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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle%20ZFS | Oracle ZFS is Oracle's proprietary implementation of the ZFS file system and logical volume manager for Oracle Solaris. ZFS is a registered trademark belonging to Oracle.
History
Solaris 10
In update 2 and later, ZFS is part of Sun's own Solaris 10 operating system and is thus available on both SPARC and x86-based systems.
Solaris 11
After Oracle's Solaris 11 Express release, the OS/Net consolidation (the main OS code) was made proprietary and closed-source, and further ZFS upgrades and implementations inside Solaris (such as encryption) are not compatible with other non-proprietary implementations which use previous versions of ZFS.
When creating a new ZFS pool, to retain the ability to use access the pool from other non-proprietary Solaris-based distributions, it is recommended to upgrade to Solaris 11 Express from OpenSolaris (snv_134b), and thereby stay at ZFS version 28.
Future development
On September 2, 2017, Simon Phipps reported that Oracle had laid off virtually all of its Solaris core development staff, interpreting it as a sign that Oracle no longer intends to support future development of the platform.
Version history |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatopolymyositis | Dermatopolymyositis is a family of myositis disorders that includes polymyositis and dermatomyositis. As such, it includes both a distinctive skin rash and progressive muscular weakness. It is a rare disease. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93P%C3%B3lya%20number | In mathematics, the Jordan–Pólya numbers are the numbers that can be obtained by multiplying together one or more factorials, not required to be distinct from each other. For instance, is a Jordan–Pólya number because Every tree has a number of symmetries that is a Jordan–Pólya number, and every Jordan–Pólya number arises in this way as the order of an automorphism group of a tree. These numbers are named after Camille Jordan and George Pólya, who both wrote about them in the context of symmetries of trees.
These numbers grow more quickly than polynomials but more slowly than exponentials. As well as in the symmetries of trees, they arise as the numbers of transitive orientations of comparability graphs and in the problem of finding factorials that can be represented as products of smaller factorials.
Sequence and growth rate
The sequence of Jordan–Pólya numbers begins:
They form the smallest multiplicatively closed set containing all of the factorials.
The th Jordan–Pólya number grows more quickly than any polynomial of , but more slowly than any exponential function of . More precisely, for every , and every sufficiently large (depending on ), the number of Jordan–Pólya numbers up to obeys the inequalities
Factorials that are products of smaller factorials
Every Jordan–Pólya number , except 2, has the property that its factorial can be written as a product of smaller factorials. This can be done simply by expanding and then replacing in this product by its representation as a product of factorials. It is conjectured, but unproven, that the only numbers whose factorial equals a product of smaller factorials are the Jordan–Pólya numbers (except 2) and the two exceptional numbers 9 and 10, for which and . The only other known representation of a factorial as a product of smaller factorials, not obtained by replacing in the product expansion of , is , but as is itself a Jordan–Pólya number, it also has the representation . |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative%20stable%20state | In ecology, the theory of alternative stable states (sometimes termed alternate stable states or alternative stable equilibria) predicts that ecosystems can exist under multiple "states" (sets of unique biotic and abiotic conditions). These alternative states are non-transitory and therefore considered stable over ecologically-relevant timescales. Ecosystems may transition from one stable state to another, in what is known as a state shift (sometimes termed a phase shift or regime shift), when perturbed. Due to ecological feedbacks, ecosystems display resistance to state shifts and therefore tend to remain in one state unless perturbations are large enough. Multiple states may persist under equal environmental conditions, a phenomenon known as hysteresis. Alternative stable state theory suggests that discrete states are separated by ecological thresholds, in contrast to ecosystems which change smoothly and continuously along an environmental gradient.
Theory
Alternative stable state theory was first proposed by Richard Lewontin (1969), but other early key authors include Holling (1973), Sutherland (1974), May (1977), and Scheffer et al. (2001). In the broadest sense, alternative stable state theory proposes that a change in ecosystem conditions can result in an abrupt shift in the state of the ecosystem, such as a change in population (Barange, M. et al. 2008) or community composition. Ecosystems can persist in states that are considered stable (i.e., can exist for relatively long periods of time). Intermediate states are considered unstable and are, therefore, transitory. Because ecosystems are resistant to state shifts, significant perturbations are usually required to overcome ecological thresholds and cause shifts from one stable state to another. The resistance to state shifts is known as "resilience" (Holling 1973).
State shifts are often illustrated heuristically by the ball-in-cup model (Holling, C.S. et al., 1995) Biodiversity in the functioning of ecos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPnotebook | GPnotebook is a British medical database for general practitioners (GPs). It is an online encyclopaedia of medicine that provides an immediate reference resource for clinicians worldwide. The database consists of over 30,000 index terms and over two million words of information. GPnotebook is provided online by Oxbridge Solutions Limited.
GPnotebook website is primarily designed with the needs of general practitioners (GPs) in mind, and written by a variety of specialists, ranging from paediatrics to accident and emergency.
The original idea for the database began in the canteen of John Radcliffe Hospital in 1990 while James McMorran, a first-year Oxford University clinical student, was writing up his medical notes. Instead of writing notes in longhand, he wrote his notes in ‘mind maps’ of packets of information linking different concepts and conditions in a two-dimensional representation of clinical knowledge. James discussed with Stewart McMorran (then a medical student at Cambridge University and a talented computer programmer) this way of representing medical knowledge and between them they created the authoring software to produce linking ‘packets’ of information in a database. This first authoring software and database was the origin of what today is GPnotebook. It was, in effect, a medical ‘Wiki’ over 16 years before the first ‘Wiki’!
Initially, James used the authoring software alone to capture his own clinical learning. There was interest from other medical students at Oxford and in the end a team of six authors (mainly Oxford medical students) became the founding (and continuing) principal authors of GPnotebook. Among them was Damian Crowther who, in time, took over the role of technical lead for the project. James takes the role of editorial lead for the website. Damian developed the software for the web version of the database which was released on the worldwide web in 2001 as GPnotebook.
GPnotebook is used within consultation by general practitioner |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion%20J.%20Lamb | Marion Julia Lamb (29 July 1939 – 12 December 2021) was Senior Lecturer at Birkbeck, University of London, before her retirement. She studied the effect of environmental conditions such as heat, radiation and pollution on metabolic activity and genetic mutability in the fruit fly Drosophila. From the late 1980s, Lamb collaborated with Eva Jablonka, researching and writing on the inheritance of epigenetic variations, and in 2005 they co-authored the book Evolution in Four Dimensions, considered by some to be in the vanguard of an ongoing revolution within evolutionary biology.
Work on evolutionary themes
Building on the approach of evolutionary developmental biology, and recent findings of molecular and behavioral biology, they argue the case for the transmission of not just genes per se, but heritable variations transmitted from generation to generation by whatever means. They suggest that such variation can occur at four levels. Firstly, at the established physical level of genetics. Secondly, at the epigenetic level involving variation in the “meaning” of given DNA strands, in which variations in DNA translation during developmental processes are subsequently transmitted during reproduction, which can then feed back into sequence modification of DNA itself.
These epigenetic changes - chemical modifications and markers that change the way enzymes and regulatory proteins have access to DNA - are currently being studied to explain many non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance. The best understood mechanism is nucleotide methylation that silences a gene. Methylation can be inherited during cell division, both asexually (mitotic) during development and wound healing, but in some instances also sexually (meiotic). Methylation is linked in some instances to RNA interference, the new and emerging science of RNA regulation of gene expression.
The third dimension comprises the transmission of behavioural traditions. There are for example documented cases of food preferenc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear%20cache | A bear cache, food cache or bear box is a place designed to store food outdoors and prevent bears and other animals from accessing it. They are used by campers when staying in bear habitat. They can also be used by hunters for storing game. A bear cache is often a structure that is more permanent, not to be confused with a bear canister.
Designs
A makeshift cache can be made by hanging the food from a tree branch using rope, called a bear bag. The cache should be 100 metres/300 feet from the campsite and downwind if possible. To be effective, the food must be distanced from the branch, the trunk, and the ground. When a suitable tree is not available, hanging the food over a cliff is a possible alternative.
In areas popular with both people and bears, permanent caches are often built. These include poles for hanging, steel cabinets, and raised structures with removable ladders.
Gallery
See also
Bear attack
Bear danger
Bear-resistant food storage container
Backpacking with animals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric%20materials | Thermoelectric materials show the thermoelectric effect in a strong or convenient form.
The thermoelectric effect refers to phenomena by which either a temperature difference creates an electric potential or an electric current creates a temperature difference. These phenomena are known more specifically as the Seebeck effect (creating a voltage from temperature difference), Peltier effect (driving heat flow with an electric current), and Thomson effect (reversible heating or cooling within a conductor when there is both an electric current and a temperature gradient). While all materials have a nonzero thermoelectric effect, in most materials it is too small to be useful. However, low-cost materials that have a sufficiently strong thermoelectric effect (and other required properties) are also considered for applications including power generation and refrigeration. The most commonly used thermoelectric material is based on bismuth telluride ().
Thermoelectric materials are used in thermoelectric systems for cooling or heating in niche applications, and are being studied as a way to regenerate electricity from waste heat. Research in the field is still driven by materials development, primarily in optimizing transport and thermoelectric properties.
Thermoelectric figure of merit
The usefulness of a material in thermoelectric systems is determined by the device efficiency. This is determined by the material's electrical conductivity (σ), thermal conductivity (κ), and Seebeck coefficient (S), which change with temperature (T). The maximum efficiency of the energy conversion process (for both power generation and cooling) at a given temperature point in the material is determined by the thermoelectric materials figure of merit , given by
Device efficiency
The efficiency of a thermoelectric device for electricity generation is given by , defined as
The maximum efficiency of a thermoelectric device is typically described in terms of its device figure of merit wh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament%20of%20the%20Gods | is a H-game by Alicesoft.
Plot
Sid enters a tournament. Shortly after he is crowned champion, the fallen Angel Aquross infects him with a hideous disease that requires him to steal the life energy of Angels or be in constant pain. The only relief lies in a drug that kills the pain, but causes sexual urges that cannot be denied. Now, Sid must defeat the evil Aquross.
OVA
It was condensed into a single 35-minute episode and released in the US as a subtitled white-cassette VHS by Pink Pineapple studio.
Episodes
Theme songs
"Yume no Image" by Konami Yoshida
Cast
Reception
Mike Toole comparing the OVA to Gor did not find it very interesting. Chris Beveridge commented that the video "is a strange piece" and has "some good fun moments". |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarroller | Solarroller is a BEAM dragster photovore robot run by solar panel that utilizes sunlight. In competitions between solarrollers, each one must run one meter in the shortest time possible. Components include pager motors,
capacitors, resistors, transistors, and solar panels.
There are several different kinds of configurations of solarrollers, with bigger or smaller wheels, one or two motors. Configurations differences include:
motor (number and output),
wheels (number and size), and
frame designs
This robot type always moves forwards. The motor drives one or more wheels. A "Solar Engine" circuit is used to feed the robot.
Solarroller's speed is directly related to the amount of light robot registers on its optical sensor. Most are driven by an electronic "relaxation oscillator", in which a charge is accumulated in a capacitor while at rest and then suddenly released in the drive mechanism.
See also
Mark Tilden
Further reading
"Simple Solaroller". Electronics Now, June, 1997.
Solarroller circuits. Mark Tilden's hand-written notes (c. 1990), solarbotics.net.
Solarroller mechanics. Mark Tilden's hand-written notes (c. 1990), solarbotics.net.
External articles
Solarbotics.net gallery of Solarrollers
BEAM robotics Yahoo! group
Beam-Online sollarrolers gallery with several different configurations
2003 BEAM SolarRoller Race, robotgames.net
Solarrollers on the BEAM Wiki
Solar car racing
Solar energy
BEAM robotics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuman%E2%80%93S%C3%A1ndor%20mean | In mathematics of special functions, the Neuman–Sándor mean M, of two positive and unequal numbers a and b, is defined as:
This mean interpolates the inequality of the unweighted arithmetic mean A = (a + b)/2) and of the second Seiffert mean T defined as:
so that A < M < T.
The M(a,b) mean, introduced by Edward Neuman and József Sándor, has recently been the subject of intensive research and many remarkable inequalities for this mean can be found in the literature. Several authors obtained sharp and optimal bounds for the Neuman–Sándor mean. Neuman and others utilized this mean to study other bivariate means and inequalities.
See also
Mean
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
Stolarsky mean
Identric mean
Means in Mathematical Analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maziacs | Maziacs is an action adventure maze game published by DK'Tronics in 1983 for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and MSX.
History
Maziacs, written by Don Priestley, was based on his earlier ZX81 game Mazogs which was published by Bug-Byte in 1982. Mazogs was one of the most successful ZX81 games so Don Priestley adapted it for the higher-resolution, colour-screen ZX Spectrum and MSX. The Commodore 64 port was written by Andy French.
Gameplay
Maziacs takes place in a randomly generated, scrolling, overhead-view maze, in which the player-controlled protagonist must find gold and exit the level. The gold is placed at least 200 moves from the start position, and the maze is patrolled by monsters called maziacs. Prisoners are sometimes found in the walls of the maze, who can highlight the path to the gold for a short period of time. Moving through the maze and fighting maziacs decreases the player's energy, which can be replenished by finding food. The main game screen shows one fiftieth of the maze, but a "view mode" expands the view to show one twelfth. Whilst this mode is useful for scouting purposes, the player cannot move whilst viewing it.
Maziacs can only be killed effectively with swords, several of which are found in the maze but can only be used once. A sword cannot be carried at the same time as the gold. These last two factors lead to the tactic of avoiding groups of maziacs, but killing as many as possible before collecting the gold.
Maziacs supported the Currah MicroSpeech peripheral.
Reception
When Maziacs was published, critical reception was good. CRASH magazine awarded 82%, highlighting the appealing graphics and animation. In a retrospective later in the year, CRASH criticized the slightly unresponsive keyboard controls and felt it was less addictive, but continued to praise the animation techniques.
Maziacs was ranked at number 99 in the Your Sinclair official top 100 ZX Spectrum games of all time, because of the game's claustrophobic atmosphere, c |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute%20accent | The acute accent (), ,
is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts. For the most commonly encountered uses of the accent in the Latin and Greek alphabets, precomposed characters are available.
Uses
History
An early precursor of the acute accent was the apex, used in Latin inscriptions to mark long vowels.
Pitch
Ancient Greek
The acute accent was first used in the polytonic orthography of Ancient Greek, where it indicated a syllable with a high pitch. In Modern Greek, a stress accent has replaced the pitch accent, and the acute marks the stressed syllable of a word. The Greek name of the accented syllable was and is (oxeîa, Modern Greek oxía) "sharp" or "high", which was calqued (loan-translated) into Latin as "sharpened".
Stress
The acute accent marks the stressed vowel of a word in several languages:
Asturian
Blackfoot uses acute accents to show the place of stress in a word, for example, soyópokistsi ().
Bulgarian: stress, which is variable in Bulgarian, is not usually indicated in Bulgarian except in dictionaries and sometimes in homonyms that are distinguished only by stress. However, Bulgarian usually uses the grave accent to mark the vowel in a stressed syllable, unlike Russian and Ukrainian, which use the acute accent.
Catalan uses it in stressed vowels: é, í, ó, ú.
Dutch uses it to mark stress (vóórkomen – voorkómen, meaning occur and prevent respectively) or a more closed vowel (hé – hè, equivalent to English hey and heh) if it is not clear from context. Sometimes, it is simply used for disambiguation, as in één – een, meaning "one" and "a(n)".
Galician
Hopi has acute to mark a higher tone.
Irish uses the accent, called a in Irish, to indicate a long vowel. It is commonly referred to simply as a .
Italian The accent is used to indicate the stress in a word, or whether the vowel is "open" or "wide", or "closed", or "narrow". For example, pèsca "peach" ("open" or "wide" vowe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycoside%20hydrolase%20family%209 | In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 9 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
Glycoside hydrolase family 9 CAZY GH_9 comprises enzymes with several known activities including endoglucanase () and cellobiohydrolase (). These enzymes were formerly known as cellulase family E. Cellulases (Endoglucanases) catalyse the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-D-glucosidic linkages in cellulose. GH9 family members have also been found in green microalgae (Chlamydomonas, Gonium and Volvox) that show highest sequence identity to endogenous GH9 cellulases from invertebrate metazoans |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman%20metric | In physics, the Lemaître–Tolman metric, also known as the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi metric or the Tolman metric, is a Lorentzian metric based on an exact solution of Einstein's field equations; it describes an isotropic and expanding (or contracting) universe which is not homogeneous, and is thus used in cosmology as an alternative to the standard Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric to model the expansion of the universe. It has also been used to model a universe which has a fractal distribution of matter to explain the accelerating expansion of the universe. It was first found by Georges Lemaître in 1933 and Richard Tolman in 1934 and later investigated by Hermann Bondi in 1947.
Details
In a synchronous reference system where and , the time coordinate (we set ) is also the proper time and clocks at all points can be synchronized. For a dust-like medium where the pressure is zero, dust particles move freely i.e., along the geodesics and thus the synchronous frame is also a comoving frame wherein the components of four velocity are . The solution of the field equations yield
where is the radius or luminosity distance in the sense that the surface area of a sphere with radius is and is just interpreted as the Lagrangian coordinate and
subjected to the conditions and , where and are arbitrary functions and is the matter density. We can also assume and that excludes cases resulting in crossing of material particles during its motion. To each particle there corresponds a value of , the function and its time derivative respectively provides its law of motion and radial velocity. An interesting property of the solution described above is that when and are plotted as functions of , the form of these functions plotted for the range is independent of how these functions will be plotted for . This prediction is evidently similar to the Newtonian theory. The total mass within the sphere is given by
which implies that Schwarzschild radius is given b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currentology | Currentology is a science that studies the internal movements of water masses.
Description
In the study of fluid mechanics, researchers attempt to give a correct explanation of marine currents. Currents are caused by external driving forces such as wind, gravitational effects, coriolis forces and physical differences between various water masses, the main parameter being the difference of density that varies in function of the temperature and salinity.
The study of currents, combined with other factors such as tides and waves is relevant for understanding marine hydrodynamics and linked processes such as sediment transport and climate balance.
The measurement of maritime currents
The measurements of maritime currents can be made according to different techniques:
current meter
diversion buoys
See also |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoribonuclease%20XendoU | In molecular biology, Endoribonuclease XendoU refers to a protein domain. This particular entry represents endoribonucleases involved in RNA biosynthesis which has been named XendoU in Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog). This protein domain belongs to a family of evolutionarily related proteins. XendoU is a U-specific metal dependent enzyme that produces products with a 2'-3' cyclic phosphate termini.
Function
The endonuclease, XendoU, is highly involved in the biosynthesis of a specific subclass of Xenopus laevis encoded small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) which are a large family of non-coding RNAs with essential roles in ribosome biogenesis. Most snoRNAs are encoded in introns and are released through the splicing reaction. Others, instead, produced by an alternative pathway consisting of endonucleolytic processing of pre-mRNA. XendoU, is the endoribonuclease responsible for this activity.
The XendoU-RNA complex is manganese (Mn2+)-independent. This infers that RNA binding and processing activities can be functionally separated since ions are essential for cleavage.
Structure
XendoU is a single-domain protein with roughly globular shape. It contains nine alpha helices and three antiparallel beta sheets; the latter are clustered on one side of the protein.
Homology
XendoU has no homology to any known cellular RNase. However, it has sequence similarity with proteins tentatively annotated as serine proteases. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20molecular%20orbital%20theory | In chemistry, frontier molecular orbital theory is an application of MO theory describing HOMO/LUMO interactions.
History
In 1952, Kenichi Fukui published a paper in the Journal of Chemical Physics titled "A molecular theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons." Though widely criticized at the time, he later shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Roald Hoffmann for his work on reaction mechanisms. Hoffman's work focused on creating a set of four pericyclic reactions in organic chemistry, based on orbital symmetry, which he coauthored with Robert Burns Woodward, entitled "The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry."
Fukui's own work looked at the frontier orbitals, and in particular the effects of the Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) on reaction mechanisms, which led to it being called Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory (FMO Theory). He used these interactions to better understand the conclusions of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules.
Theory
Fukui realized that a good approximation for reactivity could be found by looking at the frontier orbitals (HOMO/LUMO). This was based on three main observations of molecular orbital theory as two molecules interact:
The occupied orbitals of different molecules repel each other.
Positive charges of one molecule attract the negative charges of the other.
The occupied orbitals of one molecule and the unoccupied orbitals of the other (especially the HOMO and LUMO) interact with each other causing attraction.
In general, the total energy change of the reactants on approach of the transition state is described by the Klopman-Salem equation, derived from perturbational MO theory. The first and second observations correspond to taking into consideration the filled-filled interaction and Coulombic interaction terms of the equation, respectively. With respect to the third observation, primary consideration of the HOMO-LUMO interaction is justified by the fact that the largest |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey%20dill | Honey dill is a condiment consisting of honey, mayonnaise, and dried dill that is unique to Manitoba, Canada. It is often used as a dipping sauce for chicken fingers as well as for sweet potato fries. The sauce was mistakenly invented at Mitzi's Chicken Finger Restaurant in downtown Winnipeg. The restaurant specialized in chicken fingers, the meal for which the sauce is mostly used. Its owner tried to copy a different recipe by taste from another restaurant, but got the recipe wrong. The accidental sauce was so popular at the restaurant, that it took off locally in the province. President's Choice marketed a brand nationally, however, sales outside Manitoba were too slow. Today most production is done by a local Winnipeg producer or in-house at restaurants. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Sports%20Network | American Sports Network (ASN) was a sports brand owned by the U.S. television station owner Sinclair Broadcast Group through its Sinclair Networks subsidiary. Formed in July 2014, the multicast network component of ASN produced broadcasts of sporting events that were aired primarily across stations owned by Sinclair (in particular, The CW and MyNetworkTV stations owned and/or operated by the company, or, in some markets, on a digital subchannel of a Sinclair station), and syndicated to non-Sinclair stations and regional sports networks.
The multicast network component of ASN primarily dealt in college sports from NCAA Division I conferences, including live football and basketball games from the Atlantic 10 Conference, Big South Conference, Colonial Athletic Association, Conference USA, Horizon League, Ivy League, Mid-American Conference, Ohio Valley Conference, Patriot League, Southern Conference, Southland Conference, and Western Athletic Conference, as well as a limited number of professional sports events. In 2015, ASN acquired regional rights to Real Salt Lake and D.C. United of Major League Soccer, with games aired on Sinclair stations in the teams' market area, as well as television rights to the newly established Arizona Bowl.
In 2017, Sinclair announced that it would fold the multicast network component of ASN into a new joint venture with Silver Chalice called Stadium, which would combine ASN's broadcast distribution platforms with content from Silver Chalice's digital outlets 120 Sports and Campus Insiders. ASN-branded multicast programming continued on-air until September 6, when the network formally transitioned on-air to Stadium.
History
Sinclair Broadcast Group formally announced the launch of the American Sports Network on July 17, 2014; the service was led by Doron Gorshein, who joined the company in January 2014 in the role of chief operating officer of Sinclair Networks. ASN carried live broadcasts of mainly collegiate sporting events, along wit |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-theorem | In quantum field theory the C-theorem states that there exists a positive real function, , depending on the coupling constants of the quantum field theory considered, , and on the energy scale, , which has the following properties:
decreases monotonically under the renormalization group (RG) flow.
At fixed points of the RG flow, which are specified by a set of fixed-point couplings , the function is a constant, independent of energy scale.
The theorem formalizes the notion that theories at high energies have more degrees of freedom than theories at low energies and that information is lost as we flow from the former to the latter.
Two-dimensional case
Alexander Zamolodchikov proved in 1986 that two-dimensional quantum field theory always has such a C-function. Moreover, at fixed points of the RG flow, which correspond to conformal field theories, Zamolodchikov's C-function is equal to the central charge of the corresponding conformal field theory, which lends the name C to the theorem.
Four-dimensional case: A-theorem
John Cardy in 1988 considered the possibility to generalise C-theorem to higher-dimensional quantum field theory. He conjectured that in four spacetime dimensions, the quantity behaving monotonically under renormalization group flows, and thus playing the role analogous to the central charge in two dimensions, is a certain anomaly coefficient which came to be denoted as .
For this reason, the analog of the C-theorem in four dimensions is called the A-theorem.
In perturbation theory, that is for renormalization flows which do not deviate much from free theories, the A-theorem in four dimensions was proved by Hugh Osborn using the local renormalization group equation. However, the problem of finding a proof valid beyond perturbation theory remained open for many years.
In 2011, Zohar Komargodski and Adam Schwimmer of the Weizmann Institute of Science proposed a nonperturbative proof for the A-theorem, which has gained acceptance. (Still, simult |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyck%20language | In the theory of formal languages of computer science, mathematics, and linguistics, a Dyck word is a balanced string of brackets.
The set of Dyck words forms a Dyck language. The simplest, D1, use just two matching brackets, e.g. ( and ).
Dyck words and language are named after the mathematician Walther von Dyck. They have applications in the parsing of expressions that must have a correctly nested sequence of brackets, such as arithmetic or algebraic expressions.
Formal definition
Let be the alphabet consisting of the symbols [ and ]. Let denote its Kleene closure.
The Dyck language is defined as:
Context-free grammar
It may be helpful to define the Dyck language via a context-free grammar in some situations.
The Dyck language is generated by the context-free grammar with a single non-terminal , and the production:
That is, S is either the empty string () or is "[", an element of the Dyck language, the matching "]", and an element of the Dyck language.
An alternative context-free grammar for the Dyck language is given by the production:
That is, S is zero or more occurrences of the combination of "[", an element of the Dyck language, and a matching "]", where multiple elements of the Dyck language on the right side of the production are free to differ from each other.
Alternative definition
In yet other contexts it may instead be helpful to define the Dyck language by splitting into equivalence classes, as follows.
For any element of length , we define partial functions and by
is with "" inserted into the th position
is with "" deleted from the th position
with the understanding that is undefined for and is undefined if . We define an equivalence relation on as follows: for elements we have if and only if there exists a sequence of zero or more applications of the and functions starting with and ending with . That the sequence of zero operations is allowed accounts for the reflexivity of . Symmetry follows from the observation |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20molecular%20theory | In chemistry, the history of molecular theory traces the origins of the concept or idea of the existence of strong chemical bonds between two or more atoms.
A modern conceptualization of molecules began to develop in the 19th century along with experimental evidence for pure chemical elements and how individual atoms of different chemical elements such as hydrogen and oxygen can combine to form chemically stable molecules such as water molecules.
Ancient world
The modern concept of molecules can be traced back towards pre-scientific and Greek philosophers such as Leucippus and Democritus who argued that all the universe is composed of atoms and voids.
Circa 450 BC Empedocles imagined fundamental elements (fire (), earth (), air (), and water ()) and "forces" of attraction and repulsion allowing the elements to interact. Prior to this, Heraclitus had claimed that fire or change was fundamental to our existence, created through the combination of opposite properties.
In the Timaeus, Plato, following Pythagoras, considered mathematical entities such as number, point, line and triangle as the fundamental building blocks or elements of this ephemeral world, and considered the four elements of fire, air, water and earth as states of substances through which the true mathematical principles or elements would pass. A fifth element, the incorruptible quintessence aether, was considered to be the fundamental building block of the heavenly bodies.
The viewpoint of Leucippus and Empedocles, along with the aether, was accepted by Aristotle and passed to medieval and renaissance Europe.
Greek atomism
The earliest views on the shapes and connectivity of atoms was that proposed by Leucippus, Democritus, and Epicurus who reasoned that the solidness of the material corresponded to the shape of the atoms involved. Thus, iron atoms are solid and strong with hooks that lock them into a solid; water atoms are smooth and slippery; salt atoms, because of their taste, are sharp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagia | Geophagia (), also known as geophagy (), is the intentional practice of eating earth or soil-like substances such as clay, chalk, or termite mounds. It is a behavioural adaptation that occurs in many non-human animals and has been documented in more than 100 primate species. Geophagy in non-human primates is primarily used for protection from parasites, to provide mineral supplements and to help metabolize toxic compounds from leaves. Geophagy also occurs in humans and is most commonly reported among children and pregnant women.
Human geophagia is a form of pica – the craving and purposive consumption of non-food items – and is classified as an eating disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) if not socially or culturally appropriate. Sometimes geophagy is a consequence of carrying a hookworm infection. Although its etiology remains unknown, geophagy has many potential adaptive health benefits as well as negative consequences.
Animals
Geophagia is widespread in the animal kingdom. Galen, the Greek
philosopher and physician, was the first to record the use of clay by sick or injured animals in the second century AD. This type of geophagia has been documented in "many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, butterflies and isopods, especially among herbivores".
Birds
Many species of South American parrots have been observed at clay licks, and sulphur-crested cockatoos have been observed ingesting clays in Papua New Guinea. Analysis of soils consumed by wild birds show that they often prefer soils with high clay content, usually with the smectite clay families being well represented.
The preference for certain types of clay or soil can lead to unusual feeding behaviour. For example, Peruvian Amazon rainforest parrots congregate not just at one particular bend of the Manu River but at one specific layer of soil which runs hundreds of metres horizontally along that bend. The parrots avoid eating the substrate in layers one metre abo |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27%20compensation | Workers' compensation or workers' comp is a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment in exchange for mandatory relinquishment of the employee's right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence. The trade-off between assured, limited coverage and lack of recourse outside the worker compensation system is known as "the compensation bargain.” One of the problems that the compensation bargain solved is the problem of employers becoming insolvent as a result of high damage awards. The system of collective liability was created to prevent that and thus to ensure security of compensation to the workers.
While plans differ among jurisdictions, provision can be made for weekly payments in place of wages (functioning in this case as a form of disability insurance), compensation for economic loss (past and future), reimbursement or payment of medical and like expenses (functioning in this case as a form of health insurance), and benefits payable to the dependents of workers killed during employment.
General damage for pain and suffering and punitive damages for employer negligence are generally not available in workers' compensation plans, and negligence is generally not an issue in the case.
Origin and international comparison
Laws regarding workers compensation vary, but the Workers' Accident Insurance system put into place by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884 with the start of Workers' Accident Laws is often cited as a model for the rest of Europe and, later, the United States. After the early Prussian experiments, the development of compensation laws around the world was in important respects the result of transnational networks among policymakers and social scientists. Thus while different countries have their own unique history of workers' compensation, compensation laws developed around the world as a global phenomenon, with each country's deliberation on compensation la |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Findstr | In computing, is a command in the command-line interpreters (shells) of Microsoft Windows and ReactOS. It is used to search for a specific text string in computer files.
Overview
The command sends the specified lines to the standard output device.
It is similar to the find command. However, while the find command supports UTF-16, findstr does not. On the other hand, findstr supports regular expressions, which find does not.
The findstr program was first released as part of the Windows 2000 Resource Kit under the name qgrep.
findstr cannot search for null bytes commonly found in Unicode computer files.
Syntax
FINDSTR flags strings [drive:][path]filename[...]
Arguments:
flags This can be any combination of flags described below.
strings Text to be searched for.
[drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search.
Flags:
/B Matches pattern if at the beginning of a line.
/E Matches pattern if at the end of a line.
/L Uses search strings literally.
/R Uses search strings as regular expressions.
/S Searches for matching files in the current directory and all subdirectories.
/I Specifies that the search is not to be case-sensitive.
/X Prints lines that match exactly.
/V Prints only lines that do not contain a match.
/N Prints the line number before each line that matches.
/M Prints only the filename if a file contains a match.
/O Prints character offset before each matching line.
/P Skip files with non-printable characters.
/OFF[LINE] Do not skip files with offline attribute set.
/A:attr Specifies color attribute with two hex digits. See "color /?"
/F:file Reads file list from the specified file(/ stands for console).
/C:string Uses specified string as a literal search string.
/G:file Gets search strings from the specified file(/ stands for console).
/D:dir Search a semicolon delimited list of directories
Note:
Following command displays the detailed help about this command:
FINDSTR /?
Example
Save your running services into file _services.txt and search |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goverlan%20Systems%20Management | Goverlan Reach Systems Management is a remote support software created and distributed by Goverlan, Inc.
Goverlan is an on-premises client management software designed for medium to large enterprises for remote control, active directory management, global configuration change management, and reporting within a Windows IT Infrastructure.
History
Goverlan Reach, the primary product of Goverlan, Inc. was conceived and created in 1996 as a result of working at an investment bank in New York City with help-desks worldwide. The product was later commercialized and Goverlan Inc was incorporated in 1998.
Features
The Goverlan Reach Remote Support Software is used for remote support, IT process automation, IT management, software installation, inventory, and remote control. Other features include: displaying system information, mapping printers, and Wake-on-LAN settings.
Remote Control
Goverlan Reach Remote Control (RC) is a remote desktop support software option for IT specialists. Goverlan allows for remote control and desktop sharing. With Goverlan, administrators can remote shadow multiple client sessions in a single pane and multiple administrators can participate in a single remote control session. In addition, an administrator can capture screenshots or video recordings during a remote session.
There are Other features that Goverlan Remote Control supports such as: remote assistance with the ability to connect to computers over the internet, transfer files, or view multiple sessions in one screen and control bandwidth used during a remote session. Goverlan supports Citrix XenApp and Microsoft Terminal Services shadowing.
Behind-the-scenes systems management
The Goverlan Administration & Diagnostics tool integrates into an existing Active Directory (AD) organization unit (OU) structure for Windows Systems management. Goverlan can perform remote administration on a single machine, group of machines, or entire domain. Goverlan is compatible with VDI, RDP, and Citrix |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral%20supraoptic%20decussation | The ventral supraoptic decussation is the crossover (decussation) point for signals from the left and right eye, en route respectively to the right and left sides of the visual cortex.
Occupying the posterior part of the commissure of the optic chiasma is a strand of fibers, the Ventral supraoptic decussation (commissure of Gudden, Gudden's inferior commissure), which is not derived from the optic nerves; it forms a connecting link between the medial geniculate bodies. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEGIMA | The DEGIMA (DEstination for Gpu Intensive MAchine) is a high performance computer cluster used for hierarchical N-body simulations at the Nagasaki Advanced Computing Center, Nagasaki University.
The system consists of a 144-node cluster of PCs connected via an InfiniBand interconnect. Each node is composed of 2.66 GHz Intel Core i7 920 processor, two GeForce GTX295 graphics cards, 12 GB DDR3-1333 memory and Mellanox MHES14-XTC SDR InfiniBand host adapter on MSI X58 pro-E motherboard. Each graphics card has two GT200 GPU chips. As a whole, the system has 144 CPUs and 576 GPUs. It runs astrophysical N-body simulations with over 3,000,000,000 particles using the Multiple-Walk parallel treecode. The system is noted for being highly cost and energy-efficient, having a peak performance of 111 TFLOPS with an energy efficiency of 1376 MFLOPS/watt. The overall cost of the hardware was approximately US$500,000.
The name of the system is also derived from the name of a small artificial island called "Dejima" in Nagasaki.
See also
Supercomputing in Japan
Beowulf cluster |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20window%20approach | In robotics motion planning, the dynamic window approach is an online collision avoidance strategy for mobile robots developed by Dieter Fox, Wolfram Burgard, and Sebastian Thrun in 1997. Unlike other avoidance methods, the dynamic window approach is derived directly from the dynamics of the robot, and is especially designed to deal with the constraints imposed by limited velocities and accelerations of the robot.
It consists of two main components, first generating a valid search space, and second selecting an optimal solution in the search space.
In Fox et al. the search space is restricted to safe circular trajectories that can be reached within a short time interval and are free from collisions. The optimization goal is to select a heading and velocity that brings the robot to the goal with the maximum clearance from any obstacle. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagoong%20monamon | Bagoong monamon, bagoong monamon-dilis, or simply bagoong and bugguong munamon in Ilocano, is a common ingredient used in the Philippines and particularly in Northern Ilocano cuisine. It is made by fermenting salted anchovies ("monamon" or "munamon" in Ilocano) which is not designed, nor customarily used for immediate consumption since it is completely raw.
Description
Therefore, it is used as a cooking ingredient, upon when it is cooked alone, it can be used as an accompaniment to traditional food dishes. To most Westerners unfamiliar with this condiment, the smell can be extremely repulsive. Bagoong is however, an essential ingredient in many curries and sauces.
This bagoong is smoother than bagoong terong, however, they are similar in flavor. The odor is unique and smells strongly of fish. Fish sauce, common throughout Southeast Asian cuisine, is a by-product of the bagoong process. Known as patis, it is distinguished as the clear refined layer floating on the thicker bagoong, itself. Patis and bagoong can be interchanged in recipes, depending on personal taste and preference.
Flavor enhancer
Bagoong is used as a flavor enhancing agent, in the place of salt, soy sauce, or monosodium glutamate. It is used in creating the fish stock that is the base for many Ilocano dishes, like pinakbet, or as a dressing to greens in the dish called kinilnat or ensalada.
Bagoong is also used as a condiment, in many cases, a dipping sauce for chicharon, green and ripe mangoes, or hard boiled eggs. It is similar in taste and smell to that of anchovy paste.
Marketing
Bagoong munamon is marketed either with bits of fermented fish (which is often used to make flavorful soups, especially in the Ilocano "Dinengdeng;" or it can be fried for a quick meal) or without (marketed as "boneless" bagoong munamon, usually stored in bottles). Boneless bagoong, if left undisturbed for quite some time, will settle to the bottom of its container, separating the clear patis from the solids, as pat |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis%203%3A%20The%20Eve%20of%20Destruction | is a 1988 computer game, developed and published by Konami exclusively for the MSX platform in 1988. It was only released in Japan and Europe. The game is part of the long running Gradius series of side-scrolling shooters and is a spin-off of Gradius II: Gofer no Yabou. It is the second game of the series to be released exclusively for the MSX after Nemesis 2. In terms of the story; the game is a sequel to Gradius II, Nemesis 2, and the MSX conversion of Salamander. The game takes place almost 200 years after the crisis with Dr. Venom and James Burton has died in the year 6718. The Vic Viper is replaced by a new ship called the Vixen (4 classes); piloted by David Burton, a direct descendant of James who is assisted by his AI Gaudie.
Gameplay
Four distinct classes of Vixen can be chosen. The first one resembles the original Vic Viper. The second one is a twisted version of Vic Viper, featuring the new "Photon Missile". The third one is more like Metalion from Nemesis 2, featuring "Napalm Missile" and (Extended) "Fire Blaster". The fourth one is more like the Sabel Tiger from Salamander, featuring the 2-way missile approach and "Ripple Laser". All four classes may choose between the classic "Shield" or the "Force Field", which takes less hits to expire, but protects from any direction. It is also possible to choose the behavior of "Option", from the original shadow movement, "Fixed" and "Rolling", like the "Option Warrior" from Nemesis 2.
The game retains several of the new weapons introduced in Nemesis 2 like "Up Laser", "Fire Blaster" and "Vector Laser" as well as Salamander weapons like "Meteor Laser" and "Screw Laser". This is the only game in the Nemesis series which visibly keeps track of the number of speed boosts. In order to upgrade the ship's weapons, secret spots must be found, just like the secret stages in Nemesis 2 and the predictions in Salamander. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COP8 | The National Semiconductor COP8 is an 8-bit CISC core microcontroller. COP8 is an enhancement to the earlier COP400 4-bit microcontroller family. COP8 main features are:
Large amount of I/O pins
Up to 32 KB of Flash memory/ROM for code and data
Very low EMI (no known bugs)
Many integrated peripherals (meant as single chip design)
In-System Programming
Free assembler toolchain. Commercial C compilers available
Free Multitasking OS and TCP/IP stack
It has a machine cycle of up to 2M cycles per second, but most versions seem to be overclockable to up to 2.8M cycles per second (28 MHz clock).
Registers and memory map
The COP8 uses separate instruction and data spaces (Harvard architecture). Instruction address space is 15-bit (32 KiB maximum), while data addresses are 8-bit (256 bytes maximum, extended via bank-switching).
To allow software bugs to be caught, all invalid instruction addresses read as zero, which is a trap instruction. Invalid RAM above the stack reads as all-ones, which is an invalid address.
The CPU has an 8-bit accumulator and 15-bit program counter. 16 additional 8-bit registers (R0–R15) and an 8-bit program status word are memory mapped. There are special instructions to access them, but general RAM access instructions may also be used.
The memory map is divided into half RAM and half control registers as follows:
If RAM is not banked, then R15 (S) is just another general-purpose register. If RAM is banked, then the low half of the data address space (addresses 0x00–7F) is directed to a RAM bank selected by S. The special purpose registers in the high half of the data address space are always visible. The data registers at 0xFx can be used to copy data between banks.
RAM banks other than bank 0 have all 128 bytes available. The stack (addressed via the stack pointer) is always on bank 0, no matter how the S register is set.
Control transfers
In addition to 3-byte and instructions which can address the entire address space, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecies%20quorum%20sensing | Interspecies quorum sensing is a type of quorum sensing in which bacteria send and receive signals to other species besides their own. This is accomplished by the secretion of signaling molecules which trigger a response in nearby bacteria at high enough concentrations. Once the molecule hits a certain concentration it triggers the transcription of certain genes such as virulence factors. It has been discovered that bacteria can not only interact via quorum sensing with members of their own species but that there is a kind of universal molecule that allows them to gather information about other species as well. This universal molecule is called autoinducer 2 or AI-2.
AI-2 was first discovered in the light producing system of the bacteria Vibrio harveyi. The pathway that induces Vibrio harveyi luminescence is controlled by two parallel pathways. The first pathway uses a typical AI-1 homoserine lactone signaling molecule. However the bacteria were also found to recognize a second auto inducer AI-2. Scientist also found that V. harveyi luminescence could be induced by 75 other bacterial species AI-2 molecules.
This discovery led to the proposal of AI-2 as a universal form of communication between bacteria species. In addition to information about cell densities AI-2 can provide information on the growth phase and prosperity of cells in a population. It has a greater ability to store information than other quorum sensing molecules because its production is tied to cell growth. The production of AI-2 peaks in late log phase for many bacteria. The structure of AI-2 was discovered recently to be a fused 2-member ring with boron bridging the gap between the diesters.
The enzyme LuxS is responsible for AI-2 synthesis. The gene encoding for LuxS has been detected in 35 of the 89 bacterial genomes sequenced and in all of the bacteria the gene had little variation. In every bacterium found so far that produces the AI-2 signaling molecule the LuxS gene was also found. There ar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition%20regularity | In combinatorics, a branch of mathematics, partition regularity is one notion of largeness for a collection of sets.
Given a set , a collection of subsets is called partition regular if every set A in the collection has the property that, no matter how A is partitioned into finitely many subsets, at least one of the subsets will also belong to the collection. That is,
for any , and any finite partition , there exists an i ≤ n such that belongs to . Ramsey theory is sometimes characterized as the study of which collections are partition regular.
Examples
The collection of all infinite subsets of an infinite set X is a prototypical example. In this case partition regularity asserts that every finite partition of an infinite set has an infinite cell (i.e. the infinite pigeonhole principle.)
Sets with positive upper density in : the upper density of is defined as (Szemerédi's theorem)
For any ultrafilter on a set , is partition regular: for any , if , then exactly one .
Sets of recurrence: a set R of integers is called a set of recurrence if for any measure-preserving transformation of the probability space (Ω, β, μ) and of positive measure there is a nonzero so that .
Call a subset of natural numbers a.p.-rich if it contains arbitrarily long arithmetic progressions. Then the collection of a.p.-rich subsets is partition regular (Van der Waerden, 1927).
Let be the set of all n-subsets of . Let . For each n, is partition regular. (Ramsey, 1930).
For each infinite cardinal , the collection of stationary sets of is partition regular. More is true: if is stationary and for some , then some is stationary.
The collection of -sets: is a -set if contains the set of differences for some sequence .
The set of barriers on : call a collection of finite subsets of a barrier if:
and
for all infinite , there is some such that the elements of X are the smallest elements of I; i.e. and .
This generalizes Ramsey's theorem, as each is a barrier. ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20horticulture | Urban horticulture is the science and study of the growing plants in an urban environment. It focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and improve the surrounding urban area. Urban horticulture has seen an increase in attention with the global trend of urbanization and works to study the harvest, aesthetic, architectural, recreational and psychological purposes and effects of plants in urban environments.
History
Horticulture and the integration of nature into human civilization has been a major part in the establishment of cities. During neolithic revolution, cities would often be built with market gardens and farms as their trading centers. Studies in urban horticulture rapidly increased with the major growth of cities during the industrial revolution. These insights led to the field being dispersed to farmers in the hinterlands. For centuries, the built environment such as homes, public buildings, etc. were integrated with cultivation in the form of gardens, farms, and grazing lands, Kitchen gardens, farms, common grazing land, etc. Therefore, horticulture was a regular part of everyday life in the city. With the Industrial Revolution and the related increasing populations rapidly changed the landscape and replaced green spaces with brick and asphalt. After the nineteenth century, Horticulture was then selectively restored in some urban spaces as a response to the unhealthy conditions of factory neighborhoods and cities began seeing the development of parks.
Post World War II trends
Early urban horticulture movements majorly served the purposes of short term welfare during recession periods, philanthropic charity to uplift "the masses" or patriotic relief. The tradition of urban horticulture mostly declined after World War II as suburbs became the focus of residential and commercial growth. Most of the economically stable population moved out of the cities into the suburbs, leaving only slums and ghettos at the city centers. However, the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acinetospora%20crinita | Acinetospora crinita is a species of brown alga in the family Acinetosporaceae. It is found in the temperate northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Description
Acinetospora crinita forms slender, irregularly branched filaments some 25 to 35 µm in diameter. These consist of strands of cells, each up to three times longer than they are broad, of a pale brown or yellowish-brown colour. Each cell contains several disc-shaped chloroplasts and a pyrenoid. The tips of the filaments are rounded; the filaments are often tangled with other algae forming bushy tufts which can grow to a length of several metres. This alga can be distinguished from other similar species by the branches growing perpendicularly from the filaments, and often emerging from the middle of a cell.
Distribution and habitat
Acinetospora crinita occurs in the temperate northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is also considered to be part of a cosmopolitan species complex, being reported from Bermuda, the Caribbean Sea, the Pacific Ocean and elsewhere, and has been described as "enigmatic". Where it does grow, it sometimes consists of fragments of as many as thirty different species intermingled, with the different strains thriving in varying conditions and at different times of year. It forms a more or less complete covering of filamentous algae over the rock, detritus, living animals and sea grasses on the seabed in its habitat; its depth range is .
Biology
Like other brown algae, Acinetospora crinita uses chlorophyll, fucoxanthin and other pigments to fix carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. The reproductive system is very complex and has not been fully elucidated; the method used can vary with the region, the time of year and the population concerned. Several stages are involved and at least five reproductive structures have been identified. The sporangia (reproductive organs) are inserted perpendicularly to the filaments. The alga can also reproduce asexually by frag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguerre%20plane | In mathematics, a Laguerre plane is one of the three types of Benz plane, which are the Möbius plane, Laguerre plane and Minkowski plane. Laguerre planes are named after the French mathematician Edmond Nicolas Laguerre.
The classical Laguerre plane is an incidence structure that describes the incidence behaviour of the curves , i.e. parabolas and lines, in the real affine plane. In order to simplify the structure, to any curve the point is added. A further advantage of this completion is that the plane geometry of the completed parabolas/lines is isomorphic to the geometry of the plane sections of a cylinder (see below).
The classical real Laguerre plane
Originally the classical Laguerre plane was defined as the geometry of the oriented lines and circles in the real Euclidean plane (see ). Here we prefer the parabola model of the classical Laguerre plane.
We define:
the set of points,
the set of cycles.
The incidence structure is called classical Laguerre plane.
The point set is plus a copy of (see figure). Any parabola/line gets the additional point .
Points with the same x-coordinate cannot be connected by curves . Hence we define:
Two points are parallel ()
if or there is no cycle containing and .
For the description of the classical real Laguerre plane above two points are parallel if and only if . is an equivalence relation, similar to the parallelity of lines.
The incidence structure has the following properties:
Lemma:
For any three points , pairwise not parallel, there is exactly one cycle containing .
For any point and any cycle there is exactly one point such that .
For any cycle , any point and any point that is not parallel to there is exactly one cycle through with , i.e. and touch each other at .
Similar to the sphere model of the classical Moebius plane there is a cylinder model for the classical Laguerre plane:
is isomorphic to the geometry of plane sections of a circular cylinder in .
The following |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimichurri | Chimichurri () is an uncooked sauce used as an ingredient in cooking and as a table condiment for grilled meat. Found originally in Argentinian and Uruguayan cuisines, it has become widely adopted in most of Latin America. The sauce comes in green (chimichurri verde) and red (chimichurri rojo) varieties. It is made of finely chopped parsley, red pepper flakes, minced garlic, olive oil, oregano and vinegar or lemon juice. It is similar to Moroccan chermoula.
Etymology
The name may be a variant of Spanish chirriburri 'hubbub', ultimately perhaps from Basque zurrumurru 'noise, rumor'. Another theory connects it to Basque tximitxurri 'hodgepodge', 'mixture of several things in no particular order'; many Basques settled in Argentina in the 19th century.
Various, almost certainly false etymologies purport to explain the name as a corruption of English words, most commonly "Jimmy['s] Curry", "Jimmy McCurry", or "gimme curry", but no contemporary documentation of any of these stories has been found.
Preparation
Chimichurri is always made from finely chopped parsley, but other seasonings used vary. Inclusion of red wine vinegar, garlic, salt, black pepper, oregano, red pepper flakes, and sunflower or olive oil is typical (plus a shot of hot water). Some recipes add shallot or onion, and lemon juice. Chimichurri may be basted or spooned onto meat as it cooks, or onto the cooked surface of meat as it rests. Chimichurri is often served as an accompaniment to asados (grilled meats). It may be served with grilled steaks or roasted sausages, but also with poultry or fish.
Other uses of the term
In the Dominican Republic, chimichurri or chimi is a hamburger topped with chopped cabbage and salsa golf.
In the cuisine of León, Mexico, chimichurri is a pizza topping of mayonnaise, mustard, chile de árbol, white vinegar, garlic, oil and salt. This dressing has an orange hue and is very popular in the city.
See also
Bondiola sandwich
List of dips
List of sauces
Persillade
S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginsparg%E2%80%93Wilson%20equation | In lattice field theory, the Ginsparg–Wilson equation generalizes chiral symmetry on the lattice in a way that approaches the continuum formulation in the continuum limit. The class of fermions whose Dirac operators satisfy this equation are known as Ginsparg–Wilson fermions, with notable examples being overlap, domain wall and fixed point fermions. They are a means to avoid the fermion doubling problem, widely used for instance in lattice QCD calculations. The equation was discovered by Paul Ginsparg and Kenneth Wilson in 1982, however it was quickly forgotten about since there were no known solutions. It was only in 1997 and 1998 that the first solutions were found in the form of the overlap and fixed point fermions, at which point the equation entered prominence.
Ginsparg–Wilson fermions do not contradict the Nielsen–Ninomiya theorem because they explicitly violate chiral symmetry. More precisely, the continuum chiral symmetry relation (where is the massless Dirac operator) is replaced by the Ginsparg–Wilson equation
which recovers the correct continuum expression as the lattice spacing goes to zero.
In contrast to Wilson fermions, Ginsparg–Wilson fermions do not modify the inverse fermion propagator additively but multiplicatively, thus lifting the unphysical poles at . The exact form of this modification depends on the individual realisation. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Goddard%20%28engineer%29 | William A. Goddard (July 10, 1913 in St. Joseph, Missouri – September 29, 1997 in Chico, California) was an American engineer and inventor. He earned a degree in physics from Occidental College. Before working in industry, Goddard was a high school science teacher in Los Angeles. He briefly worked in the aerospace industry for North American Aviation, Inc. before becoming an engineer at International Business Machines (IBM). His most acclaimed achievement is co-inventing along with John Lynott United States Patent 3,503,060, which is entitled “Direct Access Magnetic Disc Storage Device”. This invention claims cover modern-day hard disk drives.
Pre-IBM
Goddard worked on wind tunnel work for North American Aviation. He was to work on similar wind tunnel innovations for a Los Angeles airplane manufacturer at IBM, but shortly after he was hired, the contract for that project was dropped. Goddard was instead hired as an engineer, and became involved in the magnetic storage disk project when the United States Air Force called upon IBM in order to be “mechanized”. The base required a mechanism to “store data” virtually for its operations, and from this necessity, the disk storage project was conceived.
RAMAC Project at IBM
William Goddard was a member of the San Jose, California–based engineering team that developed the 350 Disk Storage Unit, a major component of the IBM 305 RAMAC Computer. The magnetic disk drive represented a technological leap forward in rapid access to mass data storage, substantially faster than the then dominant tape drive.
The CPU unit, also known as the 305 Processing unit, was responsible for the write-in and read-out operations of the IBM 350. “Instructions” were provided to the unit coded as “memory addresses”. These addresses referred to specific locations on the disc in which a transducer was either commanded to write-in or read-out data.
Goddard's research began in the early 1950s at IBM's Laboratory located on 99 Notre Dame Avenue in San |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypromellose | Hypromellose (INN), short for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), is a semisynthetic, inert, viscoelastic polymer used in eye drops, as well as an excipient and controlled-delivery component in oral medicaments, found in a variety of commercial products.
As a food additive, hypromellose is an emulsifier, thickening and suspending agent, and an alternative to animal gelatin. Its Codex Alimentarius code (E number) is E464.
Chemistry
Hypromellose is a solid, and is a slightly off-white to beige powder in appearance and may be formed into granules. The compound forms colloids when dissolved in water. This non-toxic ingredient is combustible and can react vigorously with oxidizing agents.
Hypromellose in an aqueous solution, like methylcellulose, exhibits a thermal gelation property. That is, when the solution heats up to a critical temperature, the solution congeals into a non-flowable but semi-flexible mass. Typically, this critical (congealing) temperature is inversely related to both the solution concentration of HPMC and the concentration of the methoxy group within the HPMC molecule (which in turn depends on both the degree of substitution of the methoxy group and the molar substitution). That is, the higher the concentration of the methoxy group, the lower the critical temperature. The inflexibility/viscosity of the resulting mass, however, is directly related to the concentration of the methoxy group (the higher the concentration is, the more viscous or less flexible the resulting mass is).
Uses
There are many fields of application for hypromellose, including:
Tile adhesives
Cement renders
Gypsum products
Pharmaceutical
Paints and coatings
Food
Cosmetics
Detergents and cleaners
Eye drops
Contact lenses
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Use in whole grain breads
Agricultural Research Service scientists are investigating using the plant-derived HPMC as a substitute for gluten in making all-oat and other grain breads. Gluten, which is present in wheat, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannakian%20formalism | In mathematics, a Tannakian category is a particular kind of monoidal category C, equipped with some extra structure relative to a given field K. The role of such categories C is to approximate, in some sense, the category of linear representations of an algebraic group G defined over K. A number of major applications of the theory have been made, or might be made in pursuit of some of the central conjectures of contemporary algebraic geometry and number theory.
The name is taken from Tadao Tannaka and Tannaka–Krein duality, a theory about compact groups G and their representation theory. The theory was developed first in the school of Alexander Grothendieck. It was later reconsidered by Pierre Deligne, and some simplifications made. The pattern of the theory is that of Grothendieck's Galois theory, which is a theory about finite permutation representations of groups G which are profinite groups.
The gist of the theory is that the fiber functor Φ of the Galois theory is replaced by a tensor functor T from C to K-Vect. The group of natural transformations of Φ to itself, which turns out to be a profinite group in the Galois theory, is replaced by the group (a priori only a monoid) of natural transformations of T into itself, that respect the tensor structure. This is by nature not an algebraic group, but an inverse limit of algebraic groups (pro-algebraic group).
Formal definition
A neutral Tannakian category is a rigid abelian tensor category, such that there exists a K-tensor functor to the category of finite dimensional K-vector spaces that is exact and faithful.
Applications
The construction is used in cases where a Hodge structure or l-adic representation is to be considered in the light of group representation theory. For example, the Mumford–Tate group and motivic Galois group are potentially to be recovered from one cohomology group or Galois module, by means of a mediating Tannakian category it generates.
Those areas of application are closely connect |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Sindbad | Captain Sindbad is a 1963 independently made fantasy and adventure film, produced by Frank King and Herman King, directed by Byron Haskin, that stars Guy Williams and Heidi Brühl. The film was shot at the Bavaria Film studios in Germany and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
The screenplay was rewritten by Guy Endore, then rewritten again by co-producer Frank King a week before filming began in order to reduce production expenses; the film was reedited again prior to release. Haskin also shot some of the film's special effects sequences for an MGM Television television pilot, but no network picked it up.
Plot
The peaceful kingdom of Baristan is ruled by the evil El Kerim. He plans to capture his rival, Sindbad, who will soon return from a voyage to marry Princess Jana. The Princess convinces the magician Galgo to turn her into a Firebird, so that she may fly off to warn Sindbad of the trap set for him. She is able to do so, just as Galgo is discovered by the guards, who take him to El Kerim. As Sindbad and his crew sail towards Baristan, the Princess/Firebird lands aboard their ship.
Before she can deliver the message, however, El Kerim has his guards transformed into giant human falcons, which manage to sink Sindbad's ship using large rocks. Sindbad and some of his crew survive the attack and carefully make their way ashore. Galgo stretches out his arm over a long distance in order to steal El Kerim's magic ring. El Kerim, however, wakes up in time and burns Galgo's hand using a nearby oil lamp.
Sindbad, posing as a petty thief so he can arrested, is taken before the evil ruler as planned. El Kerim is not fooled by the pretense and orders him to be executed. Sindbad breaks free and stabs him directly in the heart with a sword, but El Kerim cannot be killed, protected by one of Galgo's magic spells. He orders Sindbad be put to death in the public arena the next day.
Sindbad must now do battle with a giant invisible creature. Fortunately, it knocks over two |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen%20Gates | Kathleen Marie "Katie" Gates is an American neuroscientist, quantitative psychologist, and faculty member in the L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She is known for her contributions to network analysis, time series analysis, and structural equation modeling toward the development and dissemination of methods for quantifying intra-individual change and person-specific processes as they unfold across time.
She and Peter Molenaar are co-inventors of GIMME, an algorithm for finding mathematical models of psychophysiological processes across time.
Career
A native of Troy, Michigan, Gates earned a bachelor's degree from Michigan State University, a master's degree in forensic psychology from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice at the City University of New York, and a PhD in human development and family studies with a focus in quantitative methods from Pennsylvania State University. She joined the Psychology and Neuroscience faculty at the University of North Carolina in 2013.
She is an elected member of the Society of Multivariate Experimental Psychology.
Research
Gates publishes statistical methods for the analysis of intensive longitudinal data. Her primary source of funding is the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering.
Selected publications
Gates, K. M., Molenaar, P. C., Hillary, F. G., Ram, N., & Rovine, M. J. (2010). "Automatic search for fMRI connectivity mapping: an alternative to Granger causality testing using formal equivalences among SEM path modeling, VAR, and unified SEM". NeuroImage, 50(3), 1118–1125.
Gates, K. M., Molenaar, P. C., Hillary, F. G., & Slobounov, S. (2011). "Extended unified SEM approach for modeling event-related fMRI data". NeuroImage, 54(2), 1151–1158.
Gates, K. M., & Molenaar, P. C. (2012). "Group search algorithm recovers effective connectivity maps for individuals in homogeneous and heterogeneous samples". NeuroImage, 63(1), 310–319.
Gates, K. M |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20%28Madonna%20song%29 | "Rain" is a song by American singer Madonna from her fifth studio album Erotica (1992). The song was released on July 19, 1993, by Maverick Records as the album's fifth single internationally and the fourth single in North America. It was later included on her ballad compilation album Something to Remember (1995). The song was written and produced by Madonna and Shep Pettibone. A pop and R&B ballad, "Rain" features a more "friendly" composition than the other singles released from the album. Lyrically, the song likens rain to the empowering effect of love, and as with water's ability to clean and wash away pain. Like the other songs on Erotica, sexual contact is also a possible interpretation of the song.
"Rain" received positive response from music critics, who noted it as an exceptional ballad amongst the overtly sexual content on Erotica. It peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, while becoming a top-10 hit in Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The accompanying music video, shot by director Mark Romanek, features Madonna singing the song against various backdrops on a set. The music video was praised by many critics for its innovation and cinematography. Madonna has performed the song during The Girlie Show World Tour in 1993, and The Celebration Tour in 2023, while a remixed version of the song was used as a video interlude during her 2008–09 Sticky & Sweet Tour.
Background and release
After the completion of filming A League of Their Own, Madonna began working on her fifth studio album Erotica with Shep Pettibone. "Rain" was one of the first songs developed for the album, alongside "Deeper and Deeper", "Erotica", and "Thief of Hearts", during the writing session in October and November 1991. According to Pettibone, these songs were essentially Madonna's stories and the things she wanted to say. "Rain" was written and produced together by Madonna and Pettibone. She had initially written the song for a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20complexity | In theoretical computer science, the time complexity is the computational complexity that describes the amount of computer time it takes to run an algorithm. Time complexity is commonly estimated by counting the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm, supposing that each elementary operation takes a fixed amount of time to perform. Thus, the amount of time taken and the number of elementary operations performed by the algorithm are taken to be related by a constant factor.
Since an algorithm's running time may vary among different inputs of the same size, one commonly considers the worst-case time complexity, which is the maximum amount of time required for inputs of a given size. Less common, and usually specified explicitly, is the average-case complexity, which is the average of the time taken on inputs of a given size (this makes sense because there are only a finite number of possible inputs of a given size). In both cases, the time complexity is generally expressed as a function of the size of the input. Since this function is generally difficult to compute exactly, and the running time for small inputs is usually not consequential, one commonly focuses on the behavior of the complexity when the input size increases—that is, the asymptotic behavior of the complexity. Therefore, the time complexity is commonly expressed using big O notation, typically etc., where is the size in units of bits needed to represent the input.
Algorithmic complexities are classified according to the type of function appearing in the big O notation. For example, an algorithm with time complexity is a linear time algorithm and an algorithm with time complexity for some constant is a polynomial time algorithm.
Table of common time complexities
The following table summarizes some classes of commonly encountered time complexities. In the table, , i.e., polynomial in x.
Constant time
An algorithm is said to be constant time (also written as time) if th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical%20engineering | Acoustical engineering (also known as acoustic engineering) is the branch of engineering dealing with sound and vibration. It includes the application of acoustics, the science of sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically concerned with the design, analysis and control of sound.
One goal of acoustical engineering can be the reduction of unwanted noise, which is referred to as noise control. Unwanted noise can have significant impacts on animal and human health and well-being, reduce attainment by students in schools, and cause hearing loss. Noise control principles are implemented into technology and design in a variety of ways, including control by redesigning sound sources, the design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, suppressors, and buffer zones, and the use of hearing protection (earmuffs or earplugs).
Besides noise control, acoustical engineering also covers positive uses of sound, such as the use of ultrasound in medicine, programming digital synthesizers, designing concert halls to enhance the sound of orchestras and specifying railway station sound systems so that announcements are intelligible.
Acoustic engineer (professional)
Acoustic engineers usually possess a bachelor's degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics or another engineering discipline. Practicing as an acoustic engineer usually requires a bachelor's degree with significant scientific and mathematical content. Acoustic engineers might work in acoustic consultancy, specializing in particular fields, such as architectural acoustics, environmental noise or vibration control. In other industries, acoustic engineers might: design automobile sound systems; investigate human response to sounds, such as urban soundscapes and domestic appliances; develop audio signal processing software for mixing desks, and design loudspeakers and microphones for mobile phones. Acousticians are also involved in researching and understanding sound scientifically. Some pos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%20flag%20model | The French flag model is a conceptual definition of a morphogen, described by Lewis Wolpert in the 1960s. A morphogen is defined as a signaling molecule that acts directly on cells (not through serial induction) to produce specific cellular responses dependent on morphogen concentration. During early development, morphogen gradients generate different cell types in distinct spatial order. French flag patterning is often found in combination with others: vertebrate limb development is one of the many phenotypes exhibiting French flag patterning overlapped with a complementary pattern (in this case Turing pattern).
Overview
In the French flag model, the French flag is used to represent the effect of a morphogen on cell differentiation: a morphogen affects cell states based on concentration, these states are represented by the different colors of the French flag: high concentrations activate a "blue" gene, lower concentrations activate a "white" gene, with "red" serving as the default state in cells below the necessary concentration threshold.
The French flag model was championed by the leading Drosophila biologist, Peter Lawrence. Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard identified the first morphogen, Bicoid, one of the transcription factors present in a gradient in the Drosophila syncytial embryo. Two labs, that of Gary Struhl and that of Stephen Cohen, then demonstrated that a secreted signaling protein, Decapentaplegic (the Drosophila homologue of transforming growth factor beta), acted as a morphogen during later stages of Drosophila development. The substance governs the pattern of tissue development and, in particular, the positions of the various specialized cell types within a tissue. It spreads from a localized source and forms a concentration gradient across a developing tissue.
Well-known morphogens include: decapentaplegic/transforming growth factor beta, Hedgehog/Sonic hedgehog, Wingless/Wnt, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor.
Some of the ea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab%20geometry | A taxicab geometry or a Manhattan geometry is a geometry whose usual distance function or metric of Euclidean geometry is replaced by a new metric in which the distance between two points is the sum of the absolute differences of their Cartesian coordinates. The taxicab metric is also known as rectilinear distance, L1 distance, L1 distance or norm (see Lp space), snake distance, city block distance, Manhattan distance or Manhattan length. The latter names refer to the rectilinear street layout on the island of Manhattan, where the shortest path a taxi travels between two points is the sum of the absolute values of distances that it travels on avenues and on streets.
The geometry has been used in regression analysis since the 18th century, and is often referred to as LASSO. The geometric interpretation dates to non-Euclidean geometry of the 19th century and is due to Hermann Minkowski.
In , the taxicab distance between two points and is . That is, it is the sum of the absolute values of the differences in both coordinates.
Formal definition
The taxicab distance, , between two vectors in an n-dimensional real vector space with fixed Cartesian coordinate system, is the sum of the lengths of the projections of the line segment between the points onto the coordinate axes. More formally,For example, in , the taxicab distance between and is
History
The L1 metric was used in regression analysis in 1757 by Roger Joseph Boscovich. The geometric interpretation dates to the late 19th century and the development of non-Euclidean geometries, notably by Hermann Minkowski and his Minkowski inequality, of which this geometry is a special case, particularly used in the geometry of numbers, . The formalization of Lp spaces is credited to .
Properties
Taxicab distance depends on the rotation of the coordinate system, but does not depend on its reflection about a coordinate axis or its translation. Taxicab geometry satisfies all of Hilbert's axioms (a formalization of Euc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neofunctionalization | Neofunctionalization, one of the possible outcomes of functional divergence, occurs when one gene copy, or paralog, takes on a totally new function after a gene duplication event. Neofunctionalization is an adaptive mutation process; meaning one of the gene copies must mutate to develop a function that was not present in the ancestral gene. In other words, one of the duplicates retains its original function, while the other accumulates molecular changes such that, in time, it can perform a different task.
The process
The process of neofunctionalization begins with a gene duplication event, which is thought to occur as a defense mechanism against the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Following the gene duplication event there are two identical copies of the ancestral gene performing exactly the same function. This redundancy allows one the copies to take on a new function. In the event that the new function is advantageous, natural selection positively selects for it and the new mutation becomes fixed in the population.
The occurrence of neofunctionalization can most often be attributed to changes in the coding region or changes in the regulatory elements of a gene. It is much more rare to see major changes in protein function, such as subunit structure or substrate and ligand affinity, as a result of neofunctionalization.
Selective constraints
Neofunctionalization is also commonly referred to as "mutation during non-functionality" or "mutation during redundancy". Regardless of if the mutation arises after non-functionality of a gene or due to redundant gene copies, the important aspect is that in both scenarios one copy of the duplicated gene is freed from selective constraints and by chance acquires a new function which is then improved by natural selection. This process is thought to occur very rarely in evolution for two major reasons. The first reason is that functional changes typically require a large number of amino acid changes; which has a low pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSEK | MOSEK is a software package for the solution of linear, mixed-integer linear, quadratic, mixed-integer quadratic, quadratically constraint, conic and convex nonlinear mathematical optimization problems. The applicability of the solver varies widely and is commonly used for solving problems in areas such as engineering, finance and computer science.
The emphasis in MOSEK is on solving large scale sparse problems, in particular the interior-point optimizer for linear, conic quadratic (a.k.a. Second-order cone programming) and semi-definite (aka. semidefinite programming), which the software is considerably efficient solving.
A special feature of the solver, is its interior-point optimizer, based on the so-called homogeneous model. This implies that MOSEK can reliably detect a primal and/or dual infeasible status as documented in several published papers.
In addition to the interior-point optimizer MOSEK includes:
Primal and dual simplex optimizer for linear problems.
Mixed-integer optimizer for linear, quadratic and conic problems.
In version 9, Mosek introduced support for exponential and power cones in its solver. It has interfaces to the C, C#, Java, MATLAB, Python and R languages. Major modelling systems are made compatible with MOSEK, examples are: AMPL, and GAMS. In 2020 the solver also became available in Wolfram Mathematica.
In addition Mosek can for instance be used with the popular MATLAB packages CVX, and YALMIP.
The solver is developed by Mosek ApS, a Danish company established in 1997 by Erling D. Andersen. It has its office located in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20algorithm | A local algorithm is a distributed algorithm that runs in constant time, independently of the size of the network. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20atmospheric%20signal | A radio atmospheric signal or sferic (sometimes also spelled "spheric") is a broadband electromagnetic impulse that occurs as a result of natural atmospheric lightning discharges. Sferics may propagate from their lightning source without major attenuation in the Earth–ionosphere waveguide, and can be received thousands of kilometres from their source. On a time-domain plot, a sferic may appear as a single high-amplitude spike in the time-domain data. On a spectrogram, a sferic appears as a vertical stripe (reflecting its broadband and impulsive nature) that may extend from a few kHz to several tens of kHz, depending on atmospheric conditions.
Sferics received from about distance or greater have their frequencies slightly offset in time, producing tweeks.
When the electromagnetic energy from a sferic escapes the Earth-ionosphere waveguide and enters the magnetosphere, it becomes dispersed by the near-Earth plasma, forming a whistler signal. Because the source of the whistler is an impulse (i.e., the sferic), a whistler may be interpreted as the impulse response of the magnetosphere (for the conditions at that particular instant).
Introduction
A lightning channel with all its branches and its electric currents behaves like a huge antenna system from which electromagnetic waves of all frequencies are radiated. Beyond a distance where luminosity is visible and thunder can be heard (typically about 10 km), these electromagnetic impulses are the only sources of direct information about thunderstorm activity on the ground. Transients electric currents during return strokes (R strokes) or intracloud strokes (K strokes) are the main sources for the generation of impulse-type electromagnetic radiation known as sferics (sometimes called atmospherics). While this impulsive radiation dominates at frequencies less than about 100 kHz, (loosely called long waves), a continuous noise component becomes increasingly important at higher frequencies. The longwave electromagnetic pro |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer%20biomarker | A cancer biomarker refers to a substance or process that is indicative of the presence of cancer in the body. A biomarker may be a molecule secreted by a tumor or a specific response of the body to the presence of cancer. Genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, glycomic, and imaging biomarkers can be used for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and epidemiology. Ideally, such biomarkers can be assayed in non-invasively collected biofluids like blood or serum.
While numerous challenges exist in translating biomarker research into the clinical space; a number of gene and protein based biomarkers have already been used at some point in patient care; including, AFP (liver cancer), BCR-ABL (chronic myeloid leukemia), BRCA1 / BRCA2 (breast/ovarian cancer), BRAF V600E (melanoma/colorectal cancer), CA-125 (ovarian cancer), CA19.9 (pancreatic cancer), CEA (colorectal cancer), EGFR (Non-small-cell lung carcinoma), HER-2 (Breast Cancer), KIT (gastrointestinal stromal tumor), PSA (prostate specific antigen) (prostate cancer), S100 (melanoma), and many others. Mutant proteins themselves detected by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) have been reported to be the most specific biomarkers for cancers because they can only come from an existing tumor. About 40% of cancers can be cured if detected early through examinations.
Definitions of cancer biomarkers
Organizations and publications vary in their definition of biomarker. In many areas of medicine, biomarkers are limited to proteins identifiable or measurable in the blood or urine. However, the term is often used to cover any molecular, biochemical, physiological, or anatomical property that can be quantified or measured.
The National Cancer Institute (NCI), in particular, defines biomarker as a: “A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition. A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FlowFET | A flowFET is a microfluidic component which allows the rate of flow of liquid in a microfluidic channel to be modulated by the electrical potential applied to it. In this way, it behaves as a microfluidic analogue to the field effect transistor, except that in the flowFET the flow of liquid takes the place of the flow of electric current. Indeed, the name of the flowFET is derived from the naming convention of electronic FETs (e.g. MOSFET, FINFET etc.).
Mechanism of action
A flowFET relies on the principle of electro-osmotic flow (EOF). In many liquid-solid interfaces, there is an electrical double layer that develops due to interactions between the two phases. In the case of a microfluidic channel, this results in a charged layer of liquid on the periphery of the fluid column which surrounds the bulk of the liquid. This electric double layer has an associated potential difference known as the zeta potential. When an appropriately-oriented electrical field is applied to this interfacial double layer (i.e. parallel to the channel and in the plane of the electric double layer), the charged liquid ions experience a motive Lorentz force. Since this layer sheaths the fluid column, and since this layer moves, the entire column of liquid will begin to move with a speed . The velocity of the fluid layer "diffuses" into the bulk of the channel from the periphery towards the centre due to viscous coupling. The speed is related to the strength of the electric field , the magnitude of the zeta potential , the permittivity and the viscosity of the fluid:
In a FlowFET, the zeta potential between the channel walls and the fluid can be altered by applying an electrical field perpendicular to the channel walls. This has the effect of altering the motive force experienced by the mobile liquid atoms in the double layer. This change in the zeta-potential can be used to control both the magnitude and direction of the electro-osmotic flow in the microchannel.
The controlling volt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online%20chat | Online chat may refer to any kind of communication over the Internet that offers a real-time transmission of text messages from sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other participants to respond quickly. Thereby, a feeling similar to a spoken conversation is created, which distinguishes chatting from other text-based online communication forms such as Internet forums and email. Online chat may address point-to-point communications as well as multicast communications from one sender to many receivers and voice and video chat, or may be a feature of a web conferencing service.
Online chat in a less stringent definition may be primarily any direct text-based or video-based (webcams), one-on-one chat or one-to-many group chat (formally also known as synchronous conferencing), using tools such as instant messengers, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), talkers and possibly MUDs or other online games. The expression online chat comes from the word chat which means "informal conversation". Online chat includes web-based applications that allow communication – often directly addressed, but anonymous between users in a multi-user environment. Web conferencing is a more specific online service, that is often sold as a service, hosted on a web server controlled by the vendor.
History
The first online chat system was called Talkomatic, created by Doug Brown and David R. Woolley in 1973 on the PLATO System at the University of Illinois. It offered several channels, each of which could accommodate up to five people, with messages appearing on all users' screens character-by-character as they were typed. Talkomatic was very popular among PLATO users into the mid-1980s. In 2014, Brown and Woolley released a web-based version of Talkomatic.
The first online system to use the actual command "chat" was created for The Source in 1979 by Tom Walker and Fritz Thane of Dialcom, Inc.
Other chat platforms flourished during the 1980s. Among the earliest with a |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanocortin%201%20receptor | The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), also known as melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MSHR), melanin-activating peptide receptor, or melanotropin receptor, is a G protein–coupled receptor that binds to a class of pituitary peptide hormones known as the melanocortins, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). It is coupled to Gαs and upregulates levels of cAMP by activating adenylyl cyclase in cells expressing this receptor. It is normally expressed in skin and melanocytes, and to a lesser degree in periaqueductal gray matter, astrocytes and leukocytes. In skin cancer, MC1R is highly expressed in melanomas but not carcinomas.
MC1R is one of the key proteins involved in regulating mammalian skin color and hair color. It is located on the plasma membrane of specialized cells known as melanocytes, which produce the pigment melanin through the process of melanogenesis. It controls the type of melanin being produced, and its activation causes the melanocyte to switch from generating the yellow-red phaeomelanin by default to the brown-black eumelanin in replacement.
In humans, a number of loss-of-function mutations of MC1R have been described, with redheads often having multiple individual loss-of-function mutations, but as of 2001, activating mutations that increase eumelanin synthesis have not been described.
MC1R has also been reported to be involved in cancer (independent of skin coloration), developmental processes, and susceptibility to infections and pain.
Functions
Coloration in mammals
The MC1R protein lies within the cell membrane, and is signalled by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) released by the pituitary gland. When activated by one of the variants of MSH, typically α-MSH, MC1R initiates a complex signaling cascade that leads to the production of eumelanin. In contrast, the receptor can also be antagonized by agouti signalling peptide (ASIP), which reverts the cell bac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Movies%20%26%20TV | Microsoft Movies & TV (US only), or Microsoft Films & TV (Canada, UK, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand), previously Xbox Video and Zune Video, is a digital video service developed by Microsoft that offers full HD movies and TV shows available for rental or purchase in the Video Store as well as an app where users can watch and manage videos from their personal digital collections stored locally. The service is available on all Xbox consoles beginning with Xbox 360, and all Microsoft Windows computers beginning with Windows 8. Movies & TV is also accessible on the web.
Zune Video Marketplace was released in 2006, and was replaced by Xbox Video on October 14, 2012. Renamed Movies & TV in 2015, the service now generally competes more directly with similar online video stores including iTunes Store, Google TV, Amazon Video, and Vudu.
The Microsoft Movies & TV video player app was superseded by Media Player in Windows 10 and Windows 11. The update was rolled out to Windows 10 users between January and June 2023.
History
Xbox Live Marketplace's original video store was replaced by Zune Marketplace on September 15, 2009.
At E3 2009, Microsoft announced their 1080p streaming video service, which allows users to stream video over an internet connection. This technology is a key part of Xbox Video for their video streaming service.
With the announcement of Xbox Music services which would replace the Zune Marketplace music service, speculation arose about "Xbox Video", a potential service that would offer movies and television series, because the term "music" in the name of the service gave the impression that Xbox Music will offer strictly music, thus excluding films and television series.
With the launch of Windows 10, Xbox Video appears under the name of Film & TV in the apps, with the shopping for the content merged into the Windows Store as a whole as part of Microsoft's universal apps initiative. However the name and branding of Xbox Video remains active on al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian%20noise | In science, Brownian noise, also known as Brown noise or red noise, is the type of signal noise produced by Brownian motion, hence its alternative name of random walk noise. The term "Brown noise" does not come from the color, but after Robert Brown, who documented the erratic motion for multiple types of inanimate particles in water. The term "red noise" comes from the "white noise"/"white light" analogy; red noise is strong in longer wavelengths, similar to the red end of the visible spectrum.
Explanation
The graphic representation of the sound signal mimics a Brownian pattern. Its spectral density is inversely proportional to f 2, meaning it has higher intensity at lower frequencies, even more so than pink noise. It decreases in intensity by 6 dB per octave (20 dB per decade) and, when heard, has a "damped" or "soft" quality compared to white and pink noise. The sound is a low roar resembling a waterfall or heavy rainfall. See also violet noise, which is a 6 dB increase per octave.
Strictly, Brownian motion has a Gaussian probability distribution, but "red noise" could apply to any signal with the 1/f 2 frequency spectrum.
Power spectrum
A Brownian motion, also called a Wiener process, is obtained as the integral of a white noise signal:
meaning that Brownian motion is the integral of the white noise , whose power spectral density is flat:
Note that here denotes the Fourier transform, and is a constant. An important property of this transform is that the derivative of any distribution transforms as
from which we can conclude that the power spectrum of Brownian noise is
An individual Brownian motion trajectory presents a spectrum , where the amplitude is a random variable, even in the limit of an infinitely long trajectory.
Production
Brown noise can be produced by integrating white noise. That is, whereas (digital) white noise can be produced by randomly choosing each sample independently, Brown noise can be produced by adding a random offset to each |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper%20craft | Paper craft is a collection of crafts using paper or card as the primary artistic medium for the creation of two or three-dimensional objects. Paper and card stock lend themselves to a wide range of techniques and can be folded, curved, bent, cut, glued, molded, stitched, or layered. Papermaking by hand is also a paper craft.
Paper crafts are known in most societies that use paper, with certain kinds of crafts being particularly associated with specific countries or cultures. In Caribbean countries paper craft is unique to Caribbean culture which reflect the importance of native animals in life of people.
In addition to the aesthetic value of paper crafts, various forms of paper crafts are used in the education of children. Paper is a relatively inexpensive medium, readily available, and easier to work with than the more complicated media typically used in the creation of three-dimensional artwork, such as ceramics, wood, and metals. It is also neater to work with than paints, dyes, and other coloring materials. Paper crafts may also be used in therapeutic settings, providing children with a safe and uncomplicated creative outlet to express feelings.
Folded paper
The word "paper" derives from papyrus, the name of the ancient material manufactured from beaten reeds in Egypt as far back as the third millennium B.C. Indeed, the earliest known example of "paper folding" is an ancient Egyptian map, drawn on papyrus and folded into rectangular forms like a modern road map. However, it does not appear that intricate paper folding as an art form became possible until the introduction of wood-pulp based papers.
The first Japanese origami is dated from the 6th century A.D. In much of the West, the term origami is used synonymously with paper folding, though the term properly only refers to the art of paper folding in Japan. Other forms of paper folding include Chinese zhezhi (摺紙), Korean jong'i jeopgi (종이접기), and Western paper folding, such as the traditional paper |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia | Agnosia is the inability to process sensory information. Often there is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which is part of the ventral stream. Agnosia only affects a single modality, such as vision or hearing. More recently, a top-down interruption is considered to cause the disturbance of handling perceptual information.
Types
Visual agnosia
Visual agnosia is a broad category that refers to a deficiency in the ability to recognize visual objects. Visual agnosia can be further subdivided into two different subtypes: apperceptive visual agnosia and associative visual agnosia.
Individuals with apperceptive visual agnosia display the ability to see contours and outlines when shown an object, but they experience difficulty if asked to categorize objects. Apperceptive visual agnosia is associated with damage to one hemisphere, specifically damage to the posterior sections of the right hemisphere.
In contrast, individuals with associative visual agnosia experience difficulty when asked to name objects. Associative agnosia is associated with damage to both the right and left hemispheres at the occipitotemporal border. A specific form of associative visual agnosia is known as prosopagnosia. Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces. For example, these individuals have difficulty recognizing friends, family and coworkers. However, individuals with prosopagnosia can recognize all other types of visual stimuli.
Speech agnosia
Speech agnosia, or auditory verbal agnosia, refers to "an inability to comprehend spoken words despite intact hearing, speech production and reading ability". Patients report that they hear sounds being produced, but that the sounds are fundamentally unrecognizable or untranslatable.
EXAMI |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT-TS1 | Mitochondrially encoded tRNA serine 1 (UCN) also known as MT-TS1 is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TS1 gene.
MT-TS1 is a small 69 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 7446-7514) that transfers the amino acid serine to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome site of protein synthesis during translation.
External links
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, Mitochondrial |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIJ | CIJ is the acronym for Compagnie Industrielle du Jouet (or "Manufacturing Company of Toys"). It was a classic French brand of diecast metal toy vehicles. It was founded by Fernand Migault in Paris in 1920. The company name originally was Migault S.A. at the time that Migault's cousin Marcel Gourdet joined the firm.
History
On the grounds of contracts signed by André Citroën himself in 1922, the company produced exclusive model cars made of either metalware or wood in 1:20, la 5 CV Trèfle and la B14 Citroën included. Solely authorised Citroën dealers distributed these model cars. Still the company wasn't allowed to advertise their cooperation with Citroën.
The metals workshop in Briare that Marcel Gourdet had brought to Ferdinand Migault's company burned down in 1929. At that time, the Bapterosses family provided capital to rebuild the company. The company moved its headquarters back to Paris, eventually employing more than a hundred people, mostly in the Briare factory.
The exclusive fabrication of model cars for Citroën ended in 1934 when Citroën went into administration and was eventually taken over by Michelin.
Many years later CIJ signed a less binding contract with Louis Renault concerning numerous types of Renault model cars in scales from 1:10 to 1:43, partly made of lithographed metal ware or in particular of zamak. But this time CIJ was on its own in regards to the distribution.
An agreement with Shell about miniatures of filling stations including the transporter Shell Berre was signed in 1950. This model car was made of an alloy called ramec (which blended aluminium, copper, zinc and magnesium).
On 27 December 1964 new works were inaugurated in Briare. But one year later, after the company had bought the stash of its former competitor JRD, the company CIJ actually disappeared. The Bapterosses family kept on producing exclusive series' of artisan type models in the Rivotte farm (in the vicinity of the factory) but the works in Briare were engros |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical%20enlargement | The cervical enlargement corresponds with the attachments of the large nerves which supply the upper limbs.
Located just above the brachial plexus, it extends from about the fifth cervical to the first thoracic vertebra, its maximum circumference (about 38 mm.) being on a level with the attachment of the sixth pair of cervical nerves.
The reason behind the enlargement of the cervical region is because of the increased neural input and output to the upper limbs.
An analogous region in the lower limbs occurs at the lumbar enlargement. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto%20Pilen | Pilen S.A. (also known as Auto Pilen) was a Spanish manufacturing company headquartered in Ibi, Alicante, which produced die-cast scale model cars from the 1970s through the mid-1990s mostly in 1:43 scale. A majority of the castings were inherited from French Dinky. The company was started in the 1960s, diecasting items like colorful metal sailboats and key chains. In the late 1980s, Pilen was apparently bought by AHC of the Netherlands.
Products
Pilen made at least 50 different models, in the most convoluted story of diecast seconds and recasts of any successful diecast manufacturer. Dies were apparently used or copied from a variety of other companies including Dinky, Corgi, Solido, Mebetoys, Tekno, Politoys (Polistil), and possibly some Mercury models.
European cars
Vehicles in Auto Pilen's lineup were mostly European and included Ferraris, Porsches, Renaults, Citroens, Mercedes-Benz, Volvos and some American cars as well. There was also a line of at least eight Formula One cars in 1/43 scale from the 1960s including BRM, Ferrari, Lola-Climax, Lotus-Climax, Cooper-Maserati, Brabham, and Honda. A few helicopters and airplanes were available. Numbering for the regular 1:43 series began with an "M" (perhaps reminiscent of Politoys M-Series) and went from 300 to 500.
Since this was a Spanish company, FIATs are not shown as FIAT, rather they are SEATs (pronounced 'say-ott'). This was FIAT under license in Spain – starting in the 1960s – long before Volkswagen took control of SEAT. Thus it is the SEAT 600, the SEAT 850 Spyder, the SEAT 127, etc.
Build quality
For all the complexity of origins of the models, however, the products were uniformly of very high quality. Most were done in a refined and handsome manner, with evenly applied colors. The paint application was often in a brighter, almost spectraflame (though that is a Mattel term) appearance. There were many opening features and hoods, trunks, and doors matched the bodies with satisfying precision. Finishe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus%20apiifolia | Crataegus apiifolia is an illegitimate name for two species of hawthorns:
Crataegus marshallii, parsley hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna, common hawthorn
apiifolia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypre | The Parallel High Performance Preconditioners (hypre) is a library of routines for scalable (parallel) solution of linear systems. The built-in BLOPEX package in addition allows solving eigenvalue problems. The main strength of Hypre is availability of high performance parallel multigrid preconditioners for both structured and unstructured grid problems.
Currently, Hypre supports only real double-precision arithmetic. Hypre uses the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard for all message-passing communication. PETSc has an interface to call Hypre preconditioners.
Hypre is being developed and is supported by members of the Scalable Linear Solvers project within the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Features
hypre provides the following features:
Parallel vectors and matrices, using several different interfaces
Scalable parallel preconditioners
Built-in BLOPEX |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%20Adler | August Adler (24 January 1863, Opava, Austrian Silesia – 17 October 1923, Vienna) was a Czech and Austrian mathematician noted for using the theory of inversion to provide an alternate proof of Mascheroni's compass and straightedge construction theorem.
External links
1863 births
1923 deaths
People from Opava
People from Austrian Silesia
Geometers
19th-century Austrian mathematicians
Czechoslovak mathematicians
Mathematicians from Austria-Hungary |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird%20%28software%29 | Blackbird (formerly named FORscene) is an integrated internet video platform, video editing software, covering non-linear editing and publishing for broadcast, web and mobile.
Designed by Blackbird plc to allow collaborative editing of video at resolutions of up to 540p and up to 60 frames per second on bandwidths as low as 2MBit/s, it is capable of video logging, reviewing, publishing and hosting through HD and 4K to UHD quality from original sources. The system is implemented as a mobile app for Android and iOS devices, a Java applet and a pure JavaScript web application as part of its user interface. The latter runs on platforms without application installation, codec installation, or machine configuration and has Web 2.0 features.
Blackbird won the Royal Television Society's award for Technology in the post-production process in December 2005.
Usage
The Blackbird platform's functionality makes it suitable for multiple uses in the video editing workflow.
For editors and producers wanting to produce broadcast-quality output, Blackbird provides an environment for the early stages of post-production to happen remotely and cheaply (logging, shot selection, collaborative reviewing, rough cutting and offline editing, for example) and more recently fine cut editing. Blackbird then outputs instructions in standard formats which can be applied to the high-quality master-footage for detailed and high-quality editing prior to broadcast.
Other users want to prepare footage for publishing to lower-quality media - the small screens of mobile phones and video iPods, and to the web where bandwidth restricts the quality of video it is currently practical to output. For these users, all editing can be carried out in Blackbird, before publishing to social media and online video channels, OTT or commercial cloud storage. Video can also be saved in MPEG, Ogg, HTML5, podcasting formats as well as Blackbird's proprietary player.
The platform was reported in July 2012 as being u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProMED-mail | Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (also known as ProMED-mail, abbreviated ProMED) is among the largest publicly available emerging diseases and outbreak reporting systems in the world. The purpose of ProMED is to promote communication amongst the international infectious disease community, including scientists, physicians, veterinarians, epidemiologists, public health professionals, and others interested in infectious diseases on a global scale. Founded in 1994, ProMED has pioneered the concept of electronic, Internet-based emerging disease and outbreak detection reporting. In 1999, ProMED became a program of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. As of 2016, ProMED has more than 75,000 subscribers in over 185 countries. With an average of 13 posts per day, ProMED provides users with up-to-date information concerning infectious disease outbreaks on a global scale.
ProMED's guiding principles include:
Transparency and a commitment to the unfettered flow of outbreak information
Freedom from political constraints
Availability to all without cost
Commitment to One Health
Service to the global health community
One of the essential global health priorities is the timely recognition and reporting of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Early recognition can enable coordinated and rapid responses to an outbreak, preventing catastrophic morbidity and mortality. Additionally, early detection can alleviate grave economic hardship brought upon by pandemics and emerging diseases. Burgeoning globalization of commerce, finance, manufacturing, and services has fostered ever-increasing movement of people, animals, plants, food, and animal feed. Other contributing factors to the risk of new pathogens emerging and known pathogens re-emerging include climate change, urbanization, land use changes, and political instability. Outbreaks that begin in the most remote parts of the world now spread swiftly to urban centres in countries far away. The epidemi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galahad%20library | The Galahad library is a thread-safe library of packages for the solution of mathematical optimization problems. The areas covered by the library are unconstrained and bound-constrained optimization, quadratic programming, nonlinear programming, systems of nonlinear equations and inequalities, and non-linear least squares problems. The library is mostly written in the Fortran 90 programming language.
The name of the library originates from its major package for general nonlinear programming, LANCELOT-B, the successor of the original augmented Lagrangian package LANCELOT of Conn, Gould and Toint.
Other packages in the library include:
a filter-based method for systems of linear and nonlinear equations and inequalities,
an active-set method for nonconvex quadratic programming,
a primal-dual interior-point method for nonconvex quadratic programming,
a presolver for quadratic programs,
a Lanczos method for trust-region subproblems,
an interior-point method to solve linear programs or separable convex programs or alternatively, to compute the analytic center of a set defined by such constraints, if it exists.
Packages in the GALAHAD library accept problems modeled in either the Standard Input Format (SIF), or the AMPL modeling language. For problems modeled in the SIF, the GALAHAD library naturally relies upon the CUTEr package, an optimization toolbox providing all low-level functionalities required by solvers.
The library is available on several popular computing platforms, including Compaq (DEC) Alpha, Cray, HP, IBM RS/6000, Intel-like PCs, SGI and Sun. It is designed to be easily adapted to other platforms. Support is provided for many operating systems, including Tru64, Linux, HP-UX, AIX, IRIX and Solaris, and for a variety of popular Fortran 90 compilers on these platforms and operating systems.
The GALAHAD Library is authored and maintained by N.I.M. Gould, D. Orban and Ph.L. Toint. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Union%20of%20Food%2C%20Beverage%2C%20Wine%2C%20Spirit%20and%20Allied%20Workers | The National Union of Food, Beverage, Wine, Spirit and Allied Workers (NUFBWSAW) is a trade union representing workers in the food and drink processing industry in South Africa.
The union was established in 1993, when the Food and Beverage Workers' Union merged with the National Union of Wine, Spirits and Allied Workers. Like both its predecessors, it affiliated to the National Council of Trade Unions. By 1995, it claimed 20,000 members. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational%20infectious%20disease | An occupational infectious disease is an infectious disease that is contracted at the workplace. Biological hazards (biohazards) include infectious microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and toxins produced by those organisms such as anthrax.
According to the International Labour Organization, by 2017 communicable diseases accounted for 9% of total estimated deaths attributed to work worldwide. They were more common in low-income countries, ranging from 30% in the Africa to less than 5% in high-income countries.
From other workers and customers
COVID-19 is a significant respiratory disease that can be spread in workplaces. Vaccination is the most effective hazard control for COVID-19 to protect against severe illness or death. Breakthrough infections happen in only a small proportion of people who are fully vaccinated. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommends implementing multiple layers of controls, including measures such as remote work and flextime, engineering controls (especially increased ventilation), administrative controls such as vaccination policies, personal protective equipment (PPE), face coverings, social distancing, and enhanced cleaning programs with a focus on high-touch surfaces.
Influenza (flu) is another significant respiratory disease that can be spread in workplaces. Flu infections are estimated to cost employers $76.7 million a year in the United States due to employee absenteeism, presenteeism, and other indirect costs. Influenza-like illnesses accounted for 39% of all illness-related work days lost among unvaccinated participants. Hazard controls include encouraging all employees to get a seasonal flu vaccine; putting in place policies for telework or leave allowing sick workers, or workers caring for sick family members, to stay at home without fear of any reprisals; and promoting preventive actions such as respiratory etiquette and hand washing.
From animals
Transmission of disease from animals to hu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNMB2 | Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNMB2 gene.
Big Potassium (BK) channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability. BK channels can contain two distinct subunits: a pore-forming alpha subunit and a modulatory beta subunit. Each complete BK channel contains four copies of the pore-forming alpha subunit and up to four beta subunits. The protein encoded by the KCNMB2 gene is an auxiliary beta subunit which influences the calcium sensitivity of BK currents and, following activation of BK current, causes persistent inactivation. The subunit encoded by the KCNMB2 gene is expressed in various endocrine cells, including pancreas and adrenal chromaffin cells. It is also found in the brain, including the hippocampus. The KCNMB2 gene is homologous to three other genes found in mammalian genomes: KCNMB1 (found primarily in smooth muscle), KCNMB3, and KCNMB4 (the primary brain BK auxiliary subunit).
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2 comprises two domains. An N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, the ball and chain domain, which is responsible for the fast inactivation of these channels, and a C-terminal calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunit domain. The N-terminal domain only occurs in calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2, while the C-terminal domain is found in related proteins.
See also
BK channel
Voltage-gated potassium channel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Island | Spider-Island is a 2011 comic book storyline starting in The Amazing Spider-Man and crossing over into other comic books published by Marvel Comics, most of which were limited series or one-shots specifically for this storyline. The main plot involves the inhabitants of Manhattan Island mysteriously gaining powers similar to Spider-Man. It featured the return of the Jackal and the Queen (Adrianna "Ana" Soria) to the Marvel Universe as well as laying the ground work for the second volume of the Scarlet Spider series. The main story overall received positive reviews, with critics praising its action, humor, artstyle, and plot.
Plot
Infested
"Infested" was a series of six back-up stories that were at the end of regular issues of The Amazing Spider-Man. They were in issues #659, 660, and 662–665. These stories featured the Jackal and his experiments that led to the "Spider-Island" story. These were compiled in a comic book reprint called Amazing Spider-Man: Infested, which was released on August 31.
Spider-Island
The prologue outlines Peter Parker's life up to the start of Spider-Island. He is seen effortlessly neutralizing a robbery by Hydro-Man, as well as stopping a normal robbery. He puts in some time at Horizon Labs; finally, he visits Shang-Chi, his martial arts mentor who is teaching him "The Way of the Spider", as seen in the Free Comic Book Day edition of The Amazing Spider-Man. Madame Web warns Spider-Man of the events that are to come, but Spider-Man dismisses the warnings as nonsense. Meanwhile, the Jackal is seen recruiting spider-powered criminals for his project, along with a severely mutated Kaine, now called Tarantula. He has a large secret lab, in which clones of Miles Warren are seen to be working. The Jackal has a mysterious female benefactor called the Spider Queen.
Peter's girlfriend, Carlie Cooper, shows him she has spider-powers. He and Carlie hear a news report telling of several hundred New Yorkers who have manifested spider-powers. The Jac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6vheim%20Cube%20of%20Emotions | Lövheim Cube of Emotion is a theoretical model for the relationship between the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline and emotions. The model was presented in 2012 by Swedish researcher Hugo Lövheim.
Lövheim classifies emotions according to Silvan Tomkins, and orders the basic emotions in a three-dimensional coordinate system where the level of the monoamine neurotransmitters form orthogonal axes. The model is regarded as a dimensional model of emotion.
The main concepts of the hypothesis are that the monoamine neurotransmitters are orthogonal in essence, and the proposed one-to-one relationship between the monoamine neurotransmitters and emotions. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta%20Gottlieb | Roberta Anne Gottlieb is an American oncologist, academic, and researcher. She is a Professor, and Vice-Chair of Translational Medicine in the Department of Biomedical Sciences at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, and a Professor of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Gottlieb published over 150 papers and has 6 patents awarded. Her research primarily focuses on the molecular basis of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and on developing ways to mitigate damage. She has given over 200 invited talks both at scientific conferences, professional organizations and for the general public.
Gottlieb is a Fellow of the International Society for Heart Research (FISHR), and the American Heart Association (FAHA), and was the Founder and CEO of Radical Therapeutix, from 2005 till 2014, and Co-Founder and Scientific Advisory Board Co-Chair, TissueNetix, from 2011 till 2018.
Education
Gottlieb received her B.A. degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1980, and her M.D. degree from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1984. She completed her Residency in Pediatrics at the University of Texas Health Science Center in 1987, and her Fellowship in Pediatric Hematology & Oncology at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in 1990. Following this, she became a Postdoctoral Fellow in Michael Karin’s lab at the University of California San Diego School of Medicine until 1992, and at The Scripps Research Institute in the lab of Bernard Babior until 1995.
Career
Gottlieb began her career as a Research Biochemist in the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego in 1994. During this appointment, she also held concurrent appointments at Scripps Research Institute as an Assistant Member in the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine in 1995, and as an Associate Member from 1997 till 1998. In 1997, she was appointed as an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine University of California San Diego School |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical%20matrix | In numerical mathematics, hierarchical matrices (H-matrices)
are used as data-sparse approximations of non-sparse matrices. While a sparse matrix of dimension can be represented efficiently in units of storage by storing only its non-zero entries, a non-sparse matrix would require units of storage, and using this type of matrices for large problems would therefore be prohibitively expensive in terms of storage and computing time. Hierarchical matrices provide an approximation requiring only units of storage, where is a parameter controlling the accuracy of the approximation. In typical applications, e.g., when discretizing integral equations,
preconditioning the resulting systems of linear equations,
or solving elliptic partial differential equations, a rank proportional to with a small constant is sufficient to ensure an accuracy of . Compared to many other data-sparse representations of non-sparse matrices, hierarchical matrices offer a major advantage: the results of matrix arithmetic operations like matrix multiplication, factorization or inversion can be approximated in operations, where
Basic idea
Hierarchical matrices rely on local low-rank approximations:
let be index sets, and let denote the matrix we have to approximate.
In many applications (see above), we can find subsets such that
can be approximated by a rank- matrix. This approximation can be represented in factorized form with factors
.
While the standard representation of the matrix requires units of storage,
the factorized representation requires only units. If is not too large, the storage requirements are reduced significantly.
In order to approximate the entire matrix , it is split into a family of submatrices. Large submatrices are stored in factorized representation, while small submatrices are stored in standard representation in order to improve efficiency.
Low-rank matrices are closely related to degenerate expansions used in panel clustering and the fast multipole meth |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitesimal | In mathematics, an infinitesimal number is a quantity that is closer to 0 than any standard real number, but that is not 0. The word infinitesimal comes from a 17th-century Modern Latin coinage infinitesimus, which originally referred to the "infinity-th" item in a sequence.
Infinitesimals do not exist in the standard real number system, but they do exist in other number systems, such as the surreal number system and the hyperreal number system, which can be thought of as the real numbers augmented with both infinitesimal and infinite quantities; the augmentations are the reciprocals of one another.
Infinitesimal numbers were introduced in the development of calculus, in which the derivative was first conceived as a ratio of two infinitesimal quantities. This definition was not rigorously formalized. As calculus developed further, infinitesimals were replaced by limits, which can be calculated using the standard real numbers.
Infinitesimals regained popularity in the 20th century with Abraham Robinson's development of nonstandard analysis and the hyperreal numbers, which, after centuries of controversy, showed that a formal treatment of infinitesimal calculus was possible. Following this, mathematicians developed surreal numbers, a related formalization of infinite and infinitesimal numbers that include both hyperreal cardinal and ordinal numbers, which is the largest ordered field.
Vladimir Arnold wrote in 1990:
The crucial insight for making infinitesimals feasible mathematical entities was that they could still retain certain properties such as angle or slope, even if these entities were infinitely small.
Infinitesimals are a basic ingredient in calculus as developed by Leibniz, including the law of continuity and the transcendental law of homogeneity. In common speech, an infinitesimal object is an object that is smaller than any feasible measurement, but not zero in size—or, so small that it cannot be distinguished from zero by any available means. Hence, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus%20taxonomy | Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus and related genera, found in cultivation and in the wild.
Citrus taxonomy is complex and controversial. Cultivated citrus are derived from various citrus species found in the wild. Some are only selections of the original wild types, many others are hybrids between two or more original species, and some are backcrossed hybrids between a hybrid and one of the hybrid's parent species. Citrus plants hybridize easily between species with completely different morphologies, and similar-looking citrus fruits may have quite different ancestries. Some differ only in disease resistance. Conversely, different-looking varieties may be nearly genetically identical, and differ only by a bud mutation.
Detailed genomic analysis of wild and domesticated citrus cultivars has suggested that the progenitor of modern citrus species expanded out of the Himalayan foothills in a rapid radiation that has produced at least 11 wild species in South and East Asia and Australia, with more than a half-dozen additional candidates for which either insufficient characterization prevents definitive species designation, or there is a lack of consensus for their placement within the Citrus genus rather than sister genera. Most commercial cultivars are the product of hybridization among these wild species, with most coming from crosses involving citrons, mandarins and pomelos. Many different phylogenies for the non-hybrid citrus have been proposed, and the phylogeny based on their nuclear genome does not match that derived from their chloroplast DNA, probably a consequence of the rapid initial divergence. Taxonomic terminology is not yet settled.
Most hybrids express different ancestral traits when planted from seeds (F2 hybrids) and can continue a stable lineage only through vegetative propagation. Some hybrids do reproduce true to type via nucellar seeds in a pr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20S.%20McDonnell%20Foundation | The James S. McDonnell Foundation was founded in 1950 by aerospace pioneer James S. McDonnell. It was established to "improve the quality of life," and does so by contributing to the generation of new knowledge through its support of research and scholarship. Originally called the McDonnell Foundation, the organization was renamed the James S. McDonnell Foundation in 1984 in honor of its founder. The foundation is based in St. Louis, Missouri.
The Foundation is a member of the Brain Tumor Funders' Collaborative, a partnership among eight private philanthropic and advocacy organizations designed to bridge the “translational gap” that prevents promising laboratory science from yielding new medical treatments. Fair market value of Foundation assets were around $609 million in 2007. Susan M. Fitzpatrick was named President beginning 2015.
Grants
In 2004, the Foundation awarded approximately $15.5 million in grants. Since its inception, the McDonnell Foundation has awarded over $295 million in grants. Grants are awarded via the Foundation-initiated, peer-reviewed proposal processes through the 21st Century Science Initiative. This initiative supports scientific, educational, and charitable causes on a local, national, and international level. For instance for research related to cancer, or climate change. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual%20team | A virtual team (also known as a geographically dispersed team, distributed team, or remote team) usually refers to a group of individuals who work together from different geographic locations and rely on communication technology such as email, instant messaging, and video or voice conferencing services in order to collaborate. The term can also refer to groups or teams that work together asynchronously or across organizational levels. Powell, Piccoli and Ives (2004) define virtual teams as "groups of geographically, organizationally and/or time dispersed workers brought together by information and telecommunication technologies to accomplish one or more organizational tasks." As documented by Gibson (2020), virtual teams grew in importance and number during 2000-2020, particularly in light of the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic which forced many workers to collaborate remotely with each other as they worked from home.
As the proliferation of fiber optic technology has significantly increased the scope of off-site communication, there has been a tremendous increase in both the use of virtual teams and scholarly attention devoted to understanding how to make virtual teams more effective (see Stanko & Gibson, 2009; Hertel, Geister & Konradt, 2005; and Martins, Gilson & Maaynard, 2004 for reviews). When utilized successfully, virtual teams allow companies to procure the best expertise without geographical restrictions, to integrate information, knowledge, and resources from a broad variety of contexts within the same team, and to acquire and apply knowledge to critical tasks in global firms. According to Hambley, O'Neil, & Kline (2007), "virtual teams require new ways of working across boundaries through systems, processes, technology, and people, which requires effective leadership." Such work often involves learning processes such as integrating and sharing different location-specific knowledge and practices, which must work in concert for the multi-unit firm to be aligned. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred-dollar%2C%20Hundred-digit%20Challenge%20problems | The Hundred-dollar, Hundred-digit Challenge problems are 10 problems in numerical mathematics published in 2002 by . A $100 prize was offered to whoever produced the most accurate solutions, measured up to 10 significant digits. The deadline for the contest was May 20, 2002. In the end, 20 teams solved all of the problems perfectly within the required precision, and an anonymous donor aided in producing the required prize monies. The challenge and its solutions were described in detail in the book .
The problems
From :
A photon moving at speed 1 in the xy-plane starts at t = 0 at (x, y) = (0.5, 0.1) heading due east. Around every integer lattice point (i, j) in the plane, a circular mirror of radius 1/3 has been erected. How far from the origin is the photon at t = 10?
The infinite matrix A with entries is a bounded operator on . What is ?
What is the global minimum of the function
Let , where is the gamma function, and let be the cubic polynomial that best approximates on the unit disk in the supremum norm . What is ?
A flea starts at on the infinite 2D integer lattice and executes a biased random walk: At each step it hops north or south with probability , east with probability , and west with probability . The probability that the flea returns to (0, 0) sometime during its wanderings is . What is ?
Let A be the 20000×20000 matrix whose entries are zero everywhere except for the primes 2, 3, 5, 7, ..., 224737 along the main diagonal and the number 1 in all the positions with . What is the (1, 1) entry of ?
A square plate is at temperature . At time , the temperature is increased to along one of the four sides while being held at along the other three sides, and heat then flows into the plate according to . When does the temperature reach at the center of the plate?
The integral depends on the parameter α. What is the value of α in [0, 5] at which I(α) achieves its maximum?
A particle at the center of a 10×1 rectangle undergoes Brownian mot |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete%20polynomial | In mathematics, a Fekete polynomial is a polynomial
where is the Legendre symbol modulo some integer p > 1.
These polynomials were known in nineteenth-century studies of Dirichlet L-functions, and indeed to Dirichlet himself. They have acquired the name of Michael Fekete, who observed that the absence of real zeroes t of the Fekete polynomial with 0 < t < 1 implies an absence of the same kind for the L-function
This is of considerable potential interest in number theory, in connection with the hypothetical Siegel zero near s = 1. While numerical results for small cases had indicated that there were few such real zeroes, further analysis reveals that this may indeed be a 'small number' effect. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible%20symbol%20systems | Tangible symbols are a type of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) that uses objects or pictures that share a perceptual relationship with the items they represent as symbols. A tangible symbol's relation to the item it represents is perceptually obvious and concrete – the visual or tactile properties of the symbol resemble the intended item. Tangible Symbols can easily be manipulated and are most strongly associated with the sense of touch. These symbols can be used by individuals who are not able to communicate using speech or other abstract symbol systems, such as sign language. However, for those who have the ability to communicate using speech, learning to use tangible symbols does not hinder further developing acquisition of natural speech and/or language development, and may even facilitate it.
Definition
The term tangible symbols was first developed by Charity Rowland and Philip Schweigert, and refers to two-dimensional pictures or three-dimensional objects used as symbols to convey meaning. The items are termed "tangible" because they are concrete items that can be manipulated by the user and communication partner. Symbols can be used individually or combined with other symbols in order to create new messages. Tangible symbols are used as a means of communication for individuals who are unable to understand or communicate using abstract systems, such as speech or sign language.
Properties of tangible symbols include permanency, capacity to be manipulated by both the user and the communication partner, and an obvious relationship between the symbol and the referent. They can represent items, people, activities and/or events, and look or feel similar to what they refer to. For example, a cup can be used as three-dimensional tangible symbol to represent the action: "drink". A photograph of a cup can be used as a two-dimensional tangible symbol to also represent the action: "drink". Two- and three-dimensional symbols are used to fit the cogniti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic%20astronomy | Geodetic astronomy or astronomical geodesy (astro-geodesy) is the application of astronomical methods into geodetic networks and other technical projects of geodesy.
Applications
The most important applications are:
Establishment of geodetic datum systems (e.g. ED50) or at expeditions
apparent places of stars, and their proper motions
precise astronomical navigation
astro-geodetic geoid determination
modelling the rock densities of the topography and of geological layers in the subsurface
Monitoring of the Earth rotation and polar wandering
Contribution to the time system of physics and geosciences
Measuring techniques
Important measuring techniques are:
Latitude determination and longitude determination, by theodolites, tacheometers, astrolabes or zenith cameras
time and star positions by observation of star transits, e.g. by meridian circles (visual, photographic or CCD)
Azimuth determination
for the exact orientation of geodetic networks
for mutual transformations between terrestrial and space methods
for improved accuracy by means of "Laplace points" at special fixed points
Vertical deflection determination and their use
in geoid determination
in mathematical reduction of very precise networks
for geophysical and geological purposes (see above)
Modern spatial methods
VLBI with radio sources (quasars)
Astrometry of stars by scanning satellites like Hipparcos or the future Gaia.
The accuracy of these methods depends on the instrument and its spectral wavelength, the measuring or scanning method, the time amount (versus economy), the atmospheric situation, the stability of the surface resp. the satellite, on mechanical and temperature effects to the instrument, on the experience and skill of the observer, and on the accuracy of the physical-mathematical models.
Therefore, the accuracy reaches from 60" (navigation, ~1 mile) to 0,001" and better (a few cm; satellites, VLBI), e.g.:
angles (vertical deflections and azimuths) ±1" up to 0,1"
ge |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Burton%20Land | Roger Burton Land FRSE (30 April 194017 April 1988) was a 20th century British animal geneticist. As head of the Edinburgh Research Station he was one of the several scientists responsible for laying the groundwork for the creation of Dolly the Sheep. The Roger Land Building within the University of Edinburgh's King's Buildings complex is named after him.
Life
He was born in Shipley, West Yorkshire, on 30 April 1940, the son of Betty Newton Burton and her husband Albert Land. He was educated at Bradford Grammar School, going on to study science at the University of Nottingham. Deciding to specialise in animal genetics in 1962, he did postgraduate studies at the University of Edinburgh gaining a diploma in animal genetics and a doctorate PhD presenting the thesis "A genetic study of fertility in the mouse". In 1966 he joined the Animal Breeding Research Organisation (ABRO). He rose to be director in 1983. On its reorganisation in 1986, he was appointed the head of the Edinburgh Station of the Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetic Research (IAPGR), which replaced ABRO.
In 1985 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William G. Hill, Noel Farnie Robertson, Douglas Scott Falconer, Alan Robertson, Gerald Wiener and Anne McLaren.
He died suddenly at his home in West Linton on 17 April 1988, aged 47.
Family
In 1968 he married Moira Mackay and together they had three children: Jonathon, Moira-Jane, and Anne-Marie.
Publications
Genetic Study of Fertility in the Mouse (1965) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal%20transform | The fractal transform is a technique invented by Michael Barnsley et al. to perform lossy image compression.
This first practical fractal compression system for digital images resembles a vector quantization system using the image itself as the codebook.
Fractal transform compression
Start with a digital image A1.
Downsample it by a factor of 2 to produce image A2.
Now, for each block B1 of 4x4 pixels in A1, find the corresponding block B2 in A2 most similar to B1, and then find the grayscale or RGB offset and gain from A2 to B2.
For each destination block, output the positions of the source blocks and the color offsets and gains.
Fractal transform decompression
Starting with an empty destination image A1, repeat the following algorithm several times:
Downsample A1 down by a factor of 2 to produce image A2. Then copy blocks from A2 to A1 as directed by the compressed data, multiplying by the respective gains and adding the respective color offsets.
This algorithm is guaranteed to converge to an image, and it should appear similar to the original image.
In fact, a slight modification of the decompressor to run at block sizes larger than 4x4 pixels produces a method of stretching images without causing the blockiness or blurriness of traditional linear resampling algorithms.
Patents
The basic patents covering Fractal Image Compression, U.S. Patents 4,941,193, 5,065,447, 5,384,867, 5,416,856, and 5,430,812 appear to be expired.
See also
Image compression
External links
E2 writeup
Fractals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery%20room | A battery room is a room that houses batteries for backup or uninterruptible power systems. The rooms are found in telecommunication central offices, and provide standby power for computing equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be converted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days, depending on each system's design, although they are most commonly activated during brief electric utility outages lasting only seconds.
Battery rooms were used to segregate the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the operating equipment, and for better control of temperature and ventilation. In 1890, the Western Union central telegraph office in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly of the primary zinc-copper type.
Telecommunications
Telephone system central offices contain large battery systems to provide power for customer telephones, telephone switches, and related apparatus. Terrestrial microwave links, cellular telephone sites, fibre optic apparatus and satellite communications facilities also have standby battery systems, which may be large enough to occupy a separate room in the building. In normal operation power from the local commercial utility operates telecommunication equipment, and batteries provide power if the normal supply is interrupted. These can be sized for the expected full duration of an interruption, or may be required only to provide power while a standby generator set or other emergency power supply is started.
Batteries often used in battery rooms are the flooded lead-acid battery, the valve regulated lead-acid battery or the nickel–cadmium battery. Batteries are installed in groups. Several batteries are wired together in a series circuit forming a group providing DC electric power at 12, 24, 48 or 60 volts (or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-installed%20software | Pre-installed software (also known as bundled software) is software already installed and licensed on a computer or smartphone bought from an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). The operating system is usually factory-installed, but because it is a general requirement, this term is used for additional software apart from the bare necessary amount, usually from other sources (or the operating system vendor).
Unwanted factory-installed software (also known as crapware or bloatware) can include major security vulnerabilities, like Superfish, which installs a root certificate to inject advertising into encrypted Google search pages, but leaves computers vulnerable to serious cyberattacks that breach the security used in banking and finance websites.
Some mirror sites for freeware use unwanted software bundling that similarly installs unwanted software.
Unwanted software
Often new PCs come with factory-installed software which the manufacturer was paid to include, but is of dubious value to the purchaser. Most of these programs are included without the user's knowledge, and have no instructions on how to opt-out or remove them.
A Microsoft executive mentioned that within the company these applications were dubbed craplets (a portmanteau of crap and applet). He suggested that the experience of people buying a new Windows computer can be damaged by poorly designed, uncertified third-party applications installed by vendors. He stated that the antitrust case against Microsoft prevented the company from stopping the pre-installation of these programs by OEMs. Walt Mossberg, technology columnist for The Wall Street Journal, condemned "craplets" in two columns published in April 2007, and suggested several possible strategies for removing them.
The bundling of these unwanted applications is often performed in exchange for financial compensation, paid to the OEM by the application's publisher. At the 2007 Consumer Electronics Show, Dell defended this practice, stating th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapten | Haptens (derived from the Greek haptein, meaning “to fasten”) are small molecules that elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself. The mechanisms of absence of immune response may vary and involve complex immunological interactions, but can include absent or insufficient co-stimulatory signals from antigen-presenting cells.
Haptens have been used to study allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and the mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to induce autoimmune-like responses.
The concept of haptens emerged from the work of Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner,
who also pioneered the use of synthetic haptens to study immunochemical phenomena.
Immune reaction on a hapten-carrier adduct
Haptens applied on skin, when conjugate with a carrier, could induce contact hypersensitivity, which is a type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction mediated by T cells and dendritic cells. It consists of two phases: sensitization and elicitation. The sensitization phase where the hapten is applied to the skin for the first time is characterized by the activation of innate immune responses, including migration of dendritic cells to the lymph nodes, priming antigen-specific naive T cells, and the generation of antigen-specific effector or memory T cells and B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. The second elicitation phase where the hapten is applied to a different skin area starts with activation of effector T cells followed by T cell-mediated tissue damage and antibody-mediated immune responses. Haptens initially activate innate immune responses by complex mechanisms involving inflammatory cytokines, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP), or the inflammasome.
Once the body has generated antibodies to a hapten-carrier adduct, the small-molecule hapten may also be able to bind to the antibody, but it will usually not initiate an immune response; usua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acyclic%20dependencies%20principle | The acyclic dependencies principle (ADP) is a software design principle defined by Robert C. Martin that states that "the dependency graph of packages or components should have no cycles". This implies that the dependencies form a directed acyclic graph.
Example
In this UML package diagram, package A depends on packages B and C. Package B in turn depends on package D, which depends on package C, which in turn depends on package B. The latter three dependencies create a cycle, which must be broken in order to adhere to the acyclic dependencies principle.
Types of dependencies
Software dependencies can either be explicit or implicit.
Examples of explicit dependencies includes:
Include statements, such as #include in C/C++, using in C# and import in Java.
Dependencies stated in the build system (e.g. dependency tags in Maven configuration).
Examples of implicit dependencies includes:
Relying on specific behaviour that is not well-defined by the interface exposed.
Network protocols.
Routing of messages over a software bus.
In general, it's considered good practice to prefer explicit dependencies whenever possible. This is because explicit dependencies are easier to map and analyze than implicit dependencies.
Cycle breaking strategies
It is in general always possible to break a cyclic dependency chain. The two most common strategies are:
Dependency inversion principle
Create a new package, and move the common dependencies there.
See also
Package principles
Circular dependency |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record%20Breakers%3A%20World%20of%20Speed | Record Breakers: World of Speed were a line of battery operated Mini 4WD manufactured by Hasbro in the late 1980s to 1990s, originally in Japan and then brought to the US. To promote the toys Hasbro created the "National Association of Record Breakers" and hosted races in shopping malls across the country. A syndicated live-action television series entitled simply Record Breakers plugging the toyline aired some of these events.
The toys
Record Breakers were known for their speed, and on smooth surfaces were capable of , translating to 500–640 scale miles per hour. The cars lacked the pins or blades which characterized most Mini 4WD cars, and instead were fitted with guide wheels allowing them to run on a track. They could be run independently, but a car outside of a track would inevitably crash into an obstacle if not otherwise stopped.
Depending on the version, the cars contained one or two electric motors running off two AA batteries. The single motor cars could be manually switched between 2WD and 4WD, and some allowed the addition of a third battery for more power. Customization and upgrade kits with accessories such as different kinds of wheels and guide wheels were sold, as well as different kinds of tracks.
See also
Mini 4WD |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergina%20Sun | The Vergina Sun (), also known as the Star of Vergina, Vergina Star or Argead Star, is a rayed solar symbol first appearing in ancient Greek art of the period between the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. The Vergina Sun proper has sixteen triangular rays, while comparable symbols of the same period variously have sixteen, twelve, eight or (rarely) six rays.
The name "Vergina Sun" became widely used after the archaeological excavations in and around the small town of Vergina, in northern Greece, during the late 1970s. In older references, the name "Argead Star" or "Star of the Argeadai" is used for the Sun as the possible royal symbol of the Argead dynasty of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia. There it was depicted on a golden larnax found in a 4th-century BC royal tomb belonging to either Philip II or Philip III of Macedon, the father and half-brother of Alexander the Great, respectively.
Tentatively interpreted as the historical royal symbol of ancient Macedonia, rather than just a generic decorative element in ancient Greek art, the Vergina Sun came into popular use among Macedonian Greeks since the 1980s, and became commonly used as an official emblem in the Greek region of Macedonia, and by other Greek state entities during the 1990s.
The Vergina Sun symbol was the subject in a controversy in the first half of 1990s between Greece and the newly independent Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia), which adopted it as a symbol of Macedonian nationalism and depicted it on its national flag. Eventually, in 1995 and as a result of this dispute, the young republic's flag was revised into a different rayed solar symbol. On 17 June 2018, the two countries signed the Prespa Agreement, which stipulates the removal of the Vergina Sun from public use in North Macedonia. Eventually, in early July 2019 the government of North Macedonia announced the complete removal of the symbol from all public areas, institutions and monuments in the country, except archeological sites.
Ant |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative%20actinobacterial%20holin-X%20family | The putative actinobacterial holin-X (Hol-X) family (TC# 1.E.34) was retrieved as a distant member of TC family 1.E.20, suggesting membership of the holin superfamily III. Most Hol-X proteins are less than 200 amino acyl residues (aas) in length and possess two transmembrane segments (TMSs). A representative list of proteins belonging to this family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
See also
Holins
Lysins
Holin superfamily III
Transporter Classification Database |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auberger%27s%20blood%20group | Auberger's blood group is a type of human blood group in which the Aua antigen is expressed. It is found in 82% of caucasians. It may be related to the Lutheran antigen system.
The blood group was named after patient Auberger, who was a 59-year-old French woman with oesophageal varices. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TB9Cs6H2%20snoRNA | TB9Cs6H2 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB9Cs6H2 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of LSU5 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at residue Ψ1653. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgentSheets | AgentSheets was one of the first modern block-based programming language for children. The idea of AgentSheets was to overcome syntactic challenges found in common text-based programming languages by using drag-and-drop mechanisms conceptualizing commands such as conditions and actions as editable blocks that could be composed into programs. Ideas such as this are used in various other programming languages, such as Scratch though it does cost money to use most of the blocks. AgentSheets is used to create media-rich projects such as games and interactive simulations. The main building blocks of AgentSheets are agents which are interactive objects programmed through rules. Using conditions agents can sense the user input including mouse, keyboard and in some versions even speech recognition and web page content. Using actions agents can move, produce sounds, open web pages, and compute formulas.
History
AgentSheets was initially considered as a cyberlearning tool to teach students programming and related information technology skills through game design.
AgentSheets is supported by a middle and high school curriculum called Scalable Game Design aligned with the ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS). The mission of this project is to reinvent computer science in public schools by motivating & educating all students (including women and underrepresented communities) to learn about computer science through game design starting at the middle school level. Through this curriculum students build increasingly sophisticated games and, as part of this process, learn about computational concepts at the level of computational thinking that are relevant to game design as well as to computational science. The curriculum is made available through the Scalable Game Design Wiki. Research investigating motivational aspects of computer science education in public schools is currently exploring the introduction of game design in representative regions of the U.S. incl |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapped%20Hamiltonian | In many-body physics, most commonly within condensed-matter physics, a gapped Hamiltonian is a Hamiltonian for an infinitely large many-body system where there is a finite energy gap separating the (possibly degenerate) ground space from the first excited states. A Hamiltonian that is not gapped is called gapless.
The property of being gapped or gapless is formally defined through a sequence of Hamiltonians on finite lattices in the thermodynamic limit.
An example is the BCS Hamiltonian in the theory of superconductivity.
In quantum many-body systems, ground states of gapped Hamiltonians have exponential decay of correlations.
In quantum field theory, a continuum limit of many-body physics, a gapped Hamiltonian induces a mass gap. |
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