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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet%20radio%20licensing | An Internet radio license is a specific type of broadcast license that allows the licensee to operate an Internet radio station. The licensing authority and number of licenses required varies from country to country, with some countries requiring multiple to cover various areas of a station's operation, and other countries not having stringent licensing procedures in place. Licensing costs also vary, based on the number of listeners that a station has, as well as other factors such as the number of songs played, the number of broadcast hours, and whether tracks are dubbed to a digital playout system.
Licensing fees for Internet radio have often been the subject of controversy. For example, in 1998, the passing of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act meant that US-based Internet radio and satellite radio stations would have to pay separate royalties to recording artists and sound recording copyright owners, unlike traditional over-the-air stations that paid royalties only for the use of the underlying musical works. This led to the creation of the SaveNetRadio.org petition group, in addition to the proposal of the Internet Radio Equality Act.
In some countries, stations which broadcast via other mediums – for example, by AM, FM and DAB digital radio – typically must also obtain a separate broadcast license in order to simultaneously broadcast via the Internet.
Multimedia content is intellectual property. These regulations on this property differ from country to country; however, the general rule is that the station must own, or have a license to broadcast the content that is covered under copyright regulations. Content that has been released under some creative commons licenses, public domain or similar can be streamed with no special content licensing requirements. However the content licensed under non-free cultural Creative Commons licenses with non-commercial (NC) clause cannot be streamed if Internet broadcast station has any form of advertising, either in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BODE%20index | The BODE index, for Body-mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise, is a multidimensional scoring system and capacity index used to test patients who have been diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and to predict long-term outcomes for them. The index uses the four factors to predict risk of death from the disease.
The BODE index will result in a score of zero to ten dependent upon FEV1 or "forced expiratory volume in one second" (the greatest volume of air that can be breathed out in the first second of a breath), body-mass index, the distance walked in six minutes, and the modified MRC dyspnea scale. Significant weight loss is a bad sign. Results of spirometry are also good predictors of the future progress of the disease, but they are not as good as the test results of the BODE index. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20Moshinsky | Marcos Moshinsky Borodiansky (; ; 1921–2009) was a Mexican physicist of Ukrainian-Jewish origin whose work in the field of elementary particles won him the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation in 1988 and the UNESCO Science Prize in 1997.
Early life
He was born in 1921 into a Jewish family in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR. At the age of three, he emigrated as a refugee to Mexico, where he became a naturalized citizen in 1942. He received a bachelor's degree in physics from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and a doctorate in the same discipline at Princeton University under Nobel Laureate Eugene Paul Wigner.
Career
In the 1950s he researched nuclear reactions and the structure of the atomic nucleus, introducing the concept of the transformation bracket for eigenstates of the quantum harmonic oscillator, which, together with the tables elaborated in collaboration with Thomas A. Brody, simplified calculations in the nuclear shell model and became an indispensable reference for the study of nuclear structure. In 1952, his work on the transient dynamics of matter waves led to the discovery of diffraction in time.
After completing postdoctoral studies at the Henri Poincaré Institute in Paris, France, he returned to Mexico City to serve as a professor at the UNAM. In 1967 he was chosen president of the Mexican Society of Physics and in 1972 he was admitted to the National College. He was the editor of several international scientific reviews, including the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, and authored four books and more than 200 technical papers. He received the Mexican National Prize for Science (1968), the Luis Elizondo Prize (1971), the Prince of Asturias Prize for Scientific and Technical Investigation (1988) and the UNESCO Science Prize (1997).
In 1990 he was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society "for his many fundamental contributions to the description of many-body quantum systems through the use of group-t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular%20value%20decomposition | In linear algebra, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix. It generalizes the eigendecomposition of a square normal matrix with an orthonormal eigenbasis to any matrix. It is related to the polar decomposition.
Specifically, the singular value decomposition of an complex matrix is a factorization of the form where is an complex unitary matrix, is an rectangular diagonal matrix with non-negative real numbers on the diagonal, is an complex unitary matrix, and is the conjugate transpose of . Such decomposition always exists for any complex matrix. If is real, then and can be guaranteed to be real orthogonal matrices; in such contexts, the SVD is often denoted .
The diagonal entries of are uniquely determined by and are known as the singular values of . The number of non-zero singular values is equal to the rank of . The columns of and the columns of are called left-singular vectors and right-singular vectors of , respectively. They form two sets of orthonormal bases and , and if they are sorted so that the singular values with value zero are all in the highest-numbered columns (or rows), the singular value decomposition can be written as where is the rank of .
The SVD is not unique. It is always possible to choose the decomposition so that the singular values are in descending order. In this case, (but not and ) is uniquely determined by .
The term sometimes refers to the compact SVD, a similar decomposition in which is square diagonal of size , where is the rank of , and has only the non-zero singular values. In this variant, is an semi-unitary matrix and is an semi-unitary matrix, such that
Mathematical applications of the SVD include computing the pseudoinverse, matrix approximation, and determining the rank, range, and null space of a matrix. The SVD is also extremely useful in all areas of science, engineering, and statistics, such as signal processing, least squares fitting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple%20bacteria | Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are Gram-negative proteobacteria that are phototrophic, capable of producing their own food via photosynthesis. They are pigmented with bacteriochlorophyll a or b, together with various carotenoids, which give them colours ranging between purple, red, brown, and orange. They may be divided into two groups – purple sulfur bacteria (Chromatiales, in part) and purple non-sulfur bacteria. Purple bacteria are anoxygenic phototrophs widely spread in nature, but especially in aquatic environments, where there are anoxic conditions that favor the synthesis of their pigments.
Taxonomy
All purple bacteria belong in the phylum of Pseudomonadota. This phylum was established as Proteobacteria by Carl Woese in 1987 calling it "purple bacteria and their relatives". Purple bacteria are distributed between 3 classes: Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria each characterized by a photosynthetic phenotype. All these classes also contain numerous non-photosynthetic numbers, such as the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium and the human gut bacterium Escherichia coli.
Purple non-sulfur bacteria are found in Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria. The families are:
Class Alphaproteobacteria (17 purple genera)
Order Rhodospirillales
Family Rhodospirillaceae, e.g. Rhodospirillum rubrum
Family Acetobacteraceae, e.g. Rhodopila globiformis
Order Hyphomicrobiales
Family Nitrobacteraceae, e.g. Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Family Hyphomicrobiaceae, e.g. Rhodomicrobium
Family Rhodobiaceae, e.g. Rhodobium (1 purple genus)
Order Rhodobacterales, family Rhodobacteraceae (3 purple genera)
Class Betaproteobacteria (3 purple genera)
Family Rhodocyclaceae, e.g. Rhodocyclus (1 purple genus)
Family Comamonadaceae, e.g. Rhodoferax (2 purple genera)
Purple sulfur bacteria are named for the ability to produce elemental sulfur. They are included in the class Gammaproteobacteria, in the two families Chromatiaceae and Ectothiorhodos |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provable%20security | Provable security refers to any type or level of computer security that can be proved. It is used in different ways by different fields.
Usually, this refers to mathematical proofs, which are common in cryptography. In such a proof, the capabilities of the attacker are defined by an adversarial model (also referred to as attacker model): the aim of the proof is to show that the attacker must solve the underlying hard problem in order to break the security of the modelled system. Such a proof generally does not consider side-channel attacks or other implementation-specific attacks, because they are usually impossible to model without implementing the system (and thus, the proof only applies to this implementation).
Outside of cryptography, the term is often used in conjunction with secure coding and security by design, both of which can rely on proofs to show the security of a particular approach. As with the cryptographic setting, this involves an attacker model and a model of the system. For example, code can be verified to match the intended functionality, described by a model: this can be done through static checking. These techniques are sometimes used for evaluating products (see Common Criteria): the security here depends not only on the correctness of the attacker model, but also on the model of the code.
Finally, the term provable security is sometimes used by sellers of security software that are attempting to sell security products like firewalls, antivirus software and intrusion detection systems. As these products are typically not subject to scrutiny, many security researchers consider this type of claim to be selling snakeoil.
In cryptography
In cryptography, a system has provable security if its security requirements can be stated formally in an adversarial model, as opposed to heuristically, with clear assumptions that the adversary has access to the system as well as enough computational resources. The proof of security (called a "reduction") |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20von%20Neumann%20algebra | In mathematics, a finite von Neumann algebra is a von Neumann algebra in which every isometry is a unitary. In other words, for an operator V in a finite von Neumann algebra if , then . In terms of the comparison theory of projections, the identity operator is not (Murray-von Neumann) equivalent to any proper subprojection in the von Neumann algebra.
Properties
Let denote a finite von Neumann algebra with center . One of the fundamental characterizing properties of finite von Neumann algebras is the existence of a center-valued trace. A von Neumann algebra is finite if and only if there exists a normal positive bounded map with the properties:
,
if and then ,
for ,
for and .
Examples
Finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras
The finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras can be characterized using Wedderburn's theory of semisimple algebras.
Let Cn × n be the n × n matrices with complex entries. A von Neumann algebra M is a self adjoint subalgebra in Cn × n such that M contains the identity operator I in Cn × n.
Every such M as defined above is a semisimple algebra, i.e. it contains no nilpotent ideals. Suppose M ≠ 0 lies in a nilpotent ideal of M. Since M* ∈ M by assumption, we have M*M, a positive semidefinite matrix, lies in that nilpotent ideal. This implies (M*M)k = 0 for some k. So M*M = 0, i.e. M = 0.
The center of a von Neumann algebra M will be denoted by Z(M). Since M is self-adjoint, Z(M) is itself a (commutative) von Neumann algebra. A von Neumann algebra N is called a factor if Z(N) is one-dimensional, that is, Z(N) consists of multiples of the identity I.
Theorem Every finite-dimensional von Neumann algebra M is a direct sum of m factors, where m is the dimension of Z(M).
Proof: By Wedderburn's theory of semisimple algebras, Z(M) contains a finite orthogonal set of idempotents (projections) {Pi} such that PiPj = 0 for i ≠ j, Σ Pi = I, and
where each Z(M)Pi is a commutative simple algebra. Every complex simple algebras is isomorphic to |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinic%20conjunctivitis | Actinic conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the eye contracted from prolonged exposure to actinic (ultraviolet) rays. Symptoms are redness and swelling of the eyes. Most often the condition is caused by prolonged exposure to Klieg lights, therapeutic lamps or acetylene torches. Other names for the condition include Klieg conjunctivitis, eyeburn, arc-flash, welder's conjunctivitis, flash keratoconjunctivitis, actinic ray ophthalmia, X-ray ophthalmia and ultraviolet ray ophthalmia.
Symptoms
Conjunctivitis eye condition contracted from exposure to actinic rays. Symptoms are redness and swelling.
Causes
Conjunctivitis is prevalent among children of the highlands of Ecuador. The finding supports the hypothesis that prolonged exposure to the sun at altitude, in the less dense atmosphere (with the resultant lower UV absorption), is one cause of the condition.
Diagnosis
Management
See also
Conjunctivitis
Photokeratitis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermanaerothrix | Thermanaerothrix is a bacteria genus from the family of Anaerolineaceae with one known species (Thermanaerothrix daxensis). Thermanaerothrix daxensis has been isolated from water from the Saint-Christophe spring in France. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20compression | In computing, solid compression is a method for data compression of multiple files, wherein all the uncompressed files are concatenated and treated as a single data block. Such an archive is called a solid archive. It is used natively in the 7z and RAR formats, as well as indirectly in tar-based formats such as .tar.gz and .tar.bz2. By contrast, the ZIP format is not solid because it stores separately compressed files (though solid compression can be emulated for small archives by combining the files into an uncompressed archive file and then compressing that archive file inside a second compressed ZIP file).
Explanation
Compressed file formats often feature both compression (storing the data in a small space) and archiving (storing multiple files and metadata in a single file). One can combine these in two natural ways:
compress the individual files, and then archive into a single file;
archive into a single data block, and then compress.
The order matters (these operations do not commute), and the latter is solid compression.
In Unix, compression and archiving are traditionally separate operations, which allows one to understand this distinction:
Compressing individual files and then archiving would be a tar gzip-compressed files this is very uncommon.
Archiving various uncompressed files via tar and compressing yields a compressed archive: a .tar.gz file this is solid compression.
A rough graphical representation
In this example, three files each have a common part with the same information, a unique part with information not in the other files, and an "air" part with low-entropy and accordingly well-compressible information.
original file A
original file B
original file C
non solid archive:
solid archive:
Rationale
Benefits
Solid compression allows for much better compression rates when all the files are similar, which is often the case if they are of the same file format. It can also be efficient when archiving a large number of small files.
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Pease | Robert Allen Pease (August 22, 1940 – June 18, 2011) was an electronics engineer known for analog integrated circuit (IC) design, and as the author of technical books and articles about electronic design. He designed several very successful "best-seller" ICs, many of them in continuous production for multiple decades.These include LM331 voltage-to-frequency converter, and the LM337 adjustable negative voltage regulator (complement to the LM317).
Life and career
Pease was born on August 22, 1940, in Rockville, Connecticut. He attended Northfield Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts, and subsequently obtained a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1961.
He started work in the early 1960s at George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP-R). GAP-R pioneered the first reasonable-cost, mass-produced operational amplifier (op-amp), the K2-W. At GAP-R, Pease developed many high-performance op-amps, built with discrete solid-state components.
In 1976, Pease moved to National Semiconductor Corporation (NSC) as a Design and Applications Engineer, where he began designing analog monolithic ICs, as well as design reference circuits using these devices. He had advanced to Staff Engineer by the time of his departure in 2009. During his tenure at NSC, he began writing a popular continuing monthly column called "Pease Porridge" in Electronic Design about his experiences in the world of electronic design and application.
The last project Pease worked on was the THOR-LVX (photo-nuclear) microtron Advanced Explosives contraband Detection System: "A Dual-Purpose Ion-Accelerator for Nuclear-Reaction-Based Explosives-and SNM-Detection in Massive Cargo".
Pease was the author of eight books, including Troubleshooting Analog Circuits, and he held 21 patents. Although his name was listed as "Robert A. Pease" in formal documents, he preferred to be called "Bob Pease" or to use his initials "RAP" in his magazine columns.
His other |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fides%20%28reliability%29 | Fides (Latin: trust) is a guide allowing estimated reliability calculation for electronic components and systems. The reliability prediction is generally expressed in FIT (number of failures for 109 hours) or MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures). This guide provides reliability data for RAMS (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, Safety) studies.
Purpose
Fides is a DGA (French armament industry supervision agency) study conducted by a European consortium formed by eight industrialists from the fields of aeronautics and Defence:
Airbus France
Eurocopter
Nexter Electronics
MBDA Missiles Systems
Thales Services
Thales Airborne Systems
Thales Avionics
Thales Underwater Systems
The first aim of the Fides project was to develop a new reliability assessment method for electronic components which takes into consideration COTS (commercial off-the-shelf) and specific parts and the new technologies. The global aim is to find a replacement to the worldwide reference MIL-HDBK-217F, which is old and has not been revised since 1995 (issue F notice 2). Moreover, the MIL HDBK 217F is very pessimistic for COTS components which are more and more widely used in military and aerospace systems.
The second aim was to write a reliability engineering guide in order to provide engineering process and tools to improve reliability in the development of new electronic systems.
Method content
The Fides guide is made of two distinct parts. The first is a reliability prediction calculation method concerning main electronic component families and complete subassemblies like hard disks or LCD displays. The second part is a process control and audit guide which is a tool to assess the reliability quality and technical know-how in the operating time of the studied product, operational specification and maintenance.
Availability
The Fides guide is freely available on the Fides reliability website.
Standardization
The French standardisation organisation UTE (Union Technique de l'Electricité) h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoling%20touch | Consoling touch is a pro-social behavior involving physical contact between a distressed individual and a caregiver. The physical contact, most commonly recognized in the form of a hand hold or embrace, is intended to comfort one or more of the participating individuals. Consoling touch is intended to provide consolation - to alleviate or lessen emotional or physical pain. This type of social support has been observed across species and cultures. Studies have found little difference in the applications of consoling touch, with minor differences in frequency occurrence across cultures. These findings suggest a degree of universality. It remains unclear whether the relationship between social touch and interpersonal emotional bonds reflect biologically driven or culturally normative behavior. Evidence of consoling touch in non-human primates, who embrace one another following distressing events, suggest a biological basis. Numerous studies of consoling touch in humans and animals unveil a consistent physiological response. An embrace from a friend, relative, or even stranger can trigger the release of oxytocin, dopamine, and serotonin into the bloodstream. These neurotransmitters are associated with positive mood, numerous health benefits, and longevity. Cortisol, a stress hormone, also decreases. Studies have found that the degree of intimacy and quality of relationship between consoler and the consoled mediates physiological effects. In other words, while subjects experience reduced cortisol levels while holding the hand of a stranger, they exhibit a larger effect when receiving comfort from a trusted friend, and greater still, when holding the hand of a high quality romantic partner.
Contact and development
The importance of consoling touch was first explored by Harry Frederick Harlow (Oct 31, 1905 – Dec 6, 1981). From 1950 through 1970, Harlow conducted controversial research on rhesus monkeys observing maladaptation resulting from maternal-separation and social |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TO-3 | In electronics, TO-3 is a designation for a standardized metal semiconductor package used for power semiconductors, including transistors, silicon controlled rectifiers, and, integrated circuits. TO stands for "Transistor Outline" and relates to a series of technical drawings produced by JEDEC.
The TO-3 case has a flat surface which can be attached to a heatsink, normally via a thermally conductive but electrically insulating washer. The design originated at Motorola around 1955 from a group headed by Dr. Virgil E. Bottom. who was director of research of the Motorola Semiconductor Division. The first use of this design was for the germanium alloy-junction power transistor 2N176 – the first power transistor to be put into quantity production. The lead spacing was originally intended to allow plugging the device into a then-common tube socket.
Typical applications
The metal package can be attached to a heat sink, making it suitable for devices dissipating several watts of heat. Thermal compound is used to improve heat transfer between the device case and the heat sink. Since the device case is one of the electrical connections, an insulator may be required to electrically isolate the component from the heatsink. Insulating washers may be made of mica or other materials with good thermal conductivity.
The case is used with high-power and high-current devices, on the order of a few tens of amperes current and up to a hundred watts of heat dissipation. The case surfaces are metal for good heat conductivity and durability. The metal-to-metal and metal-to-glass joints provide hermetic seals that protect the semiconductor from liquids and gases.
Compared with equivalent plastic packages, the TO-3 is more costly. The spacing and dimensions of the case leads make it unsuitable for higher frequency (radio frequency) devices.
Construction
The semiconductor die component is mounted on a raised platform on a metal plate, with the metal can welded on top of it; providin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitoshi%20Ishii | Hitoshi Ishii (石井 仁司 Ishii Hitoshi, born in 12 October 1947),a Japanese mathematician,who is specialized in partial differential equations.
He first studied physics and then mathematics at Waseda University with a master's degree in 1972 and a doctorate in 1975 with dissertation "" (translation: "Lp solvability and uniqueness of the initial value problem for partial differential equations"). He became an assistant professor at Chūō University in 1976 and in 1989 a full professor. In 1996, he became a professor at Tokyo Metropolitan University and in 2001, he became a professor at Waseda University. He studies nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) such as Hamilton–Jacobi equation, viscosity solutions of PDEs, optimal control theory, differential games, and evolution of surfaces.
From 1987 to 1988, he was a visiting professor at Brown University, in 2011 at Collège de France, and in 2010 at University of Chicago. From 2011 to 2014 he was an adjunct professor at King Abdulaziz University.
In 1994, He received the Autumn Prize from the Mathematical Society of Japan. In 2002, he was named to the Thomson ISI list of highly cited researchers in mathematics. He was an invited speaker with talk Asymptotic solutions for large time of Hamilton-Jacobi equations at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2006 in Madrid. He was an invited speaker at the 7th International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) 2007 in Zurich. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
Selected publications
with Michael G. Crandall and Pierre-Louis Lions: User’s guide to viscosity solutions of second order partial differential equations. Bulletin AMS, vol. 27, 1992, 1–67
mit Pierre-Louis Lions: Viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear second-order elliptic partial differential equations. Journal of Differential Equations, vol. 83, 1990, 26–78
On uniqueness and existence of viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear second order ellipti |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WinMX | WinMX (Windows Music Exchange) is a freeware peer-to-peer file sharing program authored in 2000 by Kevin Hearn (president of Frontcode Technologies) in Windsor, Ontario (Canada). According to one study, it was the number one source for online music in 2005 with an estimated 2.1 million users. Frontcode Technologies itself abandoned development of WinMX in September 2005, but developers brought the service back online within a few days by releasing patches. WinMX continues to be used by a community of enthusiasts.
Kevin Hearn released Tixati in 2009 and Fopnu in 2017. Fopnu is a client and a network with some similarities to WinMX. In 2021, he released DarkMX, a serverless file sharing client with built-in privacy preserving features and a built-in Tor client, as well as the ability to host a .onion file-sharing that is reachable via the Tor Browser.
History
Beginnings
WinMX began its life as an OpenNAP client capable of connecting to several servers simultaneously.
Frontcode Technologies later created a proprietary protocol, termed WinMX Peer Network Protocol (WPNP), which was used starting with WinMX 2 in May 2001. Frontcode Technologies had operated several peer cache servers to aid WPNP network operation.
Downloads can be very fast for popular songs since the user can run a "multi-point download" that simultaneously downloads the same file in small pieces from several users. The WinMX program houses a few built-in features such as bandwidth monitoring, short messaging, and hosting chatrooms and functions as an OpenNap client. Users could negotiate an exchange of their files with the help of the short messaging system or chat. After the transfers start, each has the option of selecting bandwidth for the other to make sure both transfers end more or less at the same time.
Closure of Frontcode Technologies
On September 13, 2005, Frontcode Technologies received a cease and desist letter from the Recording Industry Association of America demanding that they |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H3T11P | H3T11P is an epigenetic modification to the DNA packaging protein histone H3. It is a mark that indicates the phosphorylation the 11th threonine residue of the histone H3 protein.
Histone H3 phosphorylation at threonine 11 establishes a unique chromatin mark for transcriptional control.
The levels of phosphorylated H3T11 are higher in prostate carcinomas as measured by Gleason scores.
H3T11P is a biomarker for aging and nutritional stress. Under stress, the Sch9 and CK2 kinases work together to regulate H3T11P. By changing dietary stress responses, H3pT11 mutants were able to extend their chronological longevity.
Nomenclature
The name of this modification indicates the protein phosphorylation of threonine 11 on histone H3 protein subunit:
Serine/threonine/tyrosine phosphorylation
The addition of a negatively charged phosphate group can lead to major changes in protein structure, leading to the well-characterized role of phosphorylation in controlling protein function. It is not clear what structural implications histone phosphorylation has, but histone phosphorylation has clear functions as a post-translational modification.
Clinical effect of modification
Protein-kinase-C-related kinase 1 (PRK1) phosphorylates histone H3 at threonine 11 when ligand-dependent recruitment to androgen receptor target genes occurs. The levels of PRK1 and phosphorylated H3T11 are higher in prostate carcinomas as measured by Gleason scores. PRK1 inhibition inhibits AR-induced tumor cell proliferation, making it a potential therapeutic target. The androgen receptor functions as a transcription factor in the genesis and progression of prostate cancer.
H3T11P is a biomarker for aging and nutritional stress. Under stress, the Sch9 and CK2 kinases work together to regulate H3T11P. By changing dietary stress responses, H3T11P mutants were able to extend their chronological longevity. The phosphorylation of H3T11 by Sch9 and CK2 links a nutritional stress response to chromatin in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI%20School%20of%20Biological%20Sciences | The School of Biological Sciences is one of the academic units of the University of California, Irvine (UCI). The school is divided into four departments: developmental and cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, molecular biology and biochemistry, and neurobiology and behavior. With over 3,700 students it is in the top four largest schools in the university.<ref></http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/page+2> In 2013, the Francisco J. Ayala School of Biological Sciences contained 19.4 percent of the student population
</ref>
It is consistently ranked in the top one hundred in U.S. News & World Report’s yearly list of best graduate schools.
History
The School of Biological Sciences first opened in 1965 at the University of California, Irvine and was one of the first schools founded when the university campus opened. The school's founding Dean, Edward A. Steinhaus, had four founding department chairs and started out with 17 professors.
On March 12, 2014, the School was officially renamed after UCI professor and donor Francisco J. Ayala by then-Chancellor Michael V. Drake. Ayala had previously pledged to donate $10 million to the School of Biological Sciences in 2011. The school reverted to its previous name in June 2018, after a university investigation confirmed that Ayala had sexually harassed at least four women colleagues and graduate students.
Notes
External links
University of California, Irvine
Biology education
Science education in the United States
Science and technology in Greater Los Angeles
University subdivisions in California
Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9el%20effect | In superparamagnetism (a form of magnetism), the Néel effect appears when a superparamagnetic material in a conducting coil is subject to varying frequencies of magnetic fields. The non-linearity of the superparamagnetic material acts as a frequency mixer, with voltage measured at the coil terminals. It consists of several frequency components, at the initial frequency and at the frequencies of certain linear combinations. The frequency shift of the field to be measured allows for detection of a direct current field with a standard coil.
History
In 1949 French physicist Louis Néel (1904-2000) discovered that when they are finely divided, ferromagnetic nanoparticles lose their hysteresis below a certain size; this phenomenon is known as superparamagnetism. The magnetization of these materials is subject to the applied field, which is highly non-linear.
This curve is well described by the Langevin function, but for weak fields it can be simply written as:
,
where is the susceptibility at zero field and is known as the Néel coefficient. The Néel coefficient reflects the non-linearity of superparamagnetic materials in low fields.
Theory
If a coil of turns with a surface through which passes a current of excitation is immersed in a magnetic field collinear with the axis of the coil, a superparamagnetic material is deposited inside the coil.
The electromotive force to the terminals of a winding of the coil, , is given by the formula:
where is the magnetic induction given by the equation:
In the absence of magnetic material,
and
.
Differentiating this expression, the frequency of the voltage is the same as the excitation current or the magnetic field .
In the presence of superparamagnetic material, neglecting the higher terms of the Taylor expansion, we obtain for B:
A new derivation of the first term of the equation provides frequency voltage components of the stream of excitement or the magnetic field .
The development of the second te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abarca%20Prize | The Doctor Juan Abarca International Award in Medical Sciences, known as the Abarca Prize, is an award that recognises research and innovation through a biomedical finding of global significance.
Background
Created in 2020 by the Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, it is awarded to the scientific or medical career of a person who has made a significant contribution to the protection, improvement or rehabilitation of people's health.
The award, endowed with 100,000 euros, is inspired by the Spanish surgeon Juan Abarca Campal, founder of HM Hospitales. The jury, appointed by the Fundación de Investigación HM Hospitales, is made up of members of the scientific community.
2021 Abarca Prize
The first edition of the award was held in October 2021. The award ceremony was chaired by King Felipe VI. The jury was headed by Alberto Muñoz, professor at the Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Madrid (IIBM) and included Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet, Silvia G. Priori, scientific director of the ICS Maugeri Hospital, palaeoanthropologist Juan Luis Arsuaga, and Federico de Montalvo, former president of the Spanish Bioethics Committee. The Abarca Prize was awarded to Professor Jean-Laurent Casanova for his findings in the field of human infections and the genetic variations that affect a person's ability to fight them. Dr. Casanova is a researcher at Rockefeller University Hospital in New York and director of the St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics and Infectious Diseases.
In 2022 the prize was awarded by Juan Abarca Cidón to Professor Philippe J. Sansonetti of the Pasteur Institute for his research on Shigellosis or bacillary dysentery. This diarrheal disease caused by the bacterium Shigella causes thousands of deaths annually in developed countries, mainly affecting children. The jury was composed of Professors Juan Luis Arsuaga, Silvia Priori, Jean-Laurent Casanova and Federico de Montalvo, and was chaired by Professor Alberto Muñoz, from the Institu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DebugWIRE | debugWIRE is a serial communications protocol, designed by Atmel. It is used for on-chip debugging of AVR microcontrollers.
Protocol
debugWIRE is designed as a simpler alternative to JTAG, aimed at microcontrollers (MCUs) with limited resources. It is supported by the classic ATtiny and some smaller ATmega MCUs, such as the ATmega328. By using debugWIRE one has full read and write access to all memory and full control over the execution flow. It supports single-step, run-to-cursor, step-out, and software break instructions. A breakpoint (run-to-cursor) will be set by reprogramming the BREAK opcode into the flash memory of the MCU. Care must be taken due to the limited number of guaranteed write cycles (10000) of the device.
Programmer models
debugWIRE is supported by all modern hardware debuggers from Microchip. This includes Atmel-ICE, JTAGICE3, AVR Dragon, JTAGICE mkII, and SNAP. It is also possible to build a cheap debugWIRE hardware debugger based on an open-source Arduino sketch.
debugWIRE specifications
debugWIRE is activated by setting (programming to zero) of the fuse DWEN (debugWIRE enable), normally located in the high fuse byte. After this action the /RESET pin function isn't available anymore and the ISP protocol cannot be used.
debugWIRE can be disabled with any of the mentioned debuggers by sending a special reset command that disables temporarily the debugWIRE function and reenables /RESET and also ISP until next power down cycle. debugWIRE is not able to program the fuses of a device.
If you want to disable debugWIRE permanently you have to disable the function temporarily and program the fuse using the now available ISP function.
debugWIRE uses a 1 wire open drain serial connection. The default baud rate used is MCU clock/128. Sending a BREAK will return 0x55 which is used to detect the baud rate. The MCU will return a BREAK when a breakpoint is hit or a collision is detected on the debugWIRE connection. 0x06 is used to disable debugWIRE and r |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biseriate | Biseriate is a botanical term applied to both plantae and fungi, meaning 'arranged in two rows'.
The term can refer to any number of structures found within these kingdoms, from arrangement of leaves to the placement of spores.
It becomes useful in taxonomy for placing a species within a certain genus, family, or even order, based upon morphology, when making an initial choice or when DNA evidence is inconclusive. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV%20input | AV input stands for Audio/Visual input, which is a common label on a connector to receive (AV) audio/visual signals from electronic equipment that generates AV signals (AV output).
These terminals are commonly found on such equipment as a television, DVD recorder or VHS recorder, and typically take input from a DVD player, a TV tuner, VHS recorder or camcorder.
Types of plugs used for video input
Composite video
RCA connector
BNC connector
UHF connector
1/8 inch minijack phone connector
S-video
DIN plug (also used for Apple Desktop Bus)
Component video
RCA connector
RGBHV
Digital video
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
DVI (Digital Video Interface)
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
SPDIF (Sony Philips Digital Interface) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secunet%20Security%20Networks | secunet Security Networks AG commonly known as Secunet, is a German information security corporation headquartered in Essen. Secunet develops, manufactures and sells information security hardware and secure telecommunications equipment. It is the producer and vendor of Germany's SINA infrastructure that forms the basis for Germany's secure IT networks. Secunet is Germany's biggest information security company and provides services for the public administration and private entreprises the country. The company is public stock index listed in the SDAX.
Secunet was founded in 1997 as a spin-off of the IT division of the former TÜV Mitte AG. Since 2009, Giesecke+Devrient is majority shareholder. In 2022, Secunet generated a revenue of 347 million Euro and had more than 1,000 employees, thus making it the leading IT security partner of the Federal Republic of Germany. Within Germany Secunet has seats in Berlin, Bonn, Borchen, Dresden, Eschborn, Hamburg, Munich and Siegen.
Products and services
With its products and services, Secunet primarily focusses clients in the public administration and ministries, the healthcare sector, the defence and space sector as well as specifically security and police agencies.
Secure Networking
One of Secunet's premier products is the SINA (Secure Inter-Network Architecture) product line that was co-developed with Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI). The SINA architecture forms the basis for Germany's classified information networks and is used in a broad range of public institutions in Germany and abroad. The architecture is accredited up the NATO and EU SECRET classifications and includes network encryptors and work stations as well as communication devices, such as encrypted phones.
Border Control
Secunet is the producer of EasyPASS, an automated border control system used at airports and border check points in Germany and a number of EU countries.
Consulting
Secunet's services include information security con |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RobotWar | RobotWar is a programming game written by Silas Warner. This game, along with the companion program RobotWrite, was originally developed in the TUTOR programming language on the PLATO system in the 1970s. Later the game was commercialized and adapted for the Apple II series of computers and published by Muse Software in 1981. The premise is that in the distant future of 2002, war was declared hazardous to human health, and now countries settled their differences in a battle arena full of combat robots. As the manual states, "The task set before you is: to program a robot, that no other robot can destroy!"
The main activity of the game is to write a computer program that operates a (simulated) robot. The player selects multiple robots which do battle in an arena until only one is left standing. The robots do not have direct knowledge of the location or velocity of any of the other robots; they only use radar pulses to deduce distance, and perhaps use clever programming techniques to deduce velocity. There is no way for the player to actually take part in the battle.
Robot programming
The robots' language is similar to BASIC. There are 34 registers that can be used as variables or for the robots' I/O functions. An example program from the game manual is:
SCAN
AIM + 5 TO AIM ; MOVE GUN
AIM TO RADAR ; SEND RADAR PULSE
LOOP
IF RADAR < 0 GOSUB FIRE ; TEST RADAR
GOTO SCAN
FIRE
0 - RADAR TO SHOT ; FIRE THE GUN
ENDSUB
The robot with this program sweeps its radar in a circle, firing off radar pulses, and when it detects another robot, fires a projectile set to explode at the correct distance as estimated by the radar pulse. This particular robot stands still throughout the entire battle, as it never assigns any number to its movement registers.
Reception
Harry White reviewed RobotWar in The Space Gamer No. 45. White commented that "RobotWar is worth [...] the price. And if you don't h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/666%20%28number%29 | 666 (six hundred [and] sixty-six) is the natural number following 665 and preceding 667.
In Christianity, 666 is referred to in (most manuscripts of) chapter 13 of the Book of Revelation of the New Testament as the "number of the beast."
In mathematics
666 is the sum of the first thirty-six natural numbers, which makes it a triangular number:
.
Since 36 is also triangular, 666 is a doubly triangular number. Also, where 15 and 21 are triangular as well, whose squares ( and ) add to 666 and have a difference of .
The number of integers which are relatively prime to 666 is also 216, ; and for an angle measured in degrees, (where here is the golden ratio).
666 is also the sum of the squares of the first seven primes , while the number of twin primes less than is 666.
A prime reciprocal magic square based on in decimal has a magic constant of 666. The twelfth pair of twin primes is (149, 151), with 151 the thirty-sixth prime number.
666 is a Smith number and Harshad number in base ten. The 27th indexed unique prime in decimal features a "666" in the middle of its sequence of digits.
The Roman numeral for 666, DCLXVI, has exactly one occurrence of all symbols whose value is less than 1000 in decreasing order (D = 500, C = 100, L = 50, X = 10, V = 5, I = 1).
In religion
Number of the beast
In the Textus Receptus manuscripts of the New Testament, the Book of Revelation () cryptically asserts 666 to be "the man's number" or "the number of a man" (depending on how the text is translated) associated with the Beast, an antagonistic creature that appears briefly about two-thirds into the apocalyptic vision. Some manuscripts of the original Koine Greek use the symbols χξϛ chi xi stigma (or χξϝ with a digamma), while other manuscripts spell out the number in words.
In modern popular culture, 666 has become one of the most widely recognized symbols for the Antichrist or, alternatively, the devil. Earnest references to the number occur both among apocalyptici |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNUstep | GNUstep is a free software implementation of the Cocoa (formerly OpenStep) Objective-C frameworks, widget toolkit, and application development tools for Unix-like operating systems and Microsoft Windows. It is part of the GNU Project.
GNUstep features a cross-platform, object-oriented IDE. Apart from the default Objective-C interface, GNUstep also has bindings for Java, Ruby, GNU Guile and Scheme. The GNUstep developers track some additions to Apple's Cocoa to remain compatible. The roots of the GNUstep application interface are the same as the roots of Cocoa: NeXTSTEP and OpenStep. GNUstep thus predates Cocoa, which emerged when Apple acquired NeXT's technology and incorporated it into the development of the original Mac OS X, while GNUstep was initially an effort by GNU developers to replicate the technically ambitious NeXTSTEP's programmer-friendly features.
History
GNUstep began when Paul Kunz and others at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center wanted to port HippoDraw from NeXTSTEP to another platform. Instead of rewriting HippoDraw from scratch and reusing only the application design, they decided to rewrite the NeXTSTEP object layer on which the application depended. This was the first version of libobjcX. It enabled them to port HippoDraw to Unix systems running the X Window System without changing a single line of their application source. After the OpenStep specification was released to the public in 1994, they decided to write a new objcX which would adhere to the new APIs. The software would become known as "GNUstep".
Software architecture
Rendering
GNUstep contains a set of graphical control elements written in the Objective-C programming language.
The graphical user interface (GUI) of GNUMail is composed of graphics control elements. GNUMail has to interact with the windowing system, e.g. X11 or Wayland, and its graphical user interface has to be rendered. GNUstep's backend provides a small set of functions used by the user interface library to in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20signs%20in%20South%20America | Call signs in South America are used for a variety of purposes, including identifying radio and TV stations. Argentina and Brazil both have broadcast call signs systems. Some stations still broadcast their call signs a few times a day, but this practice is becoming very rare. Call signs were first assigned to South American countries in 1913, and the call sign blocks were expanded to include amateur radio in 1947.
In 1995, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela signed up to the International Amateur Radio Permit agreement requiring governments to mutually recognize amateur radio licenses issued to citizens of other participating countries. Canada and the United States are also party to the agreement.
Argentina
Argentinian broadcast call signs consist of two (or, more recently, three) letters followed by multiple numbers. The second letter, as used in television call signs from the 1960s, traditionally indicated the region; LS call signs were given to stations in Buenos Aires, LT in the northeastern region, LU in the southern region, LV in the central region and LW in the northwestern region. (LR was used for some radio stations, especially in Buenos Aires; the earliest radio stations in the Argentine capital had call signs of LR plus one digit.) Most TV stations had call signs with higher two-digit numbers. The five main stations in the Buenos Aires area had call signs from LS 82 to LS 86, while stations in Rosario, Santa Fe had call signs LT 83 and LT 85.
Amateur radio call signs are used to uniquely identify 37,000 licensed amateur operators in Argentina. Call signs are regulated internationally by the ITU as well as nationally by the Comisión Nacional de Comunicaciones of the Argentine government. Foreign amateurs can obtain permission to operate in the country from can contact the Radio Club Argentino.
Since 2000 or earlier, call signs beginning with LR and a third letter, as well as have been assigned,
LRA exclusively assigned to Radio Nacional, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET%20theory | Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface and serves as the basis for an important analysis technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of materials. The observations are very often referred to as physical adsorption or physisorption. In 1938, Stephen Brunauer, Paul Hugh Emmett, and Edward Teller presented their theory in the Journal of the American Chemical Society. BET theory applies to systems of multilayer adsorption that usually utilizes a probing gas (called the adsorbate) that does not react chemically with the adsorptive (the material upon which the gas attaches to) to quantify specific surface area. Nitrogen is the most commonly employed gaseous adsorbate for probing surface(s). For this reason, standard BET analysis is most often conducted at the boiling temperature of N2 (77 K). Other probing adsorbates are also utilized, albeit less often, allowing the measurement of surface area at different temperatures and measurement scales. These include argon, carbon dioxide, and water. Specific surface area is a scale-dependent property, with no single true value of specific surface area definable, and thus quantities of specific surface area determined through BET theory may depend on the adsorbate molecule utilized and its adsorption cross section.
Concept
The concept of the theory is an extension of the Langmuir theory, which is a theory for monolayer molecular adsorption, to multilayer adsorption with the following hypotheses:
gas molecules physically adsorb on a solid in layers infinitely;
gas molecules only interact with adjacent layers; and
the Langmuir theory can be applied to each layer.
the enthalpy of adsorption for the first layer is constant and greater than the second (and higher).
the enthalpy of adsorption for the second (and higher) layers is the same as the enthalpy of liquefaction.
The resulting BET equation is
where c is referred to as the BET C-cons |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20membrane | The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. Glycolipids embedded in the outer lipid layer serve a similar purpose. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell, being selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules. In addition, cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall and the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx, as well as the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled.
History
While Robert Hooke's discovery of cells in 1665 led to the proposal of the cell theory, Hooke misled the cell membrane theory that all cells contained a hard cell wall since only plant cells could be observed at the time. Microscopists focused on the cell wall for well over 150 years until advances in microscopy were made. In the early 19th century, cells were recognized as being separate entities, unconnected, and bound by individual cell walls after it was found that plant cells could be separated. This theory extended to include animal cells to su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent%20kinase%20regulatory%20subunit%20family | In molecular biology, the cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit family is a family of proteins consisting of the regulatory subunits of cyclin-dependent protein kinases.
In eukaryotes, cyclin-dependent protein kinases interact with cyclins to regulate cell cycle progression, and are required for the G1 and G2 stages of cell division. The proteins bind to a regulatory subunit, cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit (CKS), which is essential for their function. This regulatory subunit is a small protein of 79 to 150 residues. In yeast (gene CKS1) and in fission yeast (gene suc1) a single isoform is known, while mammals have two highly related isoforms. The regulatory subunits exist as hexamers, formed by the symmetrical assembly of 3 interlocked homodimers, creating an unusual 12-stranded beta-barrel structure. Through the barrel centre runs a 12A diameter tunnel, lined by 6 exposed helix pairs. Six kinase units can be modelled to bind the hexameric structure, which may thus act as a hub for cyclin-dependent protein kinase multimerisation.
This family includes the CKS1B and CKS2 genes in mammals. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urolagnia | Urolagnia (also urophilia, and, more colloquially, a golden shower or watersports) is a paraphilia in which sexual excitement is associated with the sight or thought of urine or urination. The term has origins in the Greek language (from , "urine", and , "lust"). Golden shower is slang for the practice of urinating on another person for sexual pleasure.
Overview
Urolagnia is an inclination to derive sexual satisfaction from the vision or idea of urination. It is a paraphilia. During the activity, urine may be consumed or the person may bathe in it. Other variations include arousal from wetting or seeing someone else urinate in their pants or underclothes, or wetting the bed. Other forms of urolagnia may involve a tendency to be sexually aroused by smelling urine-soaked clothing or body parts. In many cases, a strong correlation or conditioning arises between urine smell or sight, and the sexual act. For some individuals the phenomenon may include a diaper fetish and/or arousal from infantilism.
Urolagnia is sometimes associated with, or confused with the Japanese practice of omorashi, arousal from having a full bladder or a sexual attraction to someone else experiencing the discomfort or pain of a full bladder, possibly a sadomasochistic inclination.
Common variations
Golden shower: A shower or stream of urine is directed onto another person or persons.
Clothes wetting: The person is sexually aroused by wetting one's clothing or observing another person doing so. Usually that person prefers to stage the wetting so that their legs (or other body parts) become soaked with urine. The warm sensation felt when urine trickles on the body seems to give very relaxing and pleasurable feelings to the person. In many cases, that person is also aroused by smelling body parts that have a urine scent. Others get aroused by telling some people about when they lost control and wet themselves. Some prefer a particular type of clothing to urinate.
Exhibitionism: Becoming notice |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-cell%20transcriptomics | Single-cell transcriptomics examines the gene expression level of individual cells in a given population by simultaneously measuring the RNA concentration (conventionally only messenger RNA (mRNA)) of hundreds to thousands of genes. Single-cell transcriptomics makes it possible to unravel heterogeneous cell populations, reconstruct cellular developmental pathways, and model transcriptional dynamics — all previously masked in bulk RNA sequencing.
Background
The development of high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and microarrays has made gene expression analysis a routine. RNA analysis was previously limited to tracing individual transcripts by Northern blots or quantitative PCR. Higher throughput and speed allow researchers to frequently characterize the expression profiles of populations of thousands of cells. The data from bulk assays has led to identifying genes differentially expressed in distinct cell populations, and biomarker discovery.
These studies are limited as they provide measurements for whole tissues and, as a result, show an average expression profile for all the constituent cells. This has a couple of drawbacks. Firstly, different cell types within the same tissue can have distinct roles in multicellular organisms. They often form subpopulations with unique transcriptional profiles. Correlations in the gene expression of the subpopulations can often be missed due to the lack of subpopulation identification. Secondly, bulk assays fail to recognize whether a change in the expression profile is due to a change in regulation or composition — for example if one cell type arises to dominate the population. Lastly, when your goal is to study cellular progression through differentiation, average expression profiles can only order cells by time rather than by developmental stage. Consequently, they cannot show trends in gene expression levels specific to certain stages.
Recent advances in biotechnology allow the measurement of gene expression in hund |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geogemma | In taxonomy, Geogemma is a genus of the family Pyrodictiaceae. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-1%20OWA%20operators | Type-1 OWA operators are a set of aggregation operators that generalise the Yager's OWA (ordered weighted averaging) operators) in the interest of aggregating fuzzy sets rather than crisp values in soft decision making and data mining.
These operators provide a mathematical technique for directly aggregating uncertain information with uncertain weights via OWA mechanism in soft decision making and data mining, where these uncertain objects are modelled by fuzzy sets.
The two definitions for type-1 OWA operators are based on Zadeh's Extension Principle and -cuts of fuzzy sets. The two definitions lead to equivalent results.
Definitions
Definition 1
Let be the set of fuzzy sets with domain of discourse , a type-1 OWA operator is defined as follows:
Given n linguistic weights in the form of fuzzy sets defined on the domain of discourse , a type-1 OWA operator is a mapping, ,
such that
where , and is a permutation function such that , i.e., is the th highest element in the set .
Definition 2
Using the alpha-cuts of fuzzy sets:
Given the n linguistic weights in the form of fuzzy sets defined on the domain of discourse , then for each , an -level type-1 OWA operator with -level sets to aggregate the -cuts of fuzzy sets is:
where , and is a permutation function such that , i.e., is the th largest element in the set .
Representation theorem of Type-1 OWA operators
Given the n linguistic weights in the form of fuzzy sets defined on the domain of discourse , and the fuzzy sets , then we have that
where is the aggregation result obtained by Definition 1, and is the result obtained by in Definition 2.
Programming problems for Type-1 OWA operators
According to the Representation Theorem of Type-1 OWA Operators, a general type-1 OWA operator can be decomposed into a series of -level type-1 OWA operators. In practice, this series of -level type-1 OWA operators is used to construct the resulting aggregation fuzzy set. So we only need to compute the lef |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional%20deconstruction | In theoretical physics, dimensional deconstruction is a method to construct 4-dimensional theories that behave as higher-dimensional theories in a certain range of higher energies. The resulting theory is a gauge theory whose gauge group is a direct product of many copies of the same group; each copy may be interpreted as the gauge group located at a particular point along a new, discrete, "deconstructed" (d+1)st dimension. The spectrum of matter fields is a set of bifundamental representations expressed by a quiver diagram that is analogous to lattices in lattice gauge theory.
"Deconstruction" in physics was introduced by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Andy Cohen and Howard Georgi, and independently by Christopher T. Hill, Stefan Pokorski and Jing Wang. Deconstruction is a lattice approximation to the real space of extra dimensions, while maintaining the full gauge symmetries and yields the low energy effective description of the physics. This leads to a rationale for extensions of the Standard Model based upon product gauge groups, , such as anticipated in
"topcolor" models of electroweak symmetry breaking. The little Higgs theories are also examples of phenomenologically interesting models inspired by deconstruction. Deconstruction is used in a supersymmetric context to address the hierarchy problem and model extra dimensions.
"Clock models," which have become popular in recent years in particle physics, are completely equivalent to deconstruction. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICORES | The International Conference on Operations Research and Enterprise Systems (ICORES) is an annual conference in the field of operations research. Two tracks are held simultaneously, covering domain independent methodologies and technologies and also practical work developed in specific application areas. These tracks are present in the conference not only in technical sessions but also in poster sessions, keynote lectures and tutorials.
The works presented in the conference are published in the conference proceedings and are made available at the SCITEPRESS digital library. Usually, it's established a cooperation with Springer for a post-publication with some of the conference best papers.
The first edition of ICORES was held in 2012 in conjunction with the International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence (ICAART) and the International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods (ICPRAM).
Areas
Methodologies and Technologies
Analytics for Enterprise (Engineering) Systems
Inventory theory
Linear programming
Management sciences
Network optimization
Optimization
Predictive analytics
Queuing theory
Simulation
Stochastic optimization
Data mining and business analytics
Decision analysis
Design in ES (E.G., Real Options for Flexible Design, Etc)
Dynamic programming
Forecasting
Game theory
Industrial engineering
Information systems
Applications
Automation of operations
OR in education
OR in emergency management
OR in health
OR in national defense/international security
OR in telecommunications
OR in transportation
Project management
Resource allocation
Risk management
Routing
Decision support systems
Scheduling
Supply chain management
Systems of systems/teams and socio-technical systems
Energy and environment
Engines for innovation
Globalization and Productivity
Logistics
Maintenance
New applications of OR
Optimization in finance
Current chairs
Conference Chair
Marc Demange, RMIT University, School o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%20algebraically%20closed%20field | In mathematics, a field is pseudo algebraically closed if it satisfies certain properties which hold for algebraically closed fields. The concept was introduced by James Ax in 1967.
Formulation
A field K is pseudo algebraically closed (usually abbreviated by PAC) if one of the following equivalent conditions holds:
Each absolutely irreducible variety defined over has a -rational point.
For each absolutely irreducible polynomial with and for each nonzero there exists such that and .
Each absolutely irreducible polynomial has infinitely many -rational points.
If is a finitely generated integral domain over with quotient field which is regular over , then there exist a homomorphism such that for each .
Examples
Algebraically closed fields and separably closed fields are always PAC.
Pseudo-finite fields and hyper-finite fields are PAC.
A non-principal ultraproduct of distinct finite fields is (pseudo-finite and hence) PAC. Ax deduces this from the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields.
Infinite algebraic extensions of finite fields are PAC.
The PAC Nullstellensatz. The absolute Galois group of a field is profinite, hence compact, and hence equipped with a normalized Haar measure. Let be a countable Hilbertian field and let be a positive integer. Then for almost all -tuples , the fixed field of the subgroup generated by the automorphisms is PAC. Here the phrase "almost all" means "all but a set of measure zero". (This result is a consequence of Hilbert's irreducibility theorem.)
Let K be the maximal totally real Galois extension of the rational numbers and i the square root of −1. Then K(i) is PAC.
Properties
The Brauer group of a PAC field is trivial, as any Severi–Brauer variety has a rational point.
The absolute Galois group of a PAC field is a projective profinite group; equivalently, it has cohomological dimension at most 1.
A PAC field of characteristic zero is C1. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilscher%20netx%20network%20controller | The netX network controller family (based on ASICs), developed by Hilscher Gesellschaft für Systemautomation mbH, is a solution for implementing all proven Fieldbus and Real-Time Ethernet systems. It was the first Multi-Protocol ASIC which combines Real-Time-Ethernet and Fieldbus System in one solution. The Multiprotocol functionality is done over a flexible cpu sub system called XC. Through exchanging some microcode the XC is able to realize beside others a PROFINET IRT Switch, EtherCAT Slave, Ethernet Powerlink HUB, PROFIBUS, CAN bus, CC-Link Industrial Networks Interface.
The Hilscher netX family
Multiplex Matrix IOs (MMIO)
The Multiplex Matrix is a set of PINs which could be configured freely with peripheral functions. Options are CAN, UART, SPI, I2C, GPIOs**, PIOs and SYNC Trigger.
GPIOs
The GPIOs from Hilscher are able to generate Interrupts, could count level or flags, or could be connected to a timer unit to auto generate a PWM. The Resolution of the PWM is normally 10ns. In some netX ASICS is a dedicated Motion unit with a resolution if 1ns is available. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrifty%20phenotype | Thrifty phenotype refers to the correlation between low birth weight of neonates and the increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes later in life, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Although early life undernutrition is thought to be the key driving factor to the hypothesis, other environmental factors have been explored for their role in susceptibility, such as physical inactivity. Genes may also play a role in susceptibility of these diseases, as they may make individuals predisposed to factors that lead to increased disease risk.
Historical overview
The term thrifty phenotype was first coined by Charles Nicholas Hales and David Barker in a study published in 1992. In their study, the authors reviewed the literature up to and addressed five central questions regarding role of different factors in type 2 diabetes on which they based their hypothesis. These questions included the following:
The role of beta cell deficiency in type 2 diabetes.
The extent to which beta cell deficiency contributes to insulin intolerance.
The role of major nutritional elements in fetal growth.
The role of abnormal amino acid supply in growth limited neonates.
The role of malnutrition in irreversibly defective beta cell growth.
From the review of the existing literature, they posited that poor nutritional status in fetal and early neonatal stages could hamper the development and proper functioning of the pancreatic beta cells by impacting structural features of islet anatomy, which could consequently make the individual more susceptible to the development of type 2 diabetes in later life. However, they did not exclude other causal factors such as obesity, ageing and physical inactivity as determining factors of type 2 diabetes.
In a later study, Barker et al. analyzed living patient data from Hertfordshire, UK, and found that men in their sixties having low birthweight (2.95 kg or less) were 10 times more likely to develop syndrome X (type 2 diabetes, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depressor%20labii%20inferioris%20muscle | The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle. It helps to lower the bottom lip.
Structure
The depressor labii inferioris muscle arises from the lateral surface of the mandible. This is below the mental foramen, and the origin may be around 3 cm wide. It inserts on the skin of the lower lip, blending in with the orbicularis oris muscle around 2 cm wide. At its origin, depressor labii is continuous with the fibers of the platysma muscle. Some yellow fat is intermingled with the fibers.
Nerve supply
The depressor labii inferioris muscle is supplied by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.
Function
The depressor labii inferioris muscle helps to depress and everts the lower lip. It is the most important of the muscles of the lower lip for this function. It is an antagonist of the orbicularis oris muscle. It is needed to expose the mandibular (lower) teeth during smiling.
Clinical significance
Resection
The depressor labii inferioris muscle may be resected (cut and removed) using surgery to correct an asymmetry of the lower lip when smiling. This asymmetry can be caused by paralysis of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve on one side, so the healthy side may be cut to create symmetry. Local anaesthesia may be used, such as by blocking the mental nerve. This operation tends to be successful.
History
The depressor labii inferioris muscle has also (mainly historically) been called the quadratus labii inferioris muscle.
See also
Facial muscles
Depressor anguli oris muscle
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20College%20of%20Neuropsychopharmacology | The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) is a pan-European, non-profit scientific association that serves as a platform to exchange and promote research in the field of neuropsychopharmacology. The ECNP “is committed to ensuring that advances in the understanding of brain function and human behaviour are translated into better treatments and enhanced public health”. The ECNP organises a number of activities to achieve this aim, such as a yearly congress, workshops, seminars, New Frontiers Meetings, publications, awards, supported talks and much more.
History
In 1984 representatives of neuropsychopharmacological societies from across Europe suggested there might be room for a European structure. A meeting to discuss this plan further was held in Copenhagen in May 1985. It was decided that a European College of Neuropsychopharmacology would be founded. A Working Group was formed to plan of the association’s inaugural scientific congress. This congress was held in Brussels in 1987. Around 500 people attended.
The Working Group consisted of:
Carlos Ballús, Spain
Per Bech, Denmark
Giovanni Cassano, Italy
Alexandra Delini-Stula, Switzerland
Markus Gastpar, Switzerland
Carl-Gerhard Gottfries, Sweden
Lars F. Gram, Denmark
Max Hamilton, United Kingdom
Paul Kielholz, Switzerland
Julien Mendlewicz, Belgium
Giorgio Racagni, Italy
Eckart Ruther, Germany
Michael Trimble, United Kingdom
Willem Verhoeven, Netherlands
Jennifer Wakelin, Netherlands
Édouard Zarifian, France
In 1993 the College established a permanent secretariat in Utrecht, Netherlands.
Organization
The ECNP’s executive organ is the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee consists of six officers (the president, vice- president, president-elect, past-president, secretary and treasurer) and a maximum of six councillors. The Executive Committee has a three year term.
The 2019-2022 Executive Committee consists of:
Martien Kas, The Netherlands, President
Gitte Moos Knudsen, Denma |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn-satisfiability | In formal logic, Horn-satisfiability, or HORNSAT, is the problem of deciding whether a given set of propositional Horn clauses is satisfiable or not. Horn-satisfiability and Horn clauses are named after Alfred Horn.
Basic definitions and terminology
A Horn clause is a clause with at most one positive literal, called the head of the clause, and any number of negative literals, forming the body of the clause. A Horn formula is a propositional formula formed by conjunction of Horn clauses.
The problem of Horn satisfiability is solvable in linear time.
The problem of deciding the truth of quantified Horn formulas can be also solved in polynomial time.
A polynomial-time algorithm for Horn satisfiability is based on the rule of unit propagation: if the formula contains a clause composed of a single literal (a unit clause), then all clauses containing (except the unit clause itself) are removed, and all clauses containing have this literal removed. The result of the second rule may itself be a unit clause, which is propagated in the same manner. If there are no unit clauses, the formula can be satisfied by simply setting all remaining variables negative. The formula is unsatisfiable if this transformation generates a pair of opposite unit clauses and . Horn satisfiability is actually one of the "hardest" or "most expressive" problems which is known to be computable in polynomial time, in the sense that it is a P-complete problem.
This algorithm also allows determining a truth assignment of satisfiable Horn formulae: all variables contained in a unit clause are set to the value satisfying that unit clause; all other literals are set to false. The resulting assignment is the minimal model of the Horn formula, that is, the assignment having a minimal set of variables assigned to true, where comparison is made using set containment.
Using a linear algorithm for unit propagation, the algorithm is linear in the size of the formula.
A generalization of the class of Ho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohappiness | Biohappiness, or bio-happiness, is the elevation of wellbeing in humans through biological methods, including germline engineering through screening embryos with genes associated with a high level of happiness, or the use of drugs intended to raise baseline levels of happiness. The object is to facilitate the achievement of a state of "better than well."
Proponents of biohappiness include the transhumanist philosopher David Pearce, whose goal is to end the suffering of all sentient beings and the Canadian ethicist Mark Alan Walker. Walker has sought to defend biohappiness on the grounds that happiness ought to be of interest to a wide range of moral theorists; and that hyperthymia, a state of high baseline happiness, is associated with better outcomes in health and human achievement.
The concept of biohappiness also has its high-profile critics, including Leon Kass, who served on the President's Council on Bioethics during the presidency of George W. Bush.
See also
Eradication of suffering
Perfectionism (philosophy) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EdgeUno | EdgeUno is a technology company established in 2018. It provides services related to cloud computing, edge computing, and connectivity. The company was founded by Mehmet Akcin, who has previously held positions at Microsoft, Yahoo, and ICANN. EdgeUno's services are primarily targeted towards the Latin American market.
Services
EdgeUno provides a range of services including managed hosting, managed cloud, content delivery network (CDN), and Internet exchange point (IXP).
Expansion
As of 2023, EdgeUno operates 47 data centers in Latin America and has plans to increase this number by the end of the year. The company is also considering expansion into four additional Latin American countries.
Network
EdgeUno's network has a capacity of 300 Tbps and includes over 47 data centers. The company has direct peering arrangements with more than 3000 networks across Latin America.
Sports sponsorship
EdgeUno sponsors the Fortaleza football club, a professional football team based in Bogotá, Colombia. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual%20scavenging | Manual scavenging is a term used mainly in India for "manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of, or otherwise handling, human excreta in an insanitary latrine or in an open drain or sewer or in a septic tank or a pit". Manual scavengers usually use hand tools such as buckets, brooms and shovels. The workers have to move the excreta, using brooms and tin plates, into baskets, which they carry to disposal locations sometimes several kilometers away. The practice of employing human labour for cleaning of sewers and septic tanks is also prevalent in Bangladesh and Pakistan. These sanitation workers, called "manual scavengers", rarely have any personal protective equipment. The work is regarded as a dehumanizing practice.
The occupation of sanitation work is intrinsically linked with caste in India. All kinds of cleaning are considered lowly and are assigned to people from the lowest rung of the social hierarchy. In the caste-based society, it is mainly the Dalits who work as sanitation workers - as manual scavengers, cleaners of drains, as garbage collectors and sweepers of roads. It was estimated in 2019 that between 40 and 60 percent of the six million households of Dalit sub-castes are engaged in sanitation work. The most common Dalit caste performing sanitation work is the Valmiki (also Balmiki) caste.
The construction of dry toilets and employment of manual scavengers to clean such dry toilets was prohibited in India in 1993. The law was extended and clarified to include ban on use of human labour for direct cleaning of sewers, ditches, pits and septic tanks in 2013. However, despite the laws, manual scavenging was reported in many states including Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan in 2014. In 2021, the NHRC observed that eradication of manual scavenging as claimed by state and local governments is far from over. Government data shows that in the period 1993–2021, 971 people died due to cleaning of sewers and septic tanks.
The te |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor%20theorem | In algebra, the factor theorem connects polynomial factors with polynomial roots. Specifically, if is a polynomial, then is a factor of if and only if (that is, is a root of the polynomial). The theorem is a special case of the polynomial remainder theorem.
The theorem results from basic properties of addition and multiplication. It follows that the theorem holds also when the coefficients and the element belong to any commutative ring, and not just a field.
In particular, since multivariate polynomials can be viewed as univariate in one of their variables, the following generalization holds : If and are multivariate polynomials and is independent of , then is a factor of if and only if is the zero polynomial.
Factorization of polynomials
Two problems where the factor theorem is commonly applied are those of factoring a polynomial and finding the roots of a polynomial equation; it is a direct consequence of the theorem that these problems are essentially equivalent.
The factor theorem is also used to remove known zeros from a polynomial while leaving all unknown zeros intact, thus producing a lower degree polynomial whose zeros may be easier to find. Abstractly, the method is as follows:
Deduce the candidate of zero of the polynomial from its leading coefficient and constant term . (See Rational Root Theorem.)
Use the factor theorem to conclude that is a factor of .
Compute the polynomial , for example using polynomial long division or synthetic division.
Conclude that any root of is a root of . Since the polynomial degree of is one less than that of , it is "simpler" to find the remaining zeros by studying .
Continuing the process until the polynomial is factored completely, which all its factors is irreducible on or .
Example
Find the factors of
Solution: Let be the above polynomial
Constant term = 2
Coefficient of
All possible factors of 2 are and . Substituting , we get:
So, , i.e, is a factor of . On dividing by , we g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strained%20quantum-well%20laser | A strained quantum well laser is a type of quantum-well laser, which was invented by Professor Alf Adams at the University of Surrey in 1986. The laser is distinctive for producing a more concentrated beam than other quantum well lasers, making it considerably more efficient. The lasers are notable for usage in CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray drives as well as applications in supermarket barcode readers and telephone optical transmission. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground%20stem | Underground stems are modified plant parts that derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface. They function as storage tissues for food and nutrients, facilitate the propagation of new clones, and aid in perennation (survival from one growing season to the next). Types of underground stems include bulbs, corms, rhizomes, stolons, and tubers.
Plants have two structures or axes of growth, which can be best seen from seed germination and growth. Seedlings develop two axes of growth: stems, which develop upward out of the soil, and roots, which develop downward. The roots are modified to have root hairs and branch indiscriminately with cells that take in water and nutrients, while the stems are modified to move water and nutrients to and from the leaves and flowers. Stems have nodes with buds where leaves and flowers arise at specific locations, while roots do not. Plants use underground stems to multiply by asexual reproduction and to survive from one year to the next, usually through dormancy. Some plants produce stems modified to store energy and preserve a location of potential growth to survive a cold or dry period which normally is a period of inactive growth, and when that period is over the plants resume new growth from the underground stems.
Being underground protects the stems from the elements during the dormancy period, such as freezing and thawing in winter, extreme heat and drought in summer, or other potentially harmful elements such as fire. They can also protect plants from heavy grazing pressure from animals, the plant might be eaten to the ground but new growth can occur from below ground stem that can not be reached by the herbivores. Several plants, including weedy species, use underground stems to spread and colonize large areas, since the stems do not have to be supported or strong, less energy and resources are needed to produce these stems and often these plants have more mass underground than above ground.
Types of underground s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponderomotive%20force | In physics, a ponderomotive force is a nonlinear force that a charged particle experiences in an inhomogeneous oscillating electromagnetic field. It causes the particle to move towards the area of the weaker field strength, rather than oscillating around an initial point as happens in a homogeneous field. This occurs because the particle sees a greater magnitude of force during the half of the oscillation period while it is in the area with the stronger field. The net force during its period in the weaker area in the second half of the oscillation does not offset the net force of the first half, and so over a complete cycle this makes the particle move towards the area of lesser force.
The ponderomotive force Fp is expressed by
which has units of newtons (in SI units) and where e is the electrical charge of the particle, m is its mass, ω is the angular frequency of oscillation of the field, and E is the amplitude of the electric field. At low enough amplitudes the magnetic field exerts very little force.
This equation means that a charged particle in an inhomogeneous oscillating field not only oscillates at the frequency of ω of the field, but is also accelerated by Fp toward the weak field direction. This is a rare case in which the direction of the force does not depend on whether the particle is positively or negatively charged.
Etymology
The term ponderomotive comes from the Latin ponder- (meaning weight) and the english motive (having to do with motion).
Derivation
The derivation of the ponderomotive force expression proceeds as follows.
Consider a particle under the action of a non-uniform electric field oscillating at frequency in the x-direction. The equation of motion is given by:
neglecting the effect of the associated oscillating magnetic field.
If the length scale of variation of is large enough, then the particle trajectory can be divided into a slow time motion and a fast time motion:
where is the slow drift motion and represents fast osci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified%20AM%20directional%20specialist | Certified AM Directional Specialist (AMD) is a specialist title granted to an individual that successfully meets the prerequisite certification and examination requirements. The certification is regulated by the Society of Broadcast Engineers (SBE), and demonstrates competence in the design and maintenance of AM Directional antenna facilities. The "Certified AM Directional Specialist" title is protected by copyright laws. Individuals who use the title without consent from the Society of Broadcast Engineers could face legal action.
The SBE certifications were created to recognize individuals who practice in career fields which are not regulated by state licensing or Professional Engineering programs. Marine Radio and radar systems still require a Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license apart from an SBE certification. Broadcast Engineering is regulated at the national level and not by individual states.
External links
Certified AM Directional Specialist (AMD) Requirements & Application
SBE Official Website
See also
List of post-nominal letters
Broadcast engineering
Professional titles and certifications |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20ditelluride | Hydrogen ditelluride or ditellane is an unstable hydrogen dichalcogenide containing two tellurium atoms per molecule, with structure or . Hydrogen ditelluride is interesting to theorists because its molecule is simple yet asymmetric (with no centre of symmetry) and is predicted to be one of the easiest to detect parity violation, in which the left handed molecule has differing properties to the right handed one due to the effects of the weak force.
Production
Hydrogen ditelluride can possibly be formed at the tellurium cathode in electrolysis in acid. When electrolysed in alkaline solutions, a tellurium cathode produces ditelluride ions, as well as and a red polytelluride. The greatest amount of ditelluride is made when pH is over 12.
Apart from its speculative detection in electrolysis, ditellane has been detected in the gas phase produced from di-sec-butylditellane.
Properties
Hydrogen ditelluride has been investigated theoretically, with various properties predicted. The molecule is twisted with a C2 symmetry. There are two enantiomers. Hydrogen ditelluride is one of the simplest possible unsymmetrical molecules; any simpler molecule will not have the required low symmetry. The equilibrium geometry (not counting zero point energy or vibrational energy) has bond lengths of 2.879 Å between the tellurium atoms and 1.678 Å between hydrogen and tellurium. The angle is 94.93°. The angle of lowest energy between the two bonds (the dihedral angle between the and planes) is 89.32°. The trans configuration is higher in energy (3.71 kcal/mol), and the cis would be even higher (4.69 kcal/mol).
Being chiral, the molecule is predicted to show evidence of parity violation, though this may get interference from stereomutation tunneling, where the P enantiomer and M enantiomer spontaneously convert into each other by quantum tunneling. The parity violation effect on energy comes about from virtual Z boson exchanges between the nucleus and electrons. It is proportional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora%20of%20the%20Marquesas%20Islands | The Marquesas Islands have a diverse flora, with a high rate of endemism. They are in the floristic Polynesian subkingdom of the Oceanian realm.
Food Plants
Most of the food plants are not endemic, and include:
Avocados
Bananas
Breadfruit (mei) from which "mā" is made.
Cashews
Coconuts
Jambul
Grapefruits
Guavas
Lemons
Mangos
Pandanus
Papayas
Pineapples
Plantains
Soursops
Sugar apples
Taro (tao) from which "poke", similar to poi, is made.
Vanilla
Other plants
Frangipani
Hibiscus
Mape
Nono
Tiara
Pelagodoxa henryana, the only species in the genus Pelagodoxa, is a palm tree that is endemic to the Marquesas Islands.
See also
Marquesan Nature Reserves |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimentalist%20approach%20to%20econometrics | The experimentalist approach to econometrics is a way of doing econometrics that, according to Angrist and Krueger (1999): … puts front and center the problem of identifying causal effects from specific events or situations. These events or situations are thought of as natural experiments that generate exogenous variations in variables that would otherwise be endogenous in the behavioral relationship of interest. An example from the economic study of education can be used to illustrate the approach. Here we might be interested in the effect of effect of an additional year of education (say X) on earnings (say Y). Those working with an experimentalist approach to econometrics would argue that such a question is problematic to answer because, and this is using their terminology, education is not randomly assigned. That is those with different education levels would tend to also have different levels of other variables. And these other variable, many of which would be unobserved (such as innate ability), also affect earnings. This renders the causal effect of extra years of schooling difficult to identify. The experimentalist approach looks for an instrumental variable that is correlated with X but uncorrelated with the unobservables.
See also
Instrumental variables
Difference in differences |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMN%20medium | MMN medium or Modified Melin-Norkrans medium is a type of agar growth medium, used to grow cultures of mycorrhizal fungi, such as Boletus edulis and Tricholoma matsutake. It was first described by DH. Marx in The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. I. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria in 1969. The acidic pH (5.6) of MMN agar inhibits bacterial growth.
Typical composition
MMN agar typically contains:
10 g/L glucose
3 g/L malt extract
0.25 g/L (NH4)2HPO4
0.025 g/L NaCl
0.5 g/L KH2PO4
0.05 g/L CaCl2
0.15 g/L MgSO4.7 H2O
0.012g/L FeCl3. 6 H2O
0.003 g/L thiamine
15 g/L agar |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group%20I%20pyridoxal-dependent%20decarboxylases | In molecular biology, the group I pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases, also known as glycine cleavage system P-proteins, are a family of enzymes consisting of glycine cleavage system P-proteins (glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)) from bacterial, mammalian and plant sources. The P protein is part of the glycine decarboxylase multienzyme complex (GDC) also annotated as glycine cleavage system or glycine synthase. The P protein binds the alpha-amino group of glycine through its pyridoxal phosphate cofactor, carbon dioxide is released and the remaining methylamine moiety is then transferred to the lipoamide cofactor of the H protein. GDC consists of four proteins P, H, L and T.
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent amino acid decarboxylases can be divided into four groups based on amino acid sequence. Group I comprises glycine decarboxylases.
See also
Group II pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases
Group III pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases
Group IV pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylases |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATPase%20Domain%203B | ATPase Domain 3B (ATAD3B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATAD3B gene. ATAD3 is part of the AAA protein family. The function of ATAD3B is not yet well understood by the scientific community. In humans the gene is located at 1p36.33.
Function
ATAD3B is associated with the mitochondria. The C terminus is anchored in the mitochondrial inter membrane space.
The protein is linked with the pluripotency of stem cells. The ATAD3A gene is targeted by c-Myc which is one of four factors needed to create induced pluripotent stem (i-PS) cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts(MEFs).
Its expression is linked to cell cycle function and tumor growth. When ATAD3B was overexpressed, cell duplication took an extra three hours by spending a longer time in G1 phase. Abnormal expression levels of ATAD3B has been linked to chemoresistance. Overexpression of ATAD3B was the found to be the strongest factor in breast cancer survival rates.
Characteristics
A mutation in the stop codon means that ATAD3B has a 62 amino acid longer UTR. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelauxetic%20effect | The nephelauxetic effect is a term used in the inorganic chemistry of transition metals. It refers to a decrease in the Racah interelectronic repulsion parameter, given the symbol B, that occurs when a transition-metal free ion forms a complex with ligands. The name "nephelauxetic" comes from the Greek for cloud-expanding and was proposed by the Danish inorganic chemist C. K. Jorgensen. The presence of this effect highlights the disadvantages of crystal field theory, which treats metal-ligand interactions as purely electrostatic, since the nephelauxetic effect reveals the covalent character in the metal-ligand interaction.
Racah parameter
The decrease in the Racah parameter B indicates that in a complex there is less repulsion between the two electrons in a given doubly occupied metal d-orbital than there is in the respective Mn+ gaseous metal ion, which in turn implies that the size of the orbital is larger in the complex. This electron cloud expansion effect may occur for one (or both) of two reasons. One is that the effective positive charge on the metal has decreased. Because the positive charge of the metal is reduced by any negative charge on the ligands, the d-orbitals can expand slightly. The second is the act of overlapping with ligand orbitals and forming covalent bonds increases orbital size, because the resulting molecular orbital is formed from two atomic orbitals.
The reduction of B from its free ion value is normally reported in terms of the nephelauxetic parameter β:
Experimentally, it is observed that size of the nephelauxetic parameter always follows a certain trend with respect to the nature of the ligands present.
Ligands
The list shown below enlists some common ligands (showing increasing nephelauxetic effect):
F− < H2O < NH3 < en < [NCS - N]− < Cl− < [CN]− < Br− < N3− < I−
Although parts of this series may seem quite similar to the spectrochemical series of ligands - for example, cyanide, ethylenediamine, and fluoride seem to occupy simi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CloudHealth%20Technologies | CloudHealth Technologies, now CloudHealth by VMware, is a privately held software company based in Boston, Massachusetts. The company provides cloud computing services related to cost management, governance, automation, security, and performance.
History
CloudHealth Technologies was founded by Joe Kinsella in 2012. Dan Phillips joined as CEO and co-founder in late 2012, and Dave Eicher joined as co-Founder in January 2013. In May 2016, the company announced plans to expand from its Boston headquarters with branch offices in San Francisco, London, Washington, D.C., Sydney, Amsterdam, Tel Aviv, and Singapore. Headquarters moved in Boston from Fort Point to 100 Summer Street in the Spring of 2018, tripling in square footage.
In September 2017, Tom Axbey—who was previously at Rave Mobile Safety—joined as the new CEO and President. VMware announced its intention to acquire CloudHealth Technologies on August 27, 2018. The acquisition is "part of the information technology company's continued push into cloud-based software services" according to Reuters. The deal closed on October 4, 2018, and was reported to be in excess of $500 million.
Technology
Delivered through a software as a service (SaaS) model, CloudHealth Technologies's platform collects and analyzes data from cloud computing services and other IT environments so clients can report on costs, inform their business models, and project future trends. CloudHealth Technologies is compatible with Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform, multicloud, and hybrid cloud environments. CloudHealth Technologies has received Amazon Web Services(AWS) Education Competency status, AWS Migration Competency status and achieved SOC 2 Type 2 Compliance.
Funding
As of June 2017, CloudHealth Technologies has raised a total of $85.7 million through four rounds of funding.
In March 2013, CloudHealth Technologies announced that it had secured $4.5 million in Series A funding. This round was led by .406 Ventures |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%E2%80%93Webb%E2%80%93Rubin%20equation | The Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation (BWR), named after Manson Benedict, G. B. Webb, and L. C. Rubin, is an equation of state used in fluid dynamics. Working at the research laboratory of the M. W. Kellogg Company, the three researchers rearranged the Beattie–Bridgeman equation of state and increased the number of experimentally determined constants to eight.
The original BWR equation
,
where is the molar density.
The BWRS equation of state
A modification of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state by Professor Kenneth E. Starling of the University of Oklahoma:
,
where is the molar density. The 11 mixture parameters (, , etc.) are calculated using the following relations
where and are indices for the components, and the summations go over all components. , , etc. are the parameters for the pure components for the th component, is the mole fraction of the th component, and is an interaction parameter.
Values of the various parameters for 15 substances can be found in Starling's Fluid Properties for Light Petroleum Systems..
The modified BWR equation (mBWR)
A further modification of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation of state by Jacobsen and Stewart:
where:
The mBWR equation subsequently evolved into a 32 term version (Younglove and Ely, 1987) with numerical parameters determined by fitting the equation to empirical data for a reference fluid. Other fluids then are described by using reduced variables for temperature and density.
See also
Real gas |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosu%20%28programming%20language%29 | Gosu is a statically typed general-purpose programming language that runs on the Java Virtual Machine. Its influences include Java, C#, and ECMAScript. Development of Gosu began in 2002 internally for Guidewire Software, and the language saw its first community release in 2010 under the Apache 2 license.
Gosu can serve as a scripting language, having free-form Program types (.gsp files) for scripting as well as statically verified Template files (.gst files). Gosu can optionally execute these and all other types directly from source without precompilation, which also distinguishes it from other static languages.
History
Gosu began in 2002 as a scripting language called GScript at Guidewire Software. It has been described as a Java variant that attempts to make useful improvements while retaining the fundamental utility and compatibility with Java. It was used to configure business logic in Guidewire's applications and was more of a simple rule definition language. In its original incarnation it followed ECMAScript guidelines. Guidewire enhanced the scripting language over the next 8 years, and released Gosu 0.7 beta to the community in November 2010. The 0.8 beta was released in December 2010, and 0.8.6 beta was released in mid-2011 with additional typeloaders, making Gosu capable of loading XML schema definition files and XML documents as native Gosu types. The latest version is 1.10, released in January 2016, along with a new IntelliJ IDEA editor plugin.
Guidewire continues to support and use Gosu extensively within InsuranceSuite applications. Guidewire has decided to freeze the development of new Gosu programming language constructs at this time. Guidewire continues to evolve InsuranceSuite through RESTful APIs and Integration Frameworks that can be accessed using Java.
Philosophy
Gosu language creator and development lead, Scott McKinney, emphasizes pragmatism, found in readability and discoverability, as the overriding principle that guides the language |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Chicken%20Council | The National Chicken Council (NCC) is a non-profit trade association based in Washington, D.C. that represents the interests of the United States chicken industry to the United States Congress and United States federal agencies. The association changed its name to the NCC from the National Broiler Council in 1999.
Members of the NCC include chicken producers and processors, poultry distributors, and industry firms. Chicken producers and processors in the NCC account for approximately 95% of the chickens produced in the United States. Issues important to the council include biosecurity in the poultry industry and avian influenza. The council sponsors EatChicken.com, a website providing chicken recipes, cooking tips, and food safety information. In October 2011, Lampkin Butts, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Sanderson Farms, was named the Chairman of the National Chicken Council. He served for one year. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular%20model | A cellular model is a mathematical model of aspects of a biological cell, for the purposes of in silico research.
Developing such models has been a task of systems biology and mathematical biology. It involves developing efficient algorithms, data structures, visualization and communication tools to orchestrate the integration of large quantities of biological data with the goal of computer modeling. It involves the use of computer simulations of cellular subsystems, such as the networks of metabolites and enzymes which comprise metabolism, signal transduction pathways and gene regulatory networks.
Overview
The eukaryotic cell cycle is very complex and is one of the most studied topics, since its misregulation leads to cancers.
It is possibly a good example of a mathematical model as it deals with simple calculus but gives valid results. Two research groups have produced several models of the cell cycle simulating several organisms. They have recently produced a generic eukaryotic cell cycle model which can represent a particular eukaryote depending on the values of the parameters, demonstrating that the idiosyncrasies of the individual cell cycles are due to different protein concentrations and affinities, while the underlying mechanisms are conserved (Csikasz-Nagy et al., 2006).
By means of a system of ordinary differential equations these models show the change in time (dynamical system) of the protein inside a single typical cell; this type of model is called a deterministic process (whereas a model describing a statistical distribution of protein concentrations in a population of cells is called a stochastic process).
To obtain these equations an iterative series of steps must be done: first the several models and observations are combined to form a consensus diagram and the appropriate kinetic laws are chosen to write the differential equations, such as rate kinetics for stoichiometric reactions, Michaelis-Menten kinetics for enzyme substrate reactions and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba%20effect | The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) which is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce the effect.
The Mpemba effect is named after Tanzanian scientist Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba, who described it in 1963 as a secondary school student. The initial discovery and observations of the effect originate in ancient times; Aristotle said that it was common knowledge.
Definition
The phenomenon, when taken to mean "hot water freezes faster than cold", is difficult to reproduce or confirm because it is ill-defined. Monwhea Jeng proposed a more precise wording: "There exists a set of initial parameters, and a pair of temperatures, such that given two bodies of water identical in these parameters, and differing only in initial uniform temperatures, the hot one will freeze sooner." Even with Jeng's definition, it is not clear whether "freezing" refers to the point at which water forms a visible surface layer of ice, the point at which the entire volume of water becomes a solid block of ice, or when the water reaches . Jeng's definition suggests simple ways in which the effect might be observed, such as if a warmer temperature melts the frost on a cooling surface, thereby increasing thermal conductivity between the cooling surface and the water container. Alternatively, the Mpemba effect may not be evident in situations and under circumstances that at first seem to qualify.
Observations
Historical context
Various effects of heat on the freezing of water were described by ancient scientists, including Aristotle: "The fact that the water has previously been warmed contributes to its freezing quickly: for so it cools sooner. Hence many people, when they want to cool water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun." Aristotle's explanation involved antiperistasis: "...the suppose |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofact%20%28philosophy%29 | In philosophy and sociology, a biofact is a being that is both an artifact and living being, or both natural and artificial. This being has been created by purposive human action but exists by processes of growth. The word is a neologism coined from the combination of the words bios and artifact.
There are sources who cite some creations of genetic engineering as examples of biofacts.
History
Biofact was introduced as early as 2001 by the German philosopher Nicole C. Karafyllis although her book Biofakte published in 2003 is commonly used as reference for the introduction of the term. According to Karafyllis, the word biofact first appeared in a German article (entitled 'Biofakt und Artefakt') in 1943, written by the Austrian protozoologist Bruno M. Klein. Addressing both microscopy and philosophy, Klein named a biofact something that is a visible dead product emerging from a living being while this being is still alive (e.g. a shell). However, Klein's distinction operated with the difference biotic/abiotic and dead/alive, not with nature/technology and growth/man-made. For her part, Karafyllis described biofact as a hermeneutic concept that allows the comparison between nature and technology in the domain of the living.
Philosophy
With the term biofact, Karafyllis wants to emphasize that living entities can be highly artificial due to methods deriving from agriculture, gardening (e.g. breeding) or biotechnology (e.g. genetic engineering, cloning). Biofacts show signatures of culture and technique.
Primarily, the concept aims to argue against the common philosophical tradition to summarize all kinds of living beings under the category nature. The concept biofact questions if the phenomenon of growth is and was a secure candidate for differentiating between nature and technology.
For the philosophy of technology the questions arise if a) biotechnology and agriculture should not be an integral part of reflexion, thereby adding new insights to the common focus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/69th%20meridian%20east | The meridian 69° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 69th meridian east forms a great circle with the 111th meridian west.
From Pole to Pole
Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 69th meridian east passes through:
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" width="115" | Co-ordinates
! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Arctic Ocean
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Barents Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-valign="top"
|
! scope="row" |
| Severny Island, Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast - for about 4 km at the easternmost tip of the island
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kara Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Yamal Peninsula, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
|-
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" |
! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Kara Sea
| style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Baydaratskaya Bay
|-
|
! scope="row" |
|Yamalo-Nenetsia Khantia-Mansia (passing through Khanty-Mansiysk), Tyumen Oblast
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| North Kazakhstan Region For about 10 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Tyumen Oblast For about 6 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| North Kazakhstan Region, Akmola Region, Karaganda Region, Turkistan Region
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Tashkent Region, Sirdaryo Region
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Sughd Region For about 9 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Sirdaryo Region For about 7 km
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Sughd Region, DCGJ Region, Khatlon Region
|-
|
! scope="row" |
| Kunduz Province, Baghlan Province, Parwan Province, Kabul Province (passing just west of Kabul), Logar Province, Paktia Province, Paktika Province
|-valign="top" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial%20of%20Lithuania | The National coat of arms of Lithuania is a mounted armoured knight holding a sword and shield, known as Vytis (). Since the early 15th century, it has been Lithuania's official coat of arms and is one of the oldest European coats of arms. The coat of arms features a red field with a white (silver) armoured knight on a white (silver) horse holding in his right hand a white (silver) sword above his head.
The present coats of arms of Lithuania are authorized by the President of Lithuania with suggestions by Lithuanian Heraldry Commission (), a heraldic authority appointed by presidential decrees. The Lithuanian Heraldry Commission also established regulations on Lithuanian coats of arms.
The coats of arms of Lithuania are presented below.
National
Military
Cultural regions
Counties
Alytus County
Kaunas County
Klaipėda County
Marijampolė County
Panevėžys County
Šiauliai County
Tauragė County
Telšiai County
Utena County
Vilnius County
See also
List of flags of Lithuania |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%20meridians%20of%20Alaska | The five principal meridians of Alaska are the Copper River meridian (established 1905), Fairbanks meridian (adopted 1910), Kateel River meridian (adopted 1956), Seward meridian (adopted 1911) and Umiat meridian (adopted 1956).
Initial points
See also
List of principal and guide meridians and base lines of the United States
Public Land Survey System |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxepanoprolinamide | Oxepanoprolinamides are a class of antibiotics. They include iboxamycin. These drugs are fully synthetic. The molecules contain the aminooctose component of clindamycin. They were developed by Andrew G. Myers and Yury S. Polikanov. The structure contains an oxepane (a seven-membered ring compound with oxygen) and a proline, with an amide group that increases rigidity.
Oxepanoprolinamides function by insertion into bacterial ribosomes. They overcome a type of antibiotic resistance to clindamycin based on Erm and Cfr ribosomal RNA methyltransferase enzymes. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Chisini | Oscar Chisini (14 March 1889 – 10 April 1967) was an Italian mathematician. He introduced the Chisini mean in 1929.
Biography
Chisini was born in Bergamo.
In 1929, he founded the Institute of Mathematics (Istituto di Matematica) at the University of Milan, along with Gian Antonio Maggi and Giulio Vivanti. He then held the position of chairman of the Institute from the early 1930s until 1959.
He graduated from the University of Bologna in 1912, having studied under Federigo Enriques. In 1952 he had the appellation "Federigo Enriques" attached to the Institute, to commemorate his memory. This name has been maintained by the Institute, and by the Department of Mathematics (which it became) since 1982.
He was a major contributor to the Enciclopedia Italiana, and from 1946–1967 editor of the journal Il periodico di matematiche.
The Chisini conjecture in algebraic geometry is a uniqueness question for morphisms of generic smooth projective surfaces, branched on a cuspidal curve. A special case is the question of the uniqueness of the covering of the projective plane, branched over a generic curve of degree at least five.
Chisini died in Milan in 1967. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick-lipped%20pebblesnail | The thick-lipped pebblesnail, scientific name Somatogyrus crassilabris, was a species of freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Lithoglyphidae. This species was endemic to Baxter County, Arkansas in the United States. Its natural habitat was the north fork of the White River. It is now extinct. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastasis%20%28pathology%29 | In pathology, diastasis is the separation of parts of the body that are normally joined, such as the separation of certain abdominal muscles during pregnancy, or of adjacent bones without fracture.
See also
Diastasis recti
Diastasis symphysis pubis
Compare with:
Diastasis (physiology) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20trading%20system | An automated trading system (ATS), a subset of algorithmic trading, uses a computer program to create buy and sell orders and automatically submits the orders to a market center or exchange. The computer program will automatically generate orders based on predefined set of rules using a trading strategy which is based on technical analysis, advanced statistical and mathematical computations or input from other electronic sources.
These automated trading systems are mostly employed by investment banks or hedge funds, but are also available to private investors using simple online tools.
Automated trading systems are often used with electronic trading in automated market centers, including electronic communication networks, "dark pools", and automated exchanges. Automated trading systems and electronic trading platforms can execute repetitive tasks at speeds orders of magnitude greater than any human equivalent. Traditional risk controls and safeguards that relied on human judgment are not appropriate for automated trading and this has caused issues such as the 2010 Flash Crash. New controls such as trading curbs or 'circuit breakers' have been put in place in some electronic markets to deal with automated trading systems.
Mechanism
The automated trading system determines whether an order should be submitted based on, for example, the current market price of an option and theoretical buy and sell prices. The theoretical buy and sell prices are derived from, among other things, the current market price of the security underlying the option. A look-up table stores a range of theoretical buy and sell prices for a given range of current market price of the underlying security. Accordingly, as the price of the underlying security changes, a new theoretical price may be indexed in the look-up table, thereby avoiding calculations that would otherwise slow automated trading decisions.
A distributed processing on-line automated trading system uses structured messages to re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior%20longitudinal%20muscle%20of%20tongue | The inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue is an intrinsic muscle of the tongue. It is situated on the under surface of the tongue between the genioglossus and hyoglossus. It is innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). Its contraction shortens and thickens the tongue.
Structure
The inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue is an intrinsic muscle of the tongue. It is thin and oval in cross-section. It is situated between the paramedian septum, and the lateral septum. It extends from the root to the apex of the tongue. Posteriorly, some of its fibers attach onto the body of the hyoid bone. Anteriorly, its fibres blend with those of the styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus to form the ventral area of the tip of the tongue.
Innervation
The inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue is supplied by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
Function
Contraciton of the inferior longitudinal muscle of the tongue shortens and thickens the tongue.
Additional images |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20artificial%20chromosome | A human artificial chromosome (HAC) is a microchromosome that can act as a new chromosome in a population of human cells. That is, instead of 46 chromosomes, the cell could have 47 with the 47th being very small, roughly 6–10megabases (Mb) in size instead of 50–250Mb for natural chromosomes, and able to carry new genes introduced by human researchers. Ideally, researchers could integrate different genes that perform a variety of functions, including disease defense.
Alternative methods of creating transgenes, such as utilizing yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes, lead to unpredictable problems. The genetic material introduced by these vectors not only leads to different expression levels, but the inserts also disrupt the original genome. HACs differ in this regard, as they are entirely separate chromosomes. This separation from existing genetic material assumes that no insertional mutants would arise. This stability and accuracy makes HACs preferable to other methods such as viral vectors, YACs, and BACs. HACs allow for delivery of more DNA (including promoters and copy-number variation) than is possible with viral vectors.
Yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were created before human artificial chromosomes, which were first developed in 1997. HACs are useful in expression studies as gene transfer vectors, as a tool for elucidating human chromosome function, and as a method for actively annotating the human genome.
History
HACs were first constructed de novo in 1997 by adding alpha-satellite DNA to telomeric and genomic DNA in human HT1080 cells. This resulted in an entirely new microchromosome that contained DNA of interest, as well as elements allowing it to be structurally and mitotically stable, such as telomeric and centromeric sequences. Due to the difficulty of de novo HAC formation, this method has largely been abandoned.
Construction methods
There are currently two accepted models for the crea |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%20completion | In theoretical physics, ultraviolet completion, or UV completion, of a quantum field theory is the passing from a lower energy quantum field theory to a more general quantum field theory above a threshold value known as the cutoff. In particular, the more general high energy theory must be well-defined at arbitrarily high energies.
The word "ultraviolet" in this so-called "ultraviolet regime" is only figurative, and refers to energies much higher than ultraviolet light per se. Rather, by analogy to the relationship between ultraviolet and visible light, it refers to energies higher than (and wavelengths shorter than) those "visible" to laboratory experiment.
The ultraviolet theory must be renormalizable; it can have no Landau poles; and most typically, it enjoys asymptotic freedom in the case that it is a quantum field theory (or at least has a nontrivial fixed point). However, it may also be a background of string theory whose ultraviolet behavior is at least as good as that of renormalizable quantum field theories. Besides these two known examples (QFT and string theory), it could be a completely different theory than string theory that behaves well at very high energies.
There is an analogous phrase "infrared completion", which applies to length scales longer than those "visible" to normal experiment, particularly cosmology distances.
See also
Ultraviolet divergence
Fermi's interaction
Quantum mechanics
String theory
Quantum field theory
Renormalization group |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharton%27s%20jelly | Wharton's jelly (substantia gelatinea funiculi umbilicalis) is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It acts as a mucous connective tissue containing some fibroblasts and macrophages, and is derived from extra-embryonic mesoderm of the connecting stalk.
Umbilical cord occlusion
As a mucous connective tissue, it is rich in proteoglycans, and protects and insulates umbilical blood vessels. Wharton's jelly, when exposed to temperature changes, collapses structures within the umbilical cord and thus provides a physiological clamping of the cord, typically three minutes after birth.
Stem cells
Cells in Wharton's jelly express several stem cell genes, including telomerase. They can be extracted, cultured, and induced to differentiate into mature cell types such as neurons. Wharton's jelly is therefore a potential source of adult stem cells, often collected from cord blood. Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells may have immunomodulatory effect on lymphocytes.
Wharton's jelly tissue transplantation has shown to be able to reduce traumatic brain injury in rats.
Etymology
It is named for the English physician and anatomist Thomas Wharton (1614–1673) who first described it in his publication Adenographia, or "The Description of the Glands of the Entire Body", first published in 1656.
Isolation of stem cells protocol
After obtaining the umbilical cord from the donor, it is transported to the laboratory in a cold and sterile environment using a transfer buffer that contains phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Subsequently, the vessels should be eliminated from the umbilical cord tissue on a sterile plate with the aid of autoclaved scissors. The sections of the umbilical cord tissue that are devoid of arteries should then be fragmented into smaller fragments. These tissue fragments are subsequently placed in a sterile cell culture plate or cell culture flask, and the cell cul |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s%20lemma%20%28polynomials%29 | In algebra, Gauss's lemma, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a statement about polynomials over the integers, or, more generally, over a unique factorization domain (that is, a ring that has a unique factorization property similar to the fundamental theorem of arithmetic). Gauss's lemma underlies all the theory of factorization and greatest common divisors of such polynomials.
Gauss's lemma asserts that the product of two primitive polynomials is primitive (a polynomial with integer coefficients is primitive if it has 1 as a greatest common divisor of its coefficients).
A corollary of Gauss's lemma, sometimes also called Gauss's lemma, is that a primitive polynomial is irreducible over the integers if and only if it is irreducible over the rational numbers. More generally, a primitive polynomial has the same complete factorization over the integers and over the rational numbers. In the case of coefficients in a unique factorization domain , "rational numbers" must be replaced by "field of fractions of ". This implies that, if is either a field, the ring of integers, or a unique factorization domain, then every polynomial ring (in one or several indeterminates) over is a unique factorization domain. Another consequence is that factorization and greatest common divisor computation of polynomials with integers or rational coefficients may be reduced to similar computations on integers and primitive polynomials. This is systematically used (explicitly or implicitly) in all implemented algorithms (see Polynomial greatest common divisor and Factorization of polynomials).
Gauss's lemma, and all its consequences that do not involve the existence of a complete factorization remain true over any GCD domain (an integral domain over which greatest common divisors exist). In particular, a polynomial ring over a GCD domain is also a GCD domain. If one calls primitive a polynomial such that the coefficients generate the unit ideal, Gauss's lemma is true over every commut |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical%20colours | Liturgical colours are specific colours used for vestments and hangings within the context of Christian liturgy. The symbolism of violet, blue, white, green, red, gold, black, rose and other colours may serve to underline moods appropriate to a season of the liturgical year or may highlight a special occasion.
There is a distinction between the colour of the vestments worn by the clergy and their choir dress, which with a few exceptions does not change with the seasons of the liturgical year.
Roman Catholic Church
Current rubrics
In the Roman Rite, as reformed by Pope Paul VI, the following colours are used, in accordance with the rubrics of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, Section 346.
On more solemn days, i.e. festive, more precious, sacred vestments may be used, even if not of the colour of the day. Such vestments may, for instance, be made from cloth of gold or cloth of silver. Moreover, the Conference of Bishops may determine and propose to the Apostolic See adaptations suited to the needs and culture of peoples.
Ritual Masses are celebrated in their proper colour or in white or in a festive colour. Masses for Various Needs, on the other hand, are celebrated in the colour proper to the day or the season or in violet if they bear a penitential character. Votive Masses are celebrated in the colour suited to the Mass itself or even in the colour proper to the day or the season.
Regional and situational exceptions
Some particular variations:
Blue, a colour associated with the Virgin Mary. While blue vestments are common in some Eastern churches, in the Latin rite, blue may only be used pursuant to a special privilege granted. The permission, sometimes called "cerulean privilege", is of two kinds: one pertains to particular Marian shrines and specifies when blue vestments may be worn. The other type of permission is that accorded to various countries. An apostolic indult was granted for the feast of the Immaculate Conception and its octave as wel |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscibility%20gap | A miscibility gap is a region in a phase diagram for a mixture of components where the mixture exists as two or more phases – any region of composition of mixtures where the constituents are not completely miscible.
The IUPAC Gold Book defines miscibility gap as "Area within the coexistence curve of an isobaric phase diagram (temperature vs composition) or an isothermal phase diagram (pressure vs composition)."
A miscibility gap between isostructural phases may be described as the solvus, a term also used to describe the boundary on a phase diagram between a miscibility gap and other phases.
Thermodynamically, miscibility gaps indicate a maximum (e.g. of Gibbs energy) in the composition range.
Named miscibility gaps
A number of miscibility gaps in phase systems are named, including
The huttenlocher (found in bytownite, anorthite composition An55-95.), boggild (in labradorite, An39-48 and An53-63.) and peristerite (in oligoclase, ~An5-15.) miscibility gaps in the plagioclase feldspars.
A Nishwawa horn, term for a miscibility gap existing when phases with different magnetic properties co-exist in the phase diagram.
Miscibility gaps in liquid states can cause spinodal decomposition, commonly referred to as oiling out, as commonly occurs in oil/water mixtures.
See also
Miscibility
Solid solution
Incongruent melting |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RoboCop%20%281988%20video%20game%29 | RoboCop is a beat 'em up / run and gun video game developed and published by Data East for arcades in 1988 based on the 1987 film of the same name. It was sub-licensed to Data East by Ocean Software, who obtained the rights from Orion Pictures at the script stage. Data East and Ocean Software subsequently adapted the arcade game for home computers.
The game was a critical and commercial success. The arcade game was the highest-grossing arcade game of 1988 in Hong Kong, and reached number-two on Japan's monthly Game Machine arcade charts. On home computers, the game sold over copies worldwide, and it was especially successful in the United Kingdom where it was the best-selling home computer game of the 1980s.
Gameplay
The gameplay is similar to Data East's arcade game Bad Dudes Vs. DragonNinja, released earlier the same year. Robocop includes elements from both beat 'em up and run and gun video games.
Release
In 1988, Ocean adapted Data East's Robocop arcade game for 8-bit home computers, converting much of the arcade game while also adding original content to make it different from the arcade original. This version was produced for the Commodore 64, MSX, ZX Spectrum, TRS-80 Color Computer 3, Amstrad CPC, and MS-DOS, meaning that home computers ended up with two different versions of Robocop for North American and European audiences.
Ports for the Apple II, Amiga, and Atari ST; ports for DOS, NES, and TRS-80 Color Computer 3 followed in 1989. The Apple II and IBM PC ports were developed by Quicksilver Software, while the Amiga and Atari ST versions were developed directly by Ocean. The NES version was developed by Sakata SAS Co, and Ocean developed and published a version for the Game Boy in 1990. A port of the game for the Atari Jaguar was planned but never released.
Data East published the game in North America.
Reception
RoboCop was a commercial success in arcades, especially in Hong Kong where it was the highest-grossing arcade game of 1988. In Japan, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency%20partition%20of%20a%20graph | In graph theory, a discipline within mathematics, the frequency partition of a graph (simple graph) is a partition of its vertices grouped by their degree. For example, the degree sequence of the left-hand graph below is (3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1) and its frequency partition is 6 = 3 + 2 + 1. This indicates that it has 3 vertices with some degree, 2 vertices with some other degree, and 1 vertex with a third degree. The degree sequence of the bipartite graph in the middle below is (3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1) and its frequency partition is 9 = 5 + 3 + 1. The degree sequence of the right-hand graph below is (3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2) and its frequency partition is 7 = 6 + 1.
In general, there are many non-isomorphic graphs with a given frequency partition. A graph and its complement have the same frequency partition. For any partition p = f1 + f2 + ... + fk of an integer p > 1, other than p = 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1, there is at least one (connected) simple graph having this partition as its frequency partition.
Frequency partitions of various graph families are completely identified; frequency partitions of many families of graphs are not identified.
Frequency partitions of Eulerian graphs
For a frequency partition p = f1 + f2 + ... + fk of an integer p > 1, its graphic degree sequence is denoted as ((d1)f1,(d2)f2, (d3)f3, ..., (dk) fk) where degrees di's are different and fi ≥ fj for i < j.
Bhat-Nayak et al. (1979) showed that a partition of p with k parts, k ≤ integral part of is a frequency partition of a Eulerian graph and conversely.
Frequency partition of trees, Hamiltonian graphs, tournaments and hypegraphs
The frequency partitions of families of graphs such as trees, Hamiltonian graphs directed graphs and tournaments and to k-uniform hypergraphs. have been characterized.
Unsolved problems in frequency partitions
The frequency partitions of the following families of graphs have not yet been characterized:
Line graphs
Bipartite graphs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambdapapillomavirus | Lambdapapillomavirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Papillomaviridae. Cats and dogs serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mucosal and cutaneous lesions.
Taxonomy
The following five species are assigned to the genus:
Lambdapapillomavirus 1
Lambdapapillomavirus 2
Lambdapapillomavirus 3
Lambdapapillomavirus 4
Lambdapapillomavirus 5
Structure
Viruses in Lambdapapillomavirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=7 symmetry. The diameter is around 52-55 nm. Genomes are circular, around 8kb in length.
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear envelope breakdown.
Cats and dogs serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contact. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome%20f | Cytochrome f is the largest subunit of cytochrome b6f complex (plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase; ). In its structure and functions, the cytochrome b6f complex bears extensive analogy to the cytochrome bc1 complex of mitochondria and photosynthetic purple bacteria. Cytochrome f (cyt f) plays a role analogous to that of cytochrome c1, in spite of their different structures.
The 3D structure of Brassica rapa (Turnip) cyt f has been determined. The lumen-side segment of cyt f includes two structural domains: a small one above a larger one that, in turn, is on top of the attachment to the membrane domain. The large domain consists of an anti-parallel beta-sandwich and a short haem-binding peptide, which form a three-layer structure. The small domain is inserted between beta-strands F and G of the large domain and is an all-beta domain. The haem nestles between two short helices at the N terminus of cyt f. Within the second helix is the sequence motif for the c-type cytochromes, CxxCH (residues 21–25), which is covalently attached to the haem through thioether bonds to Cys-21 and Cys-24. His-25 is the fifth haem iron ligand. The sixth haem iron ligand is the alpha-amino group of Tyr-1 in the first helix. Cyt f has an internal network of water molecules that may function as a proton wire. The water chain appears to be a conserved feature of cyt f. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneo | Moneo, sometimes branded as mon€o, is an electronic purse system available on French bank cards to allow small purchases to be made without cash and used from 1999 to 2015.
The system is aimed at small retailers such as bakeries and cafés and intended for purchases of less than €30.
The card is inserted into a handheld Moneo reader by the merchant who enters the transaction amount for the customer. The customer then confirms the purchase by pushing a button on the keypad; the exact amount is debited from the card within a few seconds.
As well as the multipurpose bank card version, anonymous cards (also smart cards) are available for the use of people without bank accounts, such as children and tourists.
Supported by all French banks, Moneo was tested in Brittany and Montpellier in 2002, and from 2004 Moneo has been added to most French bank cards.
Moneo is based on the German system Geldkarte.
Moneo was launched in Tours on 30 September 1999 by economy minister Dominique Strauss-Kahn.
See also
Internet currency
Octopus card
Quick Wertkarte |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitter | Gitter is an open-source instant messaging and chat room system for developers and users of GitLab and GitHub repositories. Gitter is provided as software-as-a-service, with a free option providing all basic features and the ability to create a single private chat room, and paid subscription options for individuals and organisations, which allows them to create arbitrary numbers of private chat rooms.
Individual chat rooms can be created for individual git repositories on GitHub. Chatroom privacy follows the privacy settings of the associated GitHub repository: thus, a chatroom for a private (i.e. members-only) GitHub repository is also private to those with access to the repository. A graphical badge linking to the chat room can then be placed in the git repository's README file, bringing it to the attention of all users and developers of the project. Users can chat in the chat rooms, or access private chat rooms for repositories they have access to, by logging into Gitter via GitHub
Gitter is similar to Slack. Like Slack, it automatically logs all messages in the cloud.
In late 2020, New Vector Limited acquired Gitter from GitLab, and announced Gitter's features would eventually be moved to New Vector's flagship product, Element, thereby replacing Gitter entirely. On February 13, 2023, Gitter migrated their service to a custom-branded Matrix instance that uses Element for its web interface.
Features prior to Migration to Matrix
Gitter supports:
Notifications, which are batched up on mobile devices to avoid annoyance
Inline media files
Viewing and subscribing to ("starring") multiple chat rooms in one web browser tab
Linking to individual files in the linked git repository
Linking to GitHub issues (by typing # and then the issue number) in the linked git repository, with hovercards showing the details of the issue
GitHub-flavored Markdown in chat messages
Online status for users
User hovercards, based on their GitHub profiles and statistics (number of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone%20morphogenetic%20protein%207 | Bone morphogenetic protein 7 or BMP7 (also known as osteogenic protein-1 or OP-1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP7 gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF-β superfamily. Like other members of the bone morphogenetic protein family of proteins, it plays a key role in the transformation of mesenchymal cells into bone and cartilage. It is inhibited by noggin and a similar protein, chordin, which are expressed in the Spemann-Mangold Organizer. BMP7 may be involved in bone homeostasis. It is expressed in the brain, kidneys and bladder.
BMP7 induces the phosphorylation of SMAD1 and SMAD5, which in turn induce transcription of numerous osteogenic genes. It has been demonstrated that BMP7 treatment is sufficient to induce all of the genetic markers of osteoblast differentiation in many cell types.
Role in vertebrate development
The role of BMP7 in mammalian kidney development is through induction of MET of the metanephrogenic blastema. The epithelial tissue emerging from this MET process eventually forms the tubules and glomeruli of the nephron. BMP-7 is also important in homeostasis of the adult kidney by inhibiting ephithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). BMP-7 expression is attenuated when the nephron is placed under inflammatory or ischemic stress, leading to EMT, which can result in fibrosis of the kidney. This type of fibrosis often leads to renal failure, and is predictive of end stage renal disease.
BMP7 has been discovered to be crucial in the determination of ventral-dorsal organization in zebrafish. BMP7 causes the expression of ventral phenotypes while its complete inhibition creates a dorsal phenotype. Moreover, BMP7 is eventually partially "turned off" in embryonic development in order to create the dorsal parts of the organism.
In many early developmental experiments using zebrafish, scientists used caBMPR (constitutively active) and tBMP (truncated receptor) to determine the effect of BMP7 in embryogen |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20inoculant | Microbial inoculants also known as soil inoculants or bioinoculants are agricultural amendments that use beneficial rhizosphericic or endophytic microbes to promote plant health. Many of the microbes involved form symbiotic relationships with the target crops where both parties benefit (mutualism). While microbial inoculants are applied to improve plant nutrition, they can also be used to promote plant growth by stimulating plant hormone production. Although bacterial and fungal inoculants are common, inoculation with archaea to promote plant growth is being increasingly studied.
Research into the benefits of inoculants in agriculture extends beyond their capacity as biofertilizers. Microbial inoculants can induce systemic acquired resistance (SAR) of crop species to several common crop diseases (provides resistance against pathogens). So far SAR has been demonstrated for powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, Heitefuss, 2001), take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Khaosaad et al., 2007), leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae, Ramos Solano et al., 2008) and root rot (Fusarium culmorum, Waller et al. 2005).
However, it is increasingly recognized that microbial inoculants often modify the soil microbial community (Mawarda et al., 2020).
Bacterial
Rhizobacterial inoculants
The rhizobacteria commonly applied as inoculants include nitrogen-fixers, phosphate-solubilisers and other root-associated beneficial bacteria which enhance the availability of the macronutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to the host plant. Such bacteria are commonly referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR).
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
The most commonly applied rhizobacteria are Rhizobium and closely related genera. Rhizobium are nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form symbiotic associations within nodules on the roots of legumes. This increases host nitrogen nutrition and is important to the cultivation of soybeans, chickpeas and many other leguminous crops. For non-legu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latissimus%20dorsi%20muscle | The latissimus dorsi () is a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline. The word latissimus dorsi (plural: latissimi dorsi) comes from Latin and means "broadest [muscle] of the back", from "latissimus" ()' and "dorsum" (). The pair of muscles are commonly known as "lats", especially among bodybuilders. The latissimus dorsi is the largest muscle in the upper body.
The latissimus dorsi is responsible for extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction (or horizontal extension), flexion from an extended position, and (medial) internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine.
Due to bypassing the scapulothoracic joints and attaching directly to the spine, the actions the latissimi dorsi have on moving the arms can also influence the movement of the scapulae, such as their downward rotation during a pull up.
Structure
Variations
The number of dorsal vertebrae to which it is attached varies from four to eight; the number of costal attachments varies; muscle fibers may or may not reach the crest of the ilium.
A muscle slip, the axillary arch, varying from 7 to 10 cm in length, and from 5 to 15 mm in breadth, occasionally springs from the upper edge of the latissimus dorsi about the middle of the posterior fold of the axilla, and crosses the axilla in front of the axillary vessels and nerves, to join the under surface of the tendon of the pectoralis major, the coracobrachialis, or the fascia over the biceps brachii. This axillary arch crosses the axillary artery, just above the spot usually selected for the application of a ligature, and may mislead a surgeon. It is present in about 7% of the population and may be easily recognized by the transverse direction of its fibers. Guy et al. extensively described this muscular variant using MRI data and positively corre |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20S%C3%B8lvberg | Arne Sølvberg (born 13 February 1940) is a Norwegian computer scientist, professor in computer science at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway, and an expert in the field of information modelling.
Career
Sølvberg was born at Klepp in southwestern Norway. He was the eldest of five, with three brothers and a sister. He received a M.Sc. in applied physics in 1963 from the Norwegian Institute of Technology, now the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). In 1971 at NTH he received a Ph.D. in computer science with the thesis "Matematiske metoder for generering og oppfølging av kortsiktige salgsprognoser". Under the guidance of Börje Langefors (born 1915), professor of Business Information Systems at Stockholm University, he had received the first doctoral degree in computer science at Trondheim.
Between 1963 and 1974 Sølvberg worked at SINTEF Runnit building up and leading their information systems group. In 1974 he became the first professor of computer science at NTNU, in the computer science department, which was established two years earlier. and since 2002 he is also dean of NTNU’s Faculty of Information Technology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering as well. He has been a visiting scientist with IBM Almaden Research Center, The University of Florida, The Naval Postgraduate School, The University of California, Santa Barbara and most recently with the University of California at Los Angeles. He is a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences.
Active in international organizations working toward cooperation in research, from 1979 to 1982 Sølvberg represented Norway at the IFIP General Assembly. From 1982 to 1988, he was chairman of IFIP WG8.1 for Information Systems Design. Until 1994 he served as a trustee in the VLDB Endowment. He cofounded the CAiSE conference series.
He is married to Ingeborg Sølvberg.
Work
Sølvberg's main research interests are in the fields of information systems |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol-Myers%20Squibb%20Awards | Between 1977 and 2006, the Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation presented annual awards of US$50,000 to scientists for distinguished achievements in fields such as cancer, infectious disease, neuroscience, nutrition, and cardiovascular disease. The recipients of these awards were selected by pre-eminent members of each field and past award recipients. Bristol-Myers Squibb had no role in determining the recipients of the awards.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Nutrition Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Neuroscience Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Infectious Diseases Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cardiovascular Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Metabolic Diseases Research
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Synthetic Organic Synthesis Research
See also
List of chemistry awards
List of medicine awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot%20product | In mathematics, the dot product or scalar product is an algebraic operation that takes two equal-length sequences of numbers (usually coordinate vectors), and returns a single number. In Euclidean geometry, the dot product of the Cartesian coordinates of two vectors is widely used. It is often called the inner product (or rarely projection product) of Euclidean space, even though it is not the only inner product that can be defined on Euclidean space (see Inner product space for more).
Algebraically, the dot product is the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the two sequences of numbers. Geometrically, it is the product of the Euclidean magnitudes of the two vectors and the cosine of the angle between them. These definitions are equivalent when using Cartesian coordinates. In modern geometry, Euclidean spaces are often defined by using vector spaces. In this case, the dot product is used for defining lengths (the length of a vector is the square root of the dot product of the vector by itself) and angles (the cosine of the angle between two vectors is the quotient of their dot product by the product of their lengths).
The name "dot product" is derived from the centered dot " · " that is often used to designate this operation; the alternative name "scalar product" emphasizes that the result is a scalar, rather than a vector (as with the vector product in three-dimensional space).
Definition
The dot product may be defined algebraically or geometrically. The geometric definition is based on the notions of angle and distance (magnitude) of vectors. The equivalence of these two definitions relies on having a Cartesian coordinate system for Euclidean space.
In modern presentations of Euclidean geometry, the points of space are defined in terms of their Cartesian coordinates, and Euclidean space itself is commonly identified with the real coordinate space . In such a presentation, the notions of length and angle are defined by means of the dot product. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass%20storage | In computing, mass storage refers to the storage of large amounts of data in a persisting and machine-readable fashion. In general, the term is used as large in relation to contemporaneous hard disk drives, but it has been used large in relation to primary memory as for example with floppy disks on personal computers.
Devices and/or systems that have been described as mass storage include tape libraries, RAID systems, and a variety of computer drives such as hard disk drives, magnetic tape drives, magneto-optical disc drives, optical disc drives, memory cards, and solid-state drives. It also includes experimental forms like holographic memory. Mass storage includes devices with removable and non-removable media. It does not include random access memory (RAM).
There are two broad classes of mass storage: local data in devices such as smartphones or computers, and enterprise servers and data centers for the cloud. For local storage, SSDs are on the way to replacing HDDs. Considering the mobile segment from phones to notebooks, the majority of systems today is based on NAND Flash. As for Enterprise and data centers, storage tiers have established using a mix of SSD and HDD.
Definition
The notion of "large" amounts of data is of course highly dependent on the time frame and the market segment, as storage device capacity has increased by many orders of magnitude since the beginnings of computer technology in the late 1940s and continues to grow; however, in any time frame, common mass storage devices have tended to be much larger and at the same time much slower than common realizations of contemporaneous primary storage technology.
Papers at the 1966 Fall Joint Computer Conference (FJCC) used the term mass storage for devices substantially larger than contemporaneous hard disk drives. Similarly, a 1972 analysis identified mass storage systems from Ampex (Terabit Memory) using video tape, Precision Industries (Unicon 690-212) using lasers and International Video ( |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision%20agriculture | Precision agriculture (PA) is a farming management strategy based on observing, measuring and responding to temporal and spatial variability to improve agricultural production sustainability. It is used in both crop and livestock production. Precision agriculture often employs technologies to automate agricultural operations, improving their diagnosis, decision-making or performing. First conceptual work on PA and practical applications go back in the late 1980s. The goal of precision agriculture research is to define a decision support system for whole farm management with the goal of optimizing returns on inputs while preserving resources.
Among these many approaches is a phytogeomorphological approach which ties multi-year crop growth stability/characteristics to topological terrain attributes. The interest in the phytogeomorphological approach stems from the fact that the geomorphology component typically dictates the hydrology of the farm field.
The practice of precision agriculture has been enabled by the advent of GPS and GNSS. The farmer's and/or researcher's ability to locate their precise position in a field allows for the creation of maps of the spatial variability of as many variables as can be measured (e.g. crop yield, terrain features/topography, organic matter content, moisture levels, nitrogen levels, pH, EC, Mg, K, and others). Similar data is collected by sensor arrays mounted on GPS-equipped combine harvesters. These arrays consist of real-time sensors that measure everything from chlorophyll levels to plant water status, along with multispectral imagery. This data is used in conjunction with satellite imagery by variable rate technology (VRT) including seeders, sprayers, etc. to optimally distribute resources. However, recent technological advances have enabled the use of real-time sensors directly in soil, which can wirelessly transmit data without the need of human presence.
Precision agriculture has also been enabled by unmanned aerial veh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-Endopsychosin | α-Endopsychosin is an antagonist of the phencyclidine site of the NMDA receptor which was discovered in extracts of porcine brain and may also be endogenous in humans. The compound appears to be a peptide, but has yet to be purified and fully characterized.
See also
N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid
Ketamine
Phencyclidine |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicinin | Radicinin is a phytotoxin with the molecular formula C12H12O5. Radicinin is produced by the fungal plant pathogen Alternaria radicina and other Alternaria species. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma%20afterglow | A plasma afterglow (also afterglow) is the radiation emitted from a plasma after the source of ionization is removed.
The external electromagnetic fields that sustained the plasma glow are absent or insufficient to maintain the discharge in the afterglow. A plasma afterglow can either be a temporal, due to an interrupted (pulsed) plasma source, or spatial, due to a distant plasma source. In the afterglow, plasma-generated species de-excite and participate in secondary chemical reactions that tend to form stable species. Depending on the gas composition, super-elastic collisions may continue to sustain the plasma in the afterglow for a while by releasing the energy stored in rovibronic degrees of freedom of the atoms and molecules of the plasma. Especially in molecular gases, the plasma chemistry in the afterglow is significantly different from the plasma glow. The afterglow of a plasma is still a plasma and as thus retains most of the properties of a plasma.
History
The first published pictures of plasma afterglow were taken in 1953.
Helium afterglow, one of the most commonly used forms of afterglow, was first described in 1963 by Arthur L. Schmeltekopf Jr. and H. P. Broida.
The first flowing afterglow ionization studies began in the early 1960s in an effort to understand atmospheric ion chemistry. At the time stationary afterglow studies had already been done however this approach was limited by lack of versatility and lacked consistency as studies done prior to 1964 showed common atmospheric reactions to have drastically differing reaction rates between studies. Flowing-afterglow was then used to more precisely describe the rate constants of common atmospheric reactions
Remote plasma
A remote plasma refers to a plasma that is spatially separated from the external electromagnetic fields that initiate the discharge. An afterglow is a remote plasma if the plasma is channeled away from the original plasma source.
An advantage that remote plasma has over t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminomonas | Aminomonas is a genus of bacteria from the family of Synergistaceae with one known species (Aminomonas paucivorans). Aminomonas paucivorans has been isolated from an anaerobic lagoon of a dairy wastewater treatment plant. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry%20computer | The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer. Limited by the technology of the day, and execution, the device has remained somewhat obscure. The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was neither programmable, nor Turing-complete. Conventionally, the ABC would be considered the first electronic ALU (arithmetic logic unit) which is integrated into every modern processor's design.
Its unique contribution was to make computing faster by being the first to use vacuum tubes to do the arithmetic calculations. Prior to this, slower electro-mechanical methods were used by Konrad Zuse's Z1 computer, and the simultaneously developed Harvard Mark I. The first electronic, programmable, digital machine, the Colossus computer from 1943 to 1945, used similar tube-based technology as ABC.
Overview
Conceived in 1937, the machine was built by Iowa State College mathematics and physics professor John Vincent Atanasoff with the help of graduate student Clifford Berry. It was designed only to solve systems of linear equations and was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was not perfected, and when John Vincent Atanasoff left Iowa State College for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued. The ABC pioneered important elements of modern computing, including binary arithmetic and electronic switching elements, but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers. The computer was designated an IEEE Milestone in 1990.
Atanasoff and Berry's computer work was not widely known until it was rediscovered in the 1960s, amid patent disputes over the first instance of an electronic computer. At that time ENIAC, that had been created by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, was considered to be the first computer in the modern sense, but in 1973 a U.S. District Court in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-variant | In Unicode, two glyphs are said to be Z-variants (often spelled zVariants) if they share the same etymology but have slightly different appearances and different Unicode code points. For example, the Unicode characters U+8AAA 說 and U+8AAC 説 are Z-variants. The notion of Z-variance is only applicable to the "CJKV scripts"—Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese—and is a subtopic of Han unification.
Differences on the Z-axis
The Unicode philosophy of code point allocation for CJK languages is organized along three "axes." The X-axis represents differences in semantics; for example, the Latin capital A (U+0041 A) and the Greek capital alpha (U+0391 Α) are represented by two distinct code points in Unicode, and might be termed "X-variants" (though this term is not common). The Y-axis represents significant differences in appearance though not in semantics; for example, the traditional Chinese character māo "cat" (U+8C93 貓) and the simplified Chinese character (U+732B 猫) are Y-variants.
The Z-axis represents minor typographical differences. For example, the Chinese characters (U+838A 莊) and (U+8358 荘) are Z-variants, as are (U+8AAA 說) and (U+8AAC 説). The glossary at Unicode.org defines "Z-variant" as "Two CJK unified ideographs with identical semantics and unifiable shapes," where "unifiable" is taken in the sense of Han unification.
Thus, were Han unification perfectly successful, Z-variants would not exist. They exist in Unicode because it was deemed useful to be able to "round-trip" documents between Unicode and other CJK encodings such as Big5 and CCCII. For example, the character 莊 has CCCII encoding 21552D, while its Z-variant 荘 has CCCII encoding 2D552D. Therefore, these two variants were given distinct Unicode code points, so that converting a CCCII document to Unicode and back would be a lossless operation.
Confusion
There is some confusion over the exact definition of "Z-variant." For example, in an Internet Draft (of ) dated 2002, one finds "no" (U+4E0D |
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