence of all four limbs. Other areas of the body are also affected by malformations, such as the face, skull, reproductive organs, anus, lungs and pelvis. The disorder can be caused by recessive mutations in the WNT3 or RSPO2 genes.
Presentation
Tetra-amelia syndrome is characterized by the complete absence of all four limbs. The syndrome causes severe malformations of various parts of the body, including the face and head, heart, nervous system, skeleton, and genitalia. In many cases, the lungs are underdeveloped, which makes breathing difficult or impossible. Because children with tetra-amelia syndrome have such serious medical problems, most are stillborn or die shortly after birth.
Cause
RSPO2 and WNT3 genes
Researchers have found loss-of-function mutations in the WNT3 or the RSPO2 genes in people with tetra-amelia syndrome from several consanguineous families. These two gene encode proteins belonging to the WNT pathway which plays critical roles during development.
The protein produced from the WNT3 and RSPO2 genes are involved in the formation of the limbs and other body systems during embryonic development. Mutations in the WNT3 or RSPO2 genes prevent cells from producing functional WNT3 and RSPO2 proteins, which disrupts normal limb formation and leads to the other serious birth defects associated with tetra-amelia syndrome.
According to a 2018 study by Bruno Reversade, the loss of RSPO2, unlike WNT3, also prevents formation of the lungs causing a lethal syndrome of tetra-amelia.
Inheritance within families
In most of the families reported so far, tetra-amelia syndrome appears to have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20High%20Availability%20Cluster%20Multiprocessing | IBM PowerHA SystemMirror (formerly IBM PowerHA and HACMP) is IBM's solution for high-availability clusters on the AIX Unix and Linux for IBM System p platforms and stands for High Availability Cluster Multiprocessing. IBM's HACMP product was first shipped in 1991 and is now in its 20th release - PowerHA SystemMirror for AIX 7.1.
PowerHA can run on up to 32 computers or nodes, each of which is either actively running an application (active) or waiting to take over when another node fails (passive). Data on file systems can be shared between systems in the cluster.
PowerHA relies heavily on IBM's Reliable Scalable Cluster Technology (RSCT). PowerHA is an RSCT aware client. RSCT is distributed with AIX. RSCT includes a daemon called group services that coordinates the response to events of interest to the cluster (for example, an interface or a node fails, or an administrator makes a change to the cluster configuration). Up until PowerHA V6.1, RSCT also monitored cluster nodes, networks and network adapters for failures using the topology services daemon (topsvcs). In the current release (V7.1), RSCT provides coordinate response between nodes, but monitoring and communication are provided by the Cluster Aware AIX (CAA) infrastructure.
The 7.1 release of PowerHA relies heavily on CAA, a clustering infrastructure built into the operating system and exploited by RSCT and PowerHA. CAA provides the monitoring and communication infrastructure for PowerHA and other clustering solutions on AIX, as well as cluster-wide event notification using the Autonomic Health Advisor File System (AHAFS) and cluster-aware AIX commands with clcmd. CAA replaces the function provided by Topology Services (topsvcs) in RSCT in previous releases of PowerHA/HACMP .
IBM PowerHA SystemMirror Timeline
IBM PowerHA SystemMirror Releases
PowerHA SystemMirror 7
PowerHA SystemMirror 7.2, released in .
PowerHA SystemMirror 7.2.1, released in .
New User Interface.
PowerHA SystemMirror 7.1 was |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry%E2%80%93Esseen%20theorem | In probability theory, the central limit theorem states that, under certain circumstances, the probability distribution of the scaled mean of a random sample converges to a normal distribution as the sample size increases to infinity. Under stronger assumptions, the Berry–Esseen theorem, or Berry–Esseen inequality, gives a more quantitative result, because it also specifies the rate at which this convergence takes place by giving a bound on the maximal error of approximation between the normal distribution and the true distribution of the scaled sample mean. The approximation is measured by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov distance. In the case of independent samples, the convergence rate is , where is the sample size, and the constant is estimated in terms of the third absolute normalized moment.
Statement of the theorem
Statements of the theorem vary, as it was independently discovered by two mathematicians, Andrew C. Berry (in 1941) and Carl-Gustav Esseen (1942), who then, along with other authors, refined it repeatedly over subsequent decades.
Identically distributed summands
One version, sacrificing generality somewhat for the sake of clarity, is the following:
There exists a positive constant C such that if X1, X2, ..., are i.i.d. random variables with E(X1) = 0, E(X12) = σ2 > 0, and E(|X1|3) = ρ < ∞, and if we define
the sample mean, with Fn the cumulative distribution function of
and Φ the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution, then for all x and n,
That is: given a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables, each having mean zero and positive variance, if additionally the third absolute moment is finite, then the cumulative distribution functions of the standardized sample mean and the standard normal distribution differ (vertically, on a graph) by no more than the specified amount. Note that the approximation error for all n (and hence the limiting rate of convergence for indefinite n sufficiently lar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Morris%20Philips | George Morris Philips (October 28, 1851 – March 11, 1920) was an American educator and academic administrator who was the longest-serving principal of West Chester State Normal School (now West Chester University of Pennsylvania) from 1881 to 1920. A professor of mathematics who taught at West Chester and Bucknell University, Philips also authored several textbooks, rewrote Pennsylvania's school code, and served as president of the Chester County Historical Society.
Early life and education
Philips was born in Atglen, Chester County, Pennsylvania on October 28, 1851, to parents John Morris and Sarah (Jones) Philips. His ancestors had immigrated to Chester County from Pembrokeshire, Wales, in 1755 and 1712, respectively.
Raised on his family's farm, Philips attended Atglen High School. He received his Bachelor of Arts with high honors in 1871 and his Master of Arts in 1874. Both degrees were in mathematics from Bucknell University (Lewisburg University until 1886). He received his Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) from Bucknell in 1884 and Doctor of Laws (LLD) from Temple University in 1906.
Academic career
Philips worked as a professor of mathematics at Monongahela College (1871–1873), professor of higher mathematics at West Chester State Normal School (1873–1878), professor of mathematics and astronomy at Bucknell University (1878–1881), and principal of the West Chester State Normal School from 1881 until his death in 1920 (West Chester finally introduced the office of president in 1927). Student enrollment and campus infrastructure and capital grew substantially during his tenure. New buildings included an addition to Old Main (1889), a gymnasium (1890), the principal's house (1891), Recitation Hall (1892), the "Sanitarium" (1892), the "Model School (now Ruby Jones Hall; 1899), the Old Library (1902), Wayne Hall (1911), and more.
In 1913, Philips faced charges of covering up inappropriate behavior by the school's steward, Harry S. Johnson, toward female staff and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann%20index | The Lindemann index is a simple measure of thermally driven disorder in atoms or molecules. The local Lindemann index is defined as:
where angle brackets indicate a time average. The global Lindemann index is a system average of this quantity.
In condensed matter physics a departure from linearity in the behaviour of the global Lindemann index or an increase above a threshold value related to the spacing between atoms (or micelles, particles, globules, etc.) is often taken as the indication that a solid-liquid phase transition has taken place. See Lindemann melting criterion.
Biomolecules often possess separate regions with different order characteristics. In order to quantify or illustrate local disorder, the local Lindemann index can be used.
Care must be taken if the molecule possesses globally defined dynamics, such as about a hinge or pivot, because these motions will obscure the local motions which the Lindemann index is designed to quantify. An appropriate tactic in this circumstance is to sum the rij only over a small number of neighbouring atoms to arrive at each qi. A further variety of such modifications to the Lindemann index are available and have different merits, e.g. for the study of glassy vs crystalline materials. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitude | Solitude, also known as social withdrawal, is a state of seclusion or isolation, meaning lack of socialisation. Effects can be either positive or negative, depending on the situation. Short-term solitude is often valued as a time when one may work, think, or rest without disturbance. It may be desired for the sake of privacy. Undesirable long-term solitude may stem from soured relationships, loss of loved ones, deliberate choice, infectious disease, mental disorders, neurological disorders such as circadian rhythm sleep disorder, or circumstances of employment or situation.
A distinction has been made between solitude and loneliness. In this sense, these two words refer, respectively, to the joy and the pain of being alone.
Health effects
Symptoms from complete isolation, called sensory deprivation, may include anxiety, sensory illusions, or distortions of time and perception. However, this is the case when there is no stimulation of the sensory systems at all and not just lack of contact with people. Thus, this can be avoided by having other things to keep one's mind busy.
Long-term solitude is often seen as undesirable, causing loneliness or reclusion resulting from inability to establish relationships. Furthermore, it might lead to clinical depression, although some people do not react to it negatively. Monks regard long-term solitude as a means of spiritual enlightenment. Marooned people have been left in solitude for years without any report of psychological symptoms afterwards. Some psychological conditions (such as schizophrenia and schizoid personality disorder) are strongly linked to a tendency to seek solitude.
Enforced loneliness (solitary confinement) has been a punishment method throughout history. It is often considered a form of torture.
Emotional isolation is a state of isolation where one feels emotionally separated from others despite having a well-functioning social network.
Researchers, including Robert J. Coplan and Julie C. Bowker, have r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20%28meteorology%29 | Giovanni is a Web interface that allows users to analyze NASA's gridded data from various satellite and surface observations.
Giovanni lets researchers examine data on atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric temperature, water vapor and clouds, atmospheric aerosols, precipitation, and ocean chlorophyll and surface temperature. The primary data consist of global gridded data sets with reduced spatial resolution. Basic analytical functions performed by Giovanni are carried out by the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS).
Giovanni is an acronym for GES-DISC Interactive Online Visualization ANd aNalysis Infrastructure.
It allows access to data from multiple remote sites, supports multiple data formats including Hierarchical Data Format (HDF), HDF-EOS, network Common Data Form (netCDF), GRIdded Binary (GRIB), and binary, and multiple plot types including area, time, Hovmoller, and image animation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermosonic%20bonding | Thermosonic bonding is widely used to wire bond silicon integrated circuits into computers. Alexander Coucoulas was named "Father of Thermosonic Bonding" by George Harman, the world's foremost authority on wire bonding, where he referenced Coucoulas's leading edge publications in his book, Wire Bonding In Microelectronics. Owing to the well proven reliability of thermosonic bonds, it is extensively used to connect the central processing units (CPUs), which are encapsulated silicon integrated circuits that serve as the "brains" of today's computers.
Description
A thermosonic bond is formed using a set of parameters which include ultrasonic, thermal and mechanical (force) energies. A thermosonic bonding machine includes a magnetostrictive or piezoelectric-type transducer which is used to convert electrical energy into vibratory motion which is known as piezoelectricity. The vibratory motion travels along the coupler system, a portion which is tapered to serve as the velocity transformer. The velocity transformer amplifies the oscillatory motion and delivers it to a heated bonding tip. It is akin to a friction bond, since the introduction of ultrasonic energy (via a bonding tool vertically attached to an ultrasonic transformer or horn) simultaneously delivers a force and vibratory or scrubbing motion to the interfacial contact points between a pre-heated deforming lead-wire and the metallized pads of a silicon integrated circuit. In addition to the delivery of thermal energy, the transmission of ultrasonic vibratory energy creates an ultrasonic softening effect by interacting at the atomic lattice level of the preheated lead wire. These two softening effects dramatically facilitates the lead wire deformation by forming the desirable contact area using relatively low temperatures and forces. As a result of the frictional action and ultrasonic softening induced in the preheated lead wire during the bonding cycle, thermosonic bonding can be used to reliably bond high mel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapidly%20exploring%20random%20tree | A rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) is an algorithm designed to efficiently search nonconvex, high-dimensional spaces by randomly building a space-filling tree. The tree is constructed incrementally from samples drawn randomly from the search space and is inherently biased to grow towards large unsearched areas of the problem. RRTs were developed by Steven M. LaValle and James J. Kuffner Jr.
They easily handle problems with obstacles and differential constraints (nonholonomic and kinodynamic) and have been widely used in autonomous robotic motion planning.
RRTs can be viewed as a technique to generate open-loop trajectories for nonlinear systems with state constraints. An RRT can also be considered as a Monte-Carlo method to bias search into the largest Voronoi regions of a graph in a configuration space. Some variations can even be considered stochastic fractals.
RRTs can be used to compute approximate control policies to control high dimensional nonlinear systems with state and action constraints.
Description
An RRT grows a tree rooted at the starting configuration by using random samples from the search space.
As each sample is drawn, a connection is attempted between it and the nearest state in the tree.
If the connection is feasible (passes entirely through free space and obeys any constraints), this results in the addition of the new state to the tree.
With uniform sampling of the search space, the probability of expanding an existing state is proportional to the size of its Voronoi region.
As the largest Voronoi regions belong to the states on the frontier of the search, this means that the tree preferentially expands towards large unsearched areas.
The length of the connection between the tree and a new state is frequently limited by a growth factor.
If the random sample is further from its nearest state in the tree than this limit allows, a new state at the maximum distance from the tree along the line to the random sample is used instead of the rand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/289%20%28number%29 | 289 is the natural number following 288 and preceding 290.
In mathematics
289 is an odd composite number with only one prime factor.
289 is the 9th Friedman number. Friedman numbers are numbers that can be written by using its own digits the exact number of times they show up in the number. This one can be expressed as (8+9)².
289 is a perfect square being equal to 17². It is also the 7th number to only have 3 factors because it is a square of a prime number.
289 is the sum of perfect cubes. It is the sum of 1³+2³+4³+6³.
289 is equivalent to the sum of the first 5 whole numbers to their respective powers. It is equal to 0⁰+1¹+2²+3³+4⁴.
In technology
The area code 289 is shared with 905 in the area in southern Ontario surrounding the greater Toronto metropolitan area.
The Fluke 289 True-RMS Industrial Logging Digital Multimeter with Trendcapture is a tool designed to find signal in certain areas. It has a graphic visualization of this information that it displays on its screen. It can store up to 15,000 data points.
The 289 series is a style of train that is operated by the West Japan Railway Company. It uses a DC EMU as opposed to the dual-voltage 683 series that preceded it.
World Records
On February 2, 2021, Ariel Chahi grew a strawberry that weighed 289 g in Israel. This was confirmed to be the world's heaviest strawberry.
On December 2, 2022, the longest flight by a paper aircraft was achieved by Dillon Ruble, Nathaniel Erickson, and Garret Jensen at a distance of 289 ft.
On March 21, 2017, e.motion21 Inc received the Guinness World Record for 289 people drumming on Swiss Balls simultaneously.
In the 2001-2002 horse racing season, Tom McCoy received the world record for achieving 289 steeplechase wins.
In the US Masters golf tournament, Sam Snead, Jack Burke Jr., and Zach Johnson all won the competition in 1954, 1956, and 2007 respectively. They all won with a score of 289 which is the highest winning score for this event.
Other fields
The calendar years 289 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent%20polynomial | In mathematics, a Laurent polynomial (named
after Pierre Alphonse Laurent) in one variable over a field is a linear combination of positive and negative powers of the variable with coefficients in . Laurent polynomials in X form a ring denoted . They differ from ordinary polynomials in that they may have terms of negative degree. The construction of Laurent polynomials may be iterated, leading to the ring of Laurent polynomials in several variables. Laurent polynomials are of particular importance in the study of complex variables.
Definition
A Laurent polynomial with coefficients in a field is an expression of the form
where X is a formal variable, the summation index k is an integer (not necessarily positive) and only finitely many coefficients pk are non-zero. Two Laurent polynomials are equal if their coefficients are equal. Such expressions can be added, multiplied, and brought back to the same form by reducing similar terms. Formulas for addition and multiplication are exactly the same as for the ordinary polynomials, with the only difference that both positive and negative powers of X can be present:
and
Since only finitely many coefficients ai and bj are non-zero, all sums in effect have only finitely many terms, and hence represent Laurent polynomials.
Properties
A Laurent polynomial over C may be viewed as a Laurent series in which only finitely many coefficients are non-zero.
The ring of Laurent polynomials R[X, X −1] is an extension of the polynomial ring R[X ] obtained by "inverting X ". More rigorously, it is the localization of the polynomial ring in the multiplicative set consisting of the non-negative powers of X. Many properties of the Laurent polynomial ring follow from the general properties of localization.
The ring of Laurent polynomials is a subring of the rational functions.
The ring of Laurent polynomials over a field is Noetherian (but not Artinian).
If R is an integral domain, the units of the Laurent polyn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malapterurus%20electricus | Malapterurus electricus is a thickset fish with six mouth barbels and a single fin on its back, just anterior to the rounded tail fin. It is brownish or grayish, irregularly spotted with black, and attains a length and weight of about and M. electricus is capable of generating and controlling the discharge of up to 450 volts of electricity. It uses its power to defend itself and to capture prey.
Distribution
In Africa, it occurs in the Nile and tropical Africa (exclusive of Lake Victoria), Lake Turkana, Lake Chad and Senegal basins.
Biology
Occurs among rock favors standing water. Active at night, feeding mainly on fish stunned by electric shocks. The electric organ, capable of discharging 300-400 V, is derived from pectoral muscle and surrounds almost the entire body. It is used both for prey capture and defense.
Life history
This is an Old World catfish. It is reputed that Doctors in ancient Egypt used shocks from the Electric Catfish to reduce the pain of arthritis. This trait is still used today in some areas. It also has the earliest reference of them as hieroglyphics on the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs some 5,000 years ago.
Economy
Malapterurus electricus is eaten as food in parts of Africa. Being a food fish, M. electricus is also encountered in the pet trade as an aquarium fish.
The electric organs of Malapterurus have been used in studies of neuronal metabolism, axonal transport.
Reproduction
In their natural habitat they form pairs and lay their eggs in excavated cavities or holes. The male takes the eggs into his mouth. There have been rumours that they are mouth brooders. It is also unknown how the fry is immune to the electric shocks by the parents
In the aquarium
Malapterurus electricus is sometimes encountered in aquarium supply stores. It can reach a maximum length of over in the wild, but has an average size of in the aquarium. It is quite hardy and greedily accepts most foods, although some experimentation may be required to find |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAR%20LSM%201.0 | The National Center for Atmospheric Research Land Surface Model (LSM) is a unidimensional computational model developed by Gordon Bonan that describes ecological processes joined in many ecosystem models, hydrological processes found in hydrological models and flow of surface common in surface models using atmospheric models.
In this way, the model examines interactions especially biogeophysics (sensible and latent heat, momentum, albedo, emission of long waves) and biogeochemistry (CO2) of the land-atmosphere the effect of surface of the land in the climate and composition of the atmosphere.
This model has a simplified treatment of the surface flows that reproduce at the very least computational cost the essential characteristics of the important interactions of the land-atmosphere for climatic simulations.
As the types of surface vegetated for some species are several, have a standardization of types of covering being enclosed surfaces covered with water as lakes (amongst others); thus the model wheel for each point of independent form, with the same average of the atmospheric interactions. The model functions in a space grating that can vary of a point until global. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsie%20Widdowson | Elsie Widdowson (21 October 1906 – 14 June 2000), was a British dietitian and nutritionist. She and Dr Robert McCance, a pediatrician, physiologist, biochemist, and nutritionist, were responsible for overseeing the government-mandated addition of vitamins to food and wartime rationing in Britain during World War II.
Early life
Widdowson was born in Wallington, Surrey on 21 October 1906 to Rose Elphick and Harry Widdowson. Her father, Thomas Henry (known as Harry), was from Grantham in Lincolnshire and moved to Battersea as a grocer's assistant and eventually owned a stationery business, whilst her mother Rose, originally from Dorking, worked as a dressmaker. Her younger sister Eva Crane trained as a nuclear physicist but became a world-renowned authority on bees. The family were Plymouth Brethren.
Elsie lived in Dulwich as a child and attended Sydenham County Grammar School for Girls where both she and her sister won prizes. During the 1920s and 1930s, professional opportunities for women, apart from nursing or teaching, were limited. Educated women such as Widdowson had to develop skills that offered employment potential; therefore, Widdowson trained as a chemist.
She studied chemistry at Imperial College, London and although she completed her degree in two year, she had to wait until 1928 to be awarded her BSc, when she became one of the first women graduates of Imperial College. She did postgraduate work at the Department of Plant Physiology at Imperial College, developing methods for separating and measuring the fructose, glucose, sucrose, and hemicellulose of fruit. She would measure individual changes in the carbohydrates in fruit from the time it appeared on the tree to when it ripened. Once a fortnight, she took a train to Kentish apple orchard and picked apples, measuring their carbohydrate levels. In 1931, she received her PhD in chemistry from the Imperial College for her thesis on the carbohydrate content of apples. This work would go on to have inte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segata%20Sanshiro | is a character created by Sega to advertise the Sega Saturn in Japan between 1997 and 1998. He is a parody of Sugata Sanshirō, a legendary judo fighter from Akira Kurosawa's 1943 film Sanshiro Sugata. In television and radio advertisements, Segata Sanshiro is portrayed by actor Hiroshi Fujioka. He was positioned as a martial artist who commanded people to play Sega Saturn games.
The advertising campaign began in 1997, with the Saturn having a modest level of success in Japan at that point. Fujioka was impressed by Sega's ideas for the character and felt that Segata Sanshiro would send a strong message to children. Advertisements continued both on television and on radio until 1999. As a result of the advertisements, Segata Sanshiro's theme song became a CD single and he was made the main character of his own video game, Segata Sanshirō Shinken Yūgi.
Segata Sanshiro has also had cameo appearances in video games, a comic book and a live concert. He has retained a cult following in Japan and has been credited with helping improve Saturn sales there. Western journalists have praised the appeal and advertising prowess of the character.
Advertising campaign
Sega's advertising campaign with Segata Sanshiro began in the summer of 1997, more than two years after the Japanese release of the Sega Saturn. At that time, the Saturn was moderately successful in Japan. Hiroshi Fujioka, an actor famous for starring in Kamen Rider, was selected to play the role in advertisements. The character of Segata Sanshiro was a parody of Sugata Sanshirō, a legendary judo fighter from Akira Kurosawa's film Sanshiro Sugata. In part because Fujioka bore a vague resemblance to Susumu Fujita, the actor who portrayed Sugata Sanshirō, the parody was obvious to a Japanese public audience. Fujioka was also a skilled martial artist, experienced in multiple disciplines including karate, iaido, and judo, making him a close fit for the role. The character of Segata Sanshiro was positioned as a martial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isochore%20%28genetics%29 | In genetics, an isochore is a large region of genomic DNA (greater than 300 kilobases) with a high degree of uniformity in GC content; that is, guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases. The distribution of bases within a genome is non-random: different regions of the genome have different amounts of G-C base pairs, such that regions can be classified and identified by the proportion of G-C base pairs they contain.
Bernardi and colleagues first noticed the compositional non-uniformity of vertebrate genomes using thermal melting and density gradient centrifugation.
The DNA fragments extracted by the gradient centrifugation were later termed "isochores", which was subsequently defined as "very long (much greater than 200 KB) DNA segments" that "are fairly homogeneous in base composition and belong to a small number of major classes distinguished by differences in guanine-cytosine (GC) content". Subsequently, the isochores "grew" and were claimed to be ">300 kb in size."
The theory proposed that the isochore composition of genomes varies markedly between "warm-blooded" (homeotherm) vertebrates and "cold-blooded" (poikilotherm) vertebrates and later became known as the isochore theory.
The thermodynamic stability hypothesis
The isochore theory purported that the genome of "warm-blooded" vertebrates (mammals and birds) are mosaics of long isochoric regions of alternating GC-poor and GC-rich composition, as opposed to the genome of "cold-blooded" vertebrates (fishes and amphibians) that were supposed to lack GC-rich isochores.
These findings were explained by the thermodynamic stability hypothesis, attributing genomic structure to body temperature. GC-rich isochores were purported to be a form of adaptation to environmental pressures, as an increase in genomic GC-content could protect DNA, RNA, and proteins from degradation by heat.
Despite its attractive simplicity, the thermodynamic stability hypothesis has been repeatedly shown to be in error
.
Many authors show |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsporangial%20vesicle | A subsporangial vesicle is a vesicle which is below the sporangium on a fungus.
Is often used in the turgor-building and release to launch the sporangium from the stalk of the fungus using this spore-dispersal method.
An example of this is the subsporangial vesicle in Pilobolus, which fills with fluid creating turgor pressure that is then released, launching the sporangium out towards the light, with the purpose of landing on a plant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C14orf80 | Uncharacterized protein C14orf80 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the chromosome 14 open reading frame 80, C14orf80, gene.
Gene
Location
C14orf80 is located on chromosome 14 (14q32.33) starting at 105,489,855bp and ending at 105,499,248bp. C14orf80 is 9,393 base pairs long and contains 11 exons that can be alternatively spliced to form different mRNA variants.
Variants
Transcription of C14orf80 can produce 19 mRNA splice variants. Only six of these nineteen variants are predicted to not encode for a protein. Of the mRNA variants that have been found experimentally, the longest is 1,719 base pairs and produces a protein with 426 amino acids.
Expression
C14orf80 has been determined to be expressed in 77 types of tissues and 100 developmental stages. It has also been determined to have a higher level of expression in a few cases of pancreatic and prostate cancer cells compared to normal tissue.
Homology
Paralogs
There are no paralogs of C14orf80.
Orthologs
Using the BLAST program from NCBI, the orthologs of C14orf80 were found to range from primates to invertebrates. Below is a table that contains a variety of these orthologs.
Evolution rate
When compared to the slow-evolving cytochrome C gene and the fast-evolving fibrinogen gene, gene C14orf80 is also fast-evolving.
Protein
General properties
Uncharacterized protein C14orf80 is 426 amino acids long with a molecular weight of 47 kDa. Its isoelectric point is 8.9.
Composition
Secondary structure
Uncharacterized protein C14orf80 is predicted to be entirely composed of alpha helices. Using the program SOUSI-signal, it was predicted that uncharacterized protein C14orf80 does not contain a signal peptide and is a soluble protein.
Function
Domains
Uncharacterized protein C14orf80 has two functional domains. The first domain is the domain of unknown function 4509 and the second is the domain of unknown function 4510. As their naming states the functions of these domains are still unknown.
DUF4509 is |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20high-energy%20electron%20diffraction | Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is a technique used to characterize the surface of crystalline materials. RHEED systems gather information only from the surface layer of the sample, which distinguishes RHEED from other materials characterization methods that also rely on diffraction of high-energy electrons. Transmission electron microscopy, another common electron diffraction method samples mainly the bulk of the sample due to the geometry of the system, although in special cases it can provide surface information. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is also surface sensitive, but LEED achieves surface sensitivity through the use of low energy electrons.
Introduction
A RHEED system requires an electron source (gun), photoluminescent detector screen and a sample with a clean surface, although modern RHEED systems have additional parts to optimize the technique. The electron gun generates a beam of electrons which strike the sample at a very small angle relative to the sample surface. Incident electrons diffract from atoms at the surface of the sample, and a small fraction of the diffracted electrons interfere constructively at specific angles and form regular patterns on the detector. The electrons interfere according to the position of atoms on the sample surface, so the diffraction pattern at the detector is a function of the sample surface. Figure 1 shows the most basic setup of a RHEED system.
Surface diffraction
In the RHEED setup, only atoms at the sample surface contribute to the RHEED pattern. The glancing angle of incident electrons allows them to escape the bulk of the sample and to reach the detector. Atoms at the sample surface diffract (scatter) the incident electrons due to the wavelike properties of electrons.
The diffracted electrons interfere constructively at specific angles according to the crystal structure and spacing of the atoms at the sample surface and the wavelength of the incident electrons. Some of the electron |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2RX1 | P2X purinoceptor 1, also ATP receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the P2RX1 gene.
The product of this gene belongs to the family of purinoceptors for ATP. This receptor functions as a ligand-gated ion channel with relatively high calcium permeability. Expressed in smooth muscle and platelets. Binding to ATP mediates synaptic transmission between neurons and from neurons to smooth muscle, being responsible, for example, for sympathetic vasoconstriction in small arteries, arterioles and vas deferens. Mouse studies suggest that this receptor is essential for normal male reproductive function. It is possible that the development of selective antagonists for this receptor may provide an effective non-hormonal male contraceptive pill.
See also
P2X receptor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing%20with%20Infinity | Playing with Infinity: Mathematical Explorations and Excursions is a book in popular mathematics by Hungarian mathematician Rózsa Péter, published in German in 1955 and in English in 1961.
Publication history and translations
Playing with Infinity was originally written in 1943 by mathematician Rózsa Péter, based on a series of letters Péter had written to a non-mathematical friend, . Because of World War II, it was not published until 1955, in German, under the title Das Spiel mit dem Unendlichen, by Teubner.
An English translation by Zoltán Pál Dienes was published in 1961 by G. Bell & Sons in England, and by Simon & Schuster in the US. The English version was reprinted in 1976 by Dover Books, The German version was also reprinted, in 1984, by Verlag Harri Deutsch; the book has also been translated into Polish in 1962, and into Russian in 1967. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has suggested its inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.
Topics
Playing with Infinity presents a broad panorama of mathematics for a popular audience. It is divided into three parts, the first of which concerns counting, arithmetic, and connections from numbers to geometry both through visual proofs of results in arithmetic like the sum of finite arithmetic series, and in the other direction through counting problems for geometric objects like the diagonals of polygons. These ideas lead to more advanced topics including Pascal's triangle, the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, the prime number theorem and the sieve of Eratosthenes, and the beginnings of algebra and its use in proving the impossibility of certain straightedge and compass constructions.
The second part begins with the power of inverse operations to construct more powerful systems of numbers: negative numbers from subtraction, and rational numbers from division. Later topics in this part include the countability of the rationals, the irrationality of the square root of 2, expo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelial%20polarity | Epithelial polarity is one example of the cell polarity that is a fundamental feature of many types of cells. Epithelial cells feature distinct 'apical', 'lateral' and 'basal' plasma membrane domains. Epithelial cells connect to one another via their lateral membranes to form epithelial sheets that line cavities and surfaces throughout the animal body. Each plasma membrane domain has a distinct protein composition, giving them distinct properties and allowing directional transport of molecules across the epithelial sheet. How epithelial cells generate and maintain polarity remains unclear, but certain molecules have been found to play a key role.
A variety of molecules are located at the apical membrane, but only a few key molecules act as determinants that are required to maintain the identity of the apical membrane and, thus, epithelial polarity. These molecules are the proteins Cdc42, atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Par6, Par3/Bazooka/ASIP. Crumbs, "Stardust" and protein at tight junctions (PATJ). These molecules appear to form two distinct complexes: an aPKC-Par3-Par6 "aPKC" (or "Par") complex that also interacts with Cdc42; and a Crumbs-Stardust-PATJ "Crumbs" complex. Of these two complexes, the aPKC complex is the most important for epithelial polarity, being required even when the Crumbs complex is not. Crumbs is the only transmembrane protein in this list and the Crumbs complex serves as an apical cue to keep the aPKC complex apical during complex cellular shape changes.
Basolateral membranes
In the context of renal tubule physiology, the term basolateral membrane refers to the cell membrane which is oriented away from the lumen of the tubule, whereas the term apical or luminal membrane refers to the cell membrane which is oriented towards the lumen. The principal function of this basolateral membrane is to take up metabolic waste products into the epithelial cell for disposal into the lumen where it is transported out of the body as urine. A se |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benfluralin | Benfluralin is an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class. The mechanism of action of benfluralin involves inhibition of root and shoot development.
It is used to control grasses and other weeds. Annual use in the United States was approximately in 2004. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyHeritage | MyHeritage is an online genealogy platform with web, mobile, and software products and services, introduced by the Israeli company MyHeritage in 2003. Users of the platform can obtain their family trees, upload and browse through photos, and search through over 19.4 billion historical records, among other features.
As of 2023, the service supports 42 languages. In 2016, it launched a genetic testing service called MyHeritage DNA, with more than 6.5 million DNA kits in the company's database by March 2023. The company is headquartered in Or Yehuda, Israel, with additional offices in Tel Aviv, Israel, Lehi, Utah, Kyiv, Ukraine, and Burbank, California.
History
2003–2007: Foundation and early years
MyHeritage was founded in 2003 by Israeli entrepreneur Gilad Japhet (who continues to serve as the company's CEO). Japhet started the company from his living room in Bnei Atarot, Israel. For a long time, the company's headquarters were located in a family farmhouse in Bnei Atarot. In its infancy, MyHeritage was almost completely self-funded but had received funds from angel investors by 2005. It switched from a free service to a freemium business model. As of 2020, the company and its subsidiaries have a major control of the most world genealogy data.
Early on, MyHeritage required users to upload genealogical information from desktop software. The information could be viewed online but could not be altered. In 2006, MyHeritage introduced new features, including facial recognition software that recognized facial features from a database of photographs to link individuals together. In December 2006, the company acquired Pearl Street Software which was the creator of family tree software (Family Tree Legends) and a family tree submission site (GenCircles) with over 160 million profiles and 400 million public records.
By 2007, MyHeritage had 150,000 family trees, 180 million person profiles, 100 million photos, and 17.2 million users worldwide. The service was available in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMP-dependent%20pathway | In the field of molecular biology, the cAMP-dependent pathway, also known as the adenylyl cyclase pathway, is a G protein-coupled receptor-triggered signaling cascade used in cell communication.
Discovery
cAMP was discovered by Earl Sutherland and Ted Rall in the mid 1950s. cAMP is considered a secondary messenger along with Ca2+. Sutherland won the Nobel Prize in 1971 for his discovery of the mechanism of action of epinephrine in glycogenolysis, that requires cAMP as secondary messenger.
Mechanism
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of integral membrane proteins that respond to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Each GPCR binds to and is activated by a specific ligand stimulus that ranges in size from small molecule catecholamines, lipids, or neurotransmitters to large protein hormones. When a GPCR is activated by its extracellular ligand, a conformational change is induced in the receptor that is transmitted to an attached intracellular heterotrimeric G protein complex. The Gs alpha subunit of the stimulated G protein complex exchanges GDP for GTP and is released from the complex.
In a cAMP-dependent pathway, the activated Gs alpha subunit binds to and activates an enzyme called adenylyl cyclase, which, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
Increases in concentration of the second messenger cAMP may lead to the activation of
cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels
exchange proteins activated by cAMP (EPAC) such as RAPGEF3
popeye domain containing proteins (Popdc)
an enzyme called protein kinase A (PKA).
The PKA enzyme is also known as cAMP-dependent enzyme because it gets activated only if cAMP is present. Once PKA is activated, it phosphorylates a number of other proteins including:
enzymes that convert glycogen into glucose
enzymes that promote muscle contraction in the heart leading to an increase in heart rate
transcription factors, which regulate gene expression
also phosphorylat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyoxins | Polyoxins are a group of nucleoside antibiotics composed of heterocyclic moieties containing nitrogen. An example is Polyoxin B.
Polyoxins work by inhibiting the biosynthesis of chitin. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20complex | A rule complex is a set consisting of rules and/or other rule complexes. This is a generalization of a set of rules, and provides a tool to investigate and describe how rules can function as values, norms, judgmental or prescriptive rules, and meta-rules. Also possible is to examine objects consisting of rules such as roles, routines, algorithms, models of reality, social relationships, and institutions. In game theory, rules and rule complexes can be used to define the behavior and interactions of the players (although in generalized game theory, the rules are not necessarily static. Rule complexes are especially associated with sociologist Tom R. Burns and Anna Gomolinska and the Uppsala Theory Circle.
Formalization
Rules
In this setting, a rule is type of knowledge (in the sense of epistemic logic (see Fagin, 2003)) formalized as a set of premises or conditions, a set of justifications, and a set of conclusions (this may be written as a triple, a rule ). Elements of X should hold, and of Y may hold. If Y, the justifications, do not hold, then the rule cannot be applied. If X, the premises, obtain and the justifications are not known to not apply, then the rule is applied, and is concluded. If X and Y are empty, then the rule is axiomatic (a "fact" or unconditional directive). Thus, rules can be seen as the basic objects of knowledge.
Rule complex
Formally, a rule complex is the class which contains all finite sets of rules, is closed under set-theoretical union and power set, and preserves inclusion:
Any finite set of rules is a rule complex;
If are rule complexes, then and are rule complexes;
If and is a rule complex, then is a rule complex.
This means that for rule complexes and , are also rule complexes. A complex is a subcomplex of the complex if or may be obtained from by deleting some rules from and/or redundant parentheses (Burns, 2005). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/124th%20meridian%20east | The meridian 124° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 124th meridian east forms a great circle with the 56th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 124th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="130" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Laptev Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Sakha Republic — islands of the Lena Delta and the mainland Amur Oblast — from
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Heilongjiang Inner Mongolia — from Heilongjiang — from Jilin — from Liaoning — from
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Yellow Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | East China Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Islands of Kohamajima and Kuroshima
|-valign="top"
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Philippine Sea — passing just east of the island of Luzon, (at ) — passing just west of the island of Catanduanes, (at )
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| Agutaya Island
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Albay Gulf
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| Island of Luzon
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! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Samar Sea
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| Island of Masbate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Committee%20for%20Traceability%20in%20Laboratory%20Medicine | The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine or JCTLM is collaboration between the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM), the International Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), and the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC).
The goal of the JCTLM is to provide a worldwide platform to promote and give guidance on internationally recognized and accepted equivalence of measurements in laboratory medicine and traceability to appropriate measurement standards.
See also
Good laboratory practice (GLP)
Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)
Reference range
Reference values |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical%20central-force%20problem | In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field. A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the object to the center. In a few important cases, the problem can be solved analytically, i.e., in terms of well-studied functions such as trigonometric functions.
The solution of this problem is important to classical mechanics, since many naturally occurring forces are central. Examples include gravity and electromagnetism as described by Newton's law of universal gravitation and Coulomb's law, respectively. The problem is also important because some more complicated problems in classical physics (such as the two-body problem with forces along the line connecting the two bodies) can be reduced to a central-force problem. Finally, the solution to the central-force problem often makes a good initial approximation of the true motion, as in calculating the motion of the planets in the Solar System.
Basics
The essence of the central-force problem is to solve for the position r of a particle moving under the influence of a central force F, either as a function of time t or as a function of the angle φ relative to the center of force and an arbitrary axis.
Definition of a central force
A conservative central force F has two defining properties. First, it must drive particles either directly towards or directly away from a fixed point in space, the center of force, which is often labeled O. In other words, a central force must act along the line joining O with the present position of the particle. Second, a conservative central force depends only on the distance r between O and the moving particle; it does not depend explicitly on time or other descriptors of position.
This two-fold definition may be expressed mathematically as follows. The center of for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor%20rank%20decomposition | In multilinear algebra, the tensor rank decomposition or the decomposition of a tensor is the decomposition of a tensor in terms of a sum of minimum tensors. This is an open problem.
Canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) is a variant of the rank decomposition which computes the best fitting terms for a user specified . The CP decomposition has found some applications in linguistics and chemometrics. The CP rank was introduced by Frank Lauren Hitchcock in 1927 and later rediscovered several times, notably in psychometrics.
The CP decomposition is referred to as CANDECOMP, PARAFAC, or CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP). PARAFAC2 rank decomposition is yet to explore.
Another popular generalization of the matrix SVD known as the higher-order singular value decomposition computes orthonormal mode matrices and has found applications in econometrics, signal processing, computer vision, computer graphics, psychometrics.
Notation
A scalar variable is denoted by lower case italic letters, and an upper bound scalar is denoted by an upper case italic letter, .
Indices are denoted by a combination of lowercase and upper case italic letters, . Multiple indices that one might encounter when referring to the multiple modes of a tensor are conveniently denoted by where .
A vector is denoted by a lower case bold Times Roman, and a matrix is denoted by bold upper case letters .
A higher order tensor is denoted by calligraphic letters,. An element of an -order tensor is denoted by or .
Definition
A data tensor is a collection of multivariate observations organized into a -way array where =+1. Every tensor may be represented with a suitably large as a linear combination of rank-1 tensors:
where and where . When the number of terms is minimal in the above expression, then is called the rank of the tensor, and the decomposition is often referred to as a (tensor) rank decomposition, minimal CP decomposition, or Canonical Polyadic Decomposition (CPD). If the num |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus%20encryption | Bus encryption is the use of encrypted program instructions on a data bus in a computer that includes a secure cryptoprocessor for executing the encrypted instructions. Bus encryption is used primarily in electronic systems that require high security, such as automated teller machines, TV set-top boxes, and secure data communication devices such as two-way digital radios.
Bus encryption can also mean encrypted data transmission on a data bus from one processor to another processor. For example, from the CPU to a GPU which does not require input of encrypted instructions. Such bus encryption is used by Windows Vista and newer Microsoft operating systems to protect certificates, BIOS, passwords, and program authenticity. PVP-UAB (Protected Video Path) provides bus encryption of premium video content in PCs as it passes over the PCIe bus to graphics cards to enforce digital rights management.
The need for bus encryption arises when multiple people have access to the internal circuitry of an electronic system, either because they service and repair such systems, stock spare components for the systems, own the system, steal the system, or find a lost or abandoned system. Bus encryption is necessary not only to prevent tampering of encrypted instructions that may be easily discovered on a data bus or during data transmission, but also to prevent discovery of decrypted instructions that may reveal security weaknesses that an intruder can exploit.
In TV set-top boxes, it is necessary to download program instructions periodically to customer's units to provide new features and to fix bugs. These new instructions are encrypted before transmission, but must also remain secure on data buses and during execution to prevent the manufacture of unauthorized cable TV boxes. This can be accomplished by secure crypto-processors that read encrypted instructions on the data bus from external data memory, decrypt the instructions in the cryptoprocessor, and execute the instructions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic%20Transactions%20on%20Numerical%20Analysis | Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis is a
peer-reviewed scientific open access journal publishing original research in
applied mathematics with the focus on numerical analysis and
scientific computing.
It is published by the Kent State University and the Johann Radon Institute for Computational and
Applied Mathematics (RICAM). Articles for this journal are published in electronic form
on the journal's web site. The journal is one of the oldest scientific open access journals in
mathematics.
The Electronic Transactions on Numerical Analysis were
founded in 1992 by Richard S. Varga, Arden Ruttan, and
Lothar Reichel (all Kent State University) as a fully open access journal (no fee for reader or authors).
The first issue appeared in September 1993.
The current editors-in-chief are Lothar Reichel and Ronny Ramlau.
Editors-in-chief
1993–2008: Richard S. Varga
1993–1998: Arden Ruttan
2005–2013: Daniel Szyld
since 1993: Lothar Reichel
since 2010: Ronny Ramlau
No-fee open access and copyright
Since its foundation, the journal follows an open access policy that allows free access to readers and charges no fee for authors ("diamond open access"). Authors transfer the copyright of published articles to the editors. This publication model is based on the one hand on support of the editing institutions and on donations. On the other hand, the editing process is carried out by volunteers from the scientific community.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the
Science Citation Index Expanded
Mathematical Reviews,
and Zentralblatt MATH.
According to the Journal Citation Reports,
the journal has a 2015 impact factor of
0.671 (highest 1.261 in 2012)
External links
Official website (RICAM)
Official website (Kent) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl%20law | In mathematics, especially spectral theory, Weyl's law describes the asymptotic behavior of eigenvalues of the Laplace–Beltrami operator. This description was discovered in 1911 (in the case) by Hermann Weyl for eigenvalues for the Laplace–Beltrami operator acting on functions that vanish at the boundary of a bounded domain . In particular, he proved that the number, , of Dirichlet eigenvalues (counting their multiplicities) less than or equal to satisfies
where is a volume of the unit ball in . In 1912 he provided a new proof based on variational methods.
Generalizations
The Weyl law has been extended to more general domains and operators. For the Schrödinger operator
it was extended to
as tending to or to a bottom of essential spectrum and/or .
Here is the number of eigenvalues of below unless there is essential spectrum below in which case .
In the development of spectral asymptotics, the crucial role was played by variational methods and microlocal analysis.
Counter-examples
The extended Weyl law fails in certain situations. In particular, the extended Weyl law "claims" that there is no essential spectrum if and only if the right-hand expression is finite for all .
If one considers domains with cusps (i.e. "shrinking exits to infinity") then the (extended) Weyl law claims that there is no essential spectrum if and only if the volume is finite. However for the Dirichlet Laplacian there is no essential spectrum even if the volume is infinite as long as cusps shrinks at infinity (so the finiteness of the volume is not necessary).
On the other hand, for the Neumann Laplacian there is an essential spectrum unless cusps shrinks at infinity faster than the negative exponent (so the finiteness of the volume is not sufficient).
Weyl conjecture
Weyl conjectured that
where the remainder term is negative for Dirichlet boundary conditions and positive for Neumann.
The remainder estimate was improved upon by many mathematicians.
In 1922, Richard Coura |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwork%20Engineer | cadwork engineer is a transportation corridor building information modeling software developed beginning in 2004 by Cadwork informatik AG in Switzerland. Engineer is notable in that when combined with cadwork Lexocad, it is one of the few 'BIM' infrastructure softwares.
Technical characteristics
An early adopter is Marti Group, which implemented cadwork Engineer in the BIM configuration on a civil engineering project in the Baselland Canton.
Engineer files are named with the extension .2dr.
Engineer includes modules:
Roads
Motorways
Railways
Junctions
Roundabouts
Point clouds
Steel reinforcement
Bridges
Topography and maps
Geographic information systems
Theodolite interface
Engineer provides automatic calculations:
Clothoid curves
Three-radius curves for railway
Horizontal and vertical jointures
Truck trajectories
Earth triangulation
Retaining wall
Earth Embankments
Complex profiles with borders, banquettes, and dividers
Topographic edits
Interfaces:
Lexoview is guaranteed with Open Inventor format.
AutoCAD is guaranteed with DWG format.
See also
Virtual design and construction
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
Civil engineering
Construction engineering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.B.%20Harold%20Murder%20Club | J.B. Harold Murder Club, known as J.B. Harold no Jikenbo #1: Murder Club in Japan, and as Murder Club in North America (MS-DOS), is a 1986 murder mystery adventure game, developed by Riverhillsoft and released for the NEC PC-98, MSX, MS-DOS, NEC TurboGrafx-CD (TurboDuo) and Nintendo DS platforms. The TurboGrafx-CD version featured still photographs, text and audio voices as well as the option to select the language, English or Japanese. It was the first entry in the J.B. Harold series, which have been released on various platforms and sold 200,000 copies as of 2011.
Story and gameplay
A horrible murder has taken place in the sleepy little town of Liberty. Bill Robbins, a wealthy man known for his wild womanizing ways is the victim and, list of possible suspects keeps growing. As J.B. Harold the player must figure out the who, what, where and why of the case. To solve the mystery it will be necessary to travel to various locations, interview people and search for clues. The game is laid out over a grid map that displays various locations, though other than that, the game is mainly presented in the form of still photos.
Reception
DOS
Dennis Owens (in the voice of a character named "Rocco") reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Da goods on dis game iz dat, if youse can fuhgit dat dis iz nuttin' but a compudah game, which da game in no ways lets youse fugit, den youse might finds its to be sum kind o' complex moidah mystery."
TurboGrafx-CD
The game was reviewed in 1991 in Dragon #176 by Hartley, Patricia and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars. They wrote that it is "a great game for mystery fans" and "a thinking game that is well worth the money". Dragon criticized the game for not including "a warning on the box about the mature subject matter in this game" in reference to an unsolved rape case.
Video Games and Computer Entertainment critic, Donn Nauert, praised the game's sound, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virokine | Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system. Such proteins are referred to as virokines if they resemble cytokines, growth factors, or complement regulators; the term viroceptor is sometimes used if the proteins resemble cellular receptors. A third class of virally encoded immunomodulatory proteins consists of proteins that bind directly to cytokines. Due to the immunomodulatory properties of these proteins, they have been proposed as potentially therapeutically relevant to autoimmune diseases.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism of virokine interference with immune signaling is thought to be competitive inhibition of the binding of host signaling molecules to their target receptors. Virokines occupy binding sites on host receptors, thereby inhibiting access by signaling molecules. Viroceptors mimic host receptors and thus divert signaling molecules from finding their targets. Cytokine-binding proteins bind to and sequester cytokines, occluding the binding surface through which they interact with receptors. The effect is to attenuate and subvert host immune response.
Discovery
The term "virokine" was coined by National Institutes of Health virologist Bernard Moss. The early 1990s saw several reports of virally encoded proteins with sequence homology to immune proteins, followed by reports of the cowpox and vaccinia viruses directly interfering with key immune regulator IL1B. The first identified virokine was an epidermal growth factor-like protein found in myxoma viruses.
Much of the early work on virokines involved vaccinia virus, which was discovered to secrete proteins that promote proliferation of neighboring cells and block complement immune activity leading to inflammation.
Evolutionary origins
The immunomodulatory proteins, including virokines, in the poxvirus family have been extensively studied in the context of the evolution of the family. Virokines in this family |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman%3A%20The%20Man%20of%20Steel%20%281989%20video%20game%29 | Superman: The Man of Steel is a 1989 video game featuring the DC Comics character Superman. It was developed and published by UK software company Tynesoft under license from First Star Software.
Gameplay
The game is split into distinct levels including 3D flying, overhead vertical scrolling and side scrolling sections. The sections were so different that they are almost like different games. The number of sections depended on format (e.g. part seven is missing from some versions). Sections are linked by comic book graphics telling the story.
The first level is a pseudo-3D forward scrolling flying level (similar to Space Harrier) where Superman, en route from Metropolis to S.T.A.R. Labs, is attacked by Darkseid's Para-Demons.
Part two is set on a ship where Lois Lane is being held hostage by terrorists. This takes the form of a side scrolling fighting game with Superman fighting off terrorists to reach and free Lois.
The third part is an overhead view vertical scrolling section set in space where Superman must escort a Space Shuttle, manned by Professor Gorwin, through an asteroid and Kryptonite field, to the S.T.A.R. Lab Satellite.
The fourth is another side-scrolling level. Set inside the satellite, Superman must battle the faulty Robot Defence System which has mistaken Superman for an enemy intruder.
The fifth part is set outside the satellite when another asteroid field approaches. Gameplay is identical to level three.
Part six is similar to parts three and five but rather than asteroids, Superman must fly to an enemy satellite which is disrupting the signals from the S.T.A.R. Lab Satellite. On the way, he must battle Darkseid's Mini-Robots and a large boss robot.
Part seven is set outside the enemy satellite, now identified as belonging to Lex Luthor. Superman uses telescopic sight to identify and attack weak spots while avoiding the satellite's defences.
The eighth and final part is set inside Lex's satellite. Similar to part four, Superman must battl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl%27s%20theorem | In matrix analysis Stahl's theorem is a theorem proved in 2011 by Herbert Stahl concerning Laplace transforms for special matrix functions. It originated in 1975 as the Bessis-Moussa-Villani (BMV) conjecture by Daniel Bessis, Pierre Moussa, and Marcel Villani. In 2004 Elliott H. Lieb and Robert Seiringer gave two important reformulations of the BMV conjecture. In 2015 Alexandre Eremenko gave a simplified proof of Stahl's theorem.
Statement of the theorem
Let denote the trace of a matrix. If and are Hermitian matrices and is positive semidefinite, define , for all real . Then can be represented as the Laplace transform of a non-negative Borel measure on . In other words, for all real ,
() = ,
for some non-negative measure depending upon and . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-holin%20family | The Neisserial Phage-associated Holin (NP-Holin) Family (TC# 1.E.22) is a family of small proteins, between 47–53 amino acyl residues in length, that exhibit a single N-terminal transmembrane segment (TMS). Although annotated as phage proteins or holins, NP-Holin proteins are not yet functionally characterized, thus more research is needed to confirm holin activity. A representative list of proteins belonging to the NP-Holin family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Holin
Lysin
Transporter Classification Database
Further reading |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Canadian%20Football%20League%20mascots | The following is a list of the mascots of each Canadian Football League team.
Current mascots
Other and former mascots
In 2003, the Calgary Stampeders introduced another mascot of sorts, "Quick Six," which is an actual horse. Quick Six continues a Stampeders tradition, which began in 1993, of having a horse charge down the east sidelines of a field, after Calgary scores a touchdown.
Out of the nine current CFL teams, only one has replaced their mascot, the Toronto Argonauts. Prior to Jason, the Argonauts had a mascot named "Scully," who was "traded" by the team, for Jason, in 2003. Jason was later, "promoted to starting mascot," in 2005. The now defunct franchise, the Ottawa Renegades' mascot was Ruffy the Beaver.
The Edmonton Eskimos first introduced costumed mascots in 1972 as part of the Eskimos CHQT "QT's" Cheerleader team. The original gorilla-like mascots were redesigned in 1976 as two cartoon-like gorillas, custom made in Salt Lake City. Green and gold, respectively, the two were called Eski and Mo. Nanook was the Edmonton Eskimos' only mascot from 1997–2003. Punter was introduced in 2004, as a secondary mascot. They were together from 2004–2020. When the Eskimos' name changed to the Elks, Nanook was retired in 2021. While Nanook was replaced by an elk named Spike, Punter remains the secondary mascot.
The Winnipeg Blue Bombers original mascot was Captain Blue, who was introduced in the early 1970s. Since 1984 with the introduction of Buzz and Boomer, Captain Blue was made the secondary mascot. Captain Blue is always seen driving his full scale Blue Bomber biplane, which is a life like cartoon replica of the WWI biplane flown under the British Royal Airforce. After every touchdown and field goal scored by the Blue Bombers, Captain Blue drifts his biplane around the end zones.
Before Ottawa's mascot Big Joe, the city had a very prominent history of mascots. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague%20%28disease%29 | Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Pneumonic plague infects the lungs, causing shortness of breath, coughing and chest pain; bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes, making them swell; and septicemic plague infects the blood and can cause tissues to turn black and die.
The bubonic and septicemic forms are generally spread by flea bites or handling an infected animal, whereas pneumonic plague is generally spread between people through the air via infectious droplets. Diagnosis is typically by finding the bacterium in fluid from a lymph node, blood or sputum.
Those at high risk may be vaccinated. Those exposed to a case of pneumonic plague may be treated with preventive medication. If infected, treatment is with antibiotics and supportive care. Typically antibiotics include a combination of gentamicin and a fluoroquinolone. The risk of death with treatment is about 10% while without it is about 70%.
Globally, about 600 cases are reported a year. In 2017, the countries with the most cases include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar and Peru. In the United States, infections occasionally occur in rural areas, where the bacteria are believed to circulate among rodents. It has historically occurred in large outbreaks, with the best known being the Black Death in the 14th century, which resulted in more than 50 million deaths in Europe.
Signs and symptoms
There are several different clinical manifestations of plague. The most common form is bubonic plague, followed by septicemic and pneumonic plague. Other clinical manifestations include plague meningitis, plague pharyngitis, and ocular plague. General symptoms of plague include fever, chills, headaches, and nausea. Many people experience swelling in their lymph |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabled%20observatory | Cabled observatories are seabed oceanographic research platforms connected to the surface by undersea cables. Such cables supply both power and telecommunications to instruments. By removing the limitations of undersea power sources and sonar or RF communications, cabled observatories allow persistent study of underwater phenomena. A single cable can support multiple observation sites via individual "drops;" multiple or branching cables may then provide data in 2D or 3D.
The extent of coverage is limited by the high cost of laying dedicated undersea cable. Initial experiments used abandoned communications cables; efforts are in progress to extend observations at lower cost by accessing more such cables.
Despite their advantages, cabled observatories can (and do) relay compromised data to scientists, particularly when located in remote parts of the ocean. Factors such as instrumental malfunction and biofouling are often responsible for this. Systematic improvements, to lessen the impacts of such factors, are currently being studied by groups such as Ocean Networks Canada.
List of cabled observatories
Monterey Accelerated Research System (MARS)
NEPTUNE
VENUS
Liquid Jungle Lab (LJL) Panama- PLUTO
(Hawaii-2 Observatory)- early experiment
ALOHA
ESONET
FixO3
Ocean Observatories Initiative Cabled Array
Exploration & Remote Instrumentation by Students (ERIS)
See also
Mooring (oceanography)
Benthic lander
Oceanography
Ocean observations |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20dipole%20approximation | Discrete dipole approximation (DDA), also known as coupled dipole approximation, is a method for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape and by periodic structures. Given a target of arbitrary geometry, one seeks to calculate its scattering and absorption properties by an approximation of the continuum target by a finite array of small polarizable dipoles. This technique is used in a variety of applications including nanophotonics, radar scattering, aerosol physics and astrophysics.
Basic concepts
The basic idea of the DDA was introduced in 1964 by DeVoe who applied it to study the optical properties of molecular aggregates; retardation effects were not included, so DeVoe's treatment was limited to aggregates that were small compared with the wavelength. The DDA, including retardation effects, was proposed in 1973 by Purcell and Pennypacker
who used it to study interstellar dust grains. Simply stated, the DDA is an approximation of the continuum target by a finite array of polarizable points. The points acquire dipole moments in response to the local electric field. The dipoles interact with one another via their electric fields, so the DDA is also sometimes referred to as the coupled dipole approximation.
Nature provides the physical inspiration for the DDA - in 1909 Lorentz
showed that the dielectric properties of a substance could be directly related to the polarizabilities of the individual atoms of which it was composed, with a particularly simple and exact relationship, the Clausius-Mossotti relation (or Lorentz-Lorenz), when the atoms are located on a cubical lattice. We may expect that, just as a continuum representation of a solid is appropriate on length scales that are large compared with the interatomic spacing, an array of polarizable points can accurately approximate the response of a continuum target on length scales that are large compared with the interdipole separation.
For a finite array of point dipoles the scatterin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s%20theorem%20%28geometry%29 | Maxwell's theorem is the following statement about triangles in the plane.
The theorem is named after the physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), who proved it in his work on reciprocal figures, which are of importance in statics. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor%20characterization%20techniques | Semiconductor characterization techniques are used to characterize a semiconductor material or device (PN junction, Schottky diode, solar cell, etc.). Some examples of semiconductor properties that could be characterized include the depletion width, carrier concentration, carrier generation and recombination rates, carrier lifetimes, defect concentration, and trap states.
Electrical characterization techniques
Electrical characterization can be used to determine resistivity, carrier concentration, mobility, contact resistance, barrier height, depletion width, oxide charge, interface states, carrier lifetimes, and deep level impurities.
Two-point probe
Four-point probe
Differential Hall effect
Capacitance voltage profiling
Deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)
Electron beam-induced current
Drive-level capacitance profiling (DLCP)
Current–voltage characteristic (I–V)
Suns–VOC (Pseudo I–V)
Photoconductance decay (PCD)
Optical characterization techniques
Microscopy
Ellipsometry
Photoluminescence
Electroluminescence
Absorption or transmission spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Reflectance modulation
Cathodoluminescence
Physical and chemical characterization techniques
Electron beam techniques
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES)
Electron microprobe (EMP)
Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)
Ion beam techniques
Sputtering
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS)
X-ray techniques
X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
X-ray topography
Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
Chemical etching
Future characterization methods
Many of these techniques have been perfected for silicon, making it the most studied semiconductor material. This is a result of silicon's affordability and prominent use in computing. As other fields such as pow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double%20descent | In statistics and machine learning, double descent is the phenomenon where a statistical model with a small number of parameters and a model with an extremely large number of parameters have a small error, but a model whose number of parameters is about the same as the number of data points used to train the model will have a large error. It was discovered around 2018 when researchers were trying to reconcile the bias-variance tradeoff in classical statistics, which states that having too many parameters will yield an extremely large error, with the 2010s empirical observation of machine learning practitioners that the larger models are, the better they work. The scaling behavior of double descent has been found to follow a broken neural scaling law functional form. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta%20function%20%28accelerator%20physics%29 | The beta function in accelerator physics is a function related to the transverse size of the particle beam at the location s along the nominal beam trajectory.
It is related to the transverse beam size as follows:
where
is the location along the nominal beam trajectory
the beam is assumed to have a Gaussian shape in the transverse direction
is the width parameter of this Gaussian
is the RMS geometrical beam emittance, which is normally constant along the trajectory when there is no acceleration
Typically, separate beta functions are used for two perpendicular directions in the plane transverse to the beam direction (e.g. horizontal and vertical directions).
The beta function is one of the Courant–Snyder parameters (also called Twiss parameters).
Beta star
The value of the beta function at an interaction point is referred to as beta star.
The beta function is typically adjusted to have a local minimum at such points (in order to
minimize the beam size and thus maximise the interaction rate). Assuming that this point is
in a drift space, one can show that the evolution of the beta function around the
minimum point is given by:
where z is the distance along the nominal beam direction from the minimum point.
This implies that the smaller the beam size at the interaction
point, the faster the rise of the beta function (and thus the beam size) when going away from the interaction point.
In practice, the aperture of the beam line elements (e.g. focusing magnets) around the interaction point
limit how small beta star can be made. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eder%20Flag%20Manufacturing%20Company | The Eder Flag Manufacturing Company, based in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, is the largest company in America that serves as both a flag and flagpole manufacturer. The company was founded in 1893.
In June 2015, following the events of the Charleston church shooting, the company announced that it would no longer sell Confederate flags. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Ribet | Kenneth Alan Ribet (; born June 28, 1948) is an American mathematician working in algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. He is known for the Herbrand–Ribet theorem and Ribet's theorem, which were key ingredients in the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, as well as for his service as President of the American Mathematical Society from 2017 to 2019. He is currently a professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley.
Early life and education
Kenneth Ribet was born in Brooklyn, New York to parents David Ribet and Pearl Ribet, both Jewish, on June 28, 1948. As a student at Far Rockaway High School, Ribet was on a competitive mathematics team, but his first field of study was chemistry.
Ribet earned his bachelor's degree and master's degree from Brown University in 1969. In 1973, Ribet received his Ph.D. from Harvard University under the supervision of John Tate.
Career
After receiving his doctoral degree, Ribet taught at Princeton University for three years before spending two years doing research in Paris. In 1978, Ribet joined the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, where he served three separate terms as supervisor of the department's graduate program, supervisor of the department's undergraduate program, and supervisor of the department's development.
Ribet has served as an editor for several mathematics journals, a book series editor for the Cambridge University Press, and a book series editor for Springer. He also served on the United States National Committee for Mathematics, representing the United States at the International Mathematical Union, and was the Chair of the Mathematics section of the National Academy of Sciences.
From February 1, 2017 to January 31, 2019, Ribet was President of the American Mathematical Society.
Research
Ribet's contributions in number theory and algebraic geometry were described by Benedict Gross and Barry Mazur as being "key to our understanding of the connections bet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeotic%20selector%20gene | Homeotic selector genes confer segment identity in Drosophila. They encode homeodomain proteins which interact with Hox and other homeotic genes to initiate segment-specific gene regulation. Homeodomain proteins are transcription factors that share a DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain. Changes in the expression and function of homeotic genes are responsible for the changes in the morphology of the limbs of arthropods as well as in the axial skeletons of vertebrates. Mutations in homeotic selector genes do not lead to elimination of a segment or pattern, but instead cause the segment to develop incorrectly.
History
The homeotic selector genes were discovered through the genetic analysis of Drosophila over 80 years ago . Unusual disturbances were found in the organization of the adult fly, resulting in misplaced limbs, such as legs developing where antennae usually develop or an extra pair of wings developing where halteres should be. This discovery provided a glimpse to understanding how each segment acquires its individual identity.
The first homeotic gene cluster, the bithorax complex, was discovered by Edward B. Lewis in 1978. Similar mutations in the complex were found to cluster together, leading Lewis to propose that these homeotic genes arose through a duplication mechanism which would conserve the clusters through evolution.
The independent discoveries of the homeobox in the 1983 by Walter Gehring's laboratory at the University of Basel, Switzerland, and Thomas Kaufman's laboratory at Indiana University confirmed Lewis's theory.
Collinearity
Collinearity is found between the order of the genes on the chromosome and the order in which the genes are expressed along the anteroposterior axis of the embryo. For example, the lab gene is found in the 3' position in the Antennapedia complex, and is expressed in the most anterior head region of the embryo. At the same time, the Abd-B gene is located at the 5' position of the Bithorax complex, and expressed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide | Neuropeptides are chemical messengers made up of small chains of amino acids that are synthesized and released by neurons. Neuropeptides typically bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neural activity and other tissues like the gut, muscles, and heart.
There are over 100 known neuropeptides, representing the largest and most diverse class of signaling molecules in the nervous system. Neuropeptides are synthesized from large precursor proteins which are cleaved and post-translationally processed then packaged into dense core vesicles. Neuropeptides are often co-released with other neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in a single neuron, yielding a multitude of effects. Once released, neuropeptides can diffuse widely to affect a broad range of targets.
Synthesis
Neuropeptides are synthesized from large, inactive precursor proteins called prepropeptides. Prepropeptides contain sequences for a family of distinct peptides and often contain repeated copies of the same peptides, depending on the organism. In addition to the precursor peptide sequences, prepropeptides also contain a signal peptide, spacer peptides, and cleavage sites. The signal peptide sequence guides the protein to the secretory pathway, starting at the endoplasmic reticulum. The signal peptide sequence is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum, yielding a propeptide. The propeptide travels to the Golgi apparatus where it is proteolytically cleaved and processed into multiple peptides. Peptides are packaged into dense core vesicles, where further cleaving and processing, such as C-terminal amidation, can occur. Dense core vesicles are transported throughout the neuron and can release peptides at the synaptic cleft, cell body, and along the axon.
Mechanism
Neuropeptides are released by dense core vesicles after depolarization of the cell. Compared to classical neurotransmitter signaling, neuropeptide signaling is more sensitive. Neuropeptide receptor affinity is in the nanomolar to micr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian%20Physical%20Society | The Norwegian Physical Society () is a professional society in Norway for physicists. Formed in 1953, its purpose is to promote research, public understanding and cooperation within physics. Its magazine, first published in 1939, is Fra Fysikkens Verden.
The Chair of the society is Åshild Fredriksen. The society consists of six scientific sub-groups as well as the Norwegian Physics Teachers' Association, which have one member of the board each. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton%20edge | In spectrophotometry, the Compton edge is a feature of the spectrograph that results from Compton scattering in the scintillator or detector. When a gamma-ray scatters off the scintillator but escapes, only some fraction of its energy is registered by the detector. The amount of energy deposited in the detector depends on the scattering angle of the photon, leading to a spectrum of energies each corresponding to a different scattering angle. The highest energy that can be deposited, corresponding to full backscatter, is called the Compton edge. In mathematical terms, the Compton edge is the inflection point of the high-energy side of the Compton region.
Background
In a Compton scattering process, an incident photon collides with an electron in a material. The amount of energy exchanged varies with angle, and is given by the formula:
or
E is the energy of the incident photon.
E' is the energy of the outgoing photon, which escapes the material.
is the mass of the electron.
c is the speed of light.
is the angle of deflection for the photon.
The amount of energy transferred to the material varies with the angle of deflection. As approaches zero, none of the energy is transferred. The maximum amount of energy is transferred when approaches 180 degrees.
It is impossible for the photon to transfer any more energy via this process; thus, there is a sharp cutoff at this energy, leading to the name Compton edge. If an isotope has multiple photopeaks, each inflection point will have its own Compton edge.
The region between zero energy transfer and the Compton edge is known as the Compton continuum. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian%20Journal%20of%20Physics | The Australian Journal of Physics was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Australia. It was a journal for the publication of reviews covering all branches of physics. The journal surveyed the development of selected topics within the wider context of physics.
The journal published its last issue in April 2001 and is no longer receiving papers. The journal's electronic archive, covering the years 1953–2001, is available for free full text access.
One of the most highly cited papers published in the journal is
in which he first presented the projection-slice theorem widely used in medical imaging.
See also
List of physics journals
External links
Physics journals
Defunct journals
Academic journals established in 1948
Publications disestablished in 2001
CSIRO Publishing academic journals
Bimonthly journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20Security%20Interoperability%20Alliance | The Physical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIA) is a global consortium of more than 65 physical security manufacturers and systems integrators focused on promoting interoperability of IP-enabled security devices and systems across the physical security ecosystem as well as enterprise and building automation systems.
The PSIA promotes and develops open specifications, relevant to networked physical security technology, across all industry segments including video, storage, analytics, intrusion, and access control. Its work is analogous to that of groups and consortia that have developed standardized methods that allow different types of equipment to seamlessly connect and share data, such as the USB and Bluetooth.
Specifications
The PSIA has created seven complementary specifications that enable systems and devices to interoperate and exchange data and intelligence.
Three of these specifications are the “reference works” for the family of specifications. These are the Service Model; PSIA Common Metadata & Event Model; and the PSIA Common Security Model. These “common models” define and describe various security events as well as computer network and software protocols relevant to security devices and systems.
The other four PSIA specifications correspond to domains in the security ecosystem. These are the IP Media Device specification, Recording and Content Management specification, Video Analytics specification and Area Control specification. These base their communications about security events on the PSIA Common Metadata & Event Model, one of the reference works described above.
PSIA specifications are expected to become more critical to security system architecture as major users integrate video surveillance, access and area control, mobile devices and local and cloud-based storage across a common information technology platform. PSIA has a liaison with the International Electrotechnical Commission on two specifications for access control and video. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment-resistant%20depression | Treatment-resistant depression is a term used in psychiatry to describe people with major depressive disorder (MDD) who do not respond adequately to a course of appropriate antidepressant medication within a certain time. Definitions of treatment-resistant depression vary, and they do not include a resistance to psychological therapies. Inadequate response has most commonly been defined as less than 50% reduction in depressive symptoms following treatment with at least one antidepressant medication, although definitions vary widely. Some factors that contribute to inadequate treatment are: a history of repeated or severe adverse childhood experiences, early discontinuation of treatment, insufficient dosage of medication, patient noncompliance, misdiagnosis, cognitive impairment, low income and other socio-economic variables, and concurrent medical conditions, including comorbid psychiatric disorders. Cases of treatment-resistant depression may also be referred to by which medications people with treatment-resistant depression are resistant to (e.g.: SSRI-resistant). In treatment-resistant depression adding further treatments such as psychotherapy, lithium, or aripiprazole is weakly supported as of 2019.
Risk factors
Comorbid psychiatric disorders
Comorbid psychiatric disorders commonly go undetected in the treatment of depression. If left untreated, the symptoms of these disorders can interfere with both evaluation and treatment.
Anxiety disorders are one of the most common disorder types associated with treatment-resistant depression. The two disorders commonly co-exist, and have some similar symptoms. Some studies have shown that patients with both MDD and panic disorder are the most likely to be nonresponsive to treatment.
Substance abuse may also be a predictor of treatment-resistant depression. It may cause depressed patients to be noncompliant in their treatment, and the effects of certain substances can worsen the effects of depression.
Other psychiatri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GDDR%20SDRAM | Graphics DDR SDRAM (GDDR SDRAM) is a type of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) specifically designed for applications requiring high bandwidth, e.g. graphics processing units (GPUs). GDDR SDRAM is distinct from the more widely known types of DDR SDRAM, such as DDR4 and DDR5, although they share some of the same features—including double data rate (DDR) data transfers. , GDDR SDRAM has been succeeded by GDDR2, GDDR3, GDDR4, GDDR5, GDDR5X, GDDR6, GDDR6X and GDDR6W.
Generations
DDR SGRAM
GDDR was initially known as DDR SGRAM (double data rate synchronous graphics RAM). It was commercially introduced as a 16Mb memory chip by Samsung Electronics in 1998.
GDDR2
GDDR3
GDDR4
GDDR5
GDDR6
GDDR7
Table of transfer rates
See also
Video random access memory
Double data rate |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Speed%20LAN%20Instrument%20Protocol | HiSLIP (High-Speed LAN Instrument Protocol) is a TCP/IP-based protocol for remote instrument control of LAN-based test and measurement instruments. It was specified by the IVI Foundation
and is intended to replace the older VXI-11 protocol. Like VXI-11, HiSLIP is normally used via a library that implements the VISA API.
Version 1.4 of the LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation (LXI) standard recommends HiSLIP as “LXI HiSLIP Extended Function for LXI based instrumentation”.
Benefits
HiSLIP fixes several problems with the VXI-11 protocol (which synchronously sends GPIB commands via SunRPC):
New asynchronous “overlap mode” to help applications fully utilize Ethernet performance
Support for both shared and exclusive instrument locking
Support for IPv6
Features
HiSLIP can operate in two different modes:
In “overlap mode”, input and output data are buffered between the client and server and a series of independent queries can be sent by a client without having to wait for each to complete before sending the next. The responses are sent back in the order in which the queries were sent. This asynchronous operation helps applications to fully utilize Ethernet performance.
There is also a slower “synchronized mode”, in which a client is required to read the result of each query before it can send another. It is intended for backwards compatibility with the capabilities of GPIB, VXI-11, and USB-TMC instruments.
HiSLIP clients (VISA libraries) have to support both modes. HiSLIP servers (instruments) need to support at least one of them, but can also support both.
A HiSLIP client contacts a server by opening two TCP connections, both to port 4880, and sends packetized messages on both:
The “synchronous channel” carries normal bi-directional ASCII command traffic (e.g., SCPI), and synchronous GPIB meta-messages (END, triggers, etc.).
The “asynchronous channel” carries GPIB-like meta-messages that need to be treated at higher priority and independent of the data path (e |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashlife | Hashlife is a memoized algorithm for computing the long-term fate of a given starting configuration in Conway's Game of Life and related cellular automata, much more quickly than would be possible using alternative algorithms that simulate each time step of each cell of the automaton. The algorithm was first described by Bill Gosper in the early 1980s while he was engaged in research at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. Hashlife was originally implemented on Symbolics Lisp machines with the aid of the Flavors extension.
Hashlife
Hashlife is designed to exploit large amounts of spatial and temporal redundancy in most Life rules. For example, in Conway's Life, many seemingly random patterns end up as collections of simple still lifes and oscillators.
Representation
The field is typically treated as a theoretically infinite grid, with the pattern in question centered near the origin. A quadtree is used to represent the field. Given a square of 22k cells, 2k on a side, at the kth level of the tree, the hash table stores the 2k−1-by-2k−1 square of cells in the center, 2k−2 generations in the future. For example, for a 4×4 square it stores the 2×2 center, one generation forward; and for an 8×8 square it stores the 4×4 center, two generations forward.
Hashing
While a quadtree typically has far more overhead than other simpler representations (such as using a matrix of bits), it allows for various optimizations. As the name suggests, the algorithm uses hash tables to store the nodes of the quadtree. Many subpatterns in the tree are usually identical to each other; for example the pattern being studied may contain many copies of the same spaceship, or even large swathes of empty space. These subpatterns will all hash to the same position in the hash table, and thus many copies of the same subpattern can be stored using the same hash table entry. In addition, these subpatterns only need to be evaluated once, not once per copy as in other Life algorithms.
This itself l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphy%20and%20synapomorphy | In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have evolved in their most recent common ancestor. In cladistics, synapomorphy implies homology.
Examples of apomorphy are the presence of erect gait, fur, the evolution of three middle ear bones, and mammary glands in mammals but not in other vertebrate animals such as amphibians or reptiles, which have retained their ancestral traits of a sprawling gait and lack of fur. Thus, these derived traits are also synapomorphies of mammals in general as they are not shared by other vertebrate animals.
Etymology
The word —coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig—is derived from the Ancient Greek words (sún), meaning "with, together"; (apó), meaning "away from"; and (morphḗ), meaning "shape, form".
Clade analysis
The concept of synapomorphy depends on a given clade in the tree of life. Cladograms are diagrams that depict evolutionary relationships within groups of taxa. These illustrations are accurate predictive device in modern genetics. They are usually depicted in either tree or ladder form. Synapomorphies then create evidence for historical relationships and their associated hierarchical structure. Evolutionarily, a synapomorphy is the marker for the most recent common ancestor of the monophyletic group consisting of a set of taxa in a cladogram. What counts as a synapomorphy for one clade may well be a primitive character or plesiomorphy at a less inclusive or nested clade. For example, the presence of mammary glands is a synapomorphy for mammals in relation to tetrapods but is a symplesiomorphy for mammals in relation to one another—rodents and primates, for example. So the concept can be understood as well in terms of "a character newer than" (autapomorphy) and "a character older than" (plesiomorphy) the apomorphy: mamm |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerknes%20force | Bjerknes forces are translational forces on bubbles in a sound wave. The phenomenon is a type of acoustic radiation force. Primary Bjerknes forces are caused by an external sound field; secondary Bjerknes forces are attractive or repulsive forces between pairs of bubbles in the same sound field caused by the pressure field generated by each bubble volume's oscillations. They were first described by Vilhelm Bjerknes in his 1906 Fields of Force.
Hydrodynamics – electromagnetism analogy
In Fields of Force Bjerknes lay out geometrical and dynamical analogies between the Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism and hydrodynamics. In the light of these analogies the Bjerknes forces are being predicted.
Principle of kinematic buoyancy
Bjerknes writes:"Any body which participates in the translatory motion of a fluid mass is subject to a kinematic buoyancy equal to the product of the acceleration of the translatory motion multiplied by the mass of the water displaced by the body"This principle is analogous to Archimedes' principle. Based on this principle the force acting on a particle of volume is . Where is the fluid velocity and is the fluid density.
Using conservation of momentum for incompressible non-viscous fluid one can find that to first order: , Concluding that .
Charge and oscillating particles
Bjerknes realized that the velocity field generated by an expanding particle in an incompressible fluid has the same geometrical structure as the electric field generated by a positively charged particle, and that the same applies for contracting particle and a negatively charged particle.
In the case of an oscillating motion, Bjerknes argued that two particles that oscillate in phase generate a velocity field that is geometrically equivalent to the electric field generated by two particles with the same charge, whereas two particles that oscillate in an opposite phase will generate a velocity field that is geometrically equivalent to the electric field generated b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial%20navigation%20system | An inertial navigation system (INS; also inertial guidance system, inertial instrument) is a navigation device that uses motion sensors (accelerometers), rotation sensors (gyroscopes) and a computer to continuously calculate by dead reckoning the position, the orientation, and the velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external references. Often the inertial sensors are supplemented by a barometric altimeter and sometimes by magnetic sensors (magnetometers) and/or speed measuring devices. INSs are used on mobile robots and on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. Older INS systems generally used an inertial platform as their mounting point to the vehicle and the terms are sometimes considered synonymous.
Integrals in the time domain implicitly demand a stable and accurate clock for the quantification of elapsed time.
Design
Inertial navigation is a self-contained navigation technique in which measurements provided by accelerometers and gyroscopes are used to track the position and orientation of an object relative to a known starting point, orientation and velocity. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) typically contain three orthogonal rate-gyroscopes and three orthogonal accelerometers, measuring angular velocity and linear acceleration respectively. By processing signals from these devices it is possible to track the position and orientation of a device.
An inertial navigation system includes at least a computer and a platform or module containing accelerometers, gyroscopes, or other motion-sensing devices. The INS is initially provided with its position and velocity from another source (a human operator, a GPS satellite receiver, etc.) accompanied with the initial orientation and thereafter computes its own updated position and velocity by integrating information received from the motion sensors. The advantage of an INS is that it requires no external references in order to de |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieben%20Prize | The Ignaz Lieben Prize, named after the Austrian banker , is an annual Austrian award made by the Austrian Academy of Sciences to young scientists working in the fields of molecular biology, chemistry, or physics.
Biography
The Ignaz Lieben Prize has been called the Austrian Nobel Prize. It is similar in intent but somewhat older than the Nobel Prize. The Austrian merchant Ignaz L. Lieben, whose family supported many philanthropic activities, had stipulated in his testament that 6,000 florins should be used “for the common good”. In 1863 this money was given to the Austrian Imperial Academy of Sciences, and the Ignaz L. Lieben Prize was instituted. Every three years, the sum of 900 florins was to be given to an Austrian scientist in the field of chemistry, physics, or physiology. This sum corresponded to roughly 40 per cent of the annual income of a university professor.
From 1900 on, the prize was offered on a yearly basis. The endowment was twice increased by the Lieben family. When the endowment had lost its value due to inflation after World War I, the family transferred the necessary sum yearly to the Austrian Academy of Sciences. But since the family was persecuted by the National Socialists, the prize was discontinued after the German Anschluss of Austria in 1938.
Richard Lieben (1842–1919), the younger son of Ignaz Lieben, financed the Richard Lieben Prize in Mathematics, which was awarded every three years from 1912 to 1921, and one final time in 1928, before being discontinued.
In 2004 the Lieben prize was reinstated, with support from Isabel Bader and Alfred Bader (who was able to flee from Austria to Great Britain at the age of fourteen in 1938). Now, the award amounts to US Dollar 36,000, and it is offered yearly to young scientists who work in Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia or Slovenia (i.e., in one of the countries that were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire a hundred years ago), and who work in the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune%20disorder | An immune disorder is a dysfunction of the immune system. These disorders can be characterized in several different ways:
By the component(s) of the immune system affected
By whether the immune system is overactive or underactive
By whether the condition is congenital or acquired
According to the International Union of Immunological Societies, more than 150 primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) have been characterized. However, the number of acquired immunodeficiencies exceeds the number of PIDs.
It has been suggested that most people have at least one primary immunodeficiency. Due to redundancies in the immune system, though, many of these are never detected.
Autoimmune diseases
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part. There are at least 80 types of autoimmune diseases. Nearly any body part can be involved. Common symptoms include low-grade fever and feeling tired. Often symptoms come and go.
List of some autoimmune disorders
Lupus
Scleroderma
Certain types of hemolytic anemia
Vasculitis
Type 1 diabetes
Graves' disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
Multiple sclerosis (although it is thought to be an immune-mediated process)
Goodpasture syndrome
Pernicious anemia
Some types of myopathy
Lyme disease (Late)
Celiac disease
Alopecia Areata
Immunodeficiencies
Primary immune deficiency diseases are those caused by inherited genetic mutations. Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies are caused by something outside the body such as a virus or immune suppressing drugs.
Primary immune diseases are at risk to an increased susceptibility to, and often recurrent ear infections, pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis or skin infections. Immunodeficient patients may less frequently develop abscesses of their internal organs, autoimmune or rheumatologic and gastrointestinal problems.
Primary immune deficiencies
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
DiGeorge syndrome
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal%20analysis%20using%20FEM | The goal of modal analysis in structural mechanics is to determine the natural mode shapes and frequencies of an object or structure during free vibration. It is common to use the finite element method (FEM) to perform this analysis because, like other calculations using the FEM, the object being analyzed can have arbitrary shape and the results of the
calculations are acceptable. The types of equations which arise from modal analysis are those seen in eigensystems. The physical interpretation of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors which come from solving the system are that
they represent the frequencies and corresponding mode shapes. Sometimes, the only desired modes are the lowest frequencies because they can be the most prominent modes at which the object will vibrate, dominating all the higher frequency
modes.
It is also possible to test a physical object to determine its natural frequencies and mode shapes. This is called an Experimental Modal Analysis. The results of the physical test can be used to calibrate a finite element model to determine if the underlying assumptions made were correct (for example, correct material properties and boundary conditions were used).
FEA eigensystems
For the most basic problem involving a linear elastic material which obeys Hooke's Law,
the matrix equations take the form of a dynamic three-dimensional spring mass system.
The generalized equation of motion is given as:
where is the mass matrix,
is the 2nd time derivative of the displacement
(i.e., the acceleration),
is the velocity, is a damping matrix,
is the stiffness matrix, and
is the force vector. The general problem, with nonzero damping, is a quadratic eigenvalue problem. However, for vibrational modal analysis, the damping is generally ignored, leaving only the 1st and 3rd terms on the left hand side:
This is the general form of the eigensystem encountered in structural
engineering using the FEM. To represent the free-vibration solutions of the structu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanxin | Hanxin () was an notorious Chinese academic fraudulence case, committed in the name of a digital signal processing (DSP) microchip. Chen Jin, a professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University claimed to have developed the chip in 2003. The Hanxin 1 was reportedly the first DSP chip to have been wholly developed in China. However, the chip was later revealed to have been developed by Freescale Semiconductors, a former Motorola subsidiary, with the original identifications sandpapered away.
According to analysts, the case underscores the pressure on Chinese researchers to develop technological innovations which would enable China to bridge the gap with the West. The Hanxin scandal was viewed as a major setback to China's ambition in terms of losses of substantial public funds and the time in a race that China entered late.
Exposure
At the beginning of 2006, an anonymous user posted an article on the Chinese internet forum Tianya Club about the forgery of this DSP chip with very detailed references. Later various Chinese media, including Ming Pao, a Hong Kong newspaper, claims that various ministries of the Chinese government have been investigating the Hanxin, and Chen may have duplicated a Freescale DSP from the West.
On May 12, 2006, the China News Service reported that Chen's research was faked and the Hanxin project had been cancelled.
The government decided to rescind all funds allocated to the Hanxin research, permanently banned Chen from doing any government-funded research, and ordered him to return investment money. He could also face a criminal investigation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid%20mass%20spectrometer | A hybrid mass spectrometer is a device for tandem mass spectrometry that consists of a combination of two or more m/z separation devices of different types.
Notation
The different m/z separation elements of a hybrid mass spectrometer can be represented by a shorthand notation. The symbol Q represents a quadrupole mass analyzer, q is a radio frequency collision quadrupole, TOF is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, B is a magnetic sector and E is an electric sector.
Sector quadrupole
A sector instrument can be combined with a collision quadrupole and quadrupole mass analyzer to form a hybrid instrument. A BEqQ configuration with a magnetic sector (B), electric sector (E), collision quadrupole (q) and m/z selection quadrupole (Q) have been constructed and an instrument with two electric sectors (BEEQ) has been described.
Quadrupole time-of-flight
A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with the final quadrupole replaced by a time-of-flight device is known as a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument. Such an instrument can be represented as QqTOF.
Ion trap time-of-flight
In an ion trap instrument, ions are trapped in a quadrupole ion trap and then injected into the TOF. The trap can be 3-D or a linear trap.
Linear ion trap and Fourier transform mass analyzers
A linear ion trap combined with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance or Orbitrap mass spectrometer is marketed by Thermo Scientific as the LTQ FT and LTQ Orbitrap, respectively. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suken | is a world mathematics certification program and examination established in Japan in 1988.
Outline of Suken
Each Suken level (Kyu) has two sections. Section 1 is calculation and Section 2 is application.
Passing Rate
In order to pass the Suken, you must correctly answer approximately 70% of section 1 and approximately 60% of section 2.
Levels
Level 5 (7th grade math)
The examination time is 180 minutes for section 1, 60 minutes for section 2.
Level 4 (8th grade)
The examination time is 60 minutes for section 1, 60 minutes for section 2.
3rd Kyu, suits for 9th grade
The examination time is 60 minutes for section 1, 60 minutes for section 2.
Levels 5 - 3 include the following subjects:
Calculation with negative numbers
Inequalities
Simultaneous equations
Congruency and similarities
Square roots
Factorization
Quadratic equations and functions
The Pythagorean theorem
Probabilities
Level pre-2 (10th grade)
The examination time is 60 minutes for section 1, 90 minutes for section 2.
Level 2 (11th grade)
The examination time is 60 minutes for section 1, 90 minutes for section 2.
Level pre-1st (12th grade)
The examination time is 60 minutes for section 1, 120 minutes for section 2.
Levels pre-2 - pre-1 include the following subjects:
Quadratic functions
Trigonometry
Sequences
Vectors
Complex numbers
Basic calculus
Matrices
Simple curved lines
Probability
Level 1 (undergrad and graduate)
The examination time is 60 minutes for section 1, 120 minutes for section 2.
Level 1 includes the following subjects:
Linear algebra
Vectors
Matrices
Differential equations
Statistics
Probability |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Society%20for%20Bone%20and%20Mineral%20Research | The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) is a professional, scientific and medical society established in 1977 to promote excellence in bone and mineral research and to facilitate the translation of that research into clinical practice. The ASBMR has a membership of nearly 4,000 physicians, basic research scientists, and clinical investigators from around the world.
Mission
The mission of the ASBMR is to promote excellence in bone and mineral research, foster integration of clinical and basic science, and facilitate the translation of that science to health care and clinical practice. The Society's broad goals include supporting the educational development of future generations of basic and clinical scientists, and disseminating new knowledge in bone and mineral metabolism.
Founding
In the 1970s, a growing number of US-based scientists began to focus their research on the understanding of basic bone biology and the disease osteoporosis. This led to the rise of a new field – bone and mineral research. In 1974, while attending the annual meeting of The Endocrine Society in Chicago, Illinois, USA, bone scientists Louis Avioli, Claude Arnaud, Norman Bell, William Peck, John Potts and Lawrence Raisz, along with Shirley Hohl, met at the Drake Hotel. The group laid the groundwork for an organization that would promote the study of bone and mineral research, support scientists involved in such research, and facilitate the discussion and exchange of new developments in the field. Three years later, in November 1977, the group's goals were realized with the official incorporation of the ASBMR as a nonprofit organization in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The first ASBMR Annual Meeting was held June 11–12, 1979, at the Disneyland Hotel in Anaheim, California, USA, with approximately 150 people in attendance.
Growth
In 1984, ASBMR leaders established The Osteoporosis Foundation, which was later renamed the National Osteoporosis Foundation.
The Journal of Bone an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocetane | Crocetane, or 2,6,11,15-tetramethylhexadecane, is an isoprenoid hydrocarbon compound. Unlike its isomer phytane, crocetane has a tail-to-tail linked isoprenoid skeleton. Crocetane has been detected in modern sediments and geological records as a biomarker, often associated with anaerobic methane oxidation.
Research
Crocetane was first studied in the late 1920s and early 1930s for the structural identification of crocetin, which is its polyunsaturated diacid analogue. The infrared spectrum was reported in 1950, the mass spectrum was described in 1968 and the 1H and 13C NMR spectra was obtained in 1990s.
In 1994, Liangqiao Bian first reported strong 13C depletion in crocetane from anoxic sediments in the Kattegat. Such low 13C content is thought to originate from microbes harvesting biogenic methane, which is always 13C depleted, as a carbon source. Years later several groups made similar observations in either modern or ancient sediments near methane seeps. Crocetane was found in environments with anaerobic methane oxidizing consortium, composed of methanotrophic archea and sulfate-reducing bacteria. These work makes crocetane the first biomarker of anaerobic methanotrophy.
In 2009, Ercin Maslen and her colleagues detected crocetane in highly-mature Devonian sediments and crude oils of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. They propose that natural product precursor for this crocetane is green sulfur bacteria derived isorenieratene and palaerernieratene, which means that crocetane can also be related to photic zone euxinia in highly matured samples.
Analysis
Due to structural similarities, crocetane often co-elutes with phytane and is hard to identify. People have been using specialized gas chromatographic methods to achieve partial separation. For example, Volker Thiel and his colleagues used a 25-m squalene capillary column with hydrogen as a carrier gas.
For the same reason mass spectra of crocetane and phytane are very similar except for that crocetane does |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed%20lock%20manager | Operating systems use lock managers to organise and serialise the access to resources. A distributed lock manager (DLM) runs in every machine in a cluster, with an identical copy of a cluster-wide lock database. In this way a DLM provides software applications which are distributed across a cluster on multiple machines with a means to synchronize their accesses to shared resources.
DLMs have been used as the foundation for several successful clustered file systems, in which the machines in a cluster can use each other's storage via a unified file system, with significant advantages for performance and availability. The main performance benefit comes from solving the problem of disk cache coherency between participating computers. The DLM is used not only for file locking but also for coordination of all disk access. VMScluster, the first clustering system to come into widespread use, relied on the OpenVMS DLM in just this way.
Resources
The DLM uses a generalized concept of a resource, which is some entity to which shared access must be controlled. This can relate to a file, a record, an area of shared memory, or anything else that the application designer chooses. A hierarchy of resources may be defined, so that a number of levels of locking can be implemented. For instance, a hypothetical database might define a resource hierarchy as follows:
Database
Table
Record
Field
A process can then acquire locks on the database as a whole, and then on particular parts of the database. A lock must be obtained on a parent resource before a subordinate resource can be locked.
Lock modes
A process running within a VMSCluster may obtain a lock on a resource. There are six lock modes that can be granted, and these determine the level of exclusivity being granted, it is possible to convert the lock to a higher or lower level of lock mode. When all processes have unlocked a resource, the system's information about the resource is destroyed.
Null (NL). Indicates interes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle%20Island%20%28book%29 | Turtle Island is a book of poems and essays written by Gary Snyder and published by New Directions in 1974. The writings express Snyder's vision for humans to live in harmony with the earth and all its creatures. The book was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1975. "Turtle Island" is a name for the continent of North America used by many Native American tribes.
Background
By the late 1950s, Snyder had established himself as one of the major American poets of his generation. He was associated with both the Beat Generation and the regional San Francisco Renaissance. He spent much of the 1960s traveling between California and Japan, where he studied Zen. In 1966, he met Masa Uehara while in Osaka. They married the following year and had their first child, Kai, in April 1968; by December, Snyder and his new family moved to California. His return coincided with the highest crest of 1960s counterculture, as well as the nascent environmental movement. He was received as an elder statesman by both the hippies and the environmentalists, and he became a public intellectual who gave public lectures, making television appearances, and publishing new writing.
Many of the poems and essays in the book had been previously published. The essay "Four Changes" first appeared in The Environmental Handbook, a collection published by David Brower and Friends of the Earth for the first Earth Day in 1970. "Four Changes" was initially published anonymously with no copyright notice, and consequently it was widely reproduced. One of the poems, "The Hudsonian Curlew", was first published in the November 1969 issue of Poetry magazine. Some of the poems were published in 1972 as a limited-edition collection titled Manzanita.
Many of the poems in Turtle Island are political in nature, like much of Snyder's poetry of the late 1960s, albeit with a different focus than that of his earlier writings. With American military involvement in the Vietnam War coming to a close, Snyder's attention |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inocybe%20whitei | Inocybe whitei, or Inocybe pudica, is a species of agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae.
Taxonomy
The species was originally defined as Agaricus whitei by Berkeley and Broome in 1876 and transferred to the genus Inocybe by Saccardo in 1887. The species was also described independently as Inocybe pudica by Robert Kühner in 1947. Nowadays the two names are considered synonyms, with Berkeley and Broome's name taking precedence.
The epithet whitei was given in honour of Dr. Buchanan White, a naturalist of Perthshire.
Description
The mushroom cap is 2–4 cm wide, conical then convex to flat with an umbo. It has an unpleasant odor. The stalk is 2–6 cm tall and .5–1 cm wide. The spores are brown, elliptical, and smooth.
It is considered poisonous as it contains muscarine.
Similar species
Similar species include Inocybe adaequata, Inocybe fraudans, and Hygrophorus russula.
See also
List of Inocybe species |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB%20NC%20formats | PCB NC drill files convey PCB drilling and routing information. The NC formats were originally designed by CNC drill and route machine vendors as proprietary input formats for their equipment, and are known under their company name: Excellon, Hitachi, Sieb & Meyer, Posalux, etc. These formats are similar as they are based on RS-274-C and related to G-code. In 1985 IPC published a generic standard NC format, IPC-NC-349. Later XNC was designed, a simple strict subset of IPC-NC-349, designed not for driving machines but for exchanging drill information between CAD and CAM. They are collectively referred to as (PCB) NC files.
The NC files are primarily used to drive CNC machines, and they are adequate for that task.
They are also used to exchange design information between CAD and CAM, for which they are not adequate: essential information such as plating and drill span is missing. Furthermore, the NC output in CAD systems is often poorly implemented, resulting in poor registration between drill holes and copper layers and other problems. To exchange data between CAD and CAM it is more preferred to use the Gerber format. The quality of the Gerber file output software is typically good, and Gerber supports attributes to transfer meta-information such as plating and span.
IPC-NC-349 format
The IPC-NC-349 format is the only IPC standard governing drill and routing formats. XNC is a strict subset of IPC-NC-349, Excellon a big superset. Many indefinite NC files pick some elements of the IPC standard.
A digital rights managed copy of the specification is available from the IPC website, for a fee. It is targeted at input for drill/rout machines, not CAD to CAM data exchange.
XNC format
The XNC format is strict subset of the IPC-NC-349 specification targeted at data exchange between CAD and CAM. The name XNC format stands for Exchange NC format. As a strict subset, it is highly compatible with existing software. Its purpose is to address the current chaos of different |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pospiviroidae | The Pospiviroidae are a incertae sedis family of ssRNA viroids with 5 genera and 39 species, including the first viroid to be discovered, PSTVd, which is part of genus Pospiviroid. Their secondary structure is key to their biological activity. The classification of this family is based on differences in the conserved central region sequence. Pospiviroidae replication occurs in an asymmetric fashion via host cell RNA polymerase, RNase, and RNA ligase. its hosts are plants, specifically dicotyledons and some monocotyledons
Genome
Members of the family Pospiviroidae have circular ssRNA of 246–375 nt. They assume rod-like or quasi-rod-like conformations containing a central conserved region (CCR) and a terminal conserved hairpin (TCH) or a terminal conserved region (TCR). The genome of viroids does not encode any proteins.
Replication
Its replication is nuclear and mediated by DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, which is redirected to use RNA templates through an asymmetric RNA–RNA rolling-circle mechanism. (+) polarity circRNA molecules (by convention the most abundant strand in vivo) are repeatedly transcribed into oligomeric complementary (−) RNAs. Such intermediates serve as templates for generating oligomeric (+) RNAs that are cleaved by a host enzyme of the RNase III class. The termini of the resulting linear monomers are ligated by the host DNA ligase 1 to generate the mature circular viroid RNA.
Taxonomy
Apscaviroid
Apple dimple fruit viroid
Apple scar skin viroid
Apscaviroid aclsvd
Apscaviroid cvd-VII
Apscaviroid dvd
Apscaviroid glvd
Apscaviroid lvd
Apscaviroid plvd-I
Apscaviroid pvd
Apscaviroid pvd-2
Australian grapevine viroid
Citrus bent leaf viroid
Citrus dwarfing viroid
Citrus viroid V
Citrus viroid VI
Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1
Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 2
Pear blister canker viroid
Cocadviroid
Citrus bark cracking viroid
Coconut cadang-cadang viroid
Coconut tinangaja viroid
Hop latent viroid
Coleviroid
Coleus blu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baum%E2%80%93Sweet%20sequence | In mathematics the Baum–Sweet sequence is an infinite automatic sequence of 0s and 1s defined by the rule:
bn = 1 if the binary representation of n contains no block of consecutive 0s of odd length;
bn = 0 otherwise;
for n ≥ 0.
For example, b4 = 1 because the binary representation of 4 is 100, which only contains one block of consecutive 0s of length 2; whereas b5 = 0 because the binary representation of 5 is 101, which contains a block of consecutive 0s of length 1.
Starting at n = 0, the first few terms of the Baum–Sweet sequence are:
1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1 ...
Historical motivation
The properties of the sequence were first studied by Leonard E. Baum and Melvin M. Sweet in 1976. In 1949, Khinchin conjectured that there does not exist a non-quadratic algebraic real number having bounded partial quotients in its continued fraction expansion. A counterexample to this conjecture is still not known. Baum and Sweet's paper showed that the same expectation is not met for algebraic power series. They gave an example of cubic power series in whose partial quotients are bounded. (The degree of the power series in Baum and Sweet's result is analogous to the degree of the field extension associated with the algebraic real in Khinchin's conjecture.)
One of the series considered in Baum and Sweet's paper is a root of
The authors show that by Hensel's lemma, there is a unique such root in because reducing the defining equation of modulo gives , which factors as
They go on to prove that this unique root has partial quotients of degree . Before doing so, they state (in the remark following Theorem 2, p 598) that the root can be written in the form
where and for if and only if the binary expansion of contains only even length blocks of 's. This is the origin of the Baum–Sweet sequence.
Mkaouar and Yao proved that the partial quotients of the continued fraction for above do not form an automatic sequence. However, the sequence of partial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonium | A spermatogonium (: spermatogonia) is an undifferentiated male germ cell. Spermatogonia undergo spermatogenesis to form mature spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
There are three subtypes of spermatogonia in humans:
Type A (dark) cells, with dark nuclei. These cells are reserve spermatogonial stem cells which do not usually undergo active mitosis.
Type A (pale) cells, with pale nuclei. These are the spermatogonial stem cells that undergo active mitosis. These cells divide to produce Type B cells.
Type B cells, which undergo growth and become primary spermatocytes.
Anticancer drugs
Anticancer drugs such as doxorubicin and vincristine can adversely affect male fertility by damaging the DNA of proliferative spermatogonial stem cells. Experimental exposure of rat undifferentiated spermatogonia to doxorubicin and vincristine indicated that these cells are able to respond to DNA damage by increasing their expression of DNA repair genes, and that this response likely partially prevents DNA break accumulation. In addition to a DNA repair response, exposure of spermatogonia to doxorubicin can also induce programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Additional images
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound%20Man | The Wound Man is a surgical diagram which first appeared in European medical manuscripts of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The illustration acted as an annotated table of contents to guide the reader through various injuries and diseases whose related cures could be found on the text's nearby pages. The image first appeared in a printed book in 1491 when it was included in the Venetian Fasciculus medicinae, likely Europe's first printed medical miscellany. Thereafter it circulated widely in printed books until well into the seventeenth century. The Wound Man has since become a recognisable figure in popular culture.
Description
The Wound Man illustrates various injuries that a person might receive through war, accident, or disease: cuts and bruises from multiple weapons, rashes and pustules, thorn scratches, and the bites of venomous animals. The figure also includes some schematic anatomical outlines of several organs within his unusual, transparent abdomen.
In earlier manuscript versions, the figure is surrounded by numbers and phrases which indicate where in the accompanying treatise a healer might find a particular helpful procedure. For instance, in a German Wound Man now in the Wellcome Library, London (MS 49), the spider crawling up the man's thigh is labelled "Wo eine spynne gesticht, 20" ("When a spider bites, 20"), directing the reader to paragraph 20 of the book for an appropriate cure. Similarly, written along the large spear piercing the figure's left side and penetrating into his stomach is the legend "So der gross viscus wund wirt, 14" ("If the large intestine is injured, 14"). Turning to the corresponding cure number 14, the reader finds:
Despite these injuries, however, the Wound Man is still depicted as standing defiantly alive. This reaffirms the fact that the figure was not intended as a threatening one: instead it explained and glorified the cures and medical treatments available in the texts that he accompanied.
In popular cultur |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5D | 2.5D (two-and-a-half dimensional) perspective refers to gameplay or movement in a video game or virtual reality environment that is restricted to a two-dimensional (2D) plane with little or no access to a third dimension in a space that otherwise appears to be three-dimensional and is often simulated and rendered in a 3D digital environment.
This is similar but different from pseudo-3D perspective (sometimes called three-quarter view when the environment is portrayed from an angled top-down perspective), which refers to 2D graphical projections and similar techniques used to cause images or scenes to simulate the appearance of being three-dimensional (3D) when in fact they are not.
By contrast, games, spaces or perspectives that are simulated and rendered in 3D and used in 3D level design are said to be true 3D, and 2D rendered games made to appear as 2D without approximating a 3D image are said to be true 2D.
Common in video games, 2.5D projections have also been useful in geographic visualization (GVIS) to help understand visual-cognitive spatial representations or 3D visualization.
The terms three-quarter perspective and three-quarter view trace their origins to the three-quarter profile in portraiture and facial recognition, which depicts a person's face that is partway between a frontal view and a side view.
Computer graphics
Axonometric and oblique projection
In axonometric projection and oblique projection, two forms of parallel projection, the viewpoint is rotated slightly to reveal other facets of the environment than what are visible in a top-down perspective or side view, thereby producing a three-dimensional effect. An object is "considered to be in an inclined position resulting in foreshortening of all three axes", and the image is a "representation on a single plane (as a drawing surface) of a three-dimensional object placed at an angle to the plane of projection." Lines perpendicular to the plane become points, lines parallel to the plane have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrolepiota%20zeyheri | Macrolepiota zeyheri is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae. In the Kilendu dialect it is known as djilo and in the Kilur dialect it is called n'volo mighom.
Taxonomy
Macrolepiota zeyheri has a complicated taxonomic history due to a series of minor errors and confusions in its classifications and published names.
It was first described in 1843 by the British mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley who classified it as Agaricus zeyheri or Agaricus (Lepiota) zeyheri.
In 1848 the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries suggested that the species should be split into two based on the description he provided of differences between specimens he studied and the one originally described by Berkeley.
Fries however did not suggest a name for this proposed species but in 1962 the German mycologist Rolf Singer classified it as Macrolepiota zeyheri and cited Fries as the original authority. This created an illegitimate name since Agaricus zeyheri had in fact been originally classified by Berkeley. The specific epithet zeyheri is named for the explorer and botanist who embarked on the South African expedition in which the first specimens of A. zeyheri were collected. As his name was given as M. Zeyher and since many plant and fungi species are named for him, this has the potential to cause errors in modern optical character recognition when applied to scanned historical texts. Since so many species are named for him this can also create confusion with abbreviated species names, for instance L. zeyheri could refer to Lepiota zeyheri, Leucocoprinus zeyheri or Lentinus zeyheri.
In his Sydowia paper, Singer used the author abbreviation 'Sing.' for himself rather than standard form recognised today of 'Singer'. This may present issues for automated systems designed to look for author citations in scanned documents and check them against the list of recognised names. In 1969 the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann discussed Macrolepiota zeyheri in his paper enti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20orbital%20theory | In chemistry, molecular orbital theory (MO theory or MOT) is a method for describing the electronic structure of molecules using quantum mechanics. It was proposed early in the 20th century.
In molecular orbital theory, electrons in a molecule are not assigned to individual chemical bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the atomic nuclei in the whole molecule. Quantum mechanics describes the spatial and energetic properties of electrons as molecular orbitals that surround two or more atoms in a molecule and contain valence electrons between atoms.
Molecular orbital theory revolutionized the study of chemical bonding by approximating the states of bonded electrons—the molecular orbitals—as linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). These approximations are made by applying the density functional theory (DFT) or Hartree–Fock (HF) models to the Schrödinger equation.
Molecular orbital theory and valence bond theory are the foundational theories of quantum chemistry.
Linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method
In the LCAO method, each molecule has a set of molecular orbitals. It is assumed that the molecular orbital wave function ψj can be written as a simple weighted sum of the n constituent atomic orbitals χi, according to the following equation:
One may determine cij coefficients numerically by substituting this equation into the Schrödinger equation and applying the variational principle. The variational principle is a mathematical technique used in quantum mechanics to build up the coefficients of each atomic orbital basis. A larger coefficient means that the orbital basis is composed more of that particular contributing atomic orbital—hence, the molecular orbital is best characterized by that type. This method of quantifying orbital contribution as a linear combination of atomic orbitals is used in computational chemistry. An additional unitary transformation can be applied on the system to accelerate the convergenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%20computation%20element | In computer networks, a path computation element (PCE) is a system component, application, or network node that is capable of determining and finding a suitable route for conveying data between a source and a destination.
Description
Routing can be subject to a set of constraints, such as quality of service (QoS), policy, or price. Constraint-based path computation is a strategic component of traffic engineering in MPLS, GMPLS and Segment Routing networks. It is used to determine the path through the network that traffic should follow, and provides the route for each label-switched path (LSP) that is set up.
Path computation has previously been performed either in a management system or at the head end of each LSP. But path computation in large, multi-domain networks may be very complex and may require more computational power and network information than is typically available at a network element, yet may still need to be more dynamic than can be provided by a management system.
Thus, a PCE is an entity capable of computing paths for a single or set of services. A PCE might be a network node, network management station, or dedicated computational platform that is resource-aware and has the ability to consider multiple constraints for sophisticated path computation. PCE applications compute label-switched paths for MPLS and GMPLS traffic engineering. The various components of the PCE architecture are in the process of being standardized by the IETF's PCE Working Group.
PCE represents a vision of networks that separates route computations from the signaling of end-to-end connections and from actual packet forwarding. There is a basic tutorial on PCE as presented at ISOCORE's MPLS2008 conference and a tutorial on advanced PCE as presented at ISOCORE's SDN/MPLS 2014 conference.
Since the early days, the PCE architecture has evolved considerably to encompass more sophisticated concepts and allow application to more complicated network scenarios. This evolution inc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotype%20%28immunology%29 | In immunology, antibodies (immunoglobulins (Ig)) are classified into several types called isotypes or classes.
The variable (V) regions near the tip of the antibody can differ from molecule to molecule in countless ways, allowing it to specifically target an antigen (or more exactly, an epitope).
In contrast, the constant (C) regions only occur in a few variants, which define the antibody's class.
Antibodies of different classes activate distinct effector mechanisms in response to an antigen (triggering different elements of the innate immune system).
They appear at different stages of an immune response, differ in structural features, and in their location around the body.
Isotype expression reflects the maturation stage of a B cell. Naive B cells express IgM and IgD isotypes with unmutated variable genes, which are produced from the same initial transcript following alternative splicing. Expression of other antibody isotypes (in humans: IgG, IgA, and IgE) occurs via a process of class switching after antigen exposure. Class switching is mediated by the enzyme AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase) and occurs after the B cell binds an antigen through its B cell receptor. Class-switching usually requires interaction with a T helper cell.
In humans, there are five heavy chain isotypes α,δ,γ,ε,μ, corresponding to five antibody isotypes:
α – IgA, further divided into subclasses IgA1 and IgA2
δ – IgD
γ – IgG, further divided into subclasses IgG1 to IgG4
ε – IgE
μ – IgM
There are also two light chain isotypes κ and λ; however, there is no significant difference in function between the two. Thus an antibody isotype is determined by the constant regions of the heavy chains only.
IgM is first expressed as a monomer on the surface of immature B cells. Upon antigenic stimulation, IgM+ B cells secrete pentameric IgM antibody formed by five Ig monomers are linked via disulfide bonds. The pentamer also contains a polypeptide J-chain, which links two of the monome |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioplayer | Radioplayer is a radio technology platform, owned by UK radio broadcasters and operated under licence in some other countries. It operates an internet radio web tuner, a set of mobile phone apps, an in-car adaptor, and a growing range of integrations with other connected devices and platforms.
Radioplayer is operated by UK Radioplayer Ltd which is a not-for-profit organisation owned by UK radio broadcasters. Initial shareholders were the BBC, Global Radio, GMG Radio, Absolute Radio and RadioCentre. After consolidation in the radio market, current shareholders are the BBC, Global Radio, Bauer Media Group and RadioCentre.
History
Launched in the UK on 31 March 2011, Radioplayer set out to offer a simple and accessible way to listen to radio via the internet. It contained 157 stations at launch.
Initially working internally at the BBC for Tim Davie, then Director of BBC Audio & Music, Michael Hill led the project since March 2009, and was made Managing Director of UK Radioplayer Ltd on 28 July 2010.
At launch, Radioplayer was a simple and straightforward Flash-based radio player, linked-to by radio stations on their own website. The player included searching and bookmarking across all of UK radio station content.
On 5 October 2012, Radioplayer launched a mobile app on iOS phones with an Android version following shortly afterwards. The apps are unavailable for download outside the United Kingdom. This was followed by a tablet app on 25 September 2013.
The apps also support Android Wear, Android Auto, Smart Device Link, Apple Watch and Apple CarPlay. They are also compatible with Chromecast and Airplay.
In September 2016, Radioplayer announced it had been chosen by Amazon to integrate with their new voice-controlled 'Echo' device, ahead of its UK launch. In July 2017, Radioplayer integrated with the Sonos and Bose multi-room speaker platforms.
UK Radioplayer currently contains around 500 UK stations, from Ofcom-licensed broadcasters. Online-only 'sister-statio |
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